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IVIaps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre fiimis 6 des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clich6. ii; est film6 A partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 -S/^ A../. x- A 1 1 t*»f* J ft 1 f» ji ' 1 If ..'A V rC ^ J r « t " 1 GUTHRIE'S / UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY / IMPROVED: S Y MODERN B C I N G A NEW O F E M GEOGRAPHYs O R Geographical, Hiftorical, and Commercial Grammar ; N D PRESENT STATE OF ALL THE SEVERAL KINGDOMS OF THE WORL C0">TAINMNf3 ' ^' ■ I ^ y I. An Account of ihe Figures. Motion;, and DiilanccsJ VII. Obfctvitlons and R.'marki on the Ch-.nges thatiu**--' of the PLincts, according to the Newtonian SyiU-in, and the litcll Obfcrvations. II. A New (iencral View of the Earth, confidcrrd a* a Pl.inii; witli many ul'etul Geographical Dcrinuions and Problems. III. A Diiphy of the Grand Divilions of the Globe into L;ind ard Water, Cont nentsand Iflar.ds. IV. The -ituaiiop, Extent, i(c. &c. kt. &c. of Empires, Kingdoms. Stales, Provinces, and Colonic:. \'. '1 heir Climates, Air, S.-)!!, Vegetable I'roduflions Mcul , Minerals. Natural Curionties, Scai, Rivers, Biyi. Capes, i'romontuiie*, and lakes. \ I. The Birds and Bcalls peculiar to each Country. been .iny w hire obaricd upon the Face of Nature, fince the moll early Periods of Iliilory. \lll. 1 he HiHor and Origin of Nations; their various Forms of Ciovernment, I'eligion, Liws, Revenuci, Taxei, Naval and Military Strength. IX. The Genius. Manners, Cuftoms, and H.ibJt5 of th« People in v.irious Purls of the Globe. X. Their Langiat^c, Learning, Arts, Sciences. Manu- fadures, and Commerce. XI. The Chief Citici, StruCiures, Ruin;, and Artificial Curioliti.s throughout the World. XII. The Lorgitude, Latitude, Bearing?, and Dlftances of Prii cip.il Places from London. TO wHKH Aar Apni.>, I. A New and Copious Geocraphic.\l In ubx, with the Names and Places alphabetically arrangril. 11. A New CJENEALor.iCAU Table and Account of all the Sovereigns in the World. III. A Chron-olocical Table ot Rtm.irkablc Events, from the Creation to the pre fent Time. A N £ W EDI r ION, FNLARGnO, CORRECTED AND IMPROVED, WITH GRF.VT ADDITIONS; Biin,' enriched w uh the moil receni DiSCOVKRlliS of the latcil VOYAGERS ,.nd lRAVi:LLFR3. "1 he Hiftorical P.irt comprifing tiic liieil .Hid moi impo tant Otcurrence> and Iv, cat>, particu'arly the Kc\o!utions in I- r. nice, Swci'eii, Poland, kz. The .Allronomical P.ut, including the latell Diltovon. s o; J am' Furgvson, 1'. R. S. Dr Hiks^iuli, and other I ni n.'ni .-Xltro loincr:?. 11 1 rsiR \ ; Fi) Willi \ ; 1(1, i.'.Ki.i \>:).\( :Al'.- ^'.\:•S. L V N i) U .\ . PRINTKD FOR TMF PROPRIErORS; ANU tJLJ UY ALL HOOK s K . I R i IN lOWH AN» COVr'TKYi MDMCHCV, ^1 IT rr . >a > • I \ I .« K I I- A I III lit f' I 1 c 3 i .... I...--' ; ^l«*^ \l|«j .>>jri . I'.r Ifairi .W^* {iie/rdU. '■ ■ - » I .' I. •••«■• ,w "■ I ) /.ONJ". ..I- TIUU'U'.M. Ur.t'iO.V; \\' (lili'iix i-i i(>s ill the t'lit'it'it' DxMiiti ii<< i-jti l|0 'Jt* •'■" ■;■■ lB<> I,*" Kai •.W MO .. "^z; -,,,, .„ ..^ T r 1 I ( ' ..7l. **"h.'im.K-' ^L:., _ ,, I'lii VA. ^•'ir-'^ • ■ i J L. i T ^ '-^ /i'i ■"-.''■«.. V\^ r^ ffO""' •'• .-.•••• •. ^ 1 XOM J // /. Jt .y -r./'.J < / /• !>..■>(• iii-.iii,.M ;/a I." «•<«.«/«/ I/ •,r^ >->■. ill llir«*i- .V /; / r I (> y .v M'. ..r TIlOl'ICAl. lli:t'iO.VS..l)tu-\\nill.l) xciii'.H ill tlic I'iii'il'u' Oti-iiii III- Sdiitli Si-ii. ■du i.iu ^* 1^ idu I.iu I lit I9» Uti no lu<> «>n Ru Jii (Su .;i Lift .\l II H 7'//j:/(X V a r I I' 1 1 tu i: .1 X ; 1... «^«»,llf#«/ ■ !.. .,i'j»(^'/| -nr •mm 5T ■■'7 >■ I'v't f ', lvi '> \J. /■■ ■) 'J. r t. it. •>t^^ «; ■-^ .k:.. 'V 1 •' fr" J "f» ,»-A*>''^ Ffe;. -iku . I > •- i , ■ "> ' tlOi,' ,.«' to .. '.-> f^f; V Jit.\.i-'k* .'-^i-. , «»> .,:.i "(i -rM -"t-i '^V'/'i i'i^ . !*.v.l.' .V.-.t ^;, .r^,.-")! f,;^:v-«jl* J?;;-'^ *-A>^ vnt'' ^^^■' •i, 3 s2y i , '.niv '*'ir'-r-:rti • ,1^: •:'V*^- 3, U, a v; ^^• - ;». ;.; »,, ■/,n. ny, 1 -, >*. ■r ■■i. hUs t>"I si!)*M4:;;V^? • k'i ^1^ PREFACE. lUOAJ ..ij. (t. THE great popularity and excellence of lirs work render it totally unneceilkiy to pafs any enco- mium upon it here. So univerfally known are the merits of Guthrie's Syftem of Geography, tliac to exuaciate upon them now would be both ncedlef^ and fuperfluous : we fhall therefore only re- niark thuic undeniable advantages which mufl refult from a New Edition, and in confideradon of which, we were prompted to exert our uunoft abilities to accommodate the Public with one,, which we prcfume, for accuracy and improvement, will receive their general a^^probation. A work of this nature, notwithftanding it redounds much to the credit and genius of its original Author, certainly admits in the courfe of time of being continually enriched by the difcoveries which are continually made ; it is natural to expefk from a geographical compofition) a faithful account of all thofe important articles which have recently occurred, during the late Expeditions and Voyages of our eminent Navigators and Travellers, who have lately explored many diftant lands, and happihr elfefted fuch difcoveries as are really ufcful and intercfting :— indeed without thofe relations, uo Syf- tem of Geography can be accounted complete i at leaft it cannot be lb fatisfaftory as one which unites therewith Hiftory and Commerce, and contmna the moft recent information^ When therefore we confidcr the continual revolution of humsui affairs and Hates, we mu**- ''ow that many alteratiOiis and additions are abfolutely neceffary to enliance the value of fuch an efteeujcd undertaking. In refpeft to die alterations, they are fuch as were unavoidably required to admit of th« additions, which were fo highly eflenrial. In uniting feveral particulars, and introducing fuch accefTioii of mat- ter, as muft certainly be expefted from a New Edition, we were not only obliged to expunge the overflowing fuperfluities of farmer ones, bwt likewife to make fuch tranfpofitions as were abfolutely neceflary for the fake of connexion. The additions, which confift of all the recent dUcoveries, ia this Edition, precede thofe parts with which former pditions have commenced. Our motive for ^his was not only to pay due honor to our eminent navigators, who have lately explored fuch danger- ous and immenfe trafts, and brought home information, ri;at both redounds to their own credit, and the advantage of the Public ; but likewife on account of their being in a great meafure a clue to die liicceeding matter, whereby our Readers may with greater facility become acquainted with our New GeograpWcal, Hiftorical, and Commercial Syftem. Thefe additions will not only be found confi- dcrable, but exceedingly interefting, as they comprife every remarkable circumftance that is related in the accounts of Cap-ain Cook, arS all die late Journals of theVdyages of Captains Phillips, Kinjg, Ball, Hunter, White, Dixon, Portlock, &c. &c. Sac. They are iucceeded by the important Hif- torics and Dcfcriptions of 7\sia, Africa, America, and Europe ; herealfo are incorporated, feve- ral -particulars relative to thefe four principal parts of the World, which have been hitherto unknown, ■4nd for which we are inddrted to the communications and labours of feveral ingenious travellers, par-^ ticularly Briflbt, Hodges, Blythe, &c. &c. In our furvey of Afia, we owe no inconfiderable improvements to the Travels of Mr. Franklin, in Perfia ; the Abbe Grofier's Hiftory of China ; Dr. Robertfon's Critical Survey of India, &c. &c. We have likewife endeavoured to be as copious as pofllble in our difcuffion of Africa, of which fo little hitherto has been certainly known : We have therefore been the more diligent in our inquiries, and abftradted all the moft valuable information that could be found in the TravcU, Memoirs, &c. of Mr. .-*11i PREFACE. Mr. VailUnc, Major RrnnCll,«ncl othcr^« Our rotation of A#ntrica we preAime will be found both fatisfaftory and- complete, 'Xciing we l^|v^not only (carefully ei|pmined the works of the celebrated Morfc, but likewife applied to fcveral other authentic* fourccs/^ich have tmply afTiA^ our endea- vours, and enabled us to give the beft information in the mod fulJ and explanatory manner. We have been carefully attentive to, andremarkably full in our account of, Europe, which occupies no in- confiderablc part of our volume, and ftrictly accurate in all our other delcriptions. To complete the whole, a copious Treatifc upon Aftronomy Is added, chiefly extrafted from the labours of the celebrated Fergufon, Dr. Herfchcll, and other famous allronomcrsi to this is fubjoined, a New Chronological Lift of remarkable Events, Difcoveries, and Inventions, from the carlicft period to tlie|Kefent time i aa alfo a Genealoeical Table pf all die Sovereigns in the World. , / Confiderable a^ our additions may Teem, ^et our Readers may be aflfured, that the omifBona, in prder Uximke room for than> vc fuch s^ the nktiH: dcttic muft allow to be immaterial : the parts expunged were generally fi^ch as. were not founQcd' 6tt authenticity, and did not tally with our recent accounts { others were mere tautologies, and therefore could be w^fparcd j upon the whole, however, the pre- fent edition is in every department more copious than any other, ancf the Public are now prefented with a. New tHiftorical and Commercial Syf^em of Geograiihy, which contains every interefting particular in the mod explicit manner, without makins too volwninous a fize, or being reduced to an infitr nificam abftra*^. ./, .;,, ' ':,;, f ' ■:■:;'. ^.f-^ '' ■ ^^:'' ^ To the original Author, the itiiKhiouS^n'^'riei' Is wtiinlydue not only the plan, but the ground- work of this great undertaking ; from our itriprbvcmlpntSi however, we hope to derive fome credit, hairing, with unremitting attention, applied ourfelves to -the arduous taflc, and by the moft laborious refcarches, endeavoured to complete the great objcft in view. The extremes of prolixity and bre- vity are equally avoided, and all the ei rors of formttediti6fls removed, and their deficiencies fupplied. ur.k'Q enter into any fpecious preamble rbr in^gdtlcing a new Edition of this uleful and popular un- dertaking, would be in our opinion both arrogant and prefumptive. An age fo enlightened and re- fined, a«3ie prefent, becomes foon fenfible Of what is ratiohal and worthy of attention-— for us, there- fore, to prefcribe, would be tlic heighi: of priefumption, and to expatiate upon our merits, an infult tQj:hcundedUnding of our Readers, who are undoubtedly the moft capable of judging, arid therefore the moft proper to decide. To their candid infpcftion, we (hall of courfc fubmit the fruits of our pci;fcvcrance and labour, which, if accounted ti^ and falutary, will be an ample compenfadon for the pains we have taken : and we doubt not, fihce in thefe polite days, the ftudy of Geography is now become both uaiverfal and fafhlonable, and Which, doubtlefs, has tended in a great meafure to aflift and promote the reiincment of the prefent age, that this work will receive not only the appro- bation, but the patronage, of a dilcerning 'Public ; and as it includes all the moft recent- obfervations and difcoveries, which have been made by our late eminent Navigators and Geographical Travellers, which are in any degree ijitcrcftingjuid worthy of inftrtion, that confequently this £ditk>n, being the LAST, will have the preference of .all others, and be entitled to a candid examinadon. Thofe who have cQpfMlited the former editions, will be moft capable of feeing the fuperiority of the prefent, and relying on our own aljjduity, improvements, and accuracy (fo far we muft prefume), we arc convinced that every impard^l Reader will, on n fair and •unMaflTed fcruriny, perceive the feveral advantages of .this New Edition: rcfting on this hope, andalTured of public favour, we (hall wave any further pre- Atory difcourfcj and leave the work, now in maturity, \o fpeak for itfelf, doubting not, but it wUI receive that encouragement and popularity which fo dii^inguifhed it in its infant ftate. o;«,i.'. .n:>Jo5] •llliOifU on A NEW '.'i:.'. EW ,? ' ■f , ^^1^^% Iltt» ,,.;a,iA4-4ri-,ir-.i,f.^fTl,T;4^wt^|:rT.hi,i:,\1,^i,^,i,^^irt,Ki,.rt,i,i "i,i,i,v,i,i,i.i H c .'In:. *»■> S E A rv l'ai>F lIi: itilifil : J M . : :i-r''," r.l'iT t-illl^l ■'''•' rapprnilinr Hivrp .(nrrre * Ijt.-" .y;;jVX„,l„„s„„i„l « .«/../„. /^ ,T;.,v..;.../. ,., Siiiilloiviink'i- , I. (' I II I- I. K J> o o H r II H w "^-^ Bc.nui.. I •'"■vj^^- " C O I' >' K H / .V it I 4 .V .V '.•Ihlllilr «V '^ ;•' S'IiimI \Vf» /.» /;/ / \ J- lliii>^,__^„V,'l"l!«"3' ■ It,,,,,-..!' "'/ ' ''*^. >» l.M,..f;,tl..l I'm |\ VMw,.'/. iV>iV »■/,■.,.,,«■' ,^ .(r~T i'"'i.» t^iy" KovAi, s (■ f!,Uiiir» |__ T II P ' A c 1 y ■"'i'tNootkvSoi m» ■!jl;,iJ..>'S.i:'',I„„,, ,1,. ? *r (Ihiianis f Mioul ttiA rtltn ^r.<..vii.ilk \ Viiw-KvhmIIW|\ Y l.mikuiit I- I.- V A.% '■"'■ ">" I r*iiih**'ttinrr I -l« r^t Mi'f*M,ift»4 Ai '^iv^ f/v '.. l,//./^/., If I ttkf *^f\ir0t* o ■ * •f US' c /^ ^ y An«lMt>w J- •. /». %/^ /'■«« r^ «■/■,. •i, • t ,lt KiHtytn I ^j^^Na ' £* l u tmt^tn/- JO ,i *-»■» ■> ^^4 J", p I I \ O «• T I .\ I. Virir ,/%'*fv«# / Mtjlff a^ ftttMM .V.^^.« I.. 11.. .fcili> •...^...•,1 V» \» *^*^ «• »l I.U«»MA I -A- o r T n t* V4^tl> •/<...« • '■Wt <) C A l^-^i^ mf^'t^^tU.m "-T^'— "^^ ' c /tti r t^' A -ffU £ .V \tnli' •■■ I t^ XT,,;, A :n- AS-rt V/trn'/>// ^ /„ \„IJ.„/„ li' J", p t I X O «• I I V I. I N I. • # Hr*fft9i*t* I ■ I > t I i * * '«'■. '»♦■•*■•-►•-•—+ /I •»<•«.#/, 'I " ' . '^ I I I I I 4- ' I I I • ' I I I I ^ ' tr-- *S.,.t.. .. 1.1 kl.l;UOMA \ ■ n, . / '( ti !• I I V rv* r H A C" /.-/ «> ^' f /' /f / I o It y \'.M.4k t I^.A... I' •'4. .11 / / X A* l.?j Z Kl. I, \M» »n*Aa I ' y Mw.-^ry '•-r ! A N . iiyi^'ktv »f-'/<«»i tf » of III. i>is(«)m:i{|i:s - in f'lrtn,,! _ \\si^\\\v \K\N IMSCOVKIMKS on (lie Co, ir/' f>/\ ■\ 7)/r/7/ . l.ri/^iR/c. 111. IikIiih; \oorh\S,Qi kkx Clivmoi IKS Isi I in; l-<«\ IsL.wiis, KisiiiA< ,\v . ii'f/t/iKf y//i/ //Xr/i (If V r.v r APT* m.niii \\\\\ Ui. \1,KS IsI.iikI, »<> "'^ '■'. '... ' ... • ■ • J lifi.lfrlUil/'.' p: r r, ANEW COMPLETE AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM O F UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. B O O K L NEW DISCOVERiES. I INTRODUCTION. N the Dirpdfition of a Plan of GEOGRAPHY, as there will always be a Wide Field opciN before the Writer, it is a nic« Part of his Buflnefs to determine') from what Part he fliail begin his Literary Journey. However, as is already hinted in the Preface, the Curiofity of People in general, the Importance of the Subj eft, and other Circumltances, have induced us to begin vith the NEW DISCOVERIES, though in Date more modern than any other Articles. The Expedition planned by the ENGLISH GOVERNMENT for the Tranfporiaiion of CONVICTS, and the planting a COLONY in a Part of that immenfe Traft in the Soulbem Clime, called NEW HOLLAND, in particular, having excited the CURIOSITY erf the PUBLIC, and given rife to many Speculations refpefting its Confequcncesj will be fuSicient Authority for our beginning this Work with a particular Defcription of NEW HOLLAND, comprehending PORT-JACKSON, where the Operations for forming the Colony com- menced; BOTANY-BAY, the Spot firft deftined for the Eftablifliment of the Colouy; NORFOLK-ISL \ND, another Settlement, and all the Places in that Quarter which have been vifited by the late NAVIGATORS. Thefe Accounts will comprile, in the whole, a general VIEW of the COUNTRY, its Produaions, Inhabitants, &c. as difplayed in the NARRATIVES not only of the celebrated Captain COOK, but the Accounts of Captains KING, BALL, HUNTER, and all thofe who have lately explored this immenfe Trad, C H A P. I. NEW HOLLAND. General Defcription qf it^ and its Difcovery by Captain COOK. Partkular Account of BOTANY-BAY, PORT-JACKSON, NORFOLK-ISLAND, isfc. including the latejl Difcoveridy by Captains KING, Ball, and HUNTER. THIS immenfe tradt in the fouthern clime, called New Holland, from its having bee.i, chiefly ex^ plored by Dutch navigators, was never afcer- (ained as an ifland or continent, till Captain Cook, with an ardour and perfeverancc peculiar to himfelf, and ivhich diflinguiflied him frgm predcceiTors of every country, explored it on the eaflernAidft cdaft in I7701 and dilcovered it to be an ifland of vaft extent^ reaching from 10 to 44 degrees fouth, and between 110 and 154 degrees eaft of London. The refpeilivc parts on this coaft being difcovered by different navigators at different periods of time, they had names giv;;n them by thofe who difcovered them. Thus, the Hrlt land difcovered in thefe parts was called Een- draght for Concord) Land, from the name of the veffel in whicn the difcovery was made in 1616, in 24 deg. 25 min. fouth. The next fituated in 15 deg. fouth, was called Arnheim and Diemen, by Zsachen, who difco- vered it iji 1618, though not the fame part with that afterwards called Diemen's Land, by Tafman, which is the fouthern extremity of the ifland, in latitude 43 de- C grecsj 40 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. grces, and was difcovcretl in 164.1. Jaii Van J'.dcls gave his ninie to a foiithcrn part difcovcrcd by him in 16 ig. A ccnd that conimun-catcs to Leawcn's hind towards the wcftwdrd, and a part of the wcOcrp coail, near the tropic of Capricorn, was called l)e Witts, from Peter Van Nuiti^ vyho diCcovcr^ them in 1687) as was the great gulph of Carpentaria, between 10 aiid so decrees ioiith, horn Fcicr Carpenter, a Dutchman, who dikovered it iit t6u8. Dumpier, aii Englifliman, failed from Timor in 1687, and coalted the wellern parts of New Hullmiii. In 1 699, as the Dutch fupprefled their difcovciits, he left England in order to explore this country, and Tailing idong the wcftern coaft, from a 8 to try degrees, faw the land of Ecndraght and of De Witt. Rctiiniing to Timor, he fet ont from thence to prolrtute ins dcliijn, explored the ides of Papua, failed round New tjuinoa, diftovii 1 the palFagc that bears his name, afterwards cave tlie appellation of New ^ri- t in to a confulerablc illand that forms this pall'age, and then returned to Timor by the way of New Guinea. Captain Cih)Ic, in cojifequence of his difcovery, gave it the Ji.unc of NEW SOUTH- WALES. Tills country is in genera! low and level, and, upon the whole, rather barren tlriti fruitful, yet the rifing ^,ro»nul is chequered with woods and lawns, and the rallies and pl.tins are, in many places, covered with hu bagc. The face of ilie country is by far moll pleadng to the fouthvvard, the trees in that ipiarter being taller, and the herbage more \erdant, than towards the north- ward; the 1:^1 ais in gcnend is high but thin, and the tree' , where largolt, ;u'e feldom lefs than forty feet afun- tler. The wlioFe ca'Krn coall is well w.-itercd by fmall briK>ks and fprings. Though there are no grc.it rivers, thi.ic brooks might probably be increa "ed in rainy wea- ther; it beiii;j thj height of the dry i'eafon when viiited t^y Captain Cixik. Of timber-trees, there \re but two forts ; the largelt is the gum-tree, which grows iill over the illand ; it proiuccs a gi'm of a deep red; the wood is heavy, hard, and dark- coloured, refembling the lignum vita;, with narrow leaves, like thole of the willow. The other is a fort of pine, fomething like the live oak of America. Of palm-trees there are three forts. There is alfo a kind of cherry-tree and trees with a red apple, as alfo trees with a foft bark, which is cafily peeled off, and is the r;une with that ufed for c;ilking Ihips in the Ealt-Inaies. Though there are but fewefculent plants in ihcfe parts, they artord a variety of fuch as ;irc adap - cvl to gi-atify the curiofityof the naturalift. In this country there were not many animals feen: rhe only tame ones were dogs. Of the wild fpecies of quadrupeds, was a kind of opolTuni, .ibout the fize of a large rat, a creature with a membranous bag near the l^omach, in which it conceals and carries its young when apprehcntive of danger. There is a remark.able .Miimal, called by the natives kangij^oo, which, when full grown, if as large as a Iheep, fomc weighino: up- wards of eighty pounds. It goes in an ered pofture, and its motion is by fucceflive leaps or hops of a great length. The (kin is covered with a fbort fur of a dark moufc or grey colour, except the head and ears, which are fumev^at like thofe of a hare, whifrh it alio rcfem- bles in tafle, but is deemed better flavoured. They have likewife an animal refembling a pole-cat, which the natives call quolli the back is Drown fpotted with white, and the belly is unmixed white. It was alfo af< firtrted by fomc of Captain Cook's people, that they had feen fome animals of the wolf and weazel kind { but as they were not caught, they cannot be defcribed. I'hcre arc gulls, fliaggs, folan-gcefe, or gannets, of two forts, bo()l)ies, noddies, curlieus, ducks, and peli- cans of an enormous fize. The principal land birds are brown hawks or eagles, crows, larg;e pigeons, parrots, paroquets, cockatixjs or doves, quails, builards, herons, cranes, and many others. Here are ferpcnts, of which fome are venomous, others harmlefs, fcorpions, centi- pedes, and li/ards. 'I'he moll remarkable infedl found in this country it the ant, of which there are fcveral forts ; one is green, and builds its ncft upcMi trees, by bending down ^vcral leaves, eacii of which is as broad as a man's hand, and gluing the points of them together, fo as to form a pui fc. Ihoulands of thefe bufy infedU were feen uniting all their (Irength to hold the leaves in due pofition, while other bufy multitudes were employed within, in apply- ing the gluten, which is an animal juice, to prevent their returning back. Another kind burrows in the root of a plant which grows on the bark of trees, in the manner of mifletoc, and is about the fi/.e of a large turnip. When cul, it appears intcrfedled by innumerable wind- ing paJl'ages, all Hlled with thefe inJedis ; yet the vege- tation of the plant does not appear to fufter any injury. Another fort are black ; their habitations are the infide of the branches of trees, which they render hollow by working out the pith, almoll to the extremity of the twigs, yet the tree flouriflies at the fame time, as if it had no fuch inmates. Thefe three fpecies of ants arc all furnilhcf' with ftings, which caufe a kind of pungent titilhtion ; but it foon ccafes. There is ftill another fort poflefling no power of tormenting ; they refemble the white ants of the Eaft-Indies, and the conftrudlion of their habitations is Aill more curious than that of the former. I'hey have two Ibrts, one fufpended on the branches of uees, and the other built on the ground. The materials of liie firft fcem to be formed of fmall parts of vegetables kn jaded together with a glutinous matter, with which nature has probably fupplied them. Upon breaking the outfide of this dwelling, innumera- ble cells, fwarming with inhabitants, appear in a great variety of winding diredions, all communicating with each other, and with feveral apertures that lead to other nefts upon the fame tree. Their habitations upon the ground are generally at the root of a tree. They are of dilFcrent fixes, foriutd like au irregular fidcd cone, y ' ' • ■ , ■ • and New Discovkries.^ NEW HOLLAND. 1 1 and fumL'titncs moru than (Ix fcut high. The outfiJe is of well tempered clay, about tw<> inchcR thick ; and with- in are the cells, which hiivc no opening outward. Thefe ftrudlureh arc proof againd any wet that can fall, which thofc on the trees are not, from the nature and tbiiiners of their cruft or w:U!. Here are abundance of Mi^ and of various kinds, but unknown in Europe, except the mullcr and fomc of Uic liiell-lifli. Upon the (hoals and reefs arc great quant»- tics of the fined green turtle in the world, and oyders of various kinds, particularly the rock and pearl oylk'r. in the rivers and iait creeks are alligators. This cxtenlivc countrv appears to be very tlunly in- habited ; as the natives along tito coad feldoni appear in larger companies together than thirty. The inland parts 31C, mod probably, quite uninhabited, as no part of the coad that was vitited had any appearance of cultivation ; and the wretched natives drew their whole fubfiltence I'rom the fca. The whole tribe, with which any intcr- courfe was cdabliOicd, confided of twenty-one pcrfons, twelve men, feven women, a boy, and a girl. The men arc of middle ftaturc ; their complexion is nearly of a chocolate colour, their features tolerable, their eyes pretty good, and their teeth rather eveji and regular. I'hcir hair, which naturally grows long and bl.ick, they crop fliort; their beards grow bufhy and tliick, but they keep them Ihort by fingeing them. lu general, they are clean limbed, and remarkably vigorous, atitivc, and nimble. Their countenances are not with- out expreiTioni but their voices are remarkably foft and effeminate. Though both fexcs go flark naked, as defcribed by Captain Cook, yet thev arc not without their orna- ments, the principal of^ which is a bone, which they thrud throui^h the cartilage that divides the nodrils from each other, and reaching quite acrofs the face, caufes thi: wearer to fnulHe, fo as fcarcely to be underflcod, and obliges him to keep his mouth condantly opea in order to breathe freely. Befidcs this nofe-ornament, they wear necklaces made of fhells, bracelets of fmall cords wound two or three times about the upper part of the arm, and a ilring of human hair plaited, about as thick as a thread of yarn, tied rouiul the waif}. Some had large gorgets of IhcUs hanging on the breaf}, and a few women had feathers on their heads fluck on with gum. The natives paiiit their bodies both white and red, and draw a circle of white round each eye ; they have holes in their ears ; but were not feen to wear any thing in trvem. On their bodies were feveral large fears in ir- regular lines, apparently made by fome blunt inftru- ments, probably as memorials of grief for the dead. Ncitiier town nor village appeared in the whole country, nor did either art or indufby appear in the condrudiion of their houfcs, if they can be fo called. They are built with pliable rods, not thicker than a fin- ger, in the form of an oven, by bending them and flick- ing the two ends to the ground. The covering is of palm leaves anints are fmeared with hard refin, which gives them a polifli, and makes them enter deeper into what they ftrike. To the northward, the lance has but one point, the ihaft is made of cane very ftraigtit and light, and from eight to fourteen feet long. I'hcfe wea|X)ns are thrown with great force and dexterity j if intended to wound at a Ihort diilance, as from ten to twenty ^ards, ftmply with the hand, but if at the dif- tance ot forty or fifty yards, with a throwing ftick, and that with fo good an aim, that the natives are as fure of their mark as the moft expert fportfman with a fov.!ing- piece. Thefe lances cannot be drawn out of a wound without tearing away the fleih, or leaving the fharp ragged fplinters of the bone or flicll which forms the barb behind them. The canoes of this country make as wretched an ap- pearance as their dwellings. Thofe on the fouthern part of the coaft are made of one piece of bark, tied to- gether at the ends, and kept open in the middle by fmall bows of wood. In (hallow water, they pufli them on by a pole; in deeper, by paddles about eighteen inches long, two of which they ul'e at a time. To the northward, they are made of the trunk of a tree hollowed out by fire. They are about fourteen feet in length, very nar- row, and fitted with an out-rigger to prevent their over- fetting. None of theie boats will carry more than four people. 'I'he only tools feen among them were an adze dum- fily m-'dc of ftone, fome fiiiall pieces of the fame fub- Ifaiice in form of a wedge, a wooden mallet, and fome ihclls and fragments of coral. The New-Hollanders have no idea of traffic, for though they received the things that were given them, they appeared wholly infenfible to all the figns that were made them that fomething was expelled in return. Many of the trinkets that were given them were after- wards found negligei'.tly thrown away in the woods, like toys, the charms of wnich ceafed with their novelty. The cauf>; of the fmall number of the human fpecics which are to be met with throughout this country can- not be afccrtained i but from their total ignorance of agriculture, commerce, and the means of procuring the comforts and conveniences of life, they appear fuch as Europeans would rank among the moll miferablc of tiiu human fpecics. : B O T A N Y - B A Y. Its feveral Produ£}ions\ alfo the Gtn'ius and Cufionu of the Inhabitants, GOVERNMENT having formed a defign to remove the great inconvenience which this coun- try fufFered, from the gaols being io exceedingly crowded with criminals, who had by the laws been fentenced to tranfportation, determined, for this neceflarv purpofe, to ellabliih a fettlemcnt on the caft coaft of New Hoi' land ; and as Botany-Bay was the only place entered by Captain Cook's fliip, which could be called a harbour, it was fixed on as the moft convenient place for the in- tended purpofe. This place was called Botany-Bay, from the great quantity of plants co]le(Sled there; and the fpot where ouf new fettlement is made, lies in latitude 34 fouth, and in longitude from Greenwich 151 degrees 93 minutes. Capuin Cook defcribes it as capacious, fafe, and con- venient; to be known by the land on the fea coaft, which is nearly level and of a moderate height, with fteep rocky clins next the fea, which have the appear- ance of a long iflan^, lying dofe under the more. About the middle of this land lies the harbour, which, on approaching it from the fouthward, Is difcovercd be- fore the veflel comes abreaft of it, but is not difcovered lb foon from the northward : the entrance is little more than a quarter of a mile, and lies to the W. N. W. There are but two kinds of timber-wood here. The trees are as large, or larger than the Englifti oak, and one of them has fome refemblance of it. It is that which yields the reddifli gum like dragons blood, and the wood is heavy, hard, and dark-coToiired like lignum vita. The other, which grows tall and ftraight, is fomething like the pine ; and the wood of it, which bears fome fimilitude to the live oak of America, is likewife hard and heavy. There are a few flinibs and feveral kinds of palm : mangroves abound towards tho head of the bay. The country in general, as far as it was obferved, is level, low, and woody. In the woods are great numbers of birds pf exquifite beauty, particularly of the parrot kind; there were found alfo Crows exaditly fimilar to thofe in England. There is great plenty of water fowl towards the head of the harbour, where are large flats of fand and mud, but their fpecies is chiefly unknown. One of the moft i^markable was black and white, much larger than a fwan, and in fliape fomewhat refembling u pelican. The banks of fand and mud produced great Suantities of oyfters, mufcles, cockles, and other fhell fti, which leem to be the chief fubfiftence of the inha- bitants, who go in flioal water with their little canoes j and gather them up. Befides thefe, the^ catch other fifh, fome of which they ftrike with gigs, and fome they take with hook and line. Of their precife manner of life little can be known, as no conne(Slion was formed with them, for they never af- forded an European navigator an opportunity for a par- ley, nor would they touch any one article tnat was left in their huts ^or any places they frequented) on purpofe for them to take away. From the place where the ftiip anchored in April 1770, which was abreaft of a fmall village confifting of fix or eight houfes, as the men weie preparing to hoift out the boat, they obferved an old woman and three chil- dren New Discoveries.] NEW HOLLAND. «1 dr?n come out of the wood, where they had been to fetch materials for firing. She frequently caft an eye towards the vefTel, but exprefled neither in look or gcfture the fmallcft lijgree erf' fear or furprife. Having kindled a fire, fome men landed from four canoes that came in from fifhing, and having hauled up their boats began to prepare their food, wholly unconcerned about the ilrangers, though within only half a mile of then. They had not yet fecn one of them but what was flark naked, the old woman hcrfclf being deditute of the leaft covering. A company fet out from th;.- fliip (with Tupia, one of the natives of that clime, of the party) with a defign of landing on the fpot where they faw the people, hoping to meet no interruption, as they lb little regarded their coming into the bay. But they found themfelvcs dif- appointcd, for as foon as they approached the rock, two of the natives came 'down, e.-ich armed with a lance about ten feet long, and a fhort (lick which appeared to be ufed as a machine to aflift them in throwing it. They Teemed determined to defend their coall, £ough the party that landed were forty in number. Tupia, above-mentioned, was a native of Otaheite, vifited by Captain Cook previous to his arrival here. This man was fo firmly attached to our people, from being almoft conftantly with them during their flay in his own country, that ne often expreffed a defire of go- ing with them. To have fuch a perfon on board was certainly defirable, for many reafons. He was a man of the firft rank in his country, and had great experience in navigation. By learning his language, and teaching him theirs, our people might derive much ufeful infor- mation; and as there was reafon to apprehend there was great fimilarity (as appeared in the indance of New Zealand) between the languages of the natives of thefe fouthern climes, he might occafionally ferve as an inter- preter. In fine, as he was evidently a man of genius and fcicnce, Captain Cook gladly admitted him and his fervant on board, on the fh^p's departure from Otaheite. But to return: The Captain, with his wonted humanity, being de- firous of preventing hoftilities with fuch inequality of force, ordered the boat's crew to lie upon their oars, when they parlied by figns, and to procure their good will he caiifcd nails, beads, and other trifles to be thrown to them, which they took up with apparent fatisfaflion. Signs were then made by the Europeans, that they vanted water, and every means ufed that could be devifed to prevail with them to believe the innocence of their defign. The natives waving to them being interpreted as an invitation, they put on the boat, but the men on fhore reftimed their pofhne of defence. One appeared to be a youth afeout nineteen or twenty, and the other a man of middle age. Captain Cook, now urged by neceffity, fired a mufket between them, upon the report of which, the younger dropped a bundle of lances, but, upon inftantaneous rccoUeftion, fnatclicd them , of which thtre is great abundance growing in tutts as large as can be grafpcd in the hand, which iland very clofe to eath other. Many flicds of the natives, and places where they had flcpt on the grafs, without any flieltcr, were feen ; but only one of the peo- ple, who fled the moment he was difcovcred. Preients were left at all thefe places, with the fame view as before, W producing confidence. With refpeiSt to difcoverics on this firlV cxcurfion, it is noticed, that they had a tr.infient and impcrfedt view of a quadruped about the fizc of a rabbit. An Englifh greyhound, which was with them, got fight of it, and would probably have caught it, had he not been lamed by a (lump that lay concealed in the grafs. They after- wards faw the dung of an animal that fed upon grafs, and which they judged could not be lefs than a deer; and the footfteps of another, which was clawed like a dog, and feemed about the fizc of a wolf. They alfo traced a fmall animal, whofe foot rtfemblcd that of a pole-cat or weazle. Birds of various kinds were feen in their trees, fome of them of cxquifite beauty, parti- cularly loriquets and cockatoos, which flew in iiume- fous flocks. The trees were not of many forts, but it appeared that fteps had been cut in fome of them at cer- tain dillances for the convenience of climbi.ng. The fame party maile another cxcurfion along the fea coafl to the fouthward, and the next day gathered jnany plants, bcfuLs which they faw nothing worthy of notice. But Captaia Cook, witl his wonted perfe- verance, went witli two ingenious gentlemen to the head of th: bay, in ordor to explore that part of the country, and make further attempts to form fome connedtion witli the natives. Proceeding up the country to fome diitance, they found the tiice of it nearly the fame with that which has been already dc- fcribed ; but the foil w.is much richer, for inltead of fand, there w.is difcovered a deep black mould, v.'hich appcired very fit for the produdlion of grain of any Itind. In the woods was found a tree which bore fruit that in colour and (hape refembled a cherry, the juice was agreeably tart, though it had but little flavour. Interfperfed were fome veiy fine meadows; fome places were rocky, but thofc were comparatively few; the ftone is fandy and fit for building. A P'-'tty oiHcer, having draggled a long way from his companions, met with a very old man and woman and fo:7ie little children fitting under a tri'e by the water fide, aiti though n.iih.*r p.irty law the other till they were clofe together, the India.'is Ihcwed figns of fear, bat did not attempt to run awav. 'I'h : mxA and woman were both grey headed v/ith age, the hair on tlie man's head w.is bufhy, and his b.-ard long and rough, the woman's hair was cropped, and both of tlicm were flark naked. Another party afterwards went over to the north fhore, and made an cxcurfion. a few miles into the country, proceeding afterwards in the direction of the coaft. This part was found without wood, and fomc- what refembling the marfhes in England. The furface of the ground was covered with a thin brufli of plants about as high as the knees: the hills near the coad are low, but others rife behind them, increafing by a gradual afccnt to a confiderable diilaiice, with marfhes and morafles between. To the northward is Hervey's-Bay, in which was found a real mangrove, fuch as grows in the Weft- Indies, and the firil of the kind met with in thefe feas. In the branches of this mangrove were many nells of a remarkable kind of ant as green as grafs. There were alfo feen upon them great numbers of fmall green cater- pillars, their foreheads were thick fct with hairs, and they were ranged upon the leaves fide by fide like a file of foldiers to the number of tAventy or thirty together. The hair of their bodies on touching them was fotmd to have the quality of a nettle, and gave a much more acute though lefs durable pain. A fpecies of the buftard was found further to the northward, as large as a turkey, one of which weighed feventeen pounds and an half. Thofe who partook of it allowed it to be the beft bird they had tafted fince they left England ; and in honour of it they called the iiUet Buftard-Bay. It lies in latitude 24 degrecc 4 minutes, and 151 degrees 42 minutes eaft. Here are oyfters in great plenty ; amongft others, the hammer oyfter, and abundance of fmall pearl oyfters, from whence Captain Cook took occafioH to remark, " that if in deeper water there was equal plenty of Aich oyfters at their fiul growth, a pearl fiftiery might be eftablilhed here to very great advantage. During the ftay of the Englifti in the harbour, they caufcd the Britifti colours to be difplayed on fliore every day, and the ftiip's name and the date of the year to be iafcribed on one of the trees near the watering place, to perpetuate the memory of their tranfaftions ; and on the Oili of May they fet fiiil from New HoUani Along the coaft of New South-Wales the fea in all parts conceals flioals that fuddenly project from the Ihore, and rocks that abruptly rife like a pyramid from the bottom for an extent of 22 degrees latitude, more than 130Q miles. OfF Cape Tribulation our bold and hitherto fortunate adventurers very nearly efcaped the miferies of fliipwreck ; for on the 10th of June 1770, at eleven o'clock at night, the ftiip fuddenly ftruck againll a coral rock and became immovable, except by the heaving of the furge, which beat her againft the crags of the rock upon which fhe lay, and caiiTed fo violent a concuflion, that it was with the utmoft difllculty the ableft man on board could ftand upon his legs. At length, after a feries of hardlhips, f;tigue, and danger, they were happily delivered, and the river which afford- ed them relief in this emergency was named Endeavour River. .. ., • , Captam over to the lilcs into the ition of the I, and fomc- Thc furfacc i(h of plan" the coaft arc by a gradual marfhcs and I which was in the Weft- in thcfc feas. my nefts of a There were II green catcr- ith hairs, and fide lilcc a file lirty together. 1 was found to ich more acute further to the which weighed 10 partook of it ifted fince they called the inlet reec 4 minutes, t are oyfters ia ner oyfter, and vhence Captain in deeper water leir full growth, I to very great harbour, they on Ihorc every ■ the year to be tering place, to MIS ; and on the and. the fea in all ojeit from the a pyramid from ( latitude, more n our bold and irly efcaped the I of June 1770, fuJdenly ft ruck able, except by againft the crags ufed fo violent a ,ft difficulty the his legs. At irue, and danger, jr which afford- ,nied Endeavour Captain Nfw Discoveries. J NEW HOLLAND. «5 Captain Cook, being rcfulvcd to determine whether this country did or did not join to New Guinea, in cff'.'dting his dcfign braved fuch dan:i;crs as would have appollcothe refolution of any man whofe fpirit for dif- covery had not ablbrbcd all regard to perfonal fafety. After much invcftigation he found the two countries to be divided by a narrow fea, which hu therefore called Endeavour Straights. The moft northern promontory of the country is York Cape, in 142 degrees eaft longitude; 10 degrees 37 minutes fouth latitude. On a fniidl ifland our coun- tryman took pofleflion of the whole caftern coaft in right of his Majcdy King George the Third, by the name of Uew South- Wales, on which account the ifland received the name of PoflTeflion-Ifland. Here the few inhabitants that were feen, both men and women, were alfo ftark nakej. Endeavour Straights are ten leagues long from north-eaft to fouth-wcft, and about five kigues brtad. The north-eaft entrance of this paffage is formed by New Holland, and the fouth-eaft by an af- femblagc of iflands, which have been called the Prince of Wales's Iflands, and probably extend near to New Guinea. Monfieur de Bougainville, the celcbrat d French navigator, who came jult at the entrance of th<. I'e ftraights to the moft fouth-eaft parts of New Guim a, called that fea, " The Gulph of the Louifiade," the ftraights fmce navigated by Captain Cook being not known to exift. Before we leave Botany-Bay, we prefume the follow- ing fliort account of the proceedings in trying offenders in the criminal courts there (as related by Captain Hunter, in his Hiftorical Journal) will be acceptable to our readers; "The judge-advocate iil'ues his precept for the three fenior naval officers, and their military officers, to aftemblc at the time appointed, drcffed in their uniforms and their fide-arms. When they are met, the judge-advocate adminifters an oath to the members, fimilar to tha^t which is ufed at military courts-martial ; afterwards, one of the members admi- nifters the fame oath to tlic judge-advocate who prefides at the court, and the reft take their feats according to their rank. The prifoner is then afktd, whether he is guilty or not, and, as the general anfwer is, NctGuilt\-, the accufations againft him are read, and witnefles are examined on oath to fupport or prove the charge ; after which the prifoner enters on his defence, and brings evidence to prove his innocence: the court is then cleared, and the members confider what fentcnce to pronounce ; if it be death, five out of the feven muft concur in opinion. The governor can refpite a criminal condemned to die, and the legidaturc has fully impow- ered him to execute the fentcnce of the law, or to temper it with mercy. Adions for debt, to a certain amount, are cognizable by tliis court, as are all other aftions of common law, when thev are decided accord- ing to the law of England, as nearly as die fituation Wiil allow. PORT- JACKSON. Defcrlptlon of tht Country., ef tht Nativti; yfccount oj OrnamtntSy (:fc. and its Product. Somt their Difpofttiony If^eaponSf ,iy... :'X--- AS nothing was found in Botany-Bay to recommend it as a place on Mr^ch to form an infant lettle- ment i the governor, accompanied by Captain Hunter, and two other officers, foon difcovercd a large opening, or bay, about three leagues and a half to the northward of Cape Banks ; and fuch was their account of the harbour, and the advantages attending the place, upon their return, that a refolution was formed of evacuating Botany-Bay, and fixing their refidence here. At day-break a general alarm was given, by the ap- pearance of two Ibips, of confiderable fize, ftanding in for the mouth of the bay, it being the prevailing opinion that they were Dutchmen, fent to affert a claim to the country. The two ftrangers proved to be the Buftaio and Aftrolabe, which failed from Breft in June 1785, upon difcovcries, and were commanded by Monfieur de la Peyroufe ; M. de L'Anglc, who commanded one of the ihips when they left France, had been lately, when the fhips were at the Iflands of Navigators, murdered, with feveral other officers and feamen, by the natives, who had, before that unfortunate day, always appeared to be upon the moft friendly and familiar terms with them. This accident, it feems, happened when their launches were on ihore filling water, on the laft day they intended remaining on thofe iflands. While they were employed in filling their watcr-caflts, having the moft perfect con- fidence in the friendly difpofition of the natives, the Tailors had been attentive to the keeping the boats aHoat. Some mifunderftanding having alfo happened between fome of the feamen and the natives, an infult had been offered by one or other, which was refented by the oppofite party ; a quarrel enfued, and the impoffibility of moving the boats expofed tlie officers and crew to the rage of the multitude, who attacked them with clubs and fliowers of ftones ; and would inevitably have maf- facred the whole, if there had not been a fmall boat at hand, which picked up thofe who, depending on their fwimming, had quitted the ftu)re. Many of the natives were killed upon this occafion ; and the lofs of the ftiips was faid to be fourteen perfons killed, including Captain de L'Anglc, and fome other officers ; feveral were much wounded, and the boats were entirely deftioyed. The pafl'age from Botany-Bay to Port-Jfackfon was both fpecdy and pleafant. Having pafled between the Capes which form its entrance, the fleet arrived at Port- Jackfon, one of the fineft and moft extenfive harbours ill the univerfe, and at the fame time the moft fecure, being fafe from all the winds that blow. It is divided into a great number of coves, to which tlie governor has given different names. That cz which the town is to be built is called Sydney-Cove. It Is one of the ••l. r.li IJ ,.'. «u»i i'l, . .. V ,•; ;■;..• .••:..': fniiUlell t6 A NEW AND COMrM-TE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. (mallcll in the harbour, hut the moft convenient, ns (hips of the groatelt burden can with ealc j'o into it, and heave ojt clot'c to ilic fhore. 'I'rii coniaicc, ac- knowledged to be one of the- bell harbours in the world, is by no means to be compared to it. In a word, Fort- Jacicfon would aft'ord fufHcient and (afc anchoraye for all the navies o( Europe. During a run up the harbour of about four miles, in a weRft\y dircdtion, a luxuriani profpedt prefcnted iticif on the fliorcs. Covered with trees to the water's edge, amont, which many of the Indians were frequently lecn, till the fleet arrived at a fmall fiiug cove to the fouthward, on the banks of which the plan of operations were dedined to commence. On th,ir arrival, the lutives appeared tolerably numemus, from whence they had realbn to conclude the country more populous than Captain Cook thought it, as they were aflenibled on the beach, to the foutn fhore, to the number of not lefs than forty perfons, fhouting, and making many uncouth figns and gcflurcs. As the boat, in which were tlie governor, fome officers, and attend- ants, rowed up the harbour clofe to the land, for fome dillance, the Indians kept pace with her on the beach. When figns were made of a want of water, the natives direttiv comprehended the meaning, and pointed to a fpot where it could be procured ; on which the bo.it was immediately pulhcd in, and a landing took place. The Indians, though timorous, (hewed no fiji-ns of refentment at our people's going on fliore; and when an interview commenced, feemcd highly entertained with their new acquaintance, from whom they accepted of a looking- glafs, fome beads, and other toys. In the late expedition, the adventurers had fcveral m»i, J interviews with the natives, which ended in fo friendly a manner, that hopes were entertained of bring- ing about a conncdtion with them. The full objcdt of our people was to win their affe«l^ion, r.nd the next to convince them of our fupcriority. To this purpofe an officer one day prevailed on one of them to place a target, nuJe of bark, againll a tree, which he fired at with a pillol, at the dillance of fome paces. The Indians, though terrified at the report, did not run away ; but their aftonilhment exceeded their alarm, on looking at the (hield which the ball had perforated. As this pro- duced a little (hynefs, the officer, to diffipate their fears, and remove their jealoufy, whi(tled the air of Mfirlbrouk^ with which they appeared highly cnarmcd, and imitated him with equal pleafure and readinefs. Upon this occafion an officer remarked, that he was afterwards told by Monfieur de Peyroufe, the French commandant before mentioned, that the natives of Cali- fornia, arid throughout all the iilands of the Pacific Ocean, aiid, in fhort, wherever he had been, feemed equally touced and delighted with this little plaintive air. Some of the officers one day met a native, an old man, in the woods. He had a beard of confiderablc length, which his new acquaintance gave him to under- ftaiid, by fignals, they would rid him of, if he pkaftd ; {Ironking their chins, and (hewing liim the fmoothncft of them at the fame lime. At length the old Indian confentedi and one o\ the officeri, taking a penki\ifo from his pocket, and making ulc of the belt fuDftitute for lather he could find, penbrmeJ the operation with great fuccefs, and, as it j rOMPI.FTF, SYSTEM or UMVERSAI. GEOGRAPHY. ) I;, U 4 I He alfu obfcrvctl, that there i» iv> hofpitality nor harmony .uiiung tlii-m ', z% itppeurcd from their eating fo greedily withuut rcgartUng the accommodation ol any about thtnn ) devouring the iilh voratiuudy, which had been thrown on the fire and fcarcely warm. Thefe people are very ravinouH in their apm-titcft, an appears fiom titc followmg inlhincc. Une a* tne olhccm (hot a bird, which fell at an old man's feet. The cxplo- fiun at i\ii\ areatlv alarmed him ; but peicciving no ill WM intcndeo, he (uon out over his fear*. The bird wai then given tn him, which, having barely pluclcc*d, and nut more than half broiled, lie devoured, cntratl'*, boiws ;uid all. A convict, who had been zathering what they call fweet tea, about a mile from the camp, met a party of the rutivcs, confiKing of fourteen, by whom be was beaten and wounded with the (lick ufcd in throwing thjir fpcars. They then made him flrrp, and would have taken from him his clothes, and probably liik life, h:ul it not been fur the report of fome niulkets, which they no looncr heard than they ran away. The following circumltances will convince us of the dclhuctivc nature of their wcapoas >nd their (kill and adroitnefs in the uTe of them. A convict, being in a ilatc of convalcfcencc, had obtained permiflfion from the governor to go a little way up the country, to gather herbs, fur tlie purjioie of making tea. This man, after night let in, was brought to the hofpital, with one of the fpears ufcd by the natives ilicking hi his loins. It had been diirtcd at him as he was uoopine, and while his back was turned to the a/Tailant The weapon was barbed, aild fluck fo very fall, that it would admit of no motion. I'hc furgeon, .iftcr dilating the wound to a confidernble length and depth, with Tome difficulty ex- trud^-d the fpear, which had pciwtrated the flefh nearly three inches. After the operation, the cnnvidl gave in- formation, that he had received his wound from three of the natives, who came behind him at a time when he expelled no pcrfon to be near him, except anothc con- vict, whom he had met a little before, employed c - the fame bufmefs as himfelf. He added, that after the> ...J wounded him, thev heat him in a cruel manner i and (tripping the clothes from his t>ack, carried them off, ma'.ing figiLs to him (as he interpreted them) to return to the camp. He further related, that after they had left hi n, he (aw his fcUuw convidt in the poilVflioi) of another pa~ty of the natives, who were dragging him along, with his heal bleedini;, and fceniingly in great diltreCs ; while he hinifclf war< io cxhaulted with the lofs of blood, that indead of being able to aHilt his companion^ he was happy to efcapc with his life. rhey afterwards cuntituied to avail thcnifelvcs of every opportunity of cxercifiiig their cruelty on our people. An officer of the marines, who h.id been up the harbour to prov^^ure fame rufh'-'s for thatch, brought to the hofpital the hudi-js of two men em|ilc)yc'd as rulh- cuttcrs, whtMn he f )uiul murdered by tlu- natives in a fliocking matmcr. One of thcin was tra:isiixcd through the brcalt with one of their fpcarr. which was cxtra^eil with great difficulty and force. He had two other fpcara (ticking in him to a depth which mult have proved mor- tal, tiis (kull was divided and comminuted fo much* that his brains eafily found a palTagc through. Hi» eyen were out. The other was a youth, and tiad only fome trifling marks of violence about him. I'his lad could not have been many hours dead ( for when the officer found him among frme mangrove trees, and at a confiderablc diftancc from where the other man lay, h» was not (lift', nor vcrv cold ( nor was he perfedly fa when brought to the nofpital. The natives, whenever an opportunity offers, never fail to (leal or dcdroy any of the live Hock they can po(ribly get pofleffion of. Nor arc they lefs cowardly than cruel ; for they always behave with an apparent civi'ity when they fall in with men that arc armed i but when they meet perfons unarmed^ they feldom fitil to take every advantage of them ; in confequcnce of which, many of the convit^ have fallen facriliccs to thefe lavages : but the foldiers they never alTail, being always terrified at the fight of a red coat. Thefe people arc very happy at grimace and mimicry v as an iiiAancc o( which, it is remarked by the furgeon of the fettlement, that, goin^ u|jon an excurfion, they obfcrved a party of the natives (iOiingy and fat down near the bank, to watch their motions. To pafs away time, one of the gentlemen fung fcveral (bugs ; and when he h.id done, the females in the canoes cither fung oiK of their own fongs, or imitatc*d him, in which they fuccccdcd beyond conception. Any thine f|N)kcn by our people they mod accurately recited, ana this in a man- ner in which the Europeans fell greatly (hort in their attempts to repeat the language after them, which (hf:ws the (trength of their (>rgaiii,cal powers. Nor are they without ingenuity, as appeared from various; figures ob- fcrved by a party of our people on their excurfion to the wcdward. Fhefc figures were cut on the fmooth furfacc of (bmc large dimes, and confided chiefly uf reprcfentations of themfelves in different attitudes, of their canoes, of fo^-ral forts of fidi, and animals : and confidering the rudcnefs of the inllrumcnts with which the figures mud have been executed, they fecmed to exhibit tolerable likencffes. The natives are generally of the common dature^ but their limbs are remarkably fmall. I'heir (kin is of tlK* colour of wood foot, or what would be called a dark chocolate colour. Their hair is black, but not W(KiUyi it is (hort, but not cropt; in fome lank, in others curled. Some parts of their bodies are painted red ; and the upper lip and breads of fome of them arc painted with dreaks of white. Their features are far from difagreeable ; and their teeth even and white. Their voices are foft and tuneable. It is remarked, that the deficiency of one of the fore tcetli of the upper jaw» mentioned by Danipier, was fecn in almod the whole of the men ; but their organs of fight, fo far from being defective, as that author mentions- thofe of the inhabi- tants of the wcdeni fide of the continent to be, are a remarkably Y. ( other fpcw* proved nuw- ugd fo mucht irouah. Hi» and nad only n. Thii lad for when the rccn, ««d at » r nun lay» h« e perfectly fii ret, whenever )r dcftroy any iiflion of. Nor always hchave in with men rfona unarmcil, • of them i ill iiSU have fallen cr« they never )f a red coat, e andtnimtcryv by the furgcoa excurfion* they ^ and fat down To pafs away ral fonas i and noes cither fung , in which they f' f|>okenbyour this in a man- f ftjort in their [m, which (hews Nor are they it»uf. figures ob- Lr exciurfion to t on the fmooth [filled chiefly of ;nt attitudes, of id animals : and [ents with which they fecmed to nmnwn ftaturcv Their (kin is of l>uld be called a black, but not 1 fomc lank, in dies are painted [omc of them arc features arc far Ivcn and white. |i.s remarked, that l)f the upper jaw, \ioi\ the whole of far from being Ifc of the inhabi- |ncnt to be, are remaikubly Nr.w Dtscovr.wifi.] N F. W H O L I. A N D. «9 remarkably quick and piercing. Thev have bracelets upon the upper part of their anns, ntade of plaited hair. '1 hey are Unvi of ornament, though abfolutely without ap»irel : and cite of them, to whom was giv?n an old flwrt, inrtead of throwinjg it over any part at the body, tied it as a fillet round his head. Both laai and women go> ftark naked, and feem to have no more fanfe of indecency in difcovering their whole body, than the inhabitaiiu of England nave in difcovering their hands and face- Their principal orna- iitert is the bone which they thruft throuKh the oarti- lag« that divides the noftrils from each other. What per/erfion of ta(lc could induce them to think thin a decoration, or what could prompt them, before they had worn it, or iecn it worn, to fufFer the pain and incon- venience that mull of neceflity attend it, is perhaps beyond the power of human fagacity to determine. As this bone is as thick as a man's finger, and between five and fix inches long, it reaches quite acrofs the face, and fo effei^^ually ibps up both the noftrils, that thry are forced to keep their mouths wide open for breath, and ftiuHle fo when they atte.npt to fpeak, that they are iciu-cely intelligible even to each other. The fcamen, with liime humour, called it the fpritfail-yard ; and, indeed, it had fo ludicrous an appearance, that, till our people were ufed to it, they found it difficult to refrain from laughter. Befides the nofe-jewel, they have neck- laces maoc of (hells, very neatly cut and ftrung toge- ther i bracelets of fmall cord, wound two or three times about the upper part of their arm ; and a (Iring of plaited human hair, about as thick as a thread of yarn, tied round the wailL Some of them have alfo gorgets of (hells hanging round the neck, fo as to reach acrofs the brcafl. Though thefe people wear no clothes, their bo- dies have a covering befides the dirtj for they paint them both white and red. The red is commonly laid oa in broad patches upon t^e (houlders and breall ; and the white firipcs, fome narrow and fome Droad : the narrow arc drawn over the limbs, and the broad over the body, not without fome degree of tafte. The white is alfo laid on in fmall patches upon the fiice, and drawn in a circle round each eye. The red feemed to be ochre, but what the white was could not be dif- covercJ: it was clufe grained, faponaccous to the touch, and heavy. Befides the paint with which they bcfmcar their bodies, thuy alfo ufe greafe, or fomo (linking oily fublljUKC, for the f.ime purpofe. Some of them orna- ment their hair with the teeth of fi(h, f difference, the extremes of heat and coldi for they give vifible and repeated proofs, that the latter alFedts them feverely, when they are fcen (hivering and huddling themfefvet up in heaps in their huts, or the cavcriiN w the rocks, until a fire lan be kindled. Thefe people have no fixed habitations, for nothing can be feeii like a town or village in the whole country. Their houfcs, if fo they may be called, are con(trurp that favagenefs which all of them feem to poflefs. ' The animals here partake, in a great meafuve, of the nature of the kanguroo. There is the kanguroo opcf- fum, the kanguroo rat, &c. the formation of the four lc;gs and feet of which bear no proportion to the length of tlie hind legs. There is a quadruped, which the na- tives call quail. It refembles a pole-cat. The back is brown, fpotted with white; and the belly white, un- mixed. To beafts of prey our people were utter ftran- gers ; nor have they yet any caufe to believe that they exifl in the country. And happy it is for them that tliey do not, as their prefence would deprive them of the only frefh meals the Icttlement affords, the flefli of the kanguroo. The only domeftic animal they have is the dog, which, in their language, is called dingo, and much refembles the fox dog of England. Thefc animals are equ;Uly fhy of ftrangcrs, and attached to the natives. There are many different kinds of bats, particularly one, which is larger than a partridge. Our people were not fortunate enough to take one, either alive or dead. As mofl of the large trees are hollow, by being rot- ten in the heart, the opofTum, kanguroo rat, fquirrel, and various otiier animals which inhabit the woods, when they arc purfued, commonly run into the hollow of a tree : in order therefore to make fure of them (which the natives feldom fail in) when they find them in the tree, one man climbs even the talleft tree with much eafe, by means of notches at convenient diflanccs, that are made with a ftone hatchet : when he is arrived at the top, or where there may be an outlet for the ani- mal, he fits there with a club or ftick in his hand, while another perfon below applies a fire to the lower open- ing, and fills the hollow of the tree with fmcke ! this obliges the animal to attempt to make its efcape, either upwards or downwards ; but which ever way it goes, it is almofl certain of death, for they very feldom efcape. They alfo, when in confiderable numbers, fct the coun- try on fi'e for feveral miles extent, v^hich, it is gene- rally underftood, is for the purpofe of diPurbing' fuch animals as may be within reach of the conflagration, whereby they have an opportunity of killing n.iny. Birds of various kinds arc very numerous here, amongft which arc many of exqr.iftte bt ;uty, particu- larly loriqucts and cockatoos. The watir fowl arc, gulls, fiwgs; folan gecfe, or g.mnets, cf two forts; boobic?, noddies, curlitus, ducks, pelicans cf an y enormous ! r II aa A Nr.W AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GKOORAPHV. -.— ..j^ia enormous fi/,e, and many others. One of the moil rcmnrkable was black and vhitc, much larger tliiiii a fwan, and in (linpe fomcvvhat rcftmbling a pi'lican. The land birds are, crows, parrots, pigeons, doves, qnails, hniiards, herons, cranes, hawks, anrl eagles. Bui the bird whicli principally claims attention is the caduwarv, a (pecios of odrich, approaching nearer to tlie emu of ^outh-Amtrica than any other known. C)ne of thein was Ihot, at a confideruble dillance, with a (ingle ball, by a convi£l employed for that purpofc by the go\ernor. Its weight, wiien ronipletc, was fe- venty pounds^ and its length, from the end of the toe to the tip of the beak, feven feet two inches ; though there was reafoii to believe it had not attained its full growth. On difTe^lion, many anatomical fingiilarities were obferved : the gall-bladder was remarkably large, the liver not bigger than that of a barn-door fowl; and, after tlrc itridlell fearch, no gizzard cou'd be found. The legs, which were of a vail length, were covered with thick, (Irong fcales, plainly indicating the animal to be fornicd for living ainidil defcrts; and the foot differed from an oftrich's by forming a triangle, inflead of being cloven. Goldfniith, whofu account of the cmii is the only one we can refer to, fays, " that it is Covered, from the back and rump, w ith long feathers, which fall backward, and co\'er the anus i thcfe fea- tliers are grey on the back, and white on the belly." The wings are fo fmall as hardlv to deferve the natne, and are iinfurnilhed with tho(e beatJtifiil ornnments which adorn the wings of the ollrich. All the feathers are extremely coarl'e ; but the conrtruflion rf them dcfervcs notice: tbey-growin pairs froma fingle ll.'aft, a lingnlarity which the author wc have qtioted has omitted to remark. It may be prefumed, that thefe birds are not very fcarcc, as fcveral have been feen, fome of them immcnfely large; but they arc fo v\ikl as to make lliooting th.em a matter of great dilliculty. Though incapable of tl\ing, thty run with AkIi fwitt- iief:;, tliat our fleetcll gre) hounds aie left tar behind in every attempt to catch them. The flcfh was eaten, and tailed like beef. Here are in gcncrsl excellent fifh ; but feveral of them partake of tiie properties of the lliark, like the animals in fome degree refembling the kangnroo. The land, the grafs, the trees, the animals, the birds and the fi(h, in their different fpecies, approach by llrong lliades of fiir.ilittide to each other. A certain likenefs rims through the whole. They are in general palatable, and fome of them are very delicious. Upon the fhoals and letfs are incredible tnimbers of the hiielt green turtle in the \\';rld, and oyllers of various kind:, particularly the rock-i)yiier, and the pearl-ojllcr. The cockles are of fiich an enormous liz,e, that one of them is more than one perfon can eat. There are alfo large- mnfcles, and llingrays, which weigh no lefs than 346 pounds afurthc entrails are taken out. In the rivers and fuU creeks arc alligators. A Hiark of ua enormous fi/.e was foinid here, which meafured, at the fhonlderr, fix feet and a half ii: circumference. His liver yielded twenty-four gallons of oil ; an(t in his (loinach was found ihc head of a fifti of the like fpecies. The In- dians, probably from iiaving felt the elleiSls of their voracious fury, testify the utmoll horror on feeing thef<5 terrible fifli. ' Among the infeils here, is a very peculiar kind of ant, as green as a leaf. They live upon trees, where they btiild their nells. Thefe ncfls are of a very curi- ous flntdure: they are formed by bemling down feve- ral of the leaves, each of which is as broad as a mati's hand : they glue the points of them together, fo as to form a purfe. The vifcus ufed for this piirpofe is an animal juice, which naftire has enabled them to eva- cuate. Their method of firft bending down the leaves, our naturalifts had not an opportunity to obfervc ; but they law thoufands uniting all their (Irength to hold ihem in this pofition, while other bufy multitudes were employed within, in applying the gluten that was to prevent their returning back. To fatisfy them- fclves that the leaves were bent and held down by the efforts of thefe diminutive artificers, our people dillurbed them in their work ; and, as foon as they were driven from their (lation, the leaves, on which they were employed, fprang up with a force much greater than they could have thought them able to conquer by any combination of their flrength. But though our people gratified their curiofity at the cx- pence of thefe infetis, the injury did not go imrc-. vetigcd, for thoufands iinmediately threw thcmfelves ijpon them, and gave them intolerable pain with their (lings, efpecially thofe which look polfellion of the neck and hair, from whence tliey were not cafily driven. There arc upon the leaves of the mangrove, great numbers of fmall green caterpillars ; their fore- heads are thick fet with hairs, and they range upon the leaves, (ide by fide, like a file of foldiers, to the number of twenty or thirty together; the hair of their bodies, on touciting thein, have the quality of a nettle, and give a more acute, though lefs durable pain. With refpedl to the cliinate, it is undoubtedly very I'.efirable to live iti. In futniner the heals are ufually moderated by the fea breeze, which fets in early ; and in winter the degree of cold is fo flight, as to occafion but little inconvenience. It is remarked, as a circum- ilance peculiar to this country, that every part of it, even the mofl inacredible and rocky, appears as if, at certain times of the year, it was all on fire. Indeed, in iTiany parts, large trees are feen, the trunks and branches of which are evidently rent and demolidied by lightning. The ground was Co very dry and par'"h- cd, that poles or pegs could not be driven into it with- out confiderable (li(ficiilty and labour. As the governor was invariably intent on exploring the country, he for that end formed a party, with un- wearied induftry, and great toil, travcrim^ an extenlive ' ' ' , '• ■ ■ ' traft lY - r 1 1 N !■: w D r s r o V F R I K s . ] N E W H O L L A X D. «3 tlic (hoiiUlcrs, s livtr yitldi-'d (luinacli was cs. Tlic Ill- mas of tlieir n feeing thcfc ciiliar kind of 1 trees, wlicve if a very ciui- i£f dcnvii fevc- lad as a man's ether, fo as to purpofe is ai\ I them to eva- iwn the leaves, 3 obfervc ; but ■en^ih to hold iify multitudes lie gluten that fatisfy them- hcld down by :rs, our people 5 foon as they ivcs, on which a force much them able to arength. But jfity at the cx- 1 not go unre- rew thcnifclves pain with thtir ilRaion of the ere not cafiiy le ir.angrovc, ais ; their fore- ,ey range upon foldiers, to the ie hair of their ality of a nettle, able pain, ndoubtcilly very icats aic ufually s in early ; and , as to occafion d, as a circum- vcry part of it, jpeirs as if, at n fire. Indeed, the trunks and and demuliditd dry and par-'h- en into it witli- nt on exploring party, with iin- ,ai^ an exteniive traft tradl of groimd, which appeared, from fi.ch obfervati- ous as could be made, capable of producing every thing which a h;ippy foil and genial climate can bring forth. The face of the country was fuch as to promife fuc- cefs, wiitncvcr it lliould be cultivated ; for the foil was found to be much richer than it was defcribed by Captain Coo': ; as, inllead offand, they found a deep black mould, which feemed very fit for the produc- tion of grain of any kind. But fuch were the labour and difficulty attending the clearing of the ground, that, incredible as it may appear, it is a known fa<5l, that ten or twelve men have been employed for five whole days in grubbing up a tree; and when this has been effeiled, tiie timber has only been fit for fire- wood ; fo tha>, ij) confequcnc'j of the great laborr in clearing the groiuid, and the v.";ak Hate of the people, to which may be added the fcarcity of tools, moll of thofc brought from England being lo(t in the woods ainong the grafs, through the carelelfnefs of the con- viiSs, the profpedl of future fuccefs is not the molt promifing, till they can fo far clear the ground, as to produce a fufficient fupport for the new fettlement : but, neverthelefs, the richnefs of the foil will amply re- pay them, when .'.is difficulty is happily furmounted. The timber was found to be very unfit for build- ing ; the only purpofe for which it will anfwcr is fire- wood, and for that it is excellent : but in other re- fpcils, it is the word wood tiiat any country or cllriiate can produce ; although fome of the trees, when iland- inc, appear fit for any ufe whatever, marts for fiiipping not excepted. Strange as it may be imagined, molt of the wood in this country, though dried ever fo well, will not float. Repeated trials have only ferved to prove, that, immediately on immerfion, it finks to the bottom like a (lone. The trees were not of many fpecics. Among others, there was a large one, which yielded a gum not luilike that called dragon's blood. In the woods was found a tree, which bore fruit that, in colour and (hape, refcmbled a cherry : the juice had an agreeable tartnefs, though but little flavour. Between the trees the ground is covered with grafs, of which there is great abundance, growing in tufts as large as can well be grafped in the hand, which Hand very clofc to each other. In thofe places where trees are fcarce, a variety of flowerinc; (lirubs abound, mod of them entirely new to an European, and fur- pafling in beauty, fragrance, and number, all ever feen in an inicultivated Hate. Among ihefe a tall firub, bearing an elegant white (lower, which fmells like Englidi May, is particularly deligluful, and perfumes the air around to a great dillunce. A kind of vine grows here, which runs to a great extent along the ground : the (lalk i'- not fo thick as the fmallell !ioney-("uckic, nor is the leaf fo large as the common bay-leaf, though fomewliat: finiilar loit; and the talle is fwcct, cxaAly like the liijuorice root of the flbo^is.. Of this the convicts and foldiers ijiake an infulion. which is tolerably plr.ifant, and fcrvcs as no bad fuccedaneum for tea. The furgcon (ound it to be a good jiccloral, and not at all iinplcafant. This country abounds wiih frcc-flont of an excel- lent quality, wlii'jh was coniidered as an linppy cli- cumiUnce, as it tended fo materi.iUy to forward the in- . tended plan of formir, 5 the town, 'i'he grcatell iipf>rdi- r.ient to building was a want -,1 limc-llonc, of which no figns had hithcri > app'.-ared. Clay, for in.tling • bricks, abounding, a conllderablc riuanlity of them . were burned, and ready for that neccllary pur- pofe. With rcfpeft to the prcfent flate of the colony, wb ' tnud obfcrve, that when the plan of the fettlement was ■ fird projedcd, it was appreiiendcd that the dorcs fenl from England, together with the produce of the coun- try, would be fufiicient for the fupport of the people, till they Ihould receive a further fupply, but the eatable vegetable produftions bemg fo fcarce, the animal produdtions not abounding in that degree as was ima- gined, and the fidicries proving unfuccet^sful, they were, in confequencc, r auced to an allowance of two ounces of meat a day ; and frcfli provifions became fcarcer than in a blockaded town. The little live dock which, at fo much cxpence, and with fo many ditficidtics, had been brought on fliorc, prudence for- bad the ufe of; and fi(h, which, for a fliort time, had been tolerably plenty, was become very fcarce ; fo that had it not been for a dray kanguroo, which fortune now-and-then threw in the way, the people would, in general, have been (Irangers to the ta(le o^, fredi food. In condquence of this fcarcity of wholefome provi- fions, the fcurvy began its ufual ravages, and extended its baneful influence through all defcriptions of perfons, particularly as the eatable vegetable produdlions of the country neither abound, nor are efficacious in the re- moval of this difeafe. Many other calamitous circum- dances combined to aggravate their diiirefs ; and, amongd others, the whole dock of black cattle, con- fiding of five cows and a bull, had draycd into the woods, and, notwithdaiiding the inoll diligent fearch, could not be lound. But at length they were happily relieved by the arrival of the fleet from England with ample fupplies ; and from the lad accounts t:anfmitted lince that time, it appears, that the produce of the country being more abundant in confequencc of a bet- ter knowledge being obtained of its rcfourccs, and the filhcries proving more fuccefsful, they arc now in a more comfortable (itnation ; and their future profpcfs are very promiling, as is evident from fome late cc- counts which were conveyed by Governor Philip to Lord Sydney, who caufed them to be laid before the Houfc of Commons. Captain Hunter, before he left Port-Jackfon, gives an entertaining dcfcription of a dance, with which the natives diverted the governor and his people, before he left the place. ■ •• The i I i I f J I ^ 24 A NEW AND COMPLETE. <^YSTEM or UMIVERSAL GEOGRAP[TY. " 'Jhc .'utivcs, he obfervcs, were become very fa- nii'iar ami intimate with every perfon in the fettlc- incnt. Many of ihem now took up tlieir reft every night in Tome ot" tlie gentlemen's houfcs ; their very iinprovok..d attack on the governor and his party, be- ing now paired over, and almoft forgot. " We have frequently obferved, lincc this familiar intereotufc took place, that they often had a dance ainoni;ll thcmfelvcs at night, on the lower part of Syd- ney-Cove, where s fmall huufe had been built by the governor's order for their accommodation. It liad been liyriilicd to fome of the principal amongft them, that wc Ihould be glad to have an opportunity of fee- ing them dance, which they readily agreed to; and the following night was appointed, when the governor and a coniidernblc n'linber attended, every one being provided v\ith arms ot fome kind ; a caution, v/hich, iiotvvithflanding friendly appearances, was generally allowctl to bt necelfary; for experience had convinced lis, that thefc people have a good deal of treachery in their dii'poiition. " Preparatory to this exhibition, much attention was paid to the decorating themfelves; they were all Adams and Eves, without even a fingle iig-leaf, and alfo without their dignity. 'Ihe young women were employed with all their art in paintmg the young men, who were chiefly ornamented with ftreaks of white, done with pipe-clay, and in different forms, according to the talle of the man himfelf, or to that of the lady who adorned him : no fup preparing for an aU'embly was ever more dedrous of making his perfon irrefilli- hly beautifid. This paint, fo much in ufe among them, could not be applied without a little moifturc ; and the lady, in drawing thcfe marks on the face, which were fo elFcntial a part of the decoration, 1 ob- ferved fretj lently to fpit in the face of her friend, whom (he was employed in adorning, in order to make the wiiite clay mark the ftronger. " When ihey were all prepared, we walked down to the place appointed after dark (for they prefer taking theii "iiufement by fire-lighv) we found fcve- ral 6res lighted, and a confidcrabie number of people aflen-blcd.- We walked round, to fee that there were no armed lurkcrs among the buHies. " The dancers being ready, we were placed in a femicirde by Ba-na-Iang aud Co-al-by, who fcemed to have the chief authority and direflion. The dance was begim by a few young boys, and was tncreaied by men and women, < hiefly by the former, until their number amounted from twenty to twenty-fix. Their dance was truly wild and favage, yet in many parts there appeared order and icgiilarity. One man would Ire- tjiRiuly fiDglc hiinftlf out from the dance, and, run- ning round the whole of the performers, ling out in a iuud voice, ullng fome txprclfions in one pariicular tone of voice wliii-h we could not underttand ; he would then join ihe ilance, in which it was obferved, that ctrtain parties aliecnaicly led fotwaid to the front, and there cxiiihited, with their ntnioft Ikill and agility, all the various motion'., which, with tliem, fcemed t<» conlhtiitc the principal beauties of dancing. One of the mod ftrikiii;j was, that of placing their feet very wide apart, ami, by an extraordinary exertion of the mufcles of the thighs and legs, moving the knees in a trembling and very furprifing manner, fuch as none of us could imitate, which fcemed to fliewj tiiat it re- quired much pradicc to arrive at any degree of perfec- tion in this lingular niotion. " There aipearcd a great deal of variety in 'h'-ir d'Tcrent dances; in one of which they paire'.l them- felves, and frequently danced back to back ; they then changed fuddcnly, and faced each other. Sometimes all the performers fat down on the ground, with their feet under them ; and at a particular word or order, they railed themlelves up. This motion they per- formed without any allifance from the hands. Now they ran back in diredt rows, then advaticcd in the fame order; again they would form a circle, with fame dillinguilhcd perfon in the centre, and fomctimcs the whole of the performers would appear wyth .1 green bough in their Ivands, which they hsld up in aconfpi- cuous manner. In all the different figures which they performed, they generally finilhed by certain numbers of their principal dancers advancing to the front, and going through that favourite part of the dance, the Juivering motion of the knees. Whenever this was one, the whole company faced to the front, and went through the fame motions ; but it was noticed, that fome were more frequently in the front than others, and thofe we fuppoled were fuch as had great confi- dence in their own fkili in the execution of this very difficult part of the performance ; and no doubt were vain enough to outlhinc in their ability the reft of the company. On the whole, this exhibition was well worth feeing ; and this was the firft opportunity that had offered for us to fee any thing of the kind fince wc had been in the country. " Their mufic confifted of two flicks of very hard wood, one of which the mufician held upon his breail in the maiuicr of a violin, a td flruck it with the other, in good order and regular time. The performer, who was a ftout, ffrong-voiced man, fung the whole time, and frequently applied thofe graces in mufic, the piano and forte. He was alTifted by fcveral young boys and girls, who fat at his feet, and, by the maiujcr of croifing the thighs, made a hollow between them and their belly, upon which they beat time with the flat of their liand, fo as to nuke a kind or found, which will be better un- dorftood from the manner of its being produced, than from any verbal defcription. Thefe children aJ:"o fung with the chief mufical performer, wl.o flood up the whole time, and (ecined to have the mod laborious part of th'" perfi "lance. They very frequently, at the con- clufion of the dance, v/ould apply to us for our opini- ons, or rather for ir^rks oCoir ;i[ipiobation of their per- formance, which v/c never fuiled to give, hy citen r^-pcating New Discoveries.] NEW HOLLAND. «5 raricty in had fome kt»owledge as farmers. " The following parcels of land were in cultivation at Parramatta in November 179 »• Acrei. 35' 44 (I I a 4 4 6 80 Roodt. SI 1 - 1 o o 2 2 O Pcrch^i. r. in Maize. 8 o 3 150 2b »34 o 3 o TVh(Mt. Barley. , Oats.' Potatoes. o Not cultivated, but cleared. 1,5 Mollly planted with vines, o The governor's garden partly fowtt with maize and wheat, o Garden-ground belonging to indivi- duals, o Land in cultivation by the New South-Wales corps, o Cleared, and to be fowed with turnips. 2 Ground in cultivation by fetilers. o Ground in cultivation by officers of the civil and military. o Enclofed, and the timber thinned for feeding cattle. Making in the whole upwards of 918 acres. " The above grounds were meafurcd by David Burton, the public gardener, who obferves, that the foil in moft places is remarkably good, and only wants cultivation to be fit for any ufe, for the ground that has been the longeft in cultivation bears the befl crops. " Of the convi£ts who were received by the lafl fhipi* there were great numbers of the worft of characters, particularly among ft thofe who came from Ireland, and whofe great ignorance led them into fchemes more dc- flrudive to themfelves, than they were likely to be to the fettlement. Some of thefe people had formed an idea, that they could go along the coaft, and fubfifl on oyflers and other fhell-fifh, till they reached fome of the Chincfe fettlements : others had heard, that there were a copper-coloured people only 1,50 miles to the north- ward, where they would be free. Full of thefe notion.s, three parties fet off; but after flraggling about for many days, feveral of them were taken, and others returned to the fettlement. Governor Phillip was lefs inclined to inflid any punifhment on thefc people, than he was to punifh thofc who had deceived them by the informa- tion of " not being far from fome of the Chincfe fettle- ments, and near people who would receive them, and whce they would have every thing they wanted, and live very happy." Thefe reafons moft of them affigiied for going into the woods, and where fome of them f^ill remained, dreading a fevere punifhment if they returned. A general pardon was therefore promifed to all thofe who came back within a certain time, as feveral vtcrc fuppofed to be lurking in the woods near the fe.tlement : however, fome of thefe wreecbcs were fo prepofTelled G v-lth 26 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. i ! 1 1 i .-1 1 11 , I with an idea of being able to live in the wood"!, and on the fea coalt, until ihcy could reach a lettlement, or find a people who would maintain them without labour, that leveral who were brought in when almoil famifhed, and carried to the hotpital, went away again as (bon as they were judged able to return to their labour : and although what would be c;dled a day's work in England, is very fcldom done by any conviiit in the r element, yet fome of them declared, that they would fo eirablcd us to make a faving of two pounds of meat each man a week. Sydney-Bay lies in latitude 29 degrees q^ minutes < foutn, longitude 168 degrees 2 minutes cift, and vari- ation 1 1 degrees eaft. The tide flows fait, and changes at three quarters paft feven, and rifes from five to feven feet. 'I'he flood runs to the S. W. by S. and the ebb to the N. E. by N. On the fouth fide of the ifland, i$ where th'* fettlcment is made. ' Landing at this place en- tirely depends on the wind and the weather. I have feen as good landing as in the Thames for a fortfiight or three weeks together ; and I have often feen it im- prailicable to land for ten or twelve days futceflively ; but it is much oftcner good landing than bad. Ant'on's- Bay is a fmall bay, with a fandy beach, where landing is in general good, with an ofF-fhore wind, and mode- rate weather. Ball-Bay is on the fouth-eaft fide of the ifland ; the beach is of large loofe ftone. When landing is bad in Sydney-Bay, it is very good here ; ■ as it alio is in Cafcade-Bay, on the north fide of the ifland.. In general the tides are equi.1 each way ; the ebbs and the* flows regular along the (hore fix each tide. The eaftermtide is Itronger than thfe weftern tide. Some- times the eaftern tide runs feveral hours beyond its ufual courfe, and fometimes the weftern tide thus irregularly ; which irregularities, though they feldom happen, make it necefTary to bring to, and try the tide, before you come within the outer partof theNepean-Ifland; and be- ware of an indraught, which fometimes fets into the bight, on the weft fide of the bay, on both fides, while you are baffled by the fouth-eaft and fbntherly winds, as you come in with Sydney-Bay. All witWn Nepean- Ifland is foul ground, and very irregular foundings, and no fkfe paffage between it and Port-Hunter; but if a fliip fhould DC prelTed by neceffit)', it is recommended to keep within naif a cable's length of Nepean-Tfland, after having palTed the bed of rocks to the weft ward of the little bay. At Norfolk-Ifland, the fpring is very vifible in Au- guft ; but the trees in many parts of the ifland are in a conftant fucceflion of flowering and feeding all the year round. Every kind of garden vegetable thrives well, and comes to great perfedion. The fummer is very hot : Governor King obferves, that he had no thermo- meter to determine the degree of heat^ but it is excef- fivL. From the 23d of September, to the 2 2d of Fe- bruary, 1790, not one drop of rain fell, excepting on two days in December ; but it flioukl be remarked, that there was no drought in the former year. AH the grain and the European plants feeded in December. From February to Augufl, may be called the rainy feafon ; not that we may fuppofe there is any regular time of rains during thel'e moritlis, as the v/ealher is fometimes very fine for a fortnight together; but when the rain docs fall, it pours in torrents. The governor adds, that he docs not recollect more than three claps of thunder, or. A NEW AN'D COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. !i ui' I or lightniiii;, ilui ing the time he rcm.iiiv.-ii on the ifland. The winter, which may be laid to commence in April and in July, is \cry [ileal'ant. There is never any troll ; but when the fouth-wett winds blow, which arc very frequent and violent in thcfe months, the air is raw and cold. It is very remarkable, that during I'onie days \n December aid January, the weather has been much colder than in the winter months. The ibuth-call and cad: winds arc very parching and dry, as no dew falls when thofe winds prevail. During the winter month.'!, the wind is moftly from fouth to well, blowing with great violence for a week together ; afterwards it veers round to the foutliward and fouth-eall, which brings fine weather for a few da)s; then it veers to talt, north-tail, and north-weft, blowing in heavy gales, and generally accoinpanicd with violent torrents of rain; after which it li .tts to fouth- weft ; but not a lln!;le infhince was obl'erved of the wind coming to the north-call round by well. 'I'he fouth- caft wind blows duiiiig the fummer with very little va- riation, and fometimcs very flrong. The coalls of the illand are in general (lerp, and ex- cepting Sydney, Anion, Ball, and Calcade-Bays, are in- acccflible, being iurrounded by ileep clifts, which rii'e perpendicularly from the fea. A number of large rocks lie fcattered about dole to the (hore, or. which a conti- nued furf breaks with great torcc. The following are .Lieutenant-Governor King's latcft Difpatches rei'pciSting Norfolk-Ifland : they are dated Dec. 29, 179], and received Nov. 30, 1792. " The wheat harvcft at Norfolk-Ifland was finifhcd by the 10th of December 1791, when about one thou- land bufiiela of wheat were got in, and well thatched in Hacks. 'I'he Indian corn had fuffered by a feries of dry hot weather, ever fince the preceding July. " Lieutenant-Governor King, finding great inconve- nience from the fize and conftruflion of the frame of a .ftore-houfe, which was eighty feet long by twenty-four feet wide, as well as from its fituation, it being near the fhore, determined to build one, forty feet by twen- ty-four, on the terrace at Mount-George. He had alfo found it neceflary to build a g.iol oppofite the barrack- yard, and another at Qiie-nlborough. " A good road has been made to the landing rock in Cafcade-Bay, fo ihat now any thing may he landvl with the greatell fafety. " Eighteen copper bolts, fix copper fliects, two fix- tecn-inch cables, two hundred weight of lead, jpne afh- tackle fall, twenty potmds of chalk, three rudder-chains, two top-chains, and iron work of various forts, had been faved from the wreck of the Sirius. The greateil part of ihefe articles, Lieutenant-Governor King pro- pofed fending to Port-Jackfon. " Ten fettlers, who lately belonged to thi Sirius, were doing exceedingly well ; but there was reafon t Cook having embarked in his third voyage, again vifitcd the Coaft of New Holland, which he approached from the fouthward. On the 2.1th of January 1777, he fell in with Van Die- man's Land, and on the 26th anchored in Auventurc- Bay, in latitude 43 degrees 21 minutes fouth, being about five decrees more to the fouthward than that part of the land vvnich he firft faw in his courfe from New /..•aland in the year 1770. Before we proceed to relate the particular tranfadlions of our modern navigators, we deem it proper to fet forth the firft account of the coun- try now under confideration upon its difcovery. Captain Abel Janfen Tafman having been fent from Batavia for the exprefs purpofe of making a perfedt fur- vey of this country, in Auguft 1642, found himfelf, on the 6th of I^ovember following, in latitude 49 degrees 4 min. fouth, longitude 1 14 dcg. r^6 min. eaft. Strefs of weather then determining him to ftand towards the north eaft, on the 24th of the fame month, being in the lati- tude of 42 deg. 25 min. fouth, longitude 163 deg. 50 min. he difcovered land lying eaft fouth-caft, which he called Van Dieman's Land. On the ift of December he anchored in a bay, which he called the Bay of Frederic Henry ; and heard, or at leaft fancied he heard, the found of people upon the feore, but faw no perfon. The moft remarkable and worthy of obfervation, were two trees, of two fathoms, or two fathoms and a half in girth, and 60 or 65 feet high, from the root to the branch. They had cut with a flint a kind of fteps in the b.irk, in order la climb up to the birds nefts. The fteps were at the diftance of five feet from each other, from whence it was con- cluded, either that thole people were of prodigious fu-e, H or :■ jir f li!' ii, i! • I! • i. I ^1 i ; IH 30 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL OEOORAPHY. or th.it they have fomc way of climbing trees iink:uiwM to Europeans. In one ot' the trees the llips were lo frclh, that it wai judged the)- cnulil not li.ive he;.-n cut above four days. A nolfe heard refenibled that ot" Come fort of A trumpet! it fc.-uied to be at no ^reat dillance, but no living ^.realure \\~as fci-a n(itwithH;mding. 'I'l\t' marks of wild be.ills were pt.rci.ivi-d in tlie f.uid ; tliey refeniMed tliofc of a tyner, or fume fuch cr.ature. Soiae giuii, and hkewifc f-'ine lack, v.ere gathert'd from t!ie ticcs. Snioki- was obfcivcd i;i feveral places ; iiothiii^ij; more was done, however, than fetting up a poll, on wbicli eve / one pi'.Tiiit cut his name and his mark, nnd upon which a (lag was hiilUJ by 'I'afman tile cuinmandtr. The n:ui\cs, who firil prefjiitcd tliemfeivcs to the view of the KnglilTi here at the woodiiig-place, were fight men and a boy. They .ijipro.iched with great confidence, none of them having any weajKins but one, who had a (liort Uick pointed at one end. Our coun- trymen deli.-ribe them as of middling ftaturc, and fonie- what (lender, their hair black and woolly, and their fkin alio black. They were entirely naked, with large punctures or ridges, fomc in curved and others in ftraight lines, on different parts of their bodies. They were not dilUnguiflied by lips remarkably thick, nor their rofes fo flat as the natives of Guinea; on the contiary, their features were far from being difagreeable. They had pretty good eyes, and their teeth were tolerably even and regular, though very dirty. Moll of them had their hair and beards (incarcJ with a red ointment, and iome had their faces alto painted with the fame com- pofition. They received the prefents that were made them without the leall appearance of fatisfatStioii. When fome bread was given them, and they were made to un- derftand, that it was to be eaten, they either returned or threw it away without ever tailing ,it. They all refufed fome elephant rifli ; but accepted fome birds that were prefentcd, and in fuch a manner as indicated they were fond of fuch fo(>d. A dead calm prevented the ftiip from failing ; the commander fcnt parties on fliore to cut wood and grafs, and accompanied the wooding piirty himfelf. As feverai of the natives had been oblervcd fauntering op the fhore, and thereby indicated they had no appreheiifion of in- jury, but, on the contrary, were defirous of maintaining an intcrcourfo, he wifticd to be prefent on the occa- fion. The party had not been long landed, before about twenty of them, men and boys, joined them, without exprefling the lead fear or diffruft. One of this com- pany was diftinguiftied not only by his deformity, but the drollery of liis gcftures, and the feeming humour of his fpeeches, which, however, could not be underllood by thofe for whofe entertainment they were iuppofed to be exhibited. Their language appeared to be different from that fpoken by the inhabitants of the more northern parts of this country explored in a former voyage, which is not cxtraordiuary, fince thefe our navigators faw nov/, and thofe they then vifitcd, dilicred in many other refpeils. Some of the prelent groupe wo'e round their iii-cks three or four folds of fniall cord, made of the fur of ((Miie animal ; others h.id narrow flips of the kan;;uroo (V.in round their ancles. 'I'licy were each of th( ni prefented v.ith a (fring of beads and a medal, and I'eenied to receive them with fome fati>ifadtion. 'I'hcy did not appear to fet ynv value on iron, or even to know the ufe ot tilh-hooks, thoiii;li it is more than probabli; they were actpiainted with lome method of catching rtlh. Several deicrted habitations were ohfcived near the head of the bay. I'here weie little fheds or hovels, built of llicks, a:.d covered with the b.uk of tree>,. There ap- peared evident ligr.s of their abode in the trunks of iaige trc.'s, which had beeii hollowed by fire, moil pra- babJy for this very purpofe. In or near all thcle habita- tions -111 1 wherever there was an heap of (hells, there remained the marks of fire, an indubitable proof that they do not cat their food raw. After the commander left the fliorc, feveral women and children made their appearance, and were intro- duced by thq men to Lieutenant King. Thefe females wore a kanguroo (kin, in the fame (hape as it came from the animal, over their (boulders, the only ufe of which feemed to be to fupport their children on their backs ; for it left thofe parts uncovered which modedy diredts to conceal. In all other refjieds they were as naked as the men, and as black, and their bodies marked with fears in the fame manner. They differed, however, in having their heads (haved, leaving a very narrow circle of hair all round, Ibmewhat refembling the tonfure of the Romifh ecclefiaftics. Many of the children had pleafing features ; but of the perfons of the women, Specially thofe ad- vanced in years, a lefs favourable report was made. Some of the gentlemen paid their addreffes to them, and made liberal offers ; but they were rejedted with great dilUain; whether from a fenfe of vivtue, or fear ot dif- pleafing their men, cannot be determined. That this gallantry was not very agreeable to the latter is evident; for an elderly man, as foon as he oblervcd it, ordered all the women and children to retire, which they obeyed, though fome (hewed a degree of relu6lance. It is here to be obfcrved, that the people now feen differed, parti- cularly in the texture of their hair, from the natives of the more northern parts of this country. Van Dieman's Land had been twice vifited before. In the beginning of our account, it is fet forth to have been fo named by Talinan, who difcovercd it in November 1642. From that time it had efcaped all further notice by European navigators, till Captain Furneaux touched at it in March 1773. Captain Cook obferves, that if the whole of the country now defcribed does not defervc the name of a continent, it is, by far, the largeft ifland in the uuiverfe. For the moll part the land is of a good height, agree- ably diverlified with hills and valiies, and exhibits, upon the whole, a verdant appearance. It abounds with wooJ, and, from what was met with in Adventure-Bay, feemi not ill fupplied with water ; for plenty was found in three New Discoveries.] N E W U O L L A N D. 3» or four places in this bay. The belt, or what is mod convenient tor Ihips tlwt tDurh here, is a rivulet, which is one of feveral that fall into a pond that lies behin^l a beach at the head of the bay. It there mixes with the fea water j fo that it mull be taken up above this pond, which may be done 'without any great trouble. In feveral places fire-wood is to be procined wiih great cafe. r. /• I As Mr. Anderfo'i, furgeon cf the Rcfulution, a perlon of i;eneral knowledge, fpent tlic fmall tin\e the (flips reinained in Adventure-liay, in examining the idand; the following arc his remarks on the inhabitants and their language, and his account of the natural produc- tions of the country. At the bottom of Adventure-Bay, there is a beautiful faridy beach, about two miles long, formed, to all appearance, by the particles wafhed by the fea from a very fine white fand-ftone. This beach is well adapted for hauling a feine: behind it is a plain, with a blackifh lake, out of which were caught, by angling, fonie bream and trout. The other parts of the country are molUy hilly, and are an entire forell of tall trees, rendered almoft 'mpalTable by Ihrubs, breaks of fern, and fallen trees. The foil on the flat land, and on the lower part of the hills, is fandy, or confifts of a yellowilh mould, and, in fome parts, of a reddilh clay ; but further up the hills it is of r, grey tough caft. The country, upon the whole, bears many marks of being very dry, and the heat ap- pears to be great. No mineral bodies, or ftoncs of any other fort than the white fand ftone, already mentioned, were obfervcd, nor were there any vegetables found that aftorded fub- fiftence for man. The foreft trees are all of one kind, and, in general, quite ftraight ; they bear chifters of fmall white flowers, 'rhc principal plants are a fpecies of gladiolus, rufh, bell-flower, famphire,wood-forrel, milk-wort, and Job's tears, with a few others peculiar to the place. The only animal of the quadruped kind feen diftinftly, was a fpecies of opofllam, about twice the fize of a large rat. The kanguroo, another animal, found further northward in New Holland, muft certainly inhabit here, as fome of the natives had pieces of their fkins. And there are feveral forts of birds ; but, as in other neigh- bouring parts, iUl fo fcarce and fhy, that it is plain they are harailed by the natives, who chiefly fubJill upon them. In the woo'Js, the principal forts arc large brown hawks or eagles; crows ,iearly the fame as ours in England ; yellowifli paroquets, and another fmall one, which has part of the head and neck of a moft beautiful azure colourj and was thence named motncilla cyanca. On the fhore were feveral gulls, black oyfter-catchers or fea-pies, "and plovers of a ftone colour, with a black hood. About the pond or lake behind the beach, a few wild ducks were feen, and fome fhags were obferved to pcarch upon tne high leaflefs trees near the fliore. Some pretty large blackiih fnakes were feen in the 1 woods, and a lizard was killed that was fifteen inches long and fix round, beautifully clouded with black and yellow. (Jreat variety of fifli arc found in the fea, as the el'-'phant-filh, rays, nurfes, leather-jackets, white bre:un, foles, flounders, gurnards, bi-fides a fw vy or Tovai-Poenammiw. The latter is mollly hillv, and, to appearance, barren and thinly inhabited ; but vhe former, though very mountainous, is tolerably fertile, and can boaft of u rivulet running through every valley. Though thefe valleys do not abound with wood, yet, from the apparent nature of the foil, it »vas the spinion of fome ingenious perfons, that every kind of European grain would flourilh here, and that through the exertion of induftry in cultivation, not only the neceflhries but luxuries of life might be obtained in rich variety. The climate, upon the whole, is faid to be more temperate than that of England, from the vegetables that were found growing there in the winter leafon. During fix months circuit, in which Captain Cook fully explored the coafts of both iflands, he gave names to feveral bays, rivers, and other parts of thofe coalls, from remarkable charadlers and various occurring cir- cumllances. He called the firft place where he anchored Poverty-Bay, becaufe no neccflaries were found there bi^t wood, rbe next port be made was naiued Mercury- Bay, bccaiife an obfervation was there made of the Tranfit of Mercury over the Sun i it is fituated in lati- tude 36 degrees .57 minutes. 'I 'he river that empties itlelf at tile nead ol Mercury-Bay was called 'I'he River Thames,' from its apparent refemblance to our river of that name ; and its banks are pointed out as the moll: .idvantageoux Ipot in thefe iflands for planting a colony. The bay of iflands, lying more to the northward, de- rives its appellation from the great number of iflands contiffuouf, and from its feveral harbours, which aro equally fafe and commodious. North-Cape, or Cape-North, fo railed from its fitu» ation, is the northern extremity of land on the iflanJ Eahei-Nomarve. The coail along the wellcrn Ihorewas c.Uled, The Defert Coait, and a peak remarkably high, of moll majeltic appearance, and from the I'pace which the fnow occupies on it, fupnofed to be not much infe- rior to the l^eak of Tenerifte, named Mount Egmont; and the fhore under it, forming a large cape, received the appellation of Cape Kgmont. The louthern ifland was as .iccurately furveyed as the northern. Here likewife, from the caufes above-men- tioned, names were given to feveral parts, as Banks's- Ifland, Cape-S.iundcrs, The Trap.s, Dulky-Bay, Ad- miralty-Bay, &c. &c. In Qiieen Charlotte's Sound (in which is Qtuated Murdcrers'-Bay, lb Cidlcd by Tafinan) was difcovered a fine flream of excellent water, and wood in abundance. The inhabitants, who Icarcely exceeded four hundred in number, were difperfed along the fliore ; they arc poorer than the inhabitants of other parts of the country, their giound is uncultivated, their chief food is filh and fern- roots, and their canoes are without ornament. Tho climate here is much milder than that of Du(ky-Bay, and as no frod was feen at the beginning of June, almoft the depth of winter, it is probable that it feldom freezes here. There were fome curiofities found on the hilh and beaches, and, from many diftercnt appearances, the former exiftence of a volcano in New Zealand was more than conjedtured. Qiieen Charlotte's-Sound is particularly eligible as a port and place of refrefliment, from the number of antifcorbutic plants which grow upon every beach, many of which contribute both to healtli and aliment. From the hills in general towards the fea, are one continued foiift of lofty trees, which flourifli with un- common vigrar; and it was remarked that no country abounded upon the whole fo much with trees and plants, that were entirely unknown to the naturalifts of Europe, as New Zealand. The fize, growth, and durability of the timber render it fit for any kind of building. Th* large trees on the hills are chiefly of two forts, one of them is of the fize of our largeft firs, and grows nearly in the fame manner. A decodtion of its leaves ferment- ed with fugar or treacle, fupplies the place of fpruce in making beer, and our countrymen acknowledged it to be little inferior to American fpruce beer ; the other fort of tree is liice a niuple, and otten grows very large, but is HY. New DiscovERiKi.] N E W Z E ALAN D. 3S c made ot' the fttuated ill lati- LT that empties illed 'Ihe River : to i)'.'. Ill I>i(ky-Bay a bL-autiful tice was found in j flower, of the myrtle Kind, of which an infufioii vs.is drank infte.id of tea. Its leaves are aro'i\atii', allringcnt, and have a very plealant flavour at the fiill infuiiun, wliii-h is changed to a llrong biuer on pouring water on the leaves a Ictond time. Trees of various forts grow oti the flats behind the beaches : two or three bear a kind of plum of the fi/.c of prunes ; the one which is yellow is called itarraca, and the other, vvJiieh is black, niaitao, though neither of them afforded a pleaflint talle. 'i"he woods in many parts were fo over-run with fupple-jacks, that it was fcarc.lv poffible to force a way through theiu ; Icveral of tlicfe were fifty or fixty feet long. 'i'his country produces wild celery and a kind of crefl'es, wliiih grow in abundance on all parts of the i>:A coafts ; thei'e arc fometimes ufed as fahid or drilled as greens ; in all thole ways they are excellent, and, to- ge'.ticr with the fifli, forma deiirable ref.elhment. Here is tlie proper mulberry-tree, but extremely rare \ a!f > a berry which fcrvcs the natives inftead of flax and hemp, and exceeds all that are made ufe of for fuch purpofcs in other countries, 'i'here are two forts of this plant, in one kind the wers are yellow, and in the othv;r, a oeep red. Of thi.- .ivcs of thefe piaats, with very little pre- paration, the n.itives make all their common apparel; of thefe alio they make all their lines an 1 cordage fi>r every purpofe. 'I'hefe arc much ilronger than any tlung we can make with hemp. This plant grows in all places near the fea, and fometimes a confulerable way up the hills, in bunches or tufts ; being pereimial it may be cut down to the root every year, and requires little care and attendance in the cultivation. It is remaikcd that our botanills were greatly tantalized here by the appearance of numerous trees and Ihrubs, which had loft their flowers and fruits, and only ferved to give them an idea of the great profufion of vegetables in this country. There are not many iniciits in this country. There is a fort of little crane fly, particularly troubletbme in the I'outhern parts during bad weather. The fand fly, the only noxious one, is very numerous here, and is almo'.t as dil'agreeable as the mulquito. Their bite caules a rwelling and intolerable itching. There are fonu; butterflies, two forts of dragon-flies, fome fmall gral!-h'ipprrs, K-veral forts of fpiiiers, iome blaeic ants, and corpion-flies, with whole chirping the woods re- found. There are fnakcs and lizards of an enormous fize. In the woods are a great number and variety of biid' , f)intt are vers' bea'.ii'.ful, and moil of ihem peculiar to the place. The only biid here which rel'embles any in Europe i'^ the gaiuiet ; here are ducks and fliaggs, but vtiy dufjicnt from any among ur. : their ha-..K.. , -owls, u\\ ijuails dilTcr but litdc. There is a iiiull g^ecn biid, almoft the only niuiieal one to be found hrre. Fii» melody is lo Iwtet, and hi» iu>tes lo vaii^d, that the liftcnir would imagine hinifclf furrounded by .i vaiicty ot birds, when he exerts his vocal powers. Frmn iIum circumftancc he was called the mocking bird. Here are water hens of a large fpecies ; rails are fearce in all parts of New Zealand, except at Dulky-Bay, wheiu they were feen in great numbers j alfo cormorants, oyf- ter-catcheis or fcapies, albatrofles, ducks, penguins, and other loitx of the aipi.itic kind. I''ive ipecics of ducks weie found in Du(ky-Bay, diftering Irom each other in fi/.e and plum.-»ge. Among the Imall birds, are the wattle-bird, the poy-bird, and the fantail. Of the fan- tail there are dilterent liirts ; but the body of the molt renui kable one is fcurcely larger tluui a good filbert, yet it fpreads a tail of mod beautiful plumage, furptifing iii extent confiiiering its fize. Our late travellers remark, that though it would be difHcult and fatiguing to follow the birds of Iport on account of the ipiantity of under- woo.l and the climbing plants, yet by continuing in one pl.ice, a fowler m.iy Uioot as many in a day as would ferve i<:\ci\ or eight pi.-rfons. The reafon afljgned for this obfi.rvation is, that thefe birds were ll) little ac- quainted with mankiiul, that they familiarly perched on the neareft branches and hopped even on the ends of the fowling pieces, looking at every one that came near them with the greateft curiofity. In this extenfive countiy, the only quadrupeds which arc known arc dogs and rats. The dogs are of the rough, long-haired fort, with pricked ear.>, and much refembling the iheiiherd's cur ; they are of difterent colours, and though kept by the natives as a domellic animal, pampered and indulgrd with fifti as fowl in common with their mailers, their bodies are attervvaids e.iten by chem, and their fkins applied to various ufes of drel's and ornament. The cuftom of eating dog's fl(Jh is partly general .imong the inhabitants gf thefe foutherii climes, and was at length adopted by our European na\ igators as a relief from the lo..'hfome tafte of fait provifions. The leg of a dog, killed on board one ot the Ihips, was roalted and ferved up at the captain's, table, which the company (hro'igh difufc could not diftinguilh from mutton. Alany forts of filh were caught here by the feinc, and amojigft the reft a fpecies unknown in Europe, but very d !icio\!S. Every creek fvvanriS with them. IVlackerel of various kinds were caught in in;incnfe (hoals ; but the higheft luxury which, the fea affords here, is the lohiier, or fea ciay-fifh, which differs from thofe in Europe in ievcr.il particulars. The, have a great lun.i- ber of prickles on thiir backs, and are red when fi;ft taken out of tlie watm. There are elephaiit-iilh, mullets, foles, floutKlcrs, bream, congcr-eelf, ar. " filh of five or hx pounds weight, euU-d by the na .vcs a mogge. With the hook ai.d line was ca ight a blackilh fuh called cole-filh by the feamen, but di.Tering grea'ly tVom that i f the fame name in Europe. iheo- is alfo a fo;t of fmall ialinon, Ikutc, gurnards, and nurfcs ; theliB I ia 34 A NEW AN'D COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. v'4\ if 1 I I' in general are well-flavoured, but thefmall falmon, cole- filh, and mogge are fuperior to the others. There are vaft quantities of mufcles among the rocks, many cockles in the fand of the fmall beaches, and in fomc places oyfters, which, though fmall, have an agreeable tafte, together with other Ihell filh of various kinds. There is not here any mineral deferving notice, except a green jafper ftone of which the tools and ornaments of the in- habitants are made. This is held in high eftimation among them, and they entertain fomc fuperftitious no- tions about the mode of its generation, but the particu- lars our countrymen could not comprehend. In New Zealand the number of inhabitants bears no proportion to the extent of country. The fouthern part is very thinly inhabited, conflfting chiefly of wanderers ; but the northern is better peopled, though the weftern fide of the ifland is quite a defert, and the interior parts are fo mountainous that fcarce any place is inhabited but the fea coads. The ftatv:jr of the iflanders in general is equal to the Europeans, ?:ut they are not fo well formed, efpecially about the limliS) which are diftortcd by fitting fo much on their hams, and being deprived, by the mountainous nature of the country, from ufmg that kind of exercife which would render the body ftraight and well propor- tioned. Some, however, are well made, vigorous and adtive, and have a good {hare of udroitnefs and manual dexterity. ^ Their complexion is moftly brown, though not deeper . than that of a Spaniard who has been pxpofed to the. heat " of the fun. They are rather darker in the fouthern ifland. Their faces are commonly round, their lips rather full, and their nofes (though not flat) lar^re to- , wards the point. Their eyes are large, their teeth '_ broad and irregular, their hair in general black, ftrong and ftraight, commonly cut fhort on the hinder part, and the reft tied on the crown of the head. The counte- nance of the young is gen 'rally free and open, but in many of the men it has a ferious or ful'-.-ii caft. The men are larger than the women, who are not remarka- ble for any peculiar graces either of form or feature ; but their voices are very foft and harmonious, by which they are chiefly diftinguiflied, the drefs of both fexes being nearly the fame. Like the women of moft other countries, they have a cheerfulnefs fuperior to the men, and a greater flow of animal fpirits. They have a garment made of filky flax, about five feet in length and four in breadth. This appears to be their principal manufadlure, which is performed by knotting. Two corners of this garment pafs over the (boulders, and they faftcn it on the breaft with that which covers the body ; it is again faftened about the belly with a girdle made of mat. It is fometimes covered with dog (kin or large feathers. Many of them wciir coats over this garment, extending from the (boul- ders to the heels. The moft common covering, how- ever, is a quantity of the fedgy plant badly manufaiElured, faftciK'J to a ftring and thrown over the ihoulders, whence it falls down on all fides to the middle of the thighs. They adorn their heads with feathers, , icombs of bone or wood, pearl (hells, and the inner (k!n if leaves. Both faxes have their ears flit, in which are hung beads, pieces of jafper, or bits of cloth. Some have the (ep- tum of the nofe bored in tlie lower part, but no orna- ment was (een in it. Their tattowing is done very curio'ifly, in fpiral and other figures, and in many places inden ed with their (kin, fo as to look like carving ; but, at a diltancc, it appears as if it had been only fmeared with black paint. This tattowing and ftaining the face is peculiar to the principal men among them ; thofe of inferior rank, as well as women, content themfelves with befmearing their faces with red paint or ochre. The women wear necklaces of (hark's teeth, or bunches of long beads, and (bme of them have fmall triangular aprons, adorned with feathers or pieces of pearl-ihells faftened about the waift with a double or treble fet of cords. Their winter drefs is a (haggy cloak, called boghee boghee, which hangs round their necks like a thatch of Itraw. Their cloth is white and as glo(ry as filk, worked by hands, and wrought as even as if it had been wrought in a loom, and is chiefly worn by the men, i'.iough it is "mde by women, who alfo carry bur- dens and do all the urudgery. They ere£t their huts with great facility. They have been fcen to eredl above twenty of them on a (pot of j^round which was covered with plants and (Iirubs not an hour before. I'he favages had no fooncr leaped from the canoes, than they tore up the (hrubs and plants from the ground they had fixed on, and put up fome part of the (raming of a hut. Thefe huts are fufliciently calcu- lated for aiFording (helter from the rain and wind, and are built contiguous to each other. The beft feen was built in the manner of one of our country barns, and was about fix feet in height, fifteen in breadth, and thirty-three in length. 1 ; infide was ftrong and re- gular, well faftened by means of withes, &c. and painted red and black. At one end it had a hole ferving as a door to creep out at, near which was a fquare hole, which ferved both for window and chimney. Their hippahs, or fortified villages, confift of ftrong holds, eredted on rocks, and fecured on the land fide by a bank, a ditch, and an high paling within the ditch. Some have out-works cunoufly conltrudled. Thefe places feem only to be the occanonal abodes of the na- tives, in cafe of danger from their enemies ; for as foon as their ftate of tranquillity returns, they quit thefe heights for the levej country. They feed moftly on fi(h, which they catch with dif- ferent kinds of nets, or wooden fi(h-hooks, pointed with bone, but made in fo extraordinary a manner, that it appears aftonilhing hov/ they can anfwer fuch a purpo!;;, 'I'hey (hewed themfelves more expert fi(hermen than any of their European vifitants, nor were any of the methods pradlifed by our people equal to theirs. They drefs their filh by roalting, or rather baking them, be- ing entirely ignorant of the art of boiling. It is thti< they . New Discoveries,] NEW ZEALAND. 35 they catch with dif- hooks, pointed with they alfo drefs the root of the large fern-tree, in a hole prepared for that piirpofe: when dreflfed, they fplit it, and find a glutinous fubftance within, not unlike fago powder. The fmaller fern-root feems to be their fub- iHtute (or bread ; being dried and carried about with them, together with great quantities of dried filh, when they go far from their habitations. Water is their only drink, and they conftantly re- fufcd to touch either wine or brandy, when on board "the European veflels, and drank pure water, or fweet- eiied with fugar, though they partook very freely of the provifions that were put on the table. T!:ey are as filthy in their feeding as in their perfons, which often emit a very ofFeniive effluvia, from the quantity of greafe about them, and from their never wafliing their garments. For an uncivilized peo'ple, their ingenuity claims notice ; as, without the afliflance of metal tools, they make every thing by which they procure their fubfift- ence, clothing, and warlike weapons, with neatnefs, ftrength, and convenience. Their chief mechanical tools are the adze and axe, made of hard black ftone, chifels of human bone, or fragments of jafper. They efteem their axes the moft valuable of their pofleflions, nor will part with one of them upon any confideration. They have bafkets of various kinds and fizes, made of wicker-work. The making of nets feem to be the ftaple manufafture of thofe parts of the country which were vifited. Thefe nets are of a circular form, ex- tended by two hoops, and about feven or eight feet in diameter; the top is open, and they fallen lea-ears to the bottom as a bait. They let down this net, fo as to lie upon the ground ; and when they imagine filh enough are coUeiSled over it, they draw up by a gentle motion, fo that the filh rife with it, fcarcely fenllble that they are lifted, till they come near the furface of the water, and then a fudden jerk brings them with the net into the boat. They have a fingular tafte for carving, which mull be admitted as their mailer-piece. This appears on the moll trilling things : the ornaments on the heads of fome of their canoes, not only difplay much defign, but execution, though their tools in general are very awk- ward. A lliell, a piece of flint or jafper, is their fub- ftitute for a knife, and a Ihark's tooth, fixed on the end of a piece of wood, is their auger. Their chief weapons are fpears or lances, darts, bat- tle-axes, and the patoo-patoo. The fpear is fourteen or fifteen feet long, poinded at both ends, and fome- times headed with bone. It is grafped by the mid- dle, fo that the part behind balancing that before, makes i pulh more difficult to be parried, than that of a wea- pon which is held by the end. The patoo-patoo is formed like a pointed battledore, with a fliort handle, and Iharp edges, and defigned for clofe fighting: through the handle there is a llring to twill round the hand when the weapon is ufed. This patoo-paioo is worn in the girdle, as a confulerable inilitary ornament. It The chiefs carry about them a llafF of difliiiction, generally the rib of a whale, ornanicnUd round the top with carving, dog-fl|, made the nrft advances, they might with great eafe have '■Mi kept themfelves concealed; but a certain opennefs and honefty appeared ftrongly to mark their charadler ; for had they been inclined to treachery, tliey would have en- deavoured to have cut off fmall parties that were fre- quently difperfed in different parts of the woods, in which they might have been but too fuccefsful. The followmg little anecdotes may tend further to a difplay of the difpofition of thefe iflanaers. A New Zealander came on board an European vef- fel when ftie lay in Queen Charlotte's-Sound, accom- panied by his fon and daughter. Being introduced into the cabin, the fon was prefented by the captain with divers trinkets, and dreflfed out in one of his own white ihirts. Unable to withftand the impulfc of puerile va- nity, he ran upon deck in order to fhew his nnery to his countrymen. An old he-goat, conceiving a kind of ca- pricious diflike to the ludicrous figure of poor Khoaa (for that was the boy's name) alTaued him, and raifing himfeiron his hind legs, with one butt of his head, laid him proftrate on the deck. The father, amazed to fee the ineftigiable prefent begrimed with filth, beftowed many blows on the unfortunate fuiFerer, in token of his refentment. The fiiirt, however, by wafliing, was foon brought to its former ftate of purity, and what was more, the boy was wafted all over; moft probably for the firft time in his life; but the provident father, dread- ing another mifchancc to the precious veftment, carefully rolled it up, and taking off his own drefs, made a bun- tile of it, in which he placed all the prefents that he and his fon had received. A difpofitioa to ftcal and fccrete every thing they could lay their hands on, was difcoverablc in all that came on board the veffel in Queen Churlotte's-Sound ; and thofe that were deteded, were treated v/ith merited dif- grace and ignominy. 'I'hey appeared to feel the whole weight of fhamc which their behaviour brought on ihem ; nay, one of them uttered threats, and made violent eef- tures in his canoe. Upon another occafion of the like nature, a young New Zealander difcovered his rcfcnt- mtnt by ftriking a failor, merely for recovering his pro, perty that had been ftolen; but the tar, according to the law of retaliation, imprinted the marks of his ftit on the face of the aggrefior. A boy, about fourteen years of age, was prevailed on to drink a glafs of Madeira wine, which caufed him to make wry faces ; but a glafs of fweet Cape wine beiiig filled out to him, he relilhed it l"o well as to lick his lips, and defired to have another, which he likewife drank oft*. This foon began to elevate his fpirits, as appeared from the volubility of his tongue and his antic geftures, as well as his expreffion of indignation at being refufed di- vers articles, for which he had conceived a predilec- tion. In a word, his behaviour was fuch, as exhi- bited a very juft fample of the impatient temper of thofe people. Several of the natives here had very expreflive coun- tenances; particularly fome old men with grey and white beards, and fome young men with great quanti- ties of bufliy hair, which hung wildly over their faces, and increafed the ferocity of their looks. As proofs of the force of fuperior genius, their inquiries after Tupia, and the concern they ftiewed for his death, were Angularly emphatical. It was ftirewdly obferved by one of our countrymen prefent, that this man, with the capacit. with which he was endowed, and which had been cultivated no further than the fimpUcity of his na- tive manners extended, was probably better qualified for civilizing the New Zealanders, than any of the moreen- lightened Europeans. Their various methods of attack and u^fence, as ex- hibited before the Europeans, were as follow : One of their young men mounted a fighting Ibge, which they call porava, and another went into a ditch. Both he who was to defend the place, and he who was to ailkult it, fung the evar-fong, and danced witli frightful gefti- culations. Thefe were pradifed as means of working themfelves up into that mechanical fury, which amc.ig ail uncivilized nations is the neccflary prelude to a I \ttle. Their engagements, wliether in boiits or on Ihore, are generally hajid to hand, and the flaughter muft confe- quenrly be great, as a fecond blow with any of their weapons is unneceflary, if the firft takes place. Their truft, however, feems to be principally placed in the pa- too-patoo, already defcribed. They gloried in their cru- elties, and fliewed their vifitors the manner in which they dilpatched their prii'oners, which was to knock them down with their patoo-patoos, and then to rip them up. They made no fcruple of declaring their prac- tice of eating their enemies. The bones of a man were K, feea 38 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. F !,'mI 1^:^ feen with the flclh off; and every circuinftancc concur- red to render it evident that thcfe people were cannibals, for there was found in one of their provifion bafkets, the remaining flelh, which appeared to have been drcflVd by fire, and in the griftles at tlie end were the marks of teeth which had kniwed them.' To afccrtain the faci, Tiipia was diredted to afk what bones they were ; the Indians without hcfitation replied, the bones of a man : wheii afked wliat was become of the flclh, they replied, they had eaten if One being afterwards afked why they did not eat the body of a woman that was fctn floating upon the water ? The woman, they Oid, died of a difeale; and added, that (he was their relation, and they eat only the bodies of their enemies. The people of New Zealand are more paflionate that the other South-Sea ifianders in general, yet they are more modell ; and if the women are not invinci- ble, the terms and manner of their compliance are as decent as thofe in marriage amongrt the Europeans. When an overture is made to any young woman, the party is given to underftand, that the confent of friends is nccellhry ; that a fniiable prefent mult be made ; that the confenting female muft be treated with good manners ; that no iinbcconjing liberties iiiuft be taken, and that day-light muft not be witnefs to what pailes between them. The lower garment worn by the women, is boimd Tuft i^^und tiiem, except when they go into the water to catch lobfters, and then they take care not to be feen by the men. But, in courfe of time, the ifiorals of the natives, both male and female, appeared not to be at all mended by their intercourfe with Europeans. It was obfervcd by our countryincn, on their fccond vifit, that inftead of behaving with the fame refcrve that had marked tlieir condudt before, both fexes had aban- doned their native principles, and the men promoted a fliameful traffic of their daughters and lifters. It did not appear, however, that the married women were fufFered to have any intercourfe of this kind. The ideas of female chaitity, which prevail here, are quite different from ours; for here a girl may grant her fa- vours to a plurality of lovers, without any ftain on her chara6lcr ; but conjugal fidelity is rigoroully expedled if flie marries. Polygamy is allowed ; and it is not un- common for a man to have two or three wives. The females are marriageaMe at a very early age ; and it fhould feem that one who is iiiuiiatricd is but in a for- lorn Hate: flic can with difficulty get a fubfiltence, at leaft fhe is in a great nieafure without a protedlor, though in condant want of a powerful one. In fomc places to the northward, there were confi- dcrable traces of cultivation, and the ground appeared as well broken and tilled as anioiiylt us. The plan- tations were of dificrcnt extent from one or two acres to ten, and in the whole of Poverty-Bay there appeared irom 1^0 to 20O acres i.i cultivation, though an hundred people were not fccn all the time the Europeans conti- iuicd there. As Tupia was perfeftly underftood in his own lan- guage by the natives of this country, and there feemed to be a llmilarity of dialed in all the illands viftted by our European navigators, it was deemed a ftrong argu- ment for the inhabitants being all defcended from one common ftock. Exceptions are however foimd to the univcrfality of the language, among the inhabitants of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides. The war-fong of New Zealand is extraordinary. In it the women join the men with horrid diftor- tions of countenance and hideous cries, which they ut- ter in extreme good time. Their mufical inftruments coniifl of a trumpet, or tube of wood, about four feet long, and pretty ftraight. It makes a ftrange and un- cooth noifc, and it was obferved they always founded the fame note. Another trinnpet was made of a large whelk, moimtcd with wood, curiojfly carved, and pierced at the point where the mouth was applied. An hideous bellowing was all the found tfiat could be produced from this inftrument. The natives were frequently heard Tinging on (hore, as well as in their canoes, and foinctimes they fang on board the European veifels. Some of the Ncjw- Zeala.iders, inhabitants of Queen Charlotte's-SouncI; exhibited an /.'eiva, or dance, on tlie quarter-deck. They placed themfelves in a row, and parted with their fhaggy tipper garments ; one of thein fang fome words in a rude manner, and all the reft ac- companied the geftures he made, alternately extend- ing their arms, and ftampiiig with their feet in a violent and moft frantic manner. 'I he laft words, which might be fuppofed to be the chorus, they all repeated together, and fome fort of metre was diftinguifhable, but whe- ther it was calculated to make rhyme, could not be dif- covered. The cafe with which their wounds heal, is adduced as a ftrong proof of the health which thefe people en- joy. One of them had a fhot with a mufket ball through the flcftiy part of the arm, which, without any applicaticm, foon appeared well adjufted, and in a fair way of being perfectly healed. The venereal difeafe is now, indeed, too common among them. This dreadful diforder is faid to have been introduced among the natives by the crew of a veffel unknown, that put into an harbour on the north -weft coaft of Teerawittc, a few years before our countrymen arrived in the Sound in the Endeavour. The only method they prac- tife as a remedy, is to give the patient the ufe of a kind of hot bath, produced by the fleam of certain green plants placed over hot ftoni s. The New Zealandcrs acknowledge a Supreme Be- ing; they believe in many inferior divinities; yet there was not a fingle ceremony obferved in any part of New Zealand, that could be fuppofed to have a reli- i;ious tendency, nor did they appear to have any priefts. lerc were no places of public worftiip, like the Mo- rals in other parts ; but in a plantation of fweet pota- toes was feen a fmall area of a fquarc figure, furrounded witli New Discoveries.] NEW ZEALAND. ^9 with {tones, in the middle of which a fliarp ftake, | (which they ufe as a fpade) was fet up. The natives being queftioned about it, faid, it was an offering to the gods, by which the owner hoped to render them propitious, and to reap a plentiful harvcft. The manner of burying their dead could n6t be afccrtaincd. From the minuteft inquiry, it feemed, that in the northern parts they buried them in the gwund, and in the fouthern, that they threw them into thefea; the only procefs which they ufe being to tie a ftone to the body to caufe it to fink. They afFcdt, however, to conceal every thing relating to the dead with a kind of myfterious fecrefy. Whatever may be tlicir forms and modes of funeral, they lament the lofs of their friends in a manner the mofl tender and affec- tionate. Both iTien and women, upon the death of a re-, lation or friend, bewail them with the moft mife- rable cries, at the fame time cutting large gaflies in their foreheads, cheeks, arms, or brealls, with fliells, or pieces of flint, till ;!ie blood flows copiouily, and mixes with their tears. They alfo carve the refem- blance of a human figure, and hang it about their necks as a memorial of thofe who were dear to them. They likewife perform the ceremony of lamenting and cut- ting for joy, at the return of a friend who has been fome time abfcnt. Captain Cook, on his laft vifit to this coimtry, in 1777> anchored in his old ftation in Queen Charlotte's-Sound, foon after which feveral canoes filled with natives came along fide the velfels ; but very few of them would venture on board, which ap- peared the more extraordinary, as the commander was well known to them all. There was one man in pui- ticular amonglt them whom he had treated with re- markable kindnefs during his whole flay ; yet now, neither profellions of friendlhip, nor prefents, could prevail upon him to come into the fliip. This fliynefs was to be accounted for only upon this fuppofition, that they were apprthenfive of a icvliit to revenge the deaths of our coiuitrymen on a former voyage. The commander, therefore, deemed it expedient to ufe every endeavour to affiire thern of the continuance of his friendlhip, and that he (hould not dilturb them on that account. It Ihould fcem that this had the dc- fircd effeft ; for they fooii laid ^^Hde all manner of rcdraint and difiruft. As a proof of this, great num- ibers of families came from diifereut jiarts of the coaft, land took up their rclidence clofe to the Europeans, [from which they derived very confiderabic advantages, land, in particular, an ample fupply of filh and vcge- : tables. It uss remarked, upon an excurfion up the idand, jthat though upon the former voyage feveral fpt)ts were planted with Liiglilh garden feeds, not the Icalt vellige let thefcever remained ; and it was there fuppofed, that Ithcy had been all rooted out to make room for build- ungs when thefe fpots were re-inhabited ; for at all the other gardens then planter' by Captain Ftirneaux, al- though now wholly over-run with the weeds of the country, were found cabbages, onions, leeks, pur» flain, radilhcs, muilard, together with a few pota- toes. When the commander', accompanied by feveral of^ ficers, Omai (who was then on his return to his own country) and two of the natives, proceeded about three leagues up the found, in order to cut grafs, &c. They vilited, on their return, Grafs-Cuve, the memorable fcene of the malfacre of their countrymen. Here the commander met with a friendly chief, called Pedro, who had attended him on a former occafion, and there- fore availing himfeif of the opportunity of inquiringinto the circumltances attending their melancholy fate, ufed Omai as interpreter : the natives anfwered all the qucf- tions that were put to them on the fubje£l without re- fcrvc, and like men who are under no dread of a pii- nifliment for a crime of which they are not guilty : for it was already known, that none of thefe had been con* cerned in the unhappy tranfaflion. Though the narration was in fomc degree intricate, it appeared upon the whole, that the quarrel firft took its rife from fome thefts, in the commiflion of which the natives were deteded. The Europeans chaftifed them with blows for the offence, in refcntment of which the quarrel opened, and two New Zealanders were fhot dead by the only two mufkets that were fired ; for be- fore our people had time to difcharge a third, or to load again thofe that had been fired, the natives rufliod in upon them, overpowered them with their number, and put them all to death. Thofe who efcaped, befides r»- latingthe ftory of the maflacre, made the party acquaint- ed with the \cry fpot that was the fcene of it. They pointed to the place of the fun to mark to them at what hpur of the day it happened, according to which it mud have been late in the afternoon. They alfo flieweil the place where their boat lay, and it appeared to be about two hundred yards didant from that where the crew were feated at dinner at the tiine of the commiflion of the theft of fome bread and fifh. They all agreed, that there was no premeditated plan of bloodfhcd, and that if the theft had not been unfortunately too haftily rc- fented, no mifchief would have happened. Amongft occafional vifitors was a chief, named Kahoora, who flood charged as the bead of the party that coninitted the mafTacrc : but his greated enemies, at the fame time that they folicited hisdellrudlion, exculpated him from any intention to qtiarrel, much lefs to kill, till the fray had a£lually cominenced. It appeared alfo, that the inihappy vicSlims were under no apprehenlion of their fate, othervvife they would not have ventmed to fit down to a repaft at fo confiderable a dillance from their boat, amonglt people who were tlie next moment to be their murderers. What became of the boat could not be learnt. Some faid the was pulled to pieces and burnt, others faid flie was carried they knew not whither by a party of itraugcrs. ;t'i ■ I k . 'i^' I ' ; '•I I -I \l^' II :! 40 A NEW AM 6 COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The party continued here till the evening; when having loaded the reft of the boats with grals, celery, Ccurvy-grals, &c. they embailced to retii.n to ihe fhips. 1'he day following, rcdro and all his tlimily came and took up his abode near their European vilitors. The proper name of this chief i'^ Matahouaii, the other be- ing given him by fome oi lIic people during the laft voyage, which till now was unknown to the commander. He was, however, equally well known amongll his countrymen by both names. At one tioie our people were vifited by a tribe or fa- tnily, confiftingof about thirty purfons, men, women, and children. The name of their chief was Tomaton- Geauooi'amec, a man of about forty-five years of age, with a cheerful, open countenance. It was remarked, indeed, that the reft of his tribe were the handfomeft of the New Zealand race ever met with. By this time, great numbers of them daily frequented the fliips and the encampment on the ihore ; but the latter became by far the moft favourite place of refort, while our people there were melting fome feal-blubber. It appeared from obfervation, that no Greenlander was ever fonder of train-oil than the New Zealanders ; for they relifhed the very fkimmings of the kettle and dregs of the cafks i and a little of the moft {linking oil, was a delicious repaft. The fliips weighing anchor, and ftanding out of the cove, were feen from ftrefs of weather under a necef- fity of coming to again, a little without the ifland of Moheara, to wait for a more favourable opportunity of putting into the ftreight. Here three or tour canoes, nlled with natives, came off to the crews, and a brifk trade was carried on for the curiofities of this place. In one canoe was Kahoora, already mentioned as the leader of the party who cut oft" the crew of the Adven- turer's boat. He was pointed out to the commander by Omai, who folkitcd him to fhoot him. Not fatisfied with thisf he addrelTed himfelf to Kahoora, threatening to be his executioner, if he ever prefumed to face our people again. The New Zealander, however, paid fo little regard to his threats, that the very next morning he returned with his whole family, men, women, and children, to the number of twenty and upwards. • Omai then renewed his folicitations to the com- mander to kill him ; and. though he ufed fevers! fpeci- ous arguments, they had no weight. He defired him, liowever, to a(k the chief, why he had killed Captain Furneaiia^s people? At this queftion, Kahoora folded tut arms, hung down his. head, and there was every reafbn, from his appearance, to think, he expedted in- ftant death : but no fooner was he alTured of his fafety, than tie became cheerful. He did not, however, feem willing to aniwer the cjueftions put to him, till repeat- edly promiit'd he fhouid not be hurt. He then veiv- tured to give information, that one of his countrymen having brought a ftone hatchet tu barter, the man to whom it was offercfl, took it, and would neither return, or jive any thing for it ; on v/hich the cwncr fnatchcd up cne bread as an equivalent, and then the quarrel began. TT'he reft of the ftory dilFered .very little from what had been before related by his countrymen. Moft of the natives well knew that the Britifti com- mander was acquainted with the hiftory oi the mafTacre, and expefted it to be avenged in the death of Kahoora. Many of them indeed (eemed not only to wifh it, but cxprefTcd a furprife at what they deemed fo undcferved a forbearance. The commander profefTes this admira- tion of the man's courage, in putting himfelf in his power, and of the proofs he gave of placing his whole iafety in the declarations he had uniformly made to thofe who folicited his death, " that he (the captain) had been a friend to them all, and would continue fo, unlets they gave him caufe to adl otherwife ; that as to their inhu- man treatment of his countrymen, he (hould think no more of it, the tranfadtion having happened long ago, and when he was not prefent; but that if ever they made a fecond attempt of this kind, they might reft aftured of feeling the weight of his refcntment." Some time Before the arrival of our fhips at New Zealand, Omai had exprefTcd a defire of taking one of the natives with him to his own countrv, and foon had an opportunity of being gratified in tne fame; for a youth about feventeen or eighteen years of age, named Taweihooa, offered to accompany him, and took up his refidence on board. The commander paid little atten- tion to this af firft, imagining that he would go off when the fhip was about to depart. At length, finding that he was fixed in his reiblution, and having learnt that he was the only fon of a deceafed chief, and that his mother, ftill living, was a woman much refpefted there, he was apprehenfive that Omai had deceived him and his friend, by giving them hopes and afTurances of his being fent back. He therefore caufed it to be made known to them all, that if the young man went away with the (hips, he would never return. But this decla- ration feemed to make no fort of impreillon. The af- ternoon before the fliip left the Cove, his mother came on board to receive her laft prefent from Omai. The fame evening, fhe and Taweihooa parted, with all the marks of tender aflTedion that might be expefted be- tween a parent and a child, who were never to meet again. But fhe faid fhe would cry no more, and indeed fhe kept her word; for when fne returned the next morning to take her laft farewell of him, all the time fhe was on board, fhe remained cheerful, and went away apparently unconcerned. Another youth was to have gone with Taweihooa as his fervant, and with this view, as was fuppofed, he re- mained on board till the fhip was about to fail, when his friends took him on fhore. His place, however, was fupplied next morning by another boy, of about nine or ten years of age, named Kokoa. He was pre- fented to the commander by his own father, who, it was believed, would have parted with his dog with tar lefs indifference. He llripppd the boy of 3ie very little siothinK hen the quarrel little from what New Discoveries.] NEW CALEDONIA. -It clothing he haH^ and left him Jis nake.l as he was born. It was totally in vain to endeavour to perfuade thefc people of the impoflibility of thefe youths ever returning home. Not one, not even their neareft relations, feemed to trouble themfelves about their future fete; and as this was the cafe, the commander was well fatisficd that the boys would br no lofers b^ exchange of place ; and he the more readily gave conlent to their going on that ac- count. CHAP. IV. NEW CALEDONIA, and ISLANDS CaNTIGUOUS. Their Situation, Fegefables, Jnimals, Drefs, Dweiltngs, Difpo/itisn, M'-Qcal InJIruments^ and various Cujloms of the Natives. CAPTAIN COOK difcovered this iHand in 1774, and called it New Caledonia, after he had in vain endeavoured to difbover the Indian name. Indeed, it is probable, that it was not known by one genera) name, as it has been reprefented as the largeft iflar.;' that has been difcovered in the fouthern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand and New Holland excepted, extending from 19 deg. 37 min. to 22 deg. 30 min. fouth latitude, and from 163 deg. 37 min. to 167 deg. 14 min. eaft long. In length it is computed to be 87 leagues, in the direc- tion of north-weft and fouth-eaft, but its breadth no where exceeds 10. It is fituated about 12 deg. diftant from New Holland. This country is diverfified by hills and vallies of various extent. From the hills ilTue many fine ftreams, which render the vallies both fertile and pleafant, and but for which the whole fpot might be called a dreary wafte, nature having been lefs boun- tiful to New Caledonia, than to the other tropi- cal ifiands in the South-Seas. The mountains, and other high parts, are, for the generid, incapable of cul- tivation, confifting chiefly of barren rocks. The ifland bears, upon the whole, a refemblance to thofe parts of New South-Wales that are under the fame parallel of latitude; feveral of its natural' produftions being the fame, and the woods without underwood, as in that country. The whole coaft appeared furroundcd by reefs or flioals, which render the .icccfs to it very dangerous; though, at the fame time, they guard it from the attacks of wind and fca, caufe it to abound with fifh, and fc- cnre an eafy and fefe navigation along it for c.inoes. The coaft in general feems to be inhabited ; the plan- tations in the plains appear to be laid out with judg- ment, and cultivated with induftry- Some of them were lyinn: fallow, fome feemed to be lately laid down, and others of longer date, parts of which they were again beginning to dig up, having previoudy fet fire to the grafs, &c. that had over-run tne Airface. Yet though recruiting the land by letting it continue fallow for a ferics of time, was obfcrved oy all the different iiati( ns in this fea, none appeared to h"ve any notion of nu- nuring it. On the beach was found a large incgular ma(% of rock, not lefs than a cube of ten fc't, svhiih cimfiftcd of a clofe-grained ftonc, fpcckled, full of gra- nites, rather larger tnan pins heads ; from whence it was conjeftured, that fome rich and ufcful mineral might be depofited in this ifland. There is no great variety in the vegetable fyftem In this country; however, feveral of a new fpccies were found here, and a few young bread-fruit trees ; but they feem to have come up without culture. There are a few plantations and fugar-canes, and fome cocoa-nut trees fmall and thinly planted. A new kind of paflion- flower was alfo met with, which was never before known to grow wild anywhere but in America. Several trees called caput! trees, were found in flower. They had a loofe ba.,., which in many places burft off fiom the wood, and concealed within it beetles, ants, fpiders, li- zards, and fcorpions. This bark is faid to be ufed in the Eaft-Indies, for calking {hips. The wood of the tree is very hard, the leaves are long and narrow, of a pale, dead colour, and a fine aromatic. A great variety of die feathered tribe, and for the moft part entirely new, were found here, particularly a beautiful fpeeies of parrots, unknown to naturalifts. There were alfo ducks, large tame fowls, with bright plumage, a kin'' of fmall crow, tinged with blue, tur- tle-doves, fly-catchers, hawks, boobies, tropic birds, and others. Turtles and fifh are here in plenty, particularly a fpe- eies of a poifonous quality, ar> appeared from its efl'cfts upon fome of our countrymen, who ate a fmall part of the liver for fupper. A few hours after they had retired to reft, they were awakened by very alarming fymptoms, being felzed with extreme giddinefsi their hands and feet were numbed, fo as fcarcely to be able to crawl, and a dreadful languor took pofTcflion of their whole frame. Emetics were admiiiiftercd with fome fuccefs; but fudorifics proved moft cflFeflual. It feem- ed that the iiatives had not the leaft notion of goat?, fwine, dogs, or cats, as they had not even a name for any one of tliem. The chief iiifedts are mufquetos, which abound here. In general the natives of New Caledonia arc ftout, and well proportioned. They have good fea- tures, bl.ack hair, flrong and frizzled. Their princi- pal colour is Iwarthy, or what we call mahogany. Some wear their hair long, and tie it up to the crown of' their heads. Others (iifFer only a large lock to grow on. each fide, which they tie up in clubs ; many of the men, as well as all the women, wear it cropped Ihort.. They ufe a kind of comb made of fticks of hard wood, from fcven to ten inches long, and iibout the thicknefs of knitting-needles. A number of thefc, amountuig to L about r '■ I 4 ■ 'i' 4« A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM oj' UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. about twenty, are fadened together at one end, parallel to each other, r.H r>.ear one-tenth of an inch afunder: the other ends, .1 are a little pointed, will fpread out or open like th : iHcks of a fan. Thefe combs they wear conftantly in their hair, on one fide of their head. Some had a kind of ftifF black cap, like that of an hulTar, which appeared to be a great ornament among them, and was fuppofed to be worn only by chieK and warriors. The men go naked, except tying a wrapper round the middle, and another round the neck. A pince of brown cloth, which is fometimes tucked up to '.he belt, and fometimes hangs down, fcarcely deferves the nnmc of a covering, and in the eyes of Europeans would ap- pear rather obfcene thar decent. This piece of cloth IS fometinies of fuch a length, that the extremity is fedened to a firing round tne neck. To this ftriiig tfaey hang fmall round beaJs of a pale green nephritic ftone. Coarfe garments were feen among them, made of a fort of mattmg ; but tlicy foemed never to wear them except when in thuir canoes, and unemployed. They Itretch the flaps of their cars to a great length, cut out the whole cartilage or griftle, and hang a number of tor- toifefhell rings in them. In New Calcdoni.!, the women .nre kept at a diftance by the men, and feem fearful to oftcnd thei.., either by look or gcfture. They were the only n>'rfoiis in the family who feemed to have any employment, feveral of them bringing bundles of fticks and fuel on their backs. Their indolent hulbands fcarcely deigned to r(;gard them, though they exhibited that focial checrfulnefs which is the diftinguifliing ornament of the fex. They carried their infants on their backs in a kind of fatchef, and were feen to dig up the earth in order to plant it. Their ftature is of the middle fizc, and their whole form rather clumfy. Their drefs is very disfiguring, and indeed gives them a thick, fquat fliape. It is a (hort petticoat, refembling fringe, confiftins of filaments or little cords about eight inches long, jult dropping below the waift. Thefe filanr.ents were fometimes dyed black; but fre- quently thofe on the outfide only were of that colour, while the reft were of a dirty grey. They wore ihetls, car-rings, and pirt-'es of nephritic ftones, like the men> and tattowcd or befmearcd themfelves in three black ftraight lines, from the under lip downwards to the chin. Their features cxprefled much good-nature. Sor.-e of the women were fliy, and feemed by their motions to indicate an apprehenfion ■ of being fluin, if obferved alone with a ftranger; while others exprefled no dread of the jealoufy of the men. They came among the crowd, and fometimes amufed themfelves in en- couraging the propofals of the failors, though tht:y con- ftantly eluded their purfuit, and heartily derided their difappointment. It was remarkable, th.-it during the veflc-rs ftay in the ifland, there was not a fingle inftance of the wom-^n permitting an indecent familiarity from an European. The houfes or huts here are of a circular form, fome- thing like a bee-hi\ e, and full as clofe and wann : the entrance ia by a fmall door, or long hole, juft big enough to sdmit a man bent double : the roof is lofty, and brought to a |.^int at the top ; the framing is of fmall reeds, ice. and both fides and roof arc thick and clofe covered with thatcn, made of coarfe long graft. In the infide of tlic habittttion arc fet up pofts, to whidi coarfe fpar« are faftened, and platforms made for the~ conve- nience uf laying any thing on. In moft of thefe huts were no fire -places, and there was no paflagc for the fmoke but through the door ; 'hey were infupportable to thofe umccuftoned to them. I'he fmoke was fuppofed to be defigned co drive out the mufquetoes that fwarm here : thej' cornmoiilv eredl two or three of thefe huts near each other, unaer a clufter of lofty fig-trees, whofc foliage is fo thick ar to keep olF the rays of S%e fun. Thefe trees are dcfcribed by voyagers, as (nooting forth ioots from the upper part of the ftem, perfedly round, as if made by a turner : the bark fuems to be the fubftance of which they prepare the fmall pieces of cloth fo remarka- ble in their drefs. Their canoes are heavy and clumfy, and made out of two large trees hollowed out, the gunnel raifed about two inches high, and dofed at each end witli a kind of bulk head of the lame heigiit. Two canoes thus con- ftruded, are fecured to each other about three feet afun- der, hy means of crofs fpars, which pro)e£l about a foot over each fide; over which is laid a deck, or heavy plat- form, made of plank, on which they have a fire-hearth, and generally a fire burning : they are navigated by one '^r two iails, extended on a fmall yard, the end of which fixed in a notch or hole in the deck. Their working tools are made of the fame materials, and nearly in the manner as thofe of the iflands contiguous. They have no great variety of houfehold utenfils ; the principal is a jar made of red clay, in which they bake their roots, and probably their fifli. The natives are well provided with ofFenfive weapons, fuch as clubs, fpears, darts, and flings for cafting ftones: their clubs are about two feet and a half long, and of various forms ; fome like a fcythc, others like a pick- axe i fome have a head like a hawk, and others have knobs at the ends ; but they are all neatly made, and well poliihcd. Many of their darts ^ and fpears are orna- mented with carved work : their flings are as fimple as poflibis, being no other than a flender round cord, no thicker than packthread, with a taflel at one end, a loop at the other, at'd in the middle. They take fome pains to form the ftones they ufe into a proper fhape, which is fomething like an egg : thefe. exactly fit the loop in the middle of the fling, and are kept in a pocket of matting, tied round the waift for that pur- pofe. They caft the dart by the afliftance of ftiort cords, knobbed at one end, and looped at the other, which the feamen call Beckets, and were dexterous in the ufe of them. Their fpears arc fifteen or twenty feet long, blackened over, and have a prominence near the mid- dle, carved fo as to bear fome refemblance to an human ""■ ■■■■■■ '^ ■'■- ^''"-* ™''^'Th. i J :^j. Nrw DucovERtES.] NEW C A L K D O N I A. 43 I hole, juft big the roof i« lofty, aming is of fmall e thicic and clofe ng graft. In the , to which coarfe e for the'conve- loft of thcfe huts o paflage for the c infupportablc to loke was fuppofcd letoes that fwarm ree of thefe huts :y fig-trees, whofe iof£efun. Thefe ooting forth ioots "edly round, as if )e the fubftaiice of ■ cloth fo remarka- ify, and made out ;unnel raifed about end witli a kind of > canoes thus con- »ut three feet afun- irojedl about a foot leek, or heavy plat- have a fire-hearth, e navigated by one , the end of which Their working , and nearly in the uous. They have the principal is a ike their roots, and ofFenfive weapons, for calling ftones: half long, and of >thers like a pick- , and others have itly made, and well fpears are ema- ils are as fimple as er round cord, no (Tel at one end, a They take fomc ito a proper fhape, thefe, exaiStljr fit and are kept in a raift for that pur- mce of ftiort cords, vc other, which the Ltcrous in the ufe r twenty feet long, nee near the inid- ilance to an human The language of the inhabitants of New Caledonia bears little affinity to any of the wirious dialects fpoken in the other iflands in the South-Seas, the word arttki*^ and one or two more excepted : this is th« more extra- ordinary, as different ditdeils of one language were fpoken, not only in the eafterly iflands, but at New Zealand : their pronunciation is mdiftindl. Thefe people are remarkably courteous and friendly, and not in the' leaft addi^ed to pilfering, in which laft refpe£table quality they ftand alone. They are good fwimmers, and fond of fingiiig and dancing. The only mufical indrument obferved among them was a kind of whiftlc made of a poliflied piece of brown word, about two inches long, fnaped like a bell, though apparently folid, with a rope fixed at the fmall end : two hcMcs were made in it near the bafe, and another near the infertion of the rope, all wliich communicated with each other, and, by blowing in the uppermoft, a (brill found like whilHing was produced. Many inhabitants in New Caledonia were feen with very thick legs and arms, which feemed to be affetled with a kind of leprofy. The fwelling was (bund to be extremely hard, but the fkin was not alike harfh and fcaly in all the ftck perfons. The preternatural expan- fion of tlie leg and arm did not appear to be a great inconvenience to thofe who fiiffered it, and they indi- cated, by tokens, that they felt pain in it very rarely ; but in fome the diforder began to form blotches, which were marks of a great degree of virulence. The method ufed by the people of New Caledonia to depofit their dead in me ground, is more judicious and decent than that of fome others in the South-Seas, whdre they expofe them above ground, till the flefh is putre- fieoi as the laft-mentioned cuftom muft be attended with the moft pernicious confequences, and produce dreadful epidemical diftempers. The grave of a chief who had been flain in battle here, bore refemblance to a large mole-hill, and was decorated with fpears, darts, &c. all ftuck upright in the ground round about it. It appears a cuftom univerfally prevalent with mankind, to ere(St a monument on the fpot where their dead are buried. One of the Englifh officers was (hewed a chief whom >J»ey called Tea-Booma, and ftyled their aretkee^ or king ; but little is known of their mode of government, and lefs of their religion. They gave the Europeans a very welcome and peaceable reception, addreffing the commander firft in a (hort fpeech, and then inviting him on (hore ; but they are indolent, and deftitute of curi- ofity : the greater part of them did not remove- from their feats when the ftrangers pafled them for the firft time : they are alfo remarkably grave, fpeak always in a ferious tone, and laughter is hardly ever obferved among them. When Captain Cook firft landed in this part, he was accompanied by a native who appeared to be a man of fome weight, and who had come on board the vcfl'el be- fore (he came to an anchor. The natives aflemblcd in great numbers on the beach, induced merely by curiofi- ty; for many had not fo much as a ftick in their hands : the party were received on landing with the greateft courtefy, and with the furprifc natural for people to ex- prefs at feeing men and things lb wonderful. I'he commander made prefents to all whom his companion |>ointed out ; but on his going to give a few beads and medals to fome woman who ftood behind the crowd, the chief held his ?rm, and would not fuffer him to do it. As they proceeded up the creek one of the party (hot a duck, which was the firft ufe the natives had feen of fire-arms : the friendly chief requefted to have it, and when he had landed, he told his countrymen in what manner it was killed. From this excurnon, the pnrtv learned that they were to expert nothing from tiieic people, but the privilege cf vifiting their country un- difturbed, for they had little elfe than good nature to beftow. In this particular, they are faid to have ex- ceeded all the nations our voyagers had met with ; and they obferved, that although it did not fatisfy the de- mands of nature, it at once plcafed, and left all their minCiS in tranquillity. \ A hatchet here wa .ot quite fo valuable ns a fpike nail ; fmall nails were of little or no value to them i nor did they admire beads, looking-glalTes, &c. Many of the natives came on board the (nip with perfedl confi- dence, and one of them exchanged a yam for a piece of red cloth. They admired every thing that had a red colour, partifcularly red cloth or baize, but did not choofe to give any thing in exchange. Captain Cook fent the King Tea-Booma a dog and a bitch, both young, but nearly full grown, which may be the means of ftocking the country with that fpecies of animals ; and to Hebai, the friendly chief before fpoken of, he gave a fow and boar pig, in order to provide, if poiTible, a ftock of domeftic animals, for a nation whofe inoffen- five charafter feemed highly deferving of fuch a prefeut, To enhance their value with the Indians, and thereby induce them to be more careful of their ftock of hogs, it was explained to them how many young ones the fe- males would have at one time, and how foon this would multiply to fome hundreds. Not one of the natives attempted to take the leaft trifle by ftealth, but all be- haved with the ftridteft honcfty. Some of them fpokc of a great land to the northward, which they called Mingha, the inhabitants of which were their enemies, and very warlike. They likewife pointed out a fepul- chral mount, where one of their chiefs lay buried, who had been killed, fighting in the defence of his country, by a nat- ve of this Mingha. The appearance of a largo boff bone, which an officer began to pick towards the coNclufion of the fupper, interrupted this converfation. The natives talked loudly and earneftly to each other, looked with great furprife and fome marks of difgiift ;u the ftrangers, and at laft went away all together, exprv-T- fing by ugns, that they fuppofed it to be the limb of a man. The officer was very defirous of freeing himfelf and his countrymen from this fufpicion, but was pre- , vented , •V if .'h I. f l*t !| ! ^ I I !i! L 44 A NEW AMU COMPI-ETE SYSTFAroF TJVrVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.^' venteil by two iarurmountahlc ohftades, want of lan- guage, aiiJ thc-iutivcr. Iinviiig r.cvcr ret:ii a quuiirup?.!. At aisother time the Europeans were given to nndtr- (hinJ, 1)/ very figiiificant gellurcs, that the natives had (.nemiei who lealW-d iijum flcfti, which, doubtkfs, had ciuifed them to impute the fame pradlicc to their new \ liitors. 'I'his jHand rcn^ains entirely unexplored on the fouth iidc : ifs mia.'rals and vegetables have not been t.iuched upon; animrls, it (hoUid feem to have none, from the ignorance which the natives to the northward difcovcred of fuch as they fuw. The com- mander cauled the following infcription to be cut in a remarkable large and fliady tree oji the beach t'ofe to a rivulet : " His Britannic Majefty's Ship Refolution, September 1774," to pcri>etuatc the memory of the expedition. The Ii-iE OF Pines, to the S. W. of New Caledo- nia, Ites in latitude 22 deg. 40 min. fouth, longitude 167-deg. 43 min. eaft. Tiiis ifland, fo far from ocing ail inconfiderable fpot as fome have believed, is not lefs than fourtwn or fifteen miles over in a fouth-eaft and north-v/eft direftion : it is high, and remarkable in the middle, being <|uite a poi".t:'d hill, floping towards the extremities, w'ii> are verv low ; the low land had many tall pine trees upon it ; tKefe trees fecmed exceed- ingly to furpaf' in length thofe of Norfolk-Ifland, but their branches did not appear to extend fo far from the body of the tree. Botany-Island is about two miles in circuit, en- tirely P.y. and fandy, fix leagues diltani from the fouth end of New Caledonia. This ifland was fo called by Captain C(K>k, from its containing in fo fmall a fpace a fara of neJTr thirty fpecies, among which were feveral r^w ones. It is a fmall ifland wholly covered with cyprcfs trees ; but in the interior part it is mixed with vegetJible earth, from the trees and plants which cin- tinnally decay on it, without being cleared away by human induftry. NoRFOiK-IsLAND iikewife received its name from Captain Cook, who difcovered it in the year 1774. It is fituatcd in latitude 29 deg. o min. fou^h, longitude J 68 dog. o min. cifv. It abounds, like the former, with cyprefs trtcs. ' 'J here were foundings at a great diftance in about twenty fathom, and eight leagues from the fouth-eaft end bottom was found at thirty and forty fathom. Tlie rocks of this illaiid confift of a common ycllowifli clayey ftone and fmall bits of reddifti bva which fetmed to be decaying, and indicated th.at this ifland had been a vclcano. It is but a few miles long, very fteeii, and uninhabited, and is fiif pofcd never to have had a human footftep upon it till that time. Ve- gei.abks here tlirive with great luxuriance in a rich black, mould, accumulated during ages paft from decay- ed trees and plants. 'I'hc cyprefs and cabbage-palm flourifb liero in great pcrfeftion : the former yields* tim- ber, and the latter a nioft palatable rtfreflimcnt. The central {hoot, or heart of thi*^ fi uit, more rcfembles an almond than a cabbage in tafte. Here were parrots, parr«quets, pigeonR, and a number of fmall birds pecu- liar to the Ipot, fome of which were very beautiful. The fifti caught, together with the birds aod vegetables, enabled the whole inip's company lo fare fumptuoufty for a day or two. Here is Iikewife the flax-plant, and rather more luxuriant than any where in New Zealand. It was the opinion of two eminent naturalifts, that if this ifland was of greater extent, it would ferve every purpofe of elVablifhing an European fettlcment. For a futther and more ample account, fee before, p. 26. C HAP, V, THE NEW HEBRIDES. Difcn/ary, Soil, Climate, Cujioms, and Manntrs of the ' Inhabitants, •• - ' 25 min. fouth latitude, and 167 deg. 57 min. caft longitude. On inquiry of the natives concerning the name of this ifland, anfwer was made, that it was ' Mallicollo, which has the clofeft refemblance polTible to ManicoUo, the name which De Quiros received for it 168 years before. He did not vilit the ifland, but had his intelligence from the natives. When our countrymen touched at Mallicollo, they attentively examined the fouth coalt, and found it luxu- riantly clothed with wood, and other proUuttions of na- ture Tluypick'Ml up an o-ange, which the natives call ubbi-mora. I his was the firlt orange that was met with in this fca, and the (>n)y one that was feen here} bciiiK decay -d, it cannot certainly be known whether it was ht to be e.^ten. The countr, is defcribed as mountainous and woody, but the (oil is rich :'nd fertile, producing fiigar-canes, yams, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, and turmeric, 'i'hcre are hogs here, and various kinds- of birds ; and .is the Vcquent Iqueaking of pigs was heard in the woods, it was concluded that there were abund- ance of the former. A (hark, which meafured nine feet in length, was caught, .iiid afforded the crew a very palatable refrc(h- ment. This (hark, when cut open, w.is found to have the bony point of an arrow (ticking in its head, having been Ihot quite through the (kull. l^hc wound wa-l healed fo perfectly, that iiot the fmalk{t ve(tigc of it ajijicarcd on the qutfide. A piece of the wood (till re- m.iined (ticking to the bony point, as well as a few fibres with which it had been tied on; but both the wood and the fibres were fo rotted, as to crumble into «iuft at the touch. A large reddifh filh, of the fea-bream kind, was likewise caught, but it proved of very noxious quality, for all who ate of it were feized with violent pains in the head and bones, attended with fcorching heat all over the flcin, and numbnefs in the joints. It afFc£ted the dogs and hogs, who had eaten the garbage, in the highr eft degree. The opinion of naturalilts upon the whole, was, that thefe filh may not always be poifonous, but that, like many fpecies in the Eaft and Weft-Indies, they may acquire that quality by feeding on poifonous vegetables. The people here are defcribed as remarkably ugly, dark, ill-proportioned, diminutive in (ize, and in evciy refpe£l different from the other iflanders in the South- Seas. They have flat nofes and foreheads, woolly hair,, and (hort beards. To add to their natural deformit), they have a cuftom of tying a belt or cord, uncom- monly tight, round the waift, fo that the belly feems in a manner divided, one part being above and the other below the rope. They wear bracelets of (hells on the arm, a piece of white curved (tone iil the no(trils, and on their bread hangs a (hell fufpended by a (trir.g round their necks : fome wear tortoifefhell eiur-rings and other rings of (hells. The fir(t natives that were feen upon the ifland bad clubs in their hands, and waded into the -water, car- rying green boughs, the univerfal fign of peace. In a day's time they ventured to come within a few yards of the (hip's boat, which was fent out, when they dipped their hands into the fea and gathering fome water in the palms, poured it on their 'lads. The officers in the boat, in con\pliance witl, r example, did the famc» with which the Indians appeared to be much pleafed^ repeating the word Tomarr, or Tomarro, continually. 'I'he greater part being now armed with bows and ar- rows, they ventured near the (hip, and received and ex- changed a few prefents. They continued about the (hip talking very loudly, but in fuch a manner as was M. veiy }i i h^;i: ' 1:, ^ 1. 1 : i i i r i (;: Mi 45 A NF.W AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. took them all into of various articles. of any nation that readily unilerllood f;eAurcS| ajid fooii anguairt, which very entertaining. Soma continued about the (hip till niiilnight j finding, however, at length they were but little noticed, tliey returned on Ihurc, where the found of finging and druinit was hoard all night. I'hefc people fecmed to covet whatever they law, but never repined at a reluful. They were highly doliffhtcd with the loolcing-glaflcfi that were given thems and notwith- ftiuiding their reni:irkable deformity, were ciuapturcd at viewing themfclves. Next morning the natives came off to the vcflel in their canoes, aiiJ four or Hve of them went on board without any arms. They foon became familiar, and with the grcateft eafe climbed up the (hrouds to the maft head. When they came down, the commander the cabin, and aave them prcfcnts They appeared the nioft intelligent had been feen in the Sout'i-Scas ; meanings conveyed by figns and taught the officers w»r> in their — , — j^., „ appeared peculiar to t.>cmfclves. When fomc of the moft refpcdtable of our country- men went on Ihore, the natives with great good-will fat do^n on the Hump of a tree to teach them their language. They were (urprifed at the readinefs of their gucds in remembering, and feemed to fpend fome time in pondering how it was poflible to preferVc the found by fuch means as pencils and paper. Nor were they lefs apt in catching the founds of the European languages \ from whence it was juftly remarked, that what they wanted in perfonal beauty was compenfated in acutenefs of underftanding. — But they exprefl'cd their admiration by hifling like a goofe. There ap- peared but few women amongft them ; thofe few, how- ever, were no lefs ugly than the men. They were of fmall {lature, and their heads, faces, and (boulders, Were painted red. Some wore a kind of petticoat, others a bag made of a kind of cloth in which they carry their children. The younger females went (tark naked, like the males of the fame age. The women in general were not obfcrved to have any Jincry in their ears, or round their necks and arms, it being fafhionablc in this ifland for the men only to adorn tnemfelves ^ and as, wherever this cuftom pre- vails, the other fex is commonly oppreffed, defpifed, anj in a ftatc of fervility, (o the men here feemed to have no kind of regard for th^m; none of them came off to the fl»ip, and they generally kept at a diftance when any party landed from the boat. The houfc:, or rather huts, here, at : low and thatched with palm leaves. Some few are encloled with boards, and the entrance is by a fquare hole at one end. Their chief weapons are bows and arrows, and a club about two feet and a half in length, made of hard wood, commonly knobbed at one end and well poli(hed. This weapon thi:y hang on their right (houlder from a thick rope m;iae of a kind of grafs. Their arrows are compofed of a kind of reed made of hard wood or bone, fuppoled to be poifoned. They are very care- ful of them, and keep them in a fort of quiver mado of leaves. As thefe people apply tlicmfelves to kulbaniry, their food feenis to be principally vegetables i though as twwis and hogs ore bred, thefe may co.iAit .te a part of their fubfillencc, as well as that derived fiom the ocean. I'heir canoes were fmall, not exCvxdiag two feet in width, of indifferent wo.kmanlhip, tfid without orni- ment, but provided with an out-riggrr. One of the laieft navigators guve the following re. lation, which we cite as an iiuliration of ihe genius and difpolitinn of ihefc people. "When (he natives faw us under fail for oiir departure from the illand, they came off" in can(x;s, makini; exchanges with more confidence than before, and giving fuch ex- traordinary proofs of their honcfly as furprifcd us. As the vclFel at (ird had frelh way through the water, fcveral of the canoes dro|>peJ allern after they re- ceived goods, and before they had time to deliver theirs in return Inltead of taking advantage of this, they ufed their utmoll efforts to get up with us and deliver what they had already been paid fur. One man in particular followed us a conliderable time, and did not reach us till it was calm, and the thing was forgotten. As foon as he came along fide he held up the article, which feveral on board were rcadv lo buy ; but he refufed to part with it, till he faw the perloa to whom he had before fold it, and to whom he gave it. Th: perfon, not knowing the man again, otrered him fomething in return, which he refufed ; and ihevvjng bini what had be«n given before, made us fenfibleof the nice fcnfeof honour which hadaduatcd this Indian." St. Bartholomew-Island was fo called by Captain Cook, from its having been difcovered on St. Bartholomew's day. It is between fix and feven leagues in circumference, and fituated in latitude i^dcg. 23 min. fouth. The Isle of Lepers received its denomination from the number of people aftiided with the leprofy that were feen upon it. This Ifle lies between Efpiritu Santo and Aurora-Ifland, eight leagues from the former and three from the latter, in latitude 15 deg. 22 min. fouth. It is of an oval figure, very high, and 18 or 20 leagues in circuit. Many beautiful cafcadcs of water were feen pouring down from the hills. Here the palms grow on the hills. The natives are of two colours ; their lips are thick, their hair v/oolly, and fometimes of a yellowilh cad. They im fliort, ugly, and ill proportioned, and moft of" thf.m infeded with the leprofy. The women are no lefs difgulling than the men; they go almoft naked ; they have bandages to carry their children on thei; backs. lu the cloth of which thefe bandages are made, are very pretty drawings of a fine crimfon colour. None Kfw Discover trs.] NEW HEBRIDES, 47 t of quiver maJa \Vas To called by ^ jeen difcovercd on veen fix and fcven din latitude 15 deg. None of thefc men have beards : they pierce ilic nofc ill order to fix fome ornament to it 1 ihty like- wife wear on the arm, in form of « bracelet, a tooih, of a fiibllance like ivory ; on the neck they have i)icces of tortoifelhcll. Their armi! arc bovvit and arrowd, clubs of hard wood and llone«» which thcv iifi; without llings. The arrows are reeds armed witn along and very tnarp point made of bone. Some of thefe points are formed in fuch a manner at to pre- vent the arrows being drawn out of a wound. The natives appeared to be very friendly to M. 4c. Buiigainville, when he touched here in 1768, until all the men were embarked ; but then they fent a flight of arrows after them ; which alFault, although it was attended with no bad confequenccs, was revenged by difcharging a volley of miilketry, which killed fevcral of the natives. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at, that when Captain Cook appeared ofF their coait, the natives ihould be fo Ihy of any intercourfe with ftrangers. Tvmi or tiirec natives put off in a canoe ; but no tokens of fricndlhip could induce them to come near the fliip. In Aurora-Island inhabitants were difcovered snd fonic canoes ; but none came off to the fliip. A fine beach and moll luxuriant vegetation prefcnted themfelves. The whole country was woody, and a bcaiitilul cafcadc poured through a foreft. The iilalid is about twelve leagues long, out not above five miles broad in any part, lying nearly north and fouth. A channel divides this illand from Whit-Sunday-Isle, which lies, as was computed, about four miles to the fouth, runs in the fame di- rcdion, and is of the fame length, having more floping expofures than Aurora ; it appears to be better in- habited, and to contain more plantations. 17 leagues in circuit, and two the fouth emi of Whit-Sunday- Ambrym is about leagues and a half from 1 11.;. Its fhores are rather low^ but the land rifes with an unequal afcent to an high mountain in the middle of the idand, which gave cccafion to fuppofe that a volcano was feated there. Apee, diflant from Ambry m about five leagues, is. not lefs than twenty leagues in circuit. Its longed direflion is about eight leagues north weft and fouth. call. It is of confiderable height, and richly diver- i'llicd with woods and lawns. Sandwich-Isle, which, in compliment to Lord Sandwich, is fo called, is 10 leagues long and 25 in circuit. It exhibits a delightful view, the hills gently floping to the fea. Several fmall iflands lay diipofcd about here, to which Captain Cook atvc the natne* of the Shepherd's- 1 flaiidt. Three HiliN, Two lliliti, Tliu Monument, Montagu, and Hinchiiibrook. Errom xnqo lies t8 leigue* from SahJwich- Itlaiid, and u between 84 and aj Icjgucs in circuit, The middle of it lies in t8 Ava. 3,1 aiin A utli latitude I'hc natives of this iQaud Iccm to be of a diftlreiit race from thofc of Mallicollo, and fpeak a diifercnt language. They are of the middle lize, have a good Ihapc and tolerable features. Their colour is very dark, and they paint their faces, fomc with binck, and others with red pigment : their hair is very curly and crifp, and in fomc degree woolly. But few women were fccn, and thofc very ugly ; they \Vorc s petticoat made of the leaves ot fume plant. The men were in a inaiiner naked, having only the belt about the 'Vvaill, and a piece of cloth or leaf ufed for a wrapper. No canoes were fccn in any part of the ifland. They live in houfcs covered with thatch, and their plaaUtions arc laid out by line, and fenced round. Captain Cook went on fliorc here with two boats. He preftnted fome of the natives with medals and cloth, and received every token of amity in return. Making ligns that he wanted water, one of them ran to a hovel at a fmall diltance, and prefcntly returned with a little in a bamboo. On afkingfor fotncthing to eat, he was as readily pr^fentcd with a yam and fomc cocoa nuts. During this time the whole groiipe were armed with clubs, fpears, >iarts, bows, and arrows, which excited fomc iufpicion, and led Captain Cook to cut Ihort his vilit, telling the chief, by figns, that ha (hould foon ret'rn. Seeing ill sir guclts about to de- part, they endeavoured to .'-.aul that boat on fliore, which had the coi.i.iandfr on board, ^/hilft others fnatched the oars out of the people's hands. At the head of this party was the chief. Thofe who could not come at the boat, ftood behind, armed with wea- pons, ready to fupport thofc that were mod forward. Signs and threats having no cffc(it' on thcfc people, perfonal fafety became the only confideration ; but in this emergency the Britifli commander was unwilling to tire among the crowd, and refolved lo ni.ike the chief alone fall a viilim to his own treachery. His miifket, at that critical moment, niifled fire, which could not fail of giving the natives a very mean opinion of the weapons that were oppofed to them. They determined, therefore, to (hew how much more cffedtual theirs were, by throwing Hones and d.in.s, and Ihooting arrows. This being the cafe, a general difcharge of fire-arms could no longer be avoided. It threw them into confulion ; but a fccond was h.irdly fufficient to drive them off the beach. Four lay to ail appearance dead on the Ihorc ; but two of them after. wards crawled into the bulhes. Not half of tho miilkcta would go off) which faved the lives ot" manv of ,A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. !*. \i of thefe poor jnilhken wretches. One of l!,e men in the boat was wounded in the cheek v ith a dart ; an arrow ftruck the tiialter on the breaft, but as its force was fpent it hardly penetrated the (kin. Tiie report of the mulkets on ihorc alarmed thofc in the Jhip, and anoilier boat was immediately fent off, and a fwivcl, that fired to the part "wlterc a number of the natives were airemblcd, and a great gun tired rov/ards the hills, which ftruck them wiih a panic, and they all liaftcned to flcrecn thcmfelves in the bufties. With this unhappy Ikirmifh all intercourfc ended. Inmer is the moft cartern illand of all theI7i;brides. It appeared to be about live leagues in circuit, of a confidcrable height, and flairiih top. AsNATOM is the fouthcrmoft ifland, fituatft in latitude 20 deg. 3 min. foulh ; longitude 170 deg. 4 min. eaft. Six leagues on the fouth fide of Erromango is Tanna. It is about eight leagues long, three or four broad, and twenty-four in circuit. Its latitude is 19 deg. 30 min. fouth, and longitude 169 deg. 38 min. Its name lignifies earth in the Malay language. The foil in fome places was found to be a rich black mould ; in other parts it feemed to be compofed of decayed vegetables and the afhes of a volcano, which was fcen about eleven miles to the wcftward of the veffel burning with great fury. The country is in general fo covered witli trees, flirubs, and plants, as to choke up the bread fruit and cocoa nuts ; but it is not populous, nor the houfes confequently numerous* The volcano emitted at different times vaft quantities of fire and fmolte for fixteen days, accompanied with an explofion about once in five minutes. Some of thefe expi''>fions refcmbled violent claps of thunder : the whole air was filled with fmoky particles and afties, which occafioned much pain when they fell into the eye : at one time great ftones were feen thrown up into the air, fome of which were at leaft as large as the hull of a (hip's long boat. It firfl prefentcd a mofl mag- nificent fight. The fmoke, which rolled up from time to time, in thick and heavy volumes, w.-vs coloured with ail the various hues of yellow, orange, crimfon, and purple, which died away into a redililh grey and brown. As often as a new explofion happened, the whole country, with its fhaggy forcfts, v/crc tinged with the time orp.nge and purple, according to its diftancc, or particular expofure to volcanic light. It fomctimcs continued quite fdent for five or fix days together. It was rem;uked, th.it the cxplofions of ths vclcanos re- commenced after a Ihower uf rain, (r. tliat it (hould f?cm that rain excites tliem, by promoting or increafing the fermentation of various mineral fubibnces in the mountain. The black aflics with which the whole country was (hewed, were found to be long, needle- like, and femi-tranfparent, and to contribute greatly to that luxu«Jance of vegetation which is remarkable on this ifland; many plants here attaining twice the height which they reach in other countries; their leaves are broader, their flowers larger and more richly fcented. Some new plants were collected here, and a variety of odoriferous Ihrubs, and fome others were cultivated only for their elegant appearance. The- plantations on this ifland confdf for the mofl: part of yams, bananas, eddoes, and fugar-canes, all which being very low, per- mit the eye to take in a great extent of country. Here are great numbers of fig-trees, which the natives culti- vate for the fake of the fruit and leaves. They are of two or three different kinds, and one fort in particular bears figs of the common fize, which are wholly like peaches on the outfide, and have a beautiful crimfon pulp like pomegranates; they are fweetifh and juicy, but rather infipid. Several fmall birds were obferved here with a very beautiful plumage, and of a kind that had- not- be«i feen before. The natives were feen to have no methods of catching fifh, but by (triking; it is probable that they draw but little of their fi»bft(tence from the water. Up- wards of three hundred pounds weight of mullet, and other fifh, were caught by thiee hauls with the feine. A young native was (hewn every part of the (hip, but nothing fixed his attention a moment, or caufed in him the leaft furprife. He had no knowledge of goats, dogs, or cats, calling them all hogs (booga). The commander made him a prefent of a dog and a bitch, as he (hewed a liking to> that kind of animal. They appear- to^ have plenty of hogs, but very few dome(tic fowls. Some rats of the fame kind as is common on 'he other iflands in the Pacific Ocean, frequent the fields of fugar-cane, in which they mak^ great depredations ; the natives, therefore, dig feveral holes all round thefe plantations, in which they catch thefe animah. The nati/es of this iflanJ are of a- middle fize, and tolerably proportioned.. Their colour is a. dark chei- nut brown, with a very fwarthy mixture. They go naked, having only a firing round the belly, which did not, however, cut the I ydy in fo (hocking a maii- ner as that in the ifland of Mallicollo. Their hair is generally black or brown, growing to a tolerable length, and very criTp and curly. Their beards, which are ftrong and bufliy, are generally (hort. The woiiu-n wr.w their hair cropped, as do the boys till they ap- proach manhood. 'I'hey make ufe of a cylindrical piece of alabafter t\»"i inches long, which they wcur in die cartilaginous part between the noftrils, as a noll-- jewcl. Not one fingle corpulent man was feen here; all arc active and full of -fpirits. Their features are large, the nofes broad ; but the eyes full, and in general agree- ublc. Thev make incifions chiefly on the upper arm .ind belly, which are in'lead of pundtures ; they cut the flcfh 3 with New Discoveries.] NEW HEBRIDES. 49 with a bamboo or (harp (hell, and apply a particular plant, which forms an elevated fear on the furface of the (kin after it is healed. Thefe fears are formed to reprefen'' flowers and other fancied figures, which arc deemed a great beauty by the natives. Mod of them have ao open, manly, and good-natured air, though fome were feen as in other nations, whofe countenances indi- cated midevolence. Though, like all the tropical nations, the people are aftive and nimble, they were not fond of labour, no: would ever affift in any work that the (hip's company was carrying on, which the Indians of the other iflands ufcd to delight in. They throw all the laborious drudg- ery on the women ; from which occa(ion was taken to remark, that though they were not beauties, they were handl'ome enough tor the men, and too handfome for the ufc that was made of them. Their cars are hung full of tortoi'e(hell rings, and necklaces of (hells fall on theii uGioms. Some of the elderly women had caps made of a green plantain leaf, or of matted work ; but this head-drefs was rather uncommon. The number of or- naments confiderably increafed with age, the oldeft and uglieft being loaded with necklaces, ear-rings, nofe-jew- els, and bracelets. The women here are expert cooks : they roaft and boil the yams and bananas, they (lew the green leaves of a kind of fig, they bake puddings made of a paite of bananas and eddoes, containing a mixture of cocoa-nut kernel and leaves. The people of Tanna, with refpe£l to their domeftic life, are rather of a ferious turn, yet are not wholly def- titute of amufements, and their mufic is in greater per- fe£tion than any in the South-Seas. Their European vifitants gave them a variety of airs, in return for which, the natives fang feveral times very harmonioufly. They likewife produced a mufical inftrument, which confifted of eight reeds, regularly decreafing in fize, and compre- hending an o6lave, though the fingle reeds were not per- fedly ill tune. Their houfes are like the roof of a thatched houfe in England, taken ofF the walls, and placed on the ground. Some wpie open at both ends, others clofed with reeds, and all were covered with a palm thatch. A few of them were tliirty or forty feet long, and fourteen or fixteen broad. Befides thefe, they have other mean hovels, which were fuppofed to be dcfigned only to (leep in. In point of neatnf^fs, their weapons come far (hort of fome that were feen in other iflands. They are clubs, fpears or darts, bows and arrows, and (tones, The clubs are of three or four kinds, and from three to five feet long. They feem io place molt depend- ence on the darts, with which they kill both birds and fi(h, and are Aire of hitting a mark \'ithin the compafs of the crown of a hat, at the diitance of eighteen yards; but at double that diitance, it is a chance if they hit a mark the fiae of a man's body, though they will throw the weapon fixty or feventy yards. The arrows are made of reeds pointed with hard wood ; fome are beard- ed, aiid fome are not, and thofe for (hooting birds have two, three, and fometimes four points. The (tones they ufc in general arc the branches of coral rocks, from eight to fourteen inches long, and from an inch to an inch atid a half diameti^r. Thofe who ufe itojies keep them ge- nerally in thei: belts. Their canoes can boa{t neither art or ornament ; all of them have out-riggers, and fome may contain twenty people. Their fails arc low triangular mats, of which the broadeft part is uppermolt, and the (liarp angle be- low. A long piece of timber, hollowed out in the mid- dle, forms the bottom of the canoe, and upon this one or two planks arc fixed, forming the two fides, by means of ropes of the cocoa-nut fibres. Their oars are ill- fliaped, and very clumfily made. Added to the common language of the land, and a dialcdl of th'j neighbouring iflands, fome words were coUedted of a third language, which was chiefly current among the inhabitants of the weftern hills. Some of our intelligent voyagers, on comparing their vocabu- laries, to difcover that two different words were ufed to fignify the (ky, applied to one of the natives to know which of the expreflions was right. He immediately held out one hand, and applied it to one of the words ; then moving the other hand under it, he pronounced the fecond word, intimating, that flie upper was properly the (ky, and the lower, clouds that moved under it. No other liquor was feen here than water and the cocoa-nut juice. They fignified, in the moll pointed manner, to our countrymen, that they cat human fle(h, and that circumcifion was pradlifed among them. Nay, ' they introduced the fubjcdl of eating human flefh, by a(king our people, if it was a pradtice among them. They appeared to have fome nominal chief, with very little authority. One old chief was faid to be the king of the ifland. His name was Geogy, and they gave him the title of Areekee. Notwithflanding his advanced years, he had a merry, open countenance. No information could be derived refpedting the re- ligion of thefe people, only every morning at day-break was heard a (low folemn fong or dirge, fung on the eadern fide of the harbour, which laded more than a quarter of an hour. As this was fuppofed to be a re- ligious a£l, the curiofity of our navigators was excited to inquire further concerning it. But when they at- tempted to pafs that way, the natives crowded about them, and entreated them with the greated earnednefs to return. As they dill feemed to perfid, they were at length given to underftand, tliat if they remained obdi- natc in their attempt, they would be killed and eaten. They now turned oft' towards a hut about fifty yards didant, where the ground began to rife, on which feve- ral tif the Indians took up arms out of the hut, appa- rently meaning to force them to return back. Unwil- ling, therefore, to give offence, our people checked their curiofity, and were content to leave this point undeter- mined. Nothing however was feen in the general be- haviour of thefe people, that bore any relcmblance to a N > religiouji '-■i II 1: i'lj!:.: I 50 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. religious adl, nor any thing that could be conftrucd into ftiperitition. When the boat firft went on (hore, the natives were drawn up in great numb^-rs on the beach, armed with clubs, darts, fpr.irS, flings, and flones. From this hof- tile appearance, the Britifh commander was induced co rc-embark fpeedily to prevent dil'agreeable confequences. In order to terrify without hurting them, he ordered a mufket to be fired over their heads, but the alarm was only momentary, as the natives initantly recovered themfelvcs, and began to difpiay their weapons. A few great guns, liowever, being fired from the (hip, they all difperfed, leaving the beach free for a fecond debarka- tion. The commander kiving marked out boundaries on the fliore with a line, the natives came gradually forward, fome unarmed. An old man, named Powang, fhcwed a very friendly difpoluion in forwarding an intercourfe between the commander and the natives. Siicli was the hojiefty of this old man, that he biought an axe which had been left by the (hip's company upon the beach. They were extremely jealous of any one going up the country, or even along the ihore of the harbour, a difpofition that greatly obltruded the naturalifts in their attempts to explore. As the carrying of bundles is the Oj'fice of the women in this countrj, the natives imagined that thofe from the {hip who carried loads were females. A man who carried a bag which contained the plants feledled by the naturalilts, was followed by fome of them, who, by their converfation, which was overheard, confidered him as a woman, until by fome means they difcovcred their miftake, on which they critd out, Ermmange ! trromange ! It is a man ! it is a man ! A tillar to the rudder being wanted, the carpenter was C:nt on (hore to look at a tree for the purpofe, and with him an officer with a party of men to cut it down, pro- vided leave could be obtained of the natives. The of- ficer undcrrt.andii)g that there was no objection, the people accordingly went to work ; but as the tree was l.irgc, the felling of it w.is a work of time, and before it was down, word was brought that Paowang was not plcafed : orders were therefore fent from on board to de- h(t. The commander foon after went on fhore, and f;Miding for Paowa>:r, prefented him with a dog and a piece of cloth) and then explained to him the purpofe for which the tiee was wanted. All the natives prefent dif- covcred gre^t fatif fac'^ion at the means that were ufed to obtain the grant of the tree, and unanimoufty confented to its being fcllevi. But many were afraid to touch the prefents that were offered them, nor did they fecm 10 have any iK»tion of exchanging one thing for another. But few rcfrcfhments were obtained on this ifland ; forne fruit er roots wets daily procured from the natives, though greatly inadequate to the demands of the fhip's com- pany. As the natives had no knowledge of iron, nails, iron tools, beads, &c. which were fo current in other parts, they were of no value here, nor was cloth of any uie in a country ^^here the inhabitants went moftty naked. The only commodity they feemed defirous of obtain- i»g was tortoifefliell ; but as no demand was expedted for fuch an article, there were only a few fmall pieces remaining in the fliip, which had been purchafed at another Uland. The failors, however, notwithftandiiig the loathfomenefs of fait provifions of long ftai^ding, had no., a f-n^'p provident thought for the future, but ex- changed tlieir tortoifefliell for bows and arrows, inftead of furniftiing themfelves with i (toek of yams. A party from the (hip pafTing through a (hrubbery, obferved a man at vrork cutting (Hcks, and feeing him make a very (low progrefs wifti his hatchet, which was only a bit of (hell in lieu of a blade, they fet about helping him with an iron hatchet, and in a few minutes cut a much greater heap than he had done the whole day. Several Indians, who were witnefles to this dif- patch, exprefl'ed the greateft aftoniftiment at the uti- lity of this tool, and fome were very defirous of polTef- fing it, by oftering their bows and arrows for it. This was coniidered as a favourable opportunity for pro- curing hogs ; but they were deaf to every propofal of that kind, and never exchanged a finglc hog; one pig only was obtained as a prefent to the commander from Paoivang, There being great reafon to Aippofe that the inha- bitants of Tanna are haraflTed by frequent wars; the diftruft which they expreii'ed on the firtt dtbarkation from the (hips is not furprifing. But as foon as they were a(rured of the pacific dilpefition of their new vi- fitants, all fufpicions entirely fubfided. They did not trade, indeed, bccaufe they had not the means in pr®- portion to the other iflanders ; but they were as afl - duous in oftering their fervices, and from lefs intere(led motives. If any of the botanifh had procured a plant,, of which he was defirous of having other fpecimens, he had only to fignify '•. to fome natives, who would im- mediately haften to the fpot where it was to be found, and bring it wiiu the moft engaging alacrity. The civility of the natives was confpicuousi in this particu- lar inftance. If they met any officer or gentleman of the fliip in a narrow path, they always ftepped afide, in order to make way. If they happened to know their names, they pronounced them with a fmile, which couKl be extremely well underftood as a falutation. If they had not feen them before, they commonly inquired their names, in order to know them again. They have the fame engaging manner of expre(fing their friendfhip by a mutual exchange of names, as is cowoBon in the qiolt, ealtcrn iAauds of this kc floor wherever they pitafo to lie down, the iinmariicd men and women apart from each other. If the family be large, there are fmall huts adjoining, to which the fcrvants retire in the night, fo that piivacy is as much cbfervcd here as can be expcdled. They havt mats made on purpofe for fleeping on, and the clothes they wear in the day ferve for their covenng in the night. Their houfehold furniture confills of fome bowls and platters, cocoa-nut fhells, fome fmall wooden Hools which ferve them for pillows, and perhaps a large ftool for the mailer of the family to fit on. Clubs, fpears. Bows, and arrows, are their weapons. The former are of a great variety of (hapes, and many of them fo heavy as not to be managed with one hand, but with difliculty. The moll common form is qua- drangular. The far greater part were carved all over in ma-ny chequered patterns, which feem to have required great patience and a long time to work up, as a iharp (lone or piete of coral are the only tools made ufe of. . The whole furface of the plain clubs was as highly polifhed, as if furnifhed by an European artid with the beft indruments. Their fpears are fometimes plain (harp-pointed (licks, and foirietimes baibed. Their bows and arrows are of a peculiar conflrudion The former, which is about fix feet long, is about the fizc of a little tingcr, and when flack forms a flight curve : the convex part is channelled with a fingle deep groove in which the bow-ftring is lodged. The arrow is made of reed near fix feet long, and pointed with hard wood. When the bow is to be bent, indead of drawing it fo as to increafe the natural curve, they draw it the con- trary way, make it pcrfedly (Iraight, and then form the curve on the other fide. There is much ingenuity difplayed in the con(lru£lion of their canoes. They have out-riggers made of poles, and their workmanlhip is admirable. Two of thefe are joined together with furprifing exadlnefs, and the furface is poTilhed in a very curious manner. Their paddles have (hort blades, and are very neatly wrought. A circumdance occurred in this place which afforded an opportunity of obferving how thefe people treat conjugal infidelity. Some of our people, on their return from an excurfion, being informed that a party of the natives had flruck one of their own countrymen with a club, which laid bare, or, as others faid, frac- tured his (kiill, and then broke his thigh with the fame, inquired the rcafon of fuch treatment, and were given to underdand that he had been difcovered in a fituation rather indelicate with a woman that was tabood, that is, forbidden. But the female delinquent had by far the fmaller (hare of punifhment ; as our people were told, !he would only receive a flight beating for her mifde- rneanoiir. When our navigators firft vjfited this ifland, they obfervtd, that feveral of both fexes were afFefted with leprous diforders in th(. mod virulent degree, in various parts of their bodies. The face of one woman was corroded by the acrid humours, fo as to exhibit a mod honid fpcdl.ule. Many others were likewife fo dil- figured by the diforder, that they could not be beheld without a inixture of difaud and pity, TlJC amicable difpodtion of thefe people is fully evinced from the friendly reception all (Irangers have met New Discoveries.] FRIEKDLY ISLANDS. 5:^ d this ifland, they were aiFcded with t degree, in various one woman was as to exhibit a molt :re likcwife fo dil- :ould not be beheld met with who have vifited them. When Captain Cook firft anchored on the W. N. W. fide of this ifland, two canoes with feveral men in each came alongfide the fhip ; one of them on board, without the ieaft helitation, prefe'nted a root of the pepper tree, touched the nofes of the officers with his own, in token of friendfhip, and then fat down on the deck without fpeaking a word. The native was prefented with a nail, which, on re- ceiving, according to the general cuftom of the ifland, he held over his head, pronouncing the word fagafetai oxfagafalie. This was moft probably meant as an ex- preflion of his thankfulnefs. No people could give greater proof of liberality of difpofition, for they came in great numbers about our veifels, threw bales of cloth into them, and retired without fo much as waiting for a return. As an inftance of their hofpitality, Captam Cook, with feveral officers and gentlemen, were conduded, on their landing, by a chief, named Tioory, to his manfion, delightfully fituated about three hundref* yards from the fea, at the head of a fine lawn, ano under the fliade of fome fhaddock trees, and there elegantly entertained. The very fame chief, on the commander's lart vifit, vifited him on board immediately as he came to an anchor, and with the utmoft cordiality rendered him every friendly fervice within his power. The European flrangers indeed were carefled by old and young, men and women, who embraced them, kifled their hands, and laid them on their brcalls with the moft expreffive looks of aifedion. It was very remarkable that the difcharge of guns neither excited their admiration, nor their fear, which plainly proved that their civility arofe x"rom the bent ot natural difpofition, and not from a motive of conciliating the favour of their guefts, be- caufe ihey knew they were able to do them an injury. The only glaring defeft that fullies their cl'.iratter is, a propenfity to theft, which is faid to be confined to nails, OR which they fet fo Iiigh a value, that they would endeavour to polfefs them at any rate ; but we are forry to fay, that truth and candour obliges us to confefs, that from later experience, in many inftances, the propenfity in fome appeared to be fo univerfal as to admit of no limitation. The inhabitants of the Friendly Iflands are fo agree- ably circumftanced, as neither to be fubjeft to cxceflive labour on the one !iand, or fupine indolence on the other. Their occupations are agreeably diverfified, and their recreations and amuftments follow in pleafing fucceflion, fo that they neither difguft or tire. To the women is committed the care of making tlie cloth, and to them is aifo configned the manufadure of their mats. Architcdlure, boat-building, agriculture, and fifhing, are the principal objeds of the men's attention. As cultivated roots and fruits form theii chief fubiillencc, they find it necclfary to praitife hufbandry, which they have brought by their diligence to fome degree of per- Icftion. In planting yams and plantains, they dig fmall holes for their reception, and afterwards root up the furrounding grafs. The inftiuments ufed by them tor this nurpofe are called hooo t and arc nothing more than (takes of various lengths, flattened and fliaip- cncd to an edge at one end ; and the largcft ones have a fliort piece fixed tranfvcrfely, by means of which they prefs the implement into the ground with the foot. vVhen they plant the two above-mentioned vegetables, they obferve fuch particular exa^lnefs, tliat, whiclievtr way you turn your eyes, the rows pfefcnt themfehes complete and regular. Some of their vegetable pro- ductions, and in particular the bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees, are fcattered without order, and reared without pains. The fame may be faid of another large tree, which produces a.roundi(h comprcfled nut, callt^d eeefee : and of a fmallcr tree bearing an oval nut, with two or three triangular kernels. The kappe is, in general, planted regularly, and m large fpots \ but the mmvhaha is interfperfed among other things, as is alfo \\\tjcejee. Sugar-cme is ufually in fmall fpc^s, clofely crowded. The tree, of which the cloth is made, is kept, very clean, and has a good fpace allowed for it. The pan- danus is coinmonly planted in a row, clofe together, at the fides of the fields. The dwellings of the lower clafs of people. are wretched huts, fcarccly fufficient to (helter them from the weather. Thofe of the better fort are larger, as well as more commodious and comfortable. An hr ife of a middling fize is about, twelve feet in height, twenty in breadth, and thirty in length. Their houfes are, properly fpeaking, thatched roofs or fheds, fup- ported by rafters and pofts. The floor is raifed vvith earth fmoothed, and covered with thick matting. Some of their habitations are open all round ; but the f^licr part of them a.r^ £iM:lofeci on the weatTicr fide with UrOng mats, or with branches of the cocoa-nut tree, plated or interwoven with each other. A thick mat, about three feet broad, bent into a femicircular form, and placed edgeways, with the ends touching the fide of the houfe, enclofes a fufficient fpace for the matter and miftrefs to fleep in. The reft of the family fleep upon any part of the floor, the unmarried men and women lying apart from each other. If the family is large, there are little huts adjoining, in which the fer- vants fleep. Their whole furniture confifts of fome wooden ftools, which ferve them for pillows ; baflcets of different fizes, in which they put their combs, fifh- hooks, and tools ; two or three wooden bowls, in which they make kava; fome cocoa-nut (hells, a few gour .s, and a bundle or two of cloth. Hjwever, the deficiency fo apparent in the building of their houfes is amply compenfated in the conftruiStion of their canoes, which difplay much tafteand ingenuity. The double ones are made fufficiently large to carry about fifty perfons, and fail at a great rate. Upon them they generally fix a hut or (lied, ft)r the reception of the niafterand his family. They are madeof the bread- fruit tree, ?.ad the workmanfhip is extremely ueaj. They appear on the outfidc as if they were compofo*! O of m A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. i 1-1' ■ ^11 I ! ■' m ' -i of one lolid piece; but, upon clofer infpedlion, they arc foiiiid to cotiritl of a great number of pieces, which fit e.icli Dt'iiT i\adl y, and by means of a Icd^c on the infide arc Ice u red tog" tlier v/ith cocoa-nut line. The fingle cmocs arc furnilhcd \vi..i an out-riggcr. The only tools wliich tlicy maite iil'^,' of in the conftruflion of thefc boats, arc hatchciN, or adzes, of a fmooth biacic Hone ; augers made of (harlc's teeth ; and rafps, com- pofcd of the roiigh (kin of a fifli, failencd on flat pieces of wood. 'J 'he fame tools are all they n atcly retires, purified frorr. her unclcanncfs. If it be always neceflary to have recourfc to his majefty for this purpofe, it may be one rcafon of travelling from one ifland to another. It may here be proper to obfervc, that divers fig- nifications fecm to be annexed to the word taboo. They call human facrifices tangata taboo; and when any particular thing is prohibited to be eaten, or made ufe of, they fay it is taboo. If the king goes into a houfe belonging to one of his fubje£ts, that will, in confequence, become taboo, and can never be again inhabited by the owner of it ; fo that, wherever kis majefty travels, there are houfes peculiarly affigned for his accommodation. A certain perfon is appointed as an infpctStor of all the produce of the ifland, who takes care that each individual ftiall cultivate and plant his quota, at the fame time di reding what ihall, and what (iiali not, be eaten. By fo prudent a regulation, they take effeiSual precautions againft a famine; fufficient ground is employed in railing provifions ; and every article is fecured from unnccnary coniUfliption. By another good regulation, an officer is appointed to fuperintend the police, whofe bufinefs it is to punifti ail delinquents : he is aJfo generaliffimo, or commander in chief of the forces of the iflands. If this commander Hiould a£t inconfiftent with the duties of his office, or govern in fuch a maimer as may be injurious to the public welfare, he would, by the colle but after the limited lie of their baths, ■ brackifti water, id having paid the 5 ftwt, which flic other part? ; 1:<: and (be immcdi- jannefs. If it be is majeftjf for this ivelling from one ;, that divers fig- ) the word taboo, taboo; and when be eaten, or made ; king goes into a e(Sts, that will, in ji never be again that, wherever his ;uliarly affigned for fon is appointed as ,e ifland, who takes ivate and plant his /hat ftiall, and what It a regulation, they a famine; fafficient vifions; and every , confumption. By ;er is appointed ta ;fs it is to punifli all o, or commander in If this commander ties of his office, or be injurious to the )lleaive body of the ity, and put to death, rol and puniftiment le iitmsi a defpotic »n a review of thefe which fome of them iment, that many ef- row off the yoke of nee never happens, us embroiled in do- that all the principal Tongataboo. They other ifles, by the IS ; for if a feditious n any of them, the ed thither to put him vent any confide rable efs feem to be nearly there are few, com- of cxtenfivc diftrii^^s a perfon of property dies, New Discoveries.] FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 57 but Ion of dijs, all his |>olVcflioir^ J>.\.)!ve o.i the fo\ crcign ; that it IS t.xiionury to givi; thc-ni to the cL>;it the ('.jcjall'd, v/ithtl\i> coniiiioa annexed, tliu: he ihouid provide out of the c.'btj for the other children. The crown i^ h.:ri.-ditary i anjl it i? known, fiom a purti.ular ci;, iinillancc, that the F'.itt;i'".iihe.i havo leigiied, in a diiectliiie, for the I'pacj of at iealt one huiidicd and thirty-Hve years, which iw.c ^ia;ired bitw -en our coun- tryinjii viliting thele iflaads, and Tafman's difcovery of them. Upon inquiring of thcin, vvhoiher any traditi- onal aceouiit of tlic arrival of 'T";iir.an's Ihips had been preicrved ."imong thcin till this time, it was found, tliat this liiilory hai boon delivered down to them, from thsii aiu-cilors, with gieat accuracy: for they faid, that his t. o fliips refembhd ours, and alio mentioned the pKice where tlic) had l.vin at anchor, their having con- tinued but a few days, and their 4uittiiig that llaiion to g.) to Annanu>)lca; and, for the purijdie of inform!- us hviwloiig ago this afi'air had IvippeiieJ, they commu. • cated to us tlie name of the Futtafaihc who reigntf' ai that time, and thole who had iucceeded 1 irn in tlic ■ ■'■- rcigiuy, down to Foulaho, who is the titdi monart^- u.c tli.it period. Their r.uik of precedence ever apptired a mat of great difficulty to afcertain. It was generallv ''ippoied that the pre-ent fovereign of the Friendly ' h " the higheft rank of anv pcrion in his domiiiioit. !ut it was found to be otherwife-, for Latoolibooloo and three women are fuperior, in fome relpcds, to Poulaho himi'elf. Thefe great perlbnages are diilinguifhed by I the title of Tannnika, which implies a chief. The late king, father of Poulaho, left behind him a filler of I equal rank, and older than himfelf; {he, by a native . of Feejee, had a ion and two daughters ; and thefe three • pcrfons, as well as their mother, are of higher rank than [the king. Endeavouis were made to difcover the rea- [f'jn of this pre-eminence of the Tammahas-, but without Ic.lect. The mother, and'one of hsr tlaughieis, named [Tooeela-Kaipa, refided at Vavaoo. The bl!:er daugh- tter, called Moungoulakaipa, and I.rtcor.libooloo, the ion, Idwelt at Tongataboo. Latoolibool. o was fuppoled, by |.his countrymen, to be difordered in his fciifes. The more fpeculativcpart of our countrymen fay, that , the langu.-ige of the iia ives of the Fiicr.dly Iflands bears a llriking reiembbnce to thole of New Zc-al.iii.|, of Ota- iieite, and the Society [lies. The pronur.ci.uioii of thefe people differs, indeed, in many intanccs, fiom that both of Otaheite and New Zealand; but, nofvvichHau'Jing that, great number of words are eitiier very little changed, or exactly the fame. The language, as l'pol:eii by the ^ricndly lllander», is fufficiently copious to exprefs all ^heir ideas; and befidcs being tolerably harmon ions in fcommon converfation, is e.iiily adapted to tl\e purpofcs W" ir.iific. Thtfy have terms to'figr.ify numbers as far as hundred thoufand, bcj'ond which they either would ^ot, or could not reckon. The tides ate more confiderablc at the Fficndlv ' Iflands, tliaii at any other of Captain Cook's difcoveries in this ocean, that are litu.itc within either of the tn.'i'ics. At Annaniooka, the tide '.'Is and f.ills about fix f.x't upon a perpendicular. A' ' "ongataboo it riles and falla four feet and three qu.irN-is . i the full and change days, and three teet and an ha:: a. .he quadratures. The latitude of that j of Tongataboo, where our countrymen erecled an obfeivatory, and which was near the middle of the north fide of the ifland, i.-^, according to the moll accurate obfervations, i? i dcg. 8 min. 19 fee. fouth; and its longitude 1B4 deg. ^5 min. ib fcc^ call. Rotterdam,. ftf//f^ by the Natives Annamooka. Difpofttion^ Cujloms^ and Afanners peculiar to tbi: Inha- bitants. FASMAN difcovercd this ifland in the fame year with former; it was alio named by him. Jt lies in latitude ., deg. 1,5 mi:\. fouth, and longitude 174 dtg. jji miiu weft. The Ihore confiffs of a Iteep, rugged corr.l rock, about nine or tea feet high ; but there are two liindy beaches, which are defended from the fea by a reef of the liUTic kind of rock. In the centre of the ifland is a fait water lake, in breadth about a mile and a half. On the rifmg parts, and efpecially towards the fea, the foil is either of a blackiHi mould or reddiih cl:iy, though not a Ifream of water' was to be found upon the ifland but what was brackifh. The perfons, difpofitions, drcfj, manners, cuftoms,. language, kz. of the inhabitants here, are ainioft the fame as thofe of the natives of P/liddlebui th, and indeed of the Friendly Iflands in general, as before delcribccL Upon the whole, the land appears to be well culti- vated, and if fome parts lie waile. thedefign is e\ ident- ly that they might recover that l(r'..'ngtn which had been cxhaulied by too frequei)t culture. The chief plantations v.'crc yams and [/lantains. Bread fruit and cocoa-trees are alio interfperfed without regular order,, but are chiefly found near the habitations ot the natives. The ifland is in general covered with luxuriant trees, and bulhes, but particularly thofe parts towards the fea. and round the lake. Thefe iflanders gave proof of that courteous difpofi- tion from which their country is denominated, to all the flrangers they met from our vell'els, bowing th;:ir heads, and ufing the exprefiion, Irl-.i ii'.-a., good friend, or fome word to that import. They readily undertook to con- du£i: into the reccfles of their country luch as applied to. them, climbed the liighell: trees to procure them rtowcrsi,. and took to the water, like ,ianiels, after birvis that were fhot: they pointed out t!ie finelt plants," and lmvc. them their proper names; and whenever e.ny iiiunia- tion was given, that Ipecimens of a certain kind oi plant were wanted, they would go to any dillaxice to procure them. P They • . 58 A XEW AND COMPLETK SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOnRAPHY. Ii m mj E ' '' 111 , jl ■ i '1 l.t.y iTian.H!;c their cancK-s with the g^cr.tcft agi- lity, and fwiin with furpiifing falc. 'Iht-ir common trailiiij; canovs arc neatly in.uli;, and cuiioiifly polilhcd. 'I'licic conlill of two, tallcncd to a tranrverU- piatfoim of planlcs ill iht- niidll of whiih they crod an hut, where they {ilacL- ihur goods, tiieir arms, and uteniils, and wheij they pals great part of their time. 'Ihey have alfo hole'r" which give into the body of each canoe: their malls are llraight poles, whi«.h can be Ihuck at pi .'a- (urcj and their lails aie very largo and triangular, but not very projier to make way betore the wind. 'I'heir cordage, ni general, is excellent, and lliey have aUo con- trived a vcrv g(A)d ground i.iekie, conlilting of a llrou'; rope, with large iloucs at the end, by means of which they come to an anchor. r'lom the inqmry of a great number of the natives, on the arrival of rlie vefl'el in the itland, it appeared, that the f.in\e ot thefe vo aj;ers hai already reached this fpot. Th-y fupplled their Luropean vifitors with plenty of fruit and roots. A few fowls, and one or two (inall pigs, were all the animal food procured here. No king, on the hr(t vifit, wasdilfinguifhed amongfl thele pcojjle, and tb.eir method of government was en- tirely unl^nown. A young dog and a bitch were left here, as they had no fuch animal among them, and were th'.' tirit of thofe they faw. The people here are more alflicted with the leproiy, or fome fcrophulous difordci', than at any of the other iflands. Ciptain Cook, rexirning ihefe iflands in 1777, refuni^'d the fame italion for anchoraiie as he had before occupied, and, as he thouglit, moil probably in the fame place where the firlt difcovcrer of this and fomc of the neighbouring iflands anchored in 16.J3. The officers fometirnes amiUed thcmfelves in v.alking up the country, and (hooting wild ducks, refcmbling oar widgjon, which are very numerous on the fait lake, as well as on the pool where water was procured. 'J'hey found, in thefe cxcurfions, that the inliabitants IVeqaentiy defertcd their houfes to repair to the trading place, without entertaining theleall (ul'picion that ftran- gers would take awa}- or defiroy any property that be- longed to them. From this circuinliancc, it might be fuppofcd, that moff of the f.utives were fometirnes Cvil- lected on the beach, and that there would be no great difficulty in f )..Tiii)g an accurate computation of theii number; but the continual refort of vilitors from other iflands rendered it impoflible. However, as they never faw more than a thoul'and perfons colledted at one time, it may be realonably luppoled, that there are about twice that number upon the ifland. 'i'he natives, as upon a former occafion, fhcwcd their EuropLan vifitors every mark of civility. In the courfe of a few days they w.tc vilited by a great chief from Tongatidioo, or Am It ei dam, whofe name was Feenou, and to v»hom the Cf>mHiandcr \vas introduced as king of ali the Friendly Ifles. lie was aU'o given to uniler- ■lland, that on his prri\ al, a canoe had been difpatchcd to Toiigabatoo With the ncvvs ; in confcquencc of which, this chief immediately palled over to Annamoo- ka. When the Britilh commander went to pay this great m-.n a vifit, having firif received a prefent of two lilh from him, brought on board b)- I ' ';■ 60 «• hituU Ax pigs and two turilcR. Earoupu fcatt-d hiinfclt liCiort; the I'cvcriil aiticlcs to the left, aiul uiiothcr thici b'loif tluife oil the riglit ; tht-y bciiiL!, ;h wiisjiiilgt'il, the two ihu.ls who liiid c.>llci.4f(l ihtiii, by order o( I'ciioii, wl.o Icemtd to he as implicitly obeyed here as he had been Rt Annamook.a; stud, in cor.reiiuence of his com- manding fupeiiority over the chiefs of Hnpaee, h.iJ l.iiJ this t;'.\ upon them toi the prelent occaiion. When this munificent colledii<.n ol piovilioii was laid down in order, and difpoii.-d tA the belt advantai^rf, the beaicrs of it joined ifc;j mulcitiido, win; toimed a large circle roinid the wIkiIc, I'lefeiitly a luiniber til men entered the circle, arrned with clubs niailt of green braJich^'S of (he cocoa-nut tri.:e. 'Ihefe paraded abuut for a few minittfs, and then retired, the one half to the o;ie fide, and the other 'half to iHe otiier liJe, featinu, thimlelves belbrc tlic fpectators. Soon ahet they fuc- celTivcly entered the liils, and entirlained them with ftnrle combats. (Jno champion riling-up, and iteppini, fi)r'Aiird from one fide, chalhriu;(.d thole on the other fido, by expreflive gellures more thai, by words, to fend one of their body to oppof^' him. If the ch;dlcni;e ■was accepted, the two cop.ibatants put thdoiljlves m proper attitudts, and then began the engagement, which coiitiinicd till one or other owned himielf conqueretl, or till their weaixms were broken. As foon as each combat was over, thj viclor fcjiiattjd himf'-lf do-.^'r op- pofite to the chief, then rofe up and retired. At the lame time feme old men, who fecmcd to fit as judges, gave their plaudits in a few words j and the multitudi", cfpecially thofe on t!ie fide to which the victor belonged, celebrated the glory hj had accpiired in two or three louil huizas. DuriiiL' the intcrv;ils of fufpenfion from this entertainment, thcrj were both wrelHing and boxing mritchcs; tiic latter ditl'eied very little from the method practifed in England. But what moft furprifed our people was, to fee two lufty v.cncl.es Ikp forth, and begin boxing without ce- remony, and with as muih art as the men. This con- te(t, however, did not l.»lt alxiVe half a minute before one of them gave it up. The conquering heroine re- ceived the fame applaiife from the fpcwtators, which they bcflowed upon &x fucccfsful combatants of the other fex. The Europeans exprefled lomc dillilcc at this en- tertainment, Avhich, however, did not prevent two other females from entering the lifls. They ibcmeci to be- girls cf fpirit, and would certainly have given each other a g'iod drubbing, if two old wr>men had not jnterpolld to part them. All the combats were exhibited in the midit of at Lad three thouf.iud people, and were conduced villi the 'jjrcattlt good-h.unour on all fides ; though (oir.c of the ch:'.mpions, women as well as nun, lectived blows v. huh they inuft have felt for lijBie time after. As foon as tlic divcrfi'-ris were ended, the chief gave the corr.n.an-.L-r to und^rftan'*, that the h' ;;ps of proviiion en the ri.'.i-hand v.erc a prcfcnt to Or.^d, and thofe •n ihc ktl-hand, 4)ei(ig about two tlauls of tlic v.hofe quantity, v/crc given to himfclf. It- :i i ircd him, tlut a guard v/as iis;e>!lv'!'.< as ru)t the liiuJ'^') arii.e wouij be t.iKen av.^; by ihe iiitivcs. So, indeni, it piovcdi i.if Ahjn the piDviuons v,\:i : rein<)ve ! on Im.ii J, nota cocoa nut w.is midiiig. It w.is ie.iiark.cil, that this puicnt of Kenou exc.lled anv tuat h.ii.1 been made the comin.ui'.cr by .uiy of th^- fovcmgiis of tli.: v.i'ioi.s i Hands he 1 ,il viliit.i in the I'aciiic Ocean, fl.s liberality was coin- penlaicd by the biSUivv.il of ImIi coiu.nodities as were fujipoii-d to be mod valuah!<.' in his i iiimation. I'I'is chief h.iviiig exprcfl'jd a dciire to '\< the marines ■") through then n.il'tiry exercili^ they were accordni^ ly ordered 0.1 (immv fn.in both Ihips. Alter they had peuohn :d v.iiious evolutions, and fiiej feveral vollies to the j^r.uiiic.ition of tlie fpechitois, the chi -i entertained his vilitois, in his tuiii, with an exhi- bition, which, as acknjwlodge.i by all, was perform-.-d with dexterity and cxactnci:, tar (uipaiRng the fpecimen the Europcaiif. had given of their military manoeuvres. This was a dance pertornii d by men, and in which no lei's than one hundred ami five peifon bore their parts. Each of them had in his hand an intlrument neatly made, in fhape relemhling a paddle, of two feet and an half in length, with a fmall hunJle and a thin blade, fo that they were very light. With this initrument, they made m;uiy and various flo.nifhcs, each of which was accompanied with a different attitude of the body, or a different movement. At firif, the performers laiigej themfclves in three lines, and by various evolutions, each man changed his itation in fuch a manner, that thofe v/ho had been in the rear came ijito the front. Nor did they remain long in the fame poiition, but thefij changes were made by pretty quick tranfitions. At one time they extended themfelves in one line ; they then formed into a fcmicircle ; and, laftly, into two fquare columns. While this laft movement was ex- ecuting, one of them advanced, and performed an antic dance before the commander, with which the whole ended. It was the general opinion of the party prelent, that fuch a performance would have met with univeifal applaufe upon an European flage; and it fo far' exceeded any attempt our people had made to entertain them, that they feem to plume themfelves upon their fupeii- ority in this particular. They held none of oyr muiical inliruments in the leafl efleem, except the drum. . uc French-i.orns in particular feemed to be held iji great contempt, for neither here, or at any other of the itl.uiJs, would they pay the leaft attention to them. To yive the natives a more favour.ible opi- nion of Engliih ainulements, rnd co have their iiiiiuis fully iinprcffed with a flnfe of oar fuperitn- attain- ments, tlie commander dlrecfcd (ome fue-'.vorks to be prepared, and after dark ' ufed them to be played off in the prefence of Fenou, the other chicti and a vail conco life of ihcir people. They fuccceded in general fo well as to anfwcr tne end propofed. 'J "he water aiiJ iky-rockets, in particul.ir, pleafed and alloniilicd thcin exceedingly. A? AniY. Ni w DiscovrniFs.] FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 6t ass • al'.'ureo him, I'ut \i\J.i nrki'iO wuiiiil luct!, it piuvwd; Mr I ti^Kii J, not a coL'oa thAt tluH puiblit of ' ,iJl' tlic tomin.iii'iuT ^ ous ilhiiidii he i'aj iliorality was coai- in.novliucs as were L'ttimation. I'liis Vl the miuiiies go f were accorJii^ly volutions, an J fin.- J tiio I'pccbtoi &, the Uii'ii, with an cxhi- all, was pertormvd laJfing the lix'timtn iiiitary manaeiivrcs. n, ami in which no 111 boic their parts. 1 inllrument neatly of two feet and an mil a thin blade, lo his inihumcnt, they each of which was j(le of the body, or : performers ranged various evolutions, uch a manner, that into the front. Nor pofition, but thi.'lo ck tranfttious. At in ona line ; they d, lalHy, into two movement was ex- pcra>rmed an antic h which the whole of the party prefent, met with univeifal id it fo far' exceeded to entertain them, upon their fupcii- none of ojur muil' il :pt the drum. . ac to be held in grc;it other of tlic iilanJs, ;> them. e favourable opi- co have their minds ir Uiperior attaia- le fue-'.vorks to be to be played off :r chief, and a v.r.l uccccdfjd in general ;d. The vv.tter and nd alloniilied them A? As a prelude to another nit^rtairiment of d.intes which Fcnou had iircpared for his gueUs, a band of mufic, or chorus of eighteen men, featcJ themfclves be- fore them in the centre of the circle compofed by the numerous fpcctators, the area of which was to be the fccne of the exhibitions. Four or five of this band had fiicces of large bamboo, fiom three to five or fix feet ong, each managed by one man, who held it nearly in a vertical pofition, the upper end open, but the other clofed by one of the joints. With this clofe end, the performers kept conlhiiitly ffiikiiiy; to the ground, thoui'h flowly, thus prolucini!; diffe.ent tiotes, actiiid- irj. to the different lengths of the inflrimieiits, but ail of them of the hollow or bale (ort; to countera'I'l which, a perfon kept llrikiiig, ipilckly and with two fHcks, a piece of the fame fubllancc, (plit and laid along the grouiul, and by that producing a tone as acute as thole proceeding from the others were grave. The re(l of the band, as well as thole who performed on the bam- boo, fung a flow and foft air, which fo tempered the harfher notes of the above inftruments, that no by- (fander, however accullomed to hear the niofl pcrfcift modi ' 'tions of fweet founds, could avoid conf 'fling the va(^ power and pleafing efPcfl of this fimple harmony. After this concert had continued about a quarter of an hour, twenty women entered the circle. Moll of them had upon their heads garlands of crimfon flow- ers of China role, or others j and many of them had or- namented their perfons with leaves of trees, cut with great nicety about the edges. They formed a circle round the chorus, turning their faces towards it, and began by fingiug a foft air, to which refponfes were made by tiie Lhorus in the fame tone, and thefe were repeated alternately. All this while the women ac- companied their long with fevcral very gmceful mo- tions of their hands towards their faces, and in other diredlions, at the fame time making conftantly a ftcp forward, and then back again with one foot, while the other was f'lxed. They then turned their faces to the afl'embly, fung fomc time, and retreated flowly in p. body, to that p?rt of the circle which was oppofite to the fpot where the principal fpeitators fat. After this, one of them advanced from each fide, meeting and palling each other in the front, and continuing their jirogrefs round till they came to the reft. On which two advanced from each fide, two of whom alfo pafTed each other, and returned as the former ; but the other two remained, and to thefe came one from each fide by intervals, till the whole number had again formed a cir- cle about the chorus. They now changed their manner of danciii'.;; to a quicker meafure, in which they made a kind of half turn by leaping, and clapped their hands, and fnapped their fingers, repeating fome words in conjunction with the chorus. Towards the end, as the quicknefs of the mufic incrcafed, their geftures and attitudes were va- ried with wonderful vigour and dexterity, and fome of their motions by our countrymen might be deemed in- 3 decent ; though probably this part of the pcriiurmance was not meant to convc-y any wanton iJeaSf but merely to difplay the aftonifriing variety of their movc- nients. Another exhibition followed, jK-rformed by fif- ti.cn men ; and though fome of them were old, tlnia lecmed to have robbed them ofb.it little of their agility. They were difjiored in a kind of circle, divided at the front. •S.jmetimcs they fung flowly, in concert with the chorus, making fcveral gr.tceful motions with their hands, but difilring from thofe of the women ; at the l.une time inclining the body alternately to either fide, by raifm^ one leg outwaid, and reftiii^ f.i the other i the arn\ of the fame fid« being alfo ftretib.ed upwardi, They then recited fentences, which were anl'wcrcd by the chorus j and occalionally incrcafed the meafure of the dance, by cl.ipping the hands, and quickcninj^ the n>otions of the fett. Towards the conciulion, the rapidity of the noufic and dancing lo much increafcd, tliat the difterent movements were hard to be difl.n- guifhed. Twelve other men adv.^nccd after the conclufion of the dar-.', ^lacing themfelves in double rows, fronting each other. On one fide was ftntioned a kind of promp- ter, who repeated feveral feiitcnces, to which refponics were made by the performers and the chorus. They fimg and danced flowly ; and gradually grew quicker, like thole whom they had fucceeded. The next that exhibited thcmlVlves were nine wo- men, who fat down oppofite the hut where the chief had placed himfelf. A man immediately role, ami gave the firft of thefe women a blow on the back with both his fills joined. He treated the fecond and third in the fame manner; but when he came to the fourth, he ftruck her upon the brcaft. Upon feeing this, a perfon inftanlly rifing from among the crowd, knock- ed him down with a blow on the head, and he was Quietly carried away. But this did not excufe the other five women from fo extraordinary a difcipline; for they were treated in the fame manner by a perfon who fuc- ceeded him. When thefe nine women danced, their performance was twice difapproved of, and they were obliged to repeat it again, 'i'here was no great differ- ence between this dance and that of the firft women, ex- cept that thefe fometimcs raifed the body upon one leg, and then upon the other, alternately, by a fort of double motion. Soon after a perfon entered, making fome luJi- crous remarks on what had been exhibited, which ex- torted a burft of laughter from the crowd. The com- pany h.id then a dance by the attendants of Fenou ; they formed a double circle of twenty-four each round the chorus, and joined in a gentle foothlng long, accompa- nied with motions of the head and hands. They alfo began with flow movements, which gradually be- camj iiiore ,uid more rapid, and fin.illy clofed w'tii levtTv! very ingenious tranfportations of the two circles. The entertainm^r.'s of this eluded with a ib. in which the remarkable iiight con- principal people preltnt \ il'l /" 1 [ 69 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. i. Ml li I ; I 1 1 prelent c\" ibited, and which was pcrt'ormcd with fo much (pirit, and fo great exaitnefs, tha' they met with univerfal a-iprobation. The native fpchitors, who, no doubt, were perf'eiSl judges whether the fevcral perform- ances were properly executed, could not with-hold their applaiifes of fome particular parts, and even a ftrangcr who never fawthe Uiverfion before, felt at this time fimi- lar fatisfadUon. 7"hc place where thcfe dances were performed, was an open fpaceamongft the trees, j"ft by the fca, with lights at fmall intervals placed round ibe infide of the circle. The concourfc of people was pretty large, though not equal to the number afTcmblcd when the marines went through their cxercife. Some gucni'd there might be about live thoufand perfons prefcnt ou this occafion. The commander m^^ ilny took a tour ii.to the ifland of Lefooga, of which he was defirous to obtain fome knowledge, and found it to be in feveral refpcdls fuperior to Ailnamooka. The plantations were more numerous and more extenfiye. In many places, indeed, towards the fea, efpccially on the cart fide, the country is fUll wafte, which is owing probably to the fandy foil, :ts it is much lower than Annamooka and its furrounding iiles. But towards the middle of the ifland the foil was better, and the marks of confiderable population and of impio\ cd culti\ation were every where feen. The party which went on the cxcurfion obferved large fpots co- vered with the paper mulberry-trees, and the plantati- ons in general were well Hocked with fuch roots and fruits as are the natural produce of the ifland. To thcfe fome addition was made by our countrymen, in fowing the feeds of Indian corn, melons, pumpkins. Sec. The illand is not above fcven miles long, and in fome places ni)t above two or three brt,ad. 'J"he caft fide of it, which is expofed to the trade-wind, has a reef running to a confiderable breadth from it, on which the fea breaks with great violence. It is a continu- ation of this reef that joins Lefooga to Foa, which is not above halt a mil-; diftant, and at low water the na- tives can walk upon this reef, which is then partly dry, from one ifland to another. The Ihore itfelf is either a coral rock, fix or feven feet high, or a fandy beach; but higher than the wefl fide, which in general is not more ihaii three or four teet from the level of the fea, with a hn?y beach its whole length. A party in a w^k happened to ftep into a houfe where a woman was drefling the eyes of a young child who fcemcd'blind, the eyes being much inflamed, and i\ film fpread over them. The inftruments (he ufed wcr.j t7/o flender wooden probes, with which (he had brjfhcJ the eyes fo as to mnke them bleed. It fcems 'worth mentioning, that the native? of thofe iflands f;iouId attempt an operation of this fort, though our countrymen entered the houfe too late to defcribc ex- udl'v now this female oculift applied the wretched tools (he had to work with. However, they fav/ a dif- ferent operation go on in the (iime hou(c, of^ which they were ab'e to give a tolerable account. They there found another woman (havLig a child's head with a lliark's tooth, (tuck into the end of a piece of ftick. It was obferved, that (he firil wetted the hair with a rag dipped in water, applying her inftrument to that part which had been previoufly foaked. 'J"he operation feemed to give no pain to the child, although the hair was taken ofi^ as clofe as if one of our razors had been employed. A jierfon of curiofity amongft the party, encouraged by what he faw, foon after tried one of thefe fingular inftruments upon himfelf, and found it to be an excellent (hift. The men of thefe iflands, how- ever, have recourfe to another contrivance when they (have their beards. They perform the operation, as be- fore mentioned, with two (liells, and fome amongft them feem to profefs this trade. It was as common, according to the account of our voyagers, to fee the (ailors go ou (bore to have their beards Icraped oft", after the fa(hioii of Hapaee, as it was to fee their chiefs come on board to be (liaved by our barbers. An artificial mount was near the fouth end of the ifland Lefooga. Fron the fize of fome trees that were growing upon it, and from other appearances, it was fuppofed to have been raifed in remote times. At the bottom of this mount (food a ftone, which mult have been hewn out of coral rock ; it was four feet broad, two and a half thick, and fourteen high, and our peo- ple were told by the natives prefcnt, that not above half its length appeared above ground. They called it tan- gcita areiee (tangata in their language is man, arekee, king) and faid that it had been let up, and the mount raifed by fome of their forefathers, in memory «f one of their kings ; but how long fince, they could not give in- formation. The party that landed at Hoolaiva did not find the leaft mark of cultivation or habitation upon it, except a fingle hut, the refidence of a man employed to catch fi(h and turtle. Uninhabited as Hoolaiva is, an artificial mount, like that at the adjoining ifland, has been raifed upon it as high as the furrounding trees. A large fail- ing canoe here came under the commander's ftern, in which was a perfon named Tuttafaihe, or Poulaho, or both, who, as the natives then on board informed our people, was king of Toneataboo, and was king of all the neighbouring iflands that we had feen or heard of. The command.^r was furprifed at having a ftranger in- troduced to him under that dignified charafter, which ho had been before afl'ured belonged to another ; but the natives perfirted in their declaration, and for the firit time confefled that Fcimu was not the king, but only a fubordinate chief, though of great power, as he was often fent from Tongataboo to the other iflands on warlike expeditions, or to decide differences. How- ever, as it was the intcreft as well as inclination of the commander to pay court to all the great men, without inquiring into the validity of their a(run;ed titles, Pou- laho was invited onboard; nor was he an unwelcome gueft-, for he brought with him as a prefcnt two good fat hogs, though not fo fat as himfelf. If weight of body bod tain bee ;/i^H wie pea .' 'i^H the aflic F •^ pie and hef Om firoi '^^^l tie, acco pliet was expe amp] '"*>■ VPHY. New £)isrovERiES.] FRIENDLY ISLANDS. H Id's head with a piece of ftick. It e hair with a rag mcnt to that part 'I'he operation although the hair ir razors had been moiigft the part/, after tried one of If, and found it to hefe iflands, how- rivance when they ic operation, as be- fome amongft them •ommon, according :e the failors go on ^' F, after the famion efs come on board e fouth end of the if fome trees that her appearances, it remote times. At le, which mult have as four feet broail, high, and our peo- that not above half They called it ttin- in-e is man, arekee, up, and the mount n memory «f one of y could not give in- va did not find the ion upon it, except I employed to catcli laiva is, an artificial and, has been raifed rees. A large fail- iiniander's ftern, in lihe, or Poulaho, or board informed our md was king of all id feen or heard of. ving a ftrangtT iii- charafter, which he to another ; but the and for the firll he king, but only a power, as he was ic other iflands on difFerences. How- as inclination of the great men, without aflumed titles, Pou- he an unwelcome a prefent two good nfelf. If weight of body body could give weight in rank or power, he was cer- tainly the moft eminent man in that refped who had been feei. ; for, though not very tall, he was very \m- wieldy, and almoft {hapelcfs with corpulence. He ap- peared to be a fedate, fenfible man, viewed the (hip and the feveral new objeds with uncommon attention, and afkcd many pertinent queftions. Poulaho foon became as folicitous himfelf as his peo- ple were, to convince his new friends that he was king, and not Fenou, who had paffcd with them as fuch : for he foon perceived they had fome doubts about it, which Omai, from his attachment to Fenou, was not very de- firous of removing. Poulaho fat down to table, ate lit- tle, drank lefs, and, on rifing, defired the commander to accompany him on fliore. This was accordingly com- plied with, after prcfenting him with fuch articles as he was obferved to value molt, and were even beyond his cxpeft.ition to receive. This munificence was however amply compenfated both by prefents and honours, as foon as they reached the fhore. The commander was placed at his fide, while he received the feveral articles his people had got by trading on board the (hips. At length he ordered every thing to be reftored to the refpeiSlive owners, except a glafs bowl, with which he was fo much pleafed, that he referved it to himfelf. The perfons who brought thefe things to him firft fquatted themielves down before him, then depofited their feveral purchafes, and immediately rofe up and retired. The fame refpcdtful ceremony was obferved in taking them away, and not one of them prefumed to fpeak to him {landing. The commander ftaid till feveral of his attendants left him, firft paying him obedience, by bow- ing tlie head down to the foles of his feet, and touching or tapping the famawith the upper and under fide of the fingers of both hands. The commander was charmed with the decorum that was obferved, and declared that he had no-where feen the like, even amongft more civi- lized nations. The king continued to heap favours on his new friend, and, in particulai", prefented the commander witli one of their caps, which were known to be valued at Otaheite, one of the places of their future deftination. Thefe caps, or rather bonnets, are compofcd of the tail feathers of the tropic bird, with the red feathers of the parroijuets wrought upon them, or jointly with them. *ftcr various courfes, hazards, and difficulties, ihey arrived and landed at Kotoo, in order to examine that illand. It is fcarcely scccfiible by boats on account of the co- ral reefs that furround it. It is not more than a mile and a half, or two miles long, and not fo bro.id. The north-weft end of it is low, like the illands of Hapace, [but it rifcs fuddenly in the middle, and terminates in cddifh clayey clifts at the fouth-eaft end about thirty j,h. The foil in that quarter is of the fame fort s in the cliffs; but in the other parts, it is a loofe black ould. It produces the fame fruits and roots which were V^ found at the other iflands, and is tolerably cultivated, but thinly inhabited. CHAP. VII. ISLANDS BETWEEN THE EQUATOR AND THE SOUTHERN TROPIC. TLeir Situatiim, ProduSlions, Manners of the Natives, and other Particulars. A S fome of thefe are comprehended under the lift .'TjL of the Friendly Iflands, as fuch they wi'-l be pointed out and firft attended to. From the beft accounts, we ■-.-xy include not only the groupe at Hapaee, ted by our late navigators, but thofe difcovered nearly under the fame meridian to the north, as well as fome others under the dominion of Tongat.iboo, which, though not the largeft, is the capi- tal feat of government. This archipelago muft be very extenfive, for the na- tives reckoned a great number of iflands; fifteen of them were faid to be very lofty. The principal of thofe Teen on the laft voyage have been defcribed, viz. Eooa, Ann;imooka, Hapaee, and Tongataboo. Plvstart-Island was {o called by Tafinan who firft faw it. "The name fignifies arrow-tail. This ifland lies in latitude 22 deg. 26 min. fouth, and longi- tude 170 deg. ^9 min. weft ; it is mountainous, barren, and about two or three miles in circumference. Ammattafoa. From the appearance of a thick fmoke arifing from this ifland, and a fire ifluing froni it in the night, it was concluded 'lat there was a vol- cano ujion it, and this opinion was c-onfirmed by infor- mation received from the natives that the appearances are conftant. Near to this illand is a high peak called Oghoa. They are both inhabited, feem barren, and are about twelve leagues diftant from Annamooka. It is fuppo.'ed by Captain Cook, that Prince William's Iflands, difcovered and fo named by Tafman, are in- cluded in this lift ; and alligns as :■. reafon, that while he lay at Hapaee, he received information from one of the nativcf, that at the difti;nce of three or four days fail from thence to the north-weft, there was a chiiter of Ihiall iflands, and this account correfponds widi tl'.at given in Talman's voyage. From the beft information our late navigators could obtain, the moft conliderable in this neighbourhood are Hamod, Vavaoo, and Fecjce. Each of thcfc was reprelentcd to thtm as larger than Tongataboo : our cou "rymen in their late voyages did not vjftt tlicm. . •; n.\M»A r ■Hif! li. !f I', '' '■, I ■' f«i,' I A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GeOGRAPHY.^v• Hamoa lies two days (ail north-weft from Vavao6. It is faid ti) be the largeft of all tlieir iflands } aftords harbours and good water, and produces in abundance all the articles of rcfrefhment that are found at the places our pcoriie vifitcd. Poulaho frequently refid^.T. upon this iiland ; and the people here are in high crtimation at Tong;itaboo. Feejee lies in the ciicclion of north-weft by weft, abo»;t three days fail from l^ongataboo. It abounds with hogs, dogs, fowls, and fuch fruits and roots as ai!! to b'j found in any of the others, and is much larger than Tongataboo; but not fubjed to its dominion, as the other '.Qands of this archipelago are. Feejee and Tongataboo frequently cngag'.^ in war againlt each other ; and the inhabitants of the latter are often fo much afraid of this enemy, that they bend the body for- ward, and cov';r the face with their hands, to exprefs the fenfe of their own inferiority to the Feejee men. This ii, indeed, no matter of furprife, for thofe of Feejee have rendered themfelves formidable, by their dexterity in the life of bows and flings ; but more lb, by their i;ivai.';e practice of eating fuch of their enemies as they kill In battle. Extreme hunger, fome fay, firft occarion"d men to feed on human flefti ; but where could be the inducement for the Feejee people to con- tinue it in the raidli: (.f plenty ? It is held in deteitation by the inhabitants of 'r.)ngatabi», v/ho feem to cul- tivate the fiiendlhip (^f their favage neighbours of Feejee through kar ; though they, occallonally, venture to Ikirmifti with them on their own territory, and carry off hu'ge quantitijs of red feathers as trophies. When a pri)fi)U.id peace reigns between the two iilands, they have frequent intercorrle together j though, it is probable, they have nut long been known to each other ; or, it might be fuppoicd that Tongataboo, and its neighbouring iflands, wo\dd, before this time, have been fupplicd v/ith a breed of dogs, which are numerous at Feejee, and were not introduced at Tongataboo, when lirft vilited by our countrymen in 1773. The colour of the natives of Feejee, met with here, was a fbauc darker than any of the inhabitants of the other Fricridly Iflands. One of the natives was feen, v.'tiu had bis left ear flit, and the lobe lb ftretched, that it almoft extended to his fhoulder ; which ■ingularity had bicn oblerv.l at other iflands in the Fouth-Seas during a former voyage. The Feejee men were much reverenced here; not only on account of their power ;'.nd criidt/ in war, but alio for their ingenuity ; for tliev greatly excelled the i.ihabitanrs of 'Fon"ataboo in workmaiuhip. Specimens were ihewn of tlicir clubs ;md (pears, which were ingeniouily carved. Some of tlwir beautifullv chequered cljth, variegated mats, earthen pots, aril other articles, ;dib difp'a\ed a lupe- rionty in the exeution. Feejee, as before obferved, is thrc^ days fail from Torgataboo i thefe people having no other method of 3 expreffing the diftance from illand to illanci, but by mentioning the time required for the voyage in one of their canoes. That this might be afcertained with fome precifion. Captain Cook; failed in one of theif canoes, and by repeated trials with the log, found that flie went dole ha iled, in a gentle gale, feven miles in an hour. He judged from this, they could fail, with fuch breezes as in general blow in their feas, feven or eight miles an hour on an average. Each day, however, is not to be reckoned at twenty-four hours ; for when they talk of one day's fail, they mean no more than from the morning to the evening, or ten or twelve hours at the molK From the morning of the firft day till the evening of the fecond, is, with them, two days fail. In the day, they are guided bv the fun; and, in the night, by ftars. When tliefe rtre ot '.cured, they can only have recourfe to the points from whence the winds and waves come upon the vefl .1. If, ac that time, the winds and waves fhould fniff, they are quite be- wildered, often miffing their intended port, and fom';- tinies are nc. er heard of more. Traitors, or Kepprt/s Island, lying m 15 deg. 55 mill, latitude ; 1 75 deg. 3 min. longitude weft, is three miles and a lialf in extent and t\/o in breadth. It was feen by Le Mair in 1716, and by him named, Tho Ifland of Traiiors. When Captain Wallis arrived here, in the Dolphin, in 1765, he found a good landing place. The natives appear to be of a difpofition fimilar to that of thofe of the Friendly Iilands in general, and refemble them in the clothing and the amputation of the little fingers. At that time no hogs were feen upon this illand, and th*" refrefhments procured were trifling. The reafon that Captain Cook comprehends botli this, and the following, called Bofcawen's Kland, in tiie li •■, arifes from the following circumflances. In- quiring one day of Poulaho, the king, in what manner the inhabitants of Tongataboo had acquired the know- ledge of iron, and from what quarter they had pro- cur'^d a Imall iron tool, which he had feen amongft them when he firft vifited their illand ; he was in- formed they had received it from an ifland, which he called NecootabotJtaboo. On a more minute inquiry, the king laid, that one of thofe iltanders fold a club for five nails to fome of the crew of a ftiip that h;ul, touched there, and that thefe five nails were afterward* fcnt to Tongataboo. He added, that this was the firil' iron known amonglt them, fo that what Tafman lefr oi that metal inuft have been worn out and forgotten lonj ago. On iiupiirir.g further, the principal facls ;ip- . peared to be frefli in his memory ; he laid there was but one fhip, that ihe did not come to anchor, but k-ft tlie illi'nd after her boat had been on fliore. l'"r<>ni leveral particulars which he mentioned, it could not be many years liiice this had happened. It apptarcd, further, from his account,- that theue were two iilands >Vi^ .M 1 111;;; O / ^APHY.T Nfw Discoveries.] VARIOUS ISLANDS. 65 I to ifland, but by he voyage in one of ; afcertained with ed in one of theif 1 the log, found that gale, fevcn miles iit hey could fail, with I their feas, feven or Each day, however, lur hours ; for when mean no more than ;, or ten or twelve ning of the firft day with them, two days by the fun ; and, in e ob leu red, they can in whence the winds .f, ac that time, the hey are quite be- ided port, iM fome- srn, lying m 15 deg, in. longitude weft, is , two in breadth. It by him named. The tain Wallis arrived ound a good landing a difpolition fimilar inds in general, and id the amputation of no hogs were feen ments procured were k comprehends both rawen's Ifland, in tlie :ircumllances. In- ng, in what manner d acquired the know- larter they had pro- hc had feen amongft r iiland ; he was in- n an ifland, which he more minute inquiry, ! id.andcrs fold a club •ew of a fhip that h;i(i, nails were afterwards that this was the firil' t what Tafman lefr ci Hit and forgotten long le principal facls ap- )ry ; he laid tiierc w;is ime to anclior, but left een on fliore. Frwii ntioned, it coimi not ppened. It appeared, theic were two illain!'' near each other, at which he had been himfelf. The one he defcribed as high and peaked, like Kao, and he railed it Kootahee ; the other, where the people of the fliip landed, called Neeootabootaboo, he reprefonted as much lower. He added, that the natives of both were the faoie fort of people with thole of Tongataboo ; and built their canoes in the fame manner ; that their ifland had hogs and fowls, and in genera) the fame ve"-etable productions. Upon the whole, it appeared cvfdent to Captain Cook, t';at the fliips fo pointedly referred to, in this converfation, could be no other than the Dolphin, the only Ihip from Europe, as far as could be learned, tliat had touclied, of late years, at any ifland in this part of the Pacific Ocean, prior to his former vifit of the Friendly Iflands. Cocos, or. Boscawen's-Island. This iiland re- ceived the former name from Le Mair and Schouten, who firft vifited it in 1716, and tlic latter from Captain Wallis, who faw it the fame voyage a's he did the fore- going. It lies in latitude 15 deg. 50 min. fouth, and longitude 175 deg. weft. »The natives of this, as well as Traitors-ifland, arrf of a favage difpofition. Their clothing confifts of rufties or mats; they have their hair in different forms, and are robuft and well pro- portioned. The flaps of their cars are flit, and hang down almoft to their ftioulders. They wear whilkers and a fliort tuft under the chin, and their bodies are pundured or tattowed. When the firft Europeans arrived at this fpot, one of the chiefs put off from the fhore, in a canoe covered with a mat in the form of a tent, and accompaniea by a number of pe^nle in thirty canoes. As they ap- proached Schouten's fhip, the chief cried out three times with a loud voice, and at the fourth all the at- tendants joined him. He prefented tlie commander with a paper drefs and a fine mat, for which he le- ceived due compenfation. Thefe people foon gave proofs of an irrefiftible propenfity to theft, attempting to pilfer every thing they faw ; they even tried to draw out the nails from the fliip's fide with their teeth ; nay, fome fwam under the very keel and ftrove to draw the nails from thence, till being fired at they dcfifted. A vaft number of them, however, next day put off from :(hore with fome hogs, bananas, fowls, and cocoa nuts, of which they have "plenty. When the chief, or Latovv, as ho is there called, gave the fignal froni his double 4anoe, ■.here was a general fliout, followed by a volley of ftones thrown on board the ftiip. The chief, indeed, was fo ablurd as to fuppoie that he could run down the fhip with his canoe, and made the ridiculous at- tempt, in which he frruck the head of it to pieces. This exafperated the favages, and they renewed the attack, hut they were foon put to flight, by tlie difcharge of fn.all arms and a few great guns. HERYEy-IsiAND) fo called by Captain Cook, iu honour of the Earl of Briftol, was difcovcred by him in 1773. It is fituatcd low, in latitude 19 deg. 8 min. fouth, longitude 1,58 deg. 4 min. weft. On his laft voyage, our people obfervcd, on their approach, k veral canoes coming from the fhore toward* the fliips, n cir- cumftance which occafioncd much furpiife, as no traces or figns of inhabitants were feen v/hcn the ifland was firft difcovered. It might, indeed, be owing to a brilk gale that then blew, and prevented their canoes from coming out. Thofe that came oft" iloppcd at a fhort dirtance from the vcflel : it was with diificuity they were prevailed on to come along fide, but could not be induced, by any means, to come on board. They foon, however, began to evince their propenfity to theft, fo prevalent in this part of the globe, in ftealing oars, cutting away a net, containing meat, that hung over the ftern of one of the fhips, and other acts of a like nature. But it appeared that they had a knowledge of bartering, for they exchanged fome fifli for fome of our fmaU nails, of which they were ex- travagantly fond, and called them gsore. Pieces of pa- per, or any trifling article that was thrown to them, they caught with the greateft avidity ; and if what was thrown fell into the fea, they immediately plunged in to fwim after it. The colour of the natives of Hervey-Ifland, is of a deep caft, and ieveral of them had a fierce favage af- pec>, like the natives of New Ze3land, though fome were fairer. Their hair was long and black, either hanging loofe about their flioulders, or tied in a bunch on the top of the head. Some few, indeed, had it cropped fhort, and in two or three of them, it was of a red or brownifh colour. Their clothing was a narrow piece of mat, bound feveral times round the lower part of the body, and pafling between the thighs. A fine cap of red feathers was feen lying in one of the canoes, and fome amongft them were ornamented with the fhell of a pearl-oyfter, polifhed and hung about the neck. The boats that wers fent to reconnoitre the coail, could advance no further than the other edge of the reef, vvhich was camputed almoft a quarter of a mile from the dry land. A number of the natives came upon the reef, armed with clubs and long pikes, mean- ing, as was fuppofed, to oppofe the people's landing; though, at the fame time, they threw cocoa-nuts to them, and requefted them to come on fliore. Not-- withflanding this leeming friendly treatment, the wo- men were very aiSlive in bringing down ,a frelh fup- ply of darts and fpears. f1 r ■*; ,jii„ ; a Ciptain Cook difcovered PalmeRston's-IsLanp In 1774. It lies in latitude 18 deg. 4 min fouth, and lon- gitude 163 deg. 10 min. weft. This ifland confifts of a group of fmall iflets, about nine or ten in number, connected by a reef of coral rocks, and lying in a cir- cular direftion. It appeared from obfervatioii made by, JR, fome m ■ 1% 1 1 \'\ ' -A I ■ ■gfc-^ll^., 'I;... <^ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. i"ome of our pi;i>j)Ie in going on fliore upon the lafl voyage, that the illaiid docs not exceed a mile in cir- tiimtercnce, and is not elevated above three feet beyond the level of the fea. It confifts almoll entirely of a coralTand, with, a final! mixture of blackilli moidd, which appeared to be produced from rotten vegetables. The foil, poor as it is, however, is covered with flirubs and buflies ; a great number of man of war bird.-, tropic birds, and alfo two forts of boobies were perceived, which were then laying their eggs, and fo exceedingly tame as to fufFcr themfelves to be taken ofF their iieli,;, which confdled only of a few (licks loofely put together. Thefe tropic birds differ edentially from the common fort, being of a beautiful white, llightly tinged with red, and having two long tail-feathers of a dcepifh crimfon. Our people killed aconliderable nmn- ber of each fort, which, though not the molt delicate kind of food, were highly acceptable to ftich as had been a long time coniined to a I'alt diet. There were plenty of red crabs creeping among the trees ; and ieveral fill) caught, which, when the fea retreated, had been left in holes upon the reef. At one part of the reef, which bounds the lake within, almoft even with the furface, there appeared a large bed of coral, which afforded a molt ct j-,:.n'ing prot'ped. Its bafe, which was fixed to the fl; i.e, extended fo f:ir that it could not be i'jcn, fo that it appeared to be fuf- pended in the water. The fea was then unriitfled, and the refulgence of the fun expofed the various forts of Coral, in the mod beuutifid order ; fome parts luxuriant!/ branching into the water j others appearing in v^if variety of figures ; and tlie whole greatly heii;!itene<' oy fpangles of the riehelt colours, glowing from a num- ber of large clams interfperfed in every part. Ever this delightful fcene was g'-<"-iIy improved by the m'll- litude of fillies, wliofe colo:. . :■■■<. -c the moft beautiful that can be imagined ; blue, yeilovi'. f.-o, fee. far ex- celling any thing tliai can be pn^, n cii by art. The richnefs of this view -. ,is greiiiv iiu.rf.'ir: by tl' ir various forms ; and the whole C\,.\\d iiol poJhbly be I'urveyed without a molt pleafing tranfport. No traces could be difcovered of iiihabitants having been here, except a piece of a canoe that was found tipon the beach ; and probably that might have been drifted from fome other illand Some fmall brown rats were found on this ifland ; a circuml'ance, pcrtups, not eafily accotmted for, unlefs the poflibility of their being importj.'d in the canoe, of which the remains were feen, be admitted. An ample fupply was found here for the fubfiftcnce of the callle, confiding principally of tender brai. hes of the wliana-tree, palm-lree, p;ilm-cabbagc, and young cocoa-nut trees. Amongft the great number of fith found upon the reefs, were fome beautiful large Ipottid ce!?, wluih woidd raife tlicmfelvcs out of the wati r, and endeivi ur to bite their puifucrs. There were alfo fi ;ippers, parrot fi'', and a brown fpotted rock-fifh, Itot '.x.vjex thar. a !.:.ddock, fo tame that it wou'.'i remain fixed, and gaze at the people. If they had been really 'n want, a fufficicnt fupply might eafily have been had. There were alfo fome ihell-fTfh ; and when the tide flowed, feveral fharks came with it. fome of which were killed by our people ;' but their prefence rendered it, at that time, imfafe to walk in the water. Muf- quetoes abound Jierc. The iflets, comprehended under the name of Palmer- fton's-Ifland, may be faid to be the fummits of a reef of coral-rock, covered only with a thin coat of fand ; though clothed with trees and plants, like the low grounds of the high iflands of this ocean. In ;heir courlc to Annamooka, our late navigators pafTed the following places. Savage-Island, difcovered by Captain Cook in 177^. It lies i;^ latitude 19 deg. 1 min. fouth, and loiigitude 169 li .% 37 min. wed. On his fird landing the inhabitants difcovered a molt favagc ferocity, and withdood every podibic intimation of good-will. I'tiey gave fuel; ev'dcnt tokens of liodile defigns in darting a fpear, which graced the commander's (houldcr, and other indances, •' -t a party polled on a rock, to fe- curearcnrai i. .. b of an attack, found it iieceffary ro fire i;." the .!.">ivcs to ref'cue him, and thofe who were -.', i:h hir f,.i)m impending dedrnition. From the )',cr-.;ral afp.ct and condufi ot thefe iflanders, Cap- tain Cook vas induced to call this (pot Savage-Idand. It is ill cr; ■,' about feven leagues, of a round form, good heir'i'. an^^ has deep water clofe to its (hores. As na foil J to be fee towards tfie coads, and the >r ,a'oi',. I'lp >!iect .'u; fees with rnoitturc, the inte- rs... ,jarts are fuppofed to be barren. EiMEO, orWALLi'^'s Duke of York's Island, was fird difcovered by -"Captain Wallis in 1767. It was vifited by C^pta-nCook in tjyj. The harbour, which is calico Taloo, is fi'uated on the nortli fide of the ifland. It ri.ns between the hills about two miles fouth, or fouth by caft. For fjfety aud foundnefs of bottom if is j/rono"i.':ed by our navigators equal to any harbour m' t wifh in ttiis oi.ean, to which is added this peculiar convcni'tio, that ;. veife! can fail both in and out with the reighi'ig trade wind. A rivulet falls into it fufficicntly capacious to admit boats a quarter of a m,'<- up, where the water was found periedtly frelh. Thi. banks of the rivulet are covered with what the natives call the Pooroo tree, which is in noeltimation, and folely ufed for firing. From thefe two caufe.i wood and vvater abound here. There is anotl'.>er harboiu called Parowroah, jiiout two miles to the eadvvard on the fame lide of the ifland. Though much laiget within than Taloo, the opening in the reef lies to leeward of it, and is in iin degree fo wide. From thefe two defeils the harbour ot Taloo is evidently fuperior. On the fouth fide of the illand are -one or two mum harbours, VPIIV. New Discoveries.] VARIOUS ISLANDS. 67 ey had been really ily have been had. nd when the tide t. fome of which piefeni e rendered the water. Muf- lenameofPalmer- immits of a reel of hill coat of faiid ; ints, like the low )cean. our late navigators r Captain Cook in 1 min. fouth, and On his firit landing avage ferocity, and )f ^ond-vvill. Tliey dcligns in darting a ier's Ihouldcr, and .[ on a rock, to fe- , lonnd it necelTary ini, and fhofe who dellrnflion. From hefe illanders, Cap- ! Ipot Savage-Iiland. :s, of a round form, clofe to its (bores. the coalls, and the moiilure, the inte- f York's Island, lis in 1767. li was he harbour, which e north fide of the about two miles ty and fouiulnefs of ngators equal to any which is a-ldcd this can fail both in and A rivulet falls into Kiats a quarter of a und perfctlly frelh. red with what the is in noellimation, efc two caufts wood is anotiicr harboiu to the eartvvard on lougli much laiget in the reef lies to b wiilc. From thefe s evidently liipermr. 'c -one or two mure baibouis, harbours, but they are inconfidcrablc compared with thofe abr- a defcribed. The natives of the Duke of York's I Hand are a ftotit, robuft, well-made people, of a light copper colour ; none of them could be called black ; they go entirely Hiked. The hair is woolly , but it is fo managed by fome fort of greafe or ointment, and a vvhitrf^ or red powder with which they drefs it, tha,t it hangs on fome like fo many candle-wicks, or rather like the thrums of a new mop reverfed, or turned uplide down : they are generally as fully powdered as a beau dreifed for an alfembly ; fome have their hair of a yellow, fun-burnt colour ; others quite red, as if powdered wholly with the true marechall ; none are feen with the hair of its natural colour. This yellow or red appearance, we believe, may be occafioned by an univerfal method of powdering, for the powder feems to be made from burnt (hells or coral, and is really a kif d of lime: they generally carry a fmall gourd or box (illcd with it about them ; and when they are hoftilely o.ipofcrl, they frequently lake a quantity of this powder into the hol- low of the hand, from which, with a ftrong blalt from the mouth, they blow it before them ; and at a fniali diilance it has exactly the appearance of firing gunpow- der, and no doubt fo meant as a token of detiance. Their chief, upon hodile occafions, powdered his I'body all over, fo that it was no difficult matter to ciif- ft cover him ; they alfo upun fuch occafions painted their faces red ; fome had marks upon their arms and flioul- ders, cauied by fcantyinj; thofe parts in long (tripes, and letting the fore rife above the furface of the (kin. They frequently w ore a bone or reed thruft tlirough the ..; fcptum ot the note, and, like the natives of Lord ''Howe's Oronp, had alf" holes cut through the wings i;*of the ncift, inio vyhiih were fixed (hort pieces of hol- !/low r'X-d, as ladies wear wires to keep the ears open tprhen n wiy bored ; into thefe hollows or rings the) ccalioi'ially fhii;k h iig pieces ol reed, which arc no ffloubt conddcred by iIkoi as ornamental. The men in '^general vvcre vveli louking people ; but the women arc Iremarkable for being ot a daik hue, low of (lati 'and difagreeable features. Numbers of the natives came on board the Euro: , rvelfels as loon as they had anchored, from mere cur . , 'as appeared by their bringing cut vomnu)dities f' "purpcie ol traffic. Seveiai canoes, hi wever, a 'the nex' '.t.iy irom mote remote qiiartei', w iih an ' d.int fuj^j-'iy of bread-fruit, menu \wt<-, ar.d a fcv ■Jff Which were exchanged lor beads, n;iil>, and I. '# Maheme, the chief of the iflji.d, accomp> ... _^ *>iis wile, vilked the commander en board ; but ihrongh : extreme caution and deliberation, betr.iytd miieh difhult. 'They were prtfented with fuch articles as appured : molUy to engage their attention, v, hich tlu y took with *'thcm on (hore, and returned with a hog in compenfa- ition i but received an additional prefent to its full value. '"This chief was between forty and fifty jcar.s of ai;e, > and bald headed, which in thcfe illands was rathe, 'n- ■e d [)un- liogS, tictS. lied by gnlar at that time of life He feemcd d'-firous of con- cealing this baldnefs, as he wort a turban, from wlieiice it was inferred, that it was held dif'.raccful : a very probable fuppofition, as one of the natives had his head fliaved, as a punifliment for theft. This propcniity to pilfering prevailed here in common with the illanders in general, and the lofs of a goat on the part of the Eu- ropeans had nearly been attended w'.li the molt ferioua confeqnences. The natives were juilty of great dupli- city of conduct, upon this occafion. The chief retired to a remote part of the ifland ; their replies were equivocal on demanding relloration of the animal, info- mnch that it was deemed expedient to fend on (hore aa armed parly which drove the natives before them. However, as alliirance was given them of their fafety, it put a (top to their fiight. Perfifling in their denial of any knowledge of the animal, fix or eight of their houfes were fet on fire, two or three canoes were con- fumed, and :-. melfenger was difpatched to Mahcm with a peremptory declaration, that on his refuling imme- diate re'toration of ;!:e goat, a fingle canoe fliould not be left on tlif^ illanc", nor (hould hoitilities ceafe whilo the ftolen animal c,^ Titinued in his poifeHion. Thefe means had the dellied efFeit ; the goat was returned ; and, it appeared from ^,-^^^1 intelligence, that it was brought from the very y' ce where the inhabitants, but the day before, declared their total ignorance of the matter. in its produce, is nearly the fame with udjoiniiir;. The coiin'ry is hilly, has except fome vailics, and the flat border iju :ds the fea. Thefe hills, though rocky, arc generally covered almolt • their top" with trees. At the bo'c.,.ri of Tr.loo harbour the ground gradually rifes to >l'.c (not of ilie nills, but the flat bor- der on each fiilo b^^. Miie.i r uiiu fteep at a very fmall diftance from the (;/.i. F! is gives it a romantic cart, pleafing to the ' icv . In tiie low grounds the foil is of a yellowifh Itift mould ; on the lower hills it is blacker and luofer, and ih', ;i:onc that compofe^ the hills is of a bluilh ci-lonr, with foj'.ii; ^articles of glimma inter- fperfed. Near where ,'y velfels lay were two large (tones, or father rocks, ci ncerning which the natives entertain fome fupcrltiiiftns notions,' confidering them as brother and filter, anu holding them to be Eatooas^ or Divinities brought thither by fnpernatural agency. The ifland calico O-Heteroa is thirteen miles ia circumference, fitn.ited in latitude 22 deg. 27. min. fouth, and longitude 1.50 deg. 47 min. weft. Though more even and uniform, it Is neither fo populous or fertile as the adjacent ilbnds. The inhabit.-xnts are not holpitable, nor liave fli.y an harbour lor ihearcommo- datiwn of Ihipping. There is a bay on ihu weltcrn fide- of the illand ; the bottom is foul and rocky ; biit the water is fo clear that the bottom can be fe^T. at the depth of 25 fathom, or i^o feet. The natives are of This i.I.Ta', that of thofe little low lai ' that alinolt i ■ 68 A KKW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. I 1$ ;i . Hi II: ^.^ • an hodilc difpofition, ami gwncrally armed with hincc-, iit-ar Cwcnty f'cct long, made of a very hard won 1, nolillifd and fliarpcncd at one end. They differ m\.c'n m tlie form of liieir drefs from the otlicr iflandi rs, tliough the materials arc tiic fame. Some of I'icm vear caps made of the large feather.^ of the tropi. bird, and cover their bodies wiiii llripcs of different colonred cloth, as yellow, red, and brown. Tiicir h.ibit is a kind of fliort jacket of cloth, which reaches to the Jcncc. It is of one piece, and lja\ing a hole in the middle, V ith long ditches round it, is thereby rendered different from the drcfs of all the other idanders. Through this hole the head is put, and the whole being bound round the body by a piece of ye' low cloth or falh, that palfes rourifl the n^c k behind, is crolfcd upon th.c breafl, and colletled round the waift like a belt, which palTes over another belt of red cloth, Co that they are rcprcfented as making a very gay and warlike appearance. They take lingular pains in adorning their canoes, by the embellilhments of carving, and I'ume rows of white feathers hangii'^ down from head to Ikra. .,.■.'_:_ The LsL.WDS of Dang e k, were fo called by Com- modore Byron, from the hazard to which a v^llel is expofcd from the rocks and broken ground between tlien'', which being fo low a tliip may be clofe in with them before they are fecn. They arc three in nmnber, and ihcir littiation is differently laid down by Commo- i.'.-T\. Byron and Captain Cook, the form, olacingthcm in lati.i Je 12 dcg. 33 min. foiith, longitude 167 deg. 47 min. weft. The let^gth of the moll extcnilvc of thefe iflands isabcui three leagues. Froin the extreme points runs ou' a reef npi>n which the It'u breaks to a tremendous height. 'nmimerable rocks and (ihoals llretch near two lear..ts into the fea, on the north-well and weft lidcs, and irc extremely dangerous. Thefe illands are j' miIdus, .',:v1 appe.ir fertile and beautiful ; but they are itckKlcd from invcftigalion by llw'ii very dangerous filuation. Boron's Di:ke of York's Island, was thus jiaiiied by Commodore I'lyrot- who difcovcred it ir i^Gj. It lies in , latitude S dig. 41 min. fonth, and longitude 173 dcg^. 3 min. well. It i> a dreary fpo:. un- inhabitedi a dreadtu! ft- rv break.'; upon almolteviiv part of the coail, nor could foundings be any-where toiuul. The boats laniled with great ditliculty, and prociiretl fome cocoa-nuts, which greatly refre'hed the crew, amidd a dcanh of wholefome food. The illar.d ap- peared as if it never had been trodden b)' a human being before I.nnumerable feafowls were feen fitting upon their nefts, built upon high trees ; but fo tame that they fuffrred themfelvcs to be knocked down without leav- ing their nclls. No other aninial was l'ea\ but lajid- crabs, with which the ground was covered. Ti;rtle-Island, fo denominated by Captain Cook, who firft vilited it, from ihc number of turtles with which it abounded, lies in latitude 19 deg. 48 min. fouth, and longitude 178 deg. 2 mia. weft. When Queen Charlotte's Lslanos were {iif( difcovered by Captain Carteret, feven of them were counted ; but there was reafon to fuppofe there were more difperfed within the duller. '1 he water here ii excellent ; but there is a dearth of wholefotiie vegeta- bles. The colour of the natives is black, their hair ii woolly, and they go ftark naked. A party fent on Ihorc upon this idand by Captain Wallis to procure provifions, by their inlolcnt behaviour, brought upon thcmfclvcs the refentmentof the natives, and thereiipon fued a fkirmilh, in which the mafler of tlve fliip, and ■e feamen were wounded by arrows, and afterwardi dicii, while the Dolphin lay here. To protedl the Englifli on Ihore from the fury of the natives, grape fhot was fired from the fttip's guns, which fo intimi- dated them, that they abandoned that part of the ifland, and left the people to fill water without annoyance. The commander was not accelFary to the carnage, as the infult given to the natives was contrary to his exprels orders, and he was under an indifpenfabic neceflity .it procuring water by any means. The inhabitants arc very nimble and vigorous, and of an amphibious com- pound, as they were in and out of their canoes every minute. Thefe illands lie in latitude 1 1 deg. longitude 164 deg. call. Byron's-Island, was (o called from Commodore Byron, who difcovered it in 1765 ; it lies in 1 deg. 18 min. fonth latitude, and 170 deg. 50 min. eaft longi- tude. There being no part favourable for anchorage, the people could not go on fhore, nor procure any rcfreihments. Ir was fuppofed to be about four leagues in extent, and was evidently very populous, for as foun as the veifels came in fight, the natives alfembled on the beach, to the number of above a thoiifand, and more than fixty canoes put off from the fhore, made towards it, and rangeu themfelves in a circle round it. Having gazed for fome time, one of the people juir.pt I out, fwam to the fliip, and ran up the fide like a cat. Having Uepped over the gunwale he fat down upon u, burll into a fit of excellive laughter, and ftarting up fuddenly, ran up and down the fhip, feeiringly dellroiii cf flealing whatevei he could lay his hands on, bi;: coidd not effed his dcfign, as being ftark naked it wai impollible to conceal his booty. Much merriincn' was produced on the failors drelTinghim in a jacketami trowfcrs. as he then difplayed all the droll gclHciila- tions of an ape. He was ready enough to eat, with '. moft voracious appetite, fome bread which was give;; hiin ; and having played a number of antic trick.-, leaped over in hib new garb, and fwam to his c^tnoe. *^ Tiie \PIIY. New Discoveries.] M A N G E E A. 69 1 by Captain Cook, er of turtles wiili 19 dcg. 48 mill. 1. weft. s LANDS were fnfl I'cn of them vverc fuppofe there were '1 he water here i* wliolefome vcgcta- black, their hair u A party fent on Wallis to procure iour, brouglu upon ivcs, and thereupon [ler of tlw: fliip, and ws, and afterwards . To proteft the [" the natives, grape ;, which fo intimi- at part of theifland, ivitnout annoyance, y to the carnage, as intrary tohisexprcfs penfablc necellity •>'' The inhabitants an; in amphibious coir- »f their canoes every ,dc 1 1 deg. longitude id from Commodore ; it lies in 1 dcg. 18 . 50 min. cart lungi- rable for anchorage, c, nor procure any be about four leagues jopulous, for as fouii latives alTembled on )ve a thoi:fand, and om the (hore, made in a circle round it. tjf the people jumped p the fide like a cat, he fat down upon it, Iter, and (brtiiig up p, feemingly dciiu'i:; [lis hands on, ti- ng ftark naked it was Much merriment ighim in a jacket aiul 1 tlic droll gtliicu!..- ni)ugh to eat, with : :ad which was givi iber of antic tri< 1^ 1 fvvam to his c^inoc- The natives of this idand 4te ^ fpod ftanwrc, pro- portion, and features. Their complexion is of a bright topper, and the mixture of cheerfulncfs and intrepi- dity, dlfcoverable in their countenances, ftrikes the be- holder. They have long black hair; fome had long beards, others only whilkers, and others nothing more than a finall tuft at the point of the chin. They were •ill ftark naked except fome ornaments, which confided of niclls fancifully 'difpofed and ftrung together, which they wore round their necks^ wrifts, and waifts. Their ears were perforated, but they had no ornaments in them, though it feemed as if they had worn very heavy ones, for their cars hung down almofl to their ilioulders, and fome were fplit quite through. A perfon amongft them of apparent importance, had a firing of human teeth tied about Ids waift, which was fuppofed to be a badge of his valour, as he would not part with it upon any conilderation. Some were armed with a kind of fpear very broac at the end, and {luck full of fhark'S teeth, which were as fliarp as a lancet. They were of a favage difpofitionj for when our people meued them fome cocoa-nuts, and incii^;ated, by figns, that they wanted more, iiiitead of fupplyiiig them, they difcovered a deflre of depriving them of thole few they had remain- ing; fo that we could expe^'S no triendihip to be efta- blilhed with them. C H A P. VIII. ;v v, . Of the ISLANDS o r M .A \; G E E A, WATEEOO, AND OTAKOOTAIA. The Soil, Manners, DIfpofttton, Drrfs, and Cujhms of the Natives. MANGEEA, or Mangya, is fituatcd in 21 deg. 59 min. fouth latitude, and 201 deg. ^3 min. eaft longitude, and was difcovered by C;ipt;iin Cook in March 1777. As an attempt to land from boats appeared imprafticable, on account of the furf, and no bottom could be found for anchorage, till they came v>'ithin a cable's length of the breakers, our lute navigators were obliged to leave this illand unvi- iited. However, thofe parts of the coalt that fell under obfcrvation are guarded by a reef of coral rock, againil which a heavy furf is continu.illy breaking. This ifland is about five leagues in circumference ; and though ^A a moderate and pretty equal height, may he feen in clear weather at the di(l:ance of ten leagues. In the interior parts it rifes into fmail hills, whence there is an eafy dcfcent to the ikore, which, in the fouth-- weft part, is Iteep, though not very high, and has feveral excavations made by the dafhing of the waves againll a brownifh faiid ftone, of which it confifts. The defcent here .ibounds with trees of a deep green, which feem to be all of one fort, except nearelt the fhore, where was obfcrved a number of that fpecies, found in the woods of New Zealand. The jihore on the north-vvcil: part terminates in a fandy beach, beyond which the I land is broken into fmall chalms, and has a broad bol- der of trees, which refemble tall willows. Further i.p. on the afcent, the trees were of the deep green belorj mentioned. Some trees of the higher forts were thinly fcattercd on the hills, the other parts of W;hicli were ei- ther covered with fomething like fern, or were bare, and of a reddilh colour. This illand, upon the whole, has a pleafing appear- ance, and might, by proper cidclvation, be uuivlc a beautiful fpot. From the numbers and alpect of the natives, it is highly probable, that fu^h articles of pro- vifion as the ifland produces, are found in great abund- ance. Our countrymen were informed, that they had no hogs or dogs, though they had heard of both thofe animals; but that thev had plantains, taro, and bre.id- fruit. The only birds obfcived were fome terns, nod- dies, white egg-birds, and one white heron. As our people approached the (hore, they faw many of the natives running along the beach, and, by the af- fiftance of glaffes, could perceive that they were arm- ed with long fpears and clubs, which they brandilhed in the air with figns of threatening, but, as fome fup- pofed, with invitations to land. Moft of them were naked, except having a kind of girdle, wliich was brought up between the thighs ; but fome of them wore about their Ihoulders pieces of cloth of various colours, white, ilriped, or chequered; and almoft all of them had about their heads a white wrapper, in fome degree refembling a turban. They were of a tawny complexion, robult, and about the middle fizc. A man getting into a fmall canoe, at a diftant par^ of the beach, put off, as with a view of reachuigthe fliip \ but his courage failing, he quickly returned to- waids the (hore. Another man foon after joined him in the canoe ; and then both of them pad- dled towards it. They feemeJ, however, afraid to ap- proach, till their apprchenfions were partly removed by Omai, who addrelled them in a language they undcr- ItooJ. Thus encouraged, they came near enough to receive nails and beads, which, being tied to fome wood, were thrown into the canoe. They, however, put the wood afide without untying the things from it, which might perhaps have proceeded from fuperftition ; for Omai told our people, that when they obferved them oflering prefents, they requeftcd fomething for their Eatooa. {)n being afkcd by Omai, whether they ever eat human llefh, they replied in the negative, \vith equal abhorrence and indignation. One of them, named Alourooa, being queftioned with regard to a fear on bis forehead, faid, it was the confequence of a wound he had received in fighting with the natives of an illand lying towards the north-eall, the people of which fometinies invaded them. They afterwards laid hands on a rope, but would not venture on board, telling O.-nai, th.it their countrymen on fliore had fuggcfted to tliem this caution;., and had likewife diiected them to inquire when our (hip came, and to learn the name of the captain. Their chief, they faid, was called Orpoaeeka, tiie luimc of tha & - • idl.\nJ. 70 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPKY. ^ ■• I Hi M ilLind Miinoyri or Afati^iwi^ to whicli they fomctlmcs We pciccivcd one of the natives to be rather corpu- lent i and, tlioiigli not tall, well proportioned. As his pcil'cin was aj^ri-cable, (b was his difpofilion; this ap- peared from (ome droll gcfticulations, which indicated humour and good-nature. He alfo made others of a fe- rious kind, and repeated fome words with an air of de- \ otion, before he would venture to t;ike hold of the rope at the (lern of the (hip. His complexion was nearly of the fame caft with that of the natives of the moft fouthern parts of Europe. His companion was not fo handfome. They both had ftrong, ftraight, black hair, tied together on the top of their heads with a piece of white cloth. They had long beards ; and the infide of their arms, from the elbow to the flioulder, and fome other parts, were tatooed or puntftured. The lobes of their ears were flit to fuch a length, that one of them ftuck a knife and fonic beads that we'-e given him in them. The fame perfon had hung about his neck, by way of ornament, two poiiihed pearl fhclls, and a bunch of human hair, loofely twifted together. They wore a kind of girdle, oi a fubftance manufactured from the morus papyrtfira-, and glazed like thofc ufcd in the Friendly Iflands. They had on their feet a fort of fandals, made of a grafl'y fubftance interwoven, which were obferved to be all worn by thofe fgen on the beach. The canoe in which they came, was the only one of the natives ken \ it was very narrow, and not aoove ten feet long, but ftrong and neatly made. The lower part was of white wood, but the upper part black \ and their paddles were made of wood of the fame colour ; thefe were broad at one end, and blunted, and about three feet long. The fore part had a flat board faftened over it, which projedcd out, to prevbnt the water from get- ting in. It had an upright ftern, five feet high, which terminated at top in a kind of fork. They paddled iji- differei'.tly either end of the canoe forward. While the Englifti officers were employed in re- connoitrii g the coaft in two boats, the natives thronged down upon the reef all armed. Mourooa, who wis in the boat .i'ith Captain Cook, thinking, perhaps, that this warlike appearance deterred them from landing, commanded his own people to retire. As many of them complied, it was imagined that he was a perfon of fome confequence. Several of them, inftigated by ciiriofity, fwam from the fliore to the boats, and came ,011 hoard them without refervc. It was difficult to iceep them out, and prevent their pilfering whatever they could lay hands upon. At length, when they obferv- ed our people returning to the ftiips, thcv all departed except iVIourooa, who, though not withou'; manifeft indication of fear, accompanied the comuiodore on board the Refolution. The cattle and other new ob- jects that he faw there, did not ftrike him with much fuipiile; his mind, perhaps, being too much occupied about his own fifety, to allow him to attend to other things. He fccmed rery uncafy, gave but little new intelligence; and therefore, after he had continued a fliort time on board. Captain Cook ordered a boat tu carry him towards the land. In his way out of the ca- bin, happening to ftumble over one of the goats, he (hipped, looked at the animal, and afked Omai what bird it was ; but not receiving an immediate anfwcr from him, he put the fame qucftion to fome of the people who were upon deck. The boat having con- ".eyed him near the furf, he leaped into the water, and fwam aftiore. His countrymen, eager to learn what ht had feen, flocked round him as foon as he had landed ; in which fituation they remained till our people lolt fight of them. Thefe iflanders fpeak a language refembling that fpoken at Otaheite, but their pronunciation is more guttural, and they have fome words peculiar to them- lelves. It was remarked, that they feemed to refembic the natives of Otaheite in their perfons more than any other nation feen in thefe feas, having a fmooth fkiii, and not being mufcular. Their general difpofition and method of living, as far as there were opportunities of judging, were fuppofed to be fimilar. One houfe was obferved neaf the beach. It was pleafantly fituated in a grove of trees, and appeared to be about thirty feet long, and feven or eight feet high, with an open end. Their mode of falutation is that of joining nofes, with the additional ceremony of taking the hand of the perfon whom they falute, and rubbing it with a degree of warmth upon their iiofe and mouth. Watef.00 was difcovered alfo by Captain Cook in 1777, is fituated in latitude 20 deg. 1 min. fouth, and longitude 201 deg. 45 min. eaft. It is a beautiful fpot, about fix leagues in circuit, with a iurface covered with verdure, and composed of hills and plains. The foil in fome parts is light and fundy, but on the rifing ground of a reddifti caft. Soon after the arrival of the European vefllls, fcveral of the natives put oft' fiom the ftiore in fcveral canoes, and came alongfide of them. Their canoes are Ion;,' and narrow, and fupported with out-riggers ; the head K flat above, but prow-like below, and the ftern about four feet high. They feemed to have no idea of bartr or traffic; as after having received fome prefents ci knives, beads, and other trifles, they gave our peopk' fome cocoa-nuts, in confequence of having afked for them, but not by way of exchange. One of them with a little pcrfuafion came on board, and others foon fol- lowed his example. They appeared to V e perfeflly fro; from all apprehenfion ot danger. W len introdurcJ into the cabin, and conducted to other parts of the ftiip, though fome objects feemed to furprife them, nothing could fix their attention. They were afraid to venture near the cows and horfes, of whofe nature they coulJ form no conception. As for the flieep and goats, they gave the fc;!inen to underftan'l, th;\l they knew them to be birds, a molt aftonilhing proof of their ignorance. , i APHY. NiAv Discovr.Ries.j W A T F, E O O. ^^' tl r» e had continued a : ordered a bo:at tu way out of the ca- le of the goats, he I afkwl Omai what immediate aiifwcr on to feme of the : boat having con- into the water, and ger to learn what he n as he had landed ; our people bit fight gc refcmbling that anunciation is more s peculiar to them- / feemed to refemble rfons more than any iving a fmooth (kin, sneral difpufition and /ere opportunities of lar. One houfe was pleafantly fituated in to be about thirty gh, with an open end. t joining nofes, with he hand of the perfoii it with a degree of by Captain Cook in ;g. 1 min. fouth, and It is a beautiful fpot, 1 furface covered wiih 1 plains. The foil in on the rifing ground ropean veflcls, feveral lore in feveral canoes, 'heir canoes are Ion;,' out-riggers ; the hcaJ and the ftern about lave no idea of barti' ved fome prefents ii they gave our pcopli of having afkcd for e. One ot them with I, and others foon fill- ed to V c perfeiHly frc . W icn introducci ither parts of the (hip, furprife them, nothing were afraid to venture ofe nature they cmilJ flieup and goats, they lat they kiKW them to )of of their igiioraiin. and total want cf conception. Though the commodore hertowcd on his new friends what he (uppofcd would be mod acceptable, yet they feemed aathtr dif.ippointed. Sucn of the natives as were feen in thcfc canoes, were in general of the middle ftature, ajid not unlike thofe of iVIangeca. Their hair cither flowed loofe over their ihoulders, or was tied on the crown of the head; and though in fome it was frized, yet that, as well as the flraight fort, was long. Some of the young men were handlbme. Like the inhabitants of M.mgeea, they wore girdles of glazed cloth, or line matting, the ends of which were brought between their thighs. Their ears were bored, and they wore about their necks, bv way of ornament, a fort of broad grafs, fhined witn red, and ftrung with berries of the night-fliade. They were punctured or tatooed from the middle downwards, particularly upon their legs, which made them appear as if they wore boots. Their beards were long, and they had a kind of fandals on ihcir feet. They were frank and cheerful in their deportment, and very friendly and good- natured. Some cocoa-nuts and plantains, and a hog -were brought in fome canoes, foi which the natives demanded a dog in return, ref'tfing every other thing offered by way of exchange. Though one of the failors had a dog and a bitch, which were great nuifances in the fliip, and which might have fervcd to propagate a race of fo ufe- ful an animal in this ifland, yet he could not be pre- vailed upon to part with them. However, to gratify them, Omai gave them a favourite dog he had brought from Great-Britain; with which acquifition they were highly fatigfied. Now-and-thcn fome of them brought a few cocoa-nuts to the fhips, and exchanged them for whatever was offered. The following account of tranfaftions, which is very circumftantial, and includes fome obfervations on the ifland and its inhabitants, is prefented as a gene- ral difplay. " Some of our people rowed towards a fandy beach, n'here a great number of the natives had aflcmbled, and came to anchor at the diilancc of an hundred yards from the reef. Several of the iflanders fwam off", bringing cocoa-nuts with them; and Omai gave them to uiiderffand, that our people were defnous of land- ing. Soon after two canoes came off; and to infpire the natives with greater confidence, they rcfolved to go unarmed. The conductors of the canoes, watching with j-ncat attention the motion of the furf, landed them fafely on the reef. A native took hold of each of them, with a view of lupporting them in walking over the rugged rocks to the beach, where feveral others, hold- ing in their hands the green boughs of afpecies of 'iiy/i, met them, and laluted them by nofes. They were cond-ided from the vM\ multitude, who flocked round them with the moll eager curiofity ; and being led up an avenue of cocoa- palms, foon came to a lumiber of inen, arranged in two JOkSS, and lunied witli clubs. mi- the juiAlion of beach aniidft a " Pr(Keeding t)nward among thefe, they found a per- fon who appeared to be a chief, fitting crofs-legged on the ground, and tooling himfrlf with a kind of tria:igiil.ir fan, made from the leaf of tiie cocoa-palin, with a po- liflicd handle of black wood. Ho wore in his cars large bunches of beautiful fcatlicrs of a red colour ; but had no other mark to diUinguifli him from the red of the people. Our countrymen having falutcd him as he fat, marched on among the men aimed with clubs, and came to a fecond chief, adorned like the former, and oc- cupied like him in fanning himfelf. He was remarkable for his fize and corpulence, though he did not appear to be abov« thirty years of age. 1 ney were condudled in the fame manner to a third chief, who feemed older thaji (he two former; he was alfo fitting, and was or- namented with red feathers. After they had fa- luted him as they had done the others, he defired them to fit down; which they willingly confented to, being greatly fiitigued with walking, and with the ex- treme heat they felt amidff the iurrounding multitude. The people bemg ordered to feparate, they faw, at a fmall diffance, about tweniy young women, adorned like the chiefs, with red feathers, engaged in a dance, which they performed to a flow and f«emn air, fung by them all. They rofe up, and walked forward to fee thefe dancers, who, without paying them the fmallelt attention, ffill continued their dance. I'hey feemed to be diredled by a man, who mentioned the feveral mo- tions they were to make. They never changed the fpot, as Europeans do in dancing, though their feet were not entirely at reft: this exercife confifled chiefly in moving their fingers very nimbly, holding tlieir hands at the fame time near the face, and occafionally dap- ping them together. Their dancing and finging were performed in the exadleft concert. They were m ge- neral very flout, and of an olive complexion, with black hair flowing with ringlets down their necks. Their ftiape and limbs were elegantly formed; their drefs confiited only of a piece of glazed cloth, tied round the waift, which fcarcely reached fo low as the knees. Their features were rather too full to conftitute a per- fe£t beauty. Their eyes were of a deep black, and their countenances exprefled n great degree of modeffy and complacency. " While the dance continued, a noife was heard by our countrymen, as if fome horfes had been gallopirig towards them ; and, on turning their eyes aiide, thev faw the people armed with clubs, who had been defirecJ to entertain them, as they fuppofed, with an exhibition of their mode of fighting ; which they now did, ore party purfuing another which ran away. " One of our people found that the natives pilfered feveral trifling things which were irt his pocket ; and on his complaining of this treatment to the chief, he juftified their behaviour. From thefe circumlfances it was apprehended, that they defigi\ed to detain the party among them. In this fituation he aflced for fomc- thing to eat ; upon which tjiey brought him fome" ;^ cocoa ■ 72 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRAniY. I i; n 1; I i, ifFl' cocoa-nuts, bread fruit, ami a fort of four puJiling 5 and wlicti he coiiiplained of tlic heat, uccafioncd by the multitude of people, the ehicf himll'lf condefccndtd to fan him. To try whether their fufjiicions were well fouiiilcd or not, thny aitcmpttd to get to 'the beach ; hut were foon ilopped by foine of the n;iMves, who faid they inull return to the place whieh they had left. Oi\ their coining up, thty found Oniai under the fame ap- prelienfions ; but he I id, as he imagined, an additional motive of terror; for, having obfervcd that they had dug a hole in the ground for an oven, which they were now healing, he could aflign no other rcaloii for it, than that they intended to roall and devour our party : he even went fo liir as to a(k them whether that was their intention, at which they were much lurpriled, ailiing, in return, whether that cuftom prevailed among us. Our party were continually in a crowd, who fre- <]iiently defired them to uncover parts of thii fkin, the fight of which itruck the iflanders willi adinii jtion. They Pt the fame time rifled their pockets i and one of tlicm iiiatvheJ from mi officer a bayonet which hung by his fide. This being reprefented to one of the chiefs, he pretend jd to fend a perfoii in fcarch of it, l)Ut probably countenanced the theft; for Omai, foon after, had a djigger ftolea from his fide in the fame manner. " Th.>y now brought fome green boughs as emblems of friendlhip, and, Iticking the ends of them in the ground, defiled that our party would hold them as they iat, giving them to underlland, that they mu!L Hay and eat with them. The fight of a pig lying near the oven which they had p'cpared and heated, removed Omai's apprehenfions of being put into it himfelf, and made him think that it might be intended for the repalt of him and his friends. The chief alfo feiit fome of his people to provide food for the cattle, and thev returned with a few plantain trees, which they conveyeJ to the boats. In the mean time our pJ'ty made a fecond attjiiipt to get to the beach ; but, 01. their arrival, they found themlelvcs watched by people who feemed to have been Uationed there for that purpofe ; for, when one of them endeavi Hired to wade it upon the reef, a native dragged him b.ick bv his clothes. They alfo infilted upon hi', throwing down fome pieces of coral that he had ])icked up, and, on his lefuLd to comply, look them truni him by force. Nor would they li.fi'er him to retain foiae fmall ; lants which he had g.iiiicred. I'hey likewilc took i. Ian from an officer, Vvhich, on his coming afhoie, h" had received as a prefent. " Finding rhat obedience to iluir will was the only method of procuring btctcr treatment, our people re- turned to the place the- had quitted ; and the natives now proinilcd, that, after they ii.id paaaicen of a repalt which I id been prepared fo. thcni, they .huuld be funiifliei with a canoe to carry them olFto ihei.- boats. Accordingly, the iecond chief to whom they had been prefented, having ft.ited himfelf on a low I'ool, and directed tlic multitude to form a large ring, made them fit down by him. A number of cocoa-nuts were ik v brought, with a quantity of baked plantains, and a piece of the pig that had ujen drtil^jd was placed befoie each of them. 'I'heir fatii^ui-, however, had taktii away their appit.tesi but they ate a little to plialu thtir eiit'.rt.iiners. It being now near fun-f':t, tlj iflanders fent down to the beach the remainder of tlio provili MS that hail been drelfed, to be carried to tli,' lliips. Our piople found a caiux; prepartd to put them off to their boaty, which the natives diii with grc.it caution ; but us they weie pufliirig tke canoe into tin' furf, one of them fnatched a bag out of her, whiih contained a pocket piitol, 'rmt the owner calling ou[ to the thief witli marks ol the higheft difpleafure, Iw I'wam back to the canoe v\ ith the bag. The iflandeis then put them on board the boats, with the cocoa-nuts, plantain"-', and oilier provifions ; .mJ tliey immcdiaidy rowed back to the fhips. " The rellrained fituation of the party gave thom very little oppoitunity of ob(,.rviiig the country: tot they were feldoin an hundred vards from the phici; where they had been introduced to tlic chiefs, ami confequentl/ were confined to the furrounding objci^t;. The firll tl :ig that attracted their notice was the number of people, which muft have been at leaft two thoufand. Except a tew, thofe who had come on bo.iid the fhips were all of an inferior clafs ; for a great number of thod feeii on fhore had a I'uperior dignity of denu.inor, and their ccniplexion was much whiter. In general, they had their hair, which wa^ long and black, tied on the crown of the head. Many of tiie young men were perfect models in fhapc, and uf a delicate complexion. The Id men were, many of them, corpulent ; and they, -.-, wA\ as the young, hwi a remarkable linoothnels of Ikin. Thtir general drtl's confilTed of a piece of cloth wrapped about the waill, but fome had pieces of mats mofl curioufly variegated with black and white, formed into a kind of jacket witliout llee\esi while others wore conical caps ni.nic of the core of a cocoa nut, interwoven with bead-. In th^ir ears, which were pierced, they hung pieces of the membranous part of lom.- plant, or ftuck there I'bme odoriferous flower. The chiefs, and other pciluiis of rank, had two little balls, with a common hvc, mu'le of bone, which tiiey hung round their necks uiih fmail cord. Red feathers are here confidtud as a par- ticular mark of dil.inviion ; for none but the ciiiel'>, and the young women who diuiced, afl'umcd them. Sjome of the men were pune^lured all ovc; the fides anJ back, aiiil tome of the women had the fame ornainei.; (if it delerves that name) on their legs. " 'i'he elderly women had their hair cropped ihort, and many of them were cut all over the fore part of the body in oblique lines. The vvife of a chief ap- peared with her child laid in a piece ot red clo:h, v.rA had been prefented to her hufband ; fhe fuckled the infant much after the manner lA our women. Another chief iiUroduced liib daughter, who was young, beautnul, j and RAPMY. .oco.i-nuts were ui v cal pluntains, and a a; J Was placed bekiji- hi)wcvcr, had t.ikm to a littlt to pica'!' near run-l'tt, il .- he rcmaindpr of thi; to be carried to tlu' prcpaii il to put tlicm ;ivcs diii with great tig tke i.aiu)L' into till" out of her, w'liiih owner culliiig out iglieft difplcafurc, he bag. The ifl.uideis with the cocoa-iiiits, inj tliey imincdiattly the party gave thcin ing the country : for ards from the placL- to tlic chiefs, and 2 furroundiiig objcdti. their notice was th" lave been at leaH: twu ho had come on board r clafs ; for a great id a fuperior dignity on was much wliitcr. whicli waj long and c head. Many ut tlw s in fhapc, and of a men were, many of fcvcll as the young, had Their general drtis apped about the waift, ft curioufly variegated nto a kind of jacket ore conical caps ni.i.li.' tcrwovcn with bead-. d, they hung pieces plant, or ftuclc there liefs, and other pet lulls nth a common b;i't, )i.iid their ncclcs wiih re confidcrcd as a pa'- none but the chitt?, iiuiced, afl'umcd them. i all ovi ; the fides aiid i liad the fame orniiment leir hair cropped ihort, I over the fore part uf le wife of a chief r.))- :ce ot red clo'.h, whi'i land ; flie fuckled the | Dur women. Anotlvjr 3 was young, beauiuiil, New Discoveries.] '' W A T E E O O. 7,^ and modcft. No perfonal defomitics were obfcrvcd in cither fex, except in a few individuals, who had fears of bro.id ulcers remaining on the face, and other parti. Their weapons were fpears and clubs, the latter of which were generally about fix feet long, made of a hard black wood neatly polilhed. The fpears jverc formed of the fame wood fimply pointed, and were in general twelve feet long ; but ibme were fo ftiort as to Item intended for darts. " Our party continued all the day under the (hade of various trees, where they preferved their canoes from the fun. They faw eight or ten of them, all double ones} that is, two fmgle ones fallened together by rafters lafhed acrofs. " Moft of the trees obferved were cocoa-palms, fome fpecies of blbifcus^ a fort of "uphorbla^ and many of the fame kind as had been feen at Mangeca. The latter arc tall and (lender, refembling n cyprefs, and are called by the natives etoa. Here was feen a fpecies of convehulus, and fome treacle-muftard. The foil, towards the fea, is nothing more than a bank of coral, generally ftecp aod rugged, which, though it has been for many centuries expofed to the weather, h^s fuffered no turther change than becoming black on its furface. " The party which landed upon this occafion were gr-itified in no particular except that of curiofity in peculation ; for they did not procure any article that could be ranked among the grand objedts in view. Omai was queftioncd by the natives concerning us, our country, our (hips, and arms : in anfwer to which he told them, among many other particulars, that our country had (hips as large as their ifland, on board of which were implements of war (defcribing our guns) of fuch dimenfions as to contain feveral people within them ; one of which could demoli(h the ifland at one (hot. As for the guns in our two (hips, he acknow- ledged they were but fmall in comparifon with the former ; yet even thefe he faid could with great eafe, at a confiderablc diftance, deftroy the ifland and all its inhabitants. On their inquiring by what means this could be done, Omai produced fome cartridges from his pocket, and having fubmitted to infpedtion the balls, and the guiipowder hy which they were to be fet in motion, he diipofed the latter upon the ground, and, by means of a piece of lighted wood, fet it on iire. The fudden blaft, the mingled flame and fmoke, that in- itaiitaneoully fucceedea, filled the natives with fuch aftonilhmcnt, that they no longer doubted the formi- dable power of our v/eapons. Had it not been for the terrible ideas they entertained of the guns of our (hips, from this fpccimen of their mode of operation, it was imagined they would ha\ e detained the party on (hore the whole night ; for Onrai aflured them, that, if he and his rriends did not return on board the fame dav, they might expea that the Commodore would fire upon the illand. " But the Europeans were not the only ftrangcrs upon this ifland, as was difcovertd by Omai's aciom. [»anying our coimtrymen on (hore. He had ((.arcily anued on the beach, when he found among the crowd three of his own countrymen, natives of the Society Iflcs. The mutual furprife and pleafure in which they engaged in converfation may be eafily imagined, 'i'heir ftory is a very afFedUng one. About twetity perfons, male and female, had embarked in a canoe at Ofaheire, with an intention of crofTtng over to Uliitea ; bi't were prevented by contrary winds from reaching the l.itter, or returning to the former ifland. Th' ir flock of pro- vifion being foon cxhaufbed, they fuflVred inconriivable hardfliips. They pafTed many days without fuftcnance, in confequencc of which their number gradually di- mini(hed, worn out by famine and fatigue. Ojily four men fiirvivcii, when their canoe was ovcrfet. Tho deftrudion of this (inall remnant now feemed inevi- table ; however, they continued hanging by the fide of the velFel, during fome of the laft days, till they providentially canic in fight of the inhabitants of this iiland, who fcnt out canoes aiul broug it them on (hore. One of thcfc four died. 'I'he odier three were fo well fatisfied with the generous treatment they met with here, that they refuted the offer made them by our party, at the requefl of Omai, of taking them on board our (hips, and reftoring them to their native iflands. They had arrived upon this coaft at Icaft twelve years before. Their names were Tavee, Otirreroi, Orououte : the former was born at Huaheinc, the fc- aond at Ulietea, and the latter at Otaheitc. This circumftance will ferve to explain, in a more fatisfac- tory manner, than the conjedtuies of iome fpeculative reafbners, how the detached paits of the world, and, in particukr, the iflands of the Picific Ocean, may have been firft peopled; thofe efpeci ally that lie at a con ft - derable diftance from each other, or from any inhabit.cd continent. " Several of' the houfes of the natives were obCcrve''i to be long and fpacious. The proil ice of this itlar.j is nearly the fame with that of Mangeea. " According to Omai's report of what hele?vnod frdm his three countrymen in the courfe of cor.vcrfation, the manners of the people of Wateeoo, th''.',r general habits of life, and their method of treatir.g (tran(»ers, greatly refemble thofe at Otaheite, and hs neighbouring iflands. There is alio a great fimilar'',y between their religious opinions and ceiemonies. From every circuinirance, indeed, it may be coniidered as indubitable, that the inhabitants of W?.;eeoo derive their defcent from the fame ftock, which has fo remarkably diffufed itielf over the immerife extent of the Southern Ocean. Omai afTurcd our people, that they dignified their ifland with the pompous appellation of ^/^i?>/«ffcV no te Eutooa^ im- plying a ItuulofGc'h; efteeming themfclves a kind of divinities, pplTefled with the fpirit of the Entoia. Th' it language was equally well underftood by Omai, aj^.d by the two Nev/ Zealanders who were on bor.rd. From divers particulars already mentioned, it appear? '^' ' thjr IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 2.8 ii I.I 1.25 iiiiii li£ M 1.8 U lllll 1.6 P / m >. •■;. * Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 V^ #? ^ A .« 74 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. «ii:^ h%:\ ■1 t':-. that Wateeoo can be of little fervice to a .y (hip that wants refrelhment, unlcis in a cafe of the aioft abfdute neceffity. The natives bein^ ignoraiiC of the value of fome of our (xxTunodities, might be induced to bring ofF fruits and hogt to (hip ftaniiing off and on^ or to boats lying off the reef> as the boats of our latell circumnavigators did. It is doubtful) however, if any freih water could be procured i for though fome was Drought in cocoa-> nut Ihells to the party who wsnt on Qxote^ they wn'e told, that it was at a confiderablc diftance i and proba- bly it is not to be mit with but in fome ftagnate pools, as no running ftream was any where fecn. Otakootaia lies in latitude 19 deg. 1 j min. fouth. 1: 1 and longitude loi deg. 37 min. eaft. li was ditcovered by Captain Cook in 1777. It is about three or four leagues diftant from Wateeoo, and fuppofed not to ex- ceed three miles in circuit. The natives labour «nder a dearth of water. The only common trees found Here were the cocoa palms, of which ihere were fevcral .luftefs, and great I quantities of the wh/trra or pandamis. There were alfo the calli- plyllum, furiana., with a few other fhrubs, alfo a fort of tiftd-weedy treack-mujiardy a fpecies of fpurge., and the nutinda ciiri-folia. The only bird feen am<.ng the trees was : beautiful cuckoo, of a chefnut brown, variegated with black ; but upon the (hore was a fmall fort of curleu, blue and white herons, fome egg-birds, and a great number of noddies. A lizard was caught running up a tree, and though fmall, had a forbidding afpedt. Many of another kind were likewifz feen. Infinite numbers of a kind of moth elegantly fpeckled with black, white, and red, fwarmed on the biUhes towards the fea. Other forts of moths and pretty butterflies were feen. Though our countrymen faw no fixed inhabitants Upon this ifland, they difcovered a few empty huts, which proved that it had been at leail occafionally vi- fited. Monuments, conGlUi:g of feverai large ftones, were alfo erefled under the fhade of fome trees : there were alfo fome fmaller ones, with which feveral places were encloied, where it was thence inferred their dead had been buried. As many cockle ihells were found very large, and of a par^cular kind, it was fuppofed that the ifland muil have been vifited Wy peo|ile who fome- times fed on ihell-fiih. C H A P. IX. NEW DISCOVERIES By Englifh Navigators, and hot yet fettled '% the Europeans. INTRODUCTION. THOUGH we are greatly indebted to the moiifiri';, for the amazing pr«g;ofs they have made in Geography^ yet wc arc (till far from knowing all the parts of our terraqueous glob«, or of being made acquainted with the prodigious variety of the numaa fixdes inhabiting the different countnes of the earth. Terra del Fuego was believed to be the extremity of Soiith America, till Magellan, in ^519, difcovered the (Iraights which bear his name. It was then confidcred aa an ifland; but fucceeding navigators found that this alfo was a mi(take \ and that, in(read of being one, it confifts of feveral iilands ; but with regard to the nature of the country, or the difpofitions ot the inhabitants, we had but very imperfed notions, till the Endeavour, a (hip fitted out by the goyiernment in purfuit of natural knowledge,, vifited Terra del Fuego in 1769. Put before we give a particular account of that and otiier voyages, it will be neceifary to give a compendious narrative of the feveral voyages and expeditions pro- jetSled and accomplilhed by Britilh navigators in the reign of King George III. for the difcovery of a fouthcrn continents . " In Augufl 1766, the Dolphin was fent out under the command of Captain Wallis, with the Swallow, commanded by Captain Carteret, at (he expence of the Britilh government, in order to make difcoveries in the fouthern hemifphere. Thefe veilels proceedej* together, till they came within fight of the South-Sfa, at the weflern entrance of the Straight of Magellan, and re* turned from thence by dilFerent routes to England; Captain Wallis, on the 6th of June 1767, difcovered an ifland, about four miles long and three wide, to which he gave the name of Whilfun-Ifland, it being difcovered on Whitfim-Eve. Its latitude is 19 deg- e6 min. S. and its longitude 137 deg. 56 iriin. W. The next day he difcovered another illand, to which he gave the appellation of Queen Charlotte's-I(land ; it is about fix miles long, and one mile wide, and lies in latitude 19 deg. 18 mm. S. and 138 deg. 1 min. W. He tells us, that the inhabitants of this iiTand were of a middle (lature, and dark complexion, wiih lone black hair, which hung loofe over their (honlders. The men were well made, and the Women handfome. Their clothing was a kind of coarfe cloth or matting, whicli was fat- tened about their middle, and fecmedcapable of being brought tip round their •(houlders. A tew days after- wards he alio diCcovered feveral other fmall iflands, to which he gave the nami^sof EgTOont-Ifiand, Giouceller- Iflaiid, Cumberland-Ifland, Ofnaburgh-Ifland, and Prince William Henry's- Ifland. On the 19th of the fame month, he difcovered the ifland of Otaheite; and after quitting that, he difcovered, on the a8th of July 1767, another ifland, about fix miles long, which he called Sir Charles Saunders's- Ifland ; ana on the 30th of the (ame momh, another about ten miles lone, and four broad, which he called Lord Hovve's-Ifland. After havmg feen feveral other fmall ilhinds, he arrived at Batavia on the 30th of Novetnber, at the Gape of Good-Hope on the 4th of February 1768, and on the vo'li \PHY. or of being made •tv of the numaa tnes of the earth. ! the extremity of 19, difcovcred the ras then confidercd ors found that this i. of being one, it egard to the nature >t the inhalHtants, till theE«deiavour, n purfuitofoatural go in 1769. Put of that and other Ive a conapeodioiis d expeditions pro- I navigators in the the difcotery of a vas fent out under with the Swallow, t the expence of the ke difcoveries in the ! proceedef" together, s South-Sf-a, at the f Magellan, and re- routes to JEngland; ne 1767, difcovered [and three wide, to fun-Ifland, it being latitude is 19 deg- 26 56 itiin. W. The )d, to which he gave -Ifland; it is about and lies in latitude min. W. He tells nd were of a middle h long black hair, The men were Their clothing ing, which was tal- :d capable of being , A tew days after- her fmall iflands, to -Ifland, Gloucefter- aburgh-Ifland, and On the 19th of the fland of Otaheite; .•ed, on the a8th of X miles long, which Ifland i and on the ibout ten miles long, i^ord Howe's-Ifland. U iflands, he arrived jber, at the Gape of ry 1768, and on the New Ducovetix*.] RE^^IARKS on VOYAGES of DISCOVERY. 75 :rs ne 10' 'i 10th of May following his ihip anchored fafely in the After Captain Carteret, iri the Swallow, had parted from Capttin Wallis, in the Dolphin,' having paflTcd througb the Straight of Magellan, and made fome flay at the ifland of Mafafuero, on the ad of July 1767, he faw an ifland about five miles m circumflerence, to which he gave the name of KtcairnVIfltnd ; it is fitti- ated in ht. 25 *fr « ">'"• '"'»"''> »•"* '" >33 '•eg- 21 min. weft long, about 1000 leagues to the ealtward of the continent of America. On the tith of thtf fame month lieobferved another fmall ifland, to which he gave the name of the Bifliop of Ofnaburgh's-Ifland. The next day he difcovcred two other fmalliflands, to which he gave the name of Queen Charlotte's-Iflands ; and aMb three others, which he named Gower's-Ifland, Simpfon's-Ifland, and Carteret-Ifland. On the 27th of the fame month they difcovcred Sir Charles Haidy's- Illand, which lies in lat. 4 deg.50 min. fouth, and the next day WinchelfeaVlfland, diltant about 10 leagues in tt)e diredion of foiith by eall. He afterwards dif- covered fev-ral other iflands, and then proceeding homewards round the Cape of Good-Hope, he arrived, March ^769^ in Englarid. The Royal Society, about the latter end of the year 1767, came tp a refolution, that it would be proper to fend perfons' into- fome part of the South-Sea, to obferve a tranfit of the planet Venus over the fun's diflc, which, according to aftronomical calculation, would happen in the year 1769; and'that the iflands named Marguefas dc Mendoza, or ihofc of Rotterdam or Amderdam, were the piropereil place? iiicn known for making fuch obfervaticms. - In cbnfeqtience of thefe refolutions, it was recommended to hi»^ majtfty, in a memorial from the focicty, dattd February 1768^ that he would be pleafcd fd otder fuch an obfcrrvation to be made ; where- upon his maiefty fignified by the Lord's Comuiiflioners of the Admiralty, his plcafure that a (hip ihould be provided to carry fuch obfervers as the fociety fliould think fit to the'Suuth'Seas ; and accordingly a bark of 370 ton* vras prepared for that purpofe. It was called the EndeaVoWi and commanded by Captain James Cook, who was foun after, by the Royal Society, ap- pointed with Mr. Charles Green, a gentleman who had loiig been atlillaht to Dr; Bradley, at the Royal Obfcrvatory at Grecn\N;:h, to obferve the trahflt. But while this veflii was getting ready for her expedition. Captain W»lUs returneid ; and it having been recom- mended to hifti'by Lord Martin, when he went out, to fix un a proper jplace for this aftronomical oblervation, he by letter dated on bdard the Dolphin, May 18, 1768, the day before he kndtd at Haflin«, mentioned Pott-Royal harbour,^ in the iftand of Otaheite; the Royal ScK-iety, therefore, by letter dated the bcginhiitg of June, in anfvver to an application from the admi- rahy, 10 be informed whither they would have their obLrvers fent, mentioned that place. Captain Cook fet out from Plymouth, in the £n- vja-^ae^^^t-i deavour, on the e6th of Auguft 1768. He was accompanied in his voyage by Jofeph Banks, Efq. and Dr. Solander. They made no difcovery till they got within the Wopic, where they fell in with Lagom- Ifland. Two Groups, Bird-Ifland, and Chain-ldand ; and they arrived at Otaheite on the 13th of April 1769. During their flay at that ifland, they had an opportunity of maklne very accurate inquiries relative to its produce and inhabitants j and on the 4th of June the whole paflage of the planet Venus over the fun's diflc was obfervcd bv them with great advantage : the philofophi- cal tranfaaions contain an ample account of the refult ' of their obfervations. After Captain Cook departed from Otaheite, he difcovered and viflted the Society- Iflands and Ohetefoa. and thence proceeded to the fouth till he arrived in the latitude of 40 deg. 22 min. and »47 deg. 29 min. weft long, and afterwards made an accurate furvey of the coafl of New Zealand. In November he difcovered a chair, of iflands, which he called Barrier-Iflands. He afterwards proceeded to Nevv Holland, and from thence to New Guernfey ; and in September 1770 arrived at the ifland of Savus, from whence he failed to Batavia, and from thence proceeding round the Cape of Good Hope, he arrived on the tuth of June 1771, in England. In a Ihort time after Captain Cook's return home ir» the Endeavour, it was iefolved to equip two (hips, in order to make further difcoveries in the fouthern hcmi- fphere. Accordingly, the Refolution, commanded by Captain Cook, and the Adventure, by Captain Tobias Furneaux, were appointed for that purpofe; and, ex- clufive of excellent officers, and able Teamen, feveral learned and ingenious gentlemen were engaged to aflifl in the undertaking. The two vefliels faikd from Ply- mouth Sound on July 13, 1772, and on the 29th of the fame month arrived at the ifland of Madeira. From thence they proceeded to the Cape of Good-Hope, which they came to on the 10th of Oftober followliig ; and in February 1773, arrived at New Zealand, havine ioaght in vain for a fouthern continent. In that montn . the Refolution and Adventure feparated, in confeouence of a thick fog, but joined company again in Queen Cha lotte's Sound, on the 18th of Ma/ fdlowing. la Auguft, they arrived at Otaheite, and in Decemb^T they difcovered Hervey's-Ifland. On the 2d of Ofto- ber, they came to Middleburgh, one of the Fritndly Iflands; and about the clofe of the month, the two fhips feparated, and did not join company any more. Can- tain Cook, however, proceeded in the Reftdution, m order to make difcoveries in the Soudierh polar regions,,, but was ftopped in his progrefs by the ice, in the lati- tude of 71 deg. 10 min. fouth, and 106 deg. 54 miii.- weft long. He then proceeded to Eaftcr-Ifland, where: he arrived in March 1774, as he did alfo in the fame month at the Marquefas. He afterwards difcovered four iflands, which he nahied Pallifer's-Iikmds, and again fleered for Otaheite, where he arrived on the 22a o£ April, and made fome ftay j and alfo viilted the neigh* bounng' 4 7(S A NEW And COKlPLETfi SYSTEM or V^TVEKiAt GKOCRAPHY. m-.r''-^ "t ii'^ ;- bouring, ifles. In Auguft he came to tiie New He- , brides, fome of which were firft difcovpiieq ^Y hin|i.' After quitting thefe iflands> he fteerr f to the (buthward: a few days, and difcovered New Caledonia. Havii^ furveyed the fouth-weft coaft of this iflan(^> Captain' 'Cook again ftood for New Zealand, in order to refrefti his crew, and put his (hip into a condition to eiicoiuiter { the daifigcrs attending the navigation in the hioh foutj^n latitudes. Diredling his courfe to the fouth and eaft,; after leayjng New Zealand^ till he arrived in the latl- . tude of M deg. 6 min. foutli, 138 deg. ^6 min. weft long, wiraout meeting with any continent This able navigator gave up all hopes of difcovering any in that : oceani and therefore came to a refolution to fteer 41- re&iy to the weft entrance of the Straights of Magellan, with a view of coafting and fufcying die uttermoft, or fbuth fide of Terra del Fuego. Keeping accordingly in about the latitude of J3 or 3^, and fteerine nearly e.-ift, he arrived off the weftern mouth of thefe itraights, without meeting with any thing remarkable in this new route. In January 1775, he dlArovered a large and dreary iflan^ to which he gave the name of South Georgia. He afterwards perceived various capes, and elevated fnow-dad coafts, to the moft extreme part of which he gave the name of die Southern Thule, as being the neareft land to that pole i^ch has been yet difcovered. In February, he perceived Sandwich-land, and feveral iflands covered with {how. He then pro- ceeded round tlie Cape of Good-Hope to England, where he arrived on the 30th of July 177^. Captain Furneaux had returned In the Adventure a year before, having laiied round the Cape of Good-Hcme without making any remarkable difcovery. Ten of his men, a boat's crew, had been murdered and eaten by fome of the favages of Nev^ Zealand ; (o that this voyage af- forded a melancholy proof, that cannibals really exift. In.^eed, in the courfe of thefe voyages of dilcovery, other evidence of this difputed matter too plainly ap- peared. Another voy^e was performed by Captain Cook and Captain Clarke, in the Refoluticn and Difcovery, in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, and 1779, in iearch of a north-w«ft paftage between the continents of Alia and Anmrica. After they had arrived at the Cape of Good- Hope, they proceeded from the|ice te New Holliuid; and in their courfe^ they difcovered two iflands. wlw^ < Captain Cook called Prince Edward's lUes. The largeft, about fifteen leagues in circuit, is in lat 46 iitg. 53 min. fbuth, and 37 deg. 46 min. long. The other, about nine Leagues in circuit, lat,. 46 deg. 40, min. and long. 38 ^deg. 8 min. eaft, both barren, and alra)ft covered with mow. From th^ce they pro- ceed ^ to New Zealand, and afterwards they vifited the Friendly and the Society-Ifles. In January 1777, they arrived at the Sandwidv-Iilcs, which are twelve in num- ber, and arie (it .ae between la Jeg. 15 min. an4 18 deg. Simn^ no^th lat Captain pwlp afjj^pwards dif- coveredlCinE George's-Sound, whii^ ia 'bb^die j.npjrthr weft coaft of America, and is extenfiyi;. ;.TIikynrt of it where the fiups uaJer his coinnai»d aiKhorccI^ is in l»t. 43, dc^g. 3^6 min. north, andlqiw. a^g-fkg. aBmia eaft. On the »«t$ of Mfjr. Aejr iSKqmaei &^tdwich» Sound, in lat 59 deg.^ tnun. north., Tn(;|iathoi|ir in which the flups. anchored, appeanri tp ^\ ^^t^ , fur- rounded with high hnd, which was covered ,if^ piow, and here they were vifited by fames of to* natives in their canoes. Thev afterwiwas proceeded to the Ifland of Unalafchka, and after their deurture ^gm thence ftill continued to trace the ocfft. . Tju^ aalved «a the soth of Auguft 1778, iniat^o ^> ^ ''^ and 194 ^g- 55 lun. !oi^. where diey /oiwd ttiem&lves almoll furrounded with ice, and the further tl^y proceeded to the eaft ward, the clofer the ice, became Compared. This voyajge afforded fufficient evidence, that no prac- ticable paf&ge exifts between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans towards the nordi i and it alfo afcertained the weftern boundaries of the great continent of America. On their return, it unfortunately happened, dut the celebrated and able navigator. Captain Cook, was killed in an affray with the natives, of which event) a fiill de- tail will be given in its proper place. In his laft voy- age, he had explored the coaft of^America, ftom 4« deg, ffj min. t* 70 deg. 40 min. ^7 fee. north. Aner hu death, the command devolved on Captain Clarke, who died at fea on his return to the fouthward, on die 22d day of Auguft i779- The two ihips returned home by die Cape of Gooa>Hope, and anchored at the Nore, on thcAth of O^ober 1780. Captain Cook, in the courfe <^ hif voyage in die Refolution, begun in 1779, had made the circuit of the fbuthem ocean, in a high latitude, and had traverfed it in fuch a manner, as to leave little room for indulging I an idea of a foutfaern continent, except fb near the pole, j as to be out of ,the reach of navi^ion. It deferved alfo to be rememb<;red, in honour of diat experienced | commander, that, with a company <^. j^aS men, he ; performed this i^pyage of three, years and eighteen j days, throughout sul the dioiates^ from 3» deg. north, j to 71 deg. fouth, with d^Cilofs of only one maiiby fidcnefs} and this af^iears in a great ipeafure to have arifen from the great humanity of the. cosimaHder, and ' his uncommon care and attention to adopf every method ; for. pref(;rvii^ d>ff health of ^ r:e|L.«pi.deviftiigali j propeir means for ronoving th^fii di£wfes which long 1 vpyag^ and difff '•nt./cliinaMS'had fnbje^ed them to. Having prdented the readf^rs with this fummaryin- tfodu^ion wt (haU treat of d^e Ifles difcovered in the j courfe of thefe voyages, beginning with Otaheite, in the defcription of which our reiraers may find both iaftru£tion and amufemenb C H API APttY. J»Jew Discover I fis.^ OTAHElTfi. n g. 15 nun. ara^ »8 nJ^af^jwaf* dif- iv,. .TtoUMUt of u»dMiehoM»> u« >n h. Thij 1»«nb(»ir in Mi of tfa»nalives m Kcedcdto thelfland MTture froQi thence ^^ socivei «a the «. 44 miB, and 194 pd diemfidvcs almoil ler t^cy proceeded to became compared, idcnce, thjit no prac- : Atlantic and Pacific it alfo afceituned the continent of America, y happened, that the ptain Cook, wa» kiHed which event, a full de- ilace. 1« his laft voy- America, ftom 4* deg. fee. north. After his I Captain Clarke, who ibuthward, on die e^d Ihipi returned home by ihfored at the Nore, on ! of hif voyag;e in die 1 made the circuit of the ^ de,and>h>d traverfed it ttle room for indulging ' txcept fo near the pole, m aviga^ion. It.deferved f* V of that experienced | tpaay of, ^1.8 men» he \ : year* and eiifhteen I es, from fl« dcg. nord), I s of only one man by freatijaeafure to have | the, aoowuuider, and .^ to adopt every methoJil f ,e|i,.«fld.devir»ng>l'F ^ dii«afes which long 4 fnbje^ed them to. "with this fummary m- _ie Ifle» 4»lfc'*«'«d in the ning with Otaheite, in I reader* may find b arrT — - CHAP. X. !'>:' CHAP.l OTAHEITE, OR, St. GEORGE's- ISLAND., lU Situatlm and Extent. Captain ffallis anchors there. Endeavours to traffic with the Inhabitants. Natives ajfault and attack the P'ejj'el. Various Affirays and keconcilements. The Cabtain takes Pojfeffion of the Place in the Name of tot King of England. Peace perfelily rtjlored, and Traffic ejlahlijhed. Oberea^ a Princefs^ comes on board. Her Friendjhip for Cap- tain i^allisy and Sorrow at his Departure, TH E firft difcovery of this ifland is not perfedUy known; it has however been vifited by feveral navigators, particularly by Commodore Byron, and, laftly, by Captain Wallis, In the Dolphin, on the 19th of June 1767. It is fltuated in 17 deg. 30 min. fouth lat and 149 deg. g min. weft long. It confifts of two peninfulas, joinra by an ifthmus, and is furrounded by a reef of coral rocks, which form feveral excellent bays and harbours, where there is room and depth of water for almoft any number of the largeft (hips. The length of the ifland is thirty miles. A border of low-land al- moft furrounds each peninfula, and behind this border the land rifes in ridges that run up into the middle of the divifions, and thele form mountains that may be fe^n at fixty leagues diftance, But we {hall now proceed to a detail of events in circumftantial order. After Captain Wallis had paiTed feveral imall iflands, he difcovered a hish fpot of land in hazy weather, near v^ich having andiored, when the fog cleared up, he took a view of the land, and conceived it to be worthy of his notice. About this time, a number of canoes (urrounded the veflel, who feemed amazed at her conftru6tion. Many invitations were given to the natives in the canoes to come on board, which the/ did, but not till after feve- ral branches of plantain had been thrown on the fhip*s deck, in token of peace and friendfhip. On dteir firft eflay, one of the ftrangers being ftruck down by a he- goat, leaped into the liea, and his companions immedi- ately followed. Thefe circumftances imprefied the Englifh failors with a ftrong idea of their timidity. When this alarm was over, many of them came oh board again j but could not be prevailed on to traffic, though they (hewed great inclination to fteal fdme ar- ' tides ; and one of them fnatching a laced hat from an officer's head, jumped into the lea, and fwam clear off widi it. When the boats were afterwards fent out in fearch of anchorage, the iflanders furrounding our people, a gun was fired over their heads to intimidate them, when ex- hibiting figns of a hoftile intention, a muflcet was dif- charged, whereby an offender was wounded; and the 3 confequence was, that hii patty oirpcrfcd in confterna- tion. The veflel now failing along the coaft, and coming to an anchor occafionalh', the natives began to refort on board, bringing fruit, (owl, and hogs, in exchange for nails, toys. Ice. And with the men alfo came fomc wo- men, wnofe behaviour was not the mod modcll, but very friendly, fo that there was reafon to conclude a commerce and amicable connexion eftabli{hed, after having repelled fome a£ls of hoftility. But at this junc- ture, feveral canoes furrounded the (hip, loaded with pebbles, which the iflanders had been found very dex- • trous in flinging. The people in thefe canoes played on a fort of Hute, and blowed their (hells, and in tliis manner they advanced to the found of mufic. One of thefe canoes came forward, with a chief fit- ting under an awnine, who, being encouraged to come alongfide, eave an £ngli(h failor a bunch of red and yellow feathers, as a prefent for the captain. I'his was accepted, and fome things were preparing to be givea him in return, when the canoe fuddenly put off, uid a branch of the Cocoa-nut tree was thrown up in the air, as a fignal for the commencement of hoftilities, whereon vollies of ftones were poured by the canoes from all quarters into the vetCel. The -mwelcome (alute was returned by a difcharge of muflcetry and two of the (hip's guns, which at (irft difordered the iflanders ; but they rwied, and there were numbers feen ready to em- bark to fupport the affailants. Notwithftanding tht cannon were brought to bear, diey returned to the at- tack, and feveral m the feamen were wounded by their midiles. However, at length, a (hot (triktng a canoe that feemed to have a chief on board, the canoes rowed off with precipitation, and the peoi>le fled behind the hills for (belter. Soon after this Lieutenant Fumeaux it«8 (enc M (hore «4di the boats well armed, and a party of ma- rines, with orders to land his men under cover of the fliip ; the intent being to procure water from a place where they had received intelligence by a reconnoitring party, that fome of the pureft was to be obtained. This o&cct having executed that part of his orders proceeded to take.po&lHon of the ifland in die name of the King of Great-Britain, and difplayed a broad pend> ant on a ftaff fet up on the occaAon. They now per- ceived an old man on the opuc^tte fide of the river, who was apparently terrified, and in a fupplicating pinting at the ftones which the Indians ufed to annoy the (hip. Several hatchets were then produced, and two water caiks (tiled, in order to renew the idea of bartering with the natives. Some trinkets were alfo prefented to this man, who danced round the flag-ftaff to exprefs his joy ; and this cere- mony, returning again after the lieutenant embarkcdy he and feveral of uie natives who came with him rc- U peacciS 78 A N£W and complete SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. peated, though at firft they nppeared to be frightened by the pendants (baking in tne wiitd. The confequence of this reconciliation was, that two large hogs having been laid before the flag-ftaff, and danced round, were put into a canoe, which the old man brought as a prefeiit alo: fide the v'eflcl. He would not accept of any things but pronounced n fpeech, between the different parts of which he delivered, one by one, a number of plantain leaves, whicii feemcd cal- culated to anfwcr the fame end as the belts of wampum delivered at their ta/it by the natives of North-Ame- rica. Nctwithftandine sdt this, hoftilities were renewed, and the flag-ftairwas taken away ; but when the of- fenders were fired at, they retired in Confufion. There- fore, finally to convince them of the power of thofe whom they fcemed fo rafhly dilpofed to contend- with, cannon were pointed, and fired Brft into the woods, and afterwards towards the hills, where numbers of the Otaheiteans were afTambled, to their great terror and aftoniflimrnt ; befides which, fifty of their canoes were deflroyed. Thefe proceedings, together with the inci- dent of fome of them having feen the furgeon, when on fhore, flioot three ducks flying, gave them fuch an idea of the extent to which iire-amis would reach, and the execution done by them, that levelling a cannon, or only pointing a muflcet, ferved to difperfe whole bodies of warriors. Thus by degrees, partly by force, and partly by kind- nefs, was friendfhip eftablifiied between our people and a fet of men, who had difplayed more courage in war than could have been rationally expected, from the fears fhewn by individuals among them' upon trifling occafi- ons. But fuch paradoxes will ever appear among nati- ons deftitute of refinement, and fuch are to be traced and folved only by thofe who have read the book of hu- man nature, and, combining the knowledge gained by books with that refulting from experience, can thereby in fome meafure form a judgment of the motives that a£hiate communities, too often t^l-mied fovage^ be- caufe they pofTefs not our moderri cultivation, which perhaps tiiey might ignorantly deem a Corruption of oianners. It fhould appear from the fequel, that the natives of Otaheite fought, not againfl the Englifh in anger or malice, but from a fuppofition that they came with a 'defign in invade or injure them } as nothing could be more friendly thah their behaviour, when they were lully convinced to the contflurv. The frequent over- tures to barter commodities might not at firft perhaps feem to them a fufficient token of intended amity, but as a fnare laid, which they rather wifhed to avoid. Soon after thefe tianfactions, a tall female, of a ma- jeftic deportment, and placid countenance, who feemed to have come from fome diftance, came on board his Ihipi where flie was well entertained, prefented with (everal trinkets, a looking-glafs, and a blue mantle, which latter the captain himlelf tied on, and with thefe fhe fcemed greatly delighted ; but in all her geftures, ftill retained her dignity. It was afterward aflerted, that fhe was no lef<; than (he. appeared. Her name was Oberca, and it was faid (he was queen at Icaft of that part of the ifland where Captain Wallis landed. She was vifited the next day by the captain, who was not yet entirely recovered from a late indifpofition that had confined him to his vefTel, and rendered him very weak; and on which account, he was carried by' her at- tendants to her own dwelling, as (he was prepared for the vifit. Numbers of perfons aflembled on the occa- fion were difpcrfed, on a fign from the queen; and when the guefts entered her houfe, which was fpaci- oufly built, according to the manner of the country, the captain's'coat, (lockings, and (hoes being taken oif, in which (he herfcif aiTifted, fome young girls >vere in- troduce'*, who fmoothed his (kin, and chafed it foftly with their hands; the fame was done by Lieutenant Furneaux and the purfer, who attended him, and who had like- wife been indifpofed ; and they all found benefit from this gentle operation, which however was interrupted for a time, by the furgeon's taking off his wig, in order to cool himfelf. This appeared to the natives as a moft extraordinary circumftance, and excited their aftonifh- ment accordingly; but the girls foon returned to their employment. The queen was fo tender of her principal gueft, that when (he walked out with him, (he laid hold of his arm, and lifted him like an infant over any dirt or water tliat happened to be in the way. It appeared, that the Otaheiteans had no utenfils for boiling their food, and were entirely ignwii^it of the pofTibility of fuch an operation, and m the efTeds of hot water. This was evident enough from a whimfical cir- cumftance that happened on board the (hip, where the ^ueen was one morning at breakfaft with the captain. )ne of her attendants (apparently a perfon of no mean rank) obferving that the tea-pot was filled by turning the cock of an urn that ftood on the table, took it into his head to turn it alfo, and received the boilmg vnta: on his hand. In confequence, being fcalded, he roared out, and danced about the cabin with the moft extrava- gant geftures, and his companions ftood ftaring in afto- niihment, till the furgeon applied a lenient remedy to the part effected. However, a perfon who was fervicrable in bringing in provifions, and had curioufly obferved the gunner boiling his pork when on (hore, was put in pofTcfTion of an iron pot, and after that he always boiled his meat for himfelf and his aflbciates. The queen was equally furprifed and pleafed at looic- i ing through a telefcope, which Captain Wallis broiiglit with him to her houfe, directing her view to various objedts which were very familiar to her, but not percep- tible to the naked eye, which, when the glafs was re- moved, to her amazement (he ftrove to trace in vain, l She had at firft admired the ftrudure^ little guefTin^, a mi^lit I ^'WM Mew Dt«cov«Rr«.] O T A H E I T E. 79 n all her geftures, ifed and pleafed at Uwk- Captain Wallis brought ng her view to various irtoher, butnotpercep-j virhen the glafs wras re- ftrove to trace ia vain. idurej little gueffin^> J might well be . onceived, the ufe of fuch an inftrument. Captain Wallis gave his royal hoftefs two turkies, two geefe, three guinea-hens, and a cat big with kitten; feme looking-glaffes, china, linen, needles, thread, and ribbands, together with cutlery-ware, aad other arti- cles (among which various vegetables and garden leeds were not forgotten) in memorial of the prefents received from her, and her friendly behaviour. When the time for his departure drew near, it was not without reluftance that the captain intimated this circumftance to the queen, who received the tidings widi real concern, an intercourfe of good offices hav- ing endeared them to each other. Trying the force of perfuafion in vain to detain her gueft, (he came on board the Dolphin, where (he remained till tlie anchor was weighed, and the veffel under fail ; flie then re- ceived the laft prefents he made her in Jplemn filence, when he bad farewell to Obcrea, and the ifland of Oto- heite. CHAP. XI. Giptain Cook on hit Jirjl Voyage vijiu Otahtite. His Rcaptlon by the Natives. Alteraticns there. Toota- hah found to be a Man in Power. A Fort ertlled. Various Thefts, Oberea again brought forward. Stranje Adventure -with her. A Wrejiling Alatch. A Cbi'fs Honefiy not Proof againJI a Bafket of Nails. Ohjervation of the Tranjtt of Venus in thofe Parts. IT was on the 13th of At»ril 1769, as we have al^ ready obferVed, that Captain Cook, on his firft voy- age, fell in with Otaheite, and came to an anchor in Port-Royal harbour, l^he canoes of the natives imme- diately (warmed round the Endeavour, bringing with them fruits and other provifions to exchange for various commodities. At the fame time an old man came on board, who was known to many of the officers, who had beeii here before with Captain Wallis. This man, who was called Owhaw, had a refpedable appear- ance. When Captain Cook, Mr. Banks, and Dr. Solander went on Ihore, accompanied by the above-named Indian, together with a party of men, they were received with the greateft joy and refpeiSt, bjr a vaft number of the natives, wh^o very thankfully accepted their prefents; and promifing to condudl them to a more agreeable fpot, led them for fome miles through plcafant groves of trees, intermixed with the huts of the natives ; yet they faw no fowls and few hogs in their road. Things feem- ed to wear (bmewhat of a different appearance from what the officers who were with Captain Wallis had before obferved; and, according to their opinion, the queen's houfe had been removed. They were now informed, that fuch as they had feer. before, were not any of the principal people of thu iflfindi but earl J the next morning fome canoes ap- peared alongfide the (hip, which contained pcrfons whofe drefs feemed to denote their being of diftindliont and two of them who came on board, h;u'ing fixed on Mr. Banks and Captoin Cook rtlp^^tivcly as friends, invited them on (hore to their dwellings ; whitlier thofe {jentlemcn went accordingly, accompanied by Dr. So- ander and others. Soon after landing, they were con- dudled to a large houfe, and introduced to a middle- aged man, whole name they found to be Tootahah. He prefentcd Mr.*Banks wiih a cock, a hen, and a piece of perfumed cloth, and received a fuita'ole prcfcnt m return. They afterwards vifited feveral other large houfes, where they*were introduced to many females, who prefTed them to fit down and (lay, and behavud in a manner agreeably free and engas;ii:g. On their re- turn, they were met by Tuborai Tamaidc?, another thief, with whom they dined, and proceeded to fettle a treaty of peace and mutual intercourfe. Nevcrthelefs, the circumftance of moft of the hogs, and all the poultry feeming to have vanifhcd, caufed the capuiii to Tufpect, that thefe had been driven up the country: it was therefore refolved to explore the woods, whilit an officer was left with a party of marines to guard tlic tent. It is to be obferved, that as foon as the Endeavour reached Otaheite, Captain Cook eflablifhed feveral very judicious rules and ordinances among his people, all tending to facilitate barter for provifions, and prcferve peace and harmony between them and the natives, which thofe who broke through were to be feverely punifhed ; and thefe, with other precautions that had been taken, were deemed fufficient, with a people fo friendly, to fc- cure tranquillity. But where the cuftoms and manners of natbns are fo different as thofe of England and Ota- heite, it muft needs be that difputes will frequently arife, and fometimes on mere trifling occafions. While this party were purfuing their defign, they heard two pieces fired, which they knew muft be dii- charged by the guard left at the tent, a circumftance not at all pleafing at fuch a jundture. However, Owhaw difperfed all the Indians, thiee excepted, who gave every poffible token of fidelity. It is natural to fuppofe, that the captain and his com- panions were anxious to know what had paiTed at the tent during the time of their abfence ; and on the ftriil- eft inquiry, they found the following circumftance had occafioned the alarm. One of the natives, whofe pio- penfity to theft was unconquerable, had fnatched a cen- tinel's mufquet out of his hand, in confequence. of which, by order of a young midfhipman who commanded the guard, they fired, but none were flain or wounded ex- c.'pt the aggrelTor, who was putfued and killed as foon as overtaken. As it was apprehended that the matter would excite fome refentment in the iQanders, but few of whom appeared the next morning, and none of thofe few were inclined to come on board the (hip, (he was brought clofer in (hore, and fo moored, that her broad- fide was brought Xo bear on a fpot which had been pitched oa eo A NEW AWD COMPLETE SVStfiM or tJmVERSAL GKOGHAPHY. I fR ■ '!"jt'? : ■ t li:.^'; on for (he ere£tion of a litde temporary fortification, equally calculated for defence and convenience. Mr. Buchan, who was Mr. Banks's landfcape painter, died the next day, univcrfally regretted. The anger of the natives feemcd foon to have fub- flded, and our people remained quiet enough on (hore, except their being annoyed by flies, which, to die work- ing parties there, feemed the moft troubiefome of ene- mies. Tubora! Tamaide, refolving to t>uitd a houfe near the Englifh fort, brought the materials with him, and invited Mr. Banks to a place in the woods where he fometimes refided, entertained him with a di(h of fomewhat that had the ap|iearance of wheat flour, but when (lirred about with cocoa-nut milk, formed a jelly of an agreeable favour, not unlike what is called BlanC'Mangi in Europe. He alfo gave this gentleman two garments, one made of fcarlet cloth, the other of fine matting. It was not long afterwards that the fame chief, who was a frequent gueft to Mr. Banks on board, preferred a complaint againft the Ihip's butcher for havine brutally threatened to cut his wife's throat, becaufe'me would not let him have one of the (lone axes, or adzes, which they fubflitute for iron in this ifland, in return only for a (ingle nail ; a flagrant viola- tion of juftice and good order, and a breacn of thofe rules which the captain had refolved (hould be attended to while t*- ^ yeflel (laid at Otaheite. The confequence was, ♦' he offender was flogged in fight of the Indiak r.d he went through the whole of the punifh- tnen*^ i.^iwithllanding they themfelves interceded for him, and that even with tears and exclamation.'; of forrow, after they had feen the firft la(h given. This liriflnefs of difcipline being certainly as well timed as necelTary, did honour to the juftice and policy of the commander. It was remarkable, that Captain Cook having pro- duced an iron adze, made in imitation of one of tnofe Hone inftruments jud mentioned, Tootahah, to whom it was only (hewed as a curiofity, laid hold of it, and cotild not be fatisfied till he was permitted to take it away, though an offer was made him to feled any article in its (lead out of numbers contained in all the cherts that could be conveniently opened before him. On fevenkl of the natives bringing their axes to be ground, all of which, it was fcarccly doubted, had been left there by Captain Wallis or fome of his people ; a French one was difcovered among the red. It ap- S eared that the O^heiteans were indebted for this to 1. de Bougainville, who had vifited the ifland in 1768. About this time fome coldnefs was occafioned by the following incident. Mr. Banks's gun was fudtlenly taken but of his hand by Tuborai Tamaide, one day when he feeincd employed only in curionfly obferving it. The Indian alio pulled the trigger, though the piece oHJy flaflied in the pan. This was an ofltncc not fu heinous in itfclf as it might lend to prove inconve- nient in ita c»nduced by this menace, was the *--•-■. rcllituiion ^4 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPIIY. m :i ■ : .V la , . rcdilniion of the coal-rakc j but the other things were kept by thofc who ftole them : and as Captain Co()k'» lininanity would not pcrtnit him to let the innocent fiifUr for the K"ili)'i in «hc end he gave up the cargoes of the vclTcls. But there was another i ircumflance which was near raifing a moll fcrious difputc between the Lnglilli and the illandcrs, as originating from a matter of which the former were moll tenacious. A boat being fcnt out to procure ballad, as the oHiccr could not im- mediately fmd what he wanted, he began to pull down one of the fepulchral monuments. This adion was looked upon as fuch a piece of facrilegc, that the E:ople, enraged, rofe in oppolition. But naopily Mr. anks, receiving intelligence of the circumilance, re- paired to the fpot, and brought about a rcconciliaticm, and fettled the matter in difputc, by fending the boats to the river fide, where there were plenty of Itoncs to be had without any hazard of offending. Captain Cook and Mr. Banks having formed a dcfign of failing round the illand, fct out on the morning of the i6th of June for this piirpofe. When they came to a large bay, their dcfign of eroding it was mentioned to this Indian guide, whofc name was Tilubaola : he at tirft refufed to crofs it, and likewifc endeavoured to perfuade the Englifli gentle- men to lay afide their intention, faying, " I'hat country was inhabited by people that were not fub- je£ls to Tootahah, and who would dcflroy them all." Ncverthelefs, when he found them refolved to pro- ceed, he at lad ventured to accompany them. After fpending the night at the noufe of Oratora, a friendly lady, they departed, and landed the next day in the diltri^l of a chief, named Mairatata, and whofe father was called Pahuiredc. There was fomething which might be thought not very pro- mifing in thofe appellations, the former fignifying, •• Theburying-place of men," and the latter, "The flcaler of boats, in the language of the iflanders. It may not be amifs here to obfcrve, that the in- habitants of that part of the country which had be- come familiar to the Englilh, though very backward in learning to pronounce the nances of their gueds, were yet ready enough in giving them others. They called Captain Cook, Toote ; Mr. Hick s. Hate ; and the Mader, Bobo ; Mr. Gore they named Toarro; Dr. Solander.Torano; Mr. Banks, Talfane; Mr. Green, Eterrce; Mr. Parkinfgn, Patani ; Mr. Sporing, Polini, &c. Now three or four at moll of thefe names may be allowed imitations of the Eiiglidi ones, but the others feem fo different, that they may be fet down as appellations of fignifjcance, and occafioncdby fome- thing relative to the pcrfon, fitiiation, or aiHions of the party. What feems to fupport this conjedure, is its naving been particularly remarked, that they called Mr. Monkhoufc, who com.Tianded the guard that fhot the man for taking the mutkct, as before related, by a name which fignifics dfaJ or deaf«)lute drangers to them. How> ever, they proceeded (the whole party confiding nt four only) till they came to a part of the country governed by one Waheatua ; and met that chief, to- gether with an agreeable woman, about twenty-two, called Toudidde, who appeared to (ill the fame rank here as Obcrca did in another quarter of the ifland. Their journey here lay chitfly through a country fcr. tile enough, as it appeared, in every thing but orcaJ- friiit, and where there were numbers of morals, or burying'placcs, neat, and adorned with varioiii car- vings. Beinj fai gu'il they went on board their boat, ancfin the evening of this day they landed on an illand which was called Ootareitc, and got fomc rcfrefhmcnt at the only hotifc thev could then difcovcr. But they found a good harbour in 'he foiithern part of the iflan(( and, after landing again in different places, were met by Mathiabo, the chief, of whom they purchafed a hog, for a glafs bottle. Here they remarlced feveral human jaw-bones, fceiiilnely frelh (and which had not lull any of the teeth; faltcned on a board of a femicircular figure, but could not obtain any fatisfa'^^ory account concerning ti.em. Having been piloted over certain fhoals, and turning to the N. W. fide of Qiahcite, where a bay anfwerin^: to that OH the S. £. forms the idhmus, they were invited on fhore by feveral beautiful women, and, accepting the invitation, fupped at the hcufe of a chief, named Wiverou, in company with Mathiabo, which latter, on retiring to reft, borrowed Mr. fianks's cloak, to ferve as a coverlet, and made no fcruple oi* taking it away with him the next morning. But this mean a6)ion being difcovered, when he heard that the injured party was coming in iearch of him, he fent a perfon back with the property. However, the gentle- men at their return, finding the houfe deferted, and their boat miding, which it appeared had been driven away by the tide, confidering the fmallnefs of their party, and that they had not a fparc ball, or charge of powder, they were not without apprehenfions iett the Indians might take fomc undue advantage of their fituation ; but were agreeably difappointed to find thcmfclves treated in the mod civil and friendly manner. A chief named Omae was building a houfe at Tinr- raboii, the lad didridl in which the travellers landed, and would have given a hog in exchange for a hatchet, but as they had not one left, he would not trade for nails ; however, at lad, both a hatchet and a nail were promifed on his fending the beafl to the port. At this place they faw one of the Indian Eutuas, a figure refembling a man, made of wicker work, near feven feet high, covered with black and white feathers, and which had protuberances that they called Tata Etc, or little men, on his head. Being u Nkw Diicovrrics.] O T A H E I T F. H in (hoals, and turning here a bay anfwcring e ifthmus, they were autiful women, and, at the hcure of a Being come to the tliftrift cal' ' porra, where Olicrea governed, they landed thet. . .ding that (he wai gone With intent to vilit then at the fort, tl\cy lli-'pt ut her houfc, where they were entertained by her father. In this nciglibourhoud, Mr. Danki faw a vail pyramid of Hone work, with a flight of lleoi on each tide. It appeared to be near fifty feet high, was about 370 feet in length, and about one tliird as wide, and thev found it was intended for the morai of Oamo and (iberea. The foundation was of rock liones, the ileps were of coral, and the upper ■art conlillcd of round pebbles, all of the lame l\ie, and fqiiared with the greatcll exaftnefs, which iniill have been an almolt irnmenfc labour for the builders, who were deltitute of the proper imple- ments, when this fabric was raifed. At the top, in the centre, was a bird carved in wood, and near it a tilh in flonc. Part of one fide of a court or fquarc was confVituted by this pyramid, the fides of which MCte almolt equal. The whole was cnclofcd with a wall, and paved with flat (tones, and exhibited the appearance of a firm and compad building. . Another paved fquare v/as fcen at a little dillance, in which were fcveral ewattas or ulturs, on which it appeared that they placed their offerings, when ceremony or inclina- tion led them to adts of devotion. Returning to Port- Royal harbour, after an accurate iurvey, they determined the circumference of Otaheite to be about 100 miles, both peninfulas included. While Captain Cook was preparing for his departure, two young marines thought proper to depart from tlie furt, and were not to be tbund the next morning ; and notice was then given, that the veflel would fail on that or the enfuing day. However, the captain, rather th;ui he would come to a rupture with the Indians jull on quitting them, was willing to ftay a little longer. But havino; waited in vain, when an inquiry was made, he was plamly given to under ftand, that thcfe n.en had (led to the mountains, and did not intend ever to come back again, as they had chofen wives for themfelves on the ifland. But as it was not reafonable to fuppofe the commander would lofe his men in fuch a manner, he intimated to thofe chiefs who were then in the fort with the women (among which latter were Oberea and Fornia) that they muft all be confid^-red as prifoners, till the fugitives, whom it had been reprcfented as im- polTible to take, fhould be returned. An officer being lent tor Tootahih, brought him without any alarm 'on bojird the fliip, whither when night came on, thofe who had been confined in the fort were alfo conveyed ; a circumftance that excited fome difagreeable apprchenfi- oiis among them, elpecially the women, whom Captain Cook cl'corted with others to the vefl'el. When one of the dcferters wa.s brought back, '-e re- lated, thtit the partner of his flight, niul two of thole that had been fent to recover them, would be detained till Tmitahah was fet at liberty; who was immediately iafoimcd of this, and told, that it was cxpeclcd he (houl'd fend proper orders, and foinc of his people, to affilt a party dilnatched in the long boat t» Ln\:i.i a rcfcuc. To this the Indian chief made no objettiouN. 'I'he defign fuccecded, and the men returned, thoiign at firll without the arms they had with tlu;m when ih^-y fet out; but thcfe alio being alterwards refored, the captain fet hit hodages at liberty. I'upia, an Indian, who was frequent in his inter- courfe with the Knglilh, had often expreflcd a (trotig delire of going witn them whenever they Hiould have the illand. He Itill periilted in his rcf)lutioni and as he was a pried, had fome ideas of navigation, and was once a fort of minider to Oberea, it was thought proper to admit him on board, as alfo his fervant '1 aiijota, at his earneit requcd. When the time for departure approached, Captain Cook going *o obtair a drawing of the moral which Tootahah had at Eparrc, was met there by Obeiea a id others, and all in good humour. Tupia, who had t:.kcn leave of his friends, and given them fome tokens of rr- membrancc, came back with the ( aptviin and his train ; the principal perfons came likewiie on board, the veffel was furrounded with canoes full of the common people, and all animofitics being forgotten, the good-natured people of Otaheite (hcd tears at the departure of their gueds. Tupia was much moved i but he ufed every effort to fupprcfs the feelings natural to fuch an one on leaving his country. He went with Mr. Banks to the mad-head, from whence, waving: his hand, he took his lad farewell, and departed with Captain Cook, who had daid three months at this ifland. C II A P. XIII. State of Otaheite on Captain Cod's fnovd Viftt. Rtvt- liition there. Otco., n timid Primi'^ J^'"S cf the whole Illand. Friendly Conference %i,ith ff^ahiatow. The iiing vljited on Shore, and ent rtaivnd on Board. Stratagem of one of the Natives dtain WaJlis had planted feveral forts of garden- feed an.i divers kinds of fruits, of which there were no remains when Captain Cook left the ifland on the for- mer voyaa;e. On his arrival in 1773, he found none of the various feeds, th^ had been fown by Eu- ropeans, h.id fucceeded except pumpkins, and for thefe the natives had not, as may be well fuppofed, the leaft elleem. While the ftiips ftaid at Otaheite, Tervah, afcnfible old chief, invited two of the gentlemen into his canoe, in which they accompanied him and his wife to the place of their refidence. In their paflage the old man afked a variety of queftions relative to the nature and conditution of the country, from whence thele wonderful ftrangers came. He concluded tliat Mr. Banks, wh" n he had feen a few years before, could be no lefs tiian the king ;> brother, and that Cap- tiin Cook was high admiral. '^he information that was given him, was received with the greateft marks of fur- prifc and attention ; but when he was told, that in Eng- land there were neither bread-fruit nor cocoa-nut trees, he feemed to think meanly of it, notwithftanding all its other advantages. A ftiort time before the ftiips got under fail, a yoting man, whofe name was Pores, came on board the Re- folution, and requefted the commander to take him with him, which, as it was apprehended he mii^ht be of occafional f^rvice, was complied with. Many others oft'ered themfelves, but were refufed. The only terms piopofcd by this youth were an axe and a I'pikc-nail for his father, who was then on board. He had thcni accorduigly, and they parted jurt as the veilel was get- ting under fail, without the leaft apparent natural af- fedtton. This raifed a doubt as to their conrang'iinity ; whith v/as confirmed by a canoe conduced by two more coming alongfide, as they were ftanding out of the bay, and demanding the young man in the name of Otoo, who was not then in that neighbourhood. As the perfon in queftion feemed at firft undeter- 'mined in his own choice, whether he Qiould go or ftay, offer was made to fend him back, if tiie axe and an fpike-nail were returned ; but the man who demanded him, declared they were not onfhore, and, wavi'is in the conflidlj but they learnt, that in the 1 .ft battle, which terminated the difpute, numbers were killed on both fides. On the part of Opoureonu, 1'ootahab, their very good friend, was killed, ^nd fe' eral other chiefs. Captain Furneaux, in September 1773, agreed to receive on board his (hip a young man named Omai, a native of Ulietea, one of the S.viety Illands, where he had fome property, of which he was diTpofTefl'ed by the people of Bolabola. The two fliips feparating in a ftorm a few months afterward?, the voyage of the Ad- venture was brought to a much earlier conclufion than that of the Refolution; for fhe arrived at Spithead iii July following. Captain Cook did not at firft think Omz' a proper perlon to bring to England ; but, upon his arrival, he changed h's opinion, ai'f! declared, that he much doubted whether any others of the natives would have given more genera' fatisfaclion by his behaviour'amongit our people ; he'uits. of opinion, that the qualities of his head and heart did honour to human ivuure ; and he was de- fcribcd, perhaps r.ithc; too partiail;/, as being endued with a great Ihare of 'indeiftaniling, quick parts, and honclt principles, whicii rendered him accept.iWe to the belt company, and a pr^wer degree of pride, which in- duced A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. |[H!iii''^t:f rfc i' ill duced him to avoid the company of perlons of inferior rank j and it was faid, that though, doubtlefs, he had pafTioiis in common with pthers of the fame age, he ha' judgment enough not to "nidulge them to an excefs.- - His principal patrons whilit in England were the Eari of Sandwich, Mr. Banks, and Dr. Solandcr. His no- ble patron, then firft lord of the admiralty, introduced him to his majelly at Kcw, and during his ftay in Eng- land he received many favours ; and his tafte for plea- fiire, whatever fhare he poflefTed of it, was ccruinly amply gratified ; though perhaps more care was takeir to fatisfy him, and alfo render him pleafing to others, than to cuUivat;; more I'olid talents, and thoroughly enlighten his mind. Some of this kind appears likely, at leaft, from the feqiiel of his adventures, as far as they have come to our knowledcrc. CHAP. XIV. Capfain Cook on his third and lajl Voyage^ arrives with Omai at Ot./hfite. Fifited hy the Natives. Account of the Spaniards having landed on the IJland, Great ^Jof there on the Captain's Arrival, zvho introduces (.)»:ai to the King. A Banquet and dramatic Entcr- tuinment. Alanner of embalming the Bodies of Per- Jons 'f DiJiinP.ion. Defer ipt ion of the Houfe built by the SpiKiiards. Departure of the Fejfels. Obferva- tions on Omai's Condutii at Utaheite. CAPTAIN COOK, failing on his third and laft voyage, for dileoveries in the Pacific-Ocean, &c. with Omai on board, came to Otahcite, and fleered for Oaitipiha-Bay, on the 12th of Auguft 1777. On approaching the land, the veiTels were attended bv feveral canoes, but as thefe did not appear to contain any perfons of dittindtion, no notice was taken of tliem; nor did thofe on board feem to know that Omai was their countryman: but at length a chief, called Ootec, whom the capt;iinhad known before, with fome others, recognifed Omai ; i.mong thefc was his brother-in-law. There w i nothing iLriking, however, in the meeting of thefe two perfons, till Omai, conducting his relation into the cabin, made him a prefent of fome red feathers. As foon as this was known, Ootee, who before fcarcely thought it worth while to fpeak to him, now defired they might exchange names, and become friends (which was confirmed by a prefent) according to the cuftom of the country. This might ferve as a (pecimen of what was to he cxpeded ; and it was a pity that the traveller, thus happily retui tied, who wanted not for proper ad- vice, did not condudt iiiinlllf accordingly. Tlie Refolution and Difcovery ftanding for the bay, where they did not come to an anchor till the 13th, at nine in the morning, were furrounded by a number of canoes, the news ot Omai's being on board, and of the rtd featliers, having been fufficiently circulated; but as numbers on board were poflefTed of this article, it ap- peared, that fo precarious and fluftuating was the ftate of traffic and barter, that a quantity of feathers, w ich might be taken from the body of a tom-tit, would, ea|r!y in the morning, have purchafed a hog of forty or fifty pounds weight ; they decreafed above five hundrcfJ per cent, in value in a few hours: however, the balance, even then, was confiderably in favour of our people, and red feathers ftill prefervcd a fuperiority over every other commodity. The officers were now informed by the natives who came off" to them, that fincc Captain Cook had been at this ifiand in 1774, two ftiips had been twice in this bay, and had left animals there refembling thofe they hat! on board ; but on a minute inquiry into par- ticulars, they were found to confift only of nogs, dogs, goats, a bull, and the male of another nimal, which the natives fo imperfectly defcribed, that they could not conjecture what it was. Thefe fliips, they faid, had come from a place called keema, which was fuppoicd to be Lima, the capital of Peru, and that thefe late vifitors were confequently Spaniards. They added, that the firil time they arrived, they built a houfe, and left behind them two pricfts, a boy or fervant, and a fourth pcrfon whom they called Mateema, much fpolccn of at this time, taking away with them, when they failed, four of the natives : that about fen months after, the fame fliips returned, bringing back only two of | the natives, the other two having died at Lima ; and that, after a fliort flay, they took away the people they had left, but that the houfe they had ercC:ed was thcli ftanding. Not long after the fliips had arcboreJ in the bay, Om.ii's After came on board, in order tii congratulate him on his return. It was pleafing tj obferve, that their meeting was marked with expreffions ot the tendercft affcCtion, more eafily conceived than defcribed. Captain Cook having received a '.nei'age from A\'a- hciadooa, Prince of Tiarraboo, notifying his arrival, ani requpfting he would come ainore to meet him, Omzi anH the c?ptain prepared to make nim a vifit in form, Omai, on this occafion, took fome puins to drcfs iiim- fclt^ not after the manner of the Englifli, nor that ot I Otaheite, or Tongataboo, or in the drefs of ?ny other country; but in a ftrange medley of all the habiiiiiii:its and ornaments of which he was pofllfled. Thus equipped, on landing, th( y firft paid a vifit to Etari, an old chief, who being carried on an hand-barrow, j accompanied them to a larg building, where he wa fet down. Omai fcatcd himfeif on one fide, and th: captain on the other. The young chief foon altti ar- rived, attended by his mother :.nd feveral priiici|i,.l | men, who all feated themfelvcs oppofitc to their v ilUori. One who fat ticar the captain made a fliort I'pcech, con- fifting of leparate fciilenccs, part of which v\ as diciitca j by thofe about him. Another, on the oppofitc ^lll^ near the chief, fpoke next; Etary after him, and thtn I Omai. The fubjccts of thefe orations were. Captain Cooil'S New DiscovERits.] OTAHEtTE. 89 Cook's arrival. The Rcfolution took her dd ftation in Matavai-Bay. , The moft extravagant figns of joy were difplayed by the natives of Otaheite on the arrival of the Engliili, foinc of the ceremonies attending which, namely, wo- men's beating their breafts, and people's wounding theinfelves with ftiark's teeth, conld not but appeal^ ftrange, and even difgufting to Europeans. In the mean time, there wa" icarcely a child that could lifp the word Toott (Captain Cook's appellation among them) who was filent, or did not give fome tokens of fliaring in the general fatisfa^ 'If i i' I't 90 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOCRAPHV. Ill " ii I I » I \ messsssssss:ssssssassss=ssi where people could be had to navigate fo many (hips ? and if there were, how could provifions be' got for fuch a multitude? Omai allured hioit that in oiie city only there were more people thau were contained in the wholfc group of i%nds; that the country was full of large populous cities ; notwithflanding which, provifl- ons were fo plentiful, that for a few pieces of yellow metal, like thofe of which he had feen many (meaning the medals given by Captain Coolc to the chiefs) the Great Kine could purcbafe a quantity of provifions fuf- ficieut for the maintenance of a failor for a whde year. That in the countrv of the Great King, there were more than an hundred different kinds of four-footed ani- mals, from the fize of a rat, to that of a ftage ere6led on an ordinary canoe i and that all thefe propagated very Ha added, that the (hips of war, in Pretanne, were furniihed with poo^poos (guns) each of which would re- ceive the largelt poo-poo his majefty had yet feen, withw in it ; that fome carried a hundred and more of thofe poo-poos, with fuitable accommodations for a thoufand lighting men, and ftowage for all kinds of cordage and warlike ftores, beftdes provifions and water for a thou- fand days ;. that they were ibmetimes abroad as long, fighting with the enemies of ^ Great Kins i that thetr carried with them frequently, in thefe expeditions, poo- poos that would hdd a fmall hog, and which threw hol- low globes of iron, of vaft bignefs, filled with fire and all manner of combuftihlgs, and imfJements of deftruc- tion, to a great diftance ; a few of which, were they to be thrown among the fleet of Otahcite, would fet them •n fire, and deftroy the whole navy, were they ever fo numerous. The k>ng feemed more aftonifhed than delighted at this n.irratioti, and fuddenly left Omai, to join the com- pany that were in converfation with Captain Cook. By this time dinner was nearly ready, and, as foon as the company were properly feated, was brought in by as many tow-tows as there were perfons to dine ; betides thefe, the king, the two commanders, and Omai, had each of them feveral perfons of fuperior rank to attend them. I'he dinner confifled of fifh and fowl of various kinds, dreflcd after their manner; barbecued pigs, ftewed yams, and fruit of tht moft delicious flavour,* all ferved with eafe and regularity. The guefts were conduced to the theatre, where a company of players were in readinefs to perform a dra- matical entertaiimient. The drama was regularly divided into three afls: the fird confined of dancing and dumb-fhew ; the fe- •ond of comedy, \ .hich, to thofe who underftood the kinguagc, was very laughable ; for Omai, and the na- tives, appeared highly diverted the whole time ; the lii\ was a miifical piece, in which the young princelTes were the folc pei formers. Between the adls, fcrnie feats of arms were exhibited, by combatant" with lances and clubs. One made the attack, the other (luod upon the dei£nilv£. He who made the attack, bran- difhed his lance, and either threw, pufhed, or ufed it inftead of his club. He who was upon the defenfive, fluck the poiiU of his lance in the ground, in an ob- lique dire«ion, (o that the upper part rofe above his head) and by obferving the eye of his enemy, parried his blows, or his flrokes, by the motion of his lance, and it was rare that he was hurt by the club. If his antagonift ftruck at his legs, he fhewed his agility by jumping over the club i and if at his head, he was no lefs nimble in crouching under it. Their dexte- rity confided chiefly in the defence, otherwife the com- bat might have been fatal, which always ended in good- humour. Thefe entertainments which generally lifted about four hours, were really div(;rting. In the hornpipe, they excelled the Europeans, for diey added contortions of the face and mufdes to the nimblenefs of the foot» that were inimiubie. Their comedy fernned to conitit of fixne fimple flory, made laughable by the manner of delivery, fomewhat in the ilyle of the merry-andrewa formerly at the fairs in England. As night came on, the commanders took their leave, after inviting the king and his attendants to dine on board the ^efolution. They were conducted to tht wa- ter-fide, in the fame manner as they approached the pa- lace, and were attended by the king and royal family. The next mornine Omai's mother, and feveral of kit relations arrived; but their interview was not like that between him and his fitter, for the old lady wounded herfelf with fhark's teeth, which appeared but an odd idea of joy to the voyagers. Our people had brought from the other ifiands fe- veral (haddock-trees, vdiich they planted here, and there appeared to them a probability of their fucceed- ing, unlefs their growth Ihould be checked by the fame idle curiufity which deftrmxd a vine planted at Oaitipiha by the Spaniards. Many of the natives af- fembled to tafle the firit fruits it produced ; but being iHIl four, they confidered it little better than poifon, and trod it under foot. The captain attending Otoo to his fitther's, he faw feveral people employed in dreffmg two girls with fijie cloth, after a very Angular falhion. There were feve- ral pieces, one end of each was held over the heads of the girls, while the remainder was wrapped round their bodies under the arm-pits. The upper ends were then let fall, and hung in folds to the ground, over the other,, fo as to bear fome rcfemblance to a circular hoop-petti- coat : lailly, round the fides of all were wrapped feve- ral pieces of cloih, of various colours, which confidoia- bly increafed the fize, it being five or fix yards in cir- cuit i and the weight of this lingular attire was as much as the poor girls could i'upport. To each were hung two taames, or breafl-pl cs, in order to efiablifh the whole, and give it a pidiurefque appearance. Thus equippeil, they were taken on board, together with fe- veral hogs, and a quantity of fruit, the whole buing a preient tw the Englilh comm^ec from Oum's father. t - • Thofc RAPHY. New Dhcovbries.3 O T A H E I T E. ^t puflied, or ufed it upon the defenfive, ) ground, in an ob- part rofe above his his cnemv, parried notion of his lance, by the dub. It° hia ewed his agility by t his head, he was r it. Their dexte- , otherwife the corn- ivays ended in good- inerally lifted about In the hornpipe, ey addei'. contortions tbleneis of the foot» dy feemed to conilit lie by the manner of the merry-andrews lers took their leave, tendants to dine on ;ondu£ted to the wa- y approached the pa- ig and royal fiamily. r, and feveral of kii ew was not like dm lie old lady wounded ppeared but an odd :he other tflands Re- planted here, and ty of their fucceed- )e checked by the d a vine planted at >y of the natives af- )roduced; but being better than poifon, his father's, he faw two girls with fine There were feve- d over the heads of wrapped round their pper ends were then ound, over die other,, I circular hoop-petti- were wrappeid feve- liis, which confidoia- or fix yards in cir- tr attire was as much Fo each were hung rder to eflablifh the appearance. Thus rd, together with fe- :, the whole being a rom Oboo's favhcr. Thofo Thofe who are ^raffed in this manner, are called •tee, but this ceremony is never performed, except when large prefents of cloth are to be made. It never was (een pra£lifed upon any other occafton ; but both Captain Cook and Captain Gierke, who failed under his command, had cloth .fprefented to them afterwards wrap- ped round the bearers in the fiune manner. Captain Cook, going to fee an embalmed corpfe^ jiear the refidence of Gtoo i on inquiry, it was fbuna to be the remains of Tee, a chief well known to him^ when he UA vifited this iiland. It was lying in an ele- gant toopapooo, in all refpecSts fimilar to that at Oaiti- niha, in which the remains of Waheiatow, the elder, were depofited. The body was found uncovered within the toopapaoo, and wrapped up in cloth. At the cap- tain's defire, the perfon who had the care of it, brought it out and placed it upon a kind of bier, fo as to exhibit a perfect view of it. The attendants then ornamented die place with mats and cloth, difpofed in fuch a manner as to produce a pleafin^ eSe£k. The body was entire in every part ; putre&£bon feemed hardly to be begtui, and not the leaft difagreeable fmell proceeded from it, though this was one of the hotteft climates, and Tee bad been dead above four months. There was, indeed, a (hrinking of the mufcular parts and eyes, but the hair and nails were in their original (late, and the feveral joints were pliaUc. The deccafed are thus preferved, by drawing out the inteftines, and other vifcera, after which the whole Cavity is ftuiFed with cloth ; that when any moifture appeared, it was imminediatelv dried up, and the body rubbed all over with perfumed cocoa-nut oil, which, frequently repeated, preferved them feveral mondis; after which they mouldered away gradually. Omai told them, that the bodies of all their great men, who die a natural death, are thus preferved, and ex- pofed to public infpedtion. We muit not omit to mention here, that Captain Cook having heard fo much of the Grangers who vifited Otahcite, and the houfe they had ered^cd, was refolved to Airvey this edifice, of which the reader will take the following det'cription : " It ilood near the beach, and was comprifed of wooden materials, fuch as feemed to have been brought thither ready prepared, the planks being all numbered ; and it confilted of two fmall rooms, in the innermoft of which were a bcddead, a table, and a bench ; fome old hats and other trifles were alfu left there } and of thefe the natives appeared particularly careful, as well as of 0ie building itfelf^ which was preferved from tne i'lju.- rics of the weather by a fort of (lied they had erefted over it. Around it were a number of fcuttles, as if in- tended for air-holes, though there might be a defign of rendering them ferviceable for firing mulkets from, if occafion required it ; and the whole Itrudture .'cemed to Captain Cook to indicate a deeper plan than the natives were aware of. At a litde dlftance flood a wooden crofs, on the tranfvcrfe part of which was infcribed, C/ji-iJfus vincif, and on the perpendicular, Carslus J J J. 3 imperat. 1774. This latter circumftancc being noticed by the captain, he preferved the memory of the vifit* of the EngliOi, by infcribing Georgiut Ttrtiut, rex, an- His 1767, 1769, 1773, i774» & •777'' Near the foot of the crofs, was the Spanim commodore's grave, who died on the ifland." * As it appeared, that whatever might be the views of the Spaniards, they had fpared no pains in endearour- ing to gain the friendfhip of the iflanders, who fix>ke of them with the greateft refpe£k } fo Captain Cook diought proper to caution them how they trufted their new friends, if ever they (hould pay them another vifit. And he afterwards heard, in the courfe of a conference with the natives, that the Spaniards had defired, the Englifh fhould never more be admitted into Oaitipiha- Harbour, as they aflerted, that all was thtir property. But the iflanders added, in a foothing manner, ** that they were fo fiir from entertaining a thought of complying with this injunction, that they came to furrender to the £nglifli the province of Tiarabeo, and every thing in it." Many of the Hulort being veiV defirous to ftay at. Otaheite, Otoo interefted himfelf in their behalf, and endeavoured to prevail on Captain Cook to grant their re»jueft ; but he rejefted peremptorily every application of that kind, though often repeated ; nor would he fuf- fer any of the natives to enter on board, though many would have gladly accompaiiied the £ur{^>eans where- - ever they intended to fail, and that too after they were afiured, that they never intended to vifit their country any more. Some of the women aHb would have- followed their Ehoonoas, or Britiih hufbands, could they have been permitted) but the commander was equaUy averfe to the taking any of the natives away, as to the. leaving his own people behind. When the ' king found he could not obtain hit wifhes in this refpe<^, he applied to Captain Cook for another favour, which, was, to allow our carpenters to- make him a cheft, or prefs, to fecure the treafures hd had accumulated in prefents: he even begged that ar bev' might be placed in it, where he intended to fleep. . This rcqueil the captain readily granted ; and while the workmen were emfdoyed in making this uncommon piece of furniture, they were plentifully fupplied with barbecued hog, and fuch dainti<4 as the country afforded, . (b that they thought themfelves amply compenfated for dieir pains. Captain Cook accompanied Otoo to Opar- ree; and before he left it took a furvey of the cattle and. poultry which he had confiened to his friend's care. Every thing was in a promifing way, and properly at- tended to. Two of tl« geefe, and two of the ducks, were fitting ; but the pea-hen and turkey-hen had nei- ther of them begun to lay. He took four goats fronr» Otoo, two of which he intended to leave at Llietea, and to refer ve two for the ufe of any other iflands he might, touch at in his paffage to the north. The captain was.. informed by Otoo, that he ha^ a canoe, which he defired' he would take with him as a prefent from the Earee of Otuheite> I i\j 91, A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. yiU k Otaiieite, to the Earcerahie of Pretanne. The captain Yrat highly pleafed with Otoo for this mark of his gra- titude. At firft) he fuppofed it to be a model of one iDf their veflels of wari but it provtd to be a fmall iva- hah, about fixtaen feet \oagt It was double, and proba- bly had been built for the purpofc, and was decorated vnth carved woric, like their canoes in general. It being inoaqvetiieiit.to take it on board, the captain could only tiiank. him for hia good intention i but the king would have been much better pleifed if hi* orefent could have bean accepted. . By the following manoeuvre of thi« prince, it wDl apprar, dut the people of this ifland do not want for adarefs in bringing ;d>out their purpofes. Among othcK things which the captain had at dilFerent times given Otoo, waa a fpying^gkfs: ha\ing been two' Qr .three-' days, poflefied of this glafs, he, pa\ap$, Eew tired of it, or difcovered that it could not o£ an^ ufe tolUmi he therefore , carried it privately to Cwtain Gierke^ tellings him,, that he had got a prcj ftnt for him, in return for his friendlkip, which he fuppa(bd would, be agreeable ;_ ** But, (ays Otoo,,Toote ptUK ' not be' jofocmed of this becaufe he wanted it, and .1 rdiifed.td Let him have it" Accordingly he put tb^ elaTs in^.Cai^n Gierke's. hands, afliiring him, at die ume tiine^ that he came honeftly by it. Captain Gierke, at firft, wiihed to be excufed nom accepting itj but Qtoo infifted that he ihould, and leit it with him. A fow d^ aftert .he reminded Gaptain Gierke of thi glaft ; wIms thoiwh he did not wim to have it, was yet defirous of' oiNigiog Otooi juid thinking a few axes would be more aosepuble, produced four, and offered them In exchange. Otoo immediatdy exclaimed, « Toote offered me five for it" Well, lays Gaptain Cle'ke, if tlat be the cafe, you (hall not be a lofer by your friendfhip for pie ; diere are fix axes for you. He readily accepted them, but again artfully deured that Captain Cook might not be made acquainted widi the Muifii^on, which he, knew could not redound to his own honour. The Engliih were detained here feme time longer than they expeAed, during which the (hips were crowd- ed with friends, and furrounded with canoes, for none of them would ^utt the place till they departed. At length, the wind came round to the eaft, and dicy weighed an- chor. When dte Refolution and Difcovery were under &il, to oblige Otoo, and to grati^ the curiofity of his people, feveralgum were fired,. aner which all friends, except his majeuy, and two or three more, took leave tf their vifitors with fuch lively marks of forrow and affe^on, as fufficiendy tieftifiea low much they re- gretted their depart)ire. Otoo being defirous of fee- ing the Refolution fail, file made a Itretch out to fea, and then in again immediately, when the king took his lafl farewell, and went aihore in his canoe. It was &£i6tiy enjoined the captain by Otoo, to requeft, in his name, the Eareerahie of pretanne (meaning the King of England) to fend him by the next fhip fome red feathers, and the birds which produced them) alfo axes, half a dozen muftets, powder and (hott and by no mcaiM to forget horfes. Before the EngKfh left thfe iflnnd, Capuin Cook Iras miich prefled to join Oteo^s hrcci in an' expedition againft Emayo, where fome 'years fince, they faid, a chief had been murdered, whom the inhabitants of the lafl-mentioned place had defired thole of- Otaheite to fend them for a king. A fitet indeed fad ftiled before' agiainft dielie p6etpky but had returned 'without achieving anything) and dierefore Aiother attack was reftdved on. The captairt aitfWered, diat he could not thirdt of engaging in n^ilities agaiiifl thofc who had not given him any offence, and predi^ed the mifcarriage of the cypedidon, on account of their olfcr- ing a human facrifice to infiire its fucoefs. Otoo left the moft valuable prefents he had received, in die captain's poffefBon, dll the day before they failed, the king declaring that diey could be no where fo fafe. From the acquifiaon of new ridie*, the inducements to pUfitring muft Cert^nlyhave increafed, anddke chieft were fenfible of this, from their being fo exceeding defirous of having diefls. The fow that the Spaniards had left among them were highly prized^ -and they were continually afting for others from our pebple. Loclu and bdts were not confidered as a fuffiaent fecurity, fo that a chefl muft be large enough for two people to fleep upon, and confiMiuaidy guard it in me nieht. Yet, in the midft of all this infecurity of property, it is no lefs flrange than true, that no laws were made, or even fuggefted, to fupprefs fudi a growing evil; no reafon for which can be affigned, but the yrtak one, that cuflom had appeared toauthorife tfaefe fhame^l depredations. On account of die inoqiacity of theie people to cal. culate the time of pifk events, it could never be learned, to a certainty, when the Spaniards landed on the ifland. The live fltock they left here, confiiled of one bull, fome goats, hogs, and dogs, and die male of another animal, which, according to informadon, was a ram, at that time at Bolabola. The hogs being b/ge, had al- ready much improved the breed originauly found upon the uland. Goats were alfo plentiful, there being hardly a chief without them. The dogs dut the Spaniards put aihore, were of two or three forts t had they all been hanged, inflead of be- ing left upon the ifland, it would have been better for the natives. A young ram fell a vi^m to one of thefe animals. Four Spaniards remained on fhore when their fhipl left the ifland, two of whom were priefts, one a fer- vant,. and the other was much careiled among the na- tives, who diflinguifhed him b^ the name of Msteema. He feemed to have fo hi iludied their language, as to have been able to fpeak it, and to have been indefatigable in inipreffing on the minds of the Ota- heiteans exalted ideas ot die greatnefs of the Spa- nifh nation, and inducing them to think meanly of the Englifh. It t\ iRAPHY. tuced them) alfoaxcs, (hott »ni by no mcatM [igHfh left thb ifland, to join Otoo^s forces 0, where fome' years nurdereci, whom the E lace had defireit thoi'e ii^. A tittt indeed Ipht, but had returned and dwrefolv Another >taik aAfWered, tfut he tdftilitie* agaiiift thofe nee, and predi6ted the account of their omr- » fucceft. ' - refents he had deceived, I day befisre Uwy failed, lid be no where fo fafe. les, the inducements to icreafed, andtlte chiefs sir being fo exceeding few thiit the Spaniards ' prized) -and they were m our peioplie. Locb a fuffiacnt fecuritr, fa rtigh for two people to ;uard it in the nieht. curity oF property, it is no laws were made, or h a growing evil; no ed, but the weak one, ithorife tbefe fluunefiil of thefe people to caU oxild never be learned, 'ds landed on the ifland. confifted of one bull, nd die male of another Mmation, was a ram, at >g8 being Irrge, had al- originiuly round upon tiful) there being hardly Hit afliore, were of two i hanged, inftead of he- ld have been better for a vi&im to one of thefe fliore w^en their Ihipl vcre priefts, one a fer- carefled among the na- y the name of Matcema. led their language, as to :, and to have hecn the minds of the Ota- greatnefs of the Spa- to think meanly of the New Discoveries.] O T A H E I 7 E. 93 It is hard to conceive, what were the views of the priefts J they could not relate to religion ; for the na- tives faiJ, they never converfed with them, either on this or any other fubjcft. The priefts refided the whole time at Oaitipiha j but Mateema roved about continu- ally, vifiting many parts of the ifland. After he and his companions had flaid ten months, two (hips arriving at Otaheite, took them on board, and failed in five days. Whatever defigns the Spaniards might have on this iflimd, their hafty departure fhewed they had now laid them afidc. However, they ende:ivoured to make the natives believe, that they intended to return, and would bring them all kinds of animals, and men and women, w!io were to fettle on the illand. As Captain Cook had received a vifu from one of the two natives of this ifland who had been taken to Lima by the Spaniards, it is fomcwhat remarkable that he never faw him afterwards, efpccially as the captain received him with uncommon ci\ ility. It was imagined that Omai, from motives of jealoufy, had kept him from the captain, he being a traveller, who, in feme degree, might vie with himfelf. Captain Gierke, who had feen the other man, fpoke of him as an inconfidera- blecharafter; and his own countrymen entertained the fame opinion of him. In (hort, thofe two adventurers feemed to be held in little or no efteem. In the mean time, Omai himfelf, who had been for- tunate enough to return with fo many more advantages, was far from improving them, as might have been expcftcd. He exhibited liitle indeed of dignity, but much of a puerile vanity : flighting the advice of his befl friends, he, like many Europeans, feemed to delight only in that fort of fociety where he expelled to be deemed the head of the company. By fuch means, he loft the friendfhip of all the principal perfons in the country, who prefently found, that they could not get from any perfon in either of the fhips fuch gifts as Omai bcflowed on the lower orders of the people. This conduft naturally loft him the fiivour of Otoo, and of thofe with whom he fhould have been careful to culti- vate an acquaintance. His fifter and his brother-in-law likewife very unkindly joined a feleit body, that feemed to have laid a fcheme for plundering him, which they would have done completely, but for the interference of Captain Cook, who took the moft ufeful articles this traveller had under his care, and forbad thefe greedy re- lations to appear at Huaheine all the time he continued at the S(x:iety-Iflands, whither he intended directing his courfe after leaving Otaheite, according to the plan of his vopge. But before we purfue the captain's track any fur- i ther, we fhall here prefent the reader with a funi- 1 niary view of the moi\ remarkable cnftoms and man- [ ners of the natives of Otaheite, and fuch other par- . ticulars as we could not have introduced fo properly I before, without breaking in upon the ibread of our narrative. CHAP. XV. Soil, Perfonsy Dwellings^ Htibits, Dii't'o/ttion, and 7'. The chief ufes for which the houfes of the inhabi- tants of Otaheite are defigned, are to fleep in, or to avoid rain; as in fair weather, they eat in the open air, under the (hade of trees. They are at beft but (beds, and in general without divifion or apartments. The roof refembles our thatched houfes, and confifts of two flat fides, inclining to each other. The floor is covered with hay, over which they fpread mats. The fize of the houfes is proportioned to the number of the family, and the feveral departments adap^tcd for the conveni- ence of the different ranks. The mafter and his v/\fe repofe ■A RAPHY. New Di^covtRiKs.] O T A H E I T E. ^5 he age of about ten or of tne body ; but thofc : breech and the loins, ried one above another I Captain Cook, was k-ing performed on tin- : and thirteen years ut twenty teeth, and at every moment, ifl'utd od. The girl bore the fome minutes, till at mt (he biirfl: out into pcrator, notwithdand* o dcfiil, was inexora- ded upon the occaftoiit gling. The operator quarter of an hour, in , the other having un- e time before, and the y deem the moft orna> nd matting of various the latter in foul wea- >r matting compofe the n the middle to put the ig before and behind; een four and five y^rds wrap round the body drefs differs from the one part of the gar- le knees, it is brought s worn by all ranks of t of women confifts of n the heat of the day, f cloth tied round the ts made of cocoa-nut in a few minutes, to The ornaments of both fhells, and pearls, but le women* Boys and hey are feven or eight are five or fix. Their :rfumed. They have a of anointing their hair of which is very houfes of the inhabi- are to fleep in, or to hey eat in the open air, y are at beft but fheds, r apartments. The roof nd confifts of two flat The floor is covered mats. The fize of the number of the family, ap^tcd for the convcni- he' mailer and his wife xcpofe repofe in the middle} round them the married peo- ple i next the unmarried female?} rhen, at fome dif- tance, the unmarried men ; then the fervanls at the ex- tremity of the Ihed, but, in fair weatherj in the open air. The boufes of the chiefs differ in fome particu- lars, having more convenient apartments conftruded for privacy. Some are fo formed as to be carried in ca- noes; they are very fmall, and enclofed with ItSves of the cocoa-nut, but the air ncvcrthclefs penetrates; thefc are dcfigned only for the accommodation of the great. With refpciSl to the difpofition and temper of thefe jflandcrs, it has been remarked, that their pafTions are violent, and fubje£l to frequent tranfitions from one ex- treme to another, efpecially after the fuccefTion of grief and rapture. As they fecm abforbed in luxury, it is na- tural to fuppofe them unable to endure pain in an acute degree ; but it will appear otherwife, when ob- ferved, that the women undergo the moft excruciating tortures from their own hands on the death of rela- tions, as will hereafter be defcribed. They point out particular friends, by taking off a part of their clothing and putting it on them. Their treatment of our countrymen, after prejudices arifing from novelty had fubfided, was generous and courteous. If an engaging look from a native was returned by a fmile from any of our countrymen, they would avail tliemfelvcs of the opportimity to prefer the requeft of a bead, or fome other bauble ; but maintained an even- nefa of temper whether granted or denied. When the frequency and importunity of their folicitations became fubje£ts for the difplay of farcafm amongft our people, they would only carry it off with an hearty laugh. Novelty was the leading topic of their conver- fation; their intercourfe with ftrangers, and the infor- mation they derived, and obfervations they made, were fubjeils referved for the entertainment and divcrfion of each odier. Though they always exprefTed emotions at the explofion of gunpowder, they overcame, by degrees, their former dread and apprehenfion. Their mode of paying obeifance to ftrangers or fupe- riors, at a firft meeting, is by uncovering themfelves to the middle; and they have a common phrafe when any one fneezes, implying, " May the Good Ge- nius awake you!" or, " May not the Evil Genius lull you afleep !" Though they pofTefs many good qualities, they par- take, as we have feen, of the propenfity to thett, that tharafterifes the inhabitants of the South-Sea iflands in general. The terribl* apprehenfions of the cfFedts of fire- arms, as upon every occafion, feldom failed of producing reilitution. One of the natives having the dexterity to crofs the river unperceived, and fteal a hatchet, the gunner of tlie Dolphin, who was commanding officer of a watering party on (hore, fignified by figns to an old man who V'as appointed to fuperinteiid commerce on the part of the Indians, the offence committed, and drew out fome of his people, as if he would have gone into the wooda in queft of the delinquent. The old man^ intimidated by this fpecious preparation, gave the officer to un- derftand he would prevent the execution of his defign, by reftoring the article miffed ; and fetting off immedi- ately, returned in a very (hurt time with the article ttolen. The gunner infifting on the thief being produced, it was complied with, though with apparent rcludtance ( and being known to be an old onender, hi was fent prifoner on board. The captain, however, only punifh*- ed him with apprehenfion, and then difmiffed and fent him on (hore. He was received on his return by his countrymen with loude'ft acclamations, and carried ofF in triumph by them into the woods. Confcious, how- ever, of the lenity of the gunner, he exprcffed his grati- tude by prefenting him with a roafied hog, and fome br 1-truit. Another trait of the difpofition of thefc people is» that they have not an idea of any thing being indecent, and tranfgrcfs the rules of modefty, without the leaft fenfe of (name, or notion of impropriety. Notwith- ftanding this difpofition, the wives here owe their huf- bands a blind fubmiffion, nor does the paffion of jealoufy prevail amongft them in the leaft degree. The fagacity of thefe people in foretelling the weather, particularly the quarter from whence the wind will blow, is very extraordinary. In their long voy- ages, they fteer by the fun in the day, and in the night by the ftars, all of which, they diftinguifh feparatcly by names, and know in what part of the heavens they will appear in any of the months during which they are vi- fible in their horizon. They can alfo determine with precifion the times of their annual appearing or difap- p^aring. Vegetables compofe the chief part of d' « diet of the common people of this ifland, whilft thofe of exalted rank fued on the flefh of hogs, dogs, and fowls, and gormandize to an excefsi Amongft the articles of ve- getable food, are the bread-fruit, bananas, plantains^ yams, apples, and a four fruit, which, though not plea- fant in itfelf, affords an agreeable relifh to roafted bread-fruit, with which it is frequently beaten up. The bread-fruit, which is the chief fupport of thefe peo- ple, is attended with no other trouble after the treft is planted, than that of climbing to gather its produce* When the fruit is not in fcafon, its deficiency is fupplied with cocoa-nuts, banaais, and plantains. A very conimon difh, is a pudding compofed of bread'fruit, plantains, taro, and jiandanus-nuts, each rafped, fcraped, or beat up \'ery fine, and baked by itfelf. A quantity of the juice of cocoa-nut kernels is put into a large tray or« wooden veffel, in which the other articles from the oven are put, together with fome hot ftones, in order to make the contents fin- Three or four perfons are employed in ftirring mer. up the feveral ingredients, till they are perfertly incor- porated, and the juice of the cocoa-nut turns to oil ; and, at laft, the wh^e mafs is nearly of the confiftencr . . ^ -of 95 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPnY. '. t/M i:iti:v'^'i 'pi, ' '•5 H .]!: ot" a hafty-puddiiig. Some of thefe puddings arc excellc(it, and iuw that wc make in England equal to them. ThJy fubftitiitc, inflcad of die bread-fruit, a kind of parte nude of cocoa-nuts, Iwnanas, and plantains, which they gather before the bread-iruii is peifcifHy ripe, and lay in heaps, c.irerinj it clol'cly with leaves. It then ferments, after which the core is cxtradted, and the fruit put into a hole dug in tjic earth, which is lined with grafs. This is alfo covered with leaves, and prcf- %fl'el!> that will bear fire. The females here are totall v excluded from men's fo- cicty whilft at their meals. Such indeed was their pre- judice in favour of this cuftom, that they cxpreflcd their difguft even at their vifitants eating m the focicty of women, and of the fame food. And the women were fo accullomcd to this motle of feparation, that the Eu- ro[)eans could never prevail with them to partake with them at their table when they were dining in coinpativ. When any of them has been occafionally alone with a woman, Ihe has fometimes eaten ; but not only exprtfled the greateft rehuStance, but extcrted the ftrongcit pro- mifes of fecrecy. Even brothers and fifters anwng them have their feparate balkets of provifions, and fepamtR apparatus for their meals. The women have tlieir food feparately prepared by boys for this purpofe. They ufuajly cat under the (hade of a fpreading tree ; their table-cloth is compofed of broad canvas, fprtad in great abundance. If a pcrfon of rank, he is attended by a number of fcrvants, who feat them- iclves round him. Before he begins his meal, he waftics his mouth and hands very clean, and repeats this pradlice feveral times while he is eating. He peals oft' the rind of the bread-fruit with his fingers and nails. He never eats apples before they are pared, to do which, a fmall flicll, of a kind that is to be picked up every where, is tofled to him by one of the attendants. Whilft he is eating, he frequently drinks a fmall quantity of falt-water, either out of a cocoa-nut ftiell which is placed by him, or out of the hand. If he eats fifti, it is drefted and wrapped up in. canvas ; the filh being broken into a cocoa-nut of falt- water, he feeds himfelf by taking up a piece with the fingers of one hand, and bringing with it as much- of the falt-water as he can retain in the hollow of his palin. When he dines on flefti, a piece of bamboo is tolTcd to him to ferve as a knife ; having fplit it tranfverfeiy with his nail, it becomes fit for ufe, and with this he divides the flefti. He crams a great quantity into his mouth at a time, and ends his repaft by fipping fome bread-fruit pounded and mixed with water, till it is brought to the confiftcncy of an unbaked cuftard. He then wafties his mouth and hands; at the fame time, the attendants clofe the cocoa-nut fliells that have been ufed, and place every thing that is left in a kind of bafket. Such is their averfion to feeding themfelvcs, that one of the chiefs, on a vifit on board an European veflel, would have gone without his diriner, if one of the fer- vants had not fed him. Some of the Englifti had an op- portunity of obferving a fmgular inftance of gliutony. Arriving, upon an excurfion, at a neat houfe, they faw a very corpulent man, who feemed to be a chief of the diftriiSt, lolling at his cafe, while two fervants were pre- paring his defert, by beating up with water fome bread- fruit and bananas in a large wooden bowl, and fixing , • ,, witli IRAPHV. unacquainted with v«il'clb that will bear :cluded from men's fg. indeed was their pre- at they expreflcd their iting in the fociety of And the women were varation, that the Eu- them to partai«.e with re dining in company. :afion;dly alone with a but not oidy exprcflcd •ted the Ihongcil pro- md fifters among them rovifions, and feparatc women have tlieir food lis purpofe. (hade of a fpreading jfed of broad canvas, pcrfon of rank, he is ants, who feat them- ins his meal, he waflies ian, and repeats this is eating. He peals with his fingers and jefore they are pared, ■ a kind that is to be fed to him by one of eating, he frequently water, either out of i by him, or out of the (led and wrapped up in ito a cocoa-nut of falt- g up a piece with the ng with it as much- of the hollow of his palin. ce of bamboo is toffcd ing fplit it tranfverfely r ufe, and with this he great quantity into his repafl by fipping fome with water, till it is unbaked cuflard. He nds; at the fame time, at fliclls that have been It is left in a kind of Nf.w Discoveries.]] - - ~ ^ O T A II E I T E. 97 SSSi ng thcmfelvcs, that one ird an European veiTcI, riiier, if one of the fer- f the Englifli had anop- ir inftance of gluttony. t a neat houfe, they faw led to be a chief of the : two fervants were pre- with water fome brcad- )dcn bowl, and^ixinf f witti with them a quantity of fermented four pulU- ; while this was doing, a woman who fat near him, crammed into his throat, by handfuls, the remains of a large baked fifli and lome bread-fruit, which he fwallowed mod voraci- oudy. He had a heavy phlegmatic countenance, which fccmed to indicate, that all his enjoyment centered in the gratification of his appetite, or, in other words, that ho wifhed to live merely to gormandize. The people of Otaheite appear to have an averfion to ftrong liquors, their chief drink being water, or milk of the cocoa-nut. If any of them had drank too freely witli the feamen, they ever after refufcd the liquor which had produced that efTedl. They have the intoxicating plant called ava-ava^ but they ufe the liquor from it with great moderation. Sometimes tlicy chew the root, and fometimes eat it whollv. One of our people made particular inquiry concern- ing the nature of the perfume-root, with which the na- tives perfume their clothes and oils. An Indian, more communicative than the reft, pointed out to him feveral plants, which are fometimes ufed as fubftitutes ; but he would not, or could not point out the real plants. Ac- cording to the accounts received afterwards, there are no lefs than fourteen different plants uied in the preparation of perfume, from which it appears, that thefe people were particularly fond of a compound of fmells. Difeafes in general do not prevail fo much fn this idand as in many others. The natives, however, are fiibjedl to leprous complaints, which appear in cutane- ous eruptions. Some had ulcers in dinerent parts of their bodies, but they were fo little regarded, that n(^ap- plication was made to cure them. They arc fometimes afHidled with cholics and coughs, and thofe who live luxurioufly are liable to the attack of a difordcr fimilar to the gout. It is affirmed by Monfieur de Bougain- ville's furgeon, that many had evident marks of the fmall-pox. The crew of the French fhip tliat vifited this ifland a fliort time after Captain Wallis had left it, are faid to have entailed the venereal difeafe upon the natives. Above half of Captain Cook's people, in 1769, had contraftcd it during a flay of three months. The na- tives diftinguifhed it by a nar.j implying rottemiefs, but of a more extenfive fignification. They defcribed the fufferinifs which the hrfl: \idlims to its rage en- dured in the mod moving terms; and afTured our peo- ple, that it caufed the hair and nails to rot off, and the flelh to rot from the bones j that it excited fuch dread and horror among the inhabitants, that, fearing infudli- on, the afHided were abandoned by their nearelt relati- ons, and fuffered to perifh in extreme mifery. But they feem fiiicc to have found out a fpecific remedy for it, as none were feen labouring under the dreadful fymptoms before mentioned upon future vifits. The management of the fick belongs to the priefts, wholii method of cure generally connfts in pronoim- ciiig a fet form of wor^i after which the leaves ot the cocoa-tree phuit are applied to the fingers and toes of the fick i (a th.U nature is left to loiiflia with the difeale without the alTillance of art. Without medical know- ledec, they appear to pofTefs ronfiJerahlc Ikill in fureery, which they dilplayed while the Dolphin lay in rort- Royal harbour. One of the crew, who, on ihorc, hap- pened to run a large fplinter into his foot, and the* iurgeon not being at hand, one of his comrades en- deavoured to take it out with a pen-knife ; but, after giving the man great pain, he was obliged to dcfiff. An old native, of a friendly, focial diQ^fition, hap- pening to be prefcnt, called a man of his country from the other fide of the river, who, having examined the lacerated foot, fetched a ihell from the beach, which he broke to a point with his teeth, and with this in- flrument laid open the wound, and extiadtcd the fplintrr. While this operation was performing, the old man went a little way into a wood, and returned with fome gum, which he applied to the wound with a piece of clean cloth that was wrapped round him, and in the I'pace of two days it was perfedtly healed. I'he furgeon of the (hip procured fome of this gum, which was produced by the apple tree, and ufed it as a vulnerary balfam with great luccefs. Captain Cook faw many of the natives with dreadful fears, and aniongfl the red, one man, whofe face was almoft entirely deftroyed, his nofe-bons included was quite fiat, and one check and one eye were fo beaten in, that the hollow would almod receive a man's fid, yet no ulcer remained. Among the birds found on this ifland, are fmall pa- roqucttt, very remarkable on account of the mix- ture of blue and red on their feathers. There is ano- ther fort of a greenifh colour, with a few red fpots ; thefe were frequently feen tame in the houfcs of the natives, who valued them for their red feathers. Here is a king-fifher, of a dark green, with a trollar of the fame hue round his white throat ; a large cuckoo, and a blue heron. There are fmall birds of various kinds, which harbour in the diadc of the bread-fruit, andgpthcr trees. Contrary to the commonly-received notion, that birds ia warm climates are not remarkable for their fong, thefe have a very agreeable not?. The domej^ic poultry here are cocks and hens, exaiSlv like thofe in Europe. There are befides wild-ducks, alio turtle-doves, and large pigeons, of a dark blue plumage, and excellent tade. The only quadrupeds in the ifland arc hogs, dogs, and rats. The natives are faid to have a icriipulous regard for the latter, and that they will by no me.iJis kill them. But Captain Cook, in 1773, tiini;d a luiiu- ber of cats on the ifland, from which, it is re;tfonab!'.- x^) fuppofe, the number of thefe favoured vermin mult be reduced. On comparing various accounts, it appears, that mufquitos and flies infeft the iilaad; but tliis fccnis to be only at certain fcafons, and in particular places. Here were found neither frogs, to.nis, fcor- pions, centipedes, or any kind of lerpfiit. The B b molt % '■ i . 9$ A NT\V AND rONfPLrrE system or UMlVER5fAr, GEOGRAPHY. i' ' 1 ^||liff|| mutt troiiblflome '\i\kt\ vv.ts the ant, of which there were but !< w. 'I'hcy have filh in -jrcat variety, wd of cxcrllcnt fla- vour. Their priiui^ial i'n\|ik>)mciu is tu catch, and their principal luxury to cat, tlicna. They nuke ropes and liiicii, and thereby provule thcnai'clvcs with filhing-net«, of ilic baric of a tree, which liipplics the want of hunp: of the fibre* of the cocoa- nut they nuke thread, with which they fallen tlic dif- ferent paits of their canvas, and fiihlerve other pur- pofcs. i'heir filhing-linen arc made from the baric of a nettle which grows on the mountains, and is called €rtnua -, tliey arc capable of holding any kind of fifh. Their hooks are made of mother-of-pearl, to which they fix a ttift of hair made to rctenibic a filh. Indead of being bearded, the point turns inwards, They have a kind of I'einc, made of a coarfc broad gxafs, the blades of which arc like flags. Thefe they twill and tie together in a loofc manner, till the neck, which is about as wide as a lare;e fack, is from fixty to eighty fa- thoms long. This fema they haul in (hoal, fmooth wa- ter, and its own weight keeps it fo clofe to the ground, that fcarcely a fmgle filh can efcapc. I'hey have har- poons made of cane, and pointed with hard wood, with which they can ftrike hlh more efteftually than an European can with one loaded with iron. They have no method, however, of fecuring a filh when they have only pierced it with their harpoon, as the inftru- mcnt is not fadeued to a line. Pieces of coral are ufcd as files to form mother-of-pearl and other hard flUells into the fhape required. CHAP. XVL Language, Manufailures, Succef/i'in, Manner sf em- balming the Dead, Dances, Mufual Injlruments, Ge- vernmentt Cujiams, Humnn Sacrifices, and Manner tiftreati^f the Bodies of the Cliiefs that fall in Battle at Otaheite. WITH regard to the language of thefc iflanders, wc are not fuilicientiy acqucinted with it to fpeak of its extent ; however^ by fuch fpccimens as have bt 1 feen, it appears to be rather expreflive than copi- o • , ; few wants commonly producing fcw words amongft all the children of Adam ; dialects of this lan- guage, however, are found to be ufed at moft of the foutnern i(lant!s. The principal manufadlure of Otaheite is cloth ; of this there are three forts, aU> which are made out of the bark of different trees, namely> the mulberry, the bread-fruit, and a tree which bears (brae refcroblance 10 the VVcd-Indian wild fig-tree. The firft of thefe produces the fined, which is feldom worn but by thofe of the firft rank. The next fort is made of the bread- fruit tree ; and the lalf, of that which refembles the wild fig-tree, gut this laft fvrt, though the codtfeil, is fcarcer than either of the other two, which aremanii- fa>' hired only iii finall quantiticx, a.s the fame manner is ulvd inTn.wiufadhiiiH^ all tliclc cloths in general. They foak the bark of the tree for two or three days ill water ; then take it nut, and feparatc the inner from the external ciwt, by fcrapiiig it with a fhcll, after which it Is fpiead out on plantain-leaves, placing two IV three layers over one another, care being talcen to make it of an equal thicknels in every part. In this Hate it contiiuics till it is almoft dry, when it adheres fit firmly, that it may be taken from the ground with- out breaking. After this proccfs, it is laiaon a fmooth bhard, and beaten with an iiiilniment made for the pur- pofc, of the coinpa£> heavy wood called Etoa. The in- Itniment is abnut fourteen inches long, and about fcven ill circumference i it is of a quadrangular (hape, and each of the four fides is marked with longitudinal grooves or furrows, difi^cring in this inftance, that thefe is a regu- lar gradation in the width and depth of the grooves on each of the fides i the coarfer fide not containing more than ten of thefe furrows, while the fined is fumifhcd with above fifty. It is with that fide of the mallet, where the grooves arc dccpcft and wideft, that they be- gin to beat their cloth, and, proceeding regular])-,, hnilh with that which has the greatcft number. By this beating, the cloth is extended in a maimer fimilar to the gold that is formed into leaves by the hammer ; and it is alfo marked with fmall channel, relcmbling thofe which are vifible on paper, but rather deeper ; "t is in general beat very thin, but when they want it thicker than common, they take two or three pieces, and parte them together with a kind of glue, prepared' from the root called Pea. This cloth becomes exceed- ing white by bleaching, and is dpd of a red, yellow, brown, or black colour ; the firft is exceeding beautiful, and equal, if not fuperior, to any iii Europe. They make the red colour from the mixture of the juices ot two vegetables, neither of which ufed feparatcly has this effea. The whole procefs of making cloth is performed by women, who arc drefTed in old dirty rags of this cloth, and have very hard hands. They prepare a red dye, which ifi made by mixing the yellow juice of a fniiill fpecies of fig, called by the natives mattee, with the greenifh juice of a fort of fern, or of fcveral plants which produce a bright crimfon, and this the womtii. rub with their haiidts if the whole piece is to be uni- formly of the fame colour ; or they make iife of a bam- boor-reerf, if it is to be marked or fprinklcd with dif- ferent patterns. This colour fades very foon, and be- comes of a dirty red, l^efides being liable to be fiwiicd by rain, or other accidents. The cloth, however, which i» dyed, or rather ftaincd with it, is highly valued by the natives, and worn only by pcrfoas of rank among them. Their matting manufadturc is alfo very confuiei.v ble : it conllitutes a great part of their employment, aiul may be faid, in itb produce, to excel any iiv Europe. The materials they work up for this purpole arc rulhc"., grafs, NEwniscovRttrs.] O T A 11 E I T F. 99 I '11 I'T-rr- cuh, ilic btrk of trees, and the Iravei of a plant they fill wharraw. The uf«« to which they apply their malting are varioui : on that of the canvas kind, they ilcen in the ntght, and fit in the da^. The fine fort they convert into upper garments i.i rainy weather, as their 1 cloth iJ foon wcttrdthrough. They arc very dextrotts at bitlcct and wicker-work j I Ixxh men and women arc empluycd at it, and they make 1 them of many different patterns. A dramatic haiva, or play, conrids of dancing, land a kind of comedy, or rather farce. The per- I formers are of both fcxes. The muflc on this ucca- llion confilU of drums only : it laAs about two hours, Iromctlmes longer, and upon the whole is generally well Iconiiui^cd. One of their dances is called TimortJee, which is !' icrtbrmed by eight or ten young girls, and confilU of oofe attitudes and geflures, in which they are trained Iftom their infancy. Their motions are lo very regu- llar, as fcarcely to be excelled by the beft performers upon [any of the (iagcs of Europe. Their principal mufical inAruments are the flute and [the drum. Their flutes have only two (tops, and thcrc- Ifore found no more than four notes by half-tones. They arc founded like our German-flute, only the per- Iforncr, inltcad of applying it to the mouth, blows it |\fith one noliril, (lopping the other with his thumb. IThey are made of a hollow bamboo, about a foot lona. ITo the (lops they apply the fore-linger of the left-hand, land the middlc-ttngcr of the right. While thefe in- (Icuments are fuunmng, others (me and keep time to ihcm. The drum is made of a hollow block of wood, lof a cylindrical form, folki at one end, and covered at ■the other with a (hark's (kin. They are beaten with ■their hands indcad of (licks. Their (kill extends to Iturning uf two drums of diiferent notes into concord : . Ithcy can likewife bring their flutes into unifon. Their jfungs arc generally extemporary, and in rhime. I They liavc the exercLfe of tnrowing the lance, not lat a mark, but for didance. The weapon is about nine l(ci;t long; the mark is the bowl of the plantaiu, and [the diltancc about twenty yards. The form of government in Otaheite, though ra- Itlicr unfettlcd, and in fomc degree apparently unccr- Itain, bears a refemblance, in point of fubordinatiun, Ito the early (late of all the nations in Europe when |»indcr the feudal fyftem. The people are divided mto jfour ranks or clafles, viz. Earee Kahie, (ignifying king, ■Of liipirior governor ; Earee, anfwering to the title of ^aron ; Mamhauni, to that of va(Tal; and Towtcw, to that of villain, according to the old law term amongd lis. Under the latter is included the loweft order of Ihe people. I 1 he illand is divided into what our countrymen perilled the Greater and Leflet Fcniiifula, generally gp- Em if, is applird to a chief, though (iimcti'.nes verned by two independent kingi: but C.iptain Cook, however, left Otoo in the lituatioii ol nionarch of ilu* whole illand; yet there was a dependent prince of the fmallcr IVninltila. Earitrnhit, great \i\\\g, or em- peror, is their highcft lillc. petty king, or r conliderahtc the monarch i', content with that title. As children in this country fucceed to the title and authority of tlicit fathers as foon as they are born, the fovercignty of the king oi courfe ceaCes as foon as he has a fon born. It is fo likewife with the Earrt, or baron, as the fon fucceeds to the lilies and ho- nours of his father as foon as he is born. He is indeed reduced to the rank of a private man, all marks of refpedl being transferred to. the (on. But here it is pro- per to obferve, with refpe£l to the former, that a regent IS chofen, and the fatner generally retains his power under that title, till the ftm becomes of age ; and at to the latter, that the edates remain in his poifedion, and under the management of the father, to the fame period. The fubordf nation of the Towtows, or lower clafs, defeives attention. Though employed in feeding the animals for their luxurious chiefs, they are not futtered fo tude a morfel of their food. They undergo, with- out daring to repine, the fevered chaftifements, if through the unavoidable means of i concourf'?, they Ercfs upon or incommode the king, or any chief, iit is progreis ; and this fubordination is preferved with- out any formal power veded in the king to enforce it. He does not appear to have any military force, either to awe his fubjects into obedience, or fupprefs a fpccics of rebellion. He has no body or life-guard ; the ba- rons who attend his perfon do not go armed; fo that the dillin£tion of ranx that is maintained here, mud be attributed to the placid and compbcent difpofition of the people in general. Notwiihdanding this didrnflion of rank, and its confequent fubordination, the iiecelfaries of life are within the reach of every individual, at the expenccof very moderate labonr; and if the higher clafs polFcfs exclufivcJy fome articles of luxury, as pork, fifli, fowls, and cloth, there are no objeAs here fo extremely deditute and wretched, as thofe which too often (hock the humane beholder in more civi- lized dates. The conduct of tkefe people docs not appear to be under the red.iftion of any dated form of govcrnmenf^ From divers caufes, very few adions among them are deemed criminal. They have no idea of the ufe of money ; though adultery is hekl criminal, yet as con- cubinage with unmarried women is exempt from that imputation, it takes off from the temptation to it. Bc- ftdes, in a country where there is very little, or none at all of that delicacy prevalent in more enlightened or civilized parts of the world, a predileflion for any one woman is not liable to be attended with any Ii:riou» confe^ueticos. ' Adultery, 100 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. liSvii ■4A ^'^ t' Adultery, however, is fomctimes piinifhed with death from the hands of the injured party, when under the influence of a paflion naturally excited by fuch a caufe ; though in general the women, if detefted, only undergo a fcveic beating, and the gallant puiFcs un- jioiiced. The chief dcfedl here, is trufting executive juflicc to the lawlcfs bounds of the injured party, who inflicSts punilhmcnt as judge and executioner on the delinquent at his own will, without any rellriflion. The chiefs, however, in ads of flagrant violation of juftice and hu- manity, fometimcs interpofe. A fort of liveries diflinguifli the fervants of the higher clafs. They wear their faflies higher or lower in pro- portion to the rank of their mailers. The fervants of the chiefs are didinguifhed by the falh being faltened clofe under the arm ; thofe of the inferior rank of no- bility by its going round the loins. One circumltance which does honour to their fyftem of government is, the c'ltaining immediate information of any defign that is formed. As a proof of this it isobferved, that one of the water calks being Iblen from an European velFel in the night ; thr^ tranfadion next morning was uiiiverfally known among the Indians, though, it was evident, the theft was committed in a dillant part of the ifland. By the fame means the Europeans were apprifed of a limilar intent the following night ; fo that in confeqjence of placing a centinel over the callcs, the thief who came accordingly \vas difap- pointed of his booty. Several parts of the ifland were private property, dcfccnding lo the heir of the polfelfor at his death, and that (.ikfcent appeared to fall indifcriminately to man or woman. The number of the inhabitants of one diflrid of the iiland wascllimatcd at 2,400, women and children in- cluded Captain Cook, on a certain occafion, receiving in- formation from Otoo th'. king, that the war canoes of fcvcral of his diflrids were about to undergo a g'^neral review, went in his boat to take a furvey of it. Their war canoes, whici. are with flages whereon they fight, amount to about 60 in number ; and there are nearly us many more of a fmaller fize. The captain was ready to have attended them to Oparree ; but the chiefs re- folved that they would not move till the next day. This happened to be a fortimate delay ; as it alforded him an opportunity of getting fome fight into their manner of fighting. He therctore defircd Otoo to give orders, that fome of them (hould go through the necellTary ma- iiociivrts. Two ot them \ ere accordingly ordered into the bay ; in one of "vhicli were the king, Capt. Cook, and an ofHccr, and one of the iilanders went on board another. As foon as they had got fuflicient fea room, tlicy faced and advanced, and retreated by turns as quick as their rowers could paddle. In the mean time, the war- riors on the ftages nouridicd their weapons, and played 3 a variety of antic tricks, which could anfwer no other purpofu than that of roi'fmg their padions, to prepare tiiem for the onfet. T b ; king (lood by the fide of the Itages, giving the neci-.'ary orders when to advance, and w hen to retreat. Great judgment and a quick eye feems to be necelfary in this department, to feize every advantage, and to avoid every difad vantage. At length the two canoes clofed ftage to ftage ; and after a fevcrc though (hort confiifl, all the troops on Otoo's ftagc were fuppofed to bs killed, and the oppofite party boarded them ; when inftantly Otoo ana the paodier! in the canoe, Icaptd into the fea, as if reduced to the neceflity of preferving their lives by fwimming. But they fometimes lafli the two veflels together head to head, and fight till all the warriors on one fide or the other are killed ; yet this clofe combat is never prac- tifed, except when the contending parties arc deter- mined to conquer or die. Indeed, in this inflance, one or the other muft infallibly happen ; for they never give quarter unlefs it be to referve their prifoners for a more cruel death the following day. All the powerand Qrcngth of thefe iflands lie in their navies. A general encounter on land was never heard of; and all their decifivc adlions are on the water. When the time and place of battle are fixed by both parties, the preceding day and night are fpent in feafting and diverfions. When the day dawns, they launch the ca. noes, make every necelTary preparation, and with the day begin the battle ; the fate of which, in generJ, decides the difpute. The vanquiflied endeavour to fave themfelves ty a precipitate flight ; and thofe who reach the fliore fly with their friends to the mountains; for the vidlors, before their fury abates, fpare neither the aged, women, or children, They aiTemble the next day at the moral, to return thanks to the Eatooa for the vidory, and oiFer tl'"re the flain and the prifoners as fac.ifices. A treaty is then fet on foot ; and the conquerors obtain ufually their own terms; whereby hrrv. diftri£ls r i' land, and even whole iflands, fome- ;i nes change tlieir proprietors and mafters. One of our molt celebrated navigators acknowledged, that their naval armaments exceeded every idea he had formed of the power of this fmall ifland. The fame remark was made of their dock yards, in which were large canoes, fome lately built, and others building; two of which were the largeft ever fcen in that fea, or any-where elfe under that name: and itmuftbecon- felfcd, that the power and confequence of the liianJ never appeared to fuch advantage as when, u[»a another occation, the fleet of war canoes was aflira- bled. The amount of thofe collcded was 159 of the largcll, bclidcs 70 fmaller ones. The concoiirfc ot people was more furprifing than the number of ca- noes ; for, upon a moderate computation, they could not contain lefs than fifteen himdred warriors, and four thoufanc rowers or paddlers. Our countrymen were given to underftand, that this formidable fleet wa; on7 the Duval force of a tingle dillrid, and that all tic otbtn ;raphy. New DtscovERiEs.3 O T A n E r T E. tot :-i' t„ could anfwer no other tr pallions, to prepare lood by the fide ot the 5rs when to advance, jment and a quick eye irtment, to feizc every iadvantage. At length ige ; and after a fevcrc roops on Otoo's (lage id the oppofite party Otoo ana the paddlerj a, as if reduced to the s by fwimming. But elTels together head to ors on one fide or the combat is never prac- ling parties are deter- deed, in this inftance, lappen ; for they never ve their prifoners fori ay. All the powcrand eir navies. I was never heard of; on the water. When ! fixed by both parties, e fpent in feafting and ns, they launch theca- paration, and with the ! of which, in generJ, iquifhed endeavour to flight ; and thofe who ends to the mountains; jT abates, fpare neither rhey aflfemble the next inks to the Eatooa for flain and the prifoners fet on foot ; and the r own terms ; whereby n whole iflands, fome- nd mafters. vigators acknowledged, eeded every idea he haJ ull ifland. The fame yards, in which were ;, and others buililing; ver fcen in that fca, or e : and it muft be con- nfequence of the illar.J iitage as when, u[wii war canoes was afTcm- ollcded was 159 of the es. The concourfe of an the number ofca- amputation, they could hundred warriors, and ers. Our countrymen his formidable fleet was dillria, and thata'.li- others others could ftirnifll a naval armament in proportion to their number and fize. The officers were drefled in their war habits, which conlilled of a great quantity of cloth, turbans, breaft-plates, and helmets ; fome of the latter were of fuch a lize as greatly to encumber the wearer. Their whole drefs appeared rather calculated for (how than ufe, and not adapted to the purpofe defigned. The veffels being decorated with nags, {Ireamers, &c. made upon the whole a noble ap- pearance. » Two kinds of canoes are here in ufe, one they call Ivahahs, the other Pahies; the former ferve for fhort voyages at fea, and the latter for long ones. Thefe boats do not differ either in (hape or fize, but they are in no degree proportionate, being from fixty to feventy feet in length, and not more than the thirtieth part in breadth. Some are employed in going from one illand to another, and others ufed for fiihing. There is alfo the Ivahah, which ferves for war; thefe are by far the longeft, and the head and ftern are confiderably above the body. Thefe Ivahahs are faflened together fide by fide when they go to fea, at the difiance of a few feet, by ftrong wooden poles, which aro laid acrofs them and joined to each fide. A ftage or platform is raifed on the fore part, about ten or twelve feet long, upon which (land the fighting men, whofc miflilc weapons are flings and fpears. Beneath thefe ftages the rowers fit, who fupply the place of thofe who arc wounded. The (ifiiing Ivahahs are from thirty or forty to ten feet in length, and thofe for travelling have a fmall houfe fixed on board, which is faftened upon the fore part, for the better accommodation of perfons of rank, who occupy them both day and night. The Pahies differ alfo in fize, being from fixty to feventy feet long, they are alfo very narrow, and are fometimes ufcd for fight- ing, but chiefly for long voyages. In going from one ifland to another they are out fometimes a month, and often at fea a fortnight or twenty days ; and if they had convenience to flow more provifions, they could (lay o\it much longer. Thefe velfels are very ufeful in landing, and putting oflF from the (hore in a furf, for by their great length and high (lern they landed dry, when the Englilh boats could (carcely land at all. The chief parts or pices ot thefe veffels are formed feparately without either faw, chilfel, or any other iron tool, which renders their fabrication more furprifing and wortliy obfervatiun. ThtTe parts being prepared, ihe keel is fixed upon blocks, and the planks are fup- ported with props, till they arc fcwcd or joined to- gether with ftrong plaited thongs, which are palled feveral times throtigh holes bored with a chiifel of (>oiie, fuch as tliey commonly make ufe of, and when finilhcd they are fufficicntly tight without calking. Their indruments of war are clubs, fpears, and ftones. They x\k their flings with great dexterity. They have likewifc bows and arrows ; but the arrows are of no other ufe than merely to bring down a bird, being headed only %vith a (tone, and none of them pointed. Their targets are of a femicircular form, made of wicker work and plaited firings of the cocoa- nut fibres, covered with gloffy LIuifh green feathers, and ornamented with (harks* teetii curioully difplayed. The tools which thefe people make uk of for build* ing houfes, conflrudling canoes, hewing ftones, and for cleaving, carving, andpolifhing timber, con fill of nothing, more than an ndze of (lone, and a chilfel of bone, moft commonly that of a mat 's arm } and for a file or polilher, they make ufe of a rafp of coral and coral land. The blades of their adzes are extremely rough, but not very hard ; they make them of various fizes, thofe for felling wood weigh fix or feven pounds, and others which are ufed for carving, only a few ounces ; they are obliged every minute to (harpen thern on a (lone, which is always kept near them for that purpofe. The moft difficuit taflc they meet with in the ufe of thefe tools, is the felling of a tree, which employs a great number of hands for feveral days to- gether. The tree which is in general ufe is called Aoi, the Rem of which is (Iraight and tall. Some of the fmaller boats are made of the bread-fruit tree, which is wrought witho'-t much difficulty, being of a light fpongv nature. Inflead of planes they ufe their adzes with great dexterity. Their canoes arc all (haped with the hand, the Indians not being acquainted with the method of warpitig a plank. They are remar'-able H immcrs. It is related that on a part of the (hore where a trcmendo.ifly high furf broke, infomuch that no European boat could live, and the befl fwimmer in Europe could not preferve himfelf from drowning, if by any accident he had been expofed to its fury, ten or eleven Indians were fvsiia- ming here for their amufement. If a furf broke near them, they dived under it and rofe again on the other fide. They availed themfelves greatly of the (lern of an old canoe, which they took before them and fwam out with it as far as the oiitern-o(l b»»ch, when two or three getting into it and turning the fquare end to the breaking wave, were driven towards the (hore with incredible rapidity, fometimes almoll to the beach; but generally the wave broke over them before they got halfway, in which cafe they dived and rofe on the other fide with the canoe in their hands, and fwini- ming out with it again, were again driven buck. Du- ring this ardiicus effort, none of the fwinuncrs at- teinptcd to come on (hore, Init fcemed to enjoy tlit (port in the highefl (ltt;'cc. A bfad intended to have been dropped into a canoe, having accidentally l.ill>.n into the fea, a little bov i'boiii lix yrats oldjiinipid immediately overboard, ami, diving atttr it, .vcov-.r/- cd his jewel. Our officers, to encourage ilie rliild, dropped more beads, which cxcIk J the d.rue of a number of both ("exes ot the natives to anuife i!n' (liangers with their feats in the water ; they dived, and not only brought up feveral beads I'caticred at once, but likewife large nails, witicli truiu their weight defcendcd quickly to aconfidcrablc depth. Swimmintj C c fecmi. 102 A NFAV AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. '■ r\ } ' feems to be familiar to both fexcs from the carlieft childhood, and the pliancy of their limbs and cafy pofitions in the water were molt amazing, and fcemcd 10 indicate that they were a kind of amphibious creatures. Among many articles of traffic, feathers became of the highelt value with the women, and of courfe ob- je6ls which attraifted their particular attention. They (tiled them Ona, and they fccm to have been prized equal to jewels in Europe. The moft attractive were thofe called oariTO/w, which grow on the head of the green parroquet, and the na- tives foon became judges competent to dillinguilh the fuperior from the inferior forts. Our people endea- voured to jmpofe (Ived feathers upon them for thofe of a genuine colour ; but all their arts of deception were abortive. Tlie rage for the poflellion of feathers became boundlefi, and they were the wages of the females favours i'l general; nor did even hulbands fccm to difcountenance thein in throwing out allure- ments to our coi ntrymen to obtain polFellion of them. To fuch a degree of phrenzy did their defire for this article prevail, that a Imgle little feather was preferred to a bead or a nail, and a very fmall piece of clo''^ clofely covered with them was received with a rap- ture of delight equal to any that could be excited in the mind of an European on the pretc.itatiori of a diamond of the firft magnitude. Their warriors ex- changed their very helmets for red fe.ithers, and the failors purchafed targets innumerable with them. , Their curious and fmgular mourning ilrclfes, which formerly had been prized fo highly, were difpofed of when feathers became the objcds of barter. Captain Cook prefented one of thefe mourning drcfles to the Britifh Mufeum. The iflanders alfo at this time difcovered great in- clination for bafkets, clubs, and painted cloth, and were exceFv-ely taken with the mats of Tongataboo, though, '.n general, they refemblc thofe of their own manufacture. Our people, however, availed them- felves of thisdifpofition, and impofed on them, under another name, the very mats they had formerly pur- chafed at Otaheite, md they had mo'e fuccefs in this <4cception, than in the impoJition of dy.d feathers. The natives here live to an advanced age, without i>cing much incommoded by infirmities, retain their intell'.-flual powers, and picferve their teeth to the la(t. Monf. de Bougainville, the French navigator often re- ferred to, dffcribes an old man, who had no other trait of age than that venerable one which is imprinted on a fine figtire. Silver locks and a white beard adorned his head. Kis body was ntr/ous and his tlelh folid. He had neither wrinkles or any other tokens of ticcrc- pitude. Tl)is man, however, fo refpeflable in appear- ance, fcemed averfe to the fociety of Grangers : he was totally regardlefs of their carellts, and gave no in- dic:..l.)ns of fear, altoniihment, or curiolily. Thofe objcds that GKcitcd lh« rapture of the multitude had no charms for him ; he accounted them baubles: from which confideration it appeared that his mind w.is as found and unimpaired as his body. The fame navigator relates, that his people foiinil upon this ifland live or (ix men of molt (iii;jular ap. pcarance. Their (kins were of a dead white like the nofc of a white horfe, fcurfy, covered with a kind of down, and of a hue that could not admit of being termed complexion. The hair on their heads, eye- brows, and beards, were of the fatne dead white : they had eyes refembling thofe of a ferret, and were re. markably near lighted. They were, upon the w hole, confidercd as being of no particular race of mankiiu), nor did they appear to propagate beings fimilar to them, felves. In this illand marriages do not come under the cog. nizance or fandion of the prieds, being merely fecubr contrafts, abftra£led from any folemn tie, or formal ceremony. But if the prielts arc deprived of the bc- nehts that might rcfiilt l.'om marriages, if under the lift of their fundions, they are amply compenfated by an exclufive right to perform the ceremony of tattow- ing, which being univerfally»adopted mull be very lu. crative, and furniih them with all the luxuries of life. The males in general undergo a kind of circumcifion, which they intimate as done from a principleof clcau- linefs : however, it is deemed a foul difgrace not to fubniit to it. The performance of- this ceremony is likewife the exclufive right of the priclls. As to>thcir religion, ic is very myfterious; and as the language adapted to it was different from that which was fpoken on other Qccafions, our voyagers were not able to gain much knowledge of it. All the informa- tion they could obtain in regard to this particular was, that the natives imagined every thing in the creation to proceed froin the conjuiidtion of two perfons. One nf thefe (which they ^onfidcr as the firfij they callTa. roataihetoomo, and the other Tapapa ; and the vear which they call Tettowmatptayo, they fuppofe to he the daughter of thefe two. They alfo imagine an in- ferior fort of deities, known by the name of Eatoos', two of whom, they fay, formerly inhabited the cuih, and they fuppofe that the firil man and woman defccnded from them. The Supreme Being thci llyle, " The Caufcr of Earthquakes ;" but more fre- quently adilrcfs ihcir prayers to Tane, whom they con- ceive to be a fon of the firil progenitors of nature, They believe in the exillcnce of the foul in a Rparate ilate, and fuppofe that there are two lituations dirtlriiig I in the degrees of happinefs, which they confidcr as re- ceptacles for (iitfcrent ranks, but not as places of re- wards and punilhmcnts. Tlieir notion is, that the chicis and principal people will have the preference U thofe of lower ranks ; fur as to tlieir actions they can- not conceive them to influence their future (late, is j they believe the deity takes no cognizance of iliitn. As Monf. Bougainville had firmly alferted, on ihf tcllimony of a native, whom he took with him to France, GRAPFIY. New Discoveries.] O T A H E I T E. lOg :ognizance ol uitin. firmly allcrtetl, oii tbt lie took with turn » France, that human facrifices ccnftitute a part of the | religious ceremonies of the people of Otaheitc ; therefore, Captain Cook, drfirous of having further information con:erniiig fo iiUererting a matter, went to a moral, or place of worlTiip (which we (hall Uefcribe in courfe) ac- companied by captain Furneaax of the Adventure, hav- ing' with them a fcaman who fpokc the language tole- rably well, and i'cvcral of the natives. Obferving in the moral a kind of bier with a fhed eredted over it, on which lay a corpfe and fome provifions, inquiry was maili; if the plantains were for tlie Eatooa or Divinity, and if they facrihced to him hogs, dogs, fowls, &c. To all this a native replied in the affirmative. On in- quiry being made whether they facrificed men to the Eatooa, the anfwer was taato eno, " bad man," firft tiparrhyy beating th"m till they were dead. When the qusftion was put, II good men were put to death in this manner ? the reply was in the negative. Being alked whether Towtows, that is, men of the loweft clafs, were ever thus facrificed, if good men ? a native replied in the negative., repeating the words taato eno, or bad men. It appeared, from what could be gathered upon this oc- cafion, that men, for certain crimes, were condemned to be facrificed to the Deity, provided they did not pof- fefs any property to purchafe their redemption. Thj following is a circumRanti.al account of the fa- crifice at which Captain Cook was prcient. Having afkcd pcrmilfion to be a fpedtator, which was readily granted, he repaired to Attahooroo, where the ceremony was to be performed. Being arrived there with many others, Otoo defired that the iail jrs might be ordered to continue in the boat ; and tha. thj perions prefent would take off their hats as foon as they Ihould come to the moral. To this they immediately proceeded, followed by numbers of men and fome boys ; but not one wo- man was prcient. They fouiiJ four prieils with their affiilants waiting for them, and on their arrival the ce- remonies commenced. The dead body or facrifice was in a fmall canoe that lay cii tlic beach fronting the moral. Two of the prieils, with feveral of their attendants, were fitting by the canoe that lay on the beach ; the otheis at the moral. The company floppe 1 at the diftance cf 20 or 30 paces from the priefts. Here Otoo placed himfeli i the European vifitors and a few others landing by him, while the bulk of the people were re- moved to a greater diftance. The ceremonies now commenced. One of the affiflants of thj priefts brought a young plantain tree, and laid it down before the king. Another approaclied, bearing a fm:.li tuft of reu ft;'- thers, twilled on Ibme fibres of the cocoa-nut hulTc. with which he touched one of Otoo's feet, and after- wards retired with it to his companions. One of the riefts who were featud at the moral thi n began a ong prayer, and at particular times lent down young Elantain trees, which were pl.iced upoi\ the facrifice. )uiing this prayer, one of the natives who flood by the officiating prieft, held in his hands two bundles, in cue of wliich, as was afterwards found, was ttie royal 3 I maro ; and the other, if it may be allowed the exprcf- fion, the ark of the Eatooa. The prayer being finiOi- ed, the priefts at tlie moral, with their afTiftaiits, went and f;it down by thofe who were upon the beach, car- rying the two bundles with them. They here ren-';wed their prayers ; during which the plantain-trees were taken, one by one, at various times, from ofF the dead body, which, being wrapped up in cocoa-leaves and fmall branches, was now taken out of the canoe ai.d laid upon the beach. The priefts placed themfclvcs round it, fome ftanding, and others fitting ; and one or more of them repeated fententes for about ten mi- nutes. The body was now ftripped of the leaves and branches, and placed parallel with the fea-fhbre. Then one of the priefts ftanding at the feet of the corpfe, pronounced a long prayer, in which he was joined oc- cafionally by others, each of them holding a tuft of led feathers in his hand. While this prayer was repeating, fome hair was pulled oft" the head of the intended facri- fice, and the left eye was taken out ; both which bcino wrapped in a greeh leaf, were preftnted to the king, who, however, did not touch them, but gave to thu man who brought them to him the tuft of red feathers which he had received from Towha who was related to the king and chief of the diftridl of Tettaha. This, with the eye and hair, were taken to the priefts. IJot long after this the king fent tliein another bunch of feathers. In the courfe of this laft ceremony, a king-fifhcr making a noife, Omai laid to Captain Cook, " Thac is the Eatooa ;" and he feemed to confider it as a fa- vourable prognoftic. The corpfe was then carried a little v/ay, and laid under a tree, near which weie fix- ed three thin pieces of wood neatly carved in various figures. The bundles of cloth nere placed on a part of the mora. ; and the tufts or red feathers were laid at the feet of the dead body, round which tl;e priefts Rationed themfelves ; and our people were at this time permitted to go as near as thev plcafed. He who feemed to be the chief prieft: fpoke for about a quar- ter of an hour, with different tones and gefturcs ; fometimes appearing to expoftulale with the deceafed, at other times afklng feveral :iueftioiis; then niakiii"- various demands, as if the dead body had power himfelf, or intereft with the deity, to engage him to- grant fueh requeft ; among which, he defired him par- ticularly to deliver Eimeo, Mi'heine its thief, the wo- mi.:i, hogs, and other things of the iHand into their hands ; which was, indeed, ihe exprefs object of the facrifrce. He then prayed near half an hour, in a whi- ning tone, and two other priefts joined in the prayer, in the courfe of which one of them pluck*. ' fome more hair from the head of the corple, and put it upon one of the bundles. The high prieft now prayed alone, holding in his hand the feaiheis received from Towhn.. Havi: g finiftied, he gave them to another prieft, who prayed in like manner ; then all the tufts of feathers were placed upon the bundles of cloth, which coucludeJ the 104 A MEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. tlic ceremony at this place. The uead body was now carried to the mod confpiciious part of the morai, with the feathers, and the two bundles of cloth, wWlc thf drums beat ilowly. Ttie feathers and bundles were laid againft a pile of ftonr"!, and the body at the foot of them. The priefts having again feated themfelvcs round the corpfc, renewed their prayers, while fome of their af- fiftants dug a hole about the depth of two feet, into which they threw the vi(Stim, and covered it over with Itones and earth. While they were depofiting the b )dy in the grave, a boy fqueakecl aloud, upon which Omai told tiie captain, it was the Eatooa. In the mean time, a fire having been made, a lean dog, half ftarved, was produced, and killed by twilting the neck. The hair v/:is then finged off", and the entrails being taken out, they were thrown into the fire, and left there to be con- fumed; but the kidney, heart, and liver, were baked on heated ftones. The carcafc, after having been rubbed over with the blood of the animal, was, with the li- ver, &c. laid down. before the prieils, who were f^atcd round the grave pft-aying. They, for fome time, uttered ejaculations over the dog, while two men, at intervals, beat very loud on two drums ; and a boy fcreamed in a loud Inrill voice three times. This, they faid, vras to invite the Eatooa to feaft on the banquet, that they had prepared for him. When the prielts had finiflied their prayers, the body, heart, liver, &c. of the dog, were placed on a whatta, or fcaffold, about fix feet in height, on which lay the remains of two other dogs, and of two pigs, that had been lately facrificed. 7'he priefts and their attendants now gave a Ihout, and this proclaimed the ceremonies ended for the prefent. As it grew towards evening, the Englill were con- duced to a houfe belonging to Fatatou, where they were entertained and lodged for the night. Having bcpj :;:- formed, that the religious rites were to be renewtfl the next day, they could not quit the place while any thing remained to be fcen. Early in the morning they repaired to the fcene of aflion ; and foon afterwards a pig was facrificed, and laid ui-on the fame fcafFoId with the others. About eight o clock Otoo took our party to the morai, where the prit.ll and a great multitude of people were by this time aflembled. The two hu.idles occupied the place where they had been depofitcd the preceding evenin^r ; the two drums were in the front of the morai, and the priefts were ftationed beyond them. The king placed himfelf between the drums, and defined Captain C>iok to ftand by him. The ceremony conrmenced with bringing a young plantain tree, and laying it at the king's feet. A pr.iyer wa^ tb.a rcpe.ited by the priefts, nolding in their hands fe\'.r.ii tutts of red, and a plume of oftrieh feathers ; which the commodore had prefented to Otoo on his firit arrival. When the priefts had ended the prayer, they chaiig- rd their ftation, and placed themlelves between our party and the morai. One of them, the fame who h«l performed the principal part the preceding day, began another prayer, which continued near half rm hour. During the prayer, the tufts of red feathers were put, one by one, upon the ark of the Eatooa. Not long after, four pigs were produced, one of which wai killed immediately, and the three others were taken to a neighbouring ftyc. The maro with which the natives invcft their kings, was contained in one of the bundles. When taken out of the cloth, it was fpread on the ground at full length before the priefts. It is a girdle about fifteen feet in length, and one foot and a quarter in breadth, and is probably put on in the fame manner as the common maro, or piece of cloth, ufed by thefc iflanders to wrap round the waift. It was ornamented with yellow and red featb rs ; but principally with the former. One end of it wa . liordered with eight pieces, about the fize and figure of a horfe-flioe, whofe edges were fringed with black feathers ; the other end was forked, havina; the points of various lengths. The feathers were ranged in two rows, in fquare compartments, and produced a plca- fing effeft. They had been firft fixed upon fome of the cloth of the ifland, and then fcwed to the upper part of the pendant, which Captain Wallis had left flying on ftiore, the firft time of his arrival at Matavai. The priefts pronounced a long prayer, relative to this part of the ceremony ; and after it was ended, the badge of royalty was folded up with great care, and put into the cloth. The other bundle, already mentioned under the name of the ark, was next opened at one end; but our party were not permitted to approach near enough to examine its riyfterious contents. The irtfelligence they obtained reipefting it? contents was, that the Ea- tooa (or rather, what is fuppofed to rcprefent him) wai concealed thereir. The twiftfu fibres of the huflc of the cocoa-nut compofe the facred repofitory, and' its figure is nearly rlrcular, with one end confiderably thicker than the other. The pig that had been killed, was by this tine cleaned, and its entrails taken jut. Thefe hap- pened to have many of thofe convulfivc motions nhich frequently appear, in difi^erent parts, when an animal is killed; and this was confidered as a very fj^vourable omen. After haing been expofed for fome 'time, the entrails were carried and laid down before the priefts, one of whom clofely infpe(£ted them, turning them for this purpofe gently with a ftick. Having b.,en fuffici- cntly examined, they were thrown into the fire. The facrificed pig, and its liver, heirt, &c. were now put upon the IcafFold where the dog had been depofited; and then all the feathers, except the oftri'-h-plumc, be- ing enclofed in the ark, an end was put to the whole fo- lenmity. Four double canoes remained upon the beach all the time, bci'ore the place of facrifice. A fmall platfomi) covered with p.ilm leaves, faftened in myftcrious knots, was fixed on t!ie fore-part of each of thofe canoes ; ;ini this alfo is called a morai. Some plantains, cocoa- nuts, bread-fruit, filh, and other articles, lay upm each New Discoveries.] O T A H E I T E. 105 each of thcfe naval morals. The natives faid, that they belonffed to the Eatooa, and that they were to attend the fleet lent out againft Eumaio. The unfAtunate vidtim ofFered on this occafion was, to appearance, a middle-aged man, and one of the low- eft clafs of the people ; but it did not appear that they had fixed upon him on account of his having com- mitted any particular crime that deferved death. It is certain, however, that they ufually fele(St fuch guilty perfons for facrifices, or elfe vagabonds, who have no vifible way of procuring an honeft livelihood. Having examined the body of the unhappy fufFerer, now ofFered up as the objeft of thefe people's adoratiori, our party obferved, that it was bloody about the head, a;id much bruifed upon the right temple, which denoted the manner in which he had been killed ; and they were in- formed, that he had been knocked on the head with a ftone. The wretches who are devoted on thefe occafions, are never previoufly apprifed of their fate. Whenever any one of the principal chiefs conceives a human facri- fice neceffary, on any great emergency, he fixes upon the viiSim, and then difpatches fome of his trufty fer- vants, who fall upon him fuddenly, and either ftone him to death, or beat out his brains with a club. The king Is then acquainted with it, whofe prefence is faid to be abfolutely neceftary at the folemn rites that follow ; and, indeed, in the late performance, Otoo bore a ca- pital part. The fblemnity itfelf is called Poore Eree, or the prayer of the chief: and the vidim is termed Taata-taboo, or confecrated man. The morai, where the late facrifice was offered, is always appropriated for the burial of the king of the whole ifland, and lilcewife of his family, and fome other perfons of diftin- guifhcd rank. It differs little, except in extent, from the common morais. Its principal part is a large oblong pile of ftones, about thirteen feet in height, and con- tiafted towards the top, with a quadrangular area on each fide, loofely paved with pebbles, under which the bones of the chiefs are depofited. Towards the end neareft the fea, is the place of facrifice, where is a very large whatta, or fcaffold, on which the offerings of fruits and other vegetables are placed ; but the animals are laid on a fmaller one, and the human fticrifices are interred un- der the pavement. There are feveral reliques Mattered aliout this place ; fuch as fmall ftones raifed in feveral parts of the pavement ; fome with bits of cloth faflened ro\;nci them, others entirely covered with it; and upon the fide ot the large pile fronting the area, are a great number ot pieces of carved wood, in which thci; gods are fuppofed to refide occafionally. There h an heap of ftones at one end of the large fcaituld, v/ivk a fort of platform on one fide. On this are (iepofited all the flculls of the human ilicrifices, which are taken up after they have remained under ground for fome months. Jiift above them many of the carved pieces of wood are placed; and here the Maro, and the other bundle, fuppofed to contain the goil Ooro, were laid during the ctU'bration of the late fo- lemn rites. This barbarous cuftom of offering human facrifices moft probably prevails in all or molt of the iflands of »he Pacific Ocean, however diftant from each other fome of them may be. And though it may be fiippofed, that not more than one perfon is offered at one time, ci- ther at Otaheite, or other iflands, yet thefe occafions, in all probability, occur fo frequently, as to make a terri- ble havock of the human fpecies ; for no lefs than forty- nine fkulls of former vidims, were counted lying before the morai at Attahooroo ; and as none of thofe Ikulls appeared to have fuffered any confiderable change or de- cay from the weather, it may be inferred, that only a ihort time had eiapfed fince the victims to whom they belonged had been offered. Yet this horrible iblem^ity appeared not to imprcfs any awe for their deity, fuch as they luppofed him, nor any veneration for religion, upon the minds of the fpeftators; as this was far from being the cafe on the late occafion ; for though a vaft multitude had af- fembled at the morai, they mewed very little reverence for what was tranfaiting : and Omai happening to ar- rive after the ceremonies had begun, many of the illanders thronged round him, and were engaged for the remaining part of the time in making him recount fome of his adventures; to which they liftened with great eagernefs of attention, regardlefs of the folemn offices which their priefts were then performing. In- deed, the priefts themfelves, except the one who fuf- tained the principal part, either from their being fa- miliarized to fuch objedls, or from their repofing no great degree of confidence in the efficacy of their re- ligious inftitutions, maintained very little of that folem- nity, fo neceffary to give, even to ails of real devotion, their proper effeft. Their habit was but an ordinary one ; they converf- ed together with great familiarity; and the only attempt they made to preferve decorum, was by exerting their authority, to prevent the populace from encroaching on the fpot, and to fuffer our party, as ftrangers, to come forward. They were, however, very candid in the an- fwers which they gave to any interrogatories that were put to them, with regard to this inhuman inftitution. Being aiked, what was the defign of it? they re- plied, that it was an ancient cuftom, and highly pleafing to their god, who came and fed upon the fi- crifices; in confequef.ce of which, he gianied thinr petitions. It was then objefted, that he certainly did not feed on thefe, as he was neither fecn to do it, nor were the bodies of the facriticed animals fooncoiLunied 1 and that as to the corpfe of a luunan vidtiui, thev pre- vented his feeding on that by interring it. la aniwer t in batde, which they carry about with them as trophies ; and they, in feme mearurc, offer up their bodies to the Eatooa : for after an engagement, in which they have come ofF viiftorious, they collei5l all the dead, and bring them to the morai, where, with great form and ceremony, they dig a large hole, and bury them all in it, as fo many offerings to their divinities. But they treat in a different manner their own chiefs that fall in battle. A late king, Tootaha, Tubourai Tamaide, and another chief, who were (lain in an engagement with thofe of Tiaraboo, were brought to^ the morai at Attahooroo ; at which place the priefts* cut out their bowels before the great altar; and their dead bodies were afterwards interred in three different places near the great pile of llones above mentioned ; and the comnioit men who loft their lives in the bat- tle, were all buried in one hole, at the foot of the fame pile. This was performed the day after the battle, with much pomp and formality, amidll a numerous con- courfe of people, as a thankfgiving offered to the deity, for the victory they had obtained the preceding day. The vanquifhed, in the mean time, had taken reiuge in the mountains, where they remained upwards of a week, till the fury of the vigors began to abate. A treaty was then fet on foot, by which it was agreed, that Otoo fliould be proclaimed king of the whole ifland ; and the folemnity of invefting him with the maro, or badge of royalty, was performed at the fame morai, with great magnificence. As the natives call their places of interment Morals, fo likewife they do their places of worlhip. They approach thefe morals with awe and reverence ; not, as it fhould feem, becaufe they cfteem any thing there fa- cred, but becaufe they there worfhip an invilible being, for whom they entertain the profoundeft refpeft, al- though not excited by the h«pe of reward, or the dread of punifliment. They hold thefe cemeteries, or places of worlhip, fo venerable, that the chiefs themfelves, and their wives, on pafling them, take their upper garments from their flioulders. The manner in which they bury their dead, and exprefs their forrow for the iofs of rela- tives and friends departed, is thus dcfcribed by the lateft and moft iiitelligent obfervers. The corpfe was placed in the open air, till the bones became quite dry. A (hod was ereded near the refidence of the deceafed ; one end was left quite ©pen ; the other end and the two fides we.k in the ground, by whici) lay a fiouc as bi^ as a. coci>a-nut. Near thefe lay one of the young plantain leaves that are ufed for emblems of peace, and dole by it a Itone axe. At the open end of the filed alio hung a great number of palm nut?, In ievcral ftrings ; and without the ftied was Uuck up in the ground a ftem of a plantain tree, about fix feet high, upon the top gf which was placed a cocoa-nut fliell full of frefli water : againft the fide of one of thefe polts hung a fmall bag containing feme bread-fruit ready roalted. The food thus placed by the corpfe was defigned as an offering to their deiti;;s. Round about the fpot where the body is placed tiiey flrew fmall pieces of cloth, on which the tears and blood of the mourners have Leen (bed ; for in their paroxyfms of grief, it is an univerfal cultom to wound thcmlelves with a Ihark's tooth. ! The mourning that is worn here is an head-drefs of | feathers, tlie colour of which is confecrated to death, and a veil over the face. The drefs is called Eeva. The whole country is faid to appear thus on the death I of their king. The mourning for fathers is very long, The women mourn for their hufbands ; but not the hufbands for their wives. The ifland producing no commodities that can be I converted to the purpofe of foreign traffic, the main benefit that can accrue from a knowledge of it is the fupplying of fliips with refrelhments in pafling through the South-Seas : and certainly it might be rendered competently fubfervient to that defirable purpole, as I fuch European productions, both animal and vegetable, as are conducive to the fame, might be abundantly cultivated in fo favourable a climate which muft alii;e | benefit the voyagers and the inhabitants of Otiiheitc. CHAP. XVII. SOCIETY-ISLANDS. Situation, Number, and Extent. Their Soil and Tn- duflions. f^ario'is Incidents. Omai fettled a: Hua- hcine. itijip's Departure.. THE Society-Islands, fo called in hv-incurofl the Royal-Society, form a group of fix in iiiim- ber, called Huaheine, Ulieiea, Bolabola, Otalw, 'VrM, and Morona. They are fituate between 16 dcg. ic iv,::i. north, and 16 deg. 55 miri. fouth latitude, and bttwt :'. 1,50 deg. 57 min. and 1 ja deg. of welt longituJe, and j were dil'covcred by Captain Cook, in the year ijhi). After the commander left Otahcite, in theEiidca\(i!:r, having Tupia on board, he came in figh of Huahtiae,! lying in latitude 160 deg. 43 min. fouth and ijodw r,2 min. weft longitude. It is divided into two piiiin- fulas conneded by an iffhmus, which however iscvcr- fldwed at high water. The appear. nee of the con;.'.;' is fomewhat liki^ that of Otahcite ; but it fccms to have fufferc J feme fhocks from volcanoes. Tiioii^ .■ New Discoveries.] SOCIETY-ISLANDS. joy Their Soil and Pn- Omal fettled a. Hua- min. foiith, and ijote Though feveral canoes made up towards ti.. En- deavour, as fhe approached, yet none of the Indiar- would come along-fiJe, till tlicy received encourage- ment from Tupia, in whom they placed fo much con- fidence, and who fo far removed their fear, that the Icing and queen canie on board. Almoft every thing thefe people faw in "the veflel, excited their aftonifh- ment; but it was remarked, that they made no in- quiries after any other objeiSs, than luch as imme- diately prefentea themfelves to their view, appearing to be entirely fatisfied with what was fhewn them, though they might reafonably have fuppofed that a building of fuch utility and extent as the fhip, muft have aftorded many curiofities. The ceremony of ex- changing names, generally confldered as a mark of ffieiidlhip in thefc iflands, pafled between the king, whofe name was Oree, and Captain Cook. Anchoring in a fmall but fine harbour. Captain Cook went on Ihore, accompanied by Mr. Banks and fomc other gentlemen, with Tupia and the king. Various ceremonies then paffed between the king and our people, wliich were confidered as a kind of ratifi- cation of a treaty between the Englifli and the king of Huaheine. The level part of this ifland is very fertile, and abounds with bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees ; and its produiitions are more forward than thofe at Otaheite. The mountains here, and in the Society-Iflands in general, contiiiually attra(St the vapours from the at- mofpliere, and many rivulets defcend from the broken rocks into the plain, fo that tliey are fupplied with plenty of water. The iflanders take great pains with the cultivation of their cloth-tree, having drains made through beds of earth to draw ofF the water, and the fides neatly built up with lloncs ; and in the drains they plant the aruniy which yields the yam they call /atco. When the commander left this illand, he prefentcd the king with a fmall plate of pewter, on which was iiifcribed, "His Brii,.nnic Majefty's ftiip Endeavour, Lieutenant Cook, Commander, i6th July 1769." Many of the younger men of the natives, during the ftay of the iiiip at this illand, voluntarily offered to take their paflage with the commander for England. From the whole he fingkd out one, called by fome, Oedidee, by others, Miihine. This youtii was a native of Bola- liola, and a near relation of O-Poonv, the king of that illaii ', and conqueror of fevend ailjutciit ones. He is JcJLribed as pofl'eiling mental and perfonal accom- plidimcntf, which endeared him to the people in ge:'.eral on board the fhip. Arriving in 62 degrees fouth latitude, Maliine cx- prefFcl his furprife at feveral little fnow and hail ihovvcis on tliij preceding days, fuch phivnomena being utterly unknown in his country. The appe.irance of whittf fiones, which melted in his hand, was altogether miratulouj in his eyes; and though pains were taken to explain to him that cold wafc tiie caufe of theii for- mation, his ideas on that fubieiEl did not feem to be very clear. A very heavy fall of fnow fu.prifed him more than ever ; and after long confideration of its fingular qualities, he faid he would call it white rain when he got back to his own country. In fine, it was with difficulty he was perfuaded to believe that fnow and ice were only frelh water, till he was fliewn fome congealed in a cafk on the deck. He ftill, how- ever, declared that he would call this 'the white land,' by way of diflinguifhing it from a\\ the reft. He had coUedted a number of little (lender twigs, which he carefully tied in a bundle, and made nfe of inftead of a journ.il : for every ifland he had feen and vifited after his departure from the Society-Ilhnds, he had feleded a little twig, fo that his coUeiStion, by tr.is time, amounted to about nine or ten, of which he re- membered the. names perfectly well, in the fame order as he had feen them ; and the white land, or v.heiinu- the EnglifK. The ij.reatrft anguifh appeared in this young man's brea(f when he went away. He looked up at the fhip,. burll into te.irs, and then funk down into the canoe. Jull as he was going. out of the liap, he made a requeft la. lo8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY". ■1, II' M .i '^ ' i? 1 .1 :;" > ii to Captain CimIc, with which he cf.mplicd, and then gave him a certificate of the time he iiad been on board, and recommended him to the notice of thofe who might touch there after him. When CapBjtin Cook vifited this ifland on his fecond voyage with the Refolution and Adventure under his command, the former anchored in twenty-four fathoms water, but the latter got on Ihore on the north fide of the channel, though {he was happily got off again without receiving any damage. 'I'he natives re- ceived our people with the utmoft cordiality. Captain Cook was informed that Oree was flill alive, and waited to fee him. The commanders, with others, went to the place appointed lor the interview The chief had carefully preferved the piece of pewter, with an infcription on it, which Captain Cook had prefented him with in 1769, together with a piece of counterfeit Englifh coin, which, with a few beads, were all in the fame bag the captain made for them ; thefe the chief fent on ooard. This part of the ceremony being over, our party were defired by their guide to decorate three young plantain trees with nails, looking- glafles, beads, medals, &c. With thei'e in their hands they landed, and were condudled through the multi- tude. They were direded to fit down a few paces be- fore the chief, and the plantains were laid one by o.ie before him. They were told that one was for the Deity, another for the king, and a third for friend- ship. This being done, the king came to Captain Cook, fell on his neck, and kifled him. A great ef- fufion of tears fell down the venerable cheaks of this old man, which appeared fuch as fpoke the language of the heart. Prefents were made to all his atten- dants and friends. Captain Cook regarded him as a father, and therefoie prefented him with the molt valuable articles he had. Going on ftiorc after breakfaft, the commander heard that one of the inhabitants had been very infolent and troublcfome. 'I'hc man was fhewn to him, equipped in his war habit, with a club in each hand. The captain took thefe from him, as he perceived him bent on mifchief, broke them before his face, and obliged him to retire. Being informed that this man was a chief, he became a little fufpicious of him, and lent for a guard. About this time a gentleman had gone out to colleiS plants alone; two men afl'aulted him, and ftripped him of every thing but his trowlcis ; luckily they did him no harm, though they ftruck him levcral times with his own hanger. They made off when they hud done this, and another of the natives hrtrught a piece of cloih to cover him. This gentle- man prefentlv appeared at the trading-place, where a number of the natives were afTembleci, who fled at leeing him. Captain Cook perfuaded fome of them to return, afl'uring them that none (hould fuft'er who were innocent. When the king heard this complaint, he and his companions wept bitterly ; and as loon as his grief was ail'uaged, he made i* long harangue to the ,\^£. people that hod returned, telling them the bafencfs of luch ai5ti >ns, when the captain and his crew had alwau >ehaved I'o well to them. He then took a very par- .icuhir account of all the things the gentleman had lot), md pron.iied they fhould be returnedi if it was in hit lowor to find them. After this, he defired Captain Jook to follow him to the boat, but the people ceing apprehenfive of his fafcty, ufed every argument to difiuade him from it. It is impoflible to defcribe the grief they exprefled in the entreaties they ufed; every face was bedewed with tears, and every moutii was filled with the mod difl'uafive arguments. Oree was deaf to them all, and infiited on going with the captain ; when they both were in the boat, he defired , it might be put oft". The only perfon who did not op. pofe his going, was his filter, and Ihc (hewed a mag- nanimity of fpirit equal to her brother. Peace was now perfectly re-eltablilhcd, provifiom poured in from all quarters, the gentleman's coat and hanger were returned, and thus ended thefe troubic- fome tranfadtions. The Captains Cook and Furneaux went to pay their farewell to Oree, and prefented him with things both valuable and uleful. They alfo left him a copper-plate with this inlcription, "Anchored here his Britannic Majefty's Ihips Refolution and Adventure, September 1773." Having traded for fuch things as were wanted, they took their leave, which was very alFedtionate. On returning to the Ihips, they were crowded, with canoes filled with hogs, fowls, &c. Soon after they were on board, the king came and informed them that the robbers were taken, and defired them to go on Ihore in order to behold their exemplary punilhment. This they would have done, but were prevented by the Adventure's being out of the harbour, and the Refolution under fail. Oree ftaid with them till they were near two miles out at fea, and then, after taking another afFedticnate leave, parted. During their Ihort ftay at the fmall but fertile ifland of Huaheine, they procured upwards of 300 hogs, befides fowls and fruit in great abundance. The Refolution and Difcovery, on Captain Cook's | third voyage, anchored on the 12th of Odober 1777, at the iiorthern entrance of Owherre harbour, fitiuitcd on the weft fide of this illand. Omai, in his canoe, entered the harbour juft before them, but did not land ; and though many of his countrymen crowded to fee him, he did not take much notice of them. Great numbers alfo came oft' to the Ihips, infomuch that they were greatly incommoded by them. The next morning, all the principal people of the ifland repaired to the European Ihips, agreeable to t'-e wilhes of tlic commodore, as it was now time to i'ettle Omai, and he liippofed that the prefence of thefe chielis 1 would enable him to eft'edt it in a fatisfadtory man- ner. But Omai now feemed inclined to eltablifh hini- felf at Ulietea ; and if he and Captain Cook could ha\t agreed with refped to the mode of accomplilhing that ddign, IRAPHV. New Discoveries.] r them the bafencfs of d his crew had always then took a very par- le gentleman had loO, aeu, if it was in hit ;, he defired Captain [tat, but the people , ufed every argument impoffible to dcfcribe entreaties they uled ; ears, and every moutii ve arguments. Oree ted on going with die in the boat, he defired . | )erfon who did not op- md (he {hewed a mag- other. -cftabliflied, provifiom z gentleman's coat and 3 ended thefe trouble- eaux went to pay their i him with things both left him a coppcr-pl«e ed here his britaniiic Adventure, September things as were wanted, very affeiStionate. On were crowded, with &c. Soon after they md informed them that defired them to go on exemplary puniihment, )ut were prevented by the harbour, and the aid with them till they , and then, after taking ;d. During their (hort and of Huaheine, they befides fowls and fruit ry, on Captain Cook's i2thof Oftober 1777, vherre harbour, fituated Omai, in his canoe, )re them, but did not countrymen crowled to notice of them. Great lips, jnfomuch that ihey em. principal people of the n Ibips, agreeable to tlie t was now time to I'cttle | prefence of thefe chiets : in a fatisfadtory man- iclined to eltablifh him- !;!aptain Cook could have )dc of accomplifliing that , dciigni S O C t^E T Y 1— I tf« ■ ISLANDS. 109 defign, the latter would have confentcd to adopt it. His father had been deprived by the inhabitants of Bolabola, when they fubdued Ulictea, ol Ibme land in that iiland ; and the captain hoped he (hould be able to get it reftored to the fon without difficulty. For this purpofe, it was neceflary that Omai fhould be upon friendly terms with thofe who had become mafters of the ifland ', but he would not liften to any fuch pro- pofal, and imagined that the captain would make ule of force to reinftate him in his forfeited lands. This prepoffeflion preventing his being fixed at Ulietea, the captain began to confider Huaheine as the more proper place, and therefore determined to avail himfeif of the prefence of the chief men of that iiland, and propofe the affair to them. The (hips were no lefs crowded with hogs, than with chiefs, the former being poured in fafter than the butchers and falters could difpatch them. Indeed, for feveral days after arrival, fome hundreds, great and fmall, were brought on board j and, if any were re- fufed, they were thrown into the boats and left behind.^ . The captain prepared to make a vifit in form to Taireeureea, the Earee rahie, or then reigning king of the ifland. Omai, whd was to accompany him, dreflcd himfeif very properly on the occafion, and pro- vided a handfome prefent for the chief himfeif, and another for his Eatooa. Their landing drew moft of the vifitors from the Ihips, fo that the concourfe of people became Very great. When the king appeared, his prefence might have been difpenfed* with, as his age did not exceed ten years. Omai, who ftood at a little diftance from the circle of great men, began with .making his offerings to the gods, which conlilfed of cloth, red feathers, &c. Another offering fucceeded, which was to be given to the gods by the young chief; and after that, feveral other tufts of red feathers were prefented. The dif- ferent articles were laid before the prieft, being each of them delivered with a kind of prayer, which was fpoken by one of Omai's friends, though in a great meafure diftatcd by himfeif. In thefe prayers he did not forget his friends in England, nor thofe who had conducted him fafe back to his native country. The Earee rahie of Pretanne (king of Great-Britain), the Earl of Sandwich, Toote (Captain Cook), Tat^e (Captain Clerke), were mentioned in every one of them. Thefe offeiings and prayers being ended, the lirielt took each of the articles in order, and, after re- peating a concluding prayer, fcnt every one of them to the morai. After the performance of thefe religious rites, Omai feated himlelf by the captain, who beltowed a prefent on the young prince, and received another in return. Some arrangements were then agreed upon, relative to the mode of carrying on the intcrcourfe between our people and the natives. The cltablifhmcnt of Omai was then propofed to this aflembly of chiefs. They were informed, that the Englifli had conveyed iiim into their country, where he was well received by the great king of Pretanne, and his Earces; and had been treated, durins his whole ftay, with all the mnrks of regard and affcftionj that he had been brought back again, enriched with a variety of articles, which, it was hoped, would be highly beneficial to his countrymen ; and tliat, befides the two horfes which were to con- tinue with him, many other new and ufeful animals had been left at Otaheitc, which would fpccdily mul- tinly, and furnifh a fufficient number for the ufe of all the neighbouring iflands. They were then given to ' underdand, it was the commodore's earneft requeft, that thev would give his friend Omai, a piece of land, upurt wnich he might build a houfe, and raife provifions for himfeif and family ; addine, that if he could not obtain ths at Huaheine, eidier hy donation or purchafe^ he was refolved to carry him to Ulietea, and fettle him therii. This conclufion feemed moft to gain the appro- batign of all the chiefs j and the rew)n was obvious. Omai had flattered himfeif, that the captain would ufe force in reftoring him to his Other's pofTefltons in Ulietea; and he had vaunted himfeif on this fub- je6l among fome chiefs, at this meeting, who now expefted that they (hould be affifted by our people in an invafion of Ulietea, and driving the Bolabolans out of that ifland. But as it was proper that they fliould be undeceived in this particular, the captain, with tbi* view, fignified to them, In the moft decifive manner, that he would neither give them any afllftance in fuch an enterprize, nor even fuffer it to be put in ex^ution, while h; remained in their feas ; and that, if Omai eftabliflied himfeif in Ulietea, he fliould be introduced as a friend, and not forced upon- the people of Bolabola as their conqueror. This declaration gave a new turn to the fentiments of the council; one of whom cxprcflld" himfeif to this effeftj that the whole ifland of Hua- heine, and whatever it contained^ were Captain Cook'r, and therefore he might difpofe of what portion le pleafed to hu friend : but, though Omai feemed much pleafed at Rearing this, he delired them to mark out the fpot, and likewife the exaiit quantity of lane", which they intended to grant for the llulcmeti!; Upon this, fome ' chiefs, who had retired from the - aflembly, were feiit for, and after a fhort con. iltation the commodore's requeft was uuiinimoufly complifd with, and the ground immediately fixed upon, ad- joining to the houfe where the prefent mt;eiiiig was held. It extended along the fhore of the harbour nejir two hundred yards ; its depth, to the bottom of the hill, was fomewhat more ; and a proportionate part of tlie hill was comprehended in the grant. Captain Cook rode with Omai onhorfeback, to give ' him an air of confequencc, followed by the natives, who, attradted by the novelty of the fight, flock&d from the ■ moll remote parts of the illuiid to be fpectators. ■ *> E e The .■-.■:-"V" no A NEW AN* COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. m » t" if, '."li iv; The afFiir being fettled between the commodore and l the chief, the carpenters and calkcrs were ordered on fhore to ercA a houfe fur Onuti, wherein he mieht fecurc the various European commodities that he had in his pofleflion : at the fame time others of our people were employed ti. making a garden for his ufe, plant- ing vines, Ihaddocks, iiiclons, pine-apples, and the feeds of various kinds of vegetables ; all which were in a flourifliing ftate before their departure from the ifland. Omai began now to pajr a ferious attention to his own affairs, and heartily repented of his lU-judgcd pro- digality at Otalieitc. He was now the only rich man in the kingdom} and mafler oi an accumulated quantity of a fpecies of treafurc, which his countrymen could not ct-eat*: by any art or induftry of their own. It was natural, therctbre, to imagine, that while all were deilrous of (karing this envied wealth, all would be ready to join ill attempts to ftrip its fole proprietor. As the moft likely means of preventing this, Captain Cook advifed him to diflribute fome of his moveables among two or three of the principal chiefs ; who, on being thus gratified, might be induced to favour him with their patronage, and fhield him from the injuries of others. Omai promifcd to follow this advice, and before oiir people failed, this j^rudcnt ftep was taken. The captain, however, not confiding wholly in the operations of gratitude, had rccourfe to the mor-r for- cible and efFetStual moti\'e of intimidation, taking every opportunity of notifying to the inhabitants that it was his intention to make another viflt to their illand, after having been abfent the ufual time ; and that if he did not find his friend in the fame ftate of fecurity in which he fhould leave hii^ at prefent, all thofe wl:^ had been his enemies might expedt to become the obje£ls of his refentment. The intercourfe of trade uid friendly offices between thcEnglifh and the inhabitants of Huaiieiiie was inter- rupted; for, in the evening, one of them found means to get into Mr. Bayley's obfervatory, and carry off a fextant unobferved. Captain Cook was no fooner in- formed of this theft, than he went afhore, and defired Omai to apply to the chiefs to procure reltitfttion. He accordingly made application to them, but they took no flcps towards recovering the inftrutricnt, being more attentive to a beeva that was then exhibiting, till the captain ordered the performers to clefifl. Being Jiow convinced he was in earneft, they began to make fome inquiry after the delinquent, who was fitting in the ■lidft of them, with fuch marks of unconcern, that the captain was in great doubt of his being guilty, par- ticvlariy as hs denied it. Omai afTuring him this was tlie perfon, he was fent on board the RcfoluCion, and put in irons. This raifed a great diiturbance amoi.g ite iilanA-'rs, and the whole body fled with precipita fion. The prifoner being examined by Omai, was with fome difficulty brought to toiifefs where he had coii- cealed the fextant, and it was brought back unhurt the next morning. After this, the natives recovered from their cunlteruation, and began to gather about tht Englilh as ufual. * As the thief appeared to be a fhamelcfs villain, the commodore punifhed him with greater fcverity than he had ever done any former culprit i for, oefides having his head and beard (haved, he ordered bodi his ears to be cut off, and his eye-browt to be flayed^ than which no punifhment could have fubjciSted him to greater difgrace. In this bleeding condition be was fent on (hur'-, and expofed at a fpedtacle to inti- midate the people from meddling with what was not their own. The natives looked with horror upon die man, and it was eafy to perceive that this adl gave them general difguft : even Omai was a/Fc^lcd, though he endeavoured to jufUfy it, by telhng his friends, that if fuch a crime had been committed in the country where he had been, the thief would have been fen- tenced t» lofe his life. But, bow well foever he might carry off the matter, he dreaded tile confequenccs to himfelf, which, in part, appeared a few dayb after- wards. ^ A report being fpread that one of our goats had been flolen by the before-mentioned thief; and though, upon examination, ever/ thing was found fafe in that quajter, yet it appeared that he had detlroyed and carried off trom the grounds of Omai feveral vines atMl cabbage plants; that he had publicly threatened to ^ut him to death, and to fet fire to his houfe as foon as his European friends fhould quit this place. To prevent his doing an^ further mifthief, the captain ordered him to be feized, and confined again on buard the fhip, with a view of carrying him of!" the illandj and this intention feemed to gi\ e general fatisfaction to all the chiefs. He was a native of Bolabola; but there were too many of the people here ready to co. operate with him in all his defigns. Their Earee rahie was but a child ; and it was not obferved that there was an individual, or any fet of men, who held the reins of govcinnient for him; fo that whenever any mifunderftanding occurred hetwcea the Englifh and the natives, :hcy never knew pro- perly to whom it was nccefTarj' to apply, in order to efFccl an accommodation, or procure renic.'s. Early in the morning, five vbys after his impnfo.iment, the iiolabola-man found means to efcapc from his con- finement, and out of the ihip, carrying with him the fhackJe of the bilboo-bolt that had been put about his leg, which was taken from him as foun as he arrived on fbore, by one of the chiefs, and given to Omai, who went with all expedition on board the fhip, to inform the captain, that his mortal enemy was again let loofe upon him. Indeed our people were pleafed at hearing that the delinquent who efcaped had gone over to Ulietea ; but it was tliought by fome he only intended to conceal himtelf till their departure, when he would revenge the fuppofed indignity by open ox fec«et attacks unon Omai, RAPHY. n i tivcs recovered from :o gather about tht diameleftt villain, the rcaier fcverity than ulpriti for, Defidei J, he ordered both S'brows to be flayed, I have fubjcfted him eeding condition he a fpe^tacle to inti I with what was not with horror upon die lat this a6t gave them 5 afFei5tcd> though he ing his friends, that itted ill the country ould have been fen- wcU foever he might the confequenccB to d a few day^ aftcr- of our goats had been thief} and though, J was found fafe in t he had deriroyed and f Omai feveral vines id publicly threatened re to his houfe as loon quit this place. To mifchief, the captain jnfined again on board ng him oft" the irtaud ; \c general fatisfaction ative of Bolabola; but ;ople here ready to co- child i and it was not vidual, or any fet of jvcinment for himj fo ing occurred betwcea hey never knew pro- to apply, in order rocure renrefs. Early cr liis iinpiifonment, :o cfcapc from his con- carrying with him the i.ad been put about his as ioon as he arrived and given to Omai, on board the fhip, to ital enemy was again d at hearing that the e over to Ulietea ; but liy intended to conceal he would revenge the feaet attecks) unon Omai, New DiscovERiEJ.j SOCIETY-ISLANDS. Ill Omai, whofe houfe being nearty finiflied, mitny of his moveables were carried on (hore. Among other ar- ticles was a box o> toys, which greatly picafcd the gazing multitude ; but as to his plates, dilhei, drink- nig mugs, gbfluii &c. fcarc; one of his countrymen would even look at them. Omai himfelf began to think, that they would be of no fervice to him ; that a baked hog was more favory than a boiled one i that a nlaiuain leaf made as good a difh or plate as pewter i that a cocoa-nut (hell was as convenient a goblet as t)nc of our mugs. He therefore dilpofed of moft of thofe articles of Englifh furniture among the crew of the ihips { and received from them in return, hatchets, and other implements, which had a more intrinfic value in this part of the world. Among the numerous prefents bcdowcd upon him in England, fireworks had not been i omitted ; fome of which were now exhibited, before a great number of people, who beheld them with a mix- ture of pleafure and fear. Thole that remained were put in order, and left with Omai, on the ifland. Preparations were now made for departure from Huaheine, and every thing taken off from the fliore except a goat big with kid, a horfe and a mare, which [were left in the pofl'eifiun of Omai, who was now to be finally fcparated from his Englilh friends. They I gave him alio a boar and two fows, of the Engliih breed i and he had two fows of his own. The horfe 1 had covered the mare at Otaheite ; fo that the intro- diiiSion of a breed of horfes into*there iflands has pro- I babiy I'ucceedcd by this valuable prefeiit. Ontai's European weapons confifted of a fowling- Ipiece, two pair of piltols, feveral fvords, cutlaffes, a imulket, bayonet, and a cartouch box. After he had Igot on fhore whatever bL-loiigcJ to him, he frequently liiivited the two captains, and moft of the officers of Iboth Ihips, to dine with him ; on which occafions his Itable was plentifull\'(j>read with' the beft provifions that Ithc ifland could arfbrd. He went through the fatigues lof the day better than could have been expeiSted from ■the dcfpondency tliat appeared in his ccintenance, when llirft the company began to aflemble. Perhap? his awic- jA'ard fituation, between half Indian and i>alf European preparations, might contribute not a little to embarrafs him; for having never before made an entertainment himrelf, though he had been a partaicor at many, both in England and in the iflands, ho was yet at a lofs to con- duft himillf pro )erly to To many guefts, all of thcni fu- berior to himil-lf in point of rank, though he iriight be paid to be I'uperior, in point of fortune, to in oft of the chiefs at his table. | Nothing, however, was wanting to imp'ef- the in- babitants with an opinion of his co.iftjquence. The Brums, trumpets, bagpipes, hautboys, flutes, violins, In fliort, the w'lole band of mufic attended, ai.d took It by turns to play while dinner was getting ready, »nd when the company were feated, the whole band |oiued in full concert, to the admiration of crowds of 3 the inh.ibitin'^s, who were affembled round ih. houfe on this occ*nfion. The dinner confifted, as ufual, of the various pro- ductions of the ifland, barbecued hogs, fowls dreflcd, fome aft.r the manner of the country, and fome after the Englilh falhion, witli plenty of wine and other liquors, with which two or three of the chiefs made very free. When the dinner was over, hcivas and fire- works fuccceJcd ; and when night approached, the mul- titudes that attended as fpe6tators, difperfed without the leaft diforder. Before they fet fail, the commodore caufcd the follow- ing infcription to be cut in the front of Omai's houfe ; Georgius tertiut, Rexy s Novembris^ ^777' ^"^"^ \Dy-cntTy, Car. CUrie, Pr. Having thus executed his main defign, he took adi vantage of an eafterly breeze, and failed out of Owharre harbour. Our people had procured more than 400 hogs on this ifland. It was agreed' upon, that immediately after the de- parture of the (hips, Omai fliould ere£l a fpacious houfe, after the faihion of his own country $ and the chiefs of the ifland promifed to contribute their aflift- ance. Many of the natives continued on board till the veil'els were under fail ; when the captain, to gratify their curiofity, ordered five of the great guns to be fired. They then all departed except Omai, who re- mained till the (hips went out to fea. He then went on fhore in a boat, and took a very affe6tionate and final leave of the captain, nev«r to fee him more. On this occafion he gave bim his laft in- ftruCtions how to a£t, diredting him to fend his boat to Ulietea, to acquaint him with tlie behaviour of the chiefs in the abience of the ftiips, which he was to fig- nify by particular and private tokens. He had endea- voured to prevail on Captain Cook to let him return tO' England, which made ids parting with him and our-' officers the more aft'edting. If tears could have pre- vailed on the commander to let him return, Omai's eyes were never dry j and if the tendereft fupplicationa of a dutiful fon to an obdurate father could have made any impreflions, Omai hung round his neck in all the feeming agony of a child trying to melt the heart of a reludtant parent. He twined his arms round him with ■ the ardour of inviolable friendfhip, till Captain Cook>.. unable any longer to contain himfelf, broke from and retired to his cabin, to indulge that natural fympathjr which he couhl not reflft, leaving Omai to dry up hi»> tears, and compote himfelf on the quarter deck. Having then bid farewell, he was accompanied by lieutenant King in the boat, who informed > Captain Cook he had wept all the time he was going on fhore. . It was hoped that he would exert his endeavours to • bring to pcrfc(ftion the various fruits and vegetables- that were planted by his En^ifb friends. Indeed the principjd iiB A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEDORAPHY. ■;.i »" »;■ ■Kf V f firincipal advantage thefe iflands are likely to receive rom the travels of Omai, will probably aiife from the animali that have been left upon them i which, per- haps, they never would have obtained, if he had not come over to England. When thefe multiply, Ou- heitc, and the Socicty-Iflcs, will equal any places in the known world, with relpc^t to piovifions. Omai s re- turn, and the fubllantial prouts he had liiiplay.-d of firitifh liberality, encouraged many to offer tiicmfclvci «s volunteers on an cxpeditiun to Lngland. Ulibtba, which we come next to treat of, is about so leagues in circumference. When Captain Cook, Mr. Banks, and others went on fliore, accompanied by Tupia, they were received by the natives in the molt courteous manner ( reports concerning them having been tranfmitted from Ofaheite. After lome corcino- nles had paflcd, Captain Cook took pofllflion of this and the adjacent illands, in the name of the king of Grcat-Britam. The country has extenfive plains and high hills, the foil on the top of which was founJ to be a kind of ilone marie. On tlie fides were fomc fcattered flint*, and a few pieces of a fpongy Hone lava, of a whitilh colour, which fecmcd to contain fome remains of iron ; it was conjc£liired that great quantities of that metal might be lodged in the mountainous parts of the ifland. Its vegetable produiSlions arc chiefly plantains, cocoa- nuts, and yams : thofe of the animal kind, hogs and fowls ; but the latter .irticles do not abound. There is great fiinilarity in perfon, manners,, and cuftoms between the natives of this and the iflands adjacent Ulietea, however, was diftinguilhed from the reft, by a remarkable moral, which the natives called Tapodeloatca. The walls which were about •ight feet, were raifcd of coral Hones, fomc extremely Jarge. The whole cnclofed an area, of about 25 yards fquare, which was filled up. with fmaller floncs. Upon rji altar, at a fmall dillance from tiiis enclofure, was depofited as a facrifice, a hug, very nicely wafhed, weighing about fourfcore pounds. Several ftruftures dedicated to the deities were placed about here. Thefe ftrudtures arc a kind of chclr or ark, the lid of which is fixed on with art, ajid neatly thatched with palm-nut leaves. Each of them was fixed on two polos, the ufe of which feemed to be to remove it from place to place. On the firft arrival of C.iptain Cook here, he re- ceived a prcfcnt of confiJerable value from Oixwncy, the king of Bolabola, who was then at the illand nf Ot.iha. In return for the compliment, the commander, principal officers, &c. dL-tcrmined to pay him a vifit ; when, behold, to their aftoni(hme:it, this triumphant conqueror appeared to be nothing more thixn a man, tottering with the decrepitude of age, inc.iji ible of the common functions of life, and in a word a mere lumpifli mafs. Three extraordinary perfoni were feen at thii illand ; two of them were as brother and fiftcr : the former mca- fured fix feet four inches, and ihe filler yoinger tlian him five feet ten inches and an half. Tlx third wan t chief namc'l Hcrea, a native of Rolabola. Ho was the niott corpulent nun in any nf the South-Sea ilUnJt, He meaiured round the waid no left than ,54 inches; one of his thighs was ,^1 inches and 3-quarters in giith. (lis h.kir wab likcwife remarkable i tor it hung down in hiiig black wavey trelL-s to the fmall of his back, and iii fuch qpntities, that it increafed the apparent bulk 01 his head conliderably. Whn Captain Cook anchored here, on his fecond voyage, h'^ was vifitcd by Oreo, the chief, who brought with him » liandfome prefcnt. A party of them went on (horc to make him a return, and as they entered the houlc, were met by five old women, who were lamenting on iome incident, and h.id cut their faces m a fliocking manner. This was not the worft part of the ftory, lor they were obliged to fubmit to their embraces, and got ihemreives covered with blood, A fter the ceremony wa.s over, they waflied themfelves, and appeared is cheerful as any other perfon. Soon aftei, intelligence was received, that two of the Dil<:uvcry's people, a midlhipman and a gunner's mat;, had made their efcape in a canoe, and landed on an adjoining ifland, with a view to continue their courle to Otaheite, as foon as they had furniihed themfelves with provilions for the voyage. They were no foonir mifled, and report made to Captain Cook, than he or. dercd all the boats to be manned, and a purfuit to com- mence with all pofllble expedition ; at the fame time confining the king, his two fons, and two of tlic piin- cipal chiefs of the illand, on board the Difcovery, till the fugitives fhould be taken and rellored. This he did, no doubt, to interell the people of the j ifland in the purfuit, and to prevent their aflifting the deferters in making their ektpe. He alfo promiledi i reward of large axes, looking-r afles, and other article) 1 of confiderabie value, to any u> the natives, who | fliould be inilrumental in a<,'prehending and bringing them back. To enforce his orders he caufed all the veflels to be feized, and threatened deftruiStion to the country if his men ihould be with-held. He even menaced the king and the young princes with death, if they were not brought back within a certain time. This might feem hard ufage, yet it had its eft';Ctia without this fteady refolute proceeding, the dcfcrtei) j would never have been recovered. The fhip's bo;a« wards the fltips, and as they approached nearer th:y were heard to Ang and rejoice as if they had fix- cecilcd in finding what they went in fearch of. Ab jut fix they came fu nigh, that they could difccrn, with gUflcs, the defcrters failcned together. 'I'hcy were no fooner brought on board, than the roval prifoners were releafed, to the unfpeakablc joy of^ all but the two fugitives, who were under great apprehcnfions for their lives ; their puniihmcnt, however, was not fo feverc as might have been expected. When Captain Cook, on his third voyage, en- tered the harbour of Ulictea, in the Rcfolution, having the Dilcovcry, Captain CIcrke, under his command, the natives furrounded the (hips in their canoes, for the purpoff of exch:uiging their commodities for thofe of our people. A few days after their arrival, a centincl on fliore, named John Harrifon, dcferted, taking with him hit nmiket and accoutrements. As foon as intelligence Was eained which way he was gone, a party was de- tached in fearch of him ; but they returned in the even- ing without fuccefs. The next day the captain ap- plied to the chief concerning this anair, who promifed to fend a party of the iflandcrs after the fugitive, and gave hopes that he fliould be brought back in the courfc of thst day. This, however, did not happen ; and there was rcafon to imagine, that Oreo the chief h^ taken no fteps to find him. A confiderable number of the natives were at this time about the (hips, and feveral thefts committed, the confequences of which being apprehended by them, very few came on board the n»xt morning. Oreo himlelf caught the alarm, and fled with his whole fa- mily. Captain Cook confidercd this as a good oppor- tunity to infilft upon their delivering up the deferter ; and having heard he was at a place called Hamoa, fituatc on the other fide of the ifland, he repaired thi- ther with two armed boats, attended by a native. In their way, they met with the chief, who embarked with them. The captain, with a few of his men, landing about a mile from the fpot, marched up to it with great expedition, left the fight of the boats fliould give the alarm, and allow the offender fufficient time to cfcape to the mountains. This precaution was found unnc- ceffary j for the natives of that part of the ifland having obtained information of the captain's approach, were prepared to deliver the deferter. He was found with hii mufket lying before him, fieated between two wo- men,''who, the indant that the capuin entered tli0 houfe, rofe up to plead in his vindication. As fuch proceedings defervcd to be difcouraged, th« captain, with a Hern look, bid them be gone t utH>n which they hurft into tears, and retired. Pnha, thtf chief of the diflriitY, now came with a fucking pig, artd a plant.iin-tree, which he was on the point of prefent- ing to Captain Cook, as a peHce-nflfering, who rejected it i and having ordered the chief to quit his prefencc, embarked with the deferter in one of the boats, and re. turned to the (bins. After this, harmony was fpecdily reftot'cd. The delinquent made no other cxcufe for his condu£l, than that the natives had enticed him away i which, perhaps, was in a great mcafure true, as Paha, and the two women above mentioned, had been at the (hip the day before hit defertion. As he had re- mained on his pon till within a few minutes of the time in which he was to have been relieved by another, the punifhment he received was not very fevere. About a fortnight after they arrived at Ulietea, Omai, according to inltrudtion given him by Captain Cook, difpatched two of his people in a canoe, with intelli- gence, that he continued undifturbed at Huaheine, and . that every thine fucceedcd with him, except that hit goat had died in kidding. This information was ac- companied with a requeif, that the captain would fend . him another, and alfo two axes. Pleafed with this ad- ditional opportunity of ferving him, the captain fent back the meflcngers to Huaheine, with the two axcs^ and a male and female kid to his friend. The circumltance attending the defertion of thefo people, and particularly the confinement of the chicfsi induced the natives to meditate an attempt for their relief, whicA had it not been prevented, might have involved our people in ftill greater diltrefs. Captain Cook being on (hore, abreaft of the ihip, obferved all their canoes, in and about the harbour, began to move off. He inquired, in vain, for the caufc of this ; till information was received from the Difcovery, that a body of the iflanders had feized Captain Clerke and Lieutenant Gore, as they were walking at a fmall drftaiice. from the (hips. The commodore, ftruck with the bolJnefs of this fcheme of retaliation, which focmed to countcraiSt him in his own way, inftantly commanded his people to arm ; and in a few minutes, a flrong party, under the con- du£t of Mr. King, was fent to the rcfcue of the two Sentlemen. At the lUme time, two armed boats were ifpatched to intercept the flying canoes in their retreat to the fliore. Thefe detachments had fcarcely gon© out of fight, when intelligence arrived, which proved the information erroneous, fo that they were immedi- ately, in confequenge of this, called in. However, it appeared from feveral corroborating particulars, that the natives had a«Stually formed tlic defign of fciz-ing Captain Clerke } and the following day it became n* fecret. F f Btit J: ■ I S14 ^ A r^EW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. But the principal part, at full, of the plan of their operations wa?, to have ll-L-uiid the pcrfon of Cijitain Cook. He was acciUtomed to bathe every morning in the rrcfh water; on which octafions he fiequcntly went alone, unarnied. Expedtini^r liim to go tliis evening, as ufiial, they had rcfolvcci iipoh fcizing him, and Cap- tain Clerlce likewiie, if !:>; had accompanied him. But the commander, after confining the chief's family, had taken care not to jxit himfelf in tlicir power; and had cautioned Captain Clerkc and the officers not to go any coiurdcrable diilance from the fliip?. In the courfe of the afternoon, Oreo aflied the com- modore, three or four times, if he would not go to the bathing place; till at lengtli fiuiliiig.that he could not be prevailed upon, he retired, with his people, not- vithftanding many entreaties to the contrary. IIa\ ing no fufpicion at this time of their defign. Captain Cook imagined that a fud rke and Mr. Gore, fhe immediately ran to ac- quaint the fiid of our people that (he met with of the defigp, i hole who had been trufted with the execu- tion jf the plan threatened to put her to death, as foon as ihe {hi|)S (hould poony, however, rc- le commodore had re- iree perfons to go and to receive from him rn. With thefe mcf- in boats for a ncigh- ■ had been depofitcd; xfedt as was cxpedcJ, appeared to have or:- it it now wanted the the Ihan^. 'Hie ica- in Cook's prcfent was ipoRd that the anchor^ iiferior to its former would be dil't'lL-afcd. , took the anchdr as •' the prelent which he as two brothers, whofe views and interefts were the t'anie. T he illand of Huaheine was alio admitted as a friend, but not in fo eminent a degree. Like a traitor, Otaha leagued with Bolabola, jointly to attack Ulietea, whole people required the afiiitance of their friends in Hiiuheine againrt thefe united powers. The inhabi- tants of Bolabola were' encouraged by a pretended pro- phetcfs, who predicted their iiiccefs. 'J 'he canoes of Bolabola attacked thofe of Ulietea and Huaheine: the encounter lalled Iqjig, they being lathed flrongly to- getlicr with ropes ; and, notwithttanding the prediction, the bolabola fleet would have been vanquiihed, had not that of Otaha arrived at the critical moment. The fortune of the day was now turned ; vidtory declared in favour of the Bolabolans ; and their enemies were totally defeated. Two days after the conquerors in- vaded Huaheine, which they fubdued, it being weakly de- fended, as moil of its warriors were then abfent. Many of its fugitives, however, h.^ving got to Otaheite, there related their melancholy tale. This fo affedted thofe of their own country, and of Ulietea, whom they found in that ifl-md, that they obtained their afCttance. They were furnifhed with only ten fighting canoes ; with which inconfiderable force they efFedted a landing at Huaheine in the night ; and, taking the Bolabola men by furprize, killed many of them, and difpcrfed the reft. Thus were they again, by one bold sftbrt, pof- fcfl'ed of thei; own ifland, which at this day remains independent, and is governed by its own chiefs. When the combined fleets of Ulietea and Huaheine were de- feated, the men of Bolabola were applied to by their new ahies of Otaha to be allowed an equal fhare of the ton- quefts. This being refufed, the alliance broke ; and, outing the fubfequent war, Otaha was conquered as well as Ulietea, both of which remain fubjedt to Bola- bola ; the chiefs by whom they are governed being only deputies to Opoony the king of th« illand. In the re- duction of the two iflands five battles were fought at cllfFerent places, and great numbers fell in the contett. Since the conqueft of Ulietea and Otaha, the Bolabola iTicii ;;re tonfidered as invincible ; ajid their fame is fo t.ir extended, that, even at Otaheite, if not dreaded, they arc rcfpedted for their valour. It is aderted, they never fly from an enemy, and that they are vidtorious ajciinft an equal number of the other iflanders. Indeed, the cflimation in which the people of Bolabola are held at Otaheite may be gathered from M. de Bougainville's anchor liaving been fcnt to their fovercign. The in- tention of tranfporting the Spanith bull to their ifland niiill be afcrjbed to the fame caiife. They alfo had a third luirypcaii curlofity brought to Otaheite by the Spaniards. This animal had been fo iniperfedlly de- ftribed by the natives, that our voyagers had been niuch puz/led to conjcdture what it could be. When Captain Clcrkc's dcferters, however, were brought bac< from Bolabola, they faid the animal had been [hewn to them, and that it was a ram. In confequence i tills intelligence, Captain Co pounds, ich, yet all the parts were fon, and fome others of this repaft with their at liking ; but all the wo- ind were not admitted a [ have burial places erriSed while they arc yet alive, which doubtlels occalioned Oreo's inquiring of Cap- tain Cook (when he could not obtain his promife to return in departing froii Ulietea in his fecond voyage) the name of his morai, or burying-place. Hence it appears that thefe people could not give a greater proof of their affeflion to their Englifh friends, than in expreding a defire to remember them even beyond the pciiod of their lives. The religion of the inhabitants of the Socicty- lilands appeared to confift in having a diverfity of gods peculiar to each illand. But they believe, in general, every man to have a feparate being within himfclf, named Tee, which afts in confequence of the impreffion of the fenfes, and combines ideas into thoughts, which they call parou no te oboo, which literally fignifies " words in the belly." Th'S mind they fuppofe to have an exigence after the diliolution of the body, and that the man in that ftate feafls on bread-fruit and pork, which need no preparation from the fire. Befides their greater divinities, they have a number of inferior ones, fome of whom they fuppofe to be inimical to mankind. The high prieft of the ifland is called Tahowarahai ; to him the Eatooa, or god, is fuppofed to defcend, and hold convCife with him, whilft he remains invifible to the people '.nat furround ;him. Offerings are made to the grcier deities, of I hogs and poultry roaded, and of all kinds of eatables ; but the inferior, and particularly the malevolent fpirits, are only revered by a kind of hiding. In thefe iflands the priefts continue in office for life, and the dignity is hereditary. The high prieft is always an Earee, who has the highef^ rank next to the king. They are confulted upon many important loccafions; partake largely of the good things of the I country, and, in ihort, have found means to make Ithcmfelves necelTary. Befides the priefls, there are Jin every di(lri£l teachers, or tata-o-rerrors, who in- jltruft the people in aftronomy and the navigation of thofe feas, which however is very imperfeft. A CHAP. XVIII. The MARQUESAS. General Defcription of them. LVARA MENDANA, a Spaniard, is account- ed the hrft difcoverer of th;; Marquefas ; and they were fo denominated in honour of the Marquis [of Caiinette, in 1^9,5, then Viceroy of Peru. Their -articular names are, La Magdalena, S. Pedro, La Dominica, Santa Chriftina, and Hood's-Ilbnd. ^endana had only feen the four firft ; and the laft ■as difcovcrcd by Captain Cook, in 1774. It lies .0 the north-weft of the rell, in 9 dtg. 26 min. outh; and 138 deg. of W. longitude, and five leagues and a half diftant frvim the Eaflern point of S. Magdalena. The five Marquefas Ifles take up about one degree of latitude, and near half a degree of longitude. The people here are ruled by a chief, whofe dignity feems principally to confift in a fu- periority of drefs. Captain Cook relates, that the inhabitants of thcCe iflands excel, in general, all the nations of the South- Seas, in fymmetry of form, and regularity of features. He mentions, in particular, that uot one difp.o- portioned perfon was feen upon the ifland of Chrif- tina; but that all were robult, well made, -nd adive. Their countenances were open and lively. The men are about five feet fix inches in flature ; their hair is of divers colours, but none red. It is moftly worn fliort, unlefs it be a bunch tied in a knot on each fide of the crown. Their complexion, naturally tawny, is rendered almoft black by pun£lures over the whole body. Their only covering was a fmall piece of cloth round the waift and loins. The women were inferior to the men in rtature, but? well proportioned. Their general complexion was brown. They were fome of them pundlured, and their body drefs was a fingle piece of cloth made of the mulberry bark, which covered them from the (houlders to the knees. They ufe a head' drefs, a kind of broad fillet, curioufly made of the fibres of the hulks of cocoa-nuts. This fillet is interfperfed with mother-of-pearl and tortoife-fliells, wrought into curious figures, and difplayed in divers forms. To the fillet is fixed the tail feathers of tropic birds, which, (landing upright when it is tied on, the whole together makes a very brilliant appearance. They wear a kind of rufF, or necklace, made of light wood ; the outer and upper fides covered with fmall peas, fixed on with gum. They have alfo fome bunches of human hair faftened to a firing, and tied round the legs and arms ; but no one perfon is ever decorated with all thefe ornaments. They were none of them held in eflimation like the human hair, the bunches of which, it is probable, were worn in remembrance of their deceafed relations, and therefore looked upon with a degree of veneration ; or, they might have been the fpoils of their enemies, worn as badges of conqueft. They had a kind of fan to cool thcm- felves in hot weather, formed of a tough 1- irk or grain, very firmly and curioully plaited, anil frcqiicntly whitened wiih fhell lime. Some had large feathered leaves of a kind of palm, which anfwered the purpofe of an umbrella. When the king vifited Captain Cook, lie was com- pletely decorated with all thefe ornaments, and the only one ever feen fo drefll-d. He complimented the captain with fome prefents, and gave liim to un- derdand the fuperiority of his rank. Their extraor- dinary ornaments are necklaces and amulets made of (hells. They had all iheir ear^ pierced, though none were feen with ear-rings. G g Their '*^d !i ii8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Is li\ih-l > I'M : \l S " Tlicir habitations, wliich are in the valleys and on the fides ot'ilic hills near the plantations, refemble, in fbnn, thofe of Otalicite, but are much meaner, and covered with leaves of the bread-fruit tree. They are built, in general, on a fquare or oblong pavement of (lone, raifcd fome height above the level ofthcgroimd. They have alfo a pavement near their houfes for the pnrpofe of fitting to eat, regale, and amufe theni- felves. Our people, by the lielp of glafTes, could difcern, along the uppermoll edge of a mountain, a row of flakes or palifadcs clofely conneflcd together, like a fortification, which feemed to refemble the Hippahs of New Zealand. '1 he only quadrupeds feen here were hogs and rats. But there were fowls, and many fmall birds in the •.voods, that warbled moft melodioufly. Notvvithftand- ing'thefc iflands produce fowls, hogs, and the waters, at certain times, fifn in abundance, the inhabitants fub- fift chiefly on vegetable food. As cocoa-nuts do not abound, pure water is their drink in ordinary. In the articles of eating and cookery, they are not cleanly. Pork and fowls are dreffed in an oven of hot ftones : but fruit and roots they roaft on the fire ; and after taking off the rind and (kin, put them into a platter or trough, with water, out of which Captain Cook affirms, he faw both men and hogs eat at the fame time. It appears that thefe iflands are fimilar in their origin, and the nature of their minerals, to the Society-Iflands, the greater part of which fcem to hare been the burning mountains. The Marquefans difcovcred the fame timidity on the approach of ftrangers, in common with the natives of the fouthern ciimes ; nor could be induced for fome time, to come on board the (hips, by any figns of friendlhip that could be made them. They ventured indeed to come along-fide, and offered fome pepper-roots, which were fixed on rhe (hrouds, as tokens of reciprocal friendfhip. The exchange if nails for fifh and bread-fruit, In great perfcdion, was highly falutary, as well as gratifying to the whole fhip's company, who, for the courfe of nineteen weeks, had fubfifted on fait provifions, which having then been two years on board, were neither agreeable in flavour, nor of a nutritive quality. The canoes retired a little after fun-fet, according to the general cuftom of the natives of the South-Sea iflands, who cannot be prevailed on to keep awake a fingle night, by the mod at trading novelty. Thofe parts of thele illands »vhich are capable of cul- tivation are very populous ; but as they are in general mountainous, o.id fiave many in^ccemble rocks, it is doubted wnether the whole group tonlain fifty thou- fand inhabitants. Intercourfe had not been long held between our people and the natives, before it was evident they were more difpoftd to receive than to give ; for having taken a n:ul iu txchat'ge for fomJJ bread-fruit, they with-hcid the article fo purchafed, till Captain Couic liad recourfe to the ordinary means of firing a iniincct over their heads, and thus terrified them into fair dealing. Nor were thefe iflandcrs exempt from that propenfity to theft, whiih chara61erize«i the nations of the South-Seas. Soon after they had courage enough to venture on board, one of them flole an iron '| ftanctiion from the gangway, with which he fprang into the fea, and notwithltanding its weight, fwam with it to his canoe, and was making to the (hore with all fpeed, A mufket was fired over his head lo frighten him back, but to no cfFed ; he (till con- tinued to make off witii his booty. The whirtling of another ball over his head was as inefFedlual. An officer, lefs patient of fuch an injury than reafon and humanity (hould have taught him to be, levelled at him, and (hot him through the hcud. Captain Cook had given orders to fire over the cancie, but not to kill any one. He was in a boat, and came up with the canoe foon after. There were two men in her; one fat bailing out the blood and water, in a kind of hyfleric laugh ; the other, a youth of about fourteen or fifteen years of age, who afterwards proved to be the fon of the deceafed, fixed his eyes on the dead body, with a ferious and dejedled countenance. This a3 of feverity, however, did not eftrange the iflanders from the (hip, and a traffic was carried on to the fatisfadlion of both parties. Bread-fruit, bananas, plantain.s, and fome hogs, were given in exchange for fmall nails, knives, and pieces of Amfferdam cloth. Red feathers of the Amfterdam ifland were greatly elleemed here. Captain Cook, accompanied with the gentlei.:en of the fiiip, in their walks about the conntry, came ac- cidentally to the hotife which had been the habitation of the man who had been (hot ; there they found his fon, who (led at their approach : they inquired fur his female relations, and were told that they remained at the top of the mountain, to weep and mourn for ihc dead. But though they were then among the re- lations of a man who hau been killed by them, not the leafl tokens of animofity or revenge were dif- cernible among the natives. On feeing a failor correfted by the boatfvvain'? mate, they exclaimed, "He beats his brother ;" which arifes from their idea of all one country bting in effed of one and the famt, family. CHAP.. XIX. Difiriptkn of the Islands termed, *' Iht Low Islands in the South-West." THESE iflaiids, which forma group, connefled by a reef of coral rocks, and lie fcattered, \\\ gencr:!, between the latitude of 14 deg. 28 min foiitl!, iRil the longitude of 138 deg. and 56 min. well, are the j following i j :• I :}RAPHY. Nrw Discovrrjrs.] The low ISLANDS. j*gr fed, till Captain Cook sans of tiling a iniiiVct ■rritied tlicm into fair ukrs oicmpt from that iraiSlerizcj! the nations !r they had courage e of them flole an iron ' | with which he fprang ing its weight, fwam i making to the (liore s fired over his head lo efFe£l; he ftill con- Dty. The whirtling of IS as inefFeftudl. An injury than reafon and him to be, levelled at : heud. Captain Cook the can6e, but not to )oat, and came iip with were two men jn her; and water, in a kind of ith of about fourteen or rwards proved to be the eyes on the dead body, ountenance. This aft : cllrange the iflanders was carried on to the Bread-fruit, bananas, e given in exchange for s of Amrterdam cloth. im ifland were greatly 1 with the gentlei/.en of t the conntry, came ac- lad been the habitation there they found his . ; they inquired lor his d that they remained at eep and mourn for the re then among the re- en killed by them, not y or revenge were dif- Icd by the boatfwain'? ats his brother ;" which one country being in lily. . XIX. ?••' ; temai, " 7 he Low uth-West." •m a group, connefled by 1 lie fcattcred. in [jcned, dcg. 28 min fouth, and md 56 min. weft, are the following i following; King George's, Difappointment, Pallifer D"g> Q"gi, with which the illand feemed 10 be plenti- fully fupplied. Thefq they piirchafcd \Vith I'niall. luiibj. 19 d fe / 111 120 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of LWIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. il fc ;■ i' ,■■ r- : '■ ^ h ' \ " ;■ 'f i-'i''! '».' ri fc ii'i r n. \ [ nails, and fomc ripe bananas, whicii latter :hey brought from the Marquefas. The dogs had fine long hair, and were of a white colour. '1 he other ifland, which is inconliderable, is fituated two leagues to the weftward of Tiookea, is four leagues in length, and from five to three miles in breadth. The Islands of Disappointment, were firft difcovered by Commodore Byron in 176,5, and fo named from the fhores affording no anchorage for his fhipSf on which account he was obliged to qiif them, without landing or procuring any refrefhments for his crew, who were then languifhing with lickntfs. They are a cluRcr of fmall iflands, and lie in latitude 14 deg. 10 min. fouth ; longitude 141 deg. 6 min. weft. They are inhabited by Indians, who appeared on the beach with fpears in their hands, that were at leaft flxteen feet long. They every where difcovered hoftile intentions and Teemed by figns to threaten the people in the boat with f^eath, if they came on ftiore. There are cocoa trees in great abundance, and the Khore abounds with turtle. Palliser-Islands were difcovered by Captain Cook in April 1774 ; they lie in 15 deg. 26 min, fouth; and 14 deg. 20 min. weft, and are four in number : the largeft is feven miles long, and not above two broad. The greateft diftance of one from th*; other is not above ilx leagues. People, huts, canoes, and places ereded for drying filh, were fcen here. The natives were armed with long fpikes. Dog-Island, 15 deg. n min. fouth, was dif- covered by Le Mair and Schouten, April ifi;6, who gave it that name from having icen three Spanilh 'logs ui: the ifland. Queen Charlotte's Island, 19 deg. 18 min. fouth ; 138 deg. 4 min. weft ; was firft difcovered by Captain Wailis, in the Dolphin, in 1767, atIio took polleflion of it in the name of King George the Third. Here is good water, and plenty of cocoa-nuts, palm - nuts, and fcurvy-grafs. The inhabitants are of a middle ftature, and dark complexion, with long hair hanging loofe over their ftioulders : the men well iTiade, and the women handfome. Their clothing is a kind of coarfc cloth, or matting, which they faften about their middle. Lagoon-Island, i^ leg. 47 min. fouth; 139 deg. 2H min. weft ; is of an oval form, with a lake in the middle, which occupies much the greateft part 3 of it. The whole ifland is covered with trees of difTcrciit verdure. It is inhabited by a race of In- dians, tall, of u copper colour, with long black hair. Their weapons are poles, or fpikes, which reach twice as liigh as themfelves. Their habitations were fcen iinder fome clumps of palm trees, which formed very beautiful groves. This ifland was difcovered by Captain Cook, Apil 1769. Thumb-Cap lies about feven leagues north-weil of Lagoon-Ifland : it is a low, woody ifland, of a circular form, and not much above a mile in com- pais. There was no appearance of inhabitants : the land was covered with verdure. Bow-Island, fo called by Captain Cook, in 1769, on account of its Angular figure, ^/eing fliaped exaflly like a bow ; the arch and curve of which is land, and the fpace between them water. The curve is a flat beach, without any figns of vegetation, having nothing upon it but heaps of fca-weed. It appeared to be narrow, and about three or four leagpes in length. The horns, « r extremities of the bow, were two large tufts of cocoa-nut trees, of different height and figure. From the fmoke feen in different parts the ifland appeared to be inhabited. The Groups are long, narrow ftrips of land, ranging in all diredlions ; fome of them ten miles or upwards in length, but none more than a quarter of a mile in breadth. Trees of vario"s: kinds, particularly the cocoa-nut, abound h'"e 1 he people appeared to be well made, of a Jiown complexion ; molt of them carried in their hands a flender pole, about fourteen feet long, pointed like a fpear : they h^d likewife fomething ihaped like a paddle, about four feet long. Their canoes were of different fizes , fome fo fmall, as to cany no more than three men ; others had lix or feven ; and fome of their boats hoifted a fall. Bird-Island, fo called by Captain Cook, from the great number of birds that were feen on it, is fuppofed to be about four miles in circumference. It IS low, with a piece of water in the middle. No inhabitants appeared. Chain-Island feemcd about five leagues long, in the dirc(^,ion of north-weft and fouth-eaft, and about five miles broad. It appeared to be a double range of woody iflands, joined together by reefs, fo as to com- pofe one ifland in the form of an ellipfis, or oval, with a lake in the middle. The trees are large, and from the fmoke that ifTued from the woods it Teemed to be inhabited. OSNABURCH- RAPHY. JiJew DlSCOVKRrES.^ The low ISLANDS. 12t )vcred with trees of ed by a race of In- with long black hair. fpikes, which reach 'heir habitations were trees, which formed ind was difcoveied by !n leagues north-wei^ , woony iflaiid, of a ibove a mile in com- ce of inhabitants : the iptain Cook, in 1769, , >je\ng fliaped exaftly : of which IS land, and The curve is a flat tation, having nothing i. It appeared to be ur leagues in length. e bow, were two large rent height and figure. i;rent parts the iUand ■'>■■:■'> arrow ftrips of land, e of them ten miles or re than a quarter of a io"E kinds, particularly he people appeared to plexion ; molt of them pole, about fourteen ; they hkd likewife , about four feet long. fjzes , fome fo fmall, ! men ; others had lix Its hoilled a Imi- ir Captain Cook, from It were feen on it, is lies in circumference, ter in the middle. No ut five leagues long, in ■ fouth-eaft, and about „ be a double range of jy reefs, fo as to com- m ellipfis, or oval, with ees are large, and from woods it Teemed to be OSNABURCH- OsNABt'rtGH-IsLAND, Called by the natives Maitca, was firft difcovcred by Captain Wallis in 1767. It is ail high .ound ifland, not above a league in circuit ; in foms parts covered with trees, in others a naked rock, and is 44 leagues diitant from Chain-Ifland, well by foutli. PiTCAiRM-IsLAVD was difcovered by Captain Car- teret. Captain Cook was very near it in Auguft 1773, 1 but could not fall in with it. Befides thefe, which we have defcribed from the mofl: authentic accounts, Captain Wallis aUb faw five other illands, which he named IVhitfiinday^ Egmont, Ghiicejier, [Cumkrknd, and Prince fVilliam- Henry, and in Au- "ult 1773, Captain Cook fell in with five others, which I he named RejhlNtiin, Doubtful, Furneaux, Adventure, I and Cbanc. Some of the moft weftwardly of thefe Ifcattered illands were feen by M. de Bougainville, and I called Les quatre Facardint, and IJles des Landers. That I navigator very properly calls this clufteroflow, over- 1, lowed illands, The dangerous Atchifelago. TooBOUAi-IsLAND, difcovcrcd by Captain Cook in 1 1777, is to the fouthvrard of this group. It is (fituated in latitude 23 deg. 25 min. fouth, longitude CiSdeg. 37 min. eaft:. The fpot, at firfi view, ap- peared like feveral diftin6t iflands, but on nearer ap- Iproach it was found to be conneftcd, and to form but lone ifland. I*- is guarded by a reef of coral rock, ex- :«nding in I'ome places a mile from the land, with an igh furf breaking upon it. Our people obferved from ho (hips the natives walking or running along fhore, nd then law two canoes launched,' in which were about dozen men making towards them. Stopping fuddenly ■hen they came near the fhips, Omai, according to uftom, was defired to ufe his endeavours to prevail on :hem to corns nearer, but all his efforts proved ineffec- ual. Thofe in the canoes, however, indicated by figns ftrong defire for our people to go on (hore, and thofe n the beach dilplayed fomething white, which was con- idered as an intimation to the fame purport ; and the andiiig might have been efFedted with cafe and fafety, as there was good anchorage without the reef, and an peninu; in it free from Turf. But as no refreflimcnts ere wanting, and Captain Cook, was deiirous of av.".il- iig hiinliit ot' a fair wind for the profecutiun of his voy- jSi afior divers ineft'cctual attempts to prevail on the Jtives t.) come near the vclTcl, and hold intercourfc, he ft them, ami ilo| to fettle on the (houlders of the natives. The coaft did not appear to abound v\ith fifli, atleall our people could catch none v/ith hook and line ; anJ j they faw but very little ainojig the natives. Tiiii I )GRAPHY. New Discoveries.] E A S T E R - I S L A N D. <«3 ad hitherto led the wav, This country protliiccs only a f-w fliiubs, the leaf and feeds of one of which (called by ilw niiivcs Torremeih) yv;is nor much unlike that of the coiTiin(»n ^ctch : the i fceJ-s had a dilagreeable bitter tailc, and are confidcred by the natives as piifonous; the wood is of a redJilli colour, hard and heavy, but crooked, and exceeding; fix or fcven feet in height: and not . tree was feen on the whole ifland that exceeded the height of ten feet. Another fmall (hrub was it^en her?, whofe wood is white and brittle, and, as well as its leaf, to the eye fomewhat rdcmbles the afli. Thiire are alio fome of the Ota- heitcan cloth plant, but dwrrtilh and weak, being from two to four feet high. They are planted in rows among very large rocks, where the rains have wafhed a little foil together. Here are fugar-canes, bananas, and yams, which thri' < to admiration, confidcring the ftony quality of die )und. The fugar-caiies were about nine or ten fc nigh, and contained a very fwcet juice, which the inhabitants very hoipitably prefented to their guefts, whenever they a(ked for fonietliing to drink. Thefe are faid to be fwceter than thofe at Otaheite. The whole number of plants growing on this ifland does not exceed twenty fpecics. Here are potatoes of a gold-yellow colour, as fweet as carrots : thefe were found nourifhing, arid antifcorbutic. Here is likewife a fpccies of nightmadi:, which is made ufe of at Otaheite, and the other iflands, as a vulnerary medicine, and is probably cultivated here for the fame purpofe. As a proof of the induftry of the natives, the grafs, which commonly fprings up among the ftones, on the unndtivated foil, is carefully plucked up, and fpread over their plantations as a manure, or to preferve them in fome meafure from the parching beams of the fun. The natives of this illand are* in general flender, brilk. and :.6tive, havf good features, ami countenances Hit jiiag-eeable. Their colour is of a chefnut brown ; their h.iir black, curlinj, and .emarkably llrrong ; that on the hea.l, as well as •.,ii the face, is cut fhort. The men for tl-e moft part are in a manner naked, wearing nothing but .1 ilip of clotii betwixt their legs, each end of which is laitciied to a cord or belt they wear round the waiil. The cloth from Otaheite, as indeed any fort, was much valued by thefe people. The men have punctures on their bodies, which is common, as. to all the South-Sea iilands. The greatsft fingularity istiii; fize of their ears, the lobe or fxtrLmity of which is fo ftretchcd out, as almoft to reil on the ;houlder, and is pierced by a very laige hole, through which •t'lrtc or Four fingers might be thruil with cafe. The chief orinments for their cars are the white down of fuithcrs, .ind rings, which they wear iu the infide of the hole, made of the leaf of the fuguf-cane, which is very elaliic, and rolled np like a watch-fpring. Some were feen covered with a kind of bright cloth, of an orange colour, and thefe were fuppofed to be chiefs. One of the natives who came on hoard the ftiip had a bdt round his middle, fiom whence a kind of net- work defcend-d before, but too ihin to anfwer the pur- pofe of a conccalm>:iit. A (hing was tied about his neck, and a flat bjnc, fomethintj ihaped like a tongue, and about five inches long, was l;iftentd to it, and hung down on the breaft, which he gave our people to un- derihrnd was the bone of a porpoife. He was prefented with nails, medals, and If rings of beads, all of which he defired to have tied round his head. At firft he (hewed figns of fear and diffidence, adding in a dialedt of the language generally ufed in the South- Seas, and which was fomewhat underftood by many on board, whether they would kill him as an ensmy? On being aflured of good treatment, he became perfedtly unconcerned, and at eafe, and talked of nothing but dancing. The women of this ifland are fmall, flender limbed, and have puntlures on t' face, rcfembling the patches fometimes in fafhion .g European ladies. They paint their whole f ^vith i reddifti brown ruddle, over which theylny a bright orange colour, extrafted from the turmeric root; or they variegate their faces with ftrokes of white-fhell lime ; which led an obferver to remark, tnat the art of painting is not confined to thofe ladies who have an opportunity of imitating French falhions. All the women were clad in fcanty pieces of cloth i one piece wrapped round their loins, and ano- ther over their fhoulders, made a complete drefs. Both fexes have thin, but not favage features. The women wear their hair long, and fometimes tied on the crown of their head. The violent aftion of the fun upon their heads, has led them to contrive various coverings for that part. Their hcad-drefs is a round fillet adorned with fr thers, and a ftraw bonnet, fomething like a Scotch one ; the former worn by the men, the latter by the women. Many of the men wore a ring about two inches thick, of grafs, ftrong and curioufly plaited, and fitted clofe round the head. This was covered with the long fea- thers of the man-of-war bird. Others had huge bufliy caps of brown gull's feathers, which were ulmoft as large as the full-bottomed wigs of European lawyers ; belides which, fome wear a fmgle hoop of wood, roimJ which the long white feathers of the gannet hung nod - ding. In colour, features, and language, the inhabi- tants of Eafter-Ifland bear fuch affinity to the people of^ the more weftern iflands, that there can be no doubt of their having had the fame origin. According to the beft calculation that could be made, the number of inhabitants in this ifland were not above feven hundred, and of thefe the females bore no propor- tion in number to the males. The females were either few in number, or elf. moft of them abftained, or were reftrained from appearing -vhile the veflel lay here ; yet the nien (heved no figns of a jealous difpofitioii, nor the women any fcruples of appearing in public : in faft, they fcemed to be neither referved or chafte, But as all the women who were feen were liberal of their fa- vours, it is inore than probable that £.11 the married and. >a4 A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ( , and modcd had concealed thcmfclves from their im- petuous vifitaius, in Ibmc dillant ^)arts of the illand ; and what further Itrengthcns tills fuppofition is, that heaps of Hones were leen piled up in little hiilocics, which had one deep perpendicular fide, where a hole went under ground. 'I'hcfe iflandcrs, in common with thofe of the South-Seas, foon gave proofs of their pio- pcnflty to theft, as before obferved. It was with diffi- cultv the ihip b crew could keep their hats on their heaJs, and hardly pofllble to keep any thing in th^ir pockets. One thict was Hred at with fmall (hot, which wounded him f'l that iio fell foon after he had thrown down the fatal acquifition. Such mjldncfs and good-iuturc appear in the difpofi- tion of thcfe pe )ple, as prompt them to behave as kindly and hofpitably us their barren country will permit them. A party who had rnmbled up the ifland, and were re- turning to the fliip, p.xfleJ a native who was digging potatoes in a field; they no fooner complained to him of great thirft, than he ran immediately to a large planta- tion of fugar-canes, anu brought out a load of the beft and juiciell on his bstik, for their refrefhmcnt. Their difpofition is far fro'ii being warlike, although they have weapons of defence. Potatoes, bananas, yams, fugar-canes, and about fifty fowls, were the only provifions obtained here ; in exchange for which, the natives received, with great pleafure, empty cocoa-fliells, which had been procured upon other South-Sea illands. The cloth made at Otaheite, and European cloth, bore the next degree of edcem, and iron-ware held the loweft place. Mod of the natives, on receiving a cocoa-nut, a piece of cloth, or a nail, in the way of barter, ran away im- mediately, as if apprehenlive lefl the other fnould repent his bargain, and infift on a re-exchange. Their eagernefs for cloth led them to part with their caps, head-drelTes, necklaces, ornaments for the ears, and feveral human figures, made out of narrow pieces of wood, about eighteen inches or two feet long, and wrought in a much neater and more proportionate manner, than could have been expedted from fuch a forlorn race. They reprefented men and women, The features were not pleafing, and the whole figure was much too long to be natural ; but, notwithiland- ing, there was fomething charaileriftic in them, which befpoke a tafte for the arts. Ihe wood of which they were made was finely polifhed, clofe grained, and of a dark brown : nor can it be explained how fuch toys could come into their pofil-flion, as nothing could be found on the ifland, after the niceft fcrutiny, which produced this kind of wood, it being the perfume wood of Otaheite. A very lingular figure thus car- ved, with long nails, and lingers bent downwards, was brought ta England, and prefcntcd to the Britilh Mufeuxn. -i..7 Their houfes are low, miferablc huts, conftruftnl by fetting flicks upright in the ground, at fix or cijiht feet diltancc, tlicn bending them towards each otlici, and tying them t'>gcther at the top, forming thereby a kind of Gothic arch. I'he longeu flicks are placed in the middle, and fhortcr ones each way, and at kd diflancc afiinder ; by which means the building is highcfl and broadcd in the middle, and lower and nar- rower towards each end. To thcfe arc tied others horizontally, and the whole is thatched over with Icavts of lugar-cane. The door-way is in the middle of one fide, formed like a porch, and fo low and narrow as juil to admit a man to enter upon all fours. The weapons of theie iflandcrs are (hort Wooden clubs, and fpears about fix feet long, crooked, and armed at one end with pieces of flint. They have likcwife a weapon made of wood, like the patoo-patoo of New-Zealand. Not more than three or four canoes were feen be- longing to the whole ifland, and thefe very mean, and bajfly conftru£lcd. From the fmall number and flight- nefs of their boats, it may be fuppofed, that they pro- cure very little of their fubfiflence from fifhing, and particularly as no mention is made of any fifhing imple- ments feen here. During the fhort time that the Refolution lay at Eadcr-Ifland, a circumflance occurred which plainly proved that the natives had no idea of private property. A field of fweet potatoes furnifhcd a defirable article of traffic to the fhip's company. Several of the natives dug up thefe roots, and exchanged them with the officers for what they moft valued. After they had employed themfelves in this manner for fome nours, another native arrived, who with great fury drove the intruders away, and himfelf alone dug up the roots, and fold them in the manner that the others had done; from which circumflance it was inferred very naturally, that this man was the owner of the field, whom the others had robbed of the fruits of his labour, being tempted to commit the trefpafs, by the ready market to which they brought their plunder. They have a king, whom they flile aree, or hareekce : he is defcribed as a middle-aged man, rather tall, his face and whole body flrongly punc- tured. He wore a piece of cloth made of the mullurry bark, quilted with threads of grafs, and flained yellow with turmeric. On his head he had a cap of long (hilling black feathers, which might be called a diadem. No great degree of homage was obferved to be paid to him by the people ; and from the poverty of the country, his fubjciits can afford tofhew but ftwdiftiiic- tions to their monarch. Of the religion of thefe people, our navigators dc- clare themfelves entirely ignorant. CHAP. ;raphy. New Discovp.ries.] NEW GUINEA. ••r. blc huts, conftruftiil jround, at fix or ciaht I towards each «»thi.(, jp, forming thereby a :ft flicks are placed ia ich way, and at Ids eans the building in e, and lower and nar- theie arc tied others .tched over with Icavts I in the middle of one low and narrow as juil fours. urs are fliort Wooden t long, crooked, and of flint. They have J, like the patoo-patoo canoes were fecn bc- I thefe very mean, and lall number and llight- jppol'ed, that they pio- :nce from fifliing, and le cf any fifhing unpk- the Refolution lay at Kcurred which plainly lea of private property. :d a defirable article of Several of the natives anged them with the lued. After they had anner for fome hours, 1 great fury drove the jne dug up the roots, t the others had done ; inferred very naturally, of the field, whom the of his labour, being by the ready market to they flile aree^ or a middle-aged man, body ftrongly punc- made of the mulbtiry rafs, and ftained yellow he had a cap of loni; ght be called a diadem. IS obferved to be i);iid Dm the poverty of the :o (hew but few difliuc- )le, our navigators de- C H A F. C H A P. XXI. N k W GUINEA. ;^ E W B R I T A I N, NEW IRELAND, NEW HANOVER, AND OTHER SMALL ISLANDS. Accmnt of their Situation, Inhabitants, Produce, (Jc, NEW GUINEA. THIS illand was firft vifitcd by an European fliip in 1,529. It was called by Saavedra, a Portugucfe, who di ('covered the north-weft part of it, Terra dc Pa- puan, or Papos, as was the fouth-weft part of it Ncv; Guinea, by Van Schouten, a Dutch diftovcrer. The caftern pare of it was ftyled by a French navigator, Louifiade. Dampicr touched here ; and after \.\m Ad- miral Roggewein. Captain Cook made the coall of this ifland in September 1770, in latitude 6 deg. 15 min. fouth; longitude 130 deg. ealh But his furvey of the illand could be but tranfient ; for perceiving when lie landed with a party of our people, that the Indiajis were refolutely bent on hoftilities, it was generally agreed upon, to prevent the deftruftion of thole people, as they had no intention to invade their country, to re- turn to the boat. They are faid by Captain Cook to make the fame perfonal appearance as the New Hol- landers ; and the country in general is by him defcribed, as refcmbling the South-Sea iflands, New Zealand, and New Holland, in its vegetable produdlions. Indeed, New Guinea was fuppofed to be connedled with New Holland, until Capt.iin Cook difcovered the ftrei ght which feparatcs them. The following is the only particular circumftancc relative to the people of this ifland, menti- oned in Captain Cook's account. " When our people got on board the boat, they rowed along the fliore, and the number of Indians aflembled fcemed to be between fixty and an hundred. All the while they were ftiouting aefiancc, and throwing fome- thing out of their hands, which burnt exactly like gun- powder, but made no report. What thefe fires were, or for what purpofe intended, could not be gucfTcd at. Thofc who difcharged them, had in their hand a fhort piece of ftick, poflibly a hollow cane, which they fwung fidcways from them, and immediately fire and fmokc illui-d, exadly refcmbling th"^ difcharge of a mufket, and of no longer duration. This wonderful phxnomc- non was obferved from the {hip, and the deception was fo great, that the people on board thought they had fire-arms: and even in the boat, if they had not been fo near as that they muft have heard the report, Jf there had been any, they fliould have thought they had been j firing vollies. After lookirg at them attentively fome time, without taking any notice of their flafhing and [Vociferation, the failors fired fome mufkets over their heads. Upon hearing the balls rattle among the trees, they walked leifurely away, and the boat returned to the fliip. Upon examining fome weapoi;s which the natives had thrown, thry were found to be light (!.ll(^, about four feet long, very ill made, of a reed or bnni. boo-cane, and pointed with hard W(X)d, in which there were many barbs. They were difcharged with great force; for at fixty yards diftancc they went beyond the Earty; but in what manner they were thrown lould not e exactly feen. But the general opinion was, that they were thrown with a flick, in the manner pradtifcd by tlw . New Hollanders." Captain Foreft vifited it in 177,5. As the Tart.ir galley, belonging to the Eaft-India Company, then \m- ccr his command, flood on towards Dory harbour, two of the natives of Papua came on board, and appeared ' jjerfedly complacent. Their hair was bulbed out to an incredible extent. To render it as bulky as poflible, it WPS combed in a diredlion ftraight from the head, which is fornctimes ornamented with leathers. The left ears of the women were perforated, and adorned with fmall brafs rings. Coming to an anchor, our countrymen had an oppor- tunity of taking a view of one of the capital manfions of thefe people, fltuated on the bank. Thefe were eredted on pods, fixed feveral yards below low-water mark, for the convenience of the tenants, who occupied divers diftindl parts of the manfion, that contained many families. In this country, the married peo- ple, unmarried women, and children, live in the larger tenements ; and the bachelors by themfelves in the fmaller. The men wore a thin fluff, produc*.-? from the cocoa- nut tree, tied about the middle, and taken up behind between the tl\ighs. That of the women was a coarfc blue fluff, worn round the middle, and tucked up be- hind like the men's. The boys and girls went naked. Laborious offices here feemed to fall to the lot of the women, while the men idly fauntered about. The na- tives follow the diverfion of hunting the wild hog, which they called Ben, with a kind of fox-lookine dogs they called Naf. Among fmall illands, the wild hogs often ("wim in a ftring from one illand to another ; the hog be- hind, leaning his fnout on thofe before ; fo that the fportf- mcn kill them with eafc. The coaft of the promontory of Dory is defcribed as extending about thirteen or fourteen leagues; the heigh*- not extreme, and the rife gradual. The country' abounds with lofty trees, whofe branches afford the tra- veller an agreeab" ; fhade. There are many rivulets of frefli water; and, fcatli red in p.irticular tracks, good herbage. The country abounds with hogs; and there arc albe- coics, and other kinds of fifh. The birds of paradife, which fo much excite the cu- riofiiy of fpcculatifts, are faid to have been firft found by the Portuguefe on the Ifland of Gilolo, the Papufas Iflands, and on New Guinea. They were denominated pojfaros (le fol, i. c. " birds of the fun." By fome they were called manuco Deivata, " the bird of God." \CapT tain Foreft was informed at an ifland called Linty, pnuv. this coaft (the fmall iflands on which are aumberlefs; I that 12^ A NFAV AND COMPLETE SYSPKNI or UNIVERSAL CF.Or.RAPMY. \i -A- [i 1 1 I ii i»'. !i^: '' 11*1^ i t -1 that till- liinU of parnJil'c come thither at certain fculons in flunks, and that I'tttlliij; on trees, they arc caught with bird-iimc, after which thcii' botiiis aic dried with the feathers on, as they arc feeii in Kiiroiu'. It ap- peared further, that the account of thefe buds ha\iiig IK) iei^s, being lonllantly on the wing, and hving on the air, which gave rife to ilic cuHi)n» ot cutting off their legs when olVered to fale, was without foundation. The natives icill them as foon as taken. They have formidable bills, and defend thcmfclves with great re- folution. But what they fubfill on has not been yet dif- covcicd. There are fix dillindt i'pecics of thefe birds; and thcv have aftbrdcd great fcope for the fpeculation of naturalilts. Neither goats nor fowls were found in Dory. All the rcfrelhinent that could be procured on (hore was the flefli of the wild hog, fonic fptcics of fifti and vegetables ex- cepted. The quadrupeds feen were hogs, dogs, and wild rats. 'I'he nutincg-trec was found at different iflands on this coad, but when cut down, it appeared that the fruit was not ripe. Our people were informed by the natives, that there were many fuch trees about the country j but they did not dili:over any knowledge of their worth and importance, though they feeincd to fet a due value upon other productions. They acknowledged that quantities of nutmegs were colledtcd at certain places, but for what ufe could not be learnt. The natives, indeed, did not leem inclined to giatify the cu- riofitv of our people, as to this and other jiarticulars. The Dutch derive fuch a fource of wealth from the niitnieg-tree, that they are jealous left any •foreign power ihould deprive them of fo profitable a monojioly ; ■and being apprchenfivc that the Chinefc, from being fo near, flioQld ertablilh a trade with the natives for tliis ufcful commotlity, they have prevented them by an agreement from coming to this place, though a tradj might be fo advantageoufly carried on between the parties. They even lend out people yearly to deilroy all the nutmeg-trees, wherever they can find them : but it being the natural produce of this part of the country, it will grow, in fpite of their utmoft efforts to pre- vent it. The value of iron amongft thefe people is fuch, that for the confideration of receiving an axe or a chopping- knife, the receiver fiibjects his lands or his labour to a continual tax of fome article or other for its ufe. The natives, and efpccially the females, feemed to he of a mufical turn. Some of them being afked by one of our people to fing, (he gave proofs of a good voice and tar J as did others upon future occafions. Their mode of courting is rather extraordinary. The lover coojes freely to the manfion of the favourite female, and without ceremony places himfelf by her. The old fMs at a diftance are then faid often to call out, * Well, have you agreed V If the parties agree before witnefTes, a cock, procured with great difficulty, JB killed, and thus ends the coicinony. Tin: tenements in which they dwell are poorly Un' niflu'd i and as they coo'v in each feparate npa, (incnt, and have no chimney, the fmuKC illues o.:t at every part of the rool ; (i) that ^t a dillancc the whole roof teems to linoke. They are very expert v^ith the bin\. Some of their arrows are (Ix feet long. The former i» made of bamboo, and the (liing of tplit laian. 'i hey carry on a confidciable traffic with thir Chinefc, g| whom they purchale their iron tools, beads, |,latis, bafons, 5fc. 'I'hcy trade alio in (laves, ambergris, tortoifefliell, fmall pearls, and divers kinds of birds, and particularly the bird of paradife. The innabitants here arc in general rcprefentcd at numerous, fierce, and hoffilc, as appeared from thiir behaviour whep vifitcd by Captain Cook. Thy pcdulc of New Guinea arc ficquently invaded and carried into llavery by the Mahometans of the Molucca iflujids adjacent. Nkw Britaiw was once fuppofed to be conncflcJ with New Guinea, until Damnier difcovered it to be divided by a (height. Its molt northern point is in ^ deg. fouth latitude, and it extends to 6 deg. ;^o iiiiii. loath. Dampier gave its molt eailern point the name of Cape Orfoid : it lies in 151 deg. 34 min. call longitude : the weftern limits had not then been accu- rately Airveyed. Dampier likewife gave names to feveral fmall iflands which he iaw in palling between New Guinea and New l}rit.iin. From four of thefe, volcanus were oblervcd emitting finoke and fire. The country appeared to be high land, mixed with vallics, every where abounding with large and ilaf-ly trees, and well inhabited by a llrong race of people of a very dark complexion. M. HougainviUe repreicnts the natives of this ifland as entirely black, with frizzled woolly hair, which fome of them powdered white, having pretty long beards and white ornaments roui.d their arms in form of bracelets ; their nudities but indifferently co- vered with leaves of trees ; in their pcrfons they are tall, active, and robuft. He obferves, that they kept at fome diftance from the Ihips, and difcovered a difpoiition alternately inclined to war and traffic. No European has ever yet had any friendly intercoiule with the inhabitants of this illand. Dampier failed round the north coaft of New Irf.l.x.-^d, and fuppofed it to be a part of New Britain, That navigator called the moll fouthcrn point of it Cape St. George, which, together with Cape Orford in New Britain, were thought to be the two points that formed a deep bav, which he called St. Georges Bay. But Captain Carteret, who failed round it in 1767, found it to terminate in a narrow channel, to which he gave the name of St. George's Channel. This ifland is a long narrow flip of land lying iwah- weft and fouth-caft, in extent about eighty Icagncs. The u. ;RArnY. Kfw DiscovEaiF.s.] NEW I R ELAN n, Sec. Xlf lyvcll are piorly fui' h iV'Dai Mtc np.i. (nicnt, L- iiluch Out at every lame the whulc roof xpctt with the bim. long. The former '\s ot Iplit ui.in. They with the Chincfe, of tools, btiuls, j.latcs, ill liavcs, ambergris, crs kinJs of birds, ad jcncral reprcfentcd at s appeared from thiir n Cook. Th^' people invaded and carried of the Molucca iflaiuis )pofed to be conneflcJ er dilcovcred it to be northern point is in 4 nds to 6 dcg. ;^o niiu, eallern point the name 5* deg. 34 mill, call id not then been accu- ife gave names to feveral palling between New I four of tliefc, volcaiios md fire. The country iced with vallies, everv il llat'.'ly trees, and well people of a very daric repreients the natives of ith frizzled woolly hair, d white, having pretty Its round their arms in es but indifferently co- heir perfons they are tall, rves, that tlicy kept at d difcovered adifpoiition raffic. No European ha lurfe with the inhabitants north coafV of New •e a part of New Britain. all fouthern point of it jther with Cape Orford It to be the two points 1 he called St. Georges who failed round it in n a narrow channel, to St. George's Channel. flip of land lying notth- U about eighty leagues. Tlie The harbour, called by Captain Carteret Englilh Cove, lii."< in iat. fy ing with ficknc!il, obtaiuid relief from lonie cocoa-nuts lound upon this illaiid, as they did alio from ibinc rock oyfters and cockles they procure 1 from the rocks at low water, i'he upper part of the tree which bears the cocoa-nut is called the cabbage. This is a white, crifp, juicy fublUncc : it tailcs fomc- what like a chefnut, but when boiled is fuperior to the belt parfiiip, and is, perhaps, the moll powerful anti- fcoibiitic in the world. Vox every one of thefc cabbages that were obtained, they were forced to cut down a tree, which was done with great regret ; but this de- prcJ.uijn on the parent (lock was unavoidable. Thele aliiioft-expiring navigators likewife received great re- frclliniciit from the fruit of a tall tree that relembles a pluin, and particularly that which in the Weft-Indies IS called the Jamaic.i Hlum. The (hore about this place is rocky, and the country high and mountainous, but covered with trees of vari- ous kinds, fome of which are of an enormous growth. Among others, the nutmcg-trce was found in great plenty. Captain Carteret gathered a few of the nuts, but they were not ripe. They did not appear to be the bell fort, but he imputes that to iheir growing wild, and being too much in the (hade of taller trees. T'he woods abound with pigeons, doves, rooks, parrots, and a large bird with u uiack plumage, which makes a noife fbme- what like the barking of a dog. The only quadrupeds feeii in this ifland by the crew of the Swallow were two of a (mail fizc, which were fiippoleJ to be dogs; they were very wild, and ran with great fwiltnefs : here were ken centipedes, fcorpions, and a tow ferpents of different kinds, but no people. They fell in, however, with feveral deferted habitati- ons, and by the (hells that were I'cattered about them, and feemed not to have been long taken out of the wa- ter, and Ibme fticks half burnt, the natives were fup- pofed to have julf lert the place when they arrived. Captain Carteret was in 10 enfeebled a ftatc of body as to be prevented from attending circumftantially to a defer iption of the country. However, in Engliih Cove he took pofTeilion of it for his Britannic majefty, and nailed upon a high tree a piece of board faced with lead, on which was engraved an Englifh union, with the name of the Ihip and her commander, the name of the cove, and the time of their joming in and going out of it. M. de Bourgainville touched here about a year after, and gave it the name of Port Praflin. He found part of Captain Carteret's infcription, which feemed to have been taken down and defaced by the natives. In this idand there were fome wild boars, large pi- geons of beautiful plumage, turtle doves, parrots, and crown birds. Ants fwarmed about the thatch-palm and cabbage..trees. The country appeared mountainous ; the foil light, yet producin;; fevcr.d kiivls of fine timber trees-, the p-pp.r-tree is f^id to b.' c >inmon. ller« was fouiul a veiy extraoidinary inf.'iM about ihiee irichej long; aliiioil every part of its h> dy was of fi.cli a tex- ture as to appear like a ha*", even when clolily siewel. Each of its wiiif-jS foims one half of a leaf, and when tlio t Ao are clol'eil together, it appears li'^e an entire leaf. 'F'he under fid; or its bo ly re.eir.ble, a leaf of a more d^'sd colour than the upper one. It h.is lix It^i^s, of which the u|>i)er joints arc like-. ife fimilar to paits ot' leaves. Scv. ral lln)eks of an earthquake wck' fell here, which hilled abi>ut two minutes, and were very dillimlt- ly noticed on board, as well .is on (lio:e. Here was it prodigious cafcadj prcei;)it:'.ted through vaft rocks, which divcrfif) the fail of water. Sandwich-Tsland lies in the wcflcrn part of St. George's Channel, on which coaft the Sw.dlow anchored. Soon after ten canoes put oft' fiom New Ireland, with about one hundred and fifty men on board : they ex- changed fome triHes, but none of them would venture up the fide of the (hip. They preferred iron to every thing elfe, idthough none of it was manufadtured except nails; there being no cutlery ware on boat d. One of their canoes was not lefs than ninety feet long, being w V little (horter than the (hip, notwithfhmding whiv.h, it was formed of a fingle tree. It had fome carved ornaments about it, and was rowed or paddled by thirtv- three men. There was no appearance of fails. The Indians were black and woolly-headed like negroes, without their flat nofes and thick lips. They were all (fark naked, except ornaments of (hells about their legs and arms. Their hair, as well as tlieir beards, was profufely covered with a white powder. They were armed with fpears, and long (ticks or poles, like the quarter ftalf. As they kept a watchf .1 eye upon the (hip's guns, it is probable they were not wholly unac- quainted with the effect of fire-arms. They had filhing nets with them, which, as well as their cordage, feemed to be very well made. After they had continued this intercourfe for fome time, a breeze Iprung up, and they returned to the fhore. The Swallow having reached the weftern point o£ New Ireland, a fine large ifland prefented itfelf, to which Captain Carteret gave the name of New Hanover, to the weftward of New Ireland} it was fo called by Captain Carteret. The land is high, and finely cov ered with trees, among which are many plantations, and the whole has a beautiful appearance. About eight leagues to the weftward, appeared fix or feven fmall iflaiuis, which received, the. name of the, Duke of Portland's Illands. Admiralty-Islands lie in about 2 dcg. 18 min. fouth latitude i and 146 deg. 44 min. eaft longitude. ~ Ther* roduced fpices, as he found the nutmeg-tree upon a oil comparatively rocky and barren, upon the coaft of New Ireland. Christmas-Island was difcovercd by Capt. Cook, on the 24th of December 1777, and called by him Chriftmas-Ifland, from the Ihip's companies having kept that feftival there- It lies in latitude 1 deg. jU min. north ; longitude 202 deg. 28 min. eaft. Its form '« femicircular, and, like moft other ifles in this ocean, it is furrounded by a reef of coral rocks, extending bin a little diftance from the fliore : and further out riian this reef, on the wcftern fide, is a bank of fand, which extends a mile into the fea. There is good anchorage on this bank, between eighteen and thirty fathoms. The foil of this ifland is in fome places light and bbck- jfli, compofed of fand, the dung of birds, and rotten vegetables. In other parts, it is formed of broken coral ftones, decayed (hells, and other marine produftions. Thefe are depofited in long narrow ridges, parallel with the fea coaft, and muft have been thrown up by the waves. This feems to prove that the ifland has been produced by different acceflions from the fea, and is in a ftate of augmentation ; the broken pieces of coral, and likewifc many of the (h°lls, being too large and heavy, to have been brought from the beach by any birds, to the places where our navigators found them lying. No frefh water could be found in the whole illand, though our people frequently dug for it. They met with feveral ponds of fait water, which havinc; no vifible communication with the fea, were fuppoCed to have been filled by the water filtrating through the fand, during the time of high tides. Not the fmalleft trace of any human footftep could be difcerned bv our peo- ple, who went on ftiore for the purpofe of obferving an eclipfe of the I'un, which happened on the 30th of December i and alio for the catclung of turtle. Indeed, (hould any human being be accidentally diiven upon the ifland, or Icf' there, tliey could fcarcely be abU; to prolong their cxiftcnce ; for though there are birds ujiJ fifti in abundance, there are no viTiblc means of allaying thirft, nor any vegetable th;U would ferve as a fubllitute for bread, or cotrc6t the b:iJ cfteds of fait diet. Very little fiuit was found on the few cocoa-nut trees upon the ifland, and that iittle, not "ood. In fome parts wcr#^bl'erveU .i few low trees, befides feveral fmall flirubs ajid jilants, which grew in a very languid manner. There was a kip..; «f purllain, a ipc- cici of fida, or Indian mallow, with two forts of grafs. Under thefe trees fat vaft numbers of a new fpecies of egg-bird, black above, and white below, having a white arch on the forehead. Thefe birds are fomewhat larger than the common noddy: their eggs are bluifli, and fpeckled with black. There were likewife many com- mon boobies, a fort refembling a gannet, and a chocolate coloured fpecies with a white belly. Man-of-v> ir birds, curlews, plovers, tropic birds, petrels, &c. were alfo feen here. There were fmall rats, numbers of land crabs, and lizards. On this ifland there was fo much fifh that fome of the crew brought on board as many as weighed upwards of two hundred pounds, from a grappling near the Ihore. A great quantity were alfo taken with the hook and line, principally confifting of cavallias, fnappers, and a few rock-fifii of two fpecies, one with whitifli Itreaks fcattered about, and Xhe other with (lumerous blue fpots. There was procured for both fliips, about three hun- dred turtles, which weighed one with another about ninety pounds : they were all of the green fort, and pti- haps not inferior in goodnefs to any in the world. When the party that was employed in catching turtle returned on board, a failor that belonged to the Difco- very had been mi fling two days. At firfl there were two men who had loft their way; but happening to dif; gree with refpedt to die track that was moft likely to bring them to their companions, they had feparated, and one of them found means to rejoin the party, after an abfence of twenty-four hours, during which he had experienced great diftrcfs. There being, as before ob- ferved, no frefh water upon the ifland, and not one co- coa-nut tree in that part of it where he vns ftraggling, in order to allay his thirft, he had recourfe to the ex- traordinary expedient of drinking the blood of a turtle, which he had killed tor that purpofe. His method of refrefhing liimfelf, when fatigued, was equally Angular, though he faid he felt the good effedls of it. He un- drefl'ed himfclf and lay down in the (hallow water on the beach for fome time. It was matter of aftoniftiment how thefe two men Ic"- their way: the land' over which their journey lay, from the (ea coaft to the place where the boats were ftationed, did not exceed three miles acrofs ; nor was there any thing that could obilruft their view, for the country was level, with a fewihrubs dilperfed about it; and from many parts, the m;i(is of the veflels could be cafily difcerned. This, however, fjenicd to be a rule of direction which they did not think of; nor did they recolleft in what part of 'he ifland the (hips lay at anchor ; and they were toiuilvata lol"s how to get back to them, or the party from which they had fo carelefsly ftrayed. A party was detached in fcarch of the other man, and they foon had the good fortune to find their loft companion. The dirtrefsof this man mult have been much greater than that of the other ftraggler, not onlv as he had been loft a longer time, but he was too delicate to diiiik turtle's blood. 3 Thcrt New DiscovtRiES.] SANDWICH ISLANDS. ia$ There being fome yams and cocoa-nuts on board, in a ftate of vegetation, they were planted, by Captain Cook's order, on the fmall ifland where the aftronomers had obferved the late eclipfe ; and fome feeds of melons were fown in another place. The captain alfo left on diat little ifle a bottle, containing the following infcrip- don: Geergius Tertius, Rexy 31 Decembrit, 1777. ., f Refolution. fac. Cook, Pr. ^"""XDifcoveryl 6ar. CUrke, Pr. CHAP.^XXII. The sandwich ISLANDS. A General Defcriptton, Account of Atool. Reception of the Englijh thtrt, A rtmarkabU Mtrai there. Various Occurremis. 'CAPTAIN COOK difcovered thefe iHands on \^ his lad voyage to the Pacific Ocean in 1778, they were by him diftinguifhed by the name of the Sandwich Iflands, in honour of the Earl of Sandwich. The firft five which he faw were called by the natives Woahoo, Atooi, Oneel\eow, Oreehoua, and Tahoora. He received fome intelligence with refpedl to the exiflcnce of a low uninhabited ifland in the neighbourhood, named Tammata-pappa, which was never vifited. fiefides, he was further informed, that there were other iflands both to the eaftward and weft- ward. Owhyhee, the fpot where our celebrated navi- gator fel' a vidim to the fury of the natives, with fome others, was not difcoveitd till fome time after thofe juft mentioned, and will therefore be introduced, with every tranfadion relative to that memorable event, in its proper place. All thefe iflands, he obferved, were fifiiated between the latitude of 21 deg 30 min. and 22 dig. 15 min. north ; and between the longitude of 199 lieg. 20 min. and 201 deg. 30 min. eaft. All the inidrmation that could be derived rtfpeding Wojhoii, the moft eafterly of the iflands difcovered, was, that it is high land, and inhabited. The Captain touched at Oneeheow, and was paid a degree of homage by the natives that came on board, as tiiey crouched down upon the deck, nor would quit that humble pofture till they were requefted to rife. When he went on (hore, he took with him three goai.s', a young boar and fow of the Englilh breed, and jlfd the feeds of onions, pumpkins, and melons. Thefe he difpofed of in fuch a manner, as he thought *nuiJ belt tend to promote the propagation of the lefjiuclivc fpecies. This ifland is iliiefly low land, except one part, which rifes immediately from the fea to a contidcrable height ; as does alfo its fouth-eaft point, which terminates la a round hill. Its chief vegetable produdions are yams, and the fweetroot called tee. Our people procured fome fait here, called by the natives patai, which is produced in fait ponds. With it they cure 'both fifli and pork; and fome of the fifl» being purchafed, proved good, and kept well. The anchoring place at this ifland was in latitude 2 1 deg. 50 min. north ; and longitude 199 deg. 45 min. eaft. Oreehoua and Tahoora, are two little iflands in the vicinity of the former. Tahoora is uninhabited. As the (hips approached Atooi, many of the in- habitants put oiFin their canoes, and very readily came along-fide. Our people were agreeably furprifed to find that they fpolce a dialed of the Otaheitean lan- guage. They could not at firft be prevailed upon by any entreaties to come on board. Captain Cook tied fome brafs medals to a rope, which he gave to thofe who were in one of the cianoes ; 'and they faftened fome mackerel to the rope, by way of equivalent. This was repeated, and fome fmall nails, or pieces of iron, were given them ; for which they gave in ex- change fome more filh, and a fweet potato ; a Aire indication of having fome notion of bartering. One of them even offered for fale the piece of ilufF which he wore about his waift. The natives of this ifland were of the middling fta- ture, and of a robuft form. Their complexion was brown ; and though there appeared to be little dif- ference in the cafts ot their colour, there was a con- fiderable variation in their features. Moft of them had their hair cropped rather fhort ; a few had it tied in a bunch at the top of the head ; and others fufFered it to flow loofe. It feemed to be naturally black ; but. the generality of them had ftained it with fome fluff, which changed it to a brownifh colour. Moft of them had pretty long beards. They had no orna- ments about their perfons ; nor was it obferved that they had their ears perforated. Some of them were tatooed on the hands, or near the hips : and the pieces of cloth which were worn by them round their middle were curioufly coloured with white, black, and red. They feemed to be mild and good-natured ; and were furniflied with no arms of any kind, except fome fmall ftones, which they had inanifeftly brought for their own defence ; and thefe they threw into the fea when they found there was no occafion for them. As the fliips failed along the coall, in queft of a Amvenient fpot lor anchorage, fome of the natives ventured to come on board ; and none of the in- habitants they ever met with before, in any other ifland or country, were fo ailonilhed as thefe people were, upon entering a (hip. Their eyes were m- cell'antly roving from one objed to another, while the wildnefs of their looks and gelhircs fully indicated their perfed ignorance with refped to every thing they law; anu ftrcngly pointed out, that they had never, till the prefent time, been vifited by Europeans, nor been acquainted with any of ilieii coinmodities» K. k . except 1; f 150 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Ill except iron. This metal, however, they had in all probability only heard of, or at mod known it in fome inconllderable quantity, brought to thein at a remote period. They afked for it by the appellation of l.nmalte, referring probably to fome inltrumcnt, in making which iron could be ferviccably employed : for they applied that name to the blade of a knife, though they had no idea of that particular inftrument, which they could not even handle properly. They alfo frequently called iron by the name of toe, which fignifies a hatchet or adze. On being (hewn fome tieads, they firft aikcd what they were, and then whether they were to be eaten r But on their being informed, that they were to be hung in their ears they rejeded tliem as ufelefs. They were equally in- different with regard to a looking-glafs thut was offered them, and returned it for a fimilar reafon. China cups, plxtei of earthen ware, and other things of that kind, were fo new to them, that they alked whether they were made of wood f They were, in many refpe£ls, naturally polite ; or, at leaif, cautious of giving offence. Some of them, jud before their venturing on board, repeated a long prayer; and others afterwards fung, and made various motions with their hands. When the boats, with a proper ofHcer, were dif- patched to look out for a convenient landing-place, the commodore gave peremptory orders, that none of the crew (hould go on Ihore, to prevent, if poflible, the importation of a dangerous difeafe into this ifland, which he knew fome of them now laboured under, and which they unfortunately communicated to other iflands in this ocean. From the fame motive, he commanded that all female vifitants fhould be ex- cluded from both the Ihips. Maiiy perfons of this fex had come off in the canoes. Their complexion and feature were not very different from thofe of the men : and though their countenances were extremely open and agreeable, few traces of delicacy were vifible, either in their faces or other proportions. The only difference in their drefs, was their having a piece of cloth about their bodies, reaching from near the middle, almoft down to the knees, inlicad of the man worn by the male fex» The fhips being brought to anchor, the captain went on fhore, and was received in the mod fubmillive Manner by the illanders, who fell prodrate upon their faces, and continued in that podure of humiliatiaft till, by figns,* he prevailed on them to rife. They then prefented to him many fmall pies, with plantain frees, making tife of nearly the fame ceremonies, which had been prac^ifed on iiniilar occafions at the Society and other ifles ; and a long oration, or prayer, being pronounced by an individual, in which others of the adcmbly occafionally joined. Captain Cook figniHcd his acceptance of their profftred friendlhip, by beftowing on them in return fiich prefents as he had brought on fhore. Having determined on an excurfion into the country, he was accompanied by two gentlemen, and followed by a numerous train of natives, one of whom, who had been very a£tive in ' keeping the others in order, the captain mad . choice of as a guide. This man. from time to time, pro- claiming the approach of the drangcrs, every porfoiv ■ who met them fell prodrate on the ground, and re- mained in that humble pofition till they had pafled, This they were afterwards informed is their method of fhewing refpefl to their own great chiefs. On their excurfion they faw a moral, which bore a driking rcfemblance, in feveral refpetSls, to thofe they had feen at Otaheite, and other iflands in this ocean. It was an oblong fpace, of confiderable extent, environed by a done-wall, four or ^ve feet high. The endofed fpace was loofbly pavea ; and at one end of it wu placed the obeliflc or pyramid, called by the natives henananoo, which was an exafl model of the larger one that they had difcerned from the fhips. It was about twenty feet in height, and foiir feet fquare at the bafe. Its four fides were formed of fmall poles, interwoven with twigs and branches, thus compofmg an indifferent wicker-work, hollow within, from the top to the bot< tom. It appeared to be in a ruinous date, and had been originally covered with a thin greyifh cloth. On eat'' fide of it were long pieces of wicker-work, termed ht' reantt, in a condition equally ruinous ; with two poles inclining towards each other at one corner, where feme plantains were placed on a board, fixed at the height of about half a dozen feet. Thiii was called by the illan- ders htrairemy ; and they faid, that the frtiit was an ot- fering to their deity. Before the henananoo were feveral pieces of wood, carved into fome refemblance of hu- man figures. There was alfo a done near fwo feet in height, covered with cloth. Adjoining to this, on the outlide of the moral, was a fmall Ihed, which they de- nominated hartepahoo : and before it there was a grave, where the remains of a woman had been dcpolited. On the further fide of the area of the moral, there wai a hoiife or fhed, called hemtmaa ; it was about forty feet in length, ten or eleven feet in height, and ten in breadth in the middle, but nanower at each end) though confiderably ionger, it was lower than their common habitations. Oppofite the entrance into thit houfe dood two images, near three feet high, cut out of one piece of wood, with pededals. They were faiii to be Eatoca no Veheina, or reprcfentations of goddefles, and were not very indifferent, either in point of execution or defign. On the head of one of them was a cylindrical cap, not tmlike the head-drcfs at Otaheite, called tomou ; and on that of the other, $ carved helmet, foinewhat refembling thofe of the ancient warriors ; and both of them' had pieces of cloth fadened about the loins, and hanging down a confiderable way. There was alfo, at the fide of each, a piece of carved wood, with cloth hung on it. Befow the pededals lay a quantity of fern, which had been placed there at different times. la the middle of the houfei KeW DlSCdVERjRS'.]; SAHTDWICH ISLANDS. »5< houfe. and before the images jufl: defcribed, was an oblong fpace, enclofed by an edging of (lone, and covered with the flireds of cloth. . This was the grave of fevcn chiefs, and was called htnttne. From the fimilarity between this morat, and thofe of the iflands they had lately quitted, little doubt was entertained, that a fimilarity exited alfo in the rites here folemnized, and particularly in the horrid obla- tion of human vi6tims. The conception was foon confirmed : for on one fide of the entrance into the htmanaa, they obferved a fmall fquare place, and another (till (mailer;, and on afking wharthefe were, they were informed by their condudlor, that in one of them was interred a man who had been facrificed ; and in the other a hog, which had alfo been offered up to the deity. At no great di (lance from thefe were three other fquare enclofed places, with two pieces of carved wood at each of them, and an heap of fern upon them. Thefe were the graves of three cniefs; and be- fore them was an enclo(ed fpace, of an oblong figure, called timgatataboo, by the guide, who declared to them, thit three human facrifices, one at the funeral of each ohkf, had been there buried. Indeed, there was not room to Aoubt of the univerfal prevalence of thi#prac- tice in the ifland under defcription. Of all the various articles which the natives brought to exchange with the £ngli(h, nothing fo much at- traded their notice, and, it might be added, their ad- miration, as a fort of cloak and cap, which, even in tnore poiKhed countries, might be efteemed elegant. Thofe cloaks are nearly of the drape and file of the (hort ones worn by the men in Spain> and by the wo- men in England, tied loofely before, and reaching to the middle of the back. The ground of them is a net work, with the moft beautiful red and yellow feathers foclofely fixed upon it, that the furface, both in point of fmoothncfs and glofTinefs, refcmbles the richcri vel- vet. The method of varying the mixture is very dif- ferent; Tome of them having triangular fpaces or red and yeUuw alternately ; others, a (brt of crefcent ; while fome were entirely red, except that they haxi a broad yellow border. The brilliant colours of the fea- ther!:, in thofe cloaksthat were new, had a very fine effed. The natives, at firft, refufed to part with one of thefe cloaks for arty thing that was omred' in ex- change, demanding no lefs a price than one of the mulkets. They afterwards, however, received as the iiirchafe of thfem fome very large nails. Thofe of the cH fort were fcarce ; and it is probable, that they are ttfed only on particular occafions. The caps are made irt the form of an helmer, with the middle part, or cred, frequently of an hand's breadth. They fit very clofc unon the head, and have notches to admit the' ears. They confiff of twigs and ofiers> covei^d' with' a net- work, into which feathers are wmught, as upon the cloaks, but fomewhat clbfer, and^lefs diverfihed; the major part being red, with' foh»e yellow, green, or black (hipes on the fides. Thefe caps^ in all probftbi« the lity, complete the drefs with the cloaks; for iflanders appeared fometimes in both together. At firft It was not eafy to conjeAiwe by what means they procured fuch a quantity of thefe beautiful feathers, but were foon made acquainted with that particular from the great number ot (kins of a fmall red fpecies of bird they brought for fale. Thofe that were firft pur- chafed confifted only of the (kin from behind the (Iroul- dcr of the wings; but they afterwards got many with the hind part, including the feet and tail. The reafon alffigned by the inhabitants of Atooi, for the cuftom of cutting off the feet of thefe birds is, that by this prac- tice they can preferve them the more eafily, without lofing any part which they confider as valuable. The red bird of this ifland was a fpecies of merops, about as large asafparrow: its colour was a beautiful fcarlet* with the tail and wings black; and it had an arched bill, twice as long as the head, which, with the feet, was of a reddifli hue. The contents of the head were taken out, as in the birds of paradife. But it was not obferved, that they pra£lifed any other mode of pre-' ferving them, than fimple drying ; for the (kins, thougli they were moift, had neither fmell or tafte. It appears that the inhabitants of this ifland feed upon human flefli. One of them that came out in a canoe, bringing articles by way of barter, and amongft the reft fome filh-hooks, was obferved to have a very fmall parcel faftened to the ftring of one of them, which he carefully feparated, and referved for himfeif, when he difpofed of the hook. Upon inquiry what it was, he pointed to his belly, and intimated fomething of its be- ing dead; faying, at the fame time, that it was bad. He was requefted to open the parcel, which he did V- ith great rehidance, and it was found that it contained a final) thin piece offlefh, which had, to all appear- ance, been dried, but was then wet with fait water. Our people imagining it might be human fle(h, put tha queftion to the producer of it, who anfwered, that tho ftefh was part of a man. Another of the iflanders, who ((bod near him, wiis then afked, whethcA: it was a cuA> torn among them to eat their enemies who had beerl flain in battle, on which he replied in the affirmative. Vet further inquiries on this fubjefl were made. A fmall inftrument of wood, befet with (hark's teeth, had been purrhafed, which, as it refembled the faw of knife made ufe of by the favages of New Zealand, to difTeA the bodies of their enemies, was fufpeftcd to b* employed here for the fame purpofe. One of the iflanders being qucftioned on this point, acknowledged that the inftrument before mentioned ferved' the pur- pofe of cutting out the flefhy part of the belly, when any pti*fori wis flain. This explained and confirmed the circumftence before related, of the mart's pointing td his belly. The native, however, from whom this intel- ligence was received, being aflced, whether his country* mrftt eVtr fed'on the part thus cut out, ftrongly denied it ; but, when the queftion was repeated, he (hewed fome degree of apprehenfion, and fwam off to his canoe. I' M f\y^ k' I ^' I I 13a A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. canoe. An elderly man, who fat foremoft in the canoe, vas then aflced whether they eat the flefli, and he an- fwered in the affirmative. The quelUon being put a fccond time, he again aflirmed the fa£t, adding, that it was favory food. The inquiry, whether thefe iflanders were cannibals, was renewed when the Hiips were off Oxieehcow. The fubjedt did not ariTe fro^ any •jueftions put by their vifitors, but from a circum- ftance that feemed to remove all doubt. One of the natives, who wiihed to get in at the gun-room port, wasrefufed; and he then aflced, whether they would kill and eat him, if he (hould come in ; accompanyin this queAion with iigns fo expreflive, that a doubt coul not be entertained with rcfpe(El to his meaning. Our people had now an opportunity of retorting the queftion as to this practice ; when a man behind the other in the canoe, inflantly replied, that if they were killed on (hore, they would not fcruple to eat them : not that he meant the natives would dedroy them for that purpofe, but that their devouring them would be the conlequence of creating enmity. The following are fome additional obfervations made 4|)y Capt;un Cook on the ifl^.id of which we are here treating. Further PartictJars relative to Atooi mal, and yegetable Produ£lions. ' Muftc, Weapons, Agriculture, and habitants. Soil, Qimate, Am- Dreji, Habitations, Man fanners of the In- THE ifland of AtooI is at lead ten leagues from eaft to weft, from whence its circumference mty be nearly gueffed. The land does not in the leaft rcfemble, in its ge- neral appearance, any of the iflanJs which our late navigators had vifited within the tropic of Capricorn, except in its hills near the centre, which are high, but flope gradually towards the fta, or lower lands. Though it prefents not to the view the delightful bor- ders ol Otaheite, nor the luxuriant plains ofTongataboo, covered with trees, which at once afford a (heiter from the fcorching rays of the fun, a beautiful prnfpe£l to the eye, and food for the natives, yet itspofleflinga greater portion of gently rifing land renders it, in fome de- greCj fuperior to the above-mentioned favourite illands, as being more capable of improvement. The height of the Uind within, and the number of clouds hangmg over it, feemed to in 'icate that there was a fufficient fupply of water, and that there were fome running flrcams. though our people had not an opportunity of feeing them. The ground, from the woody part to the fea, was covered with an excellent kind of grafs, about two feet in height, which fometimes grew in tufts, and appeared capable of being converted into abundant crops of fine hay. But on this extenfive fpacc not even a (hrub grew naturally. In the narrow valley leading I0 the morai the foil is of a dark brown colour,- rather loofe; but on the high ground it is of a reddifti brown, more ftiff and clayey. Its quality may be better efti- mated from its produflions, than from its appearance. For the vale, or moid ground, produces taio, much larger than any feen before; and the more elevated ground fweet potatoes, that feldom weigii lefs than two or three pounds, frequently ten, and iometimes a d :en or fourteen. The temperature of the climate may be eafily guefled from the fituation of the ifland. It was remarked, however, by thofc who were moil capable of judging, that, from what they experienced, it might be faid to be very variable ; for, according to the general opinion, it was, at this time, the feafon of the year when the weather is fuppofed to be the moil fettled, the fun be- ing at its greatell annual diftance. The heat was now very moderate ; and few of thofe inconveniences to which many countries lying within the tropics are fub. jeSt, either from heat or moifture, feemed to be experi- enced here. Nor were there any dews of confequence; a circumftance which may partly be accounted for by the lower part of the country being deftitute of trees. The rork that conflitutes the fides of the valley is a dark frey ponderous ftone, but honey-combed, with fome fpots of a nifty colour, and fome very minute ihining particles interfperfed. It is of an immenfe depth, and feems to be divided into ftrata, though no- thing is interpofed; for the large pieces always broke off to a determined thicknefs, and did not appear to have adhered to thofe that were below them. Other Itones are, in all probability, much more v»-iau.<; than in the fouthern iflands. For during the (hort time the (hips remained here, befides the lapis lydius, was found afpeciesof cre?.n-coloured whetuone, fometimes va- riegated with whiter or blacker veins, like marble} and alfo common writing flate. The only tame or domeftic animals found here wtxt hogs, dogs, and fowls, which were all of the fame kind as thofe met with in the South-Sea iflands in geiKral. There were fome fmall lizards and fome rats, refemb- ling ihofe of the other iflands. The voyagers did not meet with fcarlet birds alive that were brought for fale ; but faw one fmall one, about the Uvea of a canary bird, of a deep crimfon colour. They alfo faw a large owl, two brown hawks or kites, and a wild duck ; and heard from the natives the names of fome other birds, among which were the ctoo, ot bluift) bird, and the tarata, a fort of whimbrel. It is probable that the fpecies of birds are numerous, if a judgment may be formed from the quantity of hnt yellow, green, and fmall, velvet-like, blackiih feathers ufcd iqpon the cloaks, and other ornaments, worn by thefe people. The ifland did not appear to produce hft) either m quantity or variety, as the only filli feen by our people, befides the fmall mackerel, were com<- nion mullets; a fpecies of a chalky colour; a final! brownifh rock filh, adorned with blue foots ; a turtle, which was pcnoed up in a pond ; and three or fuur New Ducoveries.] SANDWICH-ISLANDS. »38 LAP HY. of a rcddifli brown, may be better efti- from its appearance. >rodures taro, much i the more elevated loin wei^i kfs than n, and iometimes a may be cafily giieffed it was remarked, I capable of judging, , it miglit be faid to > the general opinion, f the year when the il fettled, the fun be- The heat was now )fe inconveniences to n the tropics are fub. , feemed to be experi- dews of confequence; f be accounted for by ing deftitute of trees. les of the valley is a : honey-combed, with nd fome very minute It is of an immenfe nto ftrata, though no- e pieces always broke id did not appear to below them. Other ich more various than ring the (hort time the lapis lySus, was found jtltone, fometimes va- r veins, like marble; jimals found here were ;re all of the fame kind Sea iflands in gei.'ital. and fome rats, refemb- ivith fcarlet birds alive aw onefmall one, about deep crimfon colour. _, brown hawks or kites, n the natives the names vhich were the otoo, or fort of whimbrel. It irds are numerous, if » m the quantity of fin« t-like, blackilh feathers :r ornaments, worn by not appear to produce y, as the only filh f«n 11 mackerel, were com- :halky colour; a fmall h blue fpots ; a turtle, id; and three or tout ' toiU forts of fifti falted. The few fhell-filh feen were con- verted into ornaments, though they were deftitute of the recommendation either of beauty or novelty. There arc fix different kinds of plantains, bread- fruit, a few cocoa-palms, fome yams, the kappee of the Fricndly-Jllands, or Virginian arum; the etooa tree, and odoriferous gardenia, or cape jefinine. There were fe- veral trees of the dooe dooe, that bear the oily nuts, which are ftuck upon a kind of fkewer, and made ufe of as candles. The iflanders wear thefe nuts, hung on ilrings, round their necks. There is a fpecies of Ada, or Indian mallow ; alfo the mor'tnda citrifoliay which is here called none ; a fpecies of convolvulus, the ava, or intoxicating pepper, befldes a great quantity of gourds. Thefe laft grow to a very large fize, and are of a re- markable variety of (hapes, which are, perhaps, the effed: of art. Upon the dry fand, about the village, grew a plant, that had never been feen by our peofde in this ocean, of the fize of a common thiftle and prickly, but bearing a iins flower, greatly refembling a white poppv. ' The natives of A tool appear to be of a frank, cheer- ful difpufition ; equally firee from the fickle levity that charadterizes the inhabitants of Otaheite, and the fedate aft which is obfervable among many of thofe of Ton- gataboo. They feem to cultivate a focial intercourfe with each other, and, except the propenflty to thieving, which is, as it were, innate in moll of the people of thefe feas, they were exceeding friendly. When they faw the different articles of European manufa£lure, they could not refrain from exprelling their aftonifh- meiit, by a mixture of joy and concern, that feemed to apply the cafe as a leflon of humility to themfelves j and, on every occafion, appeared to have a proper con- Icioufnel's of their own inferiority. It was pleafing to obl'erve with what affedion the women managed their int'ants, and with what alacrity the men contributed their affiilance in i'uch a render office. 'I'hey are ailive, vi- gorous, and expert fwimmers ; lea\ ing their canoes upon the mo(t frivolous occafion, diving under them, and fwimming to others, though at a confiderable dif- tance. Women were frequently feen with infants at their breads, when the furf was fo high as to prevent their landing in their canoes, to leap overboard, and fwim on fhore. If judgment might be formed from the number feen by our people as they ranged along the coall, the inha- bitants of this ifland are pretty numerous. Including the ftragglfng houfes, there might, perhaps, be in the whole iilaiid fixty fuch villages as that near which the Ihips anchored ; and, if allowance is made of five per- lons to each houfe, there would be, in every village, five hundred; or thirty thoufand upon the ifland. This number is by no means exaggerated", for there were fometimes three thoufand people, at leaft, coUeifted on j the beach, when it could not be fuppofed that above a tenth part of the natives were prefent. Having already defcribed the ordinary drefs of the natives of both fexes ; we (hall now attend to particu- lars. The women have often much larger pieces of cloth wrapped about them, extending from jult below the breafts to the hams, and fometimes lower ; and fu- veral were obfcrved with pieces thrown looCely over their (houlders, which covered the greateft part of the body ; but the children, when very young, go entirely naked. They do not wear any thing on the head ; but the hair, both of men and women, is cut in various forms, and the general fafhion, particularly among the latter, is to have it fhort behind and long before. The men frequently had it cut on each fide in fuch a man- ner, that the remaining part fomcwhat refembled the creft of |}ieir caps or helmets. Both fexes, however, feemed to be very carelefe about their hair, and had no combs, or any thing of the kind, to drefs it. The men fometimes twift it into a number of feparate par- cels, like the tails of a wig, each about as thick as a finger ; though moik of lliefe, which are fo long as to reach hr down the back, are artificially fixed upon the head, over their own hair. The people of the Sand- wich-Ifles have not their ears perforated, nor do they wear any ornaments in them. Both men and women, however, adorn themfelves with necklaccfs compofed of bunches of fmall black cord, like our hat-ftring, often above an hundred-fold. They have alfo necklaces of many firings of very fmall fhells, or of the dried flowers of the Indian mallow ; and they fometimes hang round their necks a fmall human figure of bone, about the length of three inches. The women likewife wear bracelets of a fingle fhell, pieces of black wood, with bits of ivory iiiterfperfed, and neatly polillied, faftened together by a firing drawn cloftly through them ; or others of hogs' teeth placed parallel to each other, with the concave part outward, and the points cut off; fome of which, formed only of large boars' tufks, appeared very elegant. The men fometimes fix on their heads plumes of feathers of the tropic bird, or thofe of cocks, faftened round neat polifhed fticks two feet in length ; and, for the fame purpofe, they few the fkin of a white dog's tail over a ftick, with its tuft at the end. They alfo frequently wear on the head a kind of ornament about the thicbiefs of a finger, covered with yellow and red feathers, curioufly varied, and tied behind ; and, on that part of the arm which is above the elbow, a fort of broad fhell-work grounded upon net-work. The men fometimes punfture themfelves upon the hands or arms, but frequently no marks at all were feen ; though a few individuals had more of this fpecies of ornament than had been ufually noticed at other places, and curioufly executed in a great variety of lines and figures, on the arms and fore-part of the body. Thir habitations are fcattered about withotit the leaft order ; fome are large and commodious, from 40 to 50 feet in length, and 20 or 30 in breadth ; while others are the moft contemptible hovels. Their figiKC refcmbles that of hay-ftacks ; or, perhaps, a better idea may be conceived ange, were about the or f\ve yards in lengh, ,ade ufe of by them for and even fome ot thele Id together. They have in, and greatly relernbte oiled or foaked in fome e numbers of white mat?, red (Iripes, quadrangular ,u one fide. Thefe,.nall heirdrefsi for when they ut them on their bacb , coarfer fort, plam and 5ver their floors to fl«p | ain neatly with unJulatei I gures of a black ccloj ' ted with the art otvarmlh. sourd-fliells nre covered In other occal.ons, th or glutinous fuWlance, J ;^endilhesa.ulbowU ava,areofthcctoo.t2 ,nd well poliflieci. m rufmat^r Wicker >^rJ with handles of the fame, or of wood, tapering from them, which are curioudy wrought with fmall cords of hair and cocoa-nut fibres intermixed. Their fifhiiig- hooks are ingeniouily made ; fome of bone, many of pearl-ftiell, and others of wood, pointed with bone. The bones are for tl^e molt part final!, and confift of two pieces } and the various forts have a barb, cither on the infide, or the outfide: but others have both, the sxterior one being furtheft from the point. Of the lat- ter fort, one was procured, nine inches in length, made of a finglc piece of bone ; the elegant form and polilh of which could not be exceeded by any European ar- tift. They polifh their ftones by conftant friction, with pumice-ftonc in water ; and fuch of the tools as were I'een rclcmbled thofe of the fouthern iflanders. Their hatchets, or rather adzes, were exadtly of the fame pat- tern, and were either formed of a blackifh (lone, or of a day-coloured one. They have alfo fmall inftruinents, compofed of a finglc (bark's tooth, fome of which are fixed to the fore part of the jaw-bone of a dog, and others to a thin wooden handle of a fimilar (hape; and at the other end there is a bit of firing fattened through a little hole. They ferve occafionally as knives, and are probably ufed in carving. The only iron tools feen among them, and which they poflefled before the arrival of our fliips, were a piece of iron hoop, about the length of two inches, fitted into a wooden handle ; and another edge-tool, which was fuppofed to have been niaJe of the point of a broad fword. Their having the aftual pofleflion of thefe, and their being acquainted with the ufe of this metal, inclined fome of our people to imagine, that they were not the firft European vifi- tors ot thefe iflands. But the very great furprife which they teftified on feeing the fhips, and their perfect igno- rance of the ufe of fire-arms, cannot be reconciled with fuch an opinion. However, fome have thought that the natives of Atooi might have received this metal from intermediate iflands, fituated between them and the La- drones, which the Spaniards have frequented almoft ever fincc the period of Magellan's voyage in 1719. Befides their fpears, formed of a fine brownifli wood, beautifully poliflied, fome of which are barbed at one end, and flattened to a point at the other, they have a kind of weapon which the voyagers had never met with before : it fomewhat refembles a dagger, and is, in ge- neral, about eighteen inches in length, ftiarpened at one or both ends, and fecured to the hand by a firing. Its life is to ilab in clofe combat, and feems well adapted for that purpcle. Some of thetif may be denominated dou- ble daggers, having a handle in the middle, by which they are the better calculated to ftrike different ways. 1 hey have likewife bows and arrows ; but, both from their flcnder conilrudtion, and their apparent fcarcity, it I is probable that they never make ufe of them in battle. (The knife or faw, with which they difled the dead Ibodies of their enemies, may alfo be ranked among their I weapons, as they both ftrike and cut with it when en- [gaged in clofe hght. It is a fmall flat wooden inftru- ment, about a foot in length, of an c"o .g (hape, rounded at the corners : its edges are furrou.ided with fharks' teeth, ftrongly fixed to it, and pointing out- wards ; and it has generally a hole in the handle, through which paffes a long (tring, which they wrap fcvcral times round the wrifl. Their canoes are commonly about four and twenty feet in hsngth, and have the bottom, in general, formed of a fingle piece of wood, hollowed out to the thitknels of an inch, or more, and brought to .; point at each end. The fides are compofed of three boards, each about an inch thick, neatly fitted, and lafheil to the bottom. The extremities, both at the head and ftern, are a little elevated, and both are made (liarp, fomewhat rcfembling a wedge, but they flatten more abruptly, fo that the two fide-boards join each other, fide by fide, for upwards of a foot. As they feldom exceed a foot and a half in breadth, thofe that go fingle (for they fometimes join theniy have out-riggers, which are (haped and fitted with more judgment than any before feen. They are rowei' by paddles, fiich as had 6een generally obferved at other idands : and fome of them have a light triangular fail, extended to a maft or boom. The ropes which they ufe for their boats, and the fmaller cords for their fifhing- tackle, are firong, and neatly mi"^e. The natives feem to poflels a knowledge of agricul- ture. The vale-ground is one continued plantation of taro, and fome ot*her articles, which have all the appear- ance of being carefully attended to. The potato-fields, and fpots of fugar-cane, or plantains, on the higher grounds, are planted with great regularity ; but neither thele, or the others, are enclofed with any fence, uiilefs the ditches in the low grounds may be confidered as fuch : which, it is more probable, are dcfigned to con- vey water to the taro. The great quantity and excel- lence of thefe articles may, perhaps, be as much owing to fkilful culture, as natural fertility of foil, which feems better adapted to them, than to bread-fruit and cocoa- nut trees ; tiie few of thefe latter which were feen, not being in a thriving ftate. Notwithftandinr this Ikill in agriculture, the ifland, from its general appearance, feemed to be capable of more extenfive improvement, and of maintaining thrice as many inhabitants as are now upon it ; for the greater part of it, that now lies wafte, was apparently as good a foil as thofe parts that were cultivated. It muft therefore be inferred, that thefe people do increafc in that proportion, which would fender it neceflary for them to take advantage of the extent of their ifland, towards raifing a greater quantity of its vegetable produdlions for their maintenance. There was not an opportunity of forming an accu- rate judgment of the mode of government eftablifhed- amongft thefe people ; but, from our general obferva- tion, It feemed reafonable to imagine, that it is of the fame nature with that which prevails in all the iflands they had hitherto vifited ; and, in all probability^ their wars among themfelves are equally frequent. This in- deed might be inferred from the number of weapons. which: i 136 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. r 1) ^t ^:.h' ?i which were found in their podbirton, and from &- excellent order in which they kept them. But ih , liad proofs of the iat\ from thtirown confclfion ; b:ing informed, thefe wars are carried on between the dif- ferent dillrids of their own illand, as well as between it and the inhabitants of the neighbouring iiluuds. No other caufe than this need be alligned, to account for the appearance before mentioned, or their popu- lation not being proportioned to the extent of their ground that is capable of cultivation. Befides obfcrving in general that there is an affinity between the manners of thefe people, and the natives of the Friendly and Society-Illands, here follow a few particulars, that will ferve to place this in a (Iriking point of view. As to religious irftitutions, and the manner of dif- poflng of the dead, the inhabitants of Tonjjataboo bury the dead with great decency, and they alfo inter their human facriiices ; but they do not offer any other animal, or even a vegetable to their deities. I'he Otaheiteans d-' not inter their dead, but expofe theiTi to wafle by time and putrefadion, though they after- wards bury the bones ; and this being the cafe, it is remarkable that they ttiould inter the entire bodies of their human facrifices. They alfo offer up to their gods other animals and vegetables ; but are far from being attentive to the condition of the places where they celebrate thofe folemn rites ; moft of their morals being in a ruinous ftate, and (hewing manifed tokens of negle6l. The people of Atooi, again, bury both their common dead, and their human facrifices, as at Tongataboo ; but they refemble thufe of Otaheite, in ctfering vegetables and animals to their gods, and in the negledled (fate of their religious places. It may be obferved, alfo, that the taboo alfo prevails in Atooi, in its full extent, and apparently with greater (tridnefs than even at Tongataboo : for the natives here always afked with great eagernefs, and with indications of a fear of offending, whether any particular thing which they delired to fee, or their vilitors were willing to Ihew, was taboo, or (zs they pronounced the word) tafoo i meaning, forbidden. The language ufed in both places may be faid to be almod entirely the fame. Difcovtry of Mawee andOwhfhee. CharaSier of the Na- tives cf the latter. Karakakooa-Baydefcrihed, Ceremonies and Cuftoms of the JSatives, Captain Cook's Reception there, , _ ,,^ BEFORE our navigators had fufficient refrefh- ments, they were obliged to quit thefe iilands. The anchor of the Rcfohitiun having rtarted, ihe ilrove off the bank a coniiiierable way to the leeward of the (hip's lalt (tation ; fo tliat the commodore forefeeing it would require more time to regain it tiian he chofe to employ, he made the lignal for the Difcovery to weigh anchor, '.iid both (hips diredlcd their courfe to the northward, in profecution of difcovcries ; which was in February 1778. Captain Cook, after having explored the dreary regions of the north, for the courfe of feveral fucoccu- ing months, determined to rcvifit the Sandwich-I. lands, ill order to pafs a few ol the winter months, provided he (liouUt meet with the necefTary refrefhments. From a more e\tcn(ive view of the fpot on the fccond vifit, which was November 26, 1771, it appeared that the former difcovery made by thefe, of the group of ^iilands, had been imperfcd ; thofe which they had vilited .n their progrefs n6rthward, all lying to the leeward of their prefent (tation. An elevated hill appeared in the country, whofe fiimmit rofe above the clouds. The land, from this hill, fill in a gradual flopc, terminating in a (teep rocky coa(t ; the fca breaking againft it in a mod dreadful manner. Unable to weathsr the iilaiid, they bore up, and ranged to the weftward. They now perceived people on many parts of the (hore, and feveral houfes and plantations. The country appeared to be well fupplied with wood and water, and dreams were feen, in various places, falling into the fea. The chief delign of ;5vi(iting thefe iflands, being to procure a competent fupply of provifions, muft have been fruftrated, if a free trade with the natives was permitted; Captain Cook therefore publilhed an order, prohibiting all perfonson board the (nij-- from trading, except thofe appointed by himfelf and t ptain Clcrke; and thefe were under limitations of trading only fur provifions and refielhments. Injundions were alfo laid againll the admittance of women into the (hips, but under certain redridions : but the evil which was intended to have been prevented by this regulation had already got amongd them. While the (hips were ranging along the coad, fome canoes came off, and, when they got along-iide, many of the condudors of them came on board without helitation. It was per- ceived that they were of the fame nation as thofe illanders more to the leeward, which they had already vilited ; and, as they underllood, were no drangers to their having been there. Thefe vifitors fupplied them with a quantity of cutMe fidi, in exchange for nails and iron. They brought but little fruit or roots, but faid they had plenty of them on their ifland, as well as hogs and fowls. Many of them afterwards brought divers commodities, which were bartered for Inch ar- ticles as our people had to (iifpod? of. This ifluidwas called by the natives Mdwee. The chief, who ii | named Terreeoboo, vifitcd the commodore on board, | and made him a prefent in the ufual form. Another ifland was foon after feen to the wiiidwaid, called by the natives Owhyhee. Standing on andoif during the night, the Englifh were greatly fiirpriledin f the morning, at feeing the fiimmits of the mountain! covered with ("now. Though they were not ol 3D extraordinary height, the ("now, iu fome places, ap- New Discoveries.] SANDWICH. ISLANDS. »37 to the northwa; J, h wa* in February xplored the dreary 5 of feveral fuctceii- le Sandwich -I. lands, cr months, provided refrefliments. he fpot on the fccond 771, it appeared that jfe, of the group of ofc which they 'ud rd, all lying to the the country, whofe The land, irom thii nating in a fteep rocky t in a moft dreadful J illaiid, they bore up, They now perceived ,re, and feveral houfes appeared to be well and ftreams were fcep, e fea. thefe iflands, being to provifions, muft have with the natives was fore publilhed an order, the Ihif- from trading, ilfandt plain Gierke; ,ns of trading only for Injundlions were alfo women into the Ihips, but the evil which was d by this regulation had While the Ihips were canoes came off, anJ, ly of the condudors of htlitation. It was per- ; fame nation as thofe which they had already od, were no f\rangers w ;fc vifitors fupplied them , in exchange for nails Utile fruit or roots, but on their illand, as well them afterwards brought ere bartered for fuch ar- po»of. Thisinundwi ee. The chief, who is AC commotlore on boaid, ^t ufual form. , ter feen to the windward, c. Standing on and ort were greatly furprifed in immits of the mountain! gh they were not ol ao | ow, in fome pluccs, ap- peaiw I pearcd to be of a confiderable depth, and to have re- inain«d ther^ fome time. Drawing near the fhore, tlje natives approacl)c M m loiiu' M !i- 1 ,' •' i^ X :p HI li U:J ; i : . 'I''! V .- , i ;t ij8 — ^ — A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UMIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. long at anchor, the Difcovery had fo many people hanging on one (ide, that (he was obfcrvcd to heel cnniiderably ; and it appeared iiiiprTiblc to prevent the crowds from prefling into her. Captain Cook, ap- prehcnfiv3 that flie might receive fome injury, com- municated his apprehcnlions to Parcea, vho mrtantly cleared the (hip oi" its incumbrances, and difpcifed the canoes that Airrovmded her. From this circumdance, it is plain that the chiefs have a mofl dcfpotic authority over the inferior people. An inftai cc fimiiar to this happened on board tlje Rcfoiution, where the crowd fo far impeded the ordinary bufinefs of the (liip, that it was found nccefrary to apply to Kaneena, another chief, vho had alfo attached himfelf particularly to Captain Cook. The inconvenience r-.ifered was no fooncr mentioned, than he ordered the natives imme- diately to quit the ve^Fel, when, without a moment's hefttation, they all jumped overboard, except one per- fon, who loitering behind, .ind, by his mannc;, cx- prcding fome dej^ree of imwiiJincncfs to obey, Ka- neena took hold of him immediately, aud threw him into the fea. Thcfc two chiefs were exceedingly well proportioned, and had countenances remarkably plca- fmg. Ksneena was a fine figure. (lis height was about fix feet; his features were regular and exprcf- five ; his deporiment was eafy, firm, and graceful ; and he had dark lively eyes. The two Ciiiefs, Pareea and Kaneena, afterwards in- trodi.ced a third on board, whofe name was Koah. He was reprefjnted as a pricft, and one who, in his early days, had diftinguilhed himfelf as a warrior. He was a little, old, emaciated figure, having lore red eyes, and his body covered with a leprous liiirf, occafioned by the immoderate ufc of the ava. Being condudlcd to the cabin, he approached the commodore with the greateft deference, threw a piece of red cloth over his ihouldcrs, and retreating a few paces, made an offering of a fmall pig, at the fame time pronouncing a difcourfe of a confiderable length. Duri .g their continuance at Qvvhyhee, this cere- mony was repeated often, and, from a variety of cir- cumllances, it leemcd to be a kind of religious adora- tion. Red cloth is an article with which their idols arc arrayed ; and a pig is a common offering n the Eatooas. Their fpeeches were delivered with a vo- lubility that indicated them to be conformable to fome ritual. At the conclufion of this ceremony, Koah dined with the tonunodoie, and ate plentifully of the vLnnds before him ; hut, like molt ol the illandcrs in thofe feas, he coi.ld hardly be induced to talle wine or fpirits a fecond time. In the evening, the commodore went on lliore. As foon as they landed on the beach, they were preceded by four men, bearing each a wand tipt with dog's hair, and pronoimcing, with a loud voice, a fhort fentence, in which the word Orono was very diflinguifbable. The crowd alfembled on the (hore, retired at their approacli ; and not an individual was to he fecn, except a few who had proflraitd themfelvei on the ground, near the h.iliitations of the adjacent village. Here it may br proper to obfervc, that Orono, which was Captain Cook's general appella- tion among the natives of Ov\hyhee, was fometimcj applied by them to an invifible being inhabiting hc». ven Ic was alfo a title of gnat rank in (he ifland. Tiioigh we have already mentioned fevcral moraii appertainin,i; to ditferciit illands of the South-Seas, that ofOwhyliecis fo lingular in its conftruflion, and fo peculiar in its ccretnonics, that we (hall here defcribe It. This mora! conliftcd of a fquarc folid pile of ftonej, of the length of forty yards, the breadth of twenty, and the height of fiurtccn. The top of it was flat, and a wooden rail furroinidcd it. on which were difplayed the flculls of thofe natives who had been facrificed on the deaths of their chiefs. A ruinous wooden building was (itiiated in the centre of the area, connected with the rail by a (lone vall, diviiling the whole fpace into two parts. Five poles, of about twenty feet in height, fii])ported an irregular kind of fcaffoid, on the lide next the country ; and, on the fide towards the fea, nere two fn. '\ll houfes, with a covered coinmunica- t'.oi; Captain Cook, accoinpanied by a party of genllc- mon, was condudUd to the furnmit of this pile by Koah, one of the chiefs before-mentioned. They be- held, at their entrance, two large wooden image?, with moft dillorted features, having a long piece ot wood proceeding from the top of their heads, of a co- nical form inverted : the other parts were covered with red cloth. Here Captain Cook was received by a tall young man, having a long beard, who prefented him to the images, and chanted a kind of hymn, in which he was alii (led by Koah. The party were then led to that lide of the moral where the poles were ereded, at the foot of which twelve images were ranged in the form of a femicircle ; the middle figure having a high table before it, on which was a putrid hog, and under it fome cocoa-nuts, plantains, potatoes, bread-fruit, and pieces of fugar-cane. The commodore was con- dudlcd under this (land by Koah, who, taking down the hog, held it towards him, when, having again addrclfed hiin in a long and vehement fpeech, he fuf- fered it to fall upon the ground, and afcended the fcaf- folding with him, though at the peril of their falling. Ten men now advanced in folemn proceflion, and en- tered the top of the moral, bearing a live hog, and i piece of large red cloth of confiderable dimcnfions. Advancing a few paces, they flopped, and prollrateil theiTifelves ; and a yoimg man approaching them, re- ceived the cloth, and carried it to Koah, who wrappcJ it round Captain Cook, and made him an offering of the hog. The fituation of their vifitor was irulj' whimlical. He was aloft, fwathcd in red cloth, ami hardly able to keep his hold in the rotten fcattblding. He was entertained, however, with the chanting of Koah Nf.w Discovrrirs.] S a N D W r C H - I S L a N D S. f^n ■•'•■? « '39 Koah and Kaireekcca, fometimes in concert, and fomc times alternately. After this office was performed, which was of coiifiderabic duracion, Koah let the hog drop, and he aid bi' gueft immediately dcfccnded. He then con- ducted him tu the images, to each of which he exprcfled himfeif in a fncering tone, fnapping his fingers at them as he pafl'ed. He then prcfentcd him to that in the cen- tre, which, from its being hubited in red cloth, ap- peared to be in the highcit eftimation. He fell proftrate before this figure, and kifled it, requeuing Captain Cook would do the fame ; which he readily fubmitted to, being determined to follow Koah's direaions through- out the whole of this cert nony. The party weie now conveyed into the other divifion of the moral, where a fpace, of about twelve feet fquare, was funk three feet below the level of the area. They dcfccnded into this, and Captain Cook was immediately feated be- tween two idols, one of his arms being fuj.ported by Koah, and an officer was requclled to fupport the other. A fecoiid proceflion of natives at this time arrived with a baked hog, a pudding, fome cocoa-nuts, bread- fruit, and other vegetables. As they drew near, Kai- rcelceca placed himfclf before them, and pref'^nted the ho» to the commodore, in the ufual manner, chanting as before, and his companions making regular refponfes. Their i'peeches and refponfes grew gradually (horter and (horter ; and, towards the conclufion, Kairec.'ceea's did not exceed three or four words, which was ar.fwered by the word Orono. The natives, having concluded this otFcfing, feated thenii'eives fronting our people, and began to cut up the balced hog, to break the cocoa-nuts, and to peel the vegetables. Others were employed in brewing the ava, by chewing it in the fame manner as at the Friendly- Illands. Kaireekeea then chewed part of the kernel of a cocoa-nut, and wrapped it in a piece of cloth, with which he rubbed the captain's head, face, hands, arm?, and {boulders. The ava v/as afterwards handed round, and when they had all tafted it, Koah and Pareea pulled the flelh of the hog in pieces, and proceeded to put fome of it into the mouths of the Englilh. An officer h.id no particular objection to being fed by Pareea, who was remarkably cleanly in his pcrlon ; but Capt. Cook, to whom a piece was pri-fcntcd by Koah,'could not fwal- lowa morfel, the put<-id hog being rtrong in his recol- ktWon; and the old man having, from motives of civi- lity, chewed it for him, his reludance was much in- trealed by that circumftance. When the ceremony was finifhcd, the patty quitted the morai, alter diftributing among the populace fome pieces ot iron, and other articles, with which they were """-'• delighted. They were then conduded in pro- much Iceflion to the boats, the men attending with wands, and Ipronouncing fentenccs as before. Mod of the natives Uga\n retired, and the remaining few proftrated them- |ldves as they pailed along the fliore. Some curiofity being excited by the regular attend- i ance of the _ riods at the morai, the party determined t» vifit the lubiiations of a fociety of them which iIk y li:id lately difcovtred. Their huts were crcitcd rou.ul 4 pona enclofed with a grove of cocoa-trees, by whii 'i thty were feparated hoir the beach and the village, and which gave the fituation ar. air of religious rctiicment. When Captain Cook arrived at the beach, he was condu6led to Harrc-no-Orono, or the houfc of Orono. On his approaching this facrcd place, he was feated at the foot of a wooden idol, rcfcmbling thofc which he had fcen at the morai. Here an officer again fupport- ed one of his arms. He wsis then arrayed in rcH cloth, and Kaireek«.:a, affiled by twelve priells, prcfcnttd ;i pig with the ufual folcmnities. After this ceremony, •lie pig was ftrangled, and thrown into the embers of a fire prepared for that purpofc. When the hair was fingcd offy a fccond ofTerinc; was made, and the chanr ing repeated as before; after which the dead pig was held, for fome time, under the Captain's nofe, and tlien laid, with a cocoa-nut, at his feet. This part of the ceremony being concludied, the performers fat down, and the ava was brewed and handed about ; a baked hog was brought in, and the party were fed as in the former ceremony. Whenever he went on fiiore, during the contmuance of the (hips in the bav, he was prece- ded by one of thefc priefts, who proclaimed the landing of the Orono, and ordered the inhabitants to prodratc themfelves. He was conftantly attended by the fame perfon on the water, where he was ftationed in the bow of the boat, having a wand in his hand to give notice of his approach to the natives, who were in canoes ; oj» which they inftantly ceafed paddling, and fell on their faces till he had palled. That the aftronomical gentlemen might not be incom- moded at the obfervatory on fliore, by the intrufion of the natives, the place was confccratcd by the priefts, by placing their wands round the wall by which it was cnclofcd. This interdiiStion was the tahoa already mentioned. No canoes attempted to land near the fpot; the natives only fat on the wall, not daring to come within the ta- booed fpace without obtaining permiffion. The men, indeed, would bring provifions into the field, but all en- deavours were ineffcdlual to induce the women to ap- proach. Prefcnts were tried, but without fuccefs. At- tempts were made to prevail on Pareea and Koah to bring therr^ but to no purpofe: the^atooa and Terree- oboo, they (:m\, would kill them if they did. This circumftance afforded great amufement to the people on board, whither multitudes (particularly wti- men) continually flocked; infomuch that they were iw' quently obliged to clear the vefTel, in order to have room to perform their neceflary duties. Two or three hun- dred women were fometimes obliged to jump ar one into the water, where they continued to i'v. iin and i-lay till they could come on board again. Not confining themfelves to fuch civilities, the peo- ple of Owhyhee fuppHcd their vifitors with hog:i and " othjr M 11 1.10 A NFA; and complete system Of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. !.l! ; » w other provifuns nmic than (ufficiiMit for fubfillciicc; an.l ciiiiocs, lalcii with piovifioiis, wtii; as rrj^uUrly iciit olF to the lliips. Nothing was Jcinatulcd In return, nor was thi- mod tiilhilit hint tvei pivc-n that any coinijcnfii- Hon was cxpc£lcil. Their inami'M oi'tont'cniny favtuiis appeared more like the dikharj^e of aiclii^iuus duty ihaij the reliiit of mere liberality. All this muniliecnce was at the expcncc of Kaoo, tl.: ;hiot i)ii(ll, and piandfather to Kaiiei'keca, who was ihcii in the Uiit of the i'overeijjji of the illand. Soini' time after the commander's reception at the ha- bitations of the priells, the kinj; in a V.vjv canoe, widi fomc attendants in two other-, was feen paddling fioni the vi'i.ipe, in great ftate, to'^.uds the riij)s. Their appearance was noble. Tcrrccoboo and hi* chiefs were in the lirft canoe, arrayed in feathered cloaks and hel- mets, and armed with fncars and da^'^ •'■''• I" the fecoad tame Raoo, the chief prielt, tog"'tiier with his^ bre- thren, having their idols difpUiycd on red cloth. Thcfe idols were figures of an enormous fi/.e, made of wicker work, and curioufly ornamented with fmall feathers of a variety of colours. Their eyes were large pearl- oyllers, with a black nut placed in the centre i a double row of the fanj^s of dogs was fixed in each of their mouths, which, as well as the rcrt of their features, appeared dillorted. The third canoe w.is 1-iden with hogs and vegct.ibles. As they adv.tnced, the priells, in the fecond canoe, chanted tl>eir hymns with great fo- lemniiy. After paddling round tlip veflels, they did not come on board as was expcc'ted, but m.ide immediately towards the Ihorc at the beach, where an Englifii party was (hitioned. On their approach, the officers of the party ordered the giiaid to be dravni up in form to receive the king ; and Captain Cook, feeing that he intended to go on fhore, went thither alfo, and landed almoft at the fame inftant. They were ufhercd into the tent, and the king was hardly feated, wheii he rofe up, and gracefully threw over the captain's Ihouldcrs the rich feathered cloak hiiiifelf had wore, placed an helmet on his head, and preiented him with a curious fan. Five or fix other cloiks, of great beauty and value, were fpread at his feet. 'I'hen four hogs were brought forward by the king's a'ttendants, together with bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and lu- gar-canes. Atterwards followed the ceremony of T'erree- «boo's changii.^ names v. ith Captain Cook, the lli oiigeft pledge ot frienufhip" among all the illandcrs of the I'a- cific-Ocean. A folemn proceffion now ad\ anccd, coi.- fiitin""^ of priei.s, preceded by a venerable pcrfoi ii;e, followed by a ti„m of people leading large hogs; others being laden with potatoes, pl.intains, &c. It was cafily perceived, b^ the- countenance and gcftures of Kaiiee- keja, that the olu man v.ho headed the proceffion was the chief pricli, uu v.hofe bounty the Englifh had fo long fubliitcd. He v/iapped a piece of red cloth round the flioul icrs of Captain Cook, as a mark of peculiar refn'.^t. The olHccrs v/erc not a little furprifed to recognize. in the perfon of the king, an emaciated old man, who had come on board thi; Kefolution, fiom the norih-eaft fide of the iflaiid of Mowcc^ and perceived that fevei.il of his attendants were the fame |ki fons as before accoiiu panicd him. When the ufual ceremonies of interview had p^flul, Captain Cook condudled Texrecoboo, and fevuaCof luj chiefs, on board the Refolution. I'bcy were received with every poflible attentio;i and rcfped; and the cdui. modorc put a linen lliirt -' to continue out the Id be endkfs to relate hey received upon ihcii :m every where, anxious ■ir power, and aiipeaiol ■ended to accept ot then II ts were praaifcd to ai- LT their departure. Ik .•it villages before them, verc thcie was a commo- ,.r dancing. They were draught of the milk ol ■jiher refrcfhment as thcit hey were encircled bv who exerted iheir (kill with fongs and daiices, ives rendered themfdves anccs of ho'"pitallty, tk concern, at finding them . of the inanders oi theie circumftancc, and lome- ,fe fe verity, v.hich they ve avoided, if it had net ,me expert iwimniasweie up, drawing out the ivai.s hey ingenioufly pcif^rma cil v/ifli a flint do'"". I'his nraCtite was i(» injurious to the vcMel«, th.at our ncopic tireii liuall (hot at the oftcnder* ; but that they eafily evaded, by diving to the bottomn of the (hii)s. It therefore bec.ime highly nccefTary to make 111 cx:«nple of one of them, by flogging him on board the fliip. At this time an cxcurfion into the country, by a large party from both (hips, afforded Kaoo a frem opportunity of cxercifing his civility and gencrofity. No fooncr was he informed of their departure, than he fent after them a large quantity of provifions, with orders, that every at- tention and aflillancc (hould be granted them by the in- habitants of thofe dillridts through which they were to pals. His conduct, on this occafion, was fo de- licate and difintcreftcd, that even the people he em- ploveJ were not permitted to accept of the fmalleft nrcilnt. At the end of fix days the party returned, without having penetrated more than twenty miles into the illaiid. The n.itives prefcnted their vifitors with the exhibi- tion of a boxing-match. Though thefe games were in- ferior, in every refpetSl, to thofe they had fccn ex- hibited at the i rieiKlly-Iflands, yet, as they were fomc- what different, we fliall here give a (hort account of them. A vaft concourfe of people aflcmbled on an even fpot of ground, not far diliunt from the tents. A long va- cant fpace was left in the centre of them, at the upper end of which the judges prefidcd, under three Aandards, Slips of cloth, of various colours, were penilent from them I as were the fkins of two wild geefe, fome fmall I birds, and a few bunches of feathers. The neccflary preparations being made, the judges [gave the fignal, and two combatants appeared in 'view. They advanced llowly, drawing up their feet [very high behind, and, rubbing their hands upon the Holes. As they came forward, they frequently mrveyed leath other from head to foot, with an air of contempt, kx)lciiig archly at the fpcftators, diflorting their features, and practifing a variety of unnatural geftures. When Ithey were advanced within the reach of each other, they jhcld both arms ftraight out before their facet, at which ipart they always aimed their blows. They ftruck with la full Iwing of the arm ; did not attempt to parry, but Itiideavoured to elude their adverfar/s attack, by ftoop- \m or retreating. The battle was cxpcditioiifly de- jcidcJ; for if either of them fell, whether by accident, jorablow, he was deemed vanqu'flied; and the viAot jexpreffed his triiuiiph by a variety of ftrange geftures, j*hich ufualiy excited a loud laugh among" the fpefta- Itors, for which purpofe it fee iied to be calculated. The ^uccefsful combatant waited for a fecond antagonift; Hid, if again victorious, for a third ; and foon, till Tic was K U\ defeated. When any two of thefe champions were preparing to Ittackuch other, a third might advance, and niaicc choice M either of them for his antagonift, when the other was under thcncceflitynf wiilidi iwin,:. If thi- iiinil)at pnv. d lung aiul tedious, oi appt.iied tiiieqtul, a chief generally interfered, and concludc^d it liy piittiii;r a (lick between the combatants. As this exhibition was at the defirc of our people, it w.is cxpeiff cd that fome of them would have engaged with the natives^ but though they received prefling invitations to bear a part, they did not hearken to the challcnees, not having forgot fome blows they re* ctived at the f'riendly-Iflands. At this time, the aeath of William Whatman, a fet- man of the gunner's crew, is particularly mentioned. He was a man in years, and much refped^ed for hit at- tachment to Captam Cook. He had fcrved twenty-one years as a marine, and then entered as a Teaman in 17721 on board the Refolution, and fervcd with the commodore in his voyage towards the fouth pole. On their return, he got admittance into Greenwich-Hofpital, through the intereft of Captain Cook, at the fame time wuh himfelf i and, anxious to follow the fortunes of his be- nefactor, he alfo quitted it with him, on his appoint- ment to the command c«f the prefcnt expedition. He had been often fubjcA to flight fevers' in the courfe of tlie voyage, and was infirm when the (hips arrived in the bay ; where having been fent a few days on (hore, he thought himfelf perfectly reftored, and refuelled to return on board. His requeft was complied with; but the day following he had a ftroke of the palfy, which, in two days aUterfntds, put a period to his life. As an additional inftance of re{pe£k to his vifitors, Terreeoboo caufed the remains of this honeft feaman to be buried in the morai, with great folemnity. Kaoo and his brethren were prefent at the funeral j they be- haved with great decorum, and paid due attention while the fervice was performing. On our people beginning to fill up the grave, they approached it with ^ reat awe, and threw in a dead pig, together with fome cocoa-ni'ts and plantains. For three fiiccc(Evc nights they furround- ed it, facrificing hogs, and reciting hymns and prayers till morning. A polt was erecfted at the head of the grave, and a piece of board nailed thereon, on which was in- fcribed the name and age of the deccafed, and the day of his departure from this life. Thefe the natives aU fiired them they would not remove ; and they will pro- bably be permitted to remain, fo long as fuch frail ma- terials can endure. The (hips being in want of fuel. Captain Cook dcfircd Lieutenant King to treat with the piiefts for the purchafe of the rail on the moral. Mr. King had his doubts about the decency of this overture, and ap|xre- hcndcd that the bare mention of it might be deemed lim- pious t but in this he was exceedingly miftakcn. They exprefled no kind of fiirprife at the ap^ilication, and the wood was delivered without the Iraft ilipulation. They were indeed fo little afFet^ed by tfie circumftancc, that they even alTiftcd in the removal. When the particular* were mentioned to Kaoo, he feemed indifTerent about the matter, defiring only the reftoratlon of the centre N n imager / m Ml i ;';■■!! » :»i >; '! 3ually excite the admiration of thefo iflanders, or flrike them wjtlvmore. exalted ideas of tlie fuperiority of their yifitpr^^han* fuch a rcpicfcntation. Though this was, jiLevery refpe£l, much inferior tq that at Hajjaee,,.y.^ the aftonilhmeiit of the people was equally grea,t. „ . ', Before the departure of the inips Hxim thpjfland, the time of which v/as now fixed on, Terreeoljop ins vited the comn.odore, piinripal officers, &c. to attcna him to Kaoo's relidence. On their arrival there, they faw large quantities ground ; abundance of cirth lie fcat'.ered on ihj of red and ycllov/ feathers Fallened to the fibres of cocoa-nut huflcs ; and plenty of hatchets and iron ware, which had been received in barter. Not far from thefe was depofitedanim- mcnfe quantity of various kinds of vegetables ; and, It a little diftance, a large herd of hogs. It was fup. p >fed, at firft, that the whole was intended as j pre.-.nt for them, till they were informed by Kairee- Kca, that it was a tribute to the king, from the in- habi ants of that diftrid. The guelh were no fooner featcd, than the bundles were brought, and laid feverally at Terreeoboo's feet ; and the cloth, featherj, and iron, were difplayed before him. The king cxpreifed the higheft degree of fatisfaflioa at this mark of duty and affeftion from his fubjeS? ; and having caufed al Jut a third of the iron utciifils, and fome pieces of cli.'h to be feleded, ordered thtfe I to be fet afide by themfclves ; and the remainder of | the cloth, hogs, vegetables, &:c. were afterwards pre- fented to Captain Gook. The whole of this welcome prefent was immediately conveyed on board. The large hogs were fclefted, in order to be falted for fci (lore ; but the fmaller pigs, and the vegetables, were j divided between th^ crews, Lieutenant King being the la(t on fliore, and waiting for the return ofthQ boat, the inhabitants crowded about him, and ha\'iiig prevailed on him to fit down among them, exprelFed their regret at his feparation from them. It was even with difficulty that .they would fufFer him to depart. He was, indeed, highly efteemed among them, as ill appear from the following relation. Having had, while the fliips were in the bayj the command of the party on fhore, he became more acquainted with the natives, and they with him, than thofe who were re- quired to be on board. He experienced gre^ kind- nefs and civility from the inhabitants in general; but the- friendfliip fliewn by the priefts was conllaBt | and unbounded. Being anxious to conciliate their efteem, he fo hap- pily fucceeded, that, when they were acquainted with I the time of his departure, he was urged to remain be- hind, and received overtures of the molt fiatteriiigliini When he endeavoured to excufe himfelf, by alkgingi I that Captain Cook would not permit it, they propultJ | to condutk him to the mountains, and there cunicil him till the departure of the (hips. On furtlitral- furance that the captain would not fail without liiiHi I the king and Kaoo repaired to Captain Cook (whom they fuppofed to be his father) formally requc|tin;| that he might be fufFered to remain iKhind. i commodore, unwilling to gi\e an abfolitc rcfufm 10 a propofal fo generoully intended, he alfiiied ili*l that he could not then part with him; but he IhiuU return thither the next year, when he would endi avai' j to oblige them. The fhips at Icngih unmouretlandl failed out of the bay, aiteiuled by a vail niimbtioll canoes. It was Captain Cook's inicnliou to fiinlh iM| fumy Nkw Discovfries.] SANDWICH-ISLANDS. H9 furvey of Owhyhw, before he went to the other iflands, hoping to meet with a road more (heltered than Karakakoo^-Bay ; and if he (hould not fucceed here, he meant to examine the fouth-eaft part of Mowee, where, he had been infoimed. there was an excellent harbour. Tlie people on board, in their progrcfs to the north- ward, obfcrvcd two men in a canoe paddling towards them. They naturally conjedlured that they had been driven oif the fhore by ftrefs of weather, and (lopped ihc Ihip's way, in order to take them in. They were fu exhaufled with fatigue, that had not one of the na- tives on board jumped into the canoe to their aflidance, thev would hardly have been able to fix it to the rope thrown out for that purpofe. With difficulty, how- ever, they were got up the (hip's fide, together with a child about four years of age, which had been la(hed under the thwarts of the canoe, with only its hend above the water. They informed their deliverers, thai they had quitted the land the morning before, ilnce which time they had no food or water. Provilion was given them with proper precautions, and the child intrufted to the care of one of the women on board ; and the next morning they were all per- fe£lly recovered. TheRefolution having received very clTential damage ill a gale of wind,' infomuch as totally to obftruit her fynher progrtfs. Captain Cook for l'»iae time hefitated whether he Ihijuld return to Karakakooa, or take the chance of finding a harbour in the iliaads to leeward. The bay was not fo commodious, but that a better might prokibly re met with, either for repairing the malls, 01 piOLuring refrelhments.; the latter of which, it was imagined, t'le neighbourhood of Karakakooa had lately btxu pretty well drained of. It was, on the other hand, cunfidered as an imprudent (Ic-p, to leave a toltrable good harbour, which, once lofi, could not be regained, for the mere poflibility of meeting with a belter i cfpecially as, the .failure of fuch a cou- tiiigency njight have deprived them of aay relource. ThiTeforc concluding Mkttgth to return, tht; Ihips ftood in for the bay, and, upon ariival, came lo anchor ia their former flation. .. -i, ,..,.. .. ,,,■ ■^ M w itf. UyM »« . Alliratlon m the Behvvieur tf the Ijlandtrs. . A Theft and its dn/tqueiiceu %he tnglijh atlackciL Frejb Jiuhufies and, 4nwofuy, Atternj^l t'j Jvure t.ht Ptrfon if^ the King, Fwiure. an ifijul^nt UHitf ,^1^01 by Captain Cook. General Attack, which endi wiMf the Death of thai guiiaiit Cummai^er. THE Englilh wer? beyond meafure aflqniflred at i their reception, oncoming to ai^ichor in.Kurakaknoa- Bay a fecoiui time. No ihoits, buftle, or confulion, but » foiitarjr bay, -with hardly a tanoe lliiriiig wa^ obfcrved. The curiodtv of the natives, indeed, iiuuh. I M fuppofed, to 1^ ^iuy/iiUied by tJiis time : but liie. hofpitable treatment the Enelifh !.:,! continually been favoured with, and the frieriuly footing on which they parted, induced them to expcft that, on their .eturn, tliey would have received them with the greateit demonftrations of joy. The caufc of this ftrange appearance was thus ex- plained by the return of a boat, which hac^ been fent on Ihore. That Terreeoboo was abfent, ari that the bay was tabooed. This account appeared very fatis- fadlory to many ; but others were of opinion that there was, at this time, fomething very dubious in the behaviour of the natives ; and that the tuboo, or in- terdidion, on pretence of Terrecoboo's abfence, was artfully contrived, to give him time to confult his chiefs in what manner they (hould be treated. They never could afcertain whether thefe fufpicions were well founded, or whether the natives had given a true accouQt. A caufc of fufpicion might alfo arife from the following c'rcumftance. A native having fold a hog on board the Refolution, and received the price agreed on, Pareea, who faw the tranfadion, advifed the feller not to part with his hog, without an ad- vanced price. For his interference in this bufinefs, he was harlhiy fpoken to, and pulhed away : and as the taboo was fooii laid on thq bay, it was at fir^l fup- pofed to .be in confequence of the affront offered to the chief. Thefe two caufcs confidcred, it was ex- tremely, difficult to draw any certain conclufions. Lieutenant King alfo received information that feveral chiefs were a'.fembled near the beach, and were driving away "he natives, who afliiled the failors in rolling the calks to the fhore ^ that their behaviour fecmed exceedingly fufpicions, and liable to raife further dillurbance. The lieutenant fent a marine with the officer who brought the intelligence,, agreeable to his rcquelt, but permitted him to take only his fide-arms. The officer in a fhort timo 'returned,' and informed Mr. King that the inhabitants had armed themftlves with ftonps, and were become tumultuous. He therefore went himfeU to the fpot,. attended by a marine with his mufkct. At their ap- proach the iQanders threw away thtir ffones ; and on Mr. King's application to fome of the chiefs, the mob was difperfed. Every thing being now quiet, Mr. Kiiig went to meet Captain Cook, who was then, cvining on fliore in the pinnace. He related to him. what had recently happened.; and received orders to fire a, ball at the offenders, if they again behaved in- , folenlly, and began to throw flones. In confequence . of thcie directions, Mr* King gave orders to the cor- , poral, that the. centincis j ieces fhould be loaded with ball, iiil^ead of fliot. A continued fire of mufkcts^ bcii^g heard from the Difcovery, and perceived to be directed at a canoe which was hallening towards the fhore, with one of the fmall boats in purfiiit of it,, this uriiig, it was concluded, was in confequence of a 'Left, Captain CioK, therefore, ordered Mr. King lo follow liiui with a marine urijied, and to endeavour I to I ,'ll n l ' i- "I j tp < i: ■ ! --i •' ^ 'f 144 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. to feize the people as they landed. They accordingly ran to the place where the canoe was expcded to come afhore, but did not arrive in time ; tne people having quitted it, and fled into the country before they came up. Being wholly ignorant, at tliis time, that the goods had been already relbred, and thinking it probable, from what they had obferved, that they might be of importance, they did not choofe to re- linquifh their endeavours to recover them ; and having inquired of the natives what courfe the people had taken, they purfued them till it was almolf dark, when they fuppofed themfelves to be about three miles from the tents ; and thinking the illanders amufed them with falfe information in their purfuit, gave up the fearch, and returned. An inciclent oc- curred during their abfence, that occafioned a dif- ference of a very ferious nature. The officer who had been difpatched in the fmall boat after the thieve-, and who was returning on board with the booty that had been rcftorcd, feeing Captain Cook and Mr. King engaged in the purfuit of the offenders, feized a canoe which was drawn up on the (hore. This canoe unfortunately belonged to Parcea, who, at that inftant arriving from on board the Difcovery, claimed his property, and protefted his innocence. The officer perfifted in detaining it, in which he was encouraged by the crew of the pinnace, then waiting for Captain Cook ; in confequence of which a fcuffle enfued, and Pareca was knocked down by a violent blow on the head with an oar. Several of the natives, who had hitherto been peaceable fpedlators, began now to attack our people with a mower of ftones, fo that they were forced to a precipitate retreat, and fwam oiF to a rock at a conliderable didance from the fhore. The pinnace was plundered immediately by the natives, and would have been entirely demolilhed, if Pareea had not interpofed. On hearing thcfe circumllances, Captain Cook ex- prelTed the greatelt concern, and difcovered fome ap- prchenfions, that the illanders would oblige htm to purfuc violont meafurcs ; adding, they muft not be permitted to Aippofe that they had gained an ad- vantage. It was, however, too late to take any Heps that evening : he thorcfore only gave orders that every iflandcr fliould be immediately turned out of the thip. This order being executed, Lieutenant King returned on fhore ; and the events of the day having much abated former confidence in the na- tives, a double guard was poOed on the morai, with orders -to let Mr. King know, if any men were lurking about the beach. At eleven o'clbck, five of the natives were feen creeping round the bot- tom of the morai : they approached with great caution, and, at la!t, perceiving they were difcovered, immediately retired out of fight. About midnight one of them ventured himfelf near the obftrvatory, when a centinel fired over him, on which they all iicd ; and there was no further diffurlfunce dwing 3 the remainder of the night. Next morning Mr. King received information that the Difcovery's cutter had, fome time in the night, been flolen from the buoy where it had been moored. Going on board the Refolution, iic found the marines were arming themfelves, and Captain Cook bufied in loading his double-barrelled gun. WhiKl he was ac- quainting him with what had happened in the night at the morai, he eagerly interrupted him, informing him that he had received intelligence of the lofs, and was making preparations to recover it. It was his ufual pradice, in all the iliaadit of this ocean, when any thing of confequence had been fmlen from him, by fome flratagem, to get the king, or fome of the principal Erees, on Jboard, where hu de- tained them as hoftages, till the property was reftorcd. This method having hitherto proved fuccefsful, h« meant to adopt it on the prefent occafion ; and gave orders to ftop every canoe that fhould attempt to leave the bay ; refolving to feize and deftroy them, if the cutter could not be recovered by peaceable means, Purfuant to this order, the boats of the fhips, properly manned and armed, were ftationed acrofs the bay; and, before Mr. King quitted the fhip, fome great guns were fired at two canoes, that were attempting to efcape. Captain Cook and Mr. King quitted the fhip toge< ther : the former in the pinnace, with Mr. Phillips, lieutenant of marines, and nine privates ; and the latter in the fmall boat. The lafl orders Mr. King received from Captain Cook were, to quiet the minds of the natives on that fide the bay where our people were flationed, by the ftrongeil alTurances that they fhould not be injured ; to keep his people together, and to be continually on his guard. Captain Cook and Mr. King then feparated ; the captain going to- wards Kowrowa, where Terreeoboo relided, while Mr. King proceeded to the beach. His full biifinel's, vyhen he arrived on (hore, was, to ilFue Itrid orders to the marines to continue within the tent, to charge their mufkets with ball, and not, on any conlideraticn, to quit their arms. He then attended old Kaoo and the priefls at their refpedive huts, and explained to them, as well as he was able, the reafon of the hoilile preparations which hsd fo exceedingly alarmed then. He found they were no flrangers to the circtimllance of the cutter s being (lolcn, and afTurcd them, that though the commodore was not only refolved to re- cover it, but alfo to punifh, in the moP. exemplary manner, the authors of the theft, yet that they, and all the inhabitants of tht village, on that fide, had not the leafl occafion to be alarmed, or to apprehend the lead danger. He importimed the priefls to communi- cate this to the people, and entreat them not to entor- tain an idea of^ fear, but to continue peaceable and quiet. Kaoo demanded of Mr. King, with grcit emotion, if any harm was to happen toTcireeoboo! He alFured hiin there wa» not } and both be i'<^ his > :. ?. XeW DlSCOVERIBS.] SANDWICH. ISLANDS. 145 his brethren appeared much fafisfied with this af- fitance. Captain Cook, having landed at Kowrowa, with the lieutenant and nine marines, he proceeded imme- diately into the village, where he was refpeftfully received ; the people, as ufual, proflrating thcmfelves before him, and making their acciirtomed offerings of fmall hogs. Perceiving that his defign was not Aif- pcfled, his next flep was to inquire for the king and tlie two boys, his fon!:, who had been almofl continu- ally his guefts on board the Refolution. The boys prefently returned with 'the natives, who had been fearching for them, and immediately conduced Capt. Cook to the habitation where Terreeoboo had ilept. The old man had juft awoke ; and after fome conver- fation refpedling the lofs of the cutter, from which the commodore was convinced that he was not in any wife privv o it, he invited him to accompany him, and fpti a the day on board the Refolution. The king accepted the invitation, and arofe immediately to ac- company him. The two boys were already in the pinnace, and the re(t of the party approaching the ivater-fide, when a woman, named Kanee-Karabeea, the mother of the boys, and one of Terreeoboo's favourite wives, followed him, befeeching him, with tears and entreaties, not to go on board. I'wo chiefs, who came with her, took hold of him, and, infifting fcelhould proceed no further, obliged him 10 fit down. The iflanders, now coUedling in vaft numbers "along the (here, who had probably been alarmed by the difcharging of the great guns, and the hoftile appear- ances in the bay, gathered together round Captain Cook and Terreeoboo. Thus lituated, the lieutenant of marines, perceiving that his men were huddled together in the crowd, and confequently unable to ufe their arms, if there fliould appear to be a necedity for it, propofed to Captain Cook, to draw them up along the rocks, clofe to the edge of the water. The popu- lace making way for them to pafs, the lieutenant drew them vip in a Une, within about thirty yards of the place where Terreeoboo was fitting. The old king continued, all this time, on the ground, bearing the mod vifible marks of terror and dejedion in his countenance. Captain Cook, unwil- ling to abandon the objedt which occafioned him to come on fliorc, urged him moft earneftly to proceed ; whilft, on the other hand, whenever the king exprelfed any inclination to follow him, the chiefs who fur- rounded him interpofed : at firft they had recourfe to prayers and entreaties, but afterwards to force and violence, and even infifted on his remaining on fliore. Captain Cook, at length, perceiving the alarm had fpread too generally, and that there was not a proba- bility of getting him off without bloodlhed, gave up the point, obfcrving, that to compel hin to go on board wo\M probably occafion the lofs of many of the lives of the inhabitants. ThongU this enterprife had now failed, and was abandoned by Captain Cook, yet it did not appear that his perfon was in the leaft degree of danger, till an accident happened, which occafioned a fatal turn to the affair. The boats, ftationed acrofs the bay, having fired at fome canoes for attempting to get our, unfortunately had killed one of their principal chiefs. Intelligence of his death arrived at the village where Captain Cook then was, juft as he had parted from the king, and was prcKeeding with great deliberation towards the ihore. The ferment it immediately oc- cafioned was but too confpicuous i the women and children were inffantly fent away, and the men were foon clad in their war-mats, and armed with fpears and flones. One of the natives having provided himfelf with a Aone, and a long iron fpike (called by the natives a pahooa) advanced towards the captain, flourilhing his weapon in defiance, and threatening to throw the ffoae. The captain rcquelled him to defift ; but the iflaiider repeating his menaces, he was highly provoked, and fired a load of fmall fhot at him. The man was defended by his war-mat, which \i» fhot could not penetrate ; his firing, therefore, fervcd only to irritate and encourage them. Vollies of flones were thrown at the marines ; and one of the natives attempted the life of one of cur people with his pahooa, but not fuc- ceeding in the attempt, he received from him a blow with the butt-end of his piece. Captain Cook im- mediately difcharged his fecond barrel loaded with ball, and killed one of the aifailants. A general attack with flones fuccceded, which was followed on the part of our people by a difchargc of mufquetry, not only from the marines, but thofe in the boats. The natives received the fire with great firmnefs ; and without giving time for the marines to charge again, they rufhed in upon them with dreadful fhouts and yells. What followed was a fcene of horror and confufion. Four of the marines retreated among the rocks, and fell a facrifice to the fury of the enemy ; three others were dangeroufly wounded ; and the lieutenant flabbed between the fhoulders, but having referved his frre, he fhot the man from whom he had received the wound at the inflant he was preparing to repeat the blow. The laft time the unfortunate commander was diflinftly feen, he was Handing at the water's edge, ordering the boats to ceafe firing and pull in. Such as were prcfent fuppofed that the marines, and thofe who were in the boats, fired without Captain Cook's orders, and that he wab anxious to prevent the funher effufion of blood ; it is therefore probable, that on this occafion his hu- manity proved tutal to him ; lor it was obltrved, that while he faced the' natives he was not endangered, but when he uirned about to give direitions to the boats, he was dabbed in the back, and fell with his face into the water. A general (hout was fet up by the iflanders on feeing him fall, a id his body v as dragged inhu- manly on Ihore, wbvie he was furioundcd by the ' O o enemy. If' I 146 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. I .1 / V J I enemy, who, fnatthing the dagger from each others hands, difplaytd a favage eagcrnt'fs to join in his dclkudirn. Thus ended the life of the greatcft navigator tTiat this or any other nation ever could boad, after having fiicccfiliiliy led his crews of gallant BriiiUi feamen thrice round the world ; reduced to a certainty the nun-exillencc of a Somhern Continent, concerning which the learned of all nations were in doubt , "etiled the boi 1 claries of the earth and fca, and fliewn the iinprad^icability of a north-welt pallhge from the At- lantic to the Great Sonthcrn-Ocean, for which o\ir ahled navigator? had contended, and in piirfuit of which valt dims had been expended in vain, and many Valuable mariners had unfortunately perilhed. Captain Cook raifed himfelf folely by his inerit from a very obfcure birth to the rank of Poll-Captain in the Royal-Navy. He polF'-'lled, in an eminent degree, all the qualifications requifite for his prcfelilon and great imdertakings. Deliberate in judging ; fa- gacious in determining ; aflive in executing ; nn- (ubdued by labour, dirficulties, and difappointments ; fertile in expedients, never wanting prefencc of mind, but ever policHing the full ufe of a found underrtanding. In difcipline, though mild and jull, he was exadl : he was a father to his people, who were attached to him from aifc£tion, and obedient from confidence. By his benevolent and unabated attention to the welfare of his (hip's company, he difcovcred a.i introduced a fyflein for the prefervation of the healths of feamen, which nas proved wonderfully efficacious. With a company ot ii8 perfons he performed his fecond voyage, and but one of thv.fe died of a difeafe. That fpirit of humanity and jnltice with which he treated tlic favagcs wherever he found them, when oppofcd to the ferocious and inhuman conduft of tlie tirit con- querors in the New World, does honour to his age and country, and will hand him down with reverence to pofterity Nor was his humanity lefs ronfjiicuons in his ctidcavours to civilize the natives o' tjiofe re- mote regions, and to introduce fome of our moll ufeful .animals, vegetables, and grain among them. C HAP. XXIV. Turther TranfaSflons after Captain Cook's Death. Peace rejlored. His Remains interred. Thi Ships depart from Oivhyhee, Supplementary Olfervati-^ris on the Country^ (Jc. I7QLJR of the marines, as wc have already mentioned, being killed on the fpot, the red, with the lieute- nant, threw thcmfelves itito the water, and made their efcape under cover of a ■'mart fire from the boats. On tnis occafion a Uriking inilance of gallant btha- -viour, and of affeflion for his men, was diijplayed by the lieutenant ; for he had fcarcely got into the boat, when, feeing one of the marines, who was a bad fwinn mer, (truggling in the water, and in danger of btinj taken by the illanders, he inllantly leaped into the fca to his aifiltance, tlu)Ugh confukrably woimded himfdf' and after receiving a blow on his head from a Hone, wirch hadalmoll lent him to the bottom, he caui'ljt the man by the hair, and brought him off in fafety, fur fonie time the Englilli kept up a conitant fire from the boats (which, during the whole tranfa-tlion, were at no greater didancc from the land than twenty yards) in order to afford their imfortunate companions, if any of them (hould iHll remain alive, an opportunity of cf^jfling their efcape. Thefe continued efforts, I't- conded by a few guns, that were at the fame time fired from the Refolution, having at length compelled the enemy to retire, a fmall boat, manned by five midlhip. incn, pulled towards the (hore, where they perceived the bodies lying on the ground without ar.y f?gns of life. However, they judged it dangerous to atteinpt to bring them off with fo inconfiderable a force, and therefore returned to the (hips, leaving the boil ies together with ten (lards of arms in the natives polTelTion. • When the general conrternation confequent on the news of the late inelancholy event had, in fome degree, fubfided, the grand objedt of attention was the panycf our people at the morai, whofe luuation was highly critical and important. Befides the lives of the men, the iHlic of the expedition, and the return of at leait one of the ihips, were involved in the fame common danger, as the mail of the Refolution, and the principal part of the fails, were on (hore guarded by only In mariries. Lieutenant King Rationed the whole body of ma- rines on »hc top of the morai, which formed a (Irong and advantageous poll; and having intruded it to the command of an officer, he went on board the Dil'co- very, in order to confer with Captain Clerkeon the cri- tical (ituation of "ffairs. The natives at fird attatkcd the Englifli with dones from behind the walls of their enclofures, and meeting with no reliftancc, they loon became more daring. A few courageous fellows, hav- ing crept along the beach, tmder cover of the rocks, fuddeniy prefented fhemfelves at the foot of the morai, with an intention of ftorming it on the (ide next tlie fea, which was jts only accellible part, and they were not didodged before they had (lord a confidcrablc quan- tity of (hot, and had feen one of their number tall. The courage of one of ihcfe aifailants deferves to be re- corded. Having retnr cd with i v'iOA' of carryitigoff his companion, amidit the (ire oi our whole [larty, tie received a wound, which obliged l.-m to quit the body, and retire; but a few mirnite.'i afver he again m.idehii appearance, and receiving another wound w:i^ iir.Ja the neceliiity of retreating a fecond time. At that iM- mfSnt Mr. King arrived at the morai, and faw this nun return a third time, faint witli the lofs of bl'jod and ta- tigiie. Being informed of what had happen d, ht for- bad ! 'J 5RAPHY. New Discoveries.] S A N D W I C H . I S L A N D S. *47 cely got into tlie boat, who was a bad fwim-' md in danger of being itly Ifapcd into the kz ably wounded himfdf; his head from a Hone, ic bottom, he caught U him off in fat'ety. opt up a coiilhnt fire the whole tranfadion, 1 the land than twenty ilortvinate companions, n alive, an opporiunity "e continued efforts, it- c a* the fame time fired length compelled the tanned by five midlhip- , where they perceived vifhoiit ar.y flgns of life. rous to atteinpt to bring e a force, and therefoic he bodies together with s polTefllon. • ation confequent on the ent had, in fome degree, ttention was the party of ife ruuation was highly IS the lives of the men, id the return of at Icait :d in the fame common lution, and the priiicipil ire guarded by only In the whole body of ma- which formed a llrong aving intrulled it to the ent on board the Dilco- laptain Gierke on the ai- natives at firll attacked behind the walls of thcit no refiftancc, they fnon ■ourageous IcUows, liav- ider cover of the rocks, at the foot of the morai, it on the iide next the lible part, and they were (lord acorifiderablcquan- e of theii number tall. ifailantsdefcrvestoberc. ;h 1 v'lO'A' of carrying off e ol our whole jiarty, he Tcd l.-rn to quit the hod)', s afvi:r he ag;iin made his uulicr wound wa"; unilci rond time. At that iM- morai, and faw this man the lofs of bl'jod and la- lat had happci; d, hrfw- ' bad bad the foldiers to fire, and the iflandcr was fuffered to carry olf his friend, which he was juft able to accom- plilh, and then fell down himfclf, and died by his fiJe. A (Irong reinforcement having landed from both fliip'!, the natives retreated behind the wall, which af- forded Lieutenant King an opportunity of obtaining a truce, and thereby bringing off with his party the very elfcntial articles that were left on ihore. Aconfuitation having been held on board rcfpefling future meafiircs, the recovery of Captain Cook's bodv, and the rellitution of the boat, were objedls univerfally infilled on, but different opinions were given a- to the Dinde of cffcfling the fame, fome being for rigorous and others tor lenient meafures ; thelattt:, liowevcr, were at length agreed upon to be adopted. The chief comtnand of the expedition now devolv- ing on Captain Gierke, he went on board the Refolution, and Mr. Gore took the command of the Difcovery. According to meafures agreed upon at the late conful- I tatiiin, Lieutenant King proceeded towards ihe Ihore I with the boats of both Ihips, well manned and armed, i with a view of bringing the illanders to a parky, and of I ol)taiiiiiig, if pollible, h conference with fome of the EtAS. If lie fliould faceted in this attempt, he was to di;(nand the dead bodies, and particularly that of Capt. Cook; to threaten them, in cafe of a refiifal, with re- 'fentincnti but by no means to fire, unlefs attacked; land not to go on ihore on any account whatever. He left the Ihips with his detachment about four o'clock in the atiernoon; and, as they appfoached Ithcfhore, they perceived every indication of a hoftile I reception. The natives were all in motion ; the women I and children retiring; the men arming themfelves with [long fpears and daggers, and putting on their war mats. ] It alfo appeared, that fince the morning they had I thrown up breall-works of ftone along the beach, where [Capt. Co*k had landed, in expedation, perhaps, of I an attack at that place. As foon as the party came within reach, the iflanders Ibt'gan to throw (tones at them with flings, though with- loiit doing any mifchief. Mr. King concluded, from jthefe appearances, that all attempts to bring them to la parley would J3e ineffedlual, imlefs he gave them jfoine ground for mutual confidence. He therefore or- Idtred the armed boats to ftop, and advanced alone in [the fmall boat, holding in his hand a white flag: the jliieaning of which, from an univerfal ihout of joy Itrom the native", he had the fatisfaftion to find was limmediatcly underftood. The women inllantly return- Bdfrou the lidc of the hill, whither they had retired; Ijhe men threw off their mats, and all feated themfelves Itogether by the fea-fide, extending their arm*, and in- Vinghim to land. Though fiich behaviour feemed exprciTive of a Jriiiidly difpolition, he could not avoid cntertai'iing liifpicions of its (incerity. But when he faw Koah, >^iih cxtraoidiiiaiy boldiiefs and allurance fwimming ^fFu.wardsihe boat^ with a white ilag iu Jiis hand, he thought proper to leturn this mark of confidence, and accordingly received him into the boat, though he was armed; a circumdancc which did not contribute to lelfei* Mr. King's fufpicions. He had, indeed, long harboured an uiilavourable opinion uf Koah ; and there- fore without ceremony infornipd him, that he had com'! to demand the body of Captain Cook, and to declare war agaiiilf the naiives, unlefs it was redored without delay. Koah allured him that this (lioiild be done as foon as poliible, and that he would go liirafelf for th;;(; pinpofe; and after rcqueding apiece of iron of Mi. King, with marks of great ailiiiance, he leaped iiiiu the water, and fwam alhore, calling out to his coun trymen, that all were friends again. Mr. King waited with great anxiety near an hour for his return. During this interval, the other boats had approached fo near the (hore, that the men who were in them entered into a converfation with a party of the illanders, at a little didance, by who,, ".hey were inlbrmed, that the cap- tain's body had been cut to pieces and carried up the country. For fome time after, there appeared a degree of arnbiguity in the condiiA of the naiives, which raifed doubts iu the minds of our people, as to tliC event of their prefent operations; till at length one niglit, it be- ing exceedingly dark, a ca: oe was heard paddling to- wards the ihip, and it was no fooiier perceiv^d, than both the centinels on deck fired into it. There were two of the natives in this canoe, who immediately roared out " Tinnee" (which was their method of pronouncing Mr. King's name) faid they were friends, and had fomething with them which belonged to Capt. Cook. When they came on board, they threw themfelves at the feet of the officers, and feemed to be extremely terri- fied. It fortunately happened, that neither of them were hurt, notwitliltanding the balls of both pieces had gone through the canoe. One of them was the perfon who conflantly attended Captain Cook, with the particular ceremonies before defcribed. Alter bewailing, with many tears, the lof$ of the Orono.as he called him, he informed the officers that he Itad brought a part of his body. He then pro- ducedafmall bundle, which he brought under his arm ; and it isimnoflible todefcribe the horror with which our people were feized, upon finding in it a piece of human helh, of the weight of abqut nineor ten pounds. This, he faid, was all that now remained of the body ; that th j reft had been cut in pieces and burnt ; but that t! e head, and aJl the bones, except thofe whiih belonged to the trunk, were in the pofllllion of Tefeeoboo, and the other chiefs; that what they had brought had been allotted to Kaoo, the chief of the priefls, for the pu."~ pofe of being ufcd in fome religious ceremony ; and that he had fent it as a tefliinony of |-,is ir.naccnce, and of his attachment to them. Though thefe t\v(yffiendly vilitauts were prclled by the ofiicers to continue on board till the next morning, they could not be prevailed come t0 upoji ; declarin!^, that it this tranfadtion (liould ii I4i A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ov UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ■S I'lillj \]i*^-M «: iHfJlil to the knowledge of the king, or any of the Erecs, it might buatlcnilfd with the mod fatal cotifrqiientes to their whole foci :^ i to prevent which, they iiad been under the nccelfity of chiming in the dark; and the fame precaution, they faid, would be reqiiifite in re- turning on fliore. They added, that the chiefs were eager to take revenge for the death of their cotintrymen; and particularly cautioned our peool" againft trufting Koah, who, lie aifured them, was tneir implacable enemy, and ardently longed for an opportunity of fighting. The two natives then took their leave, it being abou: eleven o'clock at night. The fituation of the Englilh was now extremely unpromifing; none of the purpofes for which this Sacific plan of proceedings had been adopted, having ithcrto been, in any refpe£t, promoteil by it. No fatisfaflory anfwer had been given to their demands. They did not feem to have made any progrefs towards a reconciliation with the natives, who ftill remained on the fliore in hoflile poftures, as if determined to oppofe any endeavours that might be inade to land; and yet it was become abfolutely ncceflary to attempt landing, as the completing the ftock of water would not admit of any longer delay. The iflandcrs behaved in a manner the molt daring and prefumptiious. One of them had the infolence to come within muflcet-fliot ahead of the Refolution, and, after throwing feveral (tones, waved over his head the hat which had belonged to Captain Cook, while his countrymen on fliore were exulting and encouraging his audacity. The feamen were highly enraged at this infult, and coming in a body on the quarter deck, begged they might no longer be obliged to put up with fuch reitera- ted provocations, and reauefled Mr. King to endeavour to obtain permiflion for them, from Captain Clerke, to take advantage of the firfl fair occafion of avenging the death of their much-lamented commander. On Mr. King's acquainting the captain with What was pafllng, he ordered fome great guns to be fired at the iflanders on fliore ; and proinifed the crew, that, if they fliould be molefted at the watering-place, the next day, they Ihould then be permitted to chaftife them. • Before they could bring the guns to bear, the natives fufpcfting their intentions, from the budle and agita- tion they obferved in the ftiip, had retired behind their hoiifes and walls. They were confeqiiently obliged to fire, in fome degree, at random ; notwithftanding w'hich the fliot produced all the cffe£ls that could be defired. For, in a fliort time afterwards, they perceived Koah paddling towards them with the greatefl haflc \ and when he arrived,' they learned, that fome people had lofl their lives, and, among the refl, a principal Eiee, nearly related to Terrceoboo. Soon after Koah's arrival, two boys fwam off from the moral towards the veifel, each armed with a long fpear ; and after they had approached pretty near, they began, in a very folcinn manner, tD ehant a fong ; the fubjeA of which, from their ffcqueutly mentioning the word Orono, and pointing to the village where Captain Cook had been flain, was concluded to be the late ca- lamitous xcurrence. Having fung for near a quarter of an hour in a plaintive ftram, during all which time li.cy ccitinued in the water, they repaired on board the Difcovery, and delivered up their fpears j and, after re- maining there a fliort time, returned on fliore. It could not be Teamed who fent them, or what was the objedt of this ceremony. The two natives who had vifited them before, came ofF again in the night, and afl'ured them, that, though the eftecls of the great guns had much alarmed the chiefs, they had by no means relinquiihed their hoflile indentions, and advifed them to be on their guard. When the boats of both fl?ips were difpatched afhore to procure water, the Difcovery was warped clofe to | the beach, in order to proteft the perfons employed in that fervice. It was foon found, that the intelligence fent 1 by the priefts was not deftitute of foundation, and that the iflanders were determined to negledt no opportunity of annoying them, when it could be done without much hazard. It was now deemed abfolutely neceflary to burn down fome ftraggling huts, near the wall behind which they had ftieltered themfelves. In executing the orders that were given for that purpofe, fome were hurried into afts of devastation and cruelty. In efcaping from the flames, fevera! of the inhabi- tants were fliot ; and the party cut off the heads of m j of them, and brought them on board. The fate of one unhappy native was much lamented by them all. As he was repairing to the well for water, he was fliot at by one of the marines. The ball happened to ftrike his cj- labafli, which he inftantly threw from him, and ran of. He was purfued into one of the caves, and no lion could have defended his den with greater bravery and ficrcenefs ; till, at length, after he had found means to I keep two of his purfoers at bay for a co iflderable time^ he expired, covered with wounds. Th.s accident iA brought the Englifli acquainted with the ufe to whidi | thefe caverns were applied. « A man, much advanced in years, was taken prifoneri j bound, and conveyed on board the Refolution, in die I fame boat with the heads of his two countrymen. Hor. ror could not be mo{e ftrongly pourtrayed than in die I face of this perfon ; nor fo violent a , ranfition to imnKv I derate joy, as when he was untied, and given to under, i ftand, that he might depart in fafety. He fliewed dut | he was not deficient in gratitude, as he returned after- wards with a prefent of provifions. I Yet, amidft all thefe dillurbances, the female nativtjj who were on board did not ofFcj to depart, or dil'covtr | any apprehenfions, either for themfelves, or their frjemisl on fhore. They appeared, indeed, fa perfedlly uncon-j cerned for the latter, that fome of them who were oaj deck when the village was in flames, fecmeJ to .idmiitl tlie fpeclacle, and frequently exclaimed, that itwassMH taiy or very fine. L At length a chief) named Eappo, a man of the wl RAPHY. 'illage where Captain ded to be the late ca- ne for near a quarter during all which time repaired on board the fpears -, and, after re- ned on fliore. It could what was the objeft of s who had vifited them Tht, and affured them, 'great guns had much no means relinquiihed ifed them to be on their 5 were difpatched afhore ry was warped clofe to he perfons employed in that the intelligence fent e of foundation, and that 3 negledt no opportunity Id be done without much ifolutelyneceffarytobumi ar the wall behind which ] In executing the orders fe,fome were hurried into ;s, feveral of the inhahi-] ^ cut off the heads of two I n board. The fete of one nented by them all. As ,r water, he was (hot at by happened to ftrike his ci- ew from him, and ran off. f the caves, and no li" with greater bravery a ;r he had found means » 1 ay for a co ifiderable time, I unds. Th.s accident firft ited with the ufe towhid years, was takenprifonei,! ard the Refolution, in the is two countrymen. Hot. I gly pourtrayed than in the oknta-ranfitiontoimnB. mtied, and given to unto, nfafety. fle fliewed to itude, as he returned afei. ■ifions. . I irbances, the female rDtiv« ofFcj to depart, or diicov themfclves, or their fnen'i indeed, foperfcaiy unc* feme of them who were* n flames, fecmed to ^m exclaimed, that it was ;wf lEappo,amanonhe4 New Discoveries.] S A N D V/ I C H - I S L A N D S. M9 diftinilion, cnme with prefents fr«m Tcrreeoboo, to fue for peace. Tiiefe prefents were accepted ; and the chief was dilmifled with the following anl'wer : That no peace would be granted, till the remams of Capt. Cook ihould be icltored. Iiilbrmation was received from Eappo, that the flelh of all the bones of our people who had been llain, as well as the bones of the trunks, had been burnt ; that the limb-bones of the marines had been diflributed among the inferior chiefs ; and that the remains of C' t. Cook had been difpofed of as follows : the head to a g,''cat Eree, called Kahoopeou ; tlie hair to Maiha-Maiha ; and the arms, legs, and thighs, to Terreeoboo. -Eappo was very urgent that one of our officers Ihould go on Ihore, and ofiered to remain on beard, in the mean time, as an hoftage. This requeft, however, was not complied with; and he departed with a promifc of bringing the bones the following day. A numerous body of the natives was feen in the morning defcending the hill, which is over the beach, in a fort of prpceflioii, each man carrying on his ihoulders two or three fugar-canes, and feme bread-fruit, plan- tains, and taro, in his hand. They were preceded by two drummers, who, when they reached the water-fide, feated themlelves by a white flag, and began beating their drums, while thofe who had followed them ad- vanced, one by one, and depofited the prefents they had brought with them j after which they retired in the fame order. Soon afterwards, Eappo appeared in his long feathered cloak, bearing fomething with great fo- lemnity in his hands ; and having ftationed himfelf on a rock, he made figns that a boat fliould be fent him. Captain Clerke went himfelf in the piniilce to receive them, and ordered Mr. King to attend him in vhe cut- ter. When they arrived at the beach, Eappo, entering the pinnace, delivered the bones to Captain Gierke, wrapped up in a great quantity of fine new cloth, and covered with a fpotted cloak of black and white feathers. In this bundle were found both the hands of Captain Cook entire, which were well known from a fear on one of them, that divided the fore-finger from the thumb, the whole length of the metacarpal-bone ; the fkull, but with the fcalp feparated from it, and the bones of the I face wanting ; the fcalp, with the cars adhering to it, i and the hair upon it cut fhort : the bones of both the I .urns, with the fkin of the fore-arms hanging to them ; the bones of the thighs .ind legs joined together, but without the tcet. The ligaments of the joints were ob- t'crved to be nntire: and the whole fheweJ lufficient marks of having been in the fire, except the hands, I which had the flcih remaining upon them, and were cut I in feveral places, and crammed with fait, moft probably with a view of preferviiig them. The fkull vras free jfrom any fraflurc, but the fcalp had a cue in the back part of it. The lower jaw and feet, which were want- ing, had been feized, us Eappo faid, by different Erees; I and he added, that Terreeoboo was ufing cverv means I «o recover them. Eappo, and the king's fon, came afterwards on board, and brought with them not only the remaining bones of Captain Cook, but likewife the b:"cls of his enn, his fhoes, and fome other trifles which had bclongeato him. Eappo declared that Terreeoboo, Maiha-Maiha, and him- felf, were extrenv.ly dcfirous of peace; that they had given the mofi: convincing proofs of it; and that they had been prevented from giving it fooner by the other chiefs, many of whom were ffill difafFeded. He la- mented, with the moft livtly forrow, the deaths of fix chiefs, who had been killed by our people, fome of whom, he faid, were among iheir beft friends. He faid that the cutrer had been taken away by Fareea's people, probably in revenge for the blow that he had received, and that it had been broken up the following day. Th"^ arms of the marines, which were now demanded, hau been carried ofF by the populace, and were irre- coverable. It now only remained, on the part of our people, to perform the laft foiemn offices to their excellent com- mander. Eappo was difmified with orders to tabco all the bay; and in the afternoon, the bones having been depofited in a co' in, the funeral fervicc was read over them, and tbjy were committed to the deep with the ufual military honours. Matter"; being now amicably fettled, Captain Clerke gave ord( rs for the fhip to unrrsoor, and for all the na- tives to oe dilmifled. The chiefs took a friendly leave of their vifitors; and the anchor being weighed, they flood out of Karakakooa-Bay ; but not without many fighs from the crews, for the lofs of their great com- mander. On leaving Karakakooa-Bay, in the ifland of Owhy- hee, the fhips paflTcd Tahoora, and touched at Woahoo; and, in confeqiience of difappointment in attempting to water, proceeded to Atooi, and came to anchor in their former flation. Our people immediately obferved, on the natives coming on board, that there was not that complacency in their countenances, or cordiality in their manner, as when they firfl vifited them. Indeed, they ga"c evident tokens of a difpofition totally reverie from that which they had difcovered before, and feenicd much inclined to holHlity. The main defign, in touching at this ifland, was to procure water, in which the people were much annoyed, and obflrudled by the natives. At leni^th, however, after great difficulty, and fome encoun- ters, it was completed. When the officers, whnfe prefence was required on fliore, returned to the fliips, they were infoPiied, that feveral chiefs had been on board, and apolot: '/rd for the conduct of their countrymen. Prefents w.re af'erw.ud.s exchanged between Captain Clerke and Tonconeo, who held the fuprcme power, and apparent amity fubfiflcd till the fhips left the ifland, and proceeded to Oneehcow, from which they failed, in profecution of their voyage to the northward, in March 1779. 'I"he group of iflands tailed by the general ;>ppeiu'tion of the Sandwich-Iflands, were foiuid, at length, to be ' P p eleven '.'ii^r.: ! ; ■ •■ , ' t :'' m |;^^ r^i, ! .■■li : il I' 7,' . I, ,H iW--'^ 150 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. eleven in number; and as our navigators could never learn that the natives had Icnowlcdge of any other iflands, it is moil probable that there are no others in their vicinity. Of thefe we have mentioned fix, viz. Woahoo, Atooi, Oneeheow, Oreehoua, Tahoora, and Owhyhee, the grand and principal fcene of aftion. The ethers are called Morotoi, Morotinnee, Ranai, Kahow- rovvhee, and Moodoo-Papapa. 'I'hcfc agree, in general, with the dcfcription given of the former : and Morotin- nee, as well as I'ahoora, iii uninhabited. I'herc are two mountains in the ifland of Owhy- hee dcfcrving of notice. The iirft, called Mouna-Kar.h (or the mountain Kaah) rifcs; in three peaks, co)"'inii- ally covered wi^'' fnow, and may be difcerned 'he ^ diitancc of forty icagucs. The coaft to the nort^ vv.!*4 j of this moimtain is compofcd of high and abrupt (..!;,(:;■. | from v,hii.h f;\ll many be;uitiful cal'cades of water, "i'b'; } mountain is very ftccp, and its lower part abounds wii ' wood. On the fhips doubling the caft part of the Uland, they had light of another Ihowy mountain, called by the natives Mouna-Roa (or the extciifive mountain) which, during the w)K>le time they were failing along the foulh-eaftern fide, continued to be a very con'picuous cbjedt. It was flat at the Itirmit, which was pi.-rpetu- . ally involved in fnow; and they once obicrved its fides alio (lightly covered with it for a confiderable way down. This mountain is fuppofed to be at leafl; 16,020 feet j and therefore exceeds the height of the peak of Tencrift'e by 361^0 feet. 'J 'he peaks of Mouna-Kaah feemcd to be of the height of about half a mile ; and, as they are whollv covered with fnow, the aJtituc'.e of their fummits muft at leart be 1 8,400 feet. One of the Engliih who fet out on an expedition up the country, principally with an intention of reaching , the fnowy mountains, under the guidance of two na- , tives, flopped, for the night, at a hut they obfcrved . among the plantations, where they fuppofed themfelves to b^- fix or fcven miles dillant from the {hips. The . profpecl from this fpot was very delightful. They had a viL'w of the veilels in the bay before them. To the loft, they faw a continued range of villages, interfperftd with groves of cocoa-nut trees fpre;iding along the Ihore ; a thick wood extending itfelf behind them: and to the . right, a very confiderable extent of ground, hiid out with threat regularity in well-ci.ltivated plantations, dif- plavea itfelf to tlieir viev/. Near this fpot, the rauvcs p.jinteii out to them, at a elilUnce from eveiy other dwelling, the rclidciiee of a hermit, who, they faid, had, in the former pait of his life, been a great chief and warrior, but had long ago reiiredfrom the fea coaft of the ifland, and now never quitted the environs cf his cottage. As th.y ajiproachcd him, they proflratcd themiclves, and afterwards pi dented him with iome jirovifions. His behaviour was eafy, frank, and cheer- ful. He tcRititd little aftoniihment at the fight of the Engtiih ; but though prefied to accept (bmc European ciiriofities, he thought j.Toper to decline the olFcr, and foon withdrew to his cottage. The party reprefentcd him as by far the moft aged perfon they had ever feeii, ^ ing him to be, at a moderate computation, upwards 0/ 1 an hundred years of age. As they had fuppofed that the mountain was not more than ten or a dozen miles diltant from the bay and confequently expeifted to reach it with eafe early tlie I following morning, they were now greatly furprifed to find •^he dillance fcarce perceivably diminifticd. This circumttance, with the uninhabited ftate of the coiintr)' v'hich they were on the point of entering, renderin;; 1; I ncv^efliiry to provide a I'upply of provilions, they'dif. pa hed one of their conductors back to the village fc; purpofe. Whilft they waited bis return, they wei; , ned bv I'everal of Kaoo's fervants, whom that i^ene- V ... old man had fcnt ai'tcr them, loaded with rcfreft- 0: .r;.s and fully authorifed, as their route lay throuoli his gi '"i Is, to demand, and take away with them, what- ever u. 'ght want. Their furpriie was g''eat, to find the cold here (0 in- tenfe ; but as they had no thermometer with them, thei- 1 could only form their judgment of it from their feelings, which, from the warm atmofphere they had quittei^l muft have been a very fallacious method of judging, They found it, however, fo cold, that they could hardlr get any llecp ; and the iflanders could not deep at all; both parties being diiturbcd, during the whole night, bv I continual coughing. As they, at this time, could not I be at any very great height, their diftance from the fa being no more than fix or feven miles, and part of tlie[ road on a very moderate afcent, this uncommnn degree of cold muft be attributed to the eafi-erly -wiijil blowing fftfli over the fnowy mountains, Tb| proceeded on their journey early the next morning, and filled their calabaflies at a well of excellent wa- 1 ter, fituate .ibout half a mile from their hut, After they h.-id pafTed the plantations, they arrived at a thicl: wood, v.hich they entered by a path that had been nde for the convenience of the iflanders, who frequently re- paired thither for the purpofe of catching birds, ajwell I as procuring the wild or horfe-plantain. Their pro- 1 grefs now became extremely flow, and was attended wit great labour; for the ground was either fv/ampv, orco-l vered with large ftones ; the path narrow, and often in- terrupted by trees lying acrofs it, which they were obligeii to climb over, as the tWcknefs of the underwi. )d on tack fide rendered it impradticable to pafs roind them. They fr.w, in thefe woods, pieces of v/hite cioth fixed on poles, at fmall diftances, which they imagined were I lanu-marks for the divifion of property, as theyonlyoli-l lerved them where the wild plantidns grew. The trees | were of the fame kind with the fpicc-tree of New Hoi land; they were flraight and lofty, and their circum-l ference was, on an average one with another, from tw j to tour feet. Many other dlfagrecable ( -cumftancep, beAdes thj cold, and particularly the averfion their coiidiidors #[ covered to g. 'y dole to each other, without order or regularity, and ha\ mding path that leads through tlicm. They are frequently flanked, towards the fea- fide, vvitl^ loofe detached walls, which appear to be in- tended tor fheltcr and defence. They r.re of various di- menfion''., from forty-five fett by twenty-four, to eigh- teen by twelve. Some are of a larger fize, being fifty feet I igt A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL OEOORAPIIY. ' A ^ P'i- ' I ' ■! \L..i feet ill length, and thirty in breadth, ind entirely open at one end. They arc very cleanly at their meals, and their method of dreHing both their vegetable and animal food was univerfally acknowledged to be fupe.ior to ours. The Frees conftantly begin their meals with a dofe of the extraiS: of pcpper-rcwt, or ava, prepared in the ui'ual mode. The women cat apart from the other fex, and ure prohibited from feeding on pork, turtle, and fomc particular fpccies of plantains. They generally rife with the funj and, after having enjoyed th : cool of the evening, retire to their rcpofe a few hours after fun-fet. The Erees are occupied in making canoe; and mats : the I'owtows are cliiody em- ployed in the plantations, and alfo in filhing ; and the women are engaged in the manufa£tory of cloth. They amufe thcmfelves at their leifure hours with various diverflons. Their young ptrfons, of both fexes, are fond of dancing ; and, on more folemn occafions, they entertain themfelves with wreltling, and buxing-m.itcht'S, as has been obfcrved, performed after the fame manner of the natives of the Fdendly-Iflands; to whom, how- ever, they are greatly interior in all thefe refpedts. The muflc of thefe people is of a rude kind : for the only muftcal inftruments that was obferved among them, were drums of various fi/.es. Their fongs, however, which th'.y are faid to fuig in parts, and which they ac- company with a ffentlc motion of their arms, like the inhabitants of the Friendly-Iflands, have a very pleaflng cflea. They are generally additSled to gambling. One of their games rtfembles our game of drafts ; but, from the number of fquares, it feems to be much more in- tricate. The board is of the length of about two feet, and is divided into two hundred and thirty-eight fquares, fourteen in a row. In this game they ufe black and white pebbles, which they move from one fquare to ano- ther. Another of their games confifls in concealing a ilone under fome cloth, which is fpread out by one of the parties, and rumpled in fuch a manner, that it is difficult to dillinguifb where the ftone lies. The anta- gonift then ftrikes with a Aick, that part of the cloth where he fuppofes it to be ; and the chances being, upon the whole, againfl his hitting it, odds of all degrees are laid, varying with the opinion of the dexterity of the antagonift. "^i ney often entertain thcmfelves with races between boys and girls, on ^hich occafions they lay wagers with great fnirit. Our people faw a man beat- ing his bread, and tearing his hair, in the violence of rage, for having loft three hatchets at one of thefe races, which he hud purchafeJ from them with near half his property a very little time before. Among the various diverfions of the children, was one frequently played at, and which fliewed a confidcrablc fharc of dexterity. They take a fhort ftick, through one extremity of which runs a peg fharpened at both ends, extending about an inch on each fide; then throwing up a ball formed of green leaves moulded together, and faftened with twine, they catch it on one of the points of the peg ; imme- di.itcly after which, they throw it up again from the peg, then turn thu ftick round, and eaten the ball on the other point of the peg. Thus, for fome time, thej continue catching it on each point of the peg alternate- Iv, without mifling it. They are equally expert at aiio. tncr diverfion of a fimilar nature, throwing up in the air, and catching, in their turns, many of thefe balls: and our people have often fccn little children thus keep five balls in motion at once. Their method of agriculture rcfcmbles that of the other i/lands of the Pacific-Ocean. The inhabitants of the Sandwich-Iflands arc divided into three clafl'es. The Frees, or chiefs of eatli dif. trid, are the firll ; and one of thefe is fupcrior to the rert, who was called, at Owhyhee, Erec-Tuhoo^ and ErecMoce \ the firft name exprcfling his authority, and the latter fignifying that, in his piefence, all mult proi. trate themfelves. Thofe of the fecond dafs appear to enjoy a right of property, but have no authority. Thoft who compofe the third clafs, are called Towtouii, or fa- vants, and have neither rank or property. The Erees appear to have unlimited power over the inferior clafl'es of people ; many inftances of which oc. curred daily, whillc our people continued among them, and the people arc intplicitly obedient. It is remarka- ble, however, that the chiefs were never fecn to exercifc any aiSis of cruelty, injuftice, or infolence towards them; thcugh they put in pradlice their power jover each other, ill a moft tyrannical degree, as appears from the follow. ing inftances. One of the lower order of chiefs having Ihewn great civility to the mafter of the fliip, on his examination of Karakakooa-Bay, Mr. King, fomeknc afterwards, took him on boara the Refoiution, andin- troduced him to Captain Cook, who engaged him to dine. While the company remained at table, Pareei entered, whofc countenance manifefted the higheft in- dignation at feeing their gueft fo honourably entertained He feized him by the hair of his head, and would have dragged him out of the cabin, if the captain had not interfered. After much altercation, no other indulgence could be obtained (without quarrelling with Parcea) than that the guefl ftiould be permitted to remain in the cabin, on condition that he feated himfelf on the floor, while Pareca occupied his place at the table. Anin- ftance, fomewhat fimilar, happened when Terrceoboo | came firft on board the Refol ition, when Maiha-Maiha, who attended him, feeing Pareea upon deck, turned him moft ignominioufly out of the fliip ; even though the officers knew Pareea to be a man of the firft confe- quence. Little information could be obtained refpcding their I adminiftering of juftice. If a quarrel aroie among the lower clafs of people, the matter was referred to die decifion of fome chief. If an inferior chief had offended one of fupcrior rank, his puniftlment was diftated by the feelings of the fupcrior at that moment. If kt fhould fortunately efcape the firft tranfports of his rage, he perhaps found means, through the mediation o. others H i- ' ! ; li ORAPMY. up again fiom the peg. I N' ^V DiSCOVr.RIIS.] catcli the ball on the , for fome time, they It of the peg aUcriiatc. i equally expert at ana- e, throwing up in the , many of thefe balls; ittlc children thus keep refembles that of the in. ich-Iflands are divided or chiefs of each dif. :hcff is fupcrior to the nyhue, Erec-Ttilm, aiij jfliiig his authority, and pirfence, all mul( pioi- : fccond dafs appear to ave no authority. Thofc : called Towtows, or fcr- property. nlimited power over the I inftances of which oc- continued among them, bedient. It is rcmarita- :re never feen to exercifc infolence towards them; r power over each othei, appears from the follow- rer order of chiefs having after of the fliip, on his tf, Mr. King, fomeinie I the Refolution, ana in- c, who engaged him to mained at table, Pareea anifefted the highcft in- b honourably entertainei \is head, and would have , if the captain had not ition, no other indulgence quarrelling with Pareea) ermitted to remain in the ted himfelf on the floor, ICC at the table. An in- ipened when Terreeoboo ion, when Maiha-MaihJi ea upon deck, turned him c fliip; S A N D W I C H - I S L A N D S. M3 man ^ though the of the firft confc- even 1 c obtained rcfpec^ing that ^ quarrel arofe among tht latter was referred to tht inferior chief had offended nftlment was diftated bj at that moment. « "« nrfttranfportsof hisrage, hrough the mediation ot | others, to <:ompound for his offence, by .ill or part of hijelK'its. As t ) their religion, it refembles that ot the Society and t'rijnilly-l/lcs. In common with each mhcr, they h,wc all thoir morals, their whattas, their (iitred longs, and their facrifices. The ceremonies hcic, arc, indeed, longer ami more numerous tlun in the ili.inds above mentioned. The Soci' ly and Friendly illandcrs pay adoration to particiilai birds ; and it (Isems to be a e. (torn extremely prevalent in thrfe iilaiuls. Ravens are, perhaps, the chief. I iibjects of it here ; for Mr. King faw two of thefe bird . perfectly tame, at the village of Kaicoo.i, and was told Itiivwere Eatooas. He offered (everal articles for them, which were all rct'ul'cci ; and he was particularly cau- tioned not to hurt or ofVeiul them. 'I'hc prayers and ctferiiigs made by the prieffs before their m^^ls, maybe Itlilled among their religious ceremonies. We have already obferved, that human facrifices arc common here. [They have one mo!*: extraordinary religious cuflom, which is that of knocking out their fore teeth. Molt I of the common people, and many of the chiefs, had loll lone or more of iheiu ; and this, it fcems, was confidered [as a propiti.itory facrifice to the Eatooa, to avert his I anger on particular occafions. The Englifh could derive but very impcrfeft infor- Imation of their opinions refpcdting a future (late. On I inquiring of them whither the dead were gone, they Iwcrc told that the breath, which they feemed to conft- IderiB the immortal part, was fled to the Eatooa. They Ifeemed alio to give a defcription of fome place, which Ithev fiippofe to be the abode of the dead ; but they jcoiild not learn that they had any idea of rewards or jpunilhrnents. Of their marriages it can only be faid, that fuch a Icompad I'eems to exift among them. Whether polvga- Imy is allowed, or whether it is mixed with concubinage, |could not be alcertained. From the following inflance, it appears, that among Imarried women of ran'-,, not only fidclit)-, but even a |dcgree of rel'erve is rcquiied. Omeah, a chief of the highcft dignity, rofe two or times from his place, at one of their boxing .etches, and approached his wife with ftrong marks of Wealure, commanding her, as was fuppofed, to with- mx. Whether he thought her beauty engaged too nuchof the attention of his vifitors, or whatever might te his motives, there certainly exifled no real caufe of Bcalouty. She, however, continued in her place, and pt the conclufion of the entertainment joined the party bfofTic' rs, and even folicited fome trifling prefents. She v.,iS informed that they had not any about them , put that if Ihc would accompany them to the tent, fhe piould be welcome to make choice of what fhe liked. m accordingly proceeded with them, which being ob- Itrvcd by Omcan, he follo'l.ved in a great rai;e, (eizcd Ffhythc hair, and, with his fifts, began to "inflidl fe- ftte corporal punifliment. Having been the innocer;t caufe of this treatment, the officers were CNrced <»!/ concerned at it; tho/gh they uucierfbx.d it w >iiM he highly improper for them to inttrf'ere betv.c n hufb.inJ and wife of lucli luperior rank. '1 he I'.uives, how; vcr, at length interjiofed; and the next d.iy they had the ("atisfa^tion of meeting them together, perfeclly I'atisiicc! with each otlur : aaJ, .vhat was cxtn niely fitigiilai, the wife would not peiinit them to rally the hufhand on his behaviour, which they h.id an inclination to do; plaiidy telling them, that he atited very properly. The Englifli ii.id twice an opportunity, while the fnip* lay at Kara the (hore, and not Icfs ihat were vilitcil. ailcil from Maiao tlw cccding on her vnyaji; ilriick on a rock in tiic ing Aii^iift. ixious I'lifpenco the ap. ,o difcovcr whether any E dawn of duy, a fnuil It three or four liaaie- othcr illands were fccn to be thofc uAdcr con* td Coorooraa, of which in light, the jolly-boat , tired three niurqnets; icy apprehended, titarct ck on a pole ; this was ^eftcd by the Malay on avc occafion hereafter to ne of the white cloth that I Kook, the king's brother, . forces, having quitted his jat ; and our people, on more, after having hoiftcd I in the ground oppofite at the end of the caufc- •re ; to which houfe the Raa Kook to wait the jfpatched a meflcngcr to Before the king appeared, down with refrclhmcnts: en made of wood, in the ^ith flicll, this was full of ht a painted Hand, about the laine manner as the vcetmeats garniilied with a balkct ot boiled yams, g cocoa-nuts ; tiiefc were preparatory to the king's illy felt on account of itie xTc manned, loaded with I mod necelVary, and dif- the dircaion of a principal to obtain, if poUiWe, a ; inhabitants, in cafe ihty ) was cxpcclcd every ino- wlio remained went im- a raft, on which, whti cc of two boats, tbcyall, ..board before they fdout, luntcring many diiricultic?. }it\V PtSCOVfRlFS,] P E L E W . I S L A N D S. '5* "**■'— ~--- In the coiirfe of two days irmn tlnir lunding, the ir^w (ibfervcd fume nati\-s anproai hini!;, in canoes, fritin tb(^ pnini« of tlic li.iy. 1 his Iprcad fo great a CdMltcriuiion, that all ran to their arms : but as there >vae "Illy two canoes, the captain ordered the people out if light till further notice. A very lingular circiimliancc much fiiciHtated the intcrcDiirfc between our countrymen and the natives. A Malay, who fome time before was call away upon this illand, h.id acquired the language ; and it hap- pened that one of the Antelope's men was a native of liengal, and fpokc the Malay tongue, by which means I ready communication was maintained on both fides, and all thofc impediments were removed at once, which would have arilcn among people who had no means of conveying their thoughts to one another by language, but mult have trulicd to ligns and gcflures, which mii^ht have given rife to a thoufand milconccptions. When the canoes, which advanced (lowly towards the Ihore, got within hearing, the native of Bengal (poke to them in the Malay tongue ; on which, though they did not feem to underftand him, they (topped their canoes. Soon after, however, one of them fpoke in the above language, alking our people " Who they wcrer whether thcv were friends or enemies ?" The native of Bengal, by the captain's direction, replied, » That they were diftrelfed Englillimen, who had loll I their (hip on the reef, and that they were friends." On this they feemcd to commune together ; and foon after came out of their canoes, which Captain Witfon obferving, he waded into the water to meet them ; and after embracing them in a friendly manner, con- duiflcd them to his otficers, and the others who had I retired. Thcfe people were entirely naked. They were of a I deep copper colour, and their Ikins foft and glolTy, owing to the external ufe of cocoa-nut oil. Each chief had a bafket of beetle nut, and a bamboo, finely polifhed, and inlaid at each end, in which they carried a kind of coral, burnt to a lime, called chinam. It wasobferved that all their teeth were black, and that the beetle nut, of which they had always a quid in their mouths, rendered the faliva red, v^'hich, together I with their black teeth, gave their mouths a very dif- Piliing appearance. They were of a middling (tatiire, itfaight.and mufcular, their limbs well formed, and they [haJa majertic gait. Their hair was black long, and Hid lip behind clofe to their heads, whic appeared |ncat and becoming. They tatoocd their Itj;. a little )vc the ancles to the middle of their thighs, which jpvcthcm a deeper colour than the other parts ( ' their Ibodics. None of them had any beards, except the lyoungeflot ilic king's brothers; and it was, in coiirfe loftime, obferved, that they plucked out the hairs by jihc roots, and that very few only, who had (trong jthick beards, clicrillicd and let them grow. I vVhaiever fiirprife the lingularity of thcfe natives jiight cxtite in the minds of our people, the natives were no Icfs wrapt in admiration at tluir appear«rtcf« 'Ilie whitencfs ol colour aitradcd ihcm fa much, tha* it was evident they had never btiiic (ecu any l'J"'«- peans. They were rontintially cxclainiinf, ff'tvi! tvetl I and xvttl-a-lrteiy ! words wliith implied that they were perfeftly pleafed witii their vifitors. They (Irokcd their bodies and arms outlidc the gArmcuts,, fccming to doubt whether their covering were not a part of their real body, being totally ignorant of the ufe of clothes. .However, the Mnlay informed theiri, that the EngliHi living in a much colder climate than theirs were obliged to have recoiirfe to artificial wnrmth, to (hield them fiom the inclemency of the weather, and that, from cudom, they could not dif- penfe with it, in a degree, even in the warmed ro> gions. The hands of the Europeans next engaged their at- tention, and particularly the black reins of the wriHs. They probably imagined the whitenefs of the hands and face to be artificial \ and the blackncfs of the veins caufed 'hem to think, that it was a mode of tatooing ; for they defired to look at the top parts of the arms, to fee if the whitenefs was continued. After this they requefled a further view of the body, when fome of the crew opened their bofoms, and told them that the other parts were nearly the fame as that. The hair on the brcafts of the Europeans excited their aftonifh- ment, as they confider fucn incumbrance highly inde- licate, and pluck it out wherever it is found. The natives having iit fome degree fatisficd their cnriofity, began to exprefs apprehenhons that they had intruded too much { but the captain convinced them, by means of the Malay, that their fears were groundlefs. As the natives cxprclfed a defirc that Captain Wilfon would fend one of his people to Pelew, that the king might fee what kind of beings white men were, the captain complied, and appointed his brother for that purpofe, giving hinv a fmall remnant of blue cloth, a caniOer of tea, another of fugar-candy, ii^nd a jar of prefcrved fruit, as a prefent for the king, of whom we (hall here introduce the following account. Abba Thu:.le, as king, was the firfl perfon in the government at Pelew, and in him the chief author rity was lodged. He appeared to be confidered as the father of his people ; and, though divefled of all external decorations of royalty, had every mark of dilli nation paid to his perfon. His rupacks or chiefs approached him with the greateft refpeft, and his common fubjedts, whenever they palFed near him, or had occaiion to acldrcfs him, put their hands behind them, and crouched towards the ground : even if they were pafling any houfe or place where the king was fuppofcd to be, they hiimi'i- uted themfclves in the fame manner, till they had <^<,t beyond his probable prcfcncp, when they refumed liitir ufual mode of walking. On all occalions, however, the behaviour of Abba ThuUe appeared gei.vie uid gracious, y«t always full of dignity ; he htaiO wiiat-^ evef / ■ ■ ^1 M %. :' r' H! ^;^;iM^' r 456 ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. MjZJ^ ever Ills fulijcds had to fay to liim, and, by his alfabi- lityaiid coiidLfcenlioi), never fultcitd thcin to go away dilTati.siied. This perfonage, how great foevcr he was held at Pelew. was not iincieiltood by tiie Eiiglilh, when there, to poliefs a Ibvereignty o\rer all the illands whieii eame within their knowledge. Tlie riipacks of Luiniiigs, Emillegue, and Artingall, and the rupack Meath, were indep';; Jcnt in their own territories : yet Abba Titnlle had feveral iflands over wiiich he ruled. Upon all occurrences of moment, he convened the. rupacks and officers of (late ; their councils were alv/ays held in the open air, upon fquarc pavements ; where the king firft Itated the bufniefs upon vvliich he liad allenibled them, and fubmitted it to their confi- deraiion. Each rupack prcfent delivered his opinion, but without rifing from his feat : when the matter before them was fettled, the king, (landing up, put an end to the council. — Aft^r which they often entered into familiar converfation, anil fometimes chatted to- gether for on hour alter their bufniefs was difpatched. When any meiliigc was biougju to the king, whetlier in council or cifewhere, if it came Ijy one of the com- mon people, it was delivered at fome dillance, in a low voice, to one of the inferior rupacks ; wiio, bending in an humble manner at the king's fide, deli- vered the meflage in a low tone of Voice, wilii his face turned alide. His commands appeared to be .nb- folute, though he aflcd in no important buiinefs with- out the advice of his chiels. In council there was a jjarticular (lone on which tiie king fat ; the other ru- packs did not always take (he fame place, feating thenifelves fometimes on his right-hand, and fometimes on his left. Every day in the afternoon, the king, whether he was at Pelew, or with the Englifh at Oroolong (the iiland he had given thein) went to lit in public, for the purpofe of hearing any rec 'ells, or of adjuding any dilrerence or difpute which might have ariftn among his fubjeds. Captain Wilfon obfervcs, with refpeiEl to the cha- hlQci and iifpofitiou of " this excellent man, who luled over 1 aefe fons of nature, that he certainly, in every part c:" his condufl, iiiowed himfelf firm, noble, jTicioiis, and benevolent ; there was a dignity in all his deportment, a gentlenefs in all his manners, and a warmth and fenfibilily about his heart that won the love of all who approached him. Nature had bellowed on him a contemplative mind, which he had himfelf improved by thofe rcfledions that good fenfe didlated, and obfervation confirmed." Raa Kook, the king's brother, and general of all his forces, was the next in power. It was his duty to fumi...-. the rupacko to attend he king, on whatever expedition or purpofe they were called upon : but though Raa Kook ailed as con:mander in chief, yet all the executive orders came from the king, whenever he attended in pcrfuni The general, ah the king's noxt brother, was his pr.fumptive heir; the fucccdion of Pelew not going to 'lie king's children, till it had palled through the king's brothers : fo that after the df nife of Abb.i Thiille, tho fovereignty would have dt.fccndcd to KaJ Kook ; on his dtinife, to Arra Kooker ; and, at tlu death of this la(l brother, it would have rcverteil to the eliWt fon of Abba 'llnillc' on which contingency, Qui BiH, being the prefwmptivc heir^ would, diirir.g tlie reign of his lall fiiiuvin': uncle, have become of courfe the hereditary geiiLr^.i^ as Lee Boo would when the fovereignty had lillcn ta his elder brother. A particular chief, or rupack, always attended the king, and, being always near his perfon, was (irilcon- fidted : but whether his office was religious or civil, or both, could not be learneil with any certainty. He was not conlideied as a warrior, nor ever bore arms- and has only one wile, whereas the other rupacks had two. But, to rcftnne our narrative : The natives behaved in the moll friendly manner to the Englilh ; and their monarch foon after paid them a vifit, with his fon and brother. His majclty was per- feftly naked, and had no kind of ornament or mark of diliintlion, like his principal otiicers, who wore 3 bracelet of bone at their wriits. He bore a hatchet on his (houlder, the head of which was made of iron, a circiimllance which furprifed our people much, a< all the other hatchets they had feen were of (hell. The handle of it, which formed a (harp angle, (luck cIjI; to his (houlder, lying before and behind, and waniin" no tying to keep it Heady in walking. His m.ijelly would not go into the tents. A fail was therefore fpread lor him, on which he fat down, with his chief miniiler oppofite, and his two brothers on each (ide ; and the whole was encompali'ed by \m attendants, who were numerous. He drank a cup of tea, but did net approve of the tafle. Captain Wil- fon availed himfelf of this opportunity to obtain pcr- million from the king to build a vellel, in order to con- vey the crew to fome Emopean fetllemcnt ; and high- ly gratified him Hy cauflng a party of men to be (Irav/n up, and lire three vollies. This occafioned fuch hoot- ing and chattering, as equalled in noife the nponot the pieces. Captain Wilfon dreffed 'he king's fon in a filk coat and blue trovvlcrs. He was a yoting man c.;ircmely well made, but had loll his nofe, ^vhether in batil.', ut from a fcrophulous difeafe, which is prevalent there, was not know n. Arra Kooker, one of the king's brothers, reqiifdcd a white (hirt, and as foon ai it was given him, he put it on, in tranlports of joy, which he indicated h) lijiic- ing and jumping, and in forming a humoroMs co.iirali between his (hirt and his (kin, I'his prind' lad J great propenfity to mimicry, and often amiif d out people by taking off their manners, but w itli lo mi.a goodnature, that no one could feel the Icall ctreiice. He cmc. tained n grcul partiality lor their Newfouiiciland ■''A -.i- ■.(., GRAPHY. vu heir ; the fiiccclTion 's children, till it had icrs : fo th;it after the )vcri;ignty would have his ilLiuifi;, to Arra f this lall brother, it I fun of Abba 'HiuIIcj being the prcftmiptivc of liis lalt finuving the hereditary geiitril ; ?cri;iyiuy had lullcn to f., always attended tho is perfon, was firil con- was religions or civil, 'ith any certainty. He , nor ever bore arms; , the other nipacks had alive : iio!t friendly manner to [) foon after paid them a His majclty was per. of ornament or mark of otliicrs, who wore a He bore a hatctict on h was made of iron, a mr people much, a'; all •n were of (hell. The iharp angle, (hick clulc nd behind, and wanting alking. into the tents. A uil , on which he fat down, e, and his two brothers was encornpalled by his HIS. He drank a cup ui he tallc. Captain Wil- portunity to obtain ptr- a vclfel, in order to con- in fctllcment ; and high- larty of men to be dravm his occafioiied fuch hoot- :d in noifc llie nportof .■ king's fon in a filkcoat a young man c.aremely ofe, whether in battb, ot which is prevalent there, iJjEWDlSCOVERtES.] P E L E W . I S L /. N D S. »57 iing's brothers, req' Ad It was given luin, he put hich he indicated by ilJiic- iniiig a iuinionii.is couiiali kin. Tills prino' lad i r, and often anml' J i^: mncrs, but with fo r\\i :i mid feel the !( alt i tiuK!;. ,ty for their Neysfoumilaiiil do2, which he often fed ; till at length the creature felt a larliality for him, and, at his appearance, would jump, bark, leap^ and play a variety of tricks. Arra jLooker would often imitate him in the fame mode of falutation, by barking, jumpine, &c. which could not fail of exciting the rifible faculties. This prince was feemingly about forty years of age, (hort in ftatiire, ^ytfo plump and fat, that he was almoft as broad as he was long. . , , ^ . , After variot:s ceremonies had pafled, the captain prefented his majefly with a fcarlet coat ; who then making figns to go on (horc, jumped into the water, jjid fwam to land. When the captain, and fevcral officers, reached Pe- lew, on a vlfit to the king, they came into a large fqiiare pavement, round which were feveral houfes, and was conduced into one that flood in the centre of onecf the fides. Out of this houfe ilTued a number of women, who were waiting to fee thofe new beings the Eng'ifli- Thofc our people were given to under- lland 'vere the wives of fome of the rupacks, or great officers of ftate. They were rather fairer than the reft of the women, had fome little ornaments about them, and their faces and breafts were rubbed over with turmeric. The king, and one of his brothers, led his guefts into this houfe ; the women then returned, and receiv- ed them with much joy, prefenting their company with cocoa-nuts and fweet drink, which all fat down and partook of. The ladies alfo feated themfelves, and taking a parcel of leaves, began to make nets, an em- ployment in which they pals great part of their time. The king informed his guefls that his houfe was to be their abode as long as they remained at Pelew, and that there they were to fleep. After this he rofe up, previoufly apologizing to the captain for retiring, faying he was going to bathe. Soon after a meflage came to Raa Hook from the queen, rtquelUng that flie might fee the Englifn at her dwelling. They attended him thither, and obferved immediately before it a rail, on which were fo ne tame pigeons tied by the leg. This is a bird held in fuch tftimaiion in thofe iflands, that none but rupacks and their families are allowed to eat them. As they approached, the queen opened her window, andfpoke to Raa Hook, to defire the Englifli would fit down on the pavement before her, which being complied with, a number of attendants brought out yams, < coa-mits, and fweet drink. While they were partaking of thcfe, the queen afked Raa Hook many queilions about our people, of whom (he took very great notice.and \\|ttied fome of them would come clofe to the window, and draw up their coat fleeves, that (he might fee the colour of their (kins. After flie had viewed them attentively, and afked, through Raa Hook, as many circumftances refpcfling them as (he thought (he could with propriety obtrude, (he ftgnilied that (he would nut longer trefpafs on their time, by detaining them j fo they rofe and took their leave. Raa Hook now took them to his own houfe, where they were welcomed without any parade, His wife, atriong other things, gave them a broiled pigeon, a de- licacy that, as before obferved, only falls to the fliarc of the dignified. There the charafler of the prince appeared in a new and intercfting light : his children encompalfed bim, and climbing to his knees, fondly careffed their father, while his fupreme pleafure appeared to be in rolling and toffing them about. This domeftic fcenp, how- ever, fo much occupied the minds of the captain and officers, that it was dark before they thought of reti- ring. Raa Hook begged they would difpenfe with his attendance, and ordered the Malay to conduQ them to their deftined habitation, where they found fome fifh for fupper, fent by the king. Though the night proved tempel^uous, their houfe was fo well thatched that tlie rain could not penetrate. The king having fignificd to Captain Wilfon his pleafure of tendering to him the ifland where the Englifli lefided, as a prefent, and informed liim that they diflinguifhed it by the name of Oroolong, in order to announce pofTeflion of it, the Britifh pendant was hoifled, and three vollies of fmallarms fired. On the eafl'flde is the bay and harbour, which lies eaft and weft : it was judged the whole circumference of the ifland did not exceed three miles. To this ifland the captain would have returned the day following (the night he p.i(red with the officers under the roof of the hofpitabh Prince Raa Hook) if the weather had not turned unfavourable- They therefore took a ramble further into the country, where the lands appeared to be pretty well cultivated, and tlic villages full of inha- bitants. They obferved that the lower orders of the women were bufled in looking after the yam planta- tions, which were moflly in fwampy ground. Others they found employed in making bafkets and mats, and in nurfing their children. Among the women whom Raa Hook conduiEted about the cove, there was one who ftruck all our countrymen, as being fuperior in elegance and beauty, as well as in her graceful manner of walking, to any female they had noticed at Pelew; (he was very young, and they could not help making fome inquiries about her of the general ; who informed them, that (he was one of the king's wives, and was called LuDEE. This lady, as well as all her female companions, teftified that degree of furprife which the firft fight of our different works had excited in all the other natives. The employment of the men fcemed to be that of gathering cocoa-nuts, felling trees, and making fpears and darts, the chief warlike inftruments of the Pelew- ans. In the ufo of thefe they were remarkably expert, as they afforded abundant proof in divers engagements with the fubjefts of a neighbouring prince \ in which they were aided by a fclea party of the Englifli at the requeft of Abba ThuUe, and obtained a complete vic- tory by dint of the fuperior force of our fire-arms. Rr As •■■: Pi mx ml ■ If I Ri- If « f! %i I ' ■ nm-: nUA ,^'l I 158 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. I' ■ ■ t As the Englifli had been ufcful in their afliftancc agaiiift the enemy, the king was deliberating what prcfent or compcnfation he thou'.d make to the Englilh leader. Atter a while he fcnt him, as a particular mark el" ills gratitude and eftccm, two lovely young women. Captain Wiifon, who was a grave fober man, and had liis fon with him, a youth about fcvcnteen, wa"; particu- larly embarralled. He, however, thought proper to fend them back again. The king of Pclew was exceedingly imhappy that his prcfent was not accepted, and con- chided, in his own mind, that their being rcjc6led was owing to their not being fufficicntly young. To obvi- ate this objeiSlion, after foine (Irong parental ftruggics, he adually fcPit Captain Wiifon his own daughter, a fwcct little girl, who was no more tlian twelve years old. She was of courfe returned aifo ; but it was ex- tremely diilicult to fatisfy the king that in this rejec- tion of his prefents no infult was intended. The death of Raa Hook's valiant fon afforded our fiv-oplc an opportiuiity of being acquainted with their funeral ceremonies. Having been invited to an enter- tainment by one of tlie rupacks, they were furprifed, >vhcn the repall was ended, at hearing the doleful la- mentations of women at fome diltance ; and going to the place from whence the found proceeded, they ob- ftrved a concourfe of females following a -dead body, held up in a mat, and laid on a fort ot bier, made of bamboos, carried by four incn on their fhoulders. Thefe were the only males in company. Our people followed to the place of intennent, where the body was depofited without any religious ceremony, the bearers filling up the grave with their hands and feet, while the women knelt down, and again vented the nioft p'crcing cries, at times indicating as if their plirenzy would lead tliein to tear up the corpfe. The marriages of thefe people are fiinply a mutual contradi between the fexcs, which is held inviolate. .A plurality of wives is allowed ; but they have fcldom riiioie tiian two. Ihey had no eftablifhed religion, but feemcd to poffefs an innate confidence of the cffii acy of virtiie. and the temporal advantages arifing from moral redlitude. CHAP. XXVL ., CiKeral Remarh on the Difp-fit'wii, CbaraHcr, and Re- I'lvjon of thr Native!. The Or:'.er /.f the Bone de- , Ji.rilicH. luttrejii'ig Account of Lee Boo., one of the , King's SohSy iiitfujh'd hy his tether to the Care of Captain ll'iljo^ who ftiih with him firjl to China, and afterwards arrives ivlih him in England. Be- coming Bel.aviour of the ycui.g Prince there; and cjfa:ing Particulars of his Death by the i>mnll-Pc.x. ^T^ HE conduifl of thefe people to the Englifli was, X from the fult to the ialf, uniformly coui teoiis and . .attentive, accompanied with a politcncl's that furprifed thofc on whom it was beftowed. At all times thev feemed fo cautious of intruding, that on many occafiom they facrificed their natural curiofity to that refpcci which decent good-manners appeared to them to exaft, Their liberality to the Englifli, at their departure, when individuals poured in all the beft they had to give, anj that of articles too, of which they had far from plenty thcmlelves, ftrongly dcmonftrated, that thele teftim,,. I nies of friendfliip were the efFufion of hearts ihjt glowed w ith the flame of philanthropy ; ari! when ojr Countrymen, from want of ftowage, were compelled ts refiile tlie further marks of kfndnefs which were of^i•reJ them, the entreating eyes, and fupplicating geflmci with wnich they folicitecNtheir acceptance of what the? had brought, moft forcibly cxprefied how much their minds were woundeJ, to think they had noi arrived early enough, to Ixtvc their little tributes of afFection received. Nor was this conduft of theirs an oltc'itati- oas civility exercifed towards flrangcrs ; feparated as I they were from the reft of the world, the charafterof 3 ftranger had never entered their imagination. They felt our people were diftrefled, and in confequcnci wiflied they fhould Ihare what they had to give. It was not that worldly munificence, which bcftows and fpreai its fax'ours with a diftant eye to retribution ; their bo. foms had never harboured fo contaminating a thought- no; it was the pure emotions of native benevolence! it was the love of man ! it was a (cenc that piilurejl human nature in triumphant colouring; and whi 1ft their liberality gratified the fenfe, their virtue Itnick tlic| heart ! Having given a (ketch of the character of thefe peo- 1 pie, it may not be amil's to inquire concerning their religion; which we Ihall do in the words Mr. Kcate. " There are few people, I believe, among the race I of men, whom navigation hath brought to our know- ledge, who have not fliewn, in tome inftance or other, a fenic of fomething like religion, how much focver it might oc mixed with idolatry or fuperftition; and yet our people, during their continuance with the natiicil of Pelew, never law any particular ceremonies, or oi- ferved any thing that had the appearance of public v.oi- fhip. Indeed, circumilanced as the Englilh were, thev I had not enough of the language to enter on topics oil this nature; and it would alfo have been iiilifcreet u| fiave done it, as Inch irupiiries might have been niit'ccii- ceived, or inifconftrued by the natives: added to this I their thoughts were naturally bent on getting a\v;iv,aiii| prelorving, whiie they remained here, the happy iister- courfe which fubiifted between them and the iiibl bitants. " Though there was. not found, on anyof the idaMJ they viiited, any place n;5propriated for religious rite?,! it would perhaps be going too tar to declare, thattktj people of Pelew had abfolutely no idea of religion- I" dependent of external ceremony, there may "be ludnj thing as the religion of the heart, by which the nurJJ J member 1 I fide oi happciiti owinsr I iiwiii i I milchict Mn I difcoi ere I called fee I he faiil, I father ; I then luff, J vns jc„/i tfmi Lm \ operated ill()liiti() "Th: I vinatioM, ing to ")litliinr [tiiiha''() I long nat km I t^it prol j^,Vw Discoveries.] 1» E L K W - 1 S L A N D S, 159 vage, were compelled t« he chara£ter of thefe peo- to inquire toncerninj lall do in the words oi| fimnd, on anyof the ifi»'j opri.ilcJ for religious m\ too tar to tlcckiie, thatthsj :ly no idea of religion- fc-l mony, there may be lucliij heart, by which the m\ nU'il mar, in awful filence, be turned to contemplate the God of nature; and though unblefled with thofe lights, which have pointed to the Chrillian wojld an uncrr'ng path to happinefs and peace, yet they might, from the lijht of reaibn only, have difcovcred the efficacy of vFriue, and the temporal advantages arifing from moral reftitu'le. " 'J'lie reader will, by this time, have met with fuf- ficient occurrences to convince him, that the inha- bitants of thefe new-di (covered regions had a fixed and rooted fenfe of the '"'■■.j.t moral duties : this appeared to jToverii their conduit, glow in all their aftions, and grace their lives. Adluated by fuch principles, we fee them laborious, induftrious, and benevolent: in mo- i mciits of danger, firm, and prodigal of life ; in misfor- tunes patient, in death refignea. And if, under all ' thefe circiimttances, he can conceive, that the natives J ofl'elew pufled their lives without fome degree of con~ Mince, fome degree of hopL\ I have only to fay, his idea of mankind mu(t widely dift'er from my own. " Superilition is a word of great latitude, and , vaguely defined; though it hath, in enlightened eyes, been called the offspring of ignorance ; yet in no times I hath it exirted without having fome connection with reli''ion. Now that the people of Pelew had, beyond I all doubt, fome portion of of it, appears from the wifh exprelTed by the king, when he law the (hip (Oroolong) building, ' That the Englilh would take out of it fome ! particular wood, which he perceived they had made ufe I of, and which, he obferved to them, was deemed to be of /'// omen, or unpropitious.' « They had alfo an idea of an evil fpifit, that often I counteradted human affairs ; a very particular inftance of this was feen, when Mr. Barker (a moll: aluable I member in the Englilh Society) fell backward from the i fide of the vcffel, then on the ftocks ; Raa Hook, who happened to be prefcnt, obferved thereupon, that it was owinj to the unlucky wood our people had fuffered t j re- main in the vclTel, that the evil ipirit had occafioncd this IniilchicftoMr. Barker. " In the pafl'age from Pelew to China, fome what was I difcoveied in Prince Le Boo, pretty fimilar to what is called j'ccond-fight. At the time he was very fea-fick, he fai.l, how iv.'jch he was concerned at the diftrcfs his lather and friends were feeling, who kiiciv what he was thcnfufftring. [His expreihon at the time was, that he j im jtujihle his father mid fiimily had hicn very unhappy Ifninlmwing that he had been Jick.'\. The fame anxiety I operated on him on their account, when he perceived his ' iTdlutioa drawing near. " They certainly entertained lb ftrong an idea t)f di- hiiiation, that whenever any matter of tnoment was go- jingto be undertaken, they conceived they coiJd, by Iplitiin-; the leaves of a particular plant, that was not (uiiliKc nur bulrulh, and nitaUuing the (trips of this long narrow leaf on the back of their middle-finger, I iurm a jiult-mcnt whether it would or would not turn I «n profperous. This was obferved by Mr. JM. Wilfyn, 3 in his firft vifit to the king at Pelew; and, on inquiry, ' was afterwards explained to tlu Englifli by thelinguilt, as being done to difcover if their arrival foreboded good or ill-fortune: It was noticed by feveral of our people, that the king recurred to this fiippofed oracle on dif- ferent occafions, particularly at the time '.vhen they went on the fccond expedition againft Artingall, a neighbour- ing illand, when he appeared to be very unwilling to go aboard his canoe, and kept all his attendants waiting, till ho had tumbled and twiftcd his leaves into a form thatfatisfied hismind,.and predidted fuccefs. Our peo- ple never obferved any perfon but the king apply to this divination. " It is hardly poiTible but the fond anxiety of a pa- rent, on giviiig up a fon into the hands of ftran')-ers, who were to convey him to remote regions, of which he could form to himfelf but very imperfect notions, would, on fo interefting a point, induce him to examine his oracle with uncommon attention; and it is as little to be doubted, but that every thing wore, to his nnaei- nation, a profpcrous appearance : yet, to evince the fal- lacy of his prophetic leaves, they certainly augured not the truth, nor prefented to the father's mind even a fuf- picion, that the ion he parted with, he fliould fee no more ! " On this fubjedt, I would further wifh to briii:' back to the reader's recollection a few occurrences : — As Raa Hook, and others of the natives, were two or three times prefent, \.hen Captain Willbn, on a Sun- day evening, affembled his people to read prayers to them, they cxprefTed no furprife at what was doim-, but appeared clearly to uuuerfland, that itw;. the mode in which the Englilh addrefTed the invifible God, whom they looked up to for protection ; and how different (b- cver their own notions might be, they attended the Englilh on thefe cKcafions with great refpeft, feeming defirous to join it, and conftantly preferving the moft profouad filence, the general never allowing the natives to (peak a fingle word, and rcfufing even to receive a meflage from the king, which arrived at the tents during divine (ervice. " The ceremony ufed by Raa Hook, after the fune- ral of his fon, when he repeated fomething to himfelf whilft he was marking the cocoa-nuts, and the bundle of beetle-leaves which the old woman was to place on the young nun's grave, had every appeariuxc of a pious office ; and when he planted the cocoa-nuts, and fome other fruir trees on the illand of Oroolong, what he ut- tered in a low voice, as each feed was depofited in the earth, impreffed tliole prefent as the giving a benedic- tion to the future tree that was toiforing from it. The king a'llb, when he took leave of his fon, (aid a few wonls, which, by the (blemnity they were delivered with, and the rcfpe'tl\il manner in which Lee Boo re- ceived them, induced all our countrymen to conceive it was a kind of blefling. *' I niuft, in this pUce, add a circumftance that pafl'ed ill cwnverlaiion with Captain VV^illou and Lee Boo, ■■M \ - 160 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Boo, after he had b?en Come time in England: the former telling him, that faying prayers at church was to make men gixd, that when they died, and were buried^ they might live again above (pointing to the fky) ; Lee Boo, with great earneftm-fs, replied, Jll fame Peliw ; hai men Jhiy on earth ; go;d men go intojlyy become very lia!ttifitl—ho\d\\\g his hand in the air, und giving a Hutteiing motion to his fingers. This furely conveyed a ftrong idea, that they believed thefpirit exifted, when the body was no more. " After combining all thefe fadls, and uniting thcirv with the moral charatSters of the people, the reader is left in a fituation to judge for himfelf ; independent of Lee Boo's declaration, whether it is probable that their lives could be conducted with that decency we have i'een, and their minds trained to fo ftrong a lenfe of juftice, proprietv, and decency, witiiout having fome guiding principle of religion; thus much, at leaft, I think, wc may be authorifcd to aflert — If all this was efFedcd without it, it proves, that the natives of Pelewr had been hap])y enough, not only to difcover, but to be perfedUy convinced, that Virtue is its own Reward." After three months ftay on the ifland, our country- men were enabled, by the moft perfevering toil, but ftill more by the beneficence and integrity of the na- tives, to build a velTel out of the fragments of their wreck. Li this, after leaving one of the crew, named Madan Blanchard, who requclted permiffion to re- main on the ill and, they departed on the 12 th of November, and arrived at Macao on the 30th of the fame month, whenre they afterwards proceeded to England. The king, finding the Englifh were prv^paring for their departure in their new vefl'el, the Oroolong, fent in the morning a nieflTage to Captain Wilfon, defiring him to come to him at the watering-place ; and on his arrival, acquainted him, that it was his intention to in veft him with the Order of the Bone, and make him in form a rupack of the firft rank. The captain cxprcfled his acknowledgment for the honour his majefly purpofed to confer on him, and the pleafure he felt at being admit- ted a Chief of Pelew. The king and all the rupacks then went and fat down under the (hade of fome large trees, and Captain Wilfon was dcfired to fit at a little diftancc ; when Raa Kook receiving the bone, prefented it as from his brother, Abba Thiille, and wanted to know which hand he ufed in common. This the general wiflied to afcertain, by putting a ftone in his hand, which he defired him to tludw at a diftance f'^.x'. him. Finding it was the right- hand he naturally "^,V. he wz' again requefted to fit down, and the bone aj^jlitri . • h. > left-hand, to fee if it was large enough for his ha. id to fli,i 'hrough: being not found AiiHciL'uly fo, it wxs rafped awav, till judged to be wide enough. w"*;r r.;;* Kt ..►, the chief mini (ter, and all the rupaccs, pro^teicij to h' invettmcnt, is. the following manner: The general mzdt s. bijig i-di vo tacli of ihc fuig')'* of the captain's left-hand, and then lubricating the ha.n(j with oil, the chief minifter placed himfct.' behind the captain, holding him fall by the flioulders : Raa Kooic then pafled the different firings through the bone, and giving them to another rupack, they endeavoured to wraw nis hai'.d through ; Raa Kook, at the fame tim^ with his ov^n hand, comprefllng that of the captain into the fmallefl compafs he poflibly could, fo that the bone might pafs over the joints. During this, the moil pro. found nience was preferved, both by the rupacks who affifted, and th*! people who attendee as fpedators, ex* cept by the king, who occafionally fuggefted in what manner they might facilitate the operation. The point being at laft obtained, and the hand fairly pafled through, the whole aflembly expreffed great joy. Abba Thulie then addrcffing the captain, told him. That the bone IhoulU be ruhbcfl /'right every duyy and preferved es a tejimtm of the rank he held amongjl them ; that thu mark of dignity mnjl, on every occafion, be defended valiantly, ntr fuffered to he torn from his arm, hut with the lof of lip. The ceremony ended, all the rupacks congratulateii Captain Wilfon on his being one of their order; anii the inferior natives flocked round to look at the bone and appeared highly p!eafed to fee his arm adorned widi it, calling him Lngv-es Rupack. This mark of diftinflion is given and reccivti. ,/i thofe regions, as a reward of valour and fklt.i!;/, and held out as the prize of merit. The decoii'.riu.i ^nhi derives all its fplendor from the combined idea;, r.f • ^ mind whilft viewing it; and the imagir ition is (;;ju imprefled with the fame fentiment whether the b.^r ^,, of honour be a ftrip of velvet tied round th» ifr.>Lj a r : *^ of ribband and crofs dangling at the buttjn i ;, aii embroiderp'^ on tJie coat, or a bone in ,/n th ; arm. (hililn the w nients Itipi'lic a.<; he h things Amc tict, w there v\ which 1 ftwid i I ia:ighed I quite a I behind, the glaf ing the I to be I face ;ced i I was proi Ashe ! velTels tl Anecdote^ r Le Poo, second Son of Abb* TIk /Jng, hi i /.(.ther, '.' 'i a prer'ileition to our [>?o- pie, relolvcd to »ir»!ift iiiis ,us fecond fon to the ':rreci Captain Wilfon, that he might have the advaiitage rf improving himfelf, by accompanying the Englifh, aiid of learning many things, that mignt, at his return, gre.atly benefit iiis own country. He added, that o* of the Malays, from Pelelew, a neighbouring ifland, fliould alfo go to attend on him. He defcribed !ii.< Cod as a young man of an amiable and gentle difpcfitionj that Im: was fenfible, and of a mild temprr, and fjxit nvich in Fiis commendation. Captain Wilfon exprelTed liimfelf exceedingly obliged and honoured by this fingular nmrk of the king's confi- dence and efleem ; and aiTured him, that he (houU en- deavour to merit the high truft repofcd in him, by treal- ing the young priiKC with the fame teiidtrnefc aiid ^ fcdlion as his own (on. Lee Boo, we are told, gave our people an c.irjyo^ j.nrtuiiity of feeing tht. ir.tural benevolence of hisminii for when at Canton, feti' i fome of i"'e Chiiiefr ^^H^X [0*:iigjll| jC'ilI JlgJ Ihou.'v. jlndia-Gl [I'ri-'nds, V'-'S in 1 ^Bdent cut ^■anv „ ■thoi; ■hep,r;x ^m- he na Htoncd in that arc rowtd by poor 'I' ».■ .ur women, with'thcir ml iidgiiigx mghini f GRAPHY. en lubricating the hand ced himfe*.' behind the c fltoulders : Ru Kook through the bone, and :, they endeavoured to :ook, at the fame tim^, that of the captain into could, fo that the bone ring this, the moft pro- ,th by the rupacks who endea as fpedtators, ex- inally fuggefted in what e operation. The point and fairly pafled through, reat joy. Abba Thulle him, "rhat the bone jhsuli f prcferved es a tejllmwj 'he/n ; that th'u mark if 1 W ckfenied valiantly, nit , hut with the lofs of lift, le rupacks congratulated one of their order j and und to look at the bone, fee his arm adorned with s given and recdviu ,n ■ valour and fideitt/, m . The decosarioa Mh.i, :he combined idea;, sil ;' he imagir ition is i:;ju !ii ment tivhether the Ivu'g' tied round th-Kr .»>., ar:, ■jX the butt jn ic ''J, a hi \)ontv\jn th; arm. SECOND Eon of Abb4 LE. I a prer'ileition to out i» j IS fccond fon to the ■:;««' I ght have tlie advantage i npanying the Englifc, aiid hat might, at his return, ntry. He added, that m ;w, a neighbourii;!, iilaii''e Chii.cfc MM , ,ar women, with-ihcirtwl cliiidicai Nf.w DiscovEnrits.l P E L E W - I S L A N D S. ir,x (hildrcii tied to their backs ''and who live in families on ihe water) furround the vcfl'jl, to patitioii for frag- ments of victuals i the young prince, on noticing their l„p|,licati()ris, gave them oranges, and luch other things as he had, being particularly attt* ntive to ofFoi" them thofe things which he liked bcfl himlelf. Amoiiglf feveial other things whidi folicitcd his no- tice, when at the houfc of Mr. M'Intyre, at Macao, there was a large minor at tlio upper end of the hall, which reflcdted iJmoil: liis whole perion. Here Lee Boo ftood in perfect amazement at feeing himfclf} — he la',ighed— he drew back-^aii-l returned to look again, quite abforbed in wonder- - he; mailc an effort to look behind, as if conceiving fomcbody was there, but found the glafs fixed clofe to the wall. Mr. M'Intyre ()bferv- ing the idea that had crofled him, ordered a fmall glafs to be brou;|ht into the room, wherein having viewed h ; face, he looked behind, to difcover the perlbn who |> x:ed at him, tof.'ly .m.-sble to make out how all this was produced. As he drew near the Britifli Channel, the number of veflels that he obferved purfuing their different courfcs, iiicrfafing fo much, he was obliged to give up the '. eep- 'his journal. When the Morfe got to die Kle of ■, li, £, Captain Wilfon, his brother, the prince, with (' -id other paffengers, quitted her, and coming in a ,0; between the Needles, arrived fafe at Portfmouth the )4tf. day of July 1784. On landing, the number and fize of the men of war, then in harbour, the variety of houfes, and the ramparts, were all objedts of attradtion: hj feemed fo totally abforbed in filcnt furprife, that he had no l.:fur< to aflc any qucftions. Mr. -rate, the writer of Captain Wilfon's account of the Pelew-lflands, obferves, that going to Rother- hithe tofe^ the captain,. Lee B, on bearing of it, became impatient, laying, What, mo- ther iri ! Lee B.. g t up to fee hi-r; which he did, and would xo to hjr apartment, to be fatisficd how flie really was. On the Thurfday before his death, walking acrofs the room, lie looked at himlllf in the glafs (his face being then much fwclkd and disfigured) he iho\)k his head, and tinned away, as if difgulted at his own appearance, and toid Mr. Siiarp, th)t his father awl imiher much gr'uvi\ for they knew he ivai 'very fick ; this he re- peated fevcra! times. At night, growing worfc, he be- gan to ihijik hiinlelf in danger: he took. Mr. Sharp by the hand, and fixing his eyes ftedf.\ltly on him, with earnelhieis faid, (.joo/1 fi itiid, ivhen you go to Pckiv, tell Abba ThulU\ that Lee Eon take much drink, to make fmall-pox go away, bit he (he: that the captain and Wi//.'i7- (meaning Mrb. Wilfoii) "t'ery kind; — ./// I'.uglijh very goid men — ^vas much f.rry he could not (peak to the king the numi er 'f fir things the Englijh had got. 'I'h'n he reckoned what nad been given him as preients, which he wiilied Air. Sharp would diihi'jute, wlun lie went brick, amoi,^,- the chiefs ; and reC|ueft.;J that very particular care might be taken of the 'line glafs barrel.'^, or pedelial.'-', whicli lie diic J'.d fliould b- given to the king. Pj)or Tom iiofe, vvlio ilood at the fo' ^ of his young ni.ilter's bcJ, was fhedding tears at heuiing all this, v,hich Lee Boo obfcrving, rebuked him for his Weaknef^", il; ing, IVhy f.oidd he be crying fo becaufe Lee i 00 die ? Whatever he felt, his fpirit was .ibove com])laining; and Mrs. W illon's clramber being adjoining to his o^vn^ he often called out to inquire if the was better, al.v. >> addinu; (Lit the might fuHxr any difcjuietuuc on his .-".c- c.'urit) Li'c Bo} do ivell, mother. The iniall-pox, which h;id b...n out eight or nine days, not riling, he began to te .1 hinifelf fiiik ; and tol.l Mr. Sharp, he tv• of Ins rj> ovcry. B^' 'ig nnder an engage inciU with my family to pafs a week at the hoiiic of mv Mieiid, Mr. Jiroi k VVaiiuii, at Sheen, who was evilly an\i»H»s and ,»larnKii is ourfelves for this ami- •bita: young tnan, 1 tei^nelled the dodcr would have the giiodnefs to coiilinue to me his information. 'J'iic fecond day alter I left town, I received the intelligcncj of ills death, whii h deeply atRdled us ail. I caiuiut give an ac.;oiiiit of this melancholy event fo well as by tranfcribmg Dr. Smyth's letter, by which it was con- veyed to me. " Monday, Dec. 27, 178, " My dear Sir, " It is an tmplcafanl talTc for me to be the heraHgf bad news; yet, according to my promife, I mull in. form you of the fate of poor Lee Boo, who dieJ thij morning without a groan, the vigour of his tninilanJ body refilling to the very lalt. Yellerday, ihe fecon- dary fever coming on, he was feizcd with a fliiverins fit, fucceedcdby a hcad-ach, violent p"' 'tation of ihJ heart, anxiety, and dillicult breathing; again tifd | the warm bath, which, as formerly, aft.,.>.ii;d him 4 temporary relief. Mc had a bliftcr put on his bad, whicli was as inef!" dual as thofe applied to his Ic?. He expreifcd all his feelings to me, in the moll foni. ble and pathetic manner, put my hand upon his heart, le.ined his head on my arm, and explained hi.s iincali. nefs in breathing; but when I was gone, he com- plaine.t every thing with proper dLCjncy re:pedii'.g ;;:s funeral. He was interred in Rotherhitlie i:l>urc!i- .anl, the captain and his brother attendiiig. /dl lw /ouna; people of the academ'.- joiiied in ihi;. uiliinmyoi iCj'.a.d; and the coucouife i>t p'.'ople at the church wJi lb great, that it appeared as if the whole parilii lu^l ai- .'emblcd, to join in feeing the I.Ul c>.reniyiiics paid to one, •> vfco I J^T,\V DlSCeVERIF.Si] V E LEW -ISLANDS. i6;j Mmday, Die. 27, 178^. inc to be tlielieralJof ly promift, I mull in. ^ce Boo, wlio dieJ tlii; vicoiir of Ills mindanJ Yelterday, ihe lecon- feizcd with a fliiv who was (b much beloved by all who had known liim in it- Tt.c In.lia-Company, foon after, ordered a tomb to be ercdted over his {jfave, with the follow iiig in- fcription ; jf, ;. TO THE MEMORY Of Prince Lee Boo, A Native of the Pciew, or Palos-Iflands, And Son to Abba Thulle, Riipack, or King Of the Illaiid CooROORAA ; •• - VVho departed tliis Life on tlic i/th of December 1784, Aged 20 Years, This Stone is infcribcd IBy the Honourable United Eaft-India-Company, As a Tclhmony of Eftecm for the humane and Kind Treatment Afforded by his Father to the Crew of their Ship, . The Antelope, Captain Wilfor, Which was wrecked off that Ifland, On the Night of the 9th of Aiiguft, 1783. Stop, Reader, (lop! — let Nature claim a tear; A Pfiiicc of mine — Lee Boo lies bury'tl here. From the above recited anecdotes of this amiable vouch, cut oft ill the nioineiit that his clnuactor besjaji tobldli'om, what hopes iiilg'it not have been entertained of the future fiuit luch a plant would have produced! He hail both ardour and talents for improvcmc.r, and every geiiile quality of l!ie liL-art to niiikc himklf be- loved; lb that, as far as thn dim fight of mortals is pcr- mitrcJ to penetrate, he might, had his da) s been Iciigth- tned, have carried ba^k to his own country, not the vices of a new world, but thofe foliil ndvintages which his own good fen'is would have fuggciicd, as likely to become tnoil ufcf'ul to it. The tvci'.iiig before the Oroolong failed, the king afr.td Capt.iii! Wilfon, luw long it might he bifoie hi- rdiuu toI\dcvvs And being told, that it would prchalily he abdut thirty moons, or might tliance to extend totix more, Abba Thulle drew tVom his balket api'cc ot lir.e, and, after making thi'^ty knots on it, aliiilc dii!ance from each other, Idi a hog fpace, and then adding fix nther'--, cartl'ully pu'. it h\ . As the How but lure (leps of tune li-ue been moving onwanl, the rcadei's imagination will figure the auM- uus parent r.forting to this chcrilhcd remeaibraikcr. and with joy untying the earllr records pf each elap- ling peiiod : — as he lees him advancing on his line, he will conceive that joy redoubled; and Alien nearly ap- proaching to the tliiitie:h knot, almoll acculing the planet of the night for palling fo tardily away. When verging towards the termination ol his latefl reckoning, he will then picture the mind of the good old king, glowing with parental aUbdlion, occalionally alarmed by doubt, yet flill buoyed up by hope ; he will then fancy him pacing inquilitively the fea-lhoie, and often commanding his people to afeeiul every rorky height, and glance their eyes along the le\el line ol the hori/on which bounds the furroiiiiiling ocean, to fee if imply it might not in fome part be broken by the diltant appearance of a returning fail Laltly, he will view the good Abba Thulle, weaned out by that cxpeftation wliiih lo many returnin^j moons, fince his reckoning ccafed, have by this time taught him he had nourilhed in vain. But the reader will bring him back to his remembrance, a< armed with that unlhak. n fortitude, which was tqua! to the trials of varying life. He will not in him, as in lefs manly fpirits, fee th.e pallions riilhing into oppolite ex- tremes: — hope tamed into defpair — af}..e'tion con- verted to hatred. No— after fome allnwaiue for their natural fermentation, he will fuppofe them all placidly fubfiding into the caim of religna- tion. Li proof of the truth of thcfe remarks, we doubt not, it will afford 1 ;culiar fatisfaction to our readers, to be informed, t uit in the bcgiiiniiig of September 1791, advices were recein-J by the Lmd Thurlow Eaft-Iudiaman, that the Panth'-r, i.f 2cc tons, commanded by Lieutenant M'Clucr, wuh the Endea- vour of fixty tons, had failed from Bombay on the 23d of .\uguH: 1790, and arri\cd fafely at the I'clew- Illands. On their arrival, they obfer\ed two cimoeF, which made towards the fliore, inftead of coming to the lliips, _ -is had been expeiStcd. Thefe, they fupnoied, v.'cre go- ing to give an account to Abba Thulle of '•.hjir anivai ; and in this couitdure they were not miftaken; lor foon alter, they faw a numbei of canoes coming alter ihcm, in one of which was the good old king. Iinmediately on his coming on boaid, he went up to the ciptaiii, taking hir.:, by his diefs, to bo his former friend. Captain W illbn, and immediately felt on his arin lor the boiif (a mark of honour he liad conferred on the capt-dii, as defcribed in p. j()0.) and inquir^-d what was becomj of it. Finding his miflaice in the peniiii, ar.l being tidd that Ca;itain Willun was alive and well in EngTaiid, he cxprefVed great latisfactioii. Captain AhCluer then communicated to iiim the death of Lee Boo, and the dilbrder of v.'hich he died ; lor which event, ilie good old man f;;iu, ih;'.t lie had preparcil his mind; that he h.'.d co uUed up to I'onie fcore moons, hue the time being pafl'.d, be h.id d.i'paired of ever feeing the ruglilh more, judLiing that they had either periflieu in theu- vo\a^e to China, or did no*: in- tend V V irl i64 A KEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERS/VL GEOGRAPHY. i:-l,r! tviid to icturn again to viiit his iflaiids: hu wan, hjwfver, port'eiStly confident in the goodnefs of the Etiij,'iih, and that Captain WUfon would take care of his tun. In relating the death of Blanchard (the feaman.who had been Ictt there by his defire) he was full of grief, and could hardly exprefs himfelf, fo much did he feel his lots. Blanchard was mortally wounded in an en- gagsment with the people of I'elelew, and died, foon after ', as did the great and good friunds of Captain Willon and his crew, Raa kook, and Arra Kooker. During the time of Capfun M'CluerV llay at ibe iHands, which was near a n-onth, the utmoft harmony aivdfricixdthip prevailed} .>. ' the good old king liberally fuppiied th.m with H(h and ^ams, when the canoes came til, as he ufed to do to his former friends. We have now given a circumftantial review of rcgi- •m firlt explored in the vaft Pacifk-Ocean, by the latcll mod ingenious and cntcrprifmg navigators ; in which the inquifttivc mind has been prefented with a difplay of human nature, in its rude and uncultivated Hate, and have therein pidured fcenes tending to cx- c'te equal horror and amazement} but are happy to ob- fcrve, t*- ve have been enabled to clofe this part of the New Di coverics, with a copious defcription of the Pe- tew-Ifiands, the charadtcr aiid virtues of whofe inha- | hitants appear in the moft amiable light, and cannot fid to afFe£t the intelligent and philantnropic reader wii]| the moA plcafing fem&tions in the parufal. We now. paf» on tu Afia, being that quarter of tlit globe which is allowed, by geographers m gentral, tt claim pre-eminence from the icrcnity of its air, the fer. tility of its foil, the richnefs of its mines, and on vajj. OU.S odier accounts. Here new profpedls open to (Ik view, and here much more important, as well as enter- taining difcoveries, both on the coafts, as well as in tie dillant iflands, have been recently made by our latent- vigators, all of which will be dctcribed in their proper places. In this part of our uiidertaking,. we (halt fiin^ amazingly extcnflve and opulent empires, trace ike progrofa of arts and (Icienccs,. perceive Uie eflfe(^s of dif. ferent difpofitions and propenfities in a.diffcrent raceoT men, and likcwifc give a detail of the cuftoms, nun- ners, and ceremonies of people totally oppotite to thofe already defcribed. As thel'e fubjeds are happily adapted t» blend indrinStion with entertainment, at the fani time that they tend to expand the ideas of the readers, we prefume they will not repent of devoting fome part of dieir time to the contemplation of them. To tiie continental part, we fhaJl alfo add a defcription it large of the Afiatic iflands, claficd under one geiienl head. A SPECIMEN OF THE PELEW LANGUAGE. i ' fc Jrracat A man. Arthe'il A woman. Nalahll Achild- Rupack A chitif. Cattam .1 A father. Cat he i I A mother- Morwakelt .... A wife- Talacoy ........ A male infant. Sucalit A friend. Taielhy Aworkman, artificer. Bothiluth The head. Un^eUll The teeth. Kimath The arms- Kalakilath The body. Arraffack Bl(Kxl. Ormjock Bones. 7; (> A fpoon. Oylefi A knife Pewell. A cup. i^all .... ... A bafon. Meuifs Cocoa-nuts. CoiOtu Yams. Gurra-Curra . . . Lemon Tos Plantains, bananas.. Outh A torch. Karr. Fire, Pye A manfion* Morabalon . A town. Katt Smoke. Pyaap A rat- Cokall An ifland. Paaibi A rock. Arrtll Frefli water. Garagar Wood, trees. Athagtll Bamboo. Lilh Spears, darts. Mallatye Canoe, boat. CajbattU A^maft. Tarje A (aii. Peeferfe A paddle, oar. Gili A rope. Ouguth A fiftiing-net. Thoup Thefea. Niekell.. Fi{h- Acnuell Turtle. Cockiyoou Birds. Cyep Pigeons. Nirfe Eggs. A NEW, GRAPHY. le light, and cannot fid ilanuiropic reader witli le psruraii ing that quarter of the graphcrs in ^mral, t« cnity of its air, the fa- ils mines, and on van'. J profpe^^s open to tic srtant, as well as enter. coafts, as well as in iIk tly made by our late u. i letcribed in their proper ticing,. we fliall fune; ent empires, trace tke Tceive die eflfe^ls of dif. ies in a.difFcrent race i \ 11 of the cuftoms, nun- : tot&Ily oppotite to thofe ijeds are happily adapted rtaiiiment, at the fame the ideas of the reader;, nt of devoting (bme part ation of them. To the fo' add a defcription at aflcd under one genenl A G E. ....Frefli water. ...Wood, trees. . . . . Bamboo. ....Spears, darts. . . . . Canoe, boat. . ...A^maft. ....A (ail. ....A paddle, oar. . . . . A rope. . . . . A fiftiing-net. Thefea. ..,.Fifti. ....Turtle. ....Birds. • . . . Pigeons. Eggs. A NEW, : h ^^'rHi! mt .. f .:!■• i :: -.1 ,1' I iri^' fi:, •■ . ,. i '.,...■:.] i 1! ■' lit -j ^1 • -.; IS' ? s; ..i'i : ^ \4r>k uMmm ■» '.'♦ A NEW, COMPLETE, AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM O F UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. BOOK II. A: C H A P. I. Gimral Di'fcription of this Quarter of the World. TH O U G H for the reafons we have enumerated in the PrutaCf, this quarter claims a fuperiority over the refti it mil it ncvcrthcicrs he owned, [that a cimfiderable part of Afia, particularly th^t CdlloJ Turki;\,has lolt much of its ancient fpk-nJo; and ferti- lity, .111(1 from the molt populous and beit cukivated fpiit in die whole territory, is now btc m'; a wild and I uncultivated defcrt. 'I'he other parts, fowevcr, are II in a flourifiiing condition, which is r^rh.jr to b-,- •'. j tributcii to the richncl'- of the foii, than to the indultry ot the iniiabitantb, who are remarkable for their indo- lence, luxury, and eftcminacy. This effeminacy is chiefly owing to the warmth of the climate,' though iti foiiie nical'ure heightened bv cultom and ' d^cation; and the fymptoms of u are more or lefs Mlule, as the '"''el I ral niitjons are feated nearer or further from the north. Hence the people of Tartary, and the Afiatic paits of liuHi.i, are as brave, hardy, it.oiig, and vigoroi:«, as : thofc who iiihabit Uie fame latitudes in Europe. VVhat A. is wanting in the robiift frame of their bodies among the Chinefe, Mogul Indians, and all the inhabitants of the more fouthcrn regions, is in a great meafurc made up to thePi by the vivacity of their minds, and .he in- genuity they polTefs in various kinds of workmanfhip, which our moit fkilful mechanics have long endeavoured to imitnte, but without fiiccefs. Afia claims the firft planting of cities, inftitution of laws and government, cu'ihzation of manners, origin of arts and fciences, and cultivation of human literature in general. To thefe dillinguilhed bleffings of a fpiri- tual or mental kind, may be adJed the bounties of Pro- vidence, which are here difpenfed in vafl: variety, as well as fuperabundance. In fine^ if we advert to the ferenity of its air, the fertility of its foil, the delici- oufnefs of its fruits, the ialubnty of its drugs, the fra- grance and baliaiTiic qualities of its plants, gums, and fpicesi the q.i.iULity, beauty, and value of its gems, the finenefs of its lilks and cottons, and many other na- tural endowmjnts, we cannot but admit ^ "^C ^"^ O / /A Photographic Sdences Btion 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 * ■»r i , \ :i. 1^ <%■ i66 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. A GEOGRAPHIC TABLE of TARTARY, and TURKEY in ASIA. h < c a Nations. Length. Breadth. Sq. Miles. Chief Cities. Did. and bear, from London. Diff. of time from London. Religions. RiiHian Chinefe Mogulean Independent The bounds of thefe parts are unlimit ed, each power piirtiing on his conquells as far as he can. 3,050,000 644,000 i«5.350 600,06c ToboIHc Chynian Tibet Saniarcand, and BaOa 2160 N. E. 4480 N. E. 3780 E-. 2800 E. 43»o 4 10 bef. 8 4 bef. 5 40 bef. 4 g Cbcf. Chrift.and Pagans Pagans Pagans Pagans China J440 1000 t 1,105,000 Peking 4320 S. E. 7 24 bef. Pagans Moguls 2000 1500 i,t •.6,000 Delhi 3720 S. L. 5 16 bef. Mah. and Pagans India beyond the Ganges aooQ 1000 741,500 Siam, Pegu 5040 SE. 6 44 bef. Mah. and Pagans Porfia 1300 IJCO 800,000 700,000 Ifpahan 2460 S. E. 3 20 bef. Mahometans Part of Arabia 1300 1200 Mecca 2640 S. E. 2 52 bef. Mahometans Syria 270 160 29,000 Aleppo i860 S. E. 2 30 bef. Chrilt. and Mah. Holy-Land 210 90 7,600 Jerufalem 1920 S E. 2 24 bef. Chrilh and Mah. Natolia 753 390 195,000 Burfa, or Smyrna (440 S. E. 1 48 bef. Mahometans Diarbec, or Mefopotamia 240 210 27,600 Diarbec 2060 S. E. 2 56 Dcf. Mahometans, >withfometew Chriftians. • J Irac, or Chal- dca 420 240 50,400 Bagdad 2240 Turcomania, or Armenia 360 300 55,000 Erzerum i86o S. E. a 44 bef. Georgia 240 180 25,600 Tefiis 1920 E. 3 10 bef. Curdiftan, or Aflyria 210 205 23,900 Scherazer I220 £. 3 00 bef. Pvlahometans Asia is fituated between 25 and i8o dcg. of eaft long, and between the equator and 80 dcg. of north lat. It is about 4740 Englifh miles in length, from the Dar- ilanelles on the wefl:, to the eaftern Ihore of Tartary, and about 4380 milts in breadth, from the moft fouthern part of Malacca, to the moll no- them cape of Nova- Zembla. It is bounded by the Frozen-Ocean on the north; on the weit, it is (cparated from Africa by the Red-Sea ; and from Europe by the Levant or Mediter- ranean, the Archipelago, the Hellefpont, the Sea of Marmora, the Boiphurus, the Black-Sea, the river Don, and a line drawn from it tu the river I'obol, and from thence to the river Oby, which falls into the Frozen-Ocean ; on the eaft, it is Wounded by the Pa- cific-Ocean, or South-Sea, which feparates it from America, and on the fouth, by the Indian-Ocean ; lo that it is almoft furrounded by the fea. Li ancient times, great part of this vaft country was fucceflively governed by the Allyrians, Medes, Perfians, and Greeks ; but the immenfc regions of India and China were little known to Alexander, or to any of the conquerors of the ancient world. Secluded by ;iii almoft impenetrable range of mountains and dcfert.s, they were free from the fwords of European warriors, and enjoyed Q iheit lert^', on accoun Tenaent themfelv TURKEY I M ASIA. 1G7 lahometuns iahometans ;hrilh and Mah, :hrilh and Mah. dahomeians Lhcir delicious cllm;i;es unenvit-d and unmoleftcd. Upon khe decline of the above-mentioned empires, great part uf y\f|j fubmitted to the Roman arms ; and afterwards, 111 the middle ages, the fuecciFors of Mahomet, or, as ulually called, Saracens, founded in Afia, \frica, and Europe, a more extenfive empire than that kf Cyrus, Alexander, or even the Romans, when in its cisht of power. The Saracen grer.tnefs ended with Ihe death of Tamerlane ; and the Turks, on every ide victorious, loon after pofl'flcd thcmlblves of the niildle regions of Afia, which they ftill enjoy. Befides countries imder the dominion of the Turks and Ruffians, Afia contains at prefent three large empires : he Chincfe, the Mogul, and the Pe. fiaii, upon which Jie leffer kingdoms and fovereigntics generally de- «nd. The prevailing form of government in this divifion of he globe, is abfolute monarchy; and here the people are lie moll abjedt flaves. If any of them can be faid to Injoy feme {hare of liberty, it is the wandering tribes, i the Tartars and Arabs. The latter alone poffcfs li- ferty, on account of the ftcrility of their foil ; inde- lendent themfelves of revolution and change, they fee, Ifith unconcern, empires falling and rifing around them. I'hey remain unconquered by arms, by luxury, by cor- [iption; their language is permanent ; they adhere to lieir cuftoms and manners, and retain their drefs. ("heir whole property confifts of flocks and herds, tents pd arms. They annually make a fmall and voluntary keftiit to the chief of their race. They revolt from Uefiion, and are free from neceifity, which they mif- Ice for choice. When men are obliged to wander kt fubfiftence, defpotifm knows not where to find its |aves. ' The Tartar, though a wanderer like the Arab, was jever equally free. A violent ariftocracy always pre- piled in the country of the former, except in a few fhort piods, where the fortune of one eftablifhed a tranfient ppotifm over the whole. There man is armed againft chief againft chief, and tribe againft tribe. War no longer a particular profeffion, but the conftant Iccupation of all. Men are more afraid of men, in the llitudes of Tartary, than of beafts of prey. The tra- Vler moves with great circumfpeftion, and fears an jiemy in every blaft. When he perceives a track in jie fand, he crofles it, and begins to draw his fword. The affaffin is dignified with the name of conqueror, hd robbery acquires the more honourable name of bnqueft. I Among the inhabitants of the mountains which fepa- |te Periia from India, the nature and face of the coun- J have formed a different fpecies of fociety. Every jilley contains a community fubjeit to a prince, whole llpotifm is tempered by an idea eftablifhed among his koplc, that he is the chief of their blood, as well as leir fovercign. They obey him without reludtance, as liey derive credit to their family from his greatnefs. [hey attend him in his wars, with the attachment which childitn have for a parent; and his goveinmcrit, ( the Levant, arc Syria, with Palcftinc, or the Holy-Lan! ; the chief towns in which are Aleppo, An- tioch, Damafcus, Tyre, Sidon, Tripoli, Scundcroon, andjer>;i'alcni. The mountains, which are many, have been the moH; celebr: ; 1, in facred and prof.' le niftory, of any in the iinivc. : The princip.il, >vhich arc fituated in Lefler Afia, iii Olympus, Ida, Tsurir, Anti-Tauris, and the Carma:iina Mountains. Bcfides thefc, are Mount Cau- ca.u^, nr the Daghillan Mountains; Ararat, where the ark reltcc, aiiu the other Armenian Moimtains; Cur- diftan andPaleftine, Hermoii and Lebanon. Afia is perhaps the bed fituuLedfor navigation of any country in the univerfe ; hut the natives do not know how to make ufe of the uiicommoii natural advantages with which Piovidcnce has bleficd them. The (eas which border on it are the Euxine, or Black-Sea; the Bofphorus, or Sea of Conftantinople; the Propor]tis, or Sea of Marmora ; the Heliefpont, and ./Egean-Sea, or Archipelago, which divide Afia from Europe; the Le- vant, or Whitc-Sca, and the Perfian-Gulf. The Red- Sea iikewire divides it from Afia, which occafions the Grand Se!y,nior, among his other titles, to ftyle himfelf « Lord of the Black, White, and Red-Seas.'' The moft remarkable rivers are the Euphrates, Ti- gris, MeanJer, Oronten, Sarabat, Jordan, Haly, and Kara ; which will be particularly defcribed as they occur. With reipedt to the air and climate, both are moft delightful, and naturally fahibrious to the human con- ftitution : yet fuch is the equality with which the Au- thor of nature has difpenfed bis benefits, that 'I'urkey, both in Europe and Afia, is often vifited by the plague, a dreadful fcourge of mankind wherever it takes place, but here doubly deftrudtive, from the native indolence of the Turks, and their fuperftitious belief in that kind of predelHnation which preveiits them from ufing the proper precautions to defend thtmlelvcs againft this ca- lamity, and its fatal cffodts. We need fcarcely inform the reader, that this coun- try, which contains the moft fertile provinces of Afia, produces all the luxuries of life in the utmoft abund- ance, notwithrtanding the indolence of its owners. Raw filk, corn, wine, oil, honey, fruit of every fpecies, cofFce, myrrh, frankincenfe, and odoriferous plants and drugs, are natives found here almoft without culture, which is pradlifed chiefly by Greek and Armenian Chriftiaas. Nature has here brought all her produdti- ons to the highcft per'edtion. The olives, citrons, le- mons, oranges, fig?, a -id dates produced in thefe pro- ' vinces, are highly delicious, and in fuch plenty, that they coft the iiiliabitants very little, and it is kid, in m fome places, nothi::g. Their afpaiagus is often as lar^l as a man's leg, anu their grapes far exceed in (im t.'J of otlur couniics. Their auimiii produrtious by fea and land, arecquajtl excellent and plentiful. The breed of Turkiiii nA Arabian horfes fthe latter elpecially) are be)ond aiivnl the world, and have conllderably improved that ot titi Englifh. Camels are generally made ufe of fortfaicl.! ling and carrying buraens; that animal, befulcs the I advantage of ftrength, being foimed by nature tottavtll a confiderable time without either provender or Matcf.f Their manufadure, known by the name of eambiti5,j was originally made by a mixture of camels-hair wiiil filk, tlyjugh It is now often iiiadc with wool and lilJ Oxen are generally uled in tillage. Buffaloes are foanil in feveral parts of Turkey-, the flefli of which maybtl purchafed at an eafy rate ; Ijut it is very bad, nor istlie| beef much better. Vaft flocks of flieep, however, aijl fed all over the country, but particularly in the provinttl of Lycaonia, where they are moftly of the Syrian kinil The flefh of thefe ftieep have an exquilitc tadc, ai^| their tail;; are exceedingly long and thick, fome of 1 having been known to weigh thirty pounds. Iii.iunie-I rable herds of goats are likewife kept here, efpeciallyiil Pamphylia, the hair of this animal being aifo of iiitinittl ufe in the manufadure of their fine camblets, andgrMtl quantities of it are exported to Europe. Their kiiP are elleemed ddicate eating, and faid to furpafs, in fla- vour and tafte, thofe of Europe. In Turkey, fome ot the birds are of an extraordinaijl fizc, particularly the oftrich, but thefe are not verjl common. There is great plenty of wild-fcwl, URiM ifland of Cyprus produces a bird, about the lize ofil lark ; many thoufands of them, when pickled down ill barrels, are fent annually to Venice, where they fetchil very good price. Great numbers of them arc caughtul the months of September and October. Great quantities of fi(h are found in moft of theii-l vers, particularly falmon and carp of an amazing lizt; but the filh on their fea-coalls are efteenxil far incitl delicate in their kind, viz. turbots, rets, folcs, rojib,] pilchers, tunnies, oylters, herrings, &c. This country 'contains all the metals that arc tokl found in the richeft kingdoms and proviiitts ot ii-l rope ; and its medicinal fprings and baths exceed liiofti of any in the known world. Some of tlnfeare rt-f markabic for their falubrity, and others Ibi tlieircoHltl decorations. Near the gulf of Nicomedia isa Icm-I tain much efteemed by the Turks and Gretkb furilil medicinal virtues; as are feveral fprings aiul riviilcisiil the neighbourhood of Coos. Thernia, in Eithynbil is famous for its hot-baths. Near Kuifa, is * iaijij bath, the v/aters of which flow througli ir.incs of nl triol : ne?,r it Is a warm bath ; ai;d at about a hfl diflance is another, where the water is hot cuoiigliB| boil an egg. ■ ,^- ■■• CHAHl Asia.] T U R K E Y. 1^9 us is often as lar»t| ixceed in lriei;„i{| CHAP. III. TURKEY. \ Pipulalion, Inhabitants, Manntrs, Cuflomt, Diver/tons, ' Qrtjs, Marriages, Furur. >:, Religion, Ecclefiajlical Mitulions of Chrijllans, Learning and Learned Men, Antiquities, Curiofities, ijc, TH E limits of this great country not being accu- rately fixed, geographers have not been able to afcertain its population, which is by no means equal cither to its extent or fertility. It certainly is not fo great as it was before the Chri(tian aera, or even under the Roman emperors, owing to various caufes \ and above all, to the tyranny under which the natives live, anil their polygamy, which appears to be an enemy to population, if we may conclude from the (late of the Greeks and Armenians, among whom it is not prac- tifed, as they are more prolific than the Turks, not- wlthftamliiig the rigid fubjedion in which they are kept by the latter ; but the plague is the greatest caufc of depopulation. The Turkilh monarcn, however, has more fubjefts than any two princes of Europe. With refpeft to the inhabitants, the men, in gene- ral, are well inade and robiift: when young, their complexions are fair, and their faces han'.lfoine: their hair and eyes are black, or dark brown. The women, Avhen young, have delicate complexions, and regular features, but they generally look old at thirty. They are faid to be exceeding amorous, lively, and witty. The Turks are rather hypochondriac, grave, fedate, and paflive ; yet, when agitated by paflion, become furious, raging, ungovernable; fometimes are big with dilTmuilatlon, jealous, fufpicious, and vindidive beyond conception. In matters of religion, they are tenaci- ous, fuperftitioiis, and morofe. Though the greater part of them feem hardly capable of much benevo- ence, oreven humanity, with regard to Jews, Chrilli- ans, or any who differ from them in. point of opinion ; yet they arc far from being devoid of fecial affedions lor thofe of their own religion. But interell is their fupremegood; and when that comes in competition, ail ties of religion, confanguinity, or friendlhip, are with the generality fpeediiy dilFolved. The morals of the Aliatic Turks are, however, in many refpefts, preferable to thofe of the Europeans : they are hofpitable to Grangers, and the vices of ava- rice and inhumanity reign chiefly among the great : jthey are likewife faid to be charitable to one another, land pundual in their dealings. Their benevolence [and public fpirit is mofl confpiciioiis in their building icaravanferas, or places of entertainment, on roads that arc dellitiite of accommodations, for the refrelhmcnt of poor pilgrims or travellers. With the fanie lauda- ble view, they ftarch out the beit fprings, and dig wils, which in thofe countries arc a luxury to weary lavcUers. i The Turks fit crofs-Iegged upon mats, not only at their hieals, but in company. Their ideas, except what they acquire from others, are furple and confined, feldom reaching without the walls of their own houfcs: where they lit converfing with their women, drinking coffee, fmoking tobacco, or chewing opium. They have little curiofity to be informed of the flate of their own, or any other country. If a vizier, bafliaw, or other officer, is turned out, or Itrangled, they fay no more on the occafion, than that there will be a new vizier or governor, feldom inquiring into the reafori of the difgrace of the former minifter. They arc perfeft ftrangtrs to wit and agreeable converfation. They have few printed books ; and the Koran, with the comments upon it, form the chief part of their ftiidy. Nothing is negotiated in Turkey without prefents; and even jullice may be purchafed by a well-timed bribe. About eleven o'clock in the forenoon, they dine; but fupper is their principal meal, which they eat at five in the winter, and fix in the fummer. Among the great people,.their dirties arc ferved up one by one; but they have neither knife nor fork, and are not per- mitted by their religion to ufe gold or filver fpoons. Their victuals are always high-leafoned; Rice is the common food of the lower fort, and fometimes it is boiled up with gravy j but their chief difli is pilau, which is mutton and fowl boiled to rags, and the rice being boiled quite dry, the foup is high-feafoned, and poured upon it. They drink water, fncrbet, and cof- Ice ; and the greatcfl indulgence they are addided to, is the chewing vait quantities of opium, which gives them fenfations refembling thofe of intoxication. Guelfs of higher rank fometimes have their beards per- fumed by a female flave of the family. They are tem- perate, and fober, from a principle of their religion, which forbids them the ufe of wine ; though many of them, nctwithftanding this injundlion, indulge them- fclves in ftrong liquors to excels. Their common fa- lutatinn is by bowing the head a little, and laying the right-hand on the bread; but to perfons of rank, thejr (loop fo low as to kifs the border of their veil. They fleep in linen waillcoats and drawers, upon mat- treil'es, and cover .ihemfclves with a quilt. Few or none of the conlidcrable inhabitants of this vaft empire have any notion of walking, or riding, either for health or diverfion : the moft religious among them fmd, however, fulficlent exercife, when they conform th;m- felvcs to tiie frequent ablutions, prayers, and rites pie- fcribcd tlicin by Mahomet. They arc falfcly accufcd of cruelty towards their (laves or fervants ; for they frequently behave with inore lenity to them thnn the ChrilUans ; efpecially if they arc acquainted with any art or trade that may be ufefiil to the community. Their ufiial ainufcments within doojs are the chefs, drauj^ht-board ; and if they play at chniicc-ganies, or they never bet money, that being prohibited by the U u ' Koran, 170 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM ok UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Koran. Their adivc diverliont coiifiil in (hooting at a mark, or tilting with darit, at which they are very expert. Some of thoir great men are fond of hunting, and take the held with niimeroti!i equipages, whiih arc I'oined by their inferiors ; but thin is oiten done for po- iticai nurpofes, that they may know the ftrcngth of their depenacnts. A« to their drefs, the men (have their heads, leaving a lock on the crown, and wear their beards long, ex- cept the military, and thofe in the feraglio, who wear only whiikers : they cover their heads with a tiirbiin, which they never put off but when they flccp: they fufFcr no Cbriftians, or other people, to wear white tur- bans. Their fliirts are without collar or wrillband, and over them they throw a long veil, which they tie with a fafh, and over the veil they wear a loofc gown fomewhat fliorter. Their breeches or drawers arc of a piece v.!th their ftockings ; and, inftead of lliocs, they wear flippers, which they put off when they enter a temple or houfe. The drefs of the women differs lit- tle from that of the men, only they wear IlitFened caps upon their heads, with horns rcfcmUling a mitre, and wear their hair down. When they appear abroad, which is but feldom, they arc fo muffled up as not to be known to their ncareft relations. Such of the wo- men as are virtuous, make no ufu of paint to heighten their beauty, or to difguife their complexions ; but they often tinge their hands and feet with kenna, which gives them a deep yellow. The men, in colouring their beards, make ufe of the fame expedient. In Turkey, marriages are chiefly negotiated by the ladies j and when the preliminaries are adjured, and terms agreed upon, the bridegroom eleft pays down a fum of money, which is generally employed in furnilh- ing the houfe of the young couple ; a licence is obtain- ed from the cadi, or proper maglftrate, and the parties are married. The wcddi.ig is celebrated, as in other nations, with mirth and jollity. They are not allowed by their law more than four wives, but they may have as many concubines as they can maintain : in confe- qucnce of this permilTion, the wealthy Turks, bsfides their wives, keep a kind of feraglio of women ; but all thefc indulgences are fomctimes not fufficicnt to gratify their unnatural defires. The women are kept under a rigorous confinement. Divorces are allowed ; but no man is allowed to take back again the woman he has once repudiated, till (lie has been married to ano- ther, and divorced by him alfo ; which is fometimcs done as a mere form, where the parties agree to live together again. Their funerals are exceedingly decent. The corpfe is attended by the relations, chanting pafTages from the Koran ; and after being depofitcd in a molquc (as they call their temples) tlicy are buried in a field by the inian or prielt, who pronounces a funeral oration at the time of the interment. The male relations exprefs their forrow by alms and prayers j the women, by deck- ing the tomb on certain days with flowers and gretn leivcs. A widow leaves o(F all finery for twelve montk .i;ul in niouining for her hufband, wearsa particular h(jd! dre(i». The eftabliftied religion of the Turks is the Malw. met;ui, ((» c.illed from Mahomet, the author »f it j fo,M account of which the reader will find in the followi» hiOory of Arabia, the native country of that iinpofto, 'I'li^' A.ahometans are divided into two great fedfs, tU of AH and Omar : the Perfians being of the former, mi the 'I'urks of the latter ; but thefe are again fuDiliviiitj into many others. There is no ordination among thcit clergy ; uny perfon may be a prieft that pleafes to tajt the habit, and perform the fumitions of his order; ht may alio lay down his office when he thinks proper, That the Mahometans believe women pofl'eis no fouli is a vulgar error, fince many paflagcs in the Koran provj the contrary opinion. With rel'peiSl to the ecclcfiaftical inftitutinm c' Cbriftians, the Turkifti government has formed thti into part of its finances, and tolcrate«l them where -li;, are moft profitable; but the hardfbips impofed upon tit Greek church arc fuch, as muft always difpofe that pto- pie to favour any revolution of government. Coiiilan. tinople, Jerufalcm, Alexandria, and v\ntioch, arepairj. archates ; and their heads are indulged, accord! iig as tlin pay for their privilege, with a civil as well as an ecclj*' fiaftical authority over their votaries. The fame mavlit faid of the Neftorian and Armenian patriarchs; anl every great city that can pay for the privilege, has iti archDiihop or bifliop. All male Cbriftians, according to their ftations, pay alfo a capitation-tax, from feveatm years old to fixty. In this empire, the radical languages are the Sdavo. nian, which fecms to have been the mother tongue n the ancient Turks ; the Greek modernized, but fl3 bearing a relation to the old language; the Arabic, ani the Syri c, a dialc£t of which is ftill fpoken. Tlitifl pater-n.^: er is exprcfTed in the following fpecimen: ''•Pater hemas, opios ifo ecs tos ouranous; Jiajiil " fthito to onoma fou ; na erti he bafilia fou: to th(-[ '* Icma fou na gcnetez itzon en te ge, os is ton om- " non : to ptfomi henias doze hemas femoren : hi I " chorafe hcmos ta ciimata hemon itzonc, kx heiml " fichorafomen, ekinous opou: pias adikounkae me»-l " tcrnes hemais is to piraiino, alia fofon h'jmasapoBJ *' kaxo. Amen." Till of late, the Turks piofcnid a fovereign cm- J tempt for our learning. Greece, which was the natitt I country of genius, arts, and fciencf, produces at prt- 1 fent, bcfides Turks, iiumcious bands of Chrilliail bifhops, priefts, and monks, v.Iio, in genc.al, areasijl norant as the Turks themlclves, and are divided ini)! various abfurd feitsof what they call Chriftianity. Tlitl education of the Turks f Mom extends further dial reading the Turkifh language, and the Koran, d\ writing a common letter. Some of thcin underiyl ailrononiTij Asia.] TURKEY. 171 I idronomyt (o far as to calculate the time of un cclipfe i but the number of thcfc being very fmall, they are I jggited upon as extraordinary peifons. There arc, how- I ever, fome fchools, colleges, and academies to be met with ill Turkey, but they are on a very dift'ercnt footing from thofe among usi and fome years ago, a printing- houfc was opened at Conflantinoplc, where books of all kinds, except on matters of religion, were allowed to be I printed. Their natural and artificial antiquities and curiofitics are fo various, that they have fumilbed matter for many i voluminous publications, and others are ap^ariiig every dar. I'hele countries contained all that was rich and mazniiicent in architecture and fculpture } and neither the barbarity of the Turks, nor the depredations they have luft'ercd from the Europeans, fcem to have dimi- nifced their number. They are more or lefs perfect, I according to the air, foil, or climate in which they fland, and all of them bear deplorable marks of negledt. Many of thefineft temples are converted into Turkifh ntofques, or Greek churches, and arc more disfigured than thofe which remain in ruins. Amidil fuch a group of curio- I fities, all that can be d( >ne here, is, to fele£t ibme of the moft (Irikingi and as Palmyra and fialbec form the pride I of all antiquity, we (hall therefore bcffin with them : '> Palmyra, in the defcrts of Arabia, or, as by the fcripturc ftyled, Tadmor in the wilderncfs, is fituated ill the wilds of Arabia Pctrxa, about 33 dcg. north lat. and 200 miles to the fonth of Aleppo. Its prefent af»- pcarance affords a moii lul fpedtaclc. As you ap- proach, the firfl objei^ which prefents itfelf is a ruinated caiHe, on the north fide of the city. From it you defcry Tadmor, enclofcd on three fides bv long ridges of moun- tains i fouthward of it is a vaft plain, extending far be- yond die fight. The city muft have been of large ex- tent, from the fpace now taken up by its ruins ; among which live about thirty or forty miferable families, in huuof dirt, W'thin a fpacious court, which once enclofed a magnificent temple. This court hath a lUtcly high wall, of lai -^e fquare ftone, adorned by pilafters both within and without ; there are about fixty on each fide. The beautiful cornices have been beaten down by the Turks, lowards the centre, arc tlw remains of a caf- tie, Ibrouding the fragments of a temple of exquifitc beauty, as appears by what is dill landing of its en- trance, viz. two ftones thirty-five feet long, carved with vines, and clufters of grapes. In the great court are the remains of two rows of very noble marble pil- lars, thirty-feven feet high, with capitals finely carved, and the cornices muft have been of equal elegance ; fitty-eight of thefe pillars are entire: there mult have been many more, as it appears they went quite round the court, fupporting a moft fpacious double piazza. The walks on the weft fide of this piazza, which face the front of the temple, feem to ha\e been grand and fpacious; and at each end are two niches for ftatues at length, with pedeftals, borders, fupporters, canopies, &c. carved with inimitable art. The i'pace within this gnce beautiful enclofurc, k (or rather was] encompaflcd by another row of pillars of a different oriler, fifty feet high; fixteen of which are yet r>anding. The temple was about ninety feet long, and forty bioad : its gr.iiid entrance on tl e weft appe.irs, by wh;it remains <;( it, to have been the moft magnificent in the world. Over a door-way in the remaining wall-, you tiaco a fprcad eagle, as at Balbcc ; and here aro the frngnients of cu- pios, as well as of eagle;:, nioft finely imitating nature, on large ftones mou'dciing on the earth. Nothing of the temple ttands but the walls, the window-puices of which are narrow at top, but richly adorned with fculp- ture. In the middle is a (^polu, all one folid piece. Leaving this court and temple, your eyes are falutcd with a great number of pillars of marble, fcattered for near a mile. 'I o the north, you have a ftatuly obelilk before you, confifting of ftveii large ftones, befides its capital, grandly fculptured: it is more than fifty feet high, and is twelve feet and a half in circumference juft above the pedefial ; and it is imagined a ft.itue once ftood upon it. I .1 and weft of this, at the dtftaiice of about a quarter of a mile, is another obelifk, that fecms to have correfponded with the firft-mentioned ; and, ac- cording to the fragment of a third, it ftiould fcem that there was a continued range of them. On one of them, which is about forty feet high, there is a Gothic infcrip- tion, commemorating two patriots ; and about an hun- dred paces from it, is a large and lofty entrance, lead- ing to a granJ piazza, adorned with marble pillars, 011 moft of which there are infcriptions. A little fiirthcr onward, to the left, are the remains of a ftatcly nile of remarkably fine marble, twenty-two feet long. On the weft fide of the piazza, are feveral openings for gates ; two of them appear to have been the molt fuperb that ever captivated the human eye, both in point of gran- deur of work in general, and the beautiful porphyry pillars with which they were adorned. Eaftward of th** piazza, are a great number of fcattered marble pillars, moft of which have been deprived of their elegant capi- tals. A little ruined temple lies mouldering at a fhort diftancc, which appears to have been a very curious ftrudture. But of all :he venerable remains, none more attract the admiration, than the magnificent fepulchres towards the north of the city, extending a mile and more, and which, at a diftance, have the appearance of tops of decayed churches, or baftions of ruined forti- fications." Nothing but ocular proof could convince any man, that fo fuperb a city, formerly ten miles in circumfe- rence, could exift in the midft of what now are tracts of barren, uninhabitable fand. Nothing, however, is more certain, than that Palmyra was formerly the capi- tal of a great kingdom ; that it was the pride as vi ell as the emporium of the eaftern worh'; and tliat its mcr- chaiits dealt with the Romans, and the weftern nations, for tne merchandifes and luxuries of India and Arabia. Its prefent altered ftate, therefore, can be only accounted for by natural caufes, which have turned the more fertile tracts 17a A NF.W and COMPLETE SYSTEM op JNIVF.RSAL GEOGRAPHY. trads into barren dclcrts. 'I'hc Afiatic? think that Falniyra, an well as Ualbcc, owl-s its original to Solo- mon i and in this they receive lomc countenance from iacrcd hittory. In profane hillory, it is not mentioned before the time of Marc Antony i and its moll fuperb buildings are thought to be of the lower empire, about the time of (i.iiiienus. Odcnathus, the lalt king of Palmyra, was highly carefled by that emperor, and even declared Auguftus. His widow Zenobia reigned in great glory for fometinK*} and J^onginus, the celebrated critic, was her fecretary. Not being able to brook the Roman tyranny, (he declared war againll the emperor Aureli:ui, who took her prifoner, led her in triumph to Rome, and put to death her priuL'ipal nobility, and among others, the eWellent Longinus. He afterwards deftroyed her cTity, aiul mailacred its inhabitants, but cxj>cndcd large fums out of Zejiobia's treat'ures, in re- pairing the temple of the Sun, the majeitic ruins of which arc hereunder mentioned. Travellers give but an impcrfed account of th.'.t celebrated c j nor do any of the Pidmyiene infcriptions readi above the ChrHtian tera, though there can be no doubt that the city itfelf is of much higher antiquity. The emperor Jurtinian made Ibme efforts to rellorc it to its ancient fplendor, but without ertcout ;jo miles north or Damafcus, ami the fame ea/l from the fea-coall, in 33 d^^^g. north lat. and 37 dcg. 30 min. eaa long. This pl..ce was by the Arabians called the \V'o;id..r of Syria ; and the magiiiikent ruins are Ci.-jtainly tlx- adniiiation of all tiavtllcts who behold tUzn\. A (up;;b parace, a nobh- tcinpii;, and fcwne other ruiiui, ftait'J at the foutli-wdl vf ilie towaj and liavuig been patched and pieced in later times, arc convert*^ into a caftle, as it is called. In approaching thele ve. ncrablc edifices, a rotunda or round pile attradlj tht view, encircled with pillars of the Corinthian ordtr which funport a cornice that tuns all round the (true! ture. 'I he whole, though greatly decayed, exhibit marks of allonilhing elegance and grandeur, bnnj; built of marble, circular without, and octangular within. 'I'hc Greeks, by whom it hath been conveiteil intoj church, have taken infinite pains to fpoil its bca,ity, by daubing it with plader. There is a luperb, lofty buiii ing contiguous to the rotunda, which leads tu a iio|||, arched portico, of 1,50 paces in length, th.-.t coiiduai you to a temple of allonifhing magnificence, which to a miracle hath withilnod the injuries uf time. It ism oblong fquarc, of 1 92 leet in length on the outfidc, and luo within. The breadth on the outfide is niiictvlii feet, and within fixty. The whole is furrounded by i noble portico, fupported by pillars of the Corinthian w. dcr, each of which confifts only of three (lones, thougii the height is fifty-four feet, and the diameter fix Im three inches } they arc nine feet diftant from each other, and from the wall of the temple: their number on eaci fide of the temple is fourteen, and at each end eight; the architrave arid co. uce arc cxquifitely carved d embelliflied. Round the temple, between the wall and pillars, is an arcade of large Hones, hollowed out arclw' wife, in the centre of each of which is a god, godJefi, or hero, executed with fuch animation as is fcarce con- ceivable. Round the foot of the temple wall is a doubit | border of marble, whofc lower parts are filled withb; relievo miniatures, expreflive of heathen ceremoniali I and mylteries. The entrance to the temple is the moll auguit imaginable, the afcent being by thirty Heps, bounded by a wall on each fide that leads to a pedeft]], on which a Itatue formerly flood. The front is com. pofed of eight Corinthian pillars, fluted like thofe that I go round the temple, and a nobly-proportioned triangu- lar pediment j in the midll of thefe pillars, at fix feet I dillance, are four others, refembling the former, anl | two more, with three faces each : all thefe form a por- tico fixty feet broad, and twenty-four deep, before die I door of the temple. Under the vault of the portico, die [ entrance uf the temple appears through thefe pillars in I admirable proportion. The portal is fquare, and of marble, forty feet high, and twenty-eight wide, die aperture being about twenty ; from this portal the bot- tom of the lintel is feen, embelliflied by a piece of fculp. ture not to be paralleled in the univerfe : it riiprelciiis a prodigious large cagL* in baflb relievo, his wings are expanded, and ho carries a caduceus in his pouiicesi on eitlier fide a cupid appears, holding the one end ofa fellooii by a ribbon, as the eagle himielf holds the odiet in his b.'ak, in am.tnncr inimitably fine. The temple is divided into three ailes, two narrow I on the fides, and one bioad in the middle, by three ro« of flutec', Corinthian pillars, of near four feet in diameter, and about thirty-lix feet iji height, including tht poJellal: A -I A.] TURK K Y. <7l In. Kill': the pillars arc la in niiml);;r, fix of a ful.-, at iS ut ilill^'iC'-" 'f'"" •'•'^''' other, and iv. tVoin the w.ill'-. 'I'hs wall" themf'-lvts are ilccoraicii by iwo rnws of nilal^ers, one above the oih.-r, and between each tv.t) [,• t!;o l'>AernM(l is ii niche !,■; lecihighi ih'j bottoms ot ih.' iiidict are upon a level with the bales oC the pil- lars Hiici ihe wall to that heij;ht is wrouirtu in th;; pro- n)rtion (It •' C.iriiithiaii pcdeltal : the nitii'.T. theiTil'elves jc Coiiiitlii.m, ami executed with inimitable delicacy. Over the round nicheK arc a row of (iiuare ones be- tween tlic pilalters of tl'.c ii].i>er (,ider : the ornamentN arc mjrblc, and the pediment triangular. At tlu wed enJ o: the niid.lle ailc, you alccnd to a choir by i;^ ileps: Ithi' choir is dillinguilhed from the rclt of the fabric by tifn I'll g>-" Icjiiarc columns adorned v^ith pilallers, which fonn a liipeib entrance, i'hc profufion of admirable fcul'iture h:re is allonilhingi but the architecture is the fnic as in the b^nly r( the temple, except that the niches llaiiil upon the pavement, and the pillars arc without pcdidals. 'I"he principal deity formerly worlhippcd here tlood ill a vaft niche at the bottom of the choir. The choir is open towards the middle. The whole pile ftands uiwn vaults of fuch excellent architedfure, and fo bold in their conllrudlion, that it is imagined they were de- Ifigntd for fomelhing more than merely to fupport the [luperincumbcnt building. This temple anciently was I accompanied by fomc other magnificent buildings, as is Uvideiit from four al'cents to it, one upon eac-li angle, [with marble Heps long enough for ten people to go up I iibreaft. The palace, which is in what the Turks call the ICaftle, miilf have been one of the moll fuperb itruc- Itures that imagination can conceive, but it is much jmore decayed than the temple. It ought to be obferved, [that the old wall which enclofe* both thefe ftrudtures lis comiOTfcd of lUch prodigious blocks of ftone as almoft Itranl'ccnds belief; three in particular that lie dole to [each other in a line extend 183 feet, one being 63 feet lin length, and the other two 60 feet eacti. A dark larched vault, containing many bufts, leads to an hcxa- Igonal building vvhich forms a fpacious theatre ; the end |«|)ens to a terrace which is al'ceiided by marble ileps ; lyou then enter a fquarc court furrouiided by magnifi- cent buildings : on each hand are double rows of pil- flars, which form galleries of 66 fathoms in length and Itight in brtadth. The bottom of this court is occu- Ipied by a building amazingly fumptueus, which ap- Ipears to have been the body of the pal.nce ; the columns lare as large as thofe of the Hippodrome at Conllanti- Irople, nine of them are Handing, and a good piece of Ithe entablature. But it is furpriliiig that each of thefe llarge columns is made of one entire block only. All Ithe buildings in this caftle front the caft,- and the Co- llinthian cider prevails throughout the whole ; there is ■no place where fuch precious remains of architedlure and fculpture are to be found ; as the fine tafte of irccce,«and the magnificence of Rome, feem to be blended; the ornaments are at oace iiuiumerable and ex()uifitc. lltncHth the whole arc VAulty, in which vad flights of nnuble (luirs, of yi-o ftcps In a P.i^rhr, aic fic- (pieiiily found. The turn .iiid ehvation ol tliel'j \aultii are bold and ruipiilMig | ih'.-y contain n.uny nnhlc liiilU and fu|>erb apartnuiits, admirably dicoiatcd. Ui.iiie of thefe v;'.uhs are dark, «)tlieis n.ceive light fi(tn l.iijji; windovNS which fUind on the level of the groui;d .ibuvf : but the inotl fiiigiilar (irciinilaiice is, th.it ;dl iheJij ndonilhin.'^ 1 Jilices are built with fuch emuinoiis rtdiits as thofe bcdne-mentioiicil, vvithout any viiible i.gt.s of iiiort^r, or any kind ol ceir.cnt wliatever. The prefent city is furrouiuitd willi a v.dl of lipiare iloms, and fome towers in good conilitiun ; the (;ardens in the environs are plealant, fruin'ul, and well watered. Many houfes which contain vaii^/U'* npanmcnts, me cut out of the fnlid rocks. Coi.i c*urcs of a very different nature have been formed cor.cerning the founders of thefe immenfe buildings. The innabitunts of Afia al'cribe them to Solomon, but fiwne make them fo mo- dern as the time of Antoninus Fiiis. Perhaps they are of difi'erent xras ; and though that prince and his fuc- ceflbrs may have rebuilt fome part of them, yet the boldiul's of their architedlure, the beauty of their orna- ments, and the llupendous execution of the whole, feem to fix their found.ition to a period before the chrifti.in sera, but without going back to the ar.cient times of the Jews or Phoenicians, who probably knew little of the Greek ftyle in building and ornamenting. Balbec is at prefent a little city, enconipalled v/ith a wall. A free-done quarry in the neighbourhood fur- niflicd the ftones for the body of the temple j and one of \he ftones, not quite detached from the bottom of the quarry, is 70 feel ng, 14 broad, and 14 feet five inches deep, which, reduci i to our meafure, is 1 i'3j tons. The ornamental parts were furni(htd from a coarfe white marble quarry, at a greater diftance. The cities of Mecca and Medina are curiofities only through the fnperilition of the Mahometans, Their buildings are mean, when compared to European houfes or churches ; and even the temple of Mecca, in point of architedlure, makes but a forry appearance, though eredltd upon the fpot where the great prophet is faid to have been born. 1 he fame may be faid of the mofqiie at Medina, where that impoftor was bu- ried ; fo that the vail fums fpent yearly by Mahometan pilgrims, in viliiing thofe places, are undoubtedly converted to temporal ufcs. We (liall not amufe the reader with any accounts of the fpot which is faid to have forincd Paradife, and to have been fituated be- tween the river Euphrates and the Tigris, where there are fome tradls which undoubtedly deferve that name. The different ruins, fome of them incxprcflibly mag- nificent, that are to be found in thofe immenfe regions, cannot be appropriated with any certainty to their ori- ginal founders ; fo great is the ignorance in which they have been buried for thefe thoufand years pad. It is indeed eafy fopronounce whether the ftyle oftheirbujld- ings be Greek, Roman, or Saracen j but their infcrip- X X i, lions 171 A NEW ANo COMPLF.TK SYSTF.Nf oi UNIVERSAL CF.OORAPIIY. tions will give tliu b.'li inlortnution concerning > p.irt'kular?. Til'-' (Vut of Old Troy cannot be diflingnidietl by tk>' finullclb vcltii'e, aiuf is kr\own only by its biiiig rnpiCti* to the illc of Tciifilos, and the name of a ro^k, whiili thi: poets ni.i^niticd into a river. A ti.in- S'c of iTiaibIc bmlt in liononr of AiigiilUis C«:f;ir, at lililFu in Cnrij, and a lew UnnMincs <><' ilie funic kind, in ilic neigliboiirho'Ht, are aitiony the aiuitjnities that arc Ihll entire. Tlirce theatres of while marble, ami a noble eircns near Laoilicea, now Latiehea, have futfert'd very little from time or barb.irilin ; and fome travellers think that the ruin.'; of the celebrated temple of Diana, near Fphefus, may be difccrncd. CHAP. IV. The Provinces and chit-f Tonns «/TunKr.r. THE province of Eyraca-Arabic, Yerark, <»r luck- Arabi, hath been anciently termed Shinaar, ba- bylonia, and Chaldea. It lies between 30 and 40 dfg. north latitude; and is bounded on the north by Diarbec ; on the well, by the diferts of Sham ; on tlie fouth, partly by the fame detcrts, as thofe of Arabia ; and by the Median and AlFyrian mountains, on the calf. The air of this cotintry is in general vciry fercnc atwl temperate, but at certain times is fo extremely dan- gerous, and the heats fo excellivc, that fornwrly many «f the inhabitants iifcd to !kep in ciftcrns of wsier ; and this pernicious pradicc is at prefent not entirely difcontinned. The inhabitants^arc foraetimcs vilited by a pellilential wiml, which has greatly excited the attention of travellers and philofophers. As they have xio rains for eight months in the year, and fomeiimes much longer, the land is watered from the Euphrates, and other rivers, by means of a great number of cn- gires admirably conltrudtd for that pnrpofc. The country, in general, yields grain two hundred fold, and frccjiiently three hundred ; and its fertility is fiich, that it would allonilli a traveller who had leen all the reit of the known world. The palms, parti- cularly thofe of the date kind, afford the inhabitants meat, wine, and honey. The millet and fefame Ihoot tip to the liae (if tree?, and the barley and wheal have leaves of four lingers in breadth. They have neither o!ivo mm. cU ionniuiili'. oriim about a 50 milts l'oiith-i.-a(l t'luin B.ig- (liJ, ami '■! p louih-wclt l'r(>iu Ifpalun : it vvai built A. D- ^'.'i''' ^^ Omar the Uioiuf caliph, in onli-r to lilt 0*" the CDininiiniiation bctwct'^i Perfia and India. Tliis 'i'V i'* '" njilis in ciicnmk-icnce, opuh nt and j„,,,ii|(iiis, hilt till' byililings have iKuhing extr.i.irilinary iniiiciTi, the, hollies bcmy only two Ihiiies hif;h, built with bricki dried iii the Inn, aii.l fiat on the tops. The circumjacent country is exceedingly fertile and (lillghtfiil. It is fiibjeft to an Arabian prince, who isuibutury to the grand fcij^nior. fhc Province of Dimkric, or MnsoroTAMi a. THIS country extends about 6co miles along tlic [ banks of the Euphrates and Tigris, from Nlount Taiiris, on the north, to the Perlian gulph on the fouth. 1 he breadth is in fome places 300, and in others 150 miles. The air is exceedingly temperate I iiul fertile. The country products (ilk ; and is fcr- I tile with very little cultivation, being rich in grain, fruits, r.iid palturage. Numerous Hocks and abun- dance of cattle feed on the latter ; ytt there arc con- fiderable uninhabited dcferts in (bine parts. 'I'he celebrated rivers liiiphrates and Tigris now through this country, and not only fupply it with excellent filh, but contribute exceedingly to its beauty and I fertility. 1 Tlip Tigris rifes in the Armenian mountains ; and acquired its name from its rapidity, the word, in the Median language, ilgnifying a durt ur arrow. It I palfes through the lake Arcthufa, and afterwards fink.- linElnto the earth, tifcs again on the other I'idc of I Nfount Tauris. It proceeds from thence to the lake jTdefpites, but, in the way, hides itfelf for. the fpace I of 25 miles, and afterwards proceeds with great ra- jpidity. Between Aifyria and Mefopotamia, it receives heveral rivers; and below Bagdad branches into two I channels, both which difembogue themfelves into the I Euphrates, and form an iflatid by that means. I But the mod conliderabie river in Alia is the I Euphrates, which, takes its foiircc in Mount Tauris; Iprocceding wefterly, it crollbs Turcomania, then tuni- jjiig fouthward, it divides Syria from Diarbec. After- I wards runnitig along the wellern limits of Arabia JDLferta, it waters a great number of tixwns, and then jfluws fmootlily to. the city of Alia, where the reflux, lor tides of the Perlian gulph, dilturb it.s (Iream, and |difi:ol()iir its waters, ^though ninety miles dillance from jtt. At about 60 miles from the Perlian gulph it paiics with the Tigris. In general it Hows gently. «75 ■ -i" 'ii \ — 77— rr Tr-r-vTr'"»rrBil—UlMM— — anil waters a great niiiiihri oi f>iii'e and drlishlfil plains; iti banks arc caibtllilJied with p<.'rpen dure, and adorned by many trees, pirticularly palms i it is neither deep nor v^ide, except wh.-n the melting of the fnovvs on the Ar'nieniaii iiioiiiitains occafioni it to fwell ; but the wat' is arc dcctntd very falubrioiis. Diarbec is the thief (ity of this proviacj: it ii litiiated in :)7 ileg. 3,) nun. north i atiii i\o dig. 50 mill, call longitude, and encoinpa.l' d by two wallf;, the niitermull of which is il '.ended by 72 towers ; there are but three gates, over that towards the welt fomc Latin and Cireik infcriptions arc feen, th()ugh many of the lettns are aliiioll (ih'itcrate complete SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. i.; in '■< .' \ti ii liniatcil at the hiad ol' t!ie river Scirfas, on tliecall fide of til.': Kiipiiratcs, anil a[)i)iit 6o miles from it. The inhabitants aflirm, that it was tiic place where the city of ivHtlfe (tooil, and wheie Abraham dwelt. The city is fiiriDiinded by a good ((one wall, and is about two leagues in compafs, but the lioiifes in general are dt felled, and in a ruinous tf)n(lition, and tiiofe that are inhabited are but low and ill built ; upon the whole tilt; pl.ire reknifih s nioie a wiKlcrnefs tlian a metropo- lis llidiigh Taveiiiier is inclined to deem it the ca- pifil' ot Mefopotamia ; the inhabitants carrv on a i;ic:;t vude in fome excellent tapcflries and yellow eatiicr. Ti»e neighbouring country is exceedingly rich in corn, wine, fruits, cVc. the city is goveriieil by a bcg- Itrberg, v ho has 150 janiilaries, and 6co fpahis under his command, 10 awe the Arabian free-hooters. Se- veral pltafant gardens fiirround the walls of the city, and arc watered by fmall artificial canals, which flow through cuts from one that is pretty large ; in the time of our Saviour, tliis city and territory had a prince of it.fown named Agbarus. Mofnl, or fn juirul, (lands on the banks of the Tigris, and is (iii.atcd in 36 dcg. ^59 min. north lati- tude, and 43 deg. ^a(l longitude, oppoiitc to the ruins of the ancient city of Nineveh, It is Airrounded bv handfomc ilone waLs, and is very fpacious, being about a league in circutnfercnce, but the number ot inh. bitants are not proportionable to the extent. Tiie f>eople have great comm.'rcial connexions with tlie iii- labitants of Bagd.nd, aud the merchants of Curdilfan. Caravans liktw ife pafs tlirough it to and from Perlia. The baila, whofe reiidence is in the callle, has always <5jcn men under his command. It is fingular, that the foil on the city fide of the river is exceedingly bar- ren, but on the oppolite it is very fertile. The heat is fo cxceflivc in fummer, that none go out of doors from two hours after fun rife till an hour after fun fet. There is iikewife a malig ant and da"gerous wind called Samiel, which reigns from hence , j ^.'-irat, and is fiippofed to be the fame calf wind m "iitioned by Job. It is impregnated with little Hreaks of fire as fmall as iiairs, which immediately kill thole who breathe or inhale them, and turn ilicm as black as a coal. When the people percei\e iliem coming, they fall flat ou their (aces, and foinefimes efcape. Tliis wind is felt chieHy on the banks of the river, but not on the water, and is deemed to proceed from ful- phiMous vapours, which are kindled by agitation. Independent of this wind the hot air is o(ten dan- gerous, and injures the lungs, intlames the blood, and parches the (km, or raiCes it into blillers, and occa- (ions it to peel of. On this account travellers wear a kind of malk made of a fof: black crape to preferve their eyes. But if after all their precaution they be- come inflamed, the afflicted perfun anoints tjiem with a mixture of fugar and long pepper fjfted very fine, and made into a falve. In Diarhcc are a few olhcr lefs coniiderable citjcj and towns ; namely, Bir, or Beer, in 37 deg. 15 min. north latitude, ar,j :^H deg. ij min. eait longitude. It is (ituated on iht litle of a hill to ihc e:i!t of the Kiiphraies, and d;. (ended by two large old callles, the one on the lanj (ide, and the other on the banks of the river. Tin garrifon confills of about 200 janilfaries, ami joj fpahis, commanded by a fangiac. The neighbouring territory is pleafaiit, fertile, and well cultivated, exccn' to tlic ealluard, where it is rough, hilly, and rath 7 fieri le. Gezira, in 37 dcg. 30 min. north lat. and3()de5, 10 min. ea(l long. It is (ituated in an illand ii, tlie Tigris; and is a fmall, but rich commerc'tl city, governed by a bey. Amadia, or Amad, is about 72 miles caft from Gezira, and the fame weft from Mofiil. Zibin, in the midway between Orfa and Moful, is a tolerable town, (ituated on an afcent. It is fur. rounded with good walls and ditches, well fupnlitj with fprings and foimtains, and is furniflied with pro. vilions in great plenty Nifbin, or Nafbin, ^.bout 3,5 miles from the Tigris, is divided into two ward", each on an eminence, wiili a large trad of plougned land between. Seven! arciies, gates, and the remains of a nQ'">le church are (fill vilible. Thi' Province o/"Curdistan, or Ass v I R I .\. THIS divifion lies on the eaft fide of the Tigris, towards Perda, which bounds it on the call ; it lutli the Tigris on the wett, Eyraca-ArabJj on the fuiiili, and Turcomania on the north. It is not above 90 miles broad towards the fouth, but to the northward it extends near 20c miles fr' snd murder the whole company. '!'he)' dwell in iiiiti I while the weather permits, and do not retire to the villages till the fnovv compels then'. The city of I dhs is built between two high moun.'ains ; ihc caltle u jituateti AsiA.l TURKEY. t77 :oniulcrable ciiicj fituated upon a hill tliat refembles a fugar-loaf ; and I there is no conning at it but by a winding path cut in a rock, which is exceedingly (Icep, nigged, and diffi- cult to afccnd. There are three draw-bridges before [ the caftle. Cherefoiil, called by fome the capital of Curdiftan, I IS in 36 dcg. north lat. and 45 deg. eaft long, and lituated about 150 miles north of .Bagdad. The Ihoufes are all hewn out of a rofK on the fide of a liill, which extends a mile in length, and there is an lafccnt to them of about 20 flcps. The balfa, or go- Ivetnor of the province, who hath feveral fangiacs I under him, refides here. Arbela (celebrated in hiflory for the decifive battle I fought, in a plain near it, between Alexander the IGreat and Darius) is in 35 deg. n()rth lat. and ']■] Ideg. 20 min. eaft longitude, and fituated between the jCaprus and Lycus, or the two Zabs, as fome writers Iterm thofc rivers. To thefe we may adil, Harpel, a large town, and Ifk refidence of a fangiac : it is lituated on the river ICaprus, and fiirroimded by a mud-wall. The houfes |are mifcrr.bly built. In this province is likewife the Itown of Holwan, in 35 deg. north lat. and 47 deg. lie min, taft longitude : it is fituated between the Imountains that divide the Perfian Irak, Curdiftan, and Chaldea. TURCOMANIA, or ARMENIA. THIS province is bounded on the north by Georgia ; on the fouth, by Mefopotamia ; on the eaft, by Per- jfia; on the weft, by Cappadocia and the Lelfer Ar- mnia, from which it is feparatcd by the Euphrates. It extends from 38 deg. 20 min. to 42 deg. north latitude, and from 39 to a4molt 42 deg. north longi- kuile, ami from 39 to almoft 42 deg. eaft longitude. It is about 300 miles in length, and 200 in breadth. The country, which, in genei-al, is exceed' '^ly nountainous, produces nothing without the mol. lU- llclaiigable indiiftry; every II'hI of grain is but indif- letent: the wine is likewle bad. The cold being Irery intenfe, occafions the fruit to be extremely back- ward. There are, however, fome fine dales and bleafant valiies interfperfed among the hills. A'arat, the Paryadrac, Marufiiis, Antitaunis, Abus, Jiphaies, Mofchick, andGordyaan, are the principal nountains. The rivers which water this country ire the Cyrus, Lycus, Phafis, Araxes, Tygris, and pluplirates. Arzenim, or Erzcron, is the capital city of Tur- lomania. It is a place of great trade, and fituated on he northern extrtmity of the province, about ten days Nriiey froin the frontiers of Perfia, and five from the BlaiicSea: it is defended by a good caftle, and has a Irong garrifon of janiifaries commanded by an aga; bout ii!/3oo Turks, 8000 Armenians, and joo Greeks refide here. The Armenians are allowed to have a biftiop ; and they have two churches, and feveral monafteries. The city Van, or Wan, is fituated on a lake of the fame name, one of the largeft in Afia, in 3S dt g. i a min. north latitude, and 44 deg. 55 min. eaft long. It is large, and ftands at the toot of a high craggy moim- tain, in which there is a fortrefs deemed impregnable, that commands the town and country, and has a ftnong Turkilh garrifon. The lake is 150 miles in circum- ference, receives many rivers into its bofom, and con- tains feveral iflands ; two of thcfe, viz. Linidafi and Adafeton, arc confiderablc, each having little villages and a monaftery of Armenian monks on it. Here are a great variety of fine fifti, pajticularly one of the pilchard kind, large quantities of which are exported tQ many diftant places, as well as confumed at home, being ufed in fauces, and eaten in the fame manner as anchovies. Cars, or Kars, called by the Turks, Azem, is in 40 deg. north latitude, and 43 deg. 2q. min. calt longitude, about 150 miles north of Arzcruui. Tiie city is defended by a ftrong caftle built upnnaftecp rock : the houfes are mean, and in a ruriioiis Condi- tion. The cotintry about it, though naturu!!y fertile, is but very little cultivated. The bafhavv of Cars is fubie6l to the governor of Arzcrum. Irvan, Erivan, or Chirvan, is fituated in 40 deg. 10 min. north lat. and 45 deg." 30 min. eaft long. It is about 180 miles eaft of Arzenim, and has been al- ternately poireflTcd by the Turks and Perfians. It is a fpacious place, but ill built, and very dirty. The town is watered by two rivers, and the neighbouring country ;s extremely fertile in corn, wine, rice, cot- ton, &c. Here provifions are exceedingly cheap, particularly game, and the fruits and wine are ad- mirable. T he public fquare, or piazza, is hand- fome ; and the bazar, or market, capacious. The baths and caravanferas, as well as the governor's palace, are elegant and roomy buildings. The river Zangeric iftiies from the lake of Erivan, which is about "25 miles in circumference, and contains an iiland with an Armenian monaftery, the monks of which lead a life uncommonly auftere, never fpcakii.g to each other but four times a year. Nackfivan ftands about 63 miles fouth of Erivan, and about feven^leagues from the Araxes, in 39 deg, north lat. and 75 deg. eaft long. It contains many bazars, caravanferas, public baths, coffce-houfcs, hand- fomc ftreets, &c. The celebrated battle between Lu- culliis and Mithridates was fought near it. Zulpha (or Old Zulpha, to diftingiiifh it fiom New Zulpha, near Ifpahan, in Perfia) ftands on the Araxes, which begins to be navigable about fix miles below the town. rJear it are feveral Armenian mo- nafteries, the monks of which are Roman Catholics of the Dominican order. The diftrid contains abotit 60DO fouls, v\ho are jdl Roman Catholics, .vhofe mode 1 Yy ^ of tl..*" J 7? A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. '"m of wordiip is the fame with thofe of Europe, except tlu mafs is celebrated in the Armenian iiidead of the Latin tongue. Their archbifhop is chofcn by them- folves ; but he is obliged to go to Rome to be con- firmed by the pope before he can officiate. At tlie loot of a high mountain near Ziilpha are fome me- dicinal fprings, particularly cele'jrated (among their uther virtues] for curing perfons bit by any venomous ar.ima). Georgia, :iic!u4/'ng MinoRihi a and I MAfitrr a. GEORGIA, or Gurgiftan, fs bounded on the north by Circailia ; on the fouth. by Armenia; on the cad, by Daghellan ; an:? on the v/cft by the Euxine or I3lack Sea. It is partly fubjed to the Turks, and partly to the Perlians ; abounds with mountains and woods, whi(h are interfperfed with a variety of beau- tiful vales and fertile plains. The aircf this country is dry, cold in winter, and hot in fumrner. It produces all kinds of fruits, which are excelleiit, and the bread is hardly to be paralleled. There is iilenty of fine cattle ; the pork is admirable ; the wild and tame fowl incomparable ; and the fiO), both of fea and river, equal to any in the univerfe. Here are likewife produced great quantifies of excel- lent fiik. The Georgians in general are by fome travellers faid to be the handfomed people in the world ; and fome think that they early received the pradicc of inoculation for the fmall-pox. They make no fcruple of felling and drinking wine* in their capital p id other towns ; and their valour has procured them many dif- tiiiguifhing liberties and privileges. Lately they formed an alliance with Ru({ia, whofe protcdlion they clainied. They are, however, reprcfented as great liars ; impla- cable in their hatred ; addicted to drunkennefs, luxury, ju.d libertinifm. The clergy in general are woife than ihe laity, and the women are as vicious as either. They hurt their beauty with paint, and their minds by the inoft licentious behaviour. They arc all ufurcrs, and afFcdl a grave deportment. All religions are to- lerated in Georgia, every one beinijat liberty to think, pray, and fpcak as he pleafes. The Armtnirns are the richcft people here, occupy the principal places of tru{\ and power, and arc more numerous than the Georgians themfclvcs. The principal rivers arc the Kur or Cyrus, and the Aragus ; the firfl rifes in the Mofchian mountains, and difihargcs itfclf into the Cafpian fea ; the latter fprings from the moiintr.ins which fcparate Iberia from Colclils, and fall., imo the C'yrus. TcHis, the capital, is a hanJfuiiie city, and makes a fi:ie appearance, its inhabitants being abt)ut 30,000. It is liitiateil-at the focjt of a mountain, by the fide of the river Knr, and is furrouiiderl by ftrong walls, ex- cept 911 the fide of the river. It has a large fortrcls on the declivity of the mountain, which is apUctof refuge for criminals and debtors, and the garriion con. fifts of native Perfians. There arc fourteen chuitln, in Tcflis, fix of which belong to the Georgians, atj J the reft to the Armeniins : the Maliometans, whojn] here, have no mofmies. In the neighbourhood of iliJi city are many pleaiant houfesand fine gardens. The weftern parts of Iberia or Georgia, which ti» moderns call Mingrelia, but which was known totht ancients by the appellation of Colchis, is bounded oj the eafl by Georgia, properly fo called ; on tlie wtH, by the Euxine fea ; on the |iorth, by Mount Ciura.! fus ; and, on the fouth, by Armenia and part of Pontui, The following rivers run through Mingrelia, viz, the Corax, Hippus, Cyancus, Chanftus, Abfaruji Ciffa, Ophis, a.nd Phafis where the Argonauts landed! | All the above rivers empty themfelves into thcEuxinil fea; but none of them are confiderable, except tke I Phafis, which rifes in Mount Caucafus. TiieinJu.! bitants of this celebrated mountain are faid tobitil little befides fpeech, which can entitle them to huiu. f nity; they arc taU and well made, their looks utj fierce, and indicate tho favage difpofition of thcitl minds. I Mingrelia is in general extremely woody, fullifl hills, and but little cultivated; the foil is badaoif flerile, the fruits are all ill tafled and unwhoiefon except the grapes, which might be converted intti fome of the beft wine in the univerfe, if the natiral did but know hovr to make it. The country, ho«-{ ever, abounds in beeves, hogs, wild boars, and gdl venllbn; li'iewife in partridges, pheafants, quails, &c| falcons, eagies, pelicans, tigers, leopards, wol(eS|| aiidjackalis, breed on Mount Caucafus. | They make their bread of a fmall grain cilUl gomcn : it is agreeable to the tade, faUtbrious, coil ing, and laxative. Their principal food is b«ef2nii| pork. They have a great number of excellent 1 which are never (hod, nor fed with corn. Here are no towns, except two little ones by ikl fca-fide, but the country is every where intcrfpnfM with houfes. The'' "iftles are built of ftone, to tiit| height of about fifty feet, in the midfl of a thefc are about ten in number, in the principaUl which, named Rues, the prince keeps his coinl They have many huts made of branches of tfe«i| canes, and reeds, and are (o fecure in thcfe K\m.t,l that none can come at them, but by one windiijl narrow paflage, which, when they apprehend an »| tack, is always (lopped up. They have neither win-l d'jws nor chimnies, but are furnilhed with bcdsmJl couches ; and the whole family, together with iliil cattle, all lie in one room ; night. I As to the natives, the nien are well-proportiontil and the women pretty, bir they paint ilieir faccsuil eye-brows ; they wear their hair in curkil ringk!*! arc witty and polite, but vain, luxurious, treachewl and ferocious j dexterous thieves, and glory in till pradiftl %^y^ Asia.] TURKEY. 179 P' raflice. They think it prudent, as well as lawful, have many wives, becaufe they bring them many children, whom they can fell for money, or barter f necelfa iCS ; when children, however, come too 'Jiick thf io not heiitate to murder them. Tiiey Skewife murder the fick and aged, and pretend they Joitwiihthe benevolent defigii of piittmg them out f .|-,ir inifery. A'iultery is though; but a trifle: when a m*" catches another in familiarity with his wife, he obliges him to pay a hog, which is imme- diitely dreffcd, and all three partake of the fcaft in a very loving manner- They profels' the chriftian religion; but are ex- ceedingly ignorant ofc all its duties and precep^ts ; few of the clergy can- either write or r^ad ; but they neatly ittipofe upon the laity, by pretending to di- iination. They attribute the converfion of their an- ceftors to St. Andrew. ImaRETTA is about 120 miles in len^gth, and 60 in breadth; it contains many hills and woods, but the plains produce corn, cattle, pulf«, &c. It is upon the whole more fertile and plentiful than Mii:grelia. They have feme excellent iron mines, carry on a oreat deal of commerce, and coin money. The prin- cipal towns in this principality are Cotatis and Akal- liki. Cotatis is fituated at the foot of a wiouiuain, on the top of which there is a ftrong caftle to com- mand and defend it. It is watered by the Phafis ; the town has no walls, and conttKns only about soo boufes : it lies in 4a deg. 23 min. north htitude, and 43 deg- 54 ™'"' "^^'^ longitii e. Akalziki is fituated in a hole, fi*rounded by about 20 hills, in 41 deg. 55 Biin. north latitude, . and 44 deg. 55 min. eaft longi- tude; the river Kur flows very near it. The town I,, tains about 400 houfes, which are built of wood, and the vvJls and fortifications are old and ruinous ; the inhabitants are a mixfre of Georgians, Arme- nians, Jews, Turks, Greeks, &c. who have feveral cluitches and a fynagogue. The northernmolt of thefe countries is Abcav- cver, deal in the fkins cf tigers, deer, &c. box-wooJ, jhoney, wax, and thread, which they exchange with the merchants who come upon the coafl, for many itliings which they have occafion for. They go almort naked, and live in little mean low huts. They were [once Chriilians, but are at prefent exceedingly igno- rant, and little better than favages. With refpeft to the Mameluks, who were once fo celebrated in Afia and Kgypt, thefe people were no Iclher originally than Georgian ^'Mldren, who being, broiigiit up to a mHitary lite, became fo poweilul as to revolt againit their raallers, and uttrp the throne of itgvpt. I This country has lately chimed independence, and put itfclf under ilie dominion of Ruilia. C li A P. V. Natolia, or/^f Lessi:r Asia, in tbfWtsr. Chief Towns, Inhabitants, Buildings, Rivers, Ue, NATOLIA, or Anatoiia Proper, is the neareft to Europe, and the largeft of the four provinces iutc which Ana Minor is divided. It extends almoft from 26 to 35 deg. of eaft longitude, and from 37 to 41 deg. of north latitude ; being bounded on the weQr by the Archipelago and Propontis; on the north, by the Euxine fea ; on the fouth, by Caramania ; and, on the eaft, by Amalia and Aladulia ; and contains the provinces of Bithynia, Myiia, the Lelfcr Plirygia, i£olis, Ionia, Caria, Doris, Lydia, Phrygia, Paphla- gonia, and Galatia. The chief ^owns in Natolia, which merit our no- tice, are, Burfa, Nice, Smyrna, and Ephefus. Burfa is the capital of Bithynia, and was the me- tropolis of the whole Ottoman empire btlorc the Turks pcflefted themfelves of Conftantinople. It lies in 40 deg. 16 min. north lat. and 29 deg. 35 min. eaft long, and is fituated at the foot of Mount Ol) mpus, 20 miles from the fea of Marmora, and 58 fouth of Con- ftantinople : it is exceeding well built, and deemed one of the beft paved cities in all the Turkifli empire ; the ftreets are fpacious, the caravanferas noble and con- venient, and the mofques magnificent. This^ity ftill preferves a (liare of its ancient grandeur, beauty, and opulence ; it is likewife a place of confiderable tiuf- fick. In the bezeftine all kinds of commodities of home manufadtory, and others from the Levant, are expofed to fale. The workmen here manufaflure the beftfilks, hangings, carpets, tapcftrics, &c. in Turkey. The city is about three miles in circumference, but the walls are falling to decay. It is computed to con- tain 40,000 Turks. The fuburbs, which arc more fpacious and handfome than the city itfelf, are inha- bited by 4000 Jews, 500 Armenians, and 300 Greek' families, independent of many foreigners who are fet- tled here. The fine orchards, gardens, plantations of. mulberry, plantain, and other trees, &c. afford fonie of the molt delightful, pleafant, and fliady walks that imagination can conceive. All the necelTaries, and even luxuries of life, are excellent in their kinds, very plentiful, and quite reafonable : the wine in particular :s exquilite, and the filli of an excellent tafte and flavour. There is a caftle in the middle of the city : it was once the palace, but is now nuining to decay. The feragljo, built by Mahomet IV. is a noble edifice. There are fome excellent hot baths in the city ; and iii the fuburbs the Greeks haw three handfome churches, the Armenians one, and the Jews four fynagogucs. Nice, called by the Turks Nickor, ftaiids about 30^ miles from Conftantinople, in 40 deg. 32 inin. north lat. and 2^ deg. 40 min. eaft long, being fituated near a gulph ot the fea of Marmora, called Aftanio or Afcu ; . . though i86 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. [)' though its ancient fplcmlor is much diminilhecl, it is (till a confiderublc place, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants, Turks, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, wiipfe commerce is very great in corn, fruit, tapeitries, fine cloths, and other merchandize brought from the Levant. The (Ireets arc large and well built ; there is a ferai^lio in the liighell part of the town, Smyrna, which the Turks call Ifmir, lies in 38 dec;. 15 niin. north lat. and 27 deg. lo tnin. cad long. It is the beft fca-port town in the Levant, and the mofl: populous and opulent city of Afia Minor ; being about eight days journey/by land from Conltantinople, and about 133 leagues by water. In the time of the Romans, ^ it was looked upon as the mod beautiful of thcTenian cities, and was called, The Ornament of Afia. The commodious harbour and advantageous fituation of Smyrna have rendered it one of the mollopulentcities in Turkey. The haven is defended by a ftrong callle, and (heltered from all winds, except the wefterly, by high mountains. There is an afloni(hing conflux of people in Smyrna, of feveral nations, who differ in manners, drefs, language, religion, &c. The Turks occupy the greate(t part of the town ; the Protellants and Roman Catholics have their chapels, and the Jews a fynngogiie or two. The Armenians have a large handfome church, with a contiguous burying-ground. The principal buildings are the mofques, baths, niarkct, and khans, and fome of thefearc very noble ; the ftreets in general are narrow, inconvenient, and intricate ; but the mofl difagreeable circumllance to thofe who live here is the great heats, which com- mence in June, and continue till September : this city is likewife annually vilited by the plague. Provifions are extremely plenty in Smyrna : the tails of fome of the flieep weigh ten pounds, and are deemed a great dainty. The fifti taken in the bay arc excellent ; wild hogs, hares, and all other kinds of game, fowls, &c. maybe had in abundance; the wine, olives, fruits, &c. are all admirable. The muf- Guetoes, as well as a much fmaller flv, of which the name is unknown, are extremely troublefome, but more fo to (Irangers than natives ; lemon juice is the beft remedy for the fiery tumours which enfue. In the harbour are always (hips of almoft all na- tions, and all burthens. The European merchants bring hither a great variety of goods from Europe, the Eaft and Weft-Indie?, &c. export (inc and coarfe wool, filk, cotton, mohair, wax, rhubarb, gall nuts, opium, aloes, fcammony, tufty, galbanum, tacama- ' hac, giirn-tragacanth, ammoniac, and arable, myrrh, frankmcenfc, zedoar, Sec. The town is fuppofed to contain about 15,000 Turks, 10,000 Greeks, and 2000 Jews, brfides Armenians, Franks, &c. The whole country is exceedingly rich and fertile. In the nciglibourhood a kind of earth is found, which being boiled with oil makes excellent foap. Ephcfus is in 38 dee. 16 min. north lat. and 27 deg. 3 tnin. call long, it lies about ^o miles fouth of Smyrna, 23 from Miletus, and 63 from Laodicta and was anciently the metropolis of all Alia ; Ephcfm and Smyrna having been termed the eyes of Afn Minor; but of this once fplendid, opulent, and mai;. ni'icent city, nothing remains but about 30 honltj inhabited by Greek families, who are miferably poor, and fo exceedingly ignorant, that none of ihem art able to read the admirable epiftle with which St. Paul honoured them. The Greeks call this city Elcfu and the Turks have given it the name of Ajafalouch. There are many noble ruins, particularly of an aquc du£l, a theatre, and a circus. Ancyri, or, as the Turks call it, Angouri, or An- gora, is in 40 deg. north lat. and 32 deg. 58 min. call long. 250 miles' eaft of Smyrna. It is a very popu. lous and trading place. The inhabitants are ellimated at 40,000 Turks, 5000 Armenians, and loooGreelu, The chief manufailure was camblets; the evidence! of its primitive grandeur are innumerable ; the ftrceis, piazzas, &c being full of (lately remains, columns, fc. of the fined: marble, porphyry, red jafper, and other beautiful ftones, elegantly wrought ; the modern build- ings, however, are mean, low, and formed only of mud and turf. The (heep bred here are fome of the find, and the goats the moft beautiftil in the univcrfej the hair of the latter is of a dazzliiig whitenefs, as fine as filk. Natolia is excellently well watered ; the principil rivers rre the Zanthus, Cydnus, Meander, Granirns, Scamander, Cayfter, Hermus, Pailolus, and Caicus, which difcharge thcmfelves into the MctiKrraneaa and Euxinc fcas, the Archipelago, and the F.nphraies. The principal lake is Gool-Biig-Shaw, 50 miles long, and 20 broad. •'■ '-^^ A M A S I A.« 4-' • ' THIS province is boimded on the north by tlie Euxine feu ; on the fouth, by Caramania and Ala- dulia ; on the eaft, by Armenia ; and on the welt, by Natolia Proper. The capital city, called alfo Amafia, and by tlie Turks Amnafan, is abou: o :. miles from the Euxiiie fea, and 40 eaft of Tocat, iituatcd on the river Iris, or Cafalmach, as it is now called. Though the place is large, the commerce is inconfiJcrable ; the river, however, is navigable for (liips of great but then up to the town itfelf. On a mountain to the call tlicrcisa ftrong caftle, and a wooden bridge over the river, There are only two caravanferas at prefent in tlie city. This was formerly a place of great beauty and impiirtance. Trapezonde, or Trebizondc, called by the Ti:rki Tarabozan, is fituated in the ancient Pontiis Cappa- docia, on the ealtern parts of Amalia, at the foot ot a hill. It it a kind of peninfula, running into the Euxiae fea. It lies in 41 deg. ,5 min. north lat. and 39 deg, UstA.] t U R K lE V. iL deK. 2B mm cait long, at about 18 miles diflaiicc rom Tocat. The walls of Ihis' city arc high and rong. defencfed b^ towers, battlements, &c. The tnviro'ns, though little cultivated, are very fertile ; the neighbouring mountains are covered with ftntcly woods of various frees, fuch as oaks, elms, beech, &c. which Le of an aftonifliing height, and the whole face of the countryforms an agreeable landfcape. Intliecity, the cardens and groves are as numerous as the houfcs ; but the fuburbs, which . are inhabited by Greeks arid Ar- menians, are more extenfive and poj^ulous than the citv i'fs'f* A g""*^^ *^^*' of rock-hon6y is found in the adjacent parts, which is fo exceedingly lufcious as to tender the eating much of it dangerous. Tocat, or New Cxfarea, lies in 38 deg. 48 min. Ltth lat. and 30 deg. 58 min. eaft I6ng. and is a con- siderable thoroughfare for the caravans to Smyrna. It illands partly at the foot, and partly on the fides of two high hills, on the river Tofanlu. The environs extremely fertile, fome excellent jplants are pro- vuced, and curious foflils found, particularly many fubterraneous vegetations of admirable beauty. The irrifon confifts of about 1000 janitTaries and fpahis. ere are twelve mofqucs with minarets, and many without; feven Armenian churches, and one Grieek hapel. The city and fuburbs are fuppofed to contain 0,000 Turkifli, 4000 Armenian, and about ^00 Gre«k Ifamilies. ALADULIA, OR ANADULIA. THIS country, which is the third divifion of Afia iMinor, is called, by the Turks* Dulgadir. It is unfit ■for the purpofes of agriculture, being rough and hilly ; liut abounds in excellent palture, and produces abun- dance of excellent fruit, wines, and cattle, particu- llatlyhorfes and camels, befides vaft herds of goats and lihccp; venifon, all kinds of game, &c. There is llih'er, copper, iron, alum, &c. in the mountains. Ajazzo, or Lajazzo (placed by fome geographers In ICaramaiiia) was formeiiy called Iflus, and is fituatcd |i:i a gulph of the Mediterranean, to which it gives its Irame. It is a neat, llrong, opulent, fea-port town, |and was anciently a place of very great rmportailce. Marat, Mars, or Mar^h, is a large well-built city, lin trie louth-eaft boundaries of the province. It is Ijituated on a f'niall river, which falls into the Euphrates l«bout 1X0 miles to the ibuthward of Trcbizonde : it is la place of fome commerce, and a bafhaw rcfides here. Caifa, the ancient' Ciifarea, is a large town on the [banks of the Milas^ near mount Arg*us, and about 70 Imilcs weft of Seifa?. The walls are ftrong, and flanked IwiA towers. The cnfHe is in the centre of the city. jThe bazar is handiome, and well ftirnfftied with all Jfi^ts of mcfchandixe, the houfes in its neighbourhood jart built cither in the form of a tower wim a cupola, Iw thoy rcftmble a fugar-loaf. Their principal trade is in cotton, th? river. The city is well i'upplied with v/at»r fr«dR C AR AM A N I A. THE province of Caramania extends itfelf along the Mediterranean coaft from north to fouth, comprifing the ancient Pamph3;Ha, Pifidi'a, Lycaonia, and Cilicia, THrith part of Ifauria, Phrygia, Pucatiana, Cappado- cja, &c. It, reaches from vhc neighbourhood of Alex- andretta to tlie gulph of Macri, at tlie mouth of which lies the ifland of Rhodes. TIic Turk.s call this country Caraman-Ili: it is divided into the Greatef and Leflcr; the latter lying along the fca-coaft, and the frirnier to the north of Mount Tiuris. The princi- pal town is Satalia, anciently .called Attalifl, and by the Turks Sataliah. It was formerly an important city in Pam- phylia, at the bottom of the gulph of its name, in 3^ deg. 45 min- north lat. and 3», dee, eo tnin* eall lon^ It is the ftrongeft J>?ace the Tuilcs have upon this coa^t The haVbour w(Juld be cottiittodidus, if the entrance was not difficult and dartgerolis. This is oneof the mdft fm-r gular places in the unlveffe, being divided into three diftinfl towns,' fcath of which is divided from tl)c other^ by its' own ftrong Walls, ind the gates are fliut up pre- cifcly it noon every ifriday till one o'clock, from a pre- tended prb|)hecy, that oh fuch «n hour the Chriftians are to furprife ir. The wlidle is* about fix miles in cir- cumference ; the buildings are good, the ^lace populous, and the trade confiderable. The caftle, which com- mands the town, is a Very good one. The neighbour- ing country is very fertile and delightful, being covereci with citron ahd orat^e-trces, which a/Ford an cxquifite fragrancy. The furtiniers arc fo hot, that they who can afFord it retire towards the inountains, where , there is more air and fhade. Teraflfoj/rarfon, or Horn, the ancient Ta : 5, is fituated upon the Cydrius, about fix miles from its mouth. If we may venture to judge by the ruins of the old vrall,^it appears to have been near 12 miles in circumference. At the mouth of the river t'lere is a com- modious harbour. The lake Rhcgium is about a mila below the town, through which the Cydaus ru«s 1 but, this place is at prefent quite decayed. The Xaftthus; Lamus, Ccflrus, Eurymedon, Cyduus, Sarus or Smarur,, Pyramus, Simyras, Latamao, ijr. are the principal rivers. C'ramania contains alfo mat))- ce- lebrated mountains, viz. OlyinpuE (of which nam : there are many in Afia) Cragus, and Antjgragus, all in Lycia; Amanus in Cilicia ; the great chain called Mount 7 'aitris ^ and the celebrated Lycian volcano mountain, called by the ancients Chimsra. ' ^ SYRIA, WITH P A L E S T r N E, Or tic Holy Land, Enji of the Levant Sea. THIS divifionof Turkifh Afia, called by the Turks Souric and Souriftan, was' originally fo named from its capital Z i8a A NEW and COMPLETt SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ' "1 it J^i ^''1 r.****.! m :l capital Tzor or Ty-ur, which the Greeks foftcned into Sur and 'IVre. This. country includes Syria, properly fo called, Phoenici.i or I'hcnice, and Judea or Paleitine. It extends from north to fouth about 400 miles, and about lioo from taft to weft, being bounded on the north by Mount Amanus and a branch of Mount Tuu- ris, which feparates it from Armenia Minor and Ci- licia i on the weft, by Arabia the Defert • and on the ead by the Euplirates, which divides it from Melbpo- tamia or Diarbec. Libanus, Anti-Libanus, Gilcad, Tabor, Carmel, Cailius, Amanus, and Alfadaurus, with fome fmaller in Judea, viz. Sion, Hsrmon, Ebal, Olivet, Calvary, Gcrizim, and Moriali^ are the principal mountains. The chief rivers are the Euphrates, Jordsin, Cafli- meer, Licomes, Chryforrhoas, Orontes, Odonis, Cher- feus, andCoik. ■ The air of Syria is the moft ferene, temperate, and healthful imaginable j during the hot months of June, July, and Auguft, it is agreeably refreflied by cooling breezes from the Mediterranean. The face of the country is delightful and level, the foil rich and fertile. It abounds not only with all the neceflaries of life, but with all the delicacies that can gratify the nioft luxurious appetite j and is fuperior, in pomt of cli- mate and produce, to all other countries that even lie under the liyne parallel of latitude'. In fliort, though Syria contains fome rocky mountains, it would be the fineft and moft defirable country in the aniverfe, were it not under fuch a defpotic government as that of the Turks.- In this part of Turkey, ^we ipeet with the following priiicipal cities and towns : Aleppo, the 'fineft and moft opulent city In all Syria, lies in 36 deg. 30 min. north lat.'and 37 deg. 50 min. raft long. It (lands on four hills, about 60 miles to the eaftvvard of Scanderoon, is about three (including the fiiburbs, fevcn) miles in circuit, has twelve gatei, and the walls, which are tolerably ftrong, arc flanked with towers. Moft of the ftreets are well paved, and the honfes in general better built than they commonly arc in other towns in Turkey. On a hill, in the cen- tre of the city, ftands a large caftle, well mounted with cannon, and has a large garrifon. Here are about 120 mofques,-fome of them very magnificent, fcveral Tiirkilh monaderies, colleges, khans or inns, bazars, divans, tind other public edifices, which, in general, make a better figure within than without. The town is well fupplied with provifions of all forts; and water is brought to it by aquetlu6ls, from a river near two days journey from the city. The whole number of the inhabitants, Jews, Turks, and Chriftians, in the city and fuburbs, is about 250,000. In the ferene months of May and September, the people lie all night on the tops of their houfcs, without danger. A bamaw governs this city, and commands the whole country from Scanderoon to the Euphrates ; under him uq three agas or governors of the city and /*.-- ^^' caftle, together with the fub-ba(haw, whofc olficeni to go the rounds every night, as captain of the vvatcli I and to execute the fcntonce of the ba(haw on critni.il and delinquents. The cadi is the folc judge jn ,i|j civil matters, he makes and dilTolves all inarriiwl contrails, confirms ails of fale and purchafe, and.U order to prevent fVauds and abufes, creates maHersofl every trade. I Here is a very confiderable traffick carried on, foi I hither are brought all the commodities of Europe audi Afia; and from hence they are again expdrcd, M former into Afia, and the latter to Europe. In Aleppo I are feveral mannfadlures, particularly thofc of line I Turkey leather, filk, camblet, ana foap. Theptig.! cipal commodities brought from hence to Europe ireJ raw filk, cotton, grogram, yarn, galls, and a grea] variety of drugs. The Englifti, French, Dutch, l\t\ lians,' Arabians, Perfians, Indians, &c. have thdtl refpe£live confuls refiding here. I What remains of the ancient city of Antioch, it I lituate about 92 miles from Scanderoon, in a Got I plain of 18 miles in extent, on the river Hafi or Orante : the Turks call it Antackia. It has a caltle which commands the town and river, and foms confiderable remains of ancient temples, walls, churches, &c. together with an extenfive canal. I The vaft number of plantains, poplars, fycamores,J fruit-trees, &c. in the gardens of the town, make it] at a didance look like a foreft. Damafciis, now called Sham, is fituated on the river Barada, and was formerly a very celebrated cilv, having eight gates, with ll/ong walls. It is ofaa oblong figure, about two miles in length, ajid wai long the relidencc of the Syriail kings, and afterwatdi of the caliphs of the Saracens. Moft of the private houfes here are low, and make a very mean appear- ance, being built vith nothing but fun- burnt briclu or mud ; but the public buildings, in general, arc very handfome. In the centre of the city is a caltle, of an oval form, the walls of which are fourteen feet thick, flanked wi*h fquarc towers, mounted with cannon, and well furniflied with arms and water; in thisplace is kept a conftant garrifon of fifteen thoufaiuljaiiilTi- ries. In the neighbourhood of the city is an liofpiial ] for pilgrims and ftrangers of all religions, whu are m.!intained at the grand feignior's expence. The great mofque, formerly a chriftian church, is a very magnifr cent edifice, into whicii it is death for any but Muffiil- men to enter. The bagnios here are generally noble buildings, and moft of the ftreets are arched, to keep oft* the fun and rain. The chief trade of this city confifts in fcymitar!, fword-blades, knives, bridle-bits, and all kinds of irofr { and fteel wares, in which it is fuppofed above twenty thonfand of the inhabitants are employed. They like- wife manufadure thofe beautiful filks, whicli from this city obtained the appellation of damafks; and carry on a cohfiderablc tramck in raw and worked filk, otta d All A.] • TURKEY. rofes, which ii one of the modYragraiu fccnis in na- ture, fruits and wine. The merchandises of Turkey, Arabia* and India, are brought hither by caravans, which are continually going and coming from Egypt, Aleppo, fiagdad, Mecca, occ. The country round this place is very pleafant and fertile ; it is remark- jble tor fine grapes, fome of the bunches weighing between thirty and forty pounds. There is a fpecies of alabaltcr found near the city, and a red earth, both in great elUem { the latter is faid to be Rood againft the 1 bite of venomous creatures. Some or the (heep here I are furprifingly lai^e. The inhabitants of this place I da not threfti their corn, as in mod other countries, but cut the Atfuw off with iron pincers, faftencd to I wooden rollers, drawn over the corn by a horfe. "All I (oruof Chriltians in thiscity are allowdd theirchurches land particular worihip, and the Jews have fome noble I'fynagogiies. Tyre and Sidon, formerly fo diftingutihed by their grandeur and opulence, are almoft entirely decayed : I the latter, indeed, has a good harbourr and Aill carries on a triding trade. The houfes are built chiefly of [(lone, and are two (lories high. The inhabitants are I about 16,000, chiefly Greeks.: it has two public baths, jandtwomofques. But Tyre, which is now called Sur, is only inha- Ibited byrafew iniferable filhermen» who liv. in the Ituins of its primitive (late. On the land flde there [are llrong walls of (lone eighteen feet high, and feven ■broad. The circumference is about a milennda half : jhere are 500 Chridians and Mahometans. Some pf the jniins of ancient Tyre are ftill to be feen. Tripoli (lands in the Levant fea, in 34deg. 30 min'. loorth lat. and 36 deg. 15 min. eaft long, at the foot lof Mount Libanus. It is extcnfive, (Irong, populous, and opulent, adorned with fine gardens and orchards, plantations of mulberry-trees, &c. The vvalls arc Rtong, and fortified with feven towers. The caftle is tthe relidencc of the beglerbeg, and garrifoned by coo lanilfaries. It is a (Irong fpr.trcfs, fituated' on an erai- pence, and well (lored with cannon. , This city is jcomraodious, and watered by a little river : on ac- bunt, of its importance, they deem it the capital of Phoenicia. The harbour is very open, bill it is in Ifome meafur« defended by two (inall iland? at about two ieagvis icon\ it. There arc fix A}i, re towers or ladles along the ihore, well fortified with artillery. fhe town contains aboMt 8poQ houfesl and 60,000 uhabit^nts, who confift of Jews. Turks, or Chridians. rhere Is a large handfomc mofque, on i'i il4 A NEW AND COMPLET7E SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. •n account of a proplvccy which the Turks have among them, that by that gate the Chrillians are to take Je- nifalero. The ftreets arc narrow, and the lioufes mean. Piigrinis and travellers, who flock fr9m all nans, eithft through devotion or out of curiofity, are tne principal fupport of the city. A Turkifh baffit refideshere, to keep good order, colle£l the grand feignior's revenues, and protcA the pilgrims from the infults of the Arabs. No European CiuiHian is permitted to enter the city till the requifite duties are difcharged ; nor can a ftran^cr fafely ttsty here, without being upon good terms with the Latin fathers; thefe ecclefiailics fubfiding by their forgeries, and pretending to guide travellers to every fpot mentioned in the Old and New Tcftament. The principal objet^t of the pilgrims is the church of the Holy Sepulchre, fituatea upon Mount Calvary, It is lOo paces in length, and 60 in breadth : the workmen were obliged to reduce the hill to a plain area, in order to lay the foundation } but great precaution was- uied not to alter any part of it, where our Saviour's Paflion was concernea. The fccne of the Crucifixion is left entire, being about la yards iquare, and ftands at this day fo much higher than the floor of die church, that it is atcendeSd to by &t fteps. The Holy Sepulchre, which was originally a cave hewn out in the bottom of the rock, may be now compared to a grotto (landing above ground, an<} having the rock cut away, and le- velled all round." The walls of the church of tJ.e Holy Sepulchre are of ftone, and the roof of cedar; the eaft end endofcs Mount Calvary, and the weft the Holy Sepulchre ; the former is covered with a fuperb cupola, fupported by 1^ large colunuis, and open at top. Over the altar there is another flne dome ; the nave conflitutcs the choir, and the iiles of (he church contain the moft remarkable places where the circum- ftances of our Saviour's Faflion were tranfa out ; the Turks keeping the keys, arid furniftiing them with provifions througli a wicket. Some grand cere- monies are performed at E>iftcri reprefeiiting Chrift's pailion, crucifixion, death, and rcfurredlion. Bctlilchcm is diftant between fix and feven miles from Jerufalcm, to the fouth weft in the way to Hebron : it lies in north lat. 31 dcg. ^ min. and in 65 dcg. ^§0 min. long. Anciently * Was called the City "of David, having been the birth-place of the royal pfalmift. U was otherwife called Ephrivth Or Ephratah : fee Genefis XXXV, ly. It was originally built by the JebufiteSj and both Jerom and Eufebius aflTure us, that the monument •f JefTe, the father of David, was here fliewh in'tHeif' fine fertile contains I time. It is fcated oh a pleafant htUn iii a plain, and enjoys a moft excellent air. It vuuuinjij convent of the Latins, another cf the Greeks, aaj another of the Armenians, and is annually reforted to 1 by a great number of pil&;rims and travellers. AH tin convents have door* whion open into the chapel of the holy manger : for the place where the blcfled Rcdetnxr was born, and the manger in which he was laid, ^ fticwn to this day. The moft judicious travellera, upon an attentive fur. vey of many of the countries contained in Afia Minor and which arc celebrated in the Greek and Ronul hiftory, fully vindicate all that has been faid by (utti and profane writers, of their beauty, ftrength, fertility tind population; though it mull be confefll-d, ttiat ^' prefeiit, througl dte 'i'urkiih indolence and tyraiuii they are either totally forfaken, or a theatre of ruim I'he fites of ancient cities are ftill difcernibie, audi luxurious is nature in thofe countries, that in mani places ftie triumphs over her forlorn condition! Evti Paleftine and Judca, the moft dcfpicable atprefentof all thofe countries, lie buried withi^ the luxuries dl their own IbU. The Turks feem particularly fond of reprefenlini Judea in the moft dcfpicable colours, and have formd a thoufand fallehoods concerning H, which, being att. fully propagated among oiufelves, have impofed upon weak Chriftians. The late Rev. Dr. Shaw, profejn of Greek, at Oxford, who feetns to have examind that country with an uncommon degree of accui^, and was qualified by the loundeft philofophy to male the moft juft obfervations, liiys, thht were the Ndr Land as well cultivated as in former times, it would be more fertile than the very beft parts of Syria ani Phoenicia, becaufo the foil is generally much richer, and, every thing confidered, yielas larger crops. Tliere> fore Uio barreiinefs, he further remai^ks, of which foiw authors complain, does not proceed from the natd unfruitfulncfs of the country, but from the want of in. habitants, the indolence which prevails among theb who poflefs it, ^uid the perpetual difcords and deprnfa. tions of the petty princes who fhare this fine countrr, Indeed the inhabitants can have but little inrlination to cultivate the earth. »' In Palcftine, fays Mr. Woot^ we have often feen the huft)8ndma!n fowing, tarn paiiied by an at^ed friend^ to prevent his ly-ing robbd of the feed:!' And, aftei" all, whdevor fows, is unctt< tain whether Iw ftioll ever reap the harveft. Some part of Phlcftirte rwved under die govera- ment of Sheik D^her, the oily of the famous Ali Bej. He enlarged the buildings' and walls of St. Jblinw Acre, formerly PtolemaiSi, and (hewed great induigeitt to the Chriftians. Its inhabitants were lately computrf at 40,000. Caifa, which ftands on the^ccHvityf/ Mount Carmel, diftant about twenty miles from Acttj WAS alfo new 'bulk and enlarged by Daher. The ancient joppa, now Jaffa, ,50 miles weft from Jerufaktn, ftands on a rockyhillj Irath an hurboiirfe Itui'iai , or to I Asia-] TURKEY. 185 Ifmall veffels, and its circumfcicnce is about two miles, rl'he number of inhabitants is 7000. The wcftcrn part let' the town is inhabited by ChriiHans. Tlie prclcnt Hate of Raniah is deplorable, its walls Ibeine in decay, and moll: of the boufcs empty, though Ithe number ot inhabitants is ftill between 3 and 4000. I Not a houfw- is (landing of tlie onic maijnificent city lof Cxl'area, but the remains of the walls tclUfy its for- Imcr grandeur. .... . . . I Azotus IS about two miles in circumference ; the m- Ijttbitants are near 3000, and molHy Mahometans. An lolJ ftrufturc is {hewn here, with fine marble pillars, Iwhich is faid to be the houfe that Sampfon pulled down, jwhen infultcd by the Philiftincs. I Gaza is (Hll rcfpedtablej it extends from eaft to weft Ithree mile?, and is a mile in breadth, divided into the lolii and new town. The la(l is inhabited by the inferior iTurks and Arabs: the number of the inhabitants is rcck- lonedto be 26,000. It is about five miles from the fca, land outfide the town is a market for the country people ■to difpofe of their commodities to the inhabitants, for Ithey are not permitted to enter the town. The country laiomid is very fertile; but corn, oil, wine, honey, bces- Iwax, flax, and cotton, are its chief produce. It may be a queftion with fome, whether thofe coun- Itries of Afia could ever be reftored to their ancient [grandeur, trade, and population ; but T apprehend that lit would now be impoffible, let the Turkilh govcrn- Imeiit be ever fo beneficent, to divert commerce (with- |ci;t which a.l attempts of that kind muft be feeble) from lits European channels. There can, however, be no Lueition, thai a government lefs brutal and bigoted than Ithat or the Tuiks might make the natives a powerfuf, las veil as a happy people within themfelves : the mif- jfoitune is, that the (j reeks, Armenians, and other fedts lof Chiiftiaiis there, parta'.e but too much of the Turkifh Iftupiditi, Though thty are not fufFered to wear white Ituiai , or to nJc on horfeback, and arc fubjt-cted :o a jib uiji.d iudigiiKies and mifcries, and are even, in many ipkts, tai Hio:c numerous than their oppreflors; yet io jabjud is tluir fpiiit, that they make no efl'orts for their |o.vnd..'kverance, and arc contented under all their mor- Itiiicztions. If they arc lefs indolent than their opprcflbrs, lit ii bccaufe they muft othcrwife ftarve; and they dare IliO! enjoy even the property they acquire, left it Ihould Ibc diicovered to their tyrants, who would convert it to I their own ufe, as though they were lawfully entitled Ifoit, With refpefl: to their commerce and manufaflures, [there are no people in the world, who, from advantnge lof fituation, and vaft extent of empire, feem more cal- Jculated for monopoli'zing the trade of the whole eaft, I than the Tirlcs. 'Ihey poflefs the navigation of the I Black-Sea, the I^evant, and the Red-S:a, which un- doubtedly afiords them greater opportunities of iniport- jingthe rich merchandizes of the eaft, and diftributing them all over Europe, than any other power. But fuch U the indolence of this people, that thofc great objedts are little attended to. The cities of Tyre, Sidon, and Alexandria, formerly the chief emporiums tor trade iii the univerfe, are liow of no confequence, but are en- tirely overloprovc> of, are admitted into llic fcraglius ol Condantinoplc, Adrianopic, and I'era, where they arc educated imder the appellation of Ichoglans. Being circumcifed, they are tird taught tilencc, and a moded, humble behaviour; and as they advance in years, they are indrudlcd in the Mahometan religion, the Turkilh language, and afterwards the Pcrlian and Arabic. When ht for manly excrcifcs, they are taught the ufe of arms, and fuch other fci- ciiccs as may render them ferviccablc to the date, and arc advanced, and their falaries augmented, according to their proficiency. When any polt becomes vacant, it is filled by one of thefe ; but none are preferred out of the fcraglio before they have attained the age of forty. Thefe men, however, being tutored in the fchool of adverlily, and arriving at pre-eminence, are generally as diilin<;ui(lied for abilities, as deficient in virtue. They poiiils all tiic didimulation, intrigue, and corruption, which often accornivanics ambition in an humble rank; and they have a further reafon for [dundcringthe people, becaiife they are uncertain how ong they may polilfs the dignities to which they are arrived. The admiaiibation of JulUcc, therefore, is extremely corrupt over the whole empire, w|ii,|, A oyving, not to the laws of the kingdom, which arc nn I equitable, but to the inicjuifous conduil and mannttil of the judges, Bclides ihcfc Ichoglans, there j„| children in thefe feraglios called A/amoglans, whoarel trained up for inferior emplovments. Amonj; the fi,;.| tan's attendants, arc a tnimber of mutes and duaii,'! the former of which converic by (igns with great iii!| dincfs, and the latter divert the court by tluir buf.| foonery. I The revenues of the grand feignior areimmcnre.biitl it is impodible to afcertain the exadt fum. Accordinjl to Baron de Tott, they arecdimated on the rccDrdji,! amount to p.,5,/}oo,oool. but produce effedlivdy on|»| 3,2oo,oool. to the public. '1 hey arifc froin the ciif.| toiTis, the produce of the deinefnc lands, the rapin.1 tion or poll-tax, impofed on every fubjefl of iliceu.' pirc who is not a Mahometan; towards which ikjl rich pay thirty Ihillings a year', tradefmcn liftci;n (hjl. lings, and cotnmon labourers fix ihillings and ten. pence halfpenny. Befides this, are the annual tributcil mid by the Cham of the Criin Tartars, the Princcsofl Moldavia, Walachia, the little republic of Ragufa.aiijl part of Mingrelia, together with half a million annu. I ally from Egypt. All thefe, however, are iiiconfiJtr.l able, when compared to the vad Aims extorted by ihi I fultan from his viceroys and great oflicers of date, un.| der the plaufibic appellation of prefenls. He alftl raifes vad Anns by the confifcations of the edates anjl cR*edts of his minider.s, whom, if they happen to In I immoderately rich, he frequently puts to death, urnltil pretence of mifcondudt. lie is like^vife heir to allhiil r)fHcers and miniders ; who, after didreflingthepcopljl they arc appointed to govern, in order to ainafs proJi.j gioiis wcaltli, arc obliged to leave it at his dirpofiil when they die; and it is feldoin that gencrofity prorapuj him to bellow any confidcrable part on the relations of | the deceafed. In Turkey, the curtent coin confids of gold atidlll. vcr, there being no copper or brafs money. The eolil coins are the altincs or ducats, and the zcchinos. Till I former are worth about feven Ihillings at)d lixpenct^l and the latter about niric diillir)gs. The filver coinj I are, the afper, worth three halfpence; the para, worth Anir-pcnce halfpenny ; the groth, about three-pence; the krip, about eleven-pence, and the folga, about! two Ihillings and two-pence farthing. The gold and filver of all countries go for their full value.— Akizt is a bag of fifteen thoufand ducats ; a piirfe is wottli five hundred thoufand crowns, and of thefe the fuliaa tnakes his coinmon prefcnts ; but thofe he prtfuibH his fultanas or favourites, arc called golden purfes, and contain thirty thoufand crowns. As to the Turkilh military and marine (Irengtli, their armies, even in time of peace, arc very niiinc- rous ; and tile chief part of them conlid of a kind of militia, amounting to fcveral hundred thoiirniid men, whom their leaders arc obliged to coiulud into the field, A are very great, be- ing fubjcft to no jurifdiflion but tliat of the aga, or Idiitf coinniandLr of their corps. The titles of the emperor are fwtlkd with all the [pomp of la'lern magnifKcnce. He is (lyled by his fub- liccls " The Sliadow of God, a God on Earth, Bro- Ithcr to the Sun and Moon, Difpofer of all Earthly frowns," i<^- Tile gr;ind feignior's arms are. Vert, a Icrelcent argent, crcded with a turban, charged with Ithrcebliak plumes of hcron's-quills, with this motto, iDoNfC rOTUM IMPLEAT ORUtM, i. c. Until ht Jhall jll the uihJe worU . The grand feignior's feraglio confifls of a colIetSion lof btantilul young women, chiefly fent as prefeiits from the provinces and Greek iflands, moll of them icing tlic children of Chrillian parents. The brave IPrince Hcraclius hath for fome years pall abolKhed llhc infamous tribute of children of both fexes, for- Imerly paid every year by Georgia to the Forte. The Ir.umbtr of women in the harem depends on the tafte lof the reigning monarch, or fultan : Selim had aooo, [Aclittict had but 300, and the prefent fultan havh [nearly i6co. On their admiflion, they arc committed [to the care of old ladies, taught to few and embroider, jmufic, (lancing, and other accomplifhnicnts, and fiir- [iiiOied with the richell clothes and oriuments. They [all Oecp in fcparatc beds, and between every fifth there lis a preceptrfti's. Their chief govcrnefs is called Katon iKiaga, or governefs of the noble young ladies. There lis not one fervant among them, for they are obliged to [wait on one another by rotation : the lall thai is en- [terd, fetvcs her who preceded her and hetfelf. Thefe Iladics are fcarcely ever fufFcred to go abroad, except [when the grand feignior rcinoves from one place to ano- Ither, when a tioup of black eunuchs conveys them to |thebu;its, which are euclofed wiih lattices and linen Icurtains; and when they go by land, they arc put into jdofe chariots, and iignais.irc made at certain di.linces, I to give notice, that none approach the roads through which they march. The boats of the harem, which carry the grand feignior's wives, are manned with twen- ty-four rowers, and have wtiitc covered tihs, (hut al- ternately by Venetian blilids. Whenever the ladies are permitted to walk in thd gardens of the feraglio, all people are ordered to retire, and on svery fide there is a guard ot black eunuchs, with fabres in their hands, while others go their rounds, in order to hinder any perfon from feeing them. If untortunately any one is found in the gar- den, citlicr through ignorance or inadvertence, he is undoubtedly killed, and his head broi>;^lit to the feet of the grand feignior, who gives a reward to the guard for their vigilance. Sometimes the fultan goes int(j the gardens to amufe himfelf when the women are there; and it is then \\\?\ they make ufe of their utmoll ef- forts, by dancing, liuging, feducing gellures, and amo- rous blandilhments, to enfnare the affedions of the monarch. He is not allowed to take a virgin to his bed, except during the folemn fedivals, and on occa- fion of fome extraordinary rejoicings, or the arrival of foine good news. Upon fuch occ;'lion«, if the fultan choofes a new companion to his bed, he enters into the apartment of the women, who are ranged in files by the governelfes, to whom he fpeaks, and intimates the perfon he likes bell ; but does not throw the handkerchief to her, as is generally aiferted and believed. As foon as the grand feignior has chofen the girl that he has deltined to be the partner of his bed, all the others ibilow her to the bath, walhing and purtutning her, and drelling her fupcrbly, condudHng her, linging, dancing, and rejoicing, to the bed-chamber of the fultan, who is generally, on fuch an occalion, already in bed. Scarcely has the new-eleded favourite entered the chamber, introduced by the grand eunuch who is upon guard, than (lac kneels down \ and when the ful- tan calli her, Uie creeps into bed to him at the foot of the bed, if he does not order her, by fpecial grace, to approacii by the fide : after a certain time, upon a fig- nal given by the fultan, the governefs of the girls, with all her fuite, enter the apartment, and take her back again, conducing her with the fame ceremony, to the women's apartments; and if by good-fortune (he be- comes pregnant, and is delivered of a boy, (he is called afaki-fullanefs, that is to lay, fnltanefs-mother. For the firll fon, tlic has the honour to be crowned, and (he has the liberty of forming her court, by way of diitindion. Kunuchs are alfo adigned '')r her guard, and tor her particular fervice. No other .adies, though delivered of boys, are cither crowned or maintain- ed in fuch a collly manner as the (irft ; howevwr, they have their fervice apart, and haiulfome appoint- ments. After the death of the fultan, the mothers of the male children are (hut up in the old ierngilo, from whence they can never come cut any more, unlcfs any of their fous afccnd the thrime. A wrlier of credit in- forms us, that the female (lave who becomes the mo- a ther Mi i8d A NPAV AND rOMPLETF. SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. m ihvr ot u fiilian, and livis Imig enough (o Ice hrr fun mount ilie lfir«nc, is llic only woman wlm, at ihat pc- riiul alixii.-, acquires the ililtin^ion nt (nit.in.i-motlicr : ihe '}* till lliiri in ihc interior of her prifon with hi-r fun. 'riic tiilc of Hjvlic-K;;iliin, piincip..! wnniun, is (he liilt (lij^niiy of (he grand !> ij^nior's li„rcni ; und fhe liath a lur(^',fr ;tll(uv;ini"e than iliofc who h.ivc the title ol laoiid, thud, und t'otirtli woman, which iji tlic nuin- bcr uf free women allowed by the Koran. .// C(.'MPENr>iot)s History o/zAc Or* ioiv, Progress, (III:/ K..TAULI .H.MfcNT of t/u 'J'uilKS. THK foiithcrn and more fertile parts of Alia have, at dillerf-nt periods, been toncpicrtd by that warlike and hardy race of men who inhabit the vail country known to the aniitnts by tiie nanie of Scythia, and among the moderns by tiiat of 'I'artary. One tribe of thile people, calU'd 'I'uiks, or Turcomans (which name figniluii wanderers) extended if. conquclls under vari- ous leaders, and durint; fuveral centuries, from the (hore of the Cafpiin-Sea, to the Streights of the Dar- danil'es. Having been long rcTnlcnt in the capacity of body guards about the cotnts of tlr.' Saracens, tliey em- braced the doctrine of Mahomet, and ac^'led for a con- fiderable time a>i mercenaries in the armies (d' contend- ipg princes. Their chief relidence was in the neigh- bourhood of Mount Caiicafus, from whence they ic- movcd to Armenia-Major, and after being employed as mercenaries by the fidtans of Ferlia, ihev fei/ed that kingdom about the year io;j7, and fpread their ravai^es over ail the neighbouring coimtries. 13ound by their religion to make converts to Mahomctanifin, they ne- ver were without a pretence for invailing and plunder- ing the dominions of the Greek emperors, and \verij fomtiimes commanded by very able generals. On the (lecicnlion of the caliphate, or empire of iIk' S.iradns, they made thcml'elves mailers of Palelline \ and ih': vi- fiting the h(dy city ol Jerulalem being 'then part of the Chrillian e.xercifes, in which they had been tolerated by the Saracens, ihc Turks laid the European pilgrims under fuch heavy contributions, aiide'xercifed fiuh horri- ble cruelties upon the Clirillian inhabitants of the coun- try, as gave rife to the famous cruladcs, of whii h an airple accoimt is given in another part of this work. The Greek emperors were unfortunately more jea- lous ol the Chrillians than of the Turks ; and though after oceans i)f blood were I'pilt, a Chrillian kingdom tvus credU'd at Jerulalem, under (iodtrev of Boulogne, neither he luir his fircced'ors were able to maintain it, by any real power they polFeired. About the year J2()r), the Turks had extended their dominions on every lide, and poirelfed' thenifelves, imdcr Othmaii, of fome of the nneft provinces in Alia, of Niie, and I'riifa, in Bithynia, which Othtnan made his capital, and, as it •were, firft embodied them into a nation ; hence they took the name of Othinans from that leader, ihc,\f). pellation ol Turks, as it fignifies in thi' origimj «,„. derers, or batiilhcd mtii, bemg coiilidercd by ilKinnjl term (d' repnuih. Othnian may with propriety br ftyled the ri.iinil>;raf| the Turkilh impire, and was fuceciled bv a :i(tA the moll warlike princes tliat an- mentioned in hi,lor/, I About the year t'x^j they palled the Heliel'poni, jjj got a footing in Kurope, and Amurath fcttl< ; and, afte'r a liml liege, Mahomet II. took Conitantinople in i;;;, Thus, alter an exillencc ol ten ceiiliiiies, fromilshltl commencement tinder C niKantine the Cireut, cnddl the faltcrn empire; an event, which had been long foreleen, ami was owing to many caufes; the clitl'l was, the total digeneracy -and luMuy ol the Gticil emperors themfi.!'. i;<, ijieircourts and lani.iies; thtilif-j like their fuhjecls had lo tlu' popes, and the \vtl1eiii| church, one of their patriarchs having decliiicd fui. licly to a Romilh legate, " Tliat he would rather f« I a tuiban ilmn the pope's ti.ua upon the ijreat alt.ir of I Coiiitantinopliv" lltii asfheTurks, wiV'i thi'v ex- fended tlieir cononuHs, did not exterr.jin ;ie the con-l cjnered n.itiotss, but reduced tlkin to ntlijeelioa, ilit I remains of the anciciir'Greeks Hill exill, as we hait already obferved, partic.ilarly in Conltaiitiiio|)Ic, aniil the neighbouiiiig iliinds where, though gricvoiillyop- preli'ed, they profelV (."hrillianity under their mvii ptl tri;-.rchs of Conftatitinople, Alexandria, Aiitioch, andl Jerufalem ; and the .Armenians have three pairi.irchs, more V. ealtliy than thofe of the Cjreek ciiinJi, on ic- . ount of their people being richer, and niore con- vrlV.nt in trade. It is faid that the modern Grcfli!, though pinii',j under the tyraimical yoke et tk Turkilli go'.'eiiiment, Hill preferve foir.cwhiit ol tilt exterior appearance, though notiiing of the ititcrnil priiicifloS) lilA 1 Kf-f «l TURKEY. ♦^ irfincipl". by which their anccflurs were fo long aRil IJ) eminently liiUinguifticd. The conqued of the capital was fulloweil by the Ifubminion of all Greece \ and from thii time the iTiiiku have been looked upon as an European power, linil as having acquired a cunltderable wcigiit in the po- lliiical balance of nffairs. In J4H1, Mahomet paid the debt or nature, and ■vat fuccettled on the Othman throne by Baja/ct II. ■Thit prince carried on a war a^ainlt the Flungarians Lnd Venetiani, as well as aeamll the Perlians and jliayptiansi but falling ill of tnc gout, he became in< Idolcnt, was haralTed with family difTcrences, and at llcneth, by order of his fccond fon, Sclim, he was poi< Ifoncdbyajcwphyfician. Sclim, pcrfuaded that he could never poflTcfs tho llhronc in peace, while any other prince 01 the Oth- Itnan race (ubfined, purfuea the barbarous policy of the Icall, and caufed his elded brother, Achmet, to be Eilrangled, with many other princes of the Othman Iracc. He continuea the war againlt the Sophis of Ipcrfia, and the Prince of Mount Taurus, and dc- Ifeated their forces; but finding himfclf unable to pe- Inctratc into the Perllan dominions, he turned his arms lagainft Egyp'i which, after many bloody battles, he Ifubdiied, in the year 1517. He was alfo fuccefsful in lihc LclTer Alia, where he made himfelf malter of lAleppo, Antioch, Tripoli, Damafciis, Gaza, and Ifcvcral other places, lie was fuccecded, in ijao, by Ihis fon Soliman the Magnificent, the greatefl prince that (ve: filled the throne of Othman. Availing himfelf of Ithe fatal dj^erences which prevailed among the IChrillian powers, he belieged and took Rhodes, Idiiving the knights from that ifland to Malta, which ■was given them by the Emperor Charles V. The Ireign of Soliman, after this, was n continual war with Itk Chiidian powers, and generally fuccefsful, both Iby fca and land. He took fiuda, the metropolis ••f JHiingary at that time, and Belgrade, and carried o(F ■tear iico.cco captives. This happened A. D. 1526 ; land two years afterwards, he advanced into Aultria, land belieged Vienna, but retired on the approach of jCliarles V. he inifcarried alfo in an attempt he made Itotakc the Ille of Malta. Dying in 1566, he was fuc- |tctded by Sclim, the fon and fuccelFor of Soliman, who conti- Inucdthc wirs begun by his father againit the Chrilli- Inns, but without his good fortune. The I'urkilh fleet, Iwhichwas now very powcrlul, was totally defeated by jtlie Chrillians, in the battle of Lepauto, This blow jalmoll annihilated the Turkifli navy, and had the vic' Itory been properly purfued by the Chriilianj, efpeci- gjly the Spaniards, Selim had tottered on his throne. IBiit differences and jealmilies prevailing among them, jlhc panic of the Turks fubfided, they foon recovered j'lieirfpiiits, and their army again became formidable; [but their marine has never lincc been able to face that of the Chrillians. Sclim died in 1373, and was fuc- ccidcd by his fon, Amurath III. wh(» carried on a fiicccr.ful war againd the Perlians, and obliged them to cede Taurii, Tcflii, and many other cities to the Ttirk^. He was alfo for* tiinatc in his wars againd the Hungarians, and mado himfclf mader of the fortrefs of Raab. His whole rei^n was indeed a continual war, the operations of which were various; fomeiitnes fortune attended the Othman Handards* and fometimcs thofe of the cncinV. Aft' ■■ > reign of eighteen years, Amurath paid the dcGr of n..ture, and his fon, Mahomet III. afcended the Turkilh throne. The moll memorable tranfadilions of the reign of this prince arc his cruelties. At his accedion to the throne, lie caufed nineteen of his brothers to be llianglcd : and as ten of his father's concubines were fuppofed to be [iregnant, he cauTcJ thefe unhappy vidlims of his jca- oufy to be thrown into the fca. But though he waded to the throne through a fua of blood, he did not long enjoy it. He died of the plague in the year 1604. Achmel fiicceeded to the Turkifli throne on the death of his brother, and carried on an unfucccfsful war againd the Perfians : but though his army was do* feated in Alia, and fcveral towns taken from him, yet his forces in Hungary were vi6lori ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. r ^i tunes were owing to the want of abilities in the Tiiikilh generals, Miiilaplia IL ■who mnuntcil the tlironc in ifigC, headed iiis aimics in ju'ifon. Diit he was foon con- vinced that his opinion was too prei ipitattly foniK'il ; • the celebrated Prince Eugene, wiio then commanded the Imperial armies, totally dct'eated him, and a prace was contliidcd between the Imperialills and Tnrl.s, in tlic year i6cu;. This deicat terminated the reign of R^nffapha ; he was dcpofed, his mufti beheaded, and his trbther, Achmet III. was placed upon the throne. This prince was more fuccef'-Hil ; he gave flieltcrat Bender toCluirles XII. and terminated a fnccefsful war agaiiift the Rullians, by a peace concluded at I'ruth. He r.lfo declared war ai^ainlt the Venetians; but the numerous armies he levied for attacking the territories of that re- public alarmed all Europe, fo that the fccne of aiflion was tranllated to Himgary. Eugene "hen commanded ttie ImperiaV army, and gave the Turks fo mnnv re- pealed defeats, that Achmet was forced toconcUicfe an inglorious peace at PalTarowitz, in 1718. Nor were the Turkifli armies more fuccefsful in Afia , they were defeated by Kouli Khan, who had fcized the throne of Perfia. Enraged at thefe repeated misfortunes, and alarmed at the progrefs of the Perlians, the populace dtmanded the heads of the vizier, the chief admiral, and the fecretary. Thefe were accordingly ftrijck ofF; but even this facrificc was not fulhcient to appeafe-the clamours of the people, Achmet himfelf was depofed, and Mahomet V. advanced to the throne. This total change in the government did not however recall vic- tory to the llandards of Othman. Mahomet was as imfuccefsful as his predeceffor, and at la(l obliged fo acknowledge the ufurp&r Kouli Khan as Sophi of Perfia. The war being thus terminated in Afia, Mahomet turned his arms againit the Imperialills and Rudians : he was viflorions iu feveral actions with the former; Eugene v.-as dead, and there was no other general of cfjuai talents to fupply his place : but l>is forces were not a match for the latter. Defeat fuccceded defeat, and the progrefs of the Rullians was fo rapid, that Conlhuitinople itfelf was threaicued with a ficsie. Re- tfuccd to this extremity, a hnlly peace was con' hidid with the emixior, and foon alter another ■with the Rullians, both (iifadvai\taj;eo\is to the Turks. Malio- met died in 17,; 1> and \\as fucceeded by his brother Ofman III. who alter a (hort reign of three years, paid the debt of nature, and the crown was jilaced upon the head of Mullapha III. This prince was born in \J'^,]< and died on the sid ot January 177.}, whilll engaged in an unfuccelsful war a^ainlt the Rul- fians, of which fome account will be given i'n our hif- tory of Rullia. Abdul Hamed, or Achmet IV. granil feiciior, was feoru in ijio, and fuccceded to tiie throne yl 'I'urkey on the death of Mullapha, his brother : he had ihijJ fons and three daughters. In the conrfe of the war between Mui'^.iph;; and imi Emjirefs of Rufiia, a confiderable Rullian fleet w'A fitted out, which fet fail from the Baltic, wiili a\iiivl of fliakint; the remote parts of the Archipelngo. Tl;;, fleet firft lailcd to Minorca, ami departing fioin tliencti in the bcgityiing of Eebiuary 1770, fliaped its couife for the Morea. Count Orlow, ihe Rullipn atlinirj! having deb.irked fuch land forces as he had wiih |,;,J at Maina, which lies a little to the wedward ofMc. tapan, and about fii'ty miles to the fouth-vvefl or.\;;;', tra, the ancient Sparta, the Maniotes, the difuiidjrii of the Lacedaemonians, and who Hill pofl'eiLj t;j country of their ancellors, under fubjcclion to i!:{| grand ieignior, immediately flew to their arms incur,'! quarter, and joined the Rullians In- thoufaiuls, h/A their avcrlion to the tyranny of the Turks. Tlicoiliifl Greeks followed their exainple, or rather only wmtrf to hear the arrival of the Rullians, to do what thcv h] I long intended; and the whole Morea feenied 'iv,:v| where in niotiou. The open coimtry was qiiictlyl over-nm, and Mifitra, Arcadia, and feveral other places | as fpeedily taken, while the Rullian fliips that y been ftparated, or that put into Italy, arrived fiicccf-l fively, and land''d their men in different quarters, where every fnialt dctachm.xi: foon fwelled to a litiltj army, and the Turks were cvery-where attacked or in- tercepted. In tJie mean imie the Greeks gave the ni. moll loofc to their revenge, and cvcrv-where (laughter. ed the Turks without mercy; and the rage and liirv I with which the inhabitants of the comment v ere feized, extended itfelf to the illands, where alCo tk Turks were maffacrcd in great numbers." Tlicy were, indeed, unable to make head again'l the Ruffians and Greeks in tlic fieH; their only proteiRion was I'mmd within their fnrtrclfes. The mal-contents had fo much ' incrcaftd fincc the firfl debarkation of the Rullians, that they inveftcd Napoli di Romania, Corinth, anil I tRb caJUe of Patras, with feveral other places of icfs note. Whilft they were cinployed in thefe cntcrprizcs, an j army of 30,000 men, conipnftd chiefly of Albaiii.ins and F.pirotes, entered the Alorca, co:nmand(.d bv Ss. reflticr, Balhaw of Bofnia. This Turkilh geiicrnlrao. veredal! the northern pait of the peuinfuhi, asfuoi.as he ap,ieared in it; and all the Grev.ks that \vcrc loimJ in anus, or out of their villa^'.s, were inlluiitly piit to death. The Rullians were ncvv driven hai.k to their ihips ; but about the fanie time another Rullian fqua- (Iron, commanded by :\dmiral Elphintlon, arrived Irom En<;Lmd, to reinforce Count (Jrlo^v's armament. The Tuikifh fleet alfo appeared, and an obfliiiaie cnjaje- ment was fought in the channel of Scio, which dMcs that illand from Natolia, or the Lelfer Alia. The Tiu-kilh fleet was conllderably nijierior in force, couliltuig of fifteen Oiips of the line, Iniin fixty to ninety guns, beiides a number of chtbei^ucs and gal- Asia.] , „cs amounting i I Rulfiaiis had only I funic of the (hip: I ethers, on both 1 nroaching '""'ficu IjJmiral, encount I uiic, of ninety g [both fought wit I r.iii I'e f lo''-"> ^^^ I giappliag-iro''' . jtRcKuiliaiiSj.iy. Ifet the Turkifli fi jbcdilcntingled, 1 I ill flames. Thu IpofTibilityof fuc< h moil terrible e: Icipal officers on Igicateft part of tl I" The dreadful ft I to thole that wen I on both fides; af I continued till nia [cither fide. Wi ■ cut their cables, Itjlia; the RulTiai I up, and ill tlic r I conveyed anr^"!^ |ha-iiourOi"Lieut( iRiiiTian fcrvice, Ihimtell! direiled lllfuction. The liite hours the w! la kvf gallies tha I totally deflroyed Isnd bombartie ' lth;.t protected llio'.vn up the no' |i''u'.iccd to a Italli,:, J'ld a fi lappsarance at on Iti^e at nine the As wc intend Ifomc of tiic mil I'.'tv.ecii that er Iheie, tlir.t after ■the Tuflcs, peac |t:Km and tiie 1< Jfe\'.' inunths -after ■Aii.miJt IV. p'n, then only i j)oun;rtoiriaiia:j;e jticd lituatioii of pis biuthcr to iiiiy.e he intru; ftrongcil te gr,i;\d ieignior i- 'I'he gie.'.i; iji; Ctrv'J the ep.ipiie J !r ;i i Am A.] E A S T'E R N T A R T A R V. '9» onimaiuitd bv Sc- n lies aiTWunting in the whole to near thh-ty fail} the Ruifiaiis had only ten (hips of the line, and five frigates. c imc of the lhi;is engaged with great refolution, whilft ethers, on bothiidcs, found various caufcs for not ap- nroacl'iiig fi''ficicnily near. But SpiritofF, a Ruflian aJmlnil, encountered the captain-pacha, in the Sul- laiic, of ninety guns, yard-arm and yard-arm. Tiicy loth fought with the greateft fury, and at length rw fo flofe, that they locked themfclves together with jppljiig-iroii' , !.id other tackling. lathis fituation, the KuiTiaiis, ,iy throwing hand-graiiades from the tops, let the Turkifli fhip on fire, an 1 as they could not now be dill-nnnglcd, both fhips were in a little time equally in flames. Tims dreadfully circumftaiiced, without a pofTibility of fuccour, tliey both at length blew up with a moil terrible explofion. The commanders and prin- cipal officers on each f de were mt^ftly faved, but the gfcateft part of the crews were loft-. " ThedrcaJfal fate of thcfe fliips, as well as the danger to tiiofe that were near them, produced a kind of paufe on botli fides ; after which the aftion was renewed, and continued till night, without any material advantage on cither fu'e. \Vhen it becan>e dark, the lurkifli fleet cut their cables, and ran into a bay on the coafl: of Na- tj'iia; the Ruffians furrounded them thus clofely pent UD,' and in the night fome fire-ftiips were fuccefsfully conveyed am-^^.^ iiie Turkifh fleet, by the intrepid be- haiiour of Lieutenant Dugdale, an Englilhman in the RiiiTian fcrvice, who, thpugh abandoned by his crew, himfelf diredcd tic operations of thcie vellels of de- Ihuction. The fire took place fo cfFciSlually, that in five hours the whole fleet, except one man of war, and a few gallii.s that were towed off by the Ruffians, was totally deftroyed ; after which, they entered the harbour, and Dombardcd and cannonaded the town, and a caftle th.ut proteded it, with fuch fuccefs, that a fliot having llo-.vii up the novvJer-magazine in th? latter, both were I'lluccd to a heap of rubbifli. 'I'hus of a town, a Ciftii;, md a fine fleet, which had made a formidable appearance at one o'clock, there was fcarccly left a \ef- t'^c at nine the l.imc monung. As we intend, in our account of Ruffia, to notice fomc of the military tranlkdVions by land, in the war tv/een that cinpiro and Tuikey, we Ihall only add Ibcru, t!;r,t after a moft uiifortunatc war on the fide of [the Turks, peace wa? at Icngtii concluded between itikm and the Rufiian>s on the mil of July 1774, a twmomh.i after tile acceilion of the late grand feignior, thmet IV. The emperor, Mullapha III. left a iwi, then only in his i3Lh year; but as he was too ouni; to iriaiia;^e the reins of government, in the then cri- ical lituation of the Turkifli affairs, Mullapha appointed is brother to fiiccced him in ihe^thrpne; and to this "ii'-c he iiitrulied the care of hit. infant fon, under ■e ftrongclf terms of recommendation. The prefcnt :.wd icigiiior is Salem III. born in i-jGi. Ihe Ljre.'.i: fairings of liiofc liicctffes v 'ich have ren- civJ the cp.ipiic wl ^ig Tuikb i'v fonuidiiljlt;, have bvcjv afcribed to their perfevcrance, their numerous Auatic armies, and an implicit fubmiffion to their officers, ra- ther than to any excellency in military difcipline, or courage in war. The extenfion, as well as duration of their empire, may indeed, in feme meafure, be owing to the military inltitution of the Janiffaries, a corps ori- ginally compofed of the children of fuch Chriffian jxi- rents as coidd not pay their taxes. T'hefe behig col- leiifed together, were formed to the exercife of arms under the eyes of their ofHcers in the feraglio: they were, generally in number about .jo,ooo, and fo excel- lent was their difcipline, that they were deemed to be invincible, and they IHll continue to be the flower of the Turkifli armies. But the Ottoman power is in a declining ftatc: the political fituation of Europe, and the jealoufies that fubfift among its princes, are now the lurefl balls of this empire, ami the pilncipal reafon why thefe once haughty infidels are fufl:ered to remain any longer in pofleffion of the fineft provinces in the world. ni jiiiivc V CHAP. VI. ; •■ ■ • '■■■) ^ EASTERN T A R T A R Y. Extent, BouiiJaries, Divl/tons, Mountains, Rivers, Produce, Animals, Inhcihitants, i3c. .. ■, ' H E S E vaft regions are 4000 miles in lengthy __ and 2,400 in breadth ; being fituated between ,50 and 150 deg. eaft long, and 30 and 72 deg. north lat. Taken in its fiillt'il extent, Tartary is bounded by the Froiien-Ocean on the north; by the Pacific-Ocean •n the eaft ; by China, India, Perfia, and the Cafpian- oca, on the fouth i and by Mufcovy on the welf. But tiie accounts given us by geographers, refpedling the cxlenj, limits, and fituation of this country, are • ot to be depended upon entirely, fince the Emprefs of RulTia and her miniftry are ignorant of her prccife limits with the Chinefe, Perfians, and othei nations. One part of this extenfive ten itory is fubjefl to the Chinefe einpire, another is under the dominioti of Ruflia; and the third is independent. Its Trand dlvifions, fubdivifions, and chief towns, are as follow: The north-eaft divificn contains the Kamtfchatka Tartars, whofc chief town is' Kami'chatka ; and the Jakutfkoi-Tartars, wliofe chief town is Jakutflioi. The fouth-eaft divilion includes the Thibet and Mo- gul-Tartars, whofe chief towns are Bratfki, Thibet, Po- lon, Kudak, containing *)b5,38o fquare miles._ The north-weft divifion comprifes Samoieda and Of- tiack: their chief towns are Mangafia and Kortfkoi. The fouth-weft divifion contains Circaflian and Aftrachan-Tartiiry, whofe chief towns are Terki and Allrachan. Th« middle divifiw jjicludes Siberia, with its chieC ; town. ' t/j iif ii M igi A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or Ui>IIVEltgAE; GEOGRAPHY. town> Tobolflc ; Kalmuck-Tartary, and its chief town, Uokharir. ; and Ufbeck-I artary, whofe chief town is Samercand; Kalmuck-Tartary contains 850,000 fquare miles, and Urbcck-Tartary 339,840. The chief mountains of Tartary art Cancafus in Cir- caflia, and the mountains of Taurus and Ararat, fo con- tiguous to it, that they appear like a continuation of the fame mountain, which crofles all Afia from Mingrelia to the Indies ; and the mountains of Stolp, in the north. Its feas are, the Frozen-Ocean, the Pacific-Ocean, tnd the CaCpian. There are feveral lakes in Tartary, the moft con- fldcrablc of which are the Baikal, the Kifan, and the Kologal. The moft remarkable rivers, are, the Wolga, which runs a courfe of 2000 miles ; the Obey, which divides Afia fiom Europe, theTabol, Irtis, Genefa or Jenlka; the Argun, which divides the Ruffian and Chinefe em- pires ; the Burrumpooter, and the Lena. As this country is of a vaft extent from north to fouth, confequcntly the air, climate, foil, and produce, mult be very different ; the fouthern parts being in the fame latitudes with Spain, France, Italy, and part of Turkey ; and the northeri' reaching beyond the arctic polar circle. The moft uncomfortable regions are Nova Zembla and ^uflian Lapland j the earth, which is covered with fnow nine months in the year, being extremely barren, and every where incumbered with unwholefomc marfhes, uninhabited mountains, and impenetrable thickneftes. Mr. Bell, who travelled with the Ruffian ambaftUdor to China, reprefents fome parts of Tartary as fertile and defirable countries, which, when cultivat«d, yield excellent fruits, particularly very large grapes } and the grafs grows fpontaneotifly to an amazing height, but the Tartars have no idea of niak'n" it into hay. The common produftions are, fome wheat, rice, barley; feveral kinds of roots, and pulfe, coffee, aloes, and va- rious other drugs. Their method of procuring early grafs for their cattle, particularly in Mongalia, is very extraordinary: during the high winds which blow here in fpring, they fet fire to the rank grafs ; this runs in a moft amazing manner, ami trie flames frequently fpread till their progrcfs is ftopped by fome river or barren hill. The following year the afties of this conAimed grafs, waflied into the earth by the fnow as it melts, prove fuch excellent manure, that the young grafs i'prings thicker than wheat, on the land thus prepared. Belidcs other land and amphibious animals common in the north parts of Europe, lujh as bears, wolves, fic. there are, in fome parts of Tartary, camels, drome- diiries, goats with yellow hair, fquirrels, foxes, an animal called hautchan, rclcmbling an elk ; another ca led chulon or chalilbn, which fecms to be a fort of lynx, a little creature called tael-pe, and marmots. The laft of thefe animals are chiefly found on the hills in Mongalia, where they" burrow under the broad fpread- ing leaves of the rhubarb plants; to the growth of which it is faid their dung, and their cafting uLi, earth about the roots, greatly contribute. Their horiN are of a good fizc for the laddie, and very hardy j, they run wild till they are five or fix years old, thcy'ar generally headftrong. Near Aftrachan, there is a bird (by travellers taU' to be the pelican) called by th« Ruffians Baba, ofJ grey colour, and fomething larger thai* » fwan ; he hj, a broad bill, under which hangs a bag that may contaii a quart or more } he wades near the edge of i. river and, on feeing a fhoal or fry of fmall fifties, fpreads h ! wings, and drives them to a fhallow, where he gobhU as many of them as he can into his bag, and then goinf afliorc, cats them, or carries them to 3»e young. The population of Tartary can never be alcertainej. but from fome circumftances we muft conclude, tk! the number of inhabitants are by no means proportioned I to the extent of their country, Thefe people, orioj. nally defcended from the Scythians, are now generJlj divided into three difti;i£l: powers: the firft aretiiofc known by the name of Tartars, the fecond are tju I Calmucks, and the third the Monguls. The Tartars, i proptrly fo called, live to the weft of the Cafpian fa I The moft confiderable of them are the Ufljecks, fubje} to Perfia ; the Kara Kallpacks, the Nogais, and ttit Bafkirs, the two laft being fubjeJl toRuffia; andtktj Dagheftans, who depend on no power, and are more ] favage and untra<3able than any of the reft. In their perfons they are generally fliort and ftout, I with broad faces, flat nofes, and fmall but quick black eyes. They continually thin their beards by pluckinj the hairs out by the roots, fo that thev are fcarcdv vifible. The womc bear a ftrong rcfi mblance to the men, except in Circaffia, where they are efteemedail remarkable beauties, and are admired for their wit anJ addrefs. Many of them are found in the feradios of the grand feignior, and other great perfonages, bothij Turkey and Perfia ; being purchafed of their parents, while exceeding young, by merchants, who f^nk them to be inflrudted in fuch accomplifliments as mav tenJ to enhance their value when offered to fale. The Tar- tarian women are famed for being honeft, fincerc, and I in general very modelK Adultery is a crime fcarcE | ever heard of among them. In theii ilfpofitions the Tartars are naturally cafyani I cheerful, always difpofed to laughter, and icarcc ever cxpi-rionce either care or melancholy. They arc ex- trenely hofpitable to each other, and likewife to firan. I gers, who put themfclvcs under their protection. THi ideas of filial duty cannot be exceeded, and fcartu/ equalled, by more polKhed nations ; but they fome times carry them to vfhat we muft term, a cruel height, for if any of them are r-'jndered infirm by age, or feizeii i with an incurable diftemper, they build a fmall hut, near fome river, into which they put the paticiit with a qaantity of provifions, and then quitting him, fcliioni or never return to know his fate. The rcal'onthtr afi'n I Asia.] EASTERN TARTAR Y. 193 aflizn for this ftratigc condudt is, that they do their pa- rents a good office in fending them to a better world ; fui they belie/e in a future Itate, and that virtue leads to happiiiels, and vice to mifery: theiv.'jre, wlien tempted by another to commit a bad aftion, they ufuallV) if well-difpofed, reply in the following pro- verb: '» Though a knife be fharp, it cannot cut its uwii handle." Their only employment is tending their llods, hunting, and managing their horfes ; for, being inured to horlemanfhip from their infancy, they fel- im appear on foot ; their dexterity in mooting at a mark is inconceivable, and frequently while in full gal- lon they w'»l cleave a pole, at a confiderable diftance from them, with an arrow. They avoid all kind of labour, and have few mechanics among them, except thofe who make arms. In general, they lead a wan- dering life, fetting out !.i the fpring, frequently ten thoufand in a body, preceded by their flocks and herds ; and when they come to an inviting fpot, they pitch ;heir tents, and ftay there till all the grafs is conlumed, when they again (et forward in fcarch of anothei fer- ile plain. Some of them live in huts half funk under round, the fire being in the centre, with a iiole juft ivcr it in the roof to let out the fmoke, and round it re benches to fit or lie upon. This feems to be the ;ommon metho:l of living among all the northern nations, 'torn Lapland eaftward, to the Japanefe ocean. In the lorthern provinces, as foon as the winter fets in, every jfcmily burrows itfelf under ground, nor do they emerge ,gaintill the fucceeding fpring. Their favourite food is horfe-flefli, which they broil nd rc^ft, and fometimes large pieces of it are fmoken ir dried in the fun ; but they never eat it raw, as is ;ommoniv believed, uiJefs compelled to it by necefTity. 'n long' marcl'.es, all their provifions confift of chcefe, r rather dried curd, made up into little balls, which they ounJ, and, mixing the powder with water, drink it. Some of the tribes are far more filthy than others, ut in this particular none exceed the Kamtfchatkans, ho art; laid never to wafh their hands or face, nor cut eir nails : they eat out of the fame difh with the dogs, fithout ever being wafhed, every thing about them inks of filh, and they never comb their heads. Both icn and women plait their hair in two locks, binding ;he ends with Ihiall cords. If any hair happens to flart lut, they lew it down with thread, to make it lie clofe, v>hich means their heads fwarm with vermin, which ley Icrape off with their hands. The Tartars have very little money except what :bcy get fro'.ii tl^ie Ruffians, tind their other neighbours, n exchange for cattle : and with this thev fometimes luymc.il, but it is more frequently expended in cloths, lib, ftuftV, and other apparel for ili ir women, whom ihcyllkcwiie purchafe wi.li cattle. They are not very nice in their marriages. It not -iiig uncommon, in fome of the more barbarous tribes, fbraiather to marry his own daughter ; and there is very iittle difterence made between mc child of a concubine or flave, and that of a wife, except that, among the heads of tribes, the wife's fon is always preferred in the fuc- ceflion. But what is ftilj a greater hardlhip, every wife, when turjieJ of forty, is degraded to the menial offices of a fervant. and, as fuch, muft wait on the young wife who fuci.eds to her place. The Tartarian drefs is very fimple-; that of the mp.n confifts of a fliort jacket, with narrow flceves, made of deer-fkins, with the fur outward, and trowfers and hole all of one piece. Mofl of the tribes Ihavt their heads, except a lock behind, which is plaited, and hangs down their backs. They wear a cap turned up with fur, adorned on the top with a taff-l f-f red ftlk. The wo- men are drefTed in loofe gowns, orramented and bor- dered with different colours; they all w^ar ear-rings, and their hair plaited in feveral locks. 7'hofe of molt con- fequence among them, wear filt garments in the fummer. The inhabitants of Siberia arc, like their anceftors, moft of them idolaters. They confift of many nations, entirely differing from each other in their manner of living, religion, language, and countenances. But in this they agree, that none of them follow agricidturc, which is carried on by lonie Tartars, and fuch as arc converted to Chrirtianity. A few of them breed cattle, ana others follow hunting. The population of Siberia has been much increafed fince it became a RulTian pro- vince , for the Ruflians have built therein a number of towns, fortrefles, and villages. Notwithihuuling which, it prefents but a void and dcfert appearance ; fince, by its extent, it is capable of fupporting feveral millions more than it at prefent contaiiis. The religion of the Circaflians is Paganifm ; for, notwithftanding they ufe circumcifion among them, they have neither pricft, koran, or mofque, like other Mahometans. Every body here offers his own iacrifice at pleafure, for which, however, they have certain days, eftabliihed more by cuftom than anypofitive conmiand. Theii moft Iblcmn facrifice is ofTcrcd at the death of their nearefl friends, upon which occafion both men and women meet in the field to be prcfent at the offering, which is a he-goat : this having killed, they flay it, ajul ftretch the fkin, wiia the head and horns on, upon a crofs at the top of a long p jle, placed commonly in a quickfet hedge (to keep the cattle from it) and the fa- crifice is offered near the place, by boiling and roaftino; the flefh, which they afterwards eat. ^Vhen the feaft is over, the men rife, and having paid their adoration to the (kin, and muttered over fomc certain prayers, the women withdraw, and the men conclude the ceremony with drinking a great quantity of aqua vit.T, and this generally ends in a mc.ninc;. quarrel before they break up the "We fluill no">v proceed to give an account of the re- ligion and government of the kingdom of Thibet, and Lalla, a large tratSt of Taicary bordering upon China, which is confidcrcd as Uic niuft rcnuarkable, and moft 3 C worthy mm '^'■v, 194 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 1 worthy of attsiition. The Thibctijns are governed by the Grand Lama, or Dclai Lama, who is not only Uib- mittcd to, aiid adored by them, but is alio the great ob- ject of adoration tor the various tribes of heathen Tar- tars, who roam through the vaft tra£t of continent which Itretchcs from the banks of the Wolga, to Korea on tlic fea of Japan. He is not only the fovercign pon- tiff, the vicegerent of the deity on earth ; but, as fuper- llition is ever the ftrongeft, where it is mofl removed from its ohjedl:, the more remote Tartars abfolutely regard him as ths Deity himfelf. They believe him to be immortal, and endowed with all knov/lcdgc and vir- tue. Every year th'^y come up from diftl-rent parts, to worfliip and make rich offerings at his {hrino : even the empeior of China, who is a Manchon Tartar, does not fail in acknowledgments to him in his religious capa- city, though the Lama is tributary to him, aiul a^Hiiialiy entertains, at a great expence, in the palace of Peking, an inferior Lama, deputed as his nuncio irom Thibet. The opii\ion of thofe who are reputed the moll ortho- dox among the Thibetians, is, that wheii the Grand I^ama fcems to die, either of old age or infiiniity, his foul in fact oidy quits a crazy habitation, to look fjr ■another younger or better, and it is difcovered again in the body of lome child, by certain tokens known only L;i.ma appears. to the Li'.mas or priclls, in which order he always li\ 1774 tlie Grand Lama was an infant, which had been difcovered lome time before by the Tayfloo Lama, who in authority and fan£tity of charafler is next to the Gr:uid Lama, and during his minority atls as chief. The Lamas, who form the molt numerous as well as tlie mofl powerful body in the Itate, have the prieithood entirely in their hands; and, befidcs, fill up many mo- naftic orders,, wliit h are heht in great veneration among them. '1 he refidLiicc of the Grand Lama is at Patoli, a vaft palace on a mountain near. the banks of the Ba- rainpoatci, .ibout feven miles iVom Laflli. TheEngliiii Eaf!:-India company made a treaty with the Laaia in 1774, in confecjucnce of the fort of Dellamcotta, the ■j)rincipal pafs through the ridge of the Bootan moun- iains, being taken by ftarm by Capt. Jones in 1773, which mide thv.- I hibjlians lue for peace. The people jit riiibrt have a great veneration for the cow, and al.o 111 !hiy re!'i-.(;.'-i .the w.itcrs of the Ganges, the fource of Wimh they brliovc to be in heaven, 'i'he Suniiiaffes, cr Indian pilgrims, often vifit Thibet as an hoiy place, ;uid the Lama always entci tains a body of two or three tiundiod in his ]53\'. l-jefides his religious influence and ?. uhorit)', the Grind L»ma is poircfled of unlimited power throughout iiis very extenfive dominions. The religion of Schamanifm is alfo very prevalent f;niong the Tartars. l"he profcfTors of this religion b-licve in one fupreme Ciod, the creator of all things. The, 'believe that he loves his creition, aiui all his crea- tures ; that he knows every thing, and is all powerful ; but that he pays no attention to the particular actions of men, being too great for them to be able to oJilnd 8 Vv. ^ 'i- him, or to do any thing that can be meritorious ia)A fight. But they alfo maintain, that. the Supreme Bdnt I has divided the government of the world, and the dellin.j of men, among a number of inferior divinities, undsl his command and control, fa^t who nevcrthelcfs oenj.1 rally adt according to their own fancies ; and the^efeu I it is incumbent on mankind to ufe all the means iatheitl power for obtaining their favour. They likewife fup. pofe, that, for the moft part, thefe fubordinatedeiti(,| abominate and punifh premeditated villany, fraud, ami I cruelty. They are all firmly perfuaded of a fututtl exiltcncc; but they have many fuperflitious notioul and praiStices. Among all the Schamancs, women art! confidered as beings valtly inferior to men, and aiyl thought to have been created only for their fenfual ple^l fare, to people the world, and to fuperintendandiM-l nage houfehold affairs: in confequence of thef; princi.f pies, it is no wonder they are treated with that con. tempt and feverity they commonly meet with. Among a nation of I'artars, the reader cannot expc^l to find a very fluisfaclory account on the article of lca;^ I ing ; it is, however, very certain, that under Jengdiij Khan and Tamerlane, and their early delcendans,! Aitrachan and the neighbouring countries were tlitl feats of learning and politenefs, as well as empire ; . magnificence. Alodern luxury, be it ever fo fplendiiJ falls fliort of that of thole princes; and there are Itil extant fome remains of their tafte in architcdlurc, tjtl thefe are only to be found in defolate and alraoft inac.l ceflible places. The cultivation of learning was d^l firlt care of die prince, and generally committed toil care of his own relations. They wrote in the Perliaal or Arabic tongues; and their hiltories carry with thaj I the ftrongcll: marks of authenticity : many of thel'ea«| Itill extajit in manufcript. Their curiolities are comprehended in the remaimoil the buildings left by the above-mentioned i^rcatcon-f querors, and their fucccffors. Here are remains oFditcliMl and ramparts, which heretofore either furroundcd frail I towns, now quite demolifhcd, or were defigr;.! for thtl defence of camps, forts, or caltles, the veitiges of v/liick I are o.tcn to be difcovered upon the fpot, as well ns oilier | traces of buildings, &c. which flrongly indicate tlifirj priftine importance. Many of them are in tolerable I prei'erxation, and make fomc figure even- at prefent. The Slabode, or Tartarian fuburb of Kafimof, otl the Oh.a, fcems to have been the refidence offtKnel khan. In the midft of the ruins of that city is arounJl and elevated tower, called in their language Mifquir,i| fort of temple, or building dedicated to devotion. Hml arc alfo the remains of the walls of a palace ; and in out I of the rnafarets, or burial-places, is a very confiderablt I maufolcuni ; all which edifices are built of hewn fto.it I and biicks. From an Arabic inicription we learn, ititj the khan of Schagali was buried there in the nine han- f dred and fixty-'econd year of the hegira, or the out I thoulimd five hundred and twentieth of the chrillial xra. Near Mount Caucafus arc ftill very confideraik I , jcmaiiii I lAsiA.] EASTERN ISLANDS. *95 Iremains of Madfchar, a celebrated city of former times. INear Dcrbeiit arc numerous tombs covered with cy- Jlindrical ftones, exceeding the ufual ftature of men, Lith Arabic infcriptions. 1 111 the environs of Aftrachan, the ruins of ancient lAftrachan are very viftble, and the rubbifh and ram- parts of another refpcftable town flill exift near iTzantzin, on the left fhore of the Wolga. A lit- Itic below the mouth of the Kama, which empties Itfcif into ^^^ above-mentioned river, are many fuperb Irionuments of tlie ancient city Bulgaria, confiding of cowers, mofciues, houfes, and fepulchres, all built of lilone or brick. The oldcft epitaphs have been there nore than eleven centuries, and the moft modern at lleaft 400 years. Not far from hence, on the iTcheremtfcham, a little river that runs into the IWoIga, are found ruins fomewhat more injured by Ithe depredations of time : they arc thofe of Boulymer, [an ancient and very confiderable city of the Bulga- Irians. The linall town of Bilyairfk has been erected |bv the Tartars upon its ruins. ' There is a monument, in the fortrefs of Kafan, of Ithc ancient Tartarian king '" of that name. Its lofty Iwails are Co broad, that y ferve at prefent for ram- Iparts: the turrets of which, as well as the old palace lot' the khnn, are built of hewn ftone. In going up l^c river Kafanha, we meet with epitaphs, and the lihong ramparts of the old Kafan. Near the Ou'^a are Ic^neteries full of innumerable infcriptions, and T-vcral Ifepichral vaults. The ramjiarts of Sibtr, the ancient Icapital of Tartary, are flill fcen about Tobolfk upon [the Irti'ch. The lofty walls of Tontoura appear yet in [the Baraba, a little gulph in the river Om ; and near jthe mouth of the Oural are the ditches of the city ISaratfchik. Not to mention a great number of other Icities and ruins in Siberia ; and e<;- ;ially all thole that jare to be met with in the dcfert of Kirgius, which liibounds in the relics of opulent cities. Some gold and jliiver coins have likewifc been found, with feveral ma- [niilcripts neatly v/rittcn, which have been carried to [I'ctcrlburg. About eighty miles from LafTa is the lake Palte, or jjangfo; of that extent, the natives fay it requires' jcightecn d;iys to walk round it. In the middle of it I arc iliinds, one of which is the feat of the I.amifla I'urcepama, or the great regenerate, in whom the ri^hibetiaiis think a divine fpirit rcfides, as in the jCrcat Lama. M. Voltaire, in his Hiftory of Peter Ithe Great, informs us, that there were found in Kal- jmuc T.irtary a fubterraneous houfe of ft one, (bine jurns, lamps, and ear-rings, an equeflriaii ftatue, an I oriental prince with a diadem on his head, two wo- jmen leatcd on throne?, and .1 roll of manufcript, I which ms font by Peter the Great to the Academy lof Infcriptions at Paris, and proved to be in the jJmguage of Thibet. Hair, fine wool, coarfe cloths, j/ock filt, iiiuft;, a]id gold, arc their ftaple tpmiuodiiies. C II A P. VII. DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ISLANDS DISCOVKUF.D BY THK RUSSIANS. THOUGH the voyages of Columbus nnd Vafquez de Gama had difcovered a new world in the weft, and proved the caufc of exploring many countries little known, but by hearfay, in the oriental quarter of the world ; yet it was ft-ill fuppofed, by many who curioufly contemplated the figure of the globe, that there were many iflands in the eaftern oceari. and much land to the fouthward yet remaining undiicovercd ; and Ibnic for a long time entertained the idea of a vafl: fouthcrn con- tinent, or firft divifion of the world, which they con- tended was neceflary to keep up the due balance of the terraqueous globe. While thefe things were yet in contemplation, the Ruffians dil(:ovcred the northern Archipelago, a vaft number of iflands fituate between the taftern coall of Kamtfchatka and the wcftern part of the continent of America ; the firft projedt for making which dilco- veries was adlually conceived and fut on foot by the Czar Peter the Great. The firft group of thcfe iflands called Safignan, comprehends fpartly under the name of Aleutian Illcs) 1. Bccring's-Ifland. 2. Copper-Kland. 3. Orma^ 4. Samyra. 5. Anakta. The fccond group, contains eight iflands. 1. Immaak. Ichctchia. 4. Ava. 5. Kavia. 6. If- changulak. -^. Ulagania. 8. Amt'chkidga. The third, under the general name of Negho, compre- hends a number of iflands, fixtecn of which are thus denominated. 1. Ainatkinak. 2. Uiak. ;j. Unalga. 4. Navoltflia. 5. Uliga. 6. Anagin. 7! Kagulak. 8. Illak. 9. Takav and other cij^uniftaiiccs, it was foon conjeftured tc/ be rather the country of the Jakutfkoi, or the caftern extremity of Afia, explored by Beerrng in 1728. In admitting this, however, without farther examination, we muft have pronounced Mr. Stjehlin's map, and his account of the New Northern Archipelago, to be either remarkably erro- neous, even in latitude, or elfe to be a mere Jiftion ; a judgment which we would liot prefume to pais upon a publication fo refpedfully vouched, without producing the moft decifive proofs. This country, lying on the eaftern coaft of Afia, is bounded on the fouth by the river Anadir, and ex- tends along the (bore, to the north and north-eafl:, to 74 deg. of latitude. Upon Captain Cook's landing, with a party of our people, at this place, thirty or forty men, each of whom was armed with a fpontoon, a bow, and arrows, ftood drawn up on an eminence near the houfcs. Three of them came down towards the fliore, on the approach of our people, and were fo polite as to pull off their caps, and make them low bows. Though this civility was returned, it did not infpire them with fufficient confidence to wait for their landing; for, the inftanC the boats put afliore, the natives retired. Captain Cook followed them alone, without any thing in his hand, and, by figns and geftures, prevailed on tnem to Hop, and accept fome trifling prefents. In return for thefe, they gave him two fox- fkins, and a couple of fea-hprfe teeth. The captain was of opinion, that they had brought thefe articles down with them, for the purpofe of prefenting them to him, and that they would have given them, even if they had expedled no return. They difcovercd manifcft tokens of apprehcnHon and feiir, intimating their defirc, by figns, that no more of our people (hould be fuffcred 'o come up. On the cap- tain's laying his hind on the (houlder of one of them, he ftarted back fcveral paces. In proportion as he ad- vanced, they retreated, always in the attitude of being ready to make ufe of their fpcars ; while thofe on tne 3 D cminem;?; m i9i> A NKW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or CTNl VERSA L GEOGRAPHY. •5 I eminence wtru ready to (upport them with their arrows. Infeiillbly, however, the captain, and two or three of his companions, introduced themfelvcs among them. The diflribution of a few beads among fome of ihcm foon created a degree of confidence ; fo that they were not alarmed, when the party was joined by a few more ; and, in a fhort time, a kind of traffic was entered into. In, cxcliange for tobacco, knives, beads, and other articles, they gave a fjjw arrows, and fome of their dovhi'ig : but nothing that our people had to offer, could induce them to part Avith a fpear or a bow. Thefe they hcjd in continual readincfs, never quitting them, except at one time,' when four or five pcrfons laid tlieirs down, while they favouii'd our people with a fong and a dan<;e ; and cr\'en ihch, they placed them in fuch a man- ner, that they could lay hold of ihcm in a moment. Their arrows were pointed either with ftone or bone, but very few of them had barbs 5 and fome of them had a round blunt point. What ufe thefe are applied to could not be* determined, unlcfs it be to kill fmall ani- mals without damaging the fkin. Tiieir fpontoons, or fpears, were of iron or fVeel, and of European or Afiatic workmanfhip ; and confider- abk pains had been taken to embclli(h them with carv- ing, and inlayings of brafs, and of a white metal. Thofe who ttood with bows and arrows in their hands, had the fpear flung by a leathern ftrap over their right fhoulder. A leathern quiver, flung over their left fliouldcr, ferved to contain arrows ; and fome of thefe quivers were ex- ceedingly beautiful, being made of red leather, on wliich was very neat embroidery, and other ornaments. In this, and fome inftances of their clothing, they gave proofs bf a degree of ingenuity, not to be expefled among the inhabitants of fo northern a region. The nat.ive< were roburt arid well proportioned. No women or children, of either ftx, were obferved, nor any aged pcrfons, except one-man, whofe head was bald, and he was the only one who bore no arms : tlie others feemed t^ be fcleft men, and rather under than above the mid- dle age. The elderly man had a black mark acrofs his face, which was not perceived in any others. All of them had their ears perforated, and fome had glafs beads hanging to them. Thefe were the only fixed ornaments fcen about them, for they wore none to their lips. The drefs of thefe people confiiled of a frock, a pair of breeches, a pair of boots, and a pair of gloves, all made of the ll;ins of deer, dogs, fcals, and otiier ani- mals, extremely well drefl'ed, fome with the hair or fur on, and others without it. Their hair was apparently black; bu< their heads were either fhavcd, or their hair tut clofc off; and none of them woie beards. They have their winter and fummer habitations: the former are like a vault, the floor of which is funk below the furface of the earth. One of them, examined by Captain Cook's people, was of an oval figure, about twenty feet in length, and twelve or more in height ; the framing confiiling of wood and. the ribs of whales, judicioufly difpofed, and bound together with fiiialler materials of the (amc kind. Over this framing, mTI vering ol ilrong coarfe grafs was laid, and that again « covered with earth ; fo that on the outfide the hoifcl had the appearance of a little hillock, fupported btil wall of ftone, of the height of three or four feet, wdjAi was built round the two fides, and one end. Attttl other end of tiie habitation the earth was raifed flapii,. I to walk up to the entrance, which was by a holein jjl top of the roof, over that end. The floor was boaniM I and' under it was a fort of cellar, in which was feen no.1 thing but water. At the end of each houfc was aAaultdi room, which was fuppofed to be a ftore-room. Their fummer huts were of a tolerable fize, ai^l brought t a kind of point at the top. Slight polejl and bones, covered with the fkins of fea-animals, coo.! pofed the framing. The infide of one being examimil there was a fire-place juft within die door, where a toil wooden veflely were depofited, all very dirty. Thttj bed-places were clofe to the fide, and occupied about one half of the circuit: fome degree of privacy feemed to be obferved ', for there were leveral partitions mat- with fkins. The bed and bedding confifted ofdoj (kins, and moft of them were clean and dry. When a vifiter comes to fee them, he is always prt. fcnted with the maftcr of the hut's wife or daughttr, I who hands to him a bafon of her own urine, widi which the vifiter (if among their own people) waftnj his mouth ; and this he is obliged to do, or he is not | looked upon as a friend. About the houfes were erefted feveral ft ages ten or 1 twelve feet in height. They were compoied entirel? of bortes, and were apparently intended for drying their fifh and (kins, whicb were thus placed out of the reach of their dogs, of which they had great numbers, Thefe dogs are of the fox kind, rather large, and of ] different colours, with long foft hair refembling wool. They are, in all probability, ufed for the purpofe of drawing their fledges in winter ; for it appears that they have fledges, as many of them were feen laid up in one. of their winter huts. It is likewife not impro- bable that dogs conftitute a part of their food, for fe. ^'eral lay dead, which had been recently killed. The canoes of thefe people refemble thofe of the northern parts, the form being fimple, but calculated for every ufeful purpofe. From the large bones of fifh, and other fea animals, it appeared, that the fea furni(hed thdm with the greater part of their fubftftcnce. The country feemed exceed- ing barren, as our people faw not a tree or (hrub. At fome diftance towards the weft they obferved a ridge of mountains covered v«th (now, that had fallen not long before. Such of thefe people as live to the northward of thf Anadir not being under the dominion of the Ruffians, arc inimical to thofe who are. The Ruffians, indeed, have made many ftrenuous but iinfucccfsful efforts to bring them under a general fubjettion. Our people, on leaving this country, (leered to the eaftwaiil) •] THIBET, &c. *99 tended for drv Lftwaiil, in o"^*-"' *° make a nearer approach to the Wriciii coaft i and arriving in their pafiage at the liituile of 70 dtg. 6 mio. north, faw an amazing num- If of fea horfes on the i(;e, and as they were in want ificihptovifions, the boats were difpatched from each [ip to procure (bme. Nine of thcfc animals were Lught on boafd the Rcfolution, and which, till this fmc, were fuppofed tohave been fea cows j nor would the [Ifcrenco |iflve been known, had not two or three men board, who had been in Grceidand, declared what iiimals thefc were» and that no pcrfon ever eat of them. iluwithllandlng this, they ferved for provifions, and here were few of our people wiio did not prefer them p fait meat. • , Tiie fat of thcfe animals, at firft, is as fweet as irrow; but, in a feyv days, it becomes rjincid, un- tfs it is failed, in which ftate it will keep much longer. The lean flelh is coarfe aud blackifh, and has a ftrong He i but the heart is almoft as well tafted as tliat of a lullocic. The fat, when melted, afTords a great quan- ttyof oil, which burns very well in lamps ; and their Jiies, which are of great thicknefs, were very ufeful tout the rigging. The teeth, or tufks, of moft of Jem were, at this time, of a very fniall fize 5 even |bme of the largcft and oldeft of theie animals had them ot exceeding fix inches in length. Hence it was con- fludeJ that they had lately fhed their old teeth. They lie upon the ice in herds of many hundreds, ' lling, like fwine, one over the other ; and they roar hry ioud; fo that in the night, or when the weather ps very foggy, they gave our people notice of the licinityof the ice, before they could difcern it. It was never found that the whole herd were aflccp at the laipe lime, fome of them being conftantly on the watch. riiefe, on the approach of the boat, would awake thofe Bt.were next to them ; and the alarm being thus gra- Bually communicated, the whole herd would prefently be awake. However, they were feldom m a hurry to ket away, before they had been once fired at. Then Ihey would fall into the fea, one over the other in the litmoft confufion ; and, if our people did not happen, pt the firft difcharge, to kill thofe they fired at, they tcncrally loft them, though mortally wounded. They did not appear to be fo dangerous as fome aii- hors have rcprefented them ; even when they were ^ttaclced. They are, indeed, more fo in appearance, kn in reality. Vaft multitudes of them would follow, M come clofe up to the boats ; but the flafh of a nullcet in the pan, or even the mere pointing oiie at hem, would fend them down in a moment. The fe- nale, however, will defend her young ones to the very laft, and at the expence of her own life, whether upon Hhe ice or in the water There appeared fome ftriking inftances of parental jaffcaion in thefe animals. All of them, on the ap- proach of the boats towards the ice, took their young ines under their fins, and attempted to efcape with hem into the fea. Some, whofc cubs wex» killed or a wounded, and left floating upon the furface of the wa- ter, rofe again, and carried them down, fometimesjuft as the men were oh the point of taking them into tho boat } and cadd be traced bearing them to a confidcr- able dillance through the water, which was flaincd with their blood. They were aftei^vards obferved bringing them, at intervals, above the f( of gold, particularly the Kin-cha- ](yaii|r, which ciittis the Chinefe province of Yun-nan, whole name iignitics tlic river with goldcn-far.d : here is allV> the Niikyanu', a very principal one 5 the Lantfan- k>.;;m, which alfo enters Yun-nan, and hows into the Icin^dont of Tonqiiin ; and the great river called Yo- rutiMn-pii, or Dikn-pu. The towns in tliis province are for the moft part ex- ceeding fnu)!, and vtry poorly inhabited; nor is even I/afla, the princip;U place in the country, in the lead fortified. There is indeed but little occaiion for forti- fications here, tlic Tartars, in their wars, choofing rather to ti^ht in the open fields, than to undertake lieges. The- natives of Thibet arc in general a very robuft aiid healthy peopU-. They hiivc aft olive or tawncy Complexion, their nofcs are fl.it, and their faces very bro.id; but tlie women arc much handlomer in their fcaturc;< tli.m the men. They arc naturally very indo- lent, Oiid the common* people in particular arc exceeding filthy. The garments of both fexcs are alike, confift- in^ of a large piece of coarfe cloth, faftcncd round the boily witli a girdle, and on their heads they wear a kind of bonnet, which is decorated with pieces of tortoife- Ibfll, and other tiifling baubles; but the better fort adorn them with coral, and beads of amber. Both fexes wear bracelets on tlieir left arms, failened with beads. The poor people live principally on rice and pulfc, though they have various kinds of flefli : they are in ge- • neral very temperate in their diet ; but, as they arc ex- tremely fond of Ipirituous liquors, will often drink to excefs. The houfes of the better fort are tolerably handfome, and chiefly built of wood; but thofe of the common people are low, mean huts, made of ftones rudely piled together. The country of the Mogul Tartars, or Mongols, is bounded on the eait by the territories of the Majit- chews, the Kalkas on the weft, China on the fouth, and by Eaftern Tartary and the Kalka Tarurs on the* north. Here the climate is exceedingly ievcrc, and ice lies on the ground eight or nine months together. It is a country not very well known, except that part of it which the caravan% pais in travelling from Mufcovy to China. The Bratfki Tartars dwell near the Lake Baikal, many of whom arc good mechanics, and others well (killed in huibandry. Some of thefe Bratflci are people of confiderable property : it is not uncommon for a man to be proprietor of live or fix hundred horfes, as well as of numbers of other cattle. The food of thefe people is venilbn and horfc-ileib, the latter of which they prefer. SAMOIEDA, OR, SAMOIDIA,! THIS country is fttuatcd north-wcfl of Siberia; iti divided into Obdora on the. weft, and Manamo Loppo eaft of the river Oby: the Riphican moniitai(.| furrounding the river Pot7,or, arc its weftern limitj, I Their dwelling-places are caves, in which the«|it|l nine months in the year, and make fubtcrraneous uim Pages for the purpofe of viftting each other. They bnql lamps fed with a ftinking fifti-oil. ,1 The Oftiocs live along the rivers Oby, Jcnifay, (A Thefe people dry their fim in the fummer, which ierval them in the winter: they have no rice, but fubfift A roots, fifli, wild-fowl, &c. Their winter-huts arc IitjI in the ground, with a roof of bark or rufhes ; in f;jiiiJ mer, they build on the banks of the rivers, andemplofl themfelves in fiftiing. Their fledges are drawn bydml four of which will draw a fledge with 300 poiiniii| weight upon it, fifteen leagues in a day. What isrt.| markable, they have ports in this country for fledges, (l regular as the polts of Europe, with relays of dogs iA travellers to change on their journey at fet diftaiic«;[ they increafc the number of dogs, in pioportion to tktj hurry a paflenger is in. Thefe people worfliip and of. I fer facrifices to fmall brafen idols, placed in groves, o( f on the tops of houfes. WESTERN TARTARY. CIRCASSIA AND ASTRACHAN, CIRCASSIA is that country Iving between the Cai'. plan-Sea on the eaft ; Afoph, ana the Palus-Maeotisonl the weft ; the high mountains of Caucafus on the foutl and Aftrachan on the north. The foutheni divifioniil claimed bv the Pcrfians, the weftern is under the domi. I nion of the Turks, and the eaftern pays obedience ti I Ruffia. Kivilaar is the capital of Circaflia. This town beinj I only in 44 deg. north lat. the air is confequcntly fcrene I and wholefomc. It was built by the Ruffians ; the ci- 1 tadel is only formed of earth, but the garrifon confiftsof I about 500 regulars, and 3000 Cofl'acks; the latter of I whom are permitted by the Ruflian goveniiiKiit to crcd I habitations on the banks of the Terek, which flows | from eaft to weft, and affords a great variety of llfn fturgeon, falmon. Sec The Circaflians are lovely in their feature?, majc in their perfons, and agreeable in their deportment. In I their ftature they are largc> and the men maki; cxcellcn! foldiers. The country abounds in wild fwine, wolves, and I foxes ; produces vines, whofc grapes are excellent, and here is a great variety of game. Tcrki, the capital of Circaflian Tartary, is featedi a fpacious plain, on an idand formed by the 1 ivers Tcrki | and BuftroW) ajiJ is garrifoncd by aooo regulars, a 1000 Cofl'acls. I Is I A •1 \V E 9 Y E R N T A R T A R Y. «ot jCoflicks. U is well fortified with, ramparts aitd (lioiu in 'he moJeni llyle, well ftorod with cannon, has always a conAdcrable garril'on i^i it, under the nmand of a governor. The Circaflian prince, who yes here, is iJl«vcd .5,90 Ruflians for his guard, hut of his own fubye^ts aio permitted to dwell within IV part of the t'ortincations. Ever fincc tlic redudion I thd'e pifti to the obedience of RulTu, they have put ill pUces of ttrcngth, not only Ruffian garrifons and mrwrs, but magiftrates, and priefts for the cxercife L|,5Ch(iftian religion: yet the Circaffian Tartars arc Lcrned by their own princes, lords, and judgesj but efcadminiftcr juftice in th« name of the emperor, and, I matters of importance, not without the profence of : Rufliw governors, being all obliged to take the oath I jllcgiiuicc to his imperial majefty. ^ iThis city has a great number of ferpcnts about it, (lich make holes in the ground that are extremely (jcrous. Tliefe fcrpents arp about fix or fevcn feet length, and about the thicknefs of a man's arm. Fhcreare likewife mice as large as fquirrels, which are pied Jerhuah. Their ears are long, aljd their foj-e- Jct Ihorter than thofe behind, which prevents their run- fnglwiftiy; they, however, can leap to a confidcrable kii>ht or (liliancc, by laying their tail over their backs. jTlic kingdom of Astrachan lies between 44 deg. (min. and ,52 Jeg. north latitude i the longitude eaft is 1 dcg. 30 min. being bounded on the eaftby the coun- y of thi; Cofl'acks ; on the north, by the kingdom of lazan, and part of Siberia j and towards the South, by lircaflls. Ihc caftern bojindaries being dcfcrts vei-y \ik known and uninhabited, cannot be afcertained. J The habitations and manner of living of the Tartar Itizens and villages of Aftrachan, are perfectly fimilar lidi thofo of the Tartars of Kafon. In the city of llbchan, they have a large magazine for goods, built brick, and fevcral fliops upon arches. They carry 1 an important commerce with the Armenians, Perfi- ^s, Indians, and Bukbarians ; and manufadlure Mo- w-leather, cottons, camblcts, and filks. [ The metropolis, called alio Aiirachan, is '>uilt upon idand in the Volga, known by the name if the Iflc Hares, It is in 46 deg. 13 min. north latitude, and ! deg. eaft longitude. This city is commonly fuppofed I contiun ico,ooo inhabitants. It abounds in well- brniflied magazines, and hath a citadel furiounJed by a Jiiclc brick wall, of about thirty feet in height ; though bis citadel, which lies towards the weft of the city, is Iregiilarly built, the baftions are ftronsr, and the can- ]ons numerous. Here is a palacj for the governor, and pother for the archbifliop. In the court of chancery, 1 civil and niiiitai'/ affairs are heard and adjuftcd, and fie records arc kept. The citadel hath three gates, one pens to the city, another to the Volga, and the third » the Tartar fuburhs. . It contains likewifc a guard- oule, a metropolitan-church, and a rnonaflcry. -It. This city is furrounJcd by a wall, bet >\ con wluih and the houfes is Hi large intormediatc ^jiacc, upon which none are permitted to build. It coiinlls princi- pally of thrco long (Greets from eaft to wcfl, which aro interfeited by many others, and is upon the whole about a mile in length. The houfes are built of tim- ber, the fuburbs are cxteiifivc, and more populous than the city. There arc four churchos and a monallery be« Longing to thofe of the Greek perfuafmn. The reform-* ed nave a church built .of wood) the Roman Catholics have a monaftery, and the Armenians a church of (lone. Without the fuDurbs, are a naval and military-hofpital) and a large monallcry. No 7'artar is permitted to ftay all night in the city* Armenian aiul Ruffian merchants nihabit the eaftern lub- ucbs, and the Indians are permitted to live in guarded Caravanferas. Aftrachan is garrifoned by five regiments of infantry* and one of dragoons; many field-regiments and Cof- facks, exclufive of the Tartar militia, winter here, be< fides the garrifon itfclf. The u(e of the regulars is to march againft the wild Tartars whenever t ' attempt to make any incurfions into this kingdom, ai.- the irregulars are employed to fcour the deferts, in order to trace out the lurking-places of the banditti. I'he commerce of Aftrachan confifts chiefly in filkiii brocades, velvets, fatins, drugs, copper, cotton, Perfian fruits, wines, fweetmeats, &c. which they import; and in return, export meal, fi(h, fait, woollen, &c. All naval and military ftorcs are prohibited from being exported to Perfia. . The Ruffians^ who compofe a principal part of tho inhabitants, are in the chief offices of ftate. The Georgians, who profefs the Greek religion, arc fond of fcrving in the army; and the Armenians, who, in per- fon, difpofition, and fcatuies, very much refemble the Jews, have no other objciTl b\it fcraping money toge- ther by means of traffic. As for the Perfian and Tar- tar inhabitants, they arc too fond of indolence and roving to think of any thing clfc, unlefs compelled to it by abfolute neceffity. Their huts, which are about twelve feet in diameter, are formed of canes or bul- rufties, at the top of which a hole is made to let out the Imqke : their fuel is turf, or cow-dung. The foil is light and fandy, but fo much impregnated with fait, as greatly adds to its fterility.- The earth produces no grain, unlefs it has been overflowed during the winter feafon. Its natural produftions are reeds, liquorice, kal, guriftar-acule.ita, the herb aftrachania-ni- traria, &c. The inhabitants likewife raife melons and pompions, which they eat with bread. The wine mnde of thtir grapes is too fharp, which proceeds from the' fait of the earth, though their grapes are fine, and deli- cious to the taitc. The mulberries are unwholfome^ but the garden vegetables tolerably good, ■ * 3E CHAP. •oi A NF.W AND COMPL^.TR SYSTEM or USriVERSAL CEOORAPIIY. CHAP. IX. SIBERIA, iN( Li oiNo KALMUCK and USBECK-TARTARY. SIBERIA extends from ao to 68 dcg.. north lat. and is l«uiinded on the welt bv Rullia, from which it is feparatod by the mountains uf Workhotaiiria, which extend .from Mount Caucafus, and divide Alia from Europe quitc'tothe Frozen-Ocean, which bounds it on the north ; on the call it is bounded by the japa- ncfe-Occaii, and part of Tartary } and on the fouth, by the fame. It i^ upwards of |)ocx> miles in length, from call to weft, and about 760 in broMtx. I'hc fouthern is the only part fit f(tr human beings to live in : here the climate 11 mild, and the foil appears as if it would be fertile, if cultivated. The northern part' exhibits nothing but impenetrable woods, fnow-topt luoun- tains, tens, lakes, marlhes, &c. and is withal fo much expofcd to the bleak wind«, tiiat it is quite barren and dclolate. To thefc dreary regions, the czars of Muf- covy banifh their courtiers and other great pcrfons who incur their difpleafurc. The climate of Siberia is cold, but the air pure and wholcfome ; and Mr. Tooke obferves, that its inha- bitants, in ail probability, would live to an extreme old age, if they were not fo much addidled to an im- moderate ufc of intoxicating liquors. Siberia contains mines ot gold, filver, copper, iron, afper, lapis-lazuli, and loadltones. Naturalilis have oHg difputcd, whether a fubftance found there, refem- bliiig elephants-teeth, are realiv fuch, or whedier they arc a marine proiiudiion: when polilhed with .art and (kill, their appearance is certamly whimfical and curious. A great variety of animals range the forefts of Sibe- ria, lome of which arc not to be found in other coun- tries. Tlitfe fupply the inhabitants with food and clothes, and at the i'amc time furnilh tbem with com- modities for an advantageous trade. This territory may alfo be coniidered as the native country of black foxes, fables, and ermines, the Ikins of which are fu- perior to thofe of any other part of the world. Horfes and cattle are in great plenty, and may be bad cheap. Toboilki, (he capital, is iituated in ,58 deg. north lat. and 67 deg. ealt long, from London, and contains about i^.oco inhabitants, almoli all Kuinan I as well as anyuibl ifembic the Pcrliani :h arc unco..imon'i|i a plume of icaiheil their khan, pride | fcetidants ot the re- or boiled rice, bat efh. They drink i or, made of inareV urc of the Turliiiii, I are well a.-qiiainiol irity. :alled Bukliarii, and :iide, at the dilbncc | mous city of Sara- wall ; thehoufcsiB | d caravanfcrasarcof lit not c^iial to wliJt •m it ted to fcizciipun vhich damps the Ipi- cs cominerce. ouCes, which arc of Tte h \u I U-. > The city of D [is called the fron Jreccivcd the vifi lellris. It is no luilt with large jtlie quarries in C Taricn is tt e ci ltk''fand lio'ifes, Ifor waiMiig- I Lis and Mahon lollice is elcilive. Witii re[pca HiiiiUonfefs thai figure in tli' jlutHc conlilting Lilk, and filh. Knicrniptions by Lrabie traffic ii- leather, woollen, biifaftiires of Eu Wc (liall cone Ifonie few partici hre generally a llaphet. Though it Is I |by t!ie name of i Europe, and fun liinder various nai lit is now but vcr; ii.ccs, where le liimv fcencs of h( Jbteii owing to tl Illations by the vid land their defcend Itheir hillorics, t Ifour hundred iIkj hhots indeed havi jliillorians of rlicf lE&blilhed than t The former, ab( !cr of thofc regie Ipartof the Rulli ■made himfclf ni Jpled it witii T bounded or bici Iheavily did tlie ' |tillalle\iatcd by Ttliey were not tl Jtill tlic time of (throne in 1462. llual the kingd( indt his name r isne's memory I 1 Zingis Khan ; liaja-ict, hath be nation, and greai Itcyond the Iniiii Iajia.] C H t N A. 203 r 1 N S' ■'""' * 1 III 1 <. 1 '■^^ \ X) \ \ \ 1 1 I The city of Derbcnt, litiiatcd on the Cafpian (hore, L called the frontier of Perfia. It is faid to have been Itlic firil builf by Alexander tlie Great, and that he here Lccived the vifit from the Atnazonian queen Tha- lellris. It 's Kow enclofed with a ftrong broad wall, built with large fquare ftones, hard as marble, from IlliemiarricsinCaucafiis. I Tarkuis tie capital of Dagedan, and contains three Lolaiid ho'ifes, two ftorics high, platformed at top kotwaikiag- 1'"^ Tartars of this province arc nume- rous and Mahometans, governed by a fliefkal, whafe Office is eieaive. With refpcft to commerce and manufaaures, we null confcfs that this head makes but an inconfidera- jlc tigure in the defcripiion of Tartary, their chief LfHc conlilting in cattle, Ikins, beavers, rhubarb, kiilk, and filh. The Altrachaiis, notwithftanding their intcrniptions by the wild Tartars, carry on a confi- Uerable traffic into Perfia, to which they export red feather, woollen, and linen cloth, and fome of the ma- 'pfaaurcs of Europe. We (liall conclude our account of this country with Home few particulars conccrnmg its iniiabitants, who Lc generally allowed W be the defcendants of [laphet. Though it is certain that Tartary, formerly known Ibv thenameof Scythia, peopled the northern parts of tlircpc, and furnilhed thofe amazing numbers who, Jiiiider various names, dcftroyed the Roman empire, yet lit is now but very thinly inhabited ; and thofe line pro- |Tii.;es, where learning and the arts once rcfidod, are Lnv Icencs of horror and barbarity. This mull have jbicii owing to the dreadful maflacres made among the Inatinns by the viftorious Jenghis Khan, and Tamerlane, lami their dcfcendants ; for nothing is more common in Itheir hillorics, than their putting to the fword three or ■four hundred ilunifand people in a few days. Some au- Ithors indeed have abfurdly queftioned the veracity of the Ihilbrians of thefc great conquerors, though it be better " ililhed than that of the Greek and Roman writers. jThc former, about the year 1200, made himfelf maf- tcrof thofe regions which form at this day the Afiatic ^artof the Rullian empire; and his Ton, Baton Sagin, Imade himfelf mailer of the fouthern Rullia, and peo- it with Tartar colonies, which are now con- Boumied or blcmlcd with the Rullians. Long and Iheavilydid the Tart?.r yoke gall the neck of Rullia, Itill albiatcd by the divilions amongll themfelves : but |tlity were not delivered froin thel'c warlike invaders the lime of Ivan III. who afrended the Rullian Ithronc in 1462. He repeatedly defeated them, fub- dual the kingdom of Kafan and other provinces, and (iwde his natnc rcfpeded in alt that quarter. Tamer- 'aiie's memory hath been more permanent than that I /ingis Khan : his defeat of the Turkilh emperor, Bajaict, hath been before noticed in the hilbry of that nation, and great were his conqiiclls, and his name far jbi-yond the limits of his proper dominions. His dc- 4 fcent is claimed r.ot only by all the khans and petty princes of Tartary, but by the Emperor of Indoftan himfelf. It may not be amifs to mention, that, among tha Tartars, the flandard or colours of the refpeflive tribes form a diilinft mark, whereby each Tartar knows the tribe to which he belongs. Thefc marks of diftinfliori confill of a piece of Chinefc linen, or other coloured lUiff", fiifpendcd on a lance twelve feet in length, among the Pagan Tartars. The Mahometan Tartars write upon their (bndards the name of God, in the Arabic language. The Kalmucks and the Mo- gul Tartars, dilhnguilh theirs by the name of fome animal; and as the branches or divilions of a tribe prcfcrvc always the figure drav, n upon the ftandard of that tribe, adding oiily the particular denomination of each branch, thofe ftandards anfwer the purpofe of a genealogical table or tree, by which the origin and dc- fcent of each individual may be afcertained. The khans pay a tribute, or acknowledgment of their dependence upon one or other of their power- ful nelglibours, who treat them with caution and le- nity; as the friendlhip of thefc barbarians is of the ut- molt confequcnce to the powers with whom they arc allied. . Some tribes, however, afte^l independence ; and, when united, they fonti a powerful body, and of late have been very formidable to their neighbours, par- ticularly to the Chinefe, of which we fliall give fome accotmt in the dcfcription of that empire. The method of carr}'ing on war, by wafting the country, is very ancient among the Tartars, and prac- tifed by all of them, from the Danube eallward. This circumrtance renders tliem a dreadful enemy to regular troops, who muft thereby be deprived of all fub- filtence, while the Tartars are at no lofs for provilions, having always mai.y fpare horfes to kill and eat. C H A P. X. CHIN A. * Iixloif, Biurulanes, Dtvlfioni, Qtmnte, Sol', Produce, Rivers, Inhabitants, nd fucccirc:, as well as the impoitrincc of the Chinefe empire, fo that tiicir exaggerated accounts ought to be read with great can; ion. 'i'hc name of this empire is probably derived from a Ciiincfe word, fignifying central or middle ; for the natives, till they were convinced to the contrary by the European mathematicians, fancied .that the world was flat ; and that their country not only occupied the beft part, but lay exaftly in the middle. China is a plain country, and contains no remark- able mountains except to the north, where thofe which fcparate it froin Tartary are craggy, fteep, and almoin inaccellible; but many hills arc fcattcrcd throughoui the v'hole empire, which in general are cultivated by ilic admirable contrivances and indefatigable induftry of the natives. Numbers of thcfc arc, with infinite labour, cut into the moft whimfical figures, fo as to rcfemble, at a diilancc, clcpliants, camels, leopards, boars, bears, tygers, Sec. The principal livers arc, i. the Jloambo, or Yel- l»»w-River, fo called from being tinged with a yellow colour, owing to the peculiar quality of the foil through which it flows. It rifts towards the frontiers of In- doftan, in the intermediate mountains between Tartary and the province of Suechan, and after purfuing a winding-courfe of near 1900 miles, it falls into the raftcrn orcan : this river is exceedingly rapid. 2. The Kv-am, or Blue-River, rifes in 1 hibct, flows from calt to well, and difembogues itfelf into the Eaitcrn Ocean : it is remarkably broad and deep, 3. Tlie Bloody-River, fo called from the rcdnefs of its fand. 4. The Pearl-River, fo denominatcil, on account of the number of precious ftones found among its gravel. fi. A river near Somin, whicli in harvelt-time turns blue, when its waters give an admirable tinge of that r 'our. 6. A river r)ear Pemgau, whofe waters arc fo ihin, that even timber will link in them. 7. A feventh, in the neighbourhood of Cliing-tien, the waters of which arc odorif'.'rou'- 8. Tl.e Kin-xa, which contains j;old-fand. t;. Tlie Xo, ol a mtt'iciiial quality, on 'which account many ilock to its banks for the cure of varioiis, djforders.: 10. The river near the city Hanc chen, which annually, on a cer'ain day, rifts to ail aftonifliing heiglit; a phxnomeuon not yet acoounioi for either by Afiatic or European philofophcrs, P ^ thcfe rivers, and ihq cajjais, the people are pljiuifulj! fupplied with excellent fi(h in the greafelt Variety, The chief bays of this country, aje tliofc of J^jj,,];] I and Canton. The canals of this mighty empire are perhaps il;e| mofl ufeful and (lupendous works that ever the iniai nation of man conceived, or the exertion of human jii, I duflry executed, and are fufficient to entitle thearcicti Chinefe to the charadcr of being the wifeft and tno't induflrious people in the world. The commodioi ncfs and length of them is incredible. The chief rf them arc lined with hewn-lbne on the fides; andib are lu Jeep, that tliey carry large veflcls, and fum/. times extend above 1000 miles in length. Thofe vef.l fcls arc fitted up for all the conveniences of life' anil it has been thought by fome, that in China th" anA contains as many inhabitants as the land. TheyaJtl fnrnilhcd with itone quays, and fometimes wj bridges of an amazing conflrudion. The navigation is How, and the veifels fometimes drawn by men. \A precautions are wanting, that could be obtained bvartl or perfeverance, for the fafcty of the pancnms, ijl cafe a canal is crolled by a rapid river, or expofd lo] torrents from the mountains.' Thcfe canals, andiktl variety that is feen upon their borders, render Chinl iie moft delightful to the eye of any country in i|ie| world, as well as fertile, in places that are notfo byl nature. Innumerable bridges pafs over thcfe cads,! the centre arches of which are fufficiently high to ad- 1 mit of a veffel palling without lowering the mad. Though no country is better fitted than China foil producing timber of all kinds, yet fuch is the imiufiiyl of the inhabitants, that they are not incumbered niiii I forells or woods. They fuffer no timber to grow, bsii for ornament and ufe, or on the fide of nioiintairs,! from whence the trees, when cut down, can be coa-" veyed by water lo any place. The air of China differs according to the fituationcfl the places. Towards the north, it is Iharp; iniiitl middle, mild; and in the fouth, hot. The foilis, ti.[ ther by nature or art, fruitful in every thing that on | adminifler cither to the neceflities, conTci.itnciej, tI luxuries of life. The culture of the cotton andilxl rice fields, from which the bulk of the in!i:'iii:ants»| clothed and fed, i^ ingenious almoft beyond dtfaif-l tion. The rare trees and aromatic produdions, tiihtrl ornamental or medicinal, that abound in other pirticfl the world, arc to be found in China, and fome arc pe- culiar to itfelf. Gardening is placed in China at the head oftntl fcienccs : the profelTion is honourable ; the i'rofclfol men of the grcateft abilities; and a kind of (l.gret^j taken, ere they caij be admitted to praiililv ili:s radl ancient aitd molt ufeful act. But, foe all their ll::'iil li.cj| Asia.] CHINA. 205 ti .y aie unacquainted with the nature of grafting trees, of meliorating the earth where they arc planted ; on * V h acccuut the fruit in general is of an inferior fla- ^^'"^ and li-'ls delicious than the European fruit. The incipal lie" are orange, lemon, and citron ; ihe li-tchi, f. I J of date-tree ; the pea-tree, which produces a i it tiiat refcmblcs, and is as delicate to tiie talle, as Ihe pea'of Europe ; the meal-tree, the pulp of which eltls excellent flour ; the hermaphrodite-tree, which '^s hall cynrcfs and half juniper; the pepper-tree, the berries of which are fo flrong, that the fmell frequently vercomes thofe that pluck them ; the varnilli-trce, vhicli ii of t^vo fpecies, viz. the tfl-chu, and the tong- I , ,|,e former produces that admirable varnifli, which is loinuch admired in mort parts of the univerfe; the litter bears a nut, from which an oil is txtraded, that furniflies a varnilh of an inferior kind : the kou-chu, or fize-tr;e, yields a matter refemblmg milk, which is of admirable ufc in gilding: the weeping willow-tree is jiiiich admired by the Chinefe, who plant it on the lidcs ot ail their canals and rivers, and near mod of the nonds in their gardens. They deem its fliade the mod nleafing of any, and their paftoral poets mention it with peculiar rcfpeft in all their compolitions. The tallow- trcehasred leaves and white fruit, which form a lively contraft, and greatly pleafe the eye of the beholder : of the kernels, which have all the properties of tallow, candles arc made; the flame is yellow, the fmell ftrong, and the light rather dim. The white wax-tree is pe- riodically covered with fwarms of infeds, who leave on its branches thin threads of wax. The mango and long- ycu-trees yield fine fruits, that ferve as delicate pickles, and the produce of the tfe-tfe-tree is an admirable Avectmeat. The polomic-trce, which is not peculiar to China alone, bears the largeft fruit in the world, the^kernel of which is delicious when roafted, and makes an admired dllh when drelied in cocoa-nut milk ; but the mod fin- gular particular of this tree is, that the fruit grows from tlie trunk of the tree, and not from the branches, which, indeed, would not be able to fuftain it. The wood of the iron-tree is fo hard, that whatever is made of it is exceedingly durable; of this, anchors are formed, and the Chinefe affirm, that they are more lading than thofe that are made of the metal from which the tree receives its name. ; The tfet-ham is admired for the beauty of its wood, which is of an admirable red, beautifully varicgatecl with fine veins, which produce fiich an eticdt, that it fcem' io the eye to be elegantly painted, ihe bamboo, or cane-trec, is pretty high and thick, (he bud has an excellent flavom-, and the pith is fine piing; it grows in marlhy grounds, isufcd in buildings, iaiiil the tubes are often converted into vvuter-pipcs; baf- keis arc lubricated of its lplinte:s, and when it grows .old and rotten, the Chinefe reduce it to a paffe, of which jiaperis made. Here is likcwife a reed, of wliich not only balkcts and mats arc made, but ropes, pack- 1 thread, &c. The nan-mu-tree, however, furniflies the principal wood for the purpnfes of building; ne- verthelefs, they have oak, pine, fanders-wood, eL;)ny, camphire, &c. But one of the mod rcrnarkablc and profitable pro- dudlions of this country, is the tea-tree; and this being almoit as generally ufed at prcfent in many parts of Europe as in China, we fhali bi; the more j)a!iicular in our defcription of it. All the various kinds of tea are produced by the fame fort of ihrub, or.jy the leaves are gathered at difl^erent periods ; indeed the foil wher« the tea-tree grows, makes fomc little diiference in the flavour of the leaves: its taile is bitter, and its quali- ties aflringetit; the little oil it contains is reiinous, and its fait fixed ; it purities, dilutes, invigoratLS the brain and flomach, prumotes digellion, perfpiration, 6cc. The Chinefe life it in fevers, cholics, and o'her acute difordcrs, chronic difeafes, frorbutic habits, &c. Its virtues arc not local, though they are perhaps more ef- ficacious in China than other places. The general divifton of teas is into two forts, viz. green and bohea ; but thefe are again diftin- guifhad by other appellations, according to the time of gathering, province where produced, or method of curing : as congo, fouchong, iinglo, bloom, im- perial, hyfon, &CC. Ike. the finglo is deemed the moil delicate, and the bohea the molt whblefome : the bohea is gathered in March, the imperial in April, the finglc* in May, and the green in June. After the leaves are firlf plucked, perfoi.r are employed to 'nfufe them for a certain time in water, by which thcrefinous particles are diHipated, and they are rendered palatable ; lor with- otit fuch a preparatory prelude, they would be fo exceed- ingly bitter, that fcarce any quantity of fugar would p'-ovt futficicnt to corredl the talle, or render them agreeable to the palate ; after infufion, the bohea, which is made of the leaves when in tnaturity, is dried by the fsrc, or ja the fun ; but the green, after being expofed for a fhort fpace to the rays of the fun, and alhduoufly turned and llirred about the whole time, is itrewcd upon flieets of copper (which are gently warmed by embc 'icneath them) and rolled up and down by proper perfous, whofe hands are defended by thick leather gloves from the effluvia, which \\'ould, without fuch precaution, prove of the mod pernicious coni'equence. The tea receives the principal part of its green tinflure, and fine flavour, from the baleful va- pours that exhale from the heated copper ; yet thefe very circumllances, that fliould render it ob- noxious, are its principal recommendations, not only with the Europeans, but the Afiatics ; who are fo in- fatuated, as to pleafe the eye and gratify the palate at the oxpence of their conditutions ; and to prefer the un- wholefome green to the more falubrious bohea. Green is conliderably dearer than bohea, on account of the greater trouble in preparing it, which is already men- tioned, and becaufc when the young leaves are plucked, the tree rccci\es io mucli injury, that it is al'owed two 2o6 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. }''• or three years to regain its llrength and vigour, during \vhii:l. time, tlie leaves that accidentally Tall, arc ga- thered up and converted into bohea. Mr. Bell, how- c\er, the iatcft traveller who hath given us any authen- tic account of China, afiirms, that the hohca, in curing, is mixed with another herb ; this is probably only an Adulteration, of which the Chinefe, who are exceed- ingly avaricious, and pr.icUfed in every artifice to de- fraud, may be jultly fufpcded. Dr. Quincy calls tea the moll falubrious of all vege- tables that were ever introduced into food or medicine ; and Ur. Chtync recommends green-tta as a fine dilutcr; while Dr. James, on the contraiy, fays, " Whatever virtues arc afcribed to tea, or however ufeful it may be in Cliina, it is very certain that cither the tea, or the water, or both, are extremely prejudicial, as an habitual drink ir England ;" but, with fubmillion to tliefe great phyficians, we rather think they have car- ried their refpc(Slive opinions too much into extremes. Tea hath, doubtlefs, many of the virtues which the Clii- nefe afcribe to it, without bein^an univerfal medicine, as Dodor Quincy would have us believe ; it may like- wife have its bad qualities, without being fo exceed- ingly pernicious as Dodor James would perfuade us. Befides, if we conliderthe probable adulterations of the Chincfe merchants,, and our own domcdic dealers, with the virtues it may lofe in the voyage, and by the length of time it lays by previous to conlumption, it is natu- ral to conclude, that the hitter gentleman drew his in- ferences, not from the cfteds ot the genuine, but of a Ipurious and adulterated kind of tea. The Chinefc drink their teu without fugar, though the latter, as well as the former, is a produce of their country, and exceedingly cheap. The very beft green tea is fold at Pekin at the rate of two (hillings Englifh per poind ; and it is obfervable, that the tea-tree de- gcneraics when iranfplantcd, even in countries \uider tiie fame parallel of latitude. The Dutch dry and pre- pare fage as tea is in China, of which the Chinefc are fo fond, that they give four pounds of the latter for one of the former. The culture of this plant fceins to be very fimple ; and it is certain that fome kinds are of a much higher rmd .nore delicious flavour than others. It is thought liiat the fuit-fl, which is the flower of the lea, is im- ported over-land to liufli.i ; but we know of little dif- ierciicc in tlitir etTciJls on the human body. The Portugt;efe, it is fuppofed, had the ufe of tea long before tlie En;;lii)i ; but it was introduced among the L;;itr before the relioration, as .nention of it is made in the firll ad of pai liaitient, that fettled the ex- tife on tlie kir g for lift; in 1660. Catharine of Lilbon, wife to Ciiarles II. reridered the ufe of it common at court. Tlic giiif'.iig la native of Chinefe Tartary) fo famous among the Chinele as the univerfal remedy, and mo- nopoiiztil even by their cmpeiors, is now found to be but a comaiuu root, and is ))lemi iil in Britilh Ame- rica. When brought to Europe, it is little di(linmii(U| for its healing qualities; and this inflance alone oustl to teaci) us with what caution the former accoumsoll China, penned by the jefuits, are to be read. It orowl In moll grounds, is many years maturing, has I'maljl leaves, pointing upwards, a bluifli flower, and, y.\A dried, is of a grcyilh call. Several other vegctablesotl a medicinal nature are alfo found in China, pariicii.[ larly rhubarb, tou-ling, or China-root ; the tiho-ham a refloraiive; the fant-fi, a purifier ; and tobacco. Naturalills anirm, that China produces all mctj| and minerals that are known in the world. Tyl procure gold, which is the natural produce of tM country, by gathering the larger particles wliitharel waflicd down the rivers, catchingthe fmallerbymtamj of fleeces, or fearching for what accidentally lljcks ]A the banks. They have alfo gold mines ; but as ontoi the fundamental maxims of the Chinefe government, is, that of not introducing a fupcrabundance of gold and filvcr, for fear of hurting indurtry, thefe arethe«.| fore but llightly worked, and the currency of that m^ tal is fujpplicd by the grains the people pick up inilitl lands of rivers and mountains. The filvcr fpccie ii I furnifhed from the mines of Honan. The mounuini a'e ftored with iron, copper, quickfilver, lead, whin copper, or tutenage, which the natives call pe-tong, loadlloncs, pit-coal, falls of various kinds, and qnarriis offlone, particularly marble, many veins of which a;e finely variegated with UnUfcapes ; and fome of tk other (tones, when burnt, produce a metal of wliicli they make excellent fwords, and other weapons. The meadows and pallures are fat and rich, ami fed prodigious quantities of cattle. No country is better furniflied with liorfes, tin breed of which, though fmall, hath been greatly improved by the introdudion of the Tartarian, Ar^ bian, and Perfian. Here are likewife great numbers of oxen, bnffalMs, fwine, game, &c. I'heir tygcrs are exceedingly fierce and dangerous, for they fcarcli for their prey in droves, and when prelfed by hunger, will enter villages, anl attack the inhabitants with great fury. The bears in China naturally walk upon their hinil^ legs, have faces reltmbling thole of monkies, long beards, and great fagacity: ihey are taiiglu a variety ol' tricks, and are rciultred very emcrtainiiig by the ai drcfs of their tutors. The Climcic camel is uboiittk bign' ""s of a middlc-iued horfe, of a dun or a Ih co- lour ; it is well made, and lias two biiiiclies upon its back. Here arc no lions, and but lew elcpliaiits, but many rhinoceroill-s and wild boars: (lags alio, aiiJ h:ires are in great plenty. Ihc dwarf (la;^ is a great curiotity, bcin^j in torin exadlly like a Itag, aiidmliB no bigger tli;i'i a clog: this is accounted 3 doincllic animal, as lew pcrlons of any corilidtration jrtwiili- out tlv m in their hoi (esor gardens. The iniilk-catis likewife fonii:! here, from a b.-g under the navel o( | which is tal.cii ilwt robU- perfume caJled miilk, which make! •] CHINA. to; makes a valuable article of Chinerc coiamcrce. Their Id mules can never be fo far broken as to become ftlviceabic ; they are therefore only caught to be killed, s their flefli is a delicacy, Vi^ith refpcfl to the population of China, fome ac- bunts inform us, that there are in this vaft empire Kftv-eigtit millions of inhabitants ; and all between Lcniy and lixty years of age pay an ;inmr.il tax; but in kworKpi'blilhtd at Berlin in 1786, by l^.lfeil■or Herr- mnn, the ; opulation of China (incUuiing Chintfc Tartary) is fettled at 104,096,2,54 fouls, allowing 946 Inhabitants to every fquare mile. Of tliis amazing Umber, one-fourth part, he fays contributes to the )lic taxes ; and the army is computed at otie-fcven- licth. Notwithftanding the indultry of the people, Iheir amazing incrcafc frequently occafions a (carcity If provilions. As next to being barren, they count it Ihe greatcft fcandal to bring females into the world ; Ijierefore if a woman of a poor family happens to have Ihrec or four girls Aicccflively, it not unfrequcntly hap- pens that ihe will expofe them on the high roads, or bll them into a river, which they are allowed to do; [lut then tliey faftcn a gourd to the child, that it may float on the water ; and there are often companionate beopie of fortune, who are moved by the cries of the fhiWren, to favc them from death. The Chinefc, in their pcrfons, are middle-fizcd, llheir faces broad, their eves black and fmall, their lofes rather fliort. . JJhc Chinefe have particular ideas of beauty: they pluck up the hairs of the lower part of llheir faces by the roots with tvifeezers, leaving a few Braggling ones by way of beard. Their Tartar princes icompel them to cut off the hair of their heads, and, ■like Mahometans, to wear only a lock on the crown. ■Their complexion towards the north, is fair; towards |thefomh, fwartliy; and the falter a man is, they think him the hanJfomcr. Men of quality and learning, Ivho are not much expofed to the fun, are delicately jcompk^ioned ; and they who are bred to letters, let Jflie nails of their fingers grow to an enormous [length, to fhew that they are not employed in manual ■labour. As to the Cliinefe wonicn, they have little eyes, )lt;mp rofy lips, black hair, regular features, and a Idelicatc ihongii iiorid coiTi})lcxion. The fniallnefs of 5thcir feet is rtekoned a principal part of their beauty, ji:nl"ofvvathing is oniititd, from their carlicif at^e, to give (hem that unnatural accompli(hnie;it ; fo that Bvhen ihtygiow up, they may be faid to totter ratlicr Ithan lowalk. 'I'liis .ibfurd ctiflom is faid by lome to Ihavc bien invented by the ancient Cliinefo to palliate Itiicirjwloiify, by reltraiiiiiig women from vifiiiDg, and |rambliiig abroud'too much. It would give little information, and lefs amufcmcnt |»o the leader, were we to enter into all thy ridiculous Ifoniialiiies uf the Chinefe, efpeciaily of ihcir men u'f Miiahty, when paying or receiving vilits; and tliis very l]irobably wioiild coiite too late, as the inanticrs of the b Chinefe, fincc they fell imder the power of the Tar- tars, are greatly altered, and daily vary. It is liiffici- ent to obferve, that the legiflators of China, looking upon fubmifiion and fiibordination as the corner-ftones of all fociety, devifed thofe outv\'ard marks of refped, ridiculous as they appear to us, as the tefl of duty and rcfpecfl from inferiors to fuperiors ; and their capital maxim was, that the man who was deficient -n civility, was void of good fenfe. From the general mode of behaviour, and the com- filimenfs ufed by the Chinefc on every occafion, they (iem to be a polite and affable people : bit view them, independent of the ceremonials prefcribed by law, and they will appear to be the mofl difhoneft, low, thieving fet in the world, employing their natural quicknefs only to improve the arts of cheating the European na- tions they deal with, efpecially the Englilh : but it has been remarked, that none but a Ch'ineiecan over-reach a Chinefe. They are fond of law-difputes beyond any eople in the world. 1 heir hypocrify is without ^ounds; and the men of property among them prac- tife the mofl avowed bribery, and the lowell meannefies,. to obtain preferment. It fliould however be remem- bered, that fome of the late accounts of China have been drawn up by thofe who were little acquainted with any part of that empire, but the fea-port towns» in which they probably met with many knavifli and defigning people. Some of the jefuit midlonaries feem to have too much extolled the Chinefe, who arc, oa the other hand, too much degraded by later writers. Upon the whole, it feems hot jull to attempt to cha- radlerife a great nation by a few unfavourable in- ftances, though well atffled ; and we appear not to be fuflictently acquainted with the interior parts of China, to form an accurate judgment of the manners and cha- raflers of the inhabitants. The drcfs of the Chinefe varies according to the de- grees among theiri. The men wear caps on their heads, of the falhion of a bell ; thofe of quality are ornamented with jewels : the reft of their drcfs is cafy and loofe, confifting of a veil andfafli, a coat or gown thrown over them, filk boots, quilted with cotton, and a pair of drawers. The ladies towards the fouth wear nothing on their head ; fometimes their hair is drawn up in a net, arid foir.etimes it is dilhevcllcd : their drcfs differs but little from that of the men, only their i^own or upper gaimeiit has very large open lleeves. The drcfs, both of men and wOmcn, varies, however, ac- cording to the teinptratiire of the climate. On pacing a vilit, ihcy envelope thcmfehes entirely with a lilue filk loofe I'.ibit, whitli th / cover with a black or pur- ple cloak, that reaches to~ the rnid-leg, they ufually wear a fcymetar by tlicir llde, and c ..-ry a fan in their hand, but never forget the fdk btilkins which cover their pink llockiiigs. Elderly women generally dref* in bkiek or ptwplc, but tlie youthful in whatever co- lours they pleafe, except yellow, which none but the royul farnily are permitted to wear. M.vrriages 208 A.NF.W AM) COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOCRAPIIY. l« Marriages in China arc; conciiidcil on by the parents, and tliat is generally when tlu; jiartiLs arc ptal'c*^ diiUlrcn, who ntvcr He each other till the day of tlicir miptials; and thougli in other countries it is tlu; cni'- fom for women to bring portions to their hnfl)and^:, here hufl)ands pay a linn of money *.) the ixncnts of the bride, wliich is generally laid out in cluthe--, i\c. for her: tlicn follow certain ceremonies, the chief of whicli conlilt in the relations on both fides .";nding to dcmaiul the name of the intended bridegroom and bride, and in making liicm prefents. The relations of the bride, who fix the day of the nuptials, frequently confiilt the calendar for a fortunate ila\- ; mean-wi)ilc the man fends his intended briile Hun' jewels, pendants, and the like; at leall this is the cuflom ainoML; the rich. ^\'hcn tlic miptials arc ratified, the bride goes among (he ladies, and fpends the ilay with tliein, while tlie bridegroom treats his f i ' 'ids in a feparate apartment, and at night the coup!' , pair to bed. No man, cxc\!.tli A'r'yl." pjriicieb like iIidIc of (liver. Aficr.' tljcy na,vc''ua(lic(I ami piiigeil the llitiic from its r.(i'uty 'tincl fiMil n.ailor,, tlii'y break it into pieces with lilitjiiV'Ti. in'jnortars, aii.d with lloiic pilUts reduce it to a ("'lie jiouder. ThLTv* pt.(lKs, vviiicli are capped Miih iion, 31*0 worked perptiiially, eiilur by inan'.s l.uxMir, (>r by means of water, In tiic fame maimer as tiic hammers of paper-mills. 'J'lic powder is put into a vclILI, and brilkty ftirred jiboiit ; wlien, after it his idtlcd i fi.w miniiles, a thick cream rifc^ on the fur- face, which tliey take otT", and pour it into a (cconif vi.ilel of water ; liu.i cream is not lefs than four or live inches thick. The grofs part of the powder that re- irtains in tiie firft velkl they lake out and pound afrdh. With regard to what is put into the fccoiid vcU'el, they wait till it has formeil a kind of pallc at the bottom ; and wjii n the waier is clear, they pynr it gently olr", and call the palle into large moulds, in which it is jliied. It is remarkable that neither the J'c-tnn-lfe jior Kao-lin arc to be got in the neighbourhood of King-te-tching ;"they are obliged to fetch them from the provinc of Chanli, twcniy or thirty leagues of!', where the iid.abiiants knoH' n(ii Imw lo ufe them: of tlu'fe are m.nie cups and vafes of various kinds, (i^c;, atui colours i fome red, fome yellow, fomc grey, fomj l)!ui-, and others white, but none of a perfetlly black •'round : red and Iky-blue arc the moll common colours. The whole procefs of painting the porcelain is long and laborious, and employs a great number of hanils : it is the bufincfs of c)nc to make the coloured circle the edge ; another traces the flowers, w liich afc near painted by a third; a fourth is employed in the tbrmatuin' of birds and ojhcr animals ; a tlfth forms rivers, rockijl &c. and a llxih is engaged in the figures of liicn and' women. They iile all colours in painting tlicir china ware; fome cinite red with fmall fjjots, others cniirely blue, others Urcaked or chequed with fcniares, like mofaic work, which is reckoned among the moll beauiilul. Scimc of* their chinh is mixed with .various' coloiirs, like jafper ; and fome is adorned with flowers, land- iVapes, dragons, anj frecjncntly Innnan figures. Tliefc tigui^'s arc often relievo, which is thus effected : they firll delineate the iignrc with a pencil, and then pare dow n the contiguous grouiul, fo th.nt it appears raifed «ir cmbofTed on. the fuperficies. They make every kind of rcprefcnlat'iyn in this fort of .ware, as idols, .nni|iuls, evc. JVlany of tliofe figures known in Europe bv the name of ChincCe baboons are images of the g^ds they worfliip. ■ , 'The Tllks molt tflrerned ciihc/ for richnefs or bennty, arc the Nan-king damalks of various colours, fjiiu'!, raftViics,''brocades, gaiizcs, &c. Thefe, when quite hew, "have a very fitjC' a^id haiidfomc ap- 4Al »• ■ « A liri 'ni I pcaranco ; but their lieanty frton .fades. I durable fatin culled Toiiau-tfc i-s muili elWctnu' ■ . is f>meiimes plain,, and fonietuiics figured widi rtpn,, J leniatioiiK { \\\c itifcA, and beiwern wliiti are certai i yrllice^ thplj corrcfpyiul with thole diilii-, botcd aloi g the exterior- (id<4S. It is through. ihsM apertures' ti.at. the air flp\vs to the linigs, uud byiii; fpring and expaniioii promoteSi the circulation ol ik chyle or humour wJiich nourillitS;the infed. It is necelfury to add, that the woim is pcr-Mlfj black VMhen it ftr)l cyiues o\H yf. tfJi¥,.qggi J", a '^''^''^Jf- 1 il ^<,.., CHIN A. [3,15 to nfTiimc n wliiliOi line, or a(h gruy : after fiisttsCMt fiillies oihI bccomrt ragpcd ; at wliicli time licinfcfl '"""'' '' "*^' ""^' TP'-*'"^ '" y """^^ liabif. It LrcafM in '"'"^> ""'' ''ebonies more whin-, thmigli a Ctle infliiiing «' ^ I'liieKh ca(t ; then divelHng itlclt of Hftiii, ii apli'Mrs ill its third habit; when its colour,' r I jpd wliole form are (o metamorphoftd, thai it kriears ili'i'c anotln-r infcrt. In a ft-w days it bc- Ws cliangtd to a bright yellow ; To that, from the ,.( of its leaving the egg, it hath divcded ilfclf of |\rcc (liffe«"' covtrings. It coniinncs feeding a (liort L5 longer, and then renouncing all focicty, wraps Lit in its little filken ball as already mentioned. l\Viih ri'fi>e<^ to the natural ciiriofities in China, IvcmI ot tliefc have been already mcnt'roned iihder the tcccding articles : to which wc (Iiall add, nnder this Lil ili« volcano of Linefung, which is faid fome- Imcj ti) make fo furious a difcharge of fire aid alhes, IKiofCalicn a tcmpeft in the air; and fomc of their |kc< arc faiil to iietrlfy filhcs when put into thein. Ihcir curiolities, cffeded by art and labour, are itu- ruldu?. I'l'k great wall, frparatiiig China from Tarfary, to |c\tnt llie incu' lions of the Tartars, is fujipofcd to Vend from 1220 to 1,500 miles. It was built by le cmptror Xi-Hoam-ti, about 914 years before the IhriiHah X'ra ; is carried over mountains and vallies. Id reaches from the province of Xen-ii to the Kang- [3 between the provinces of Peking and Ly-au-tong. mi)il places it is built of brick and mortar, boh fo ■oil tempered ami excellent in their kind, that though i lus lliiod for 1800 years, it is but little decayed. Ihe beginning of this wall is a large bulwark of Itone il'cd in ilie iea, in the province of I'e cheli, to the J of Peking, and almolt in the fame latitude: it is lilt like the walls of the capital city of the empire, III much wider, being terraced and caftd w ith bricks, Id ii from Twenty to twenty (ivO feet high, and paved pde enough for five or fix horfemcii t(> travel abrealt ith cafe. The gates of this wall arc fortified with frif, and large fquarc towers arc trefled at proper (hnces through 'its whele^e'xtent. There are 3000 J thel'c towers, which, before the Tartars became ladmof China, ufed to be garrifoucd with a million [folditr*. IThcir trimnphal arches arc amongft tlie mort famous ■ildiugs (if the Chinefc : they are called by the na- icsP.iy-l'eou, and arc in every city or large town in |c inipire. Though they arc not built in the Greek I Roitijrt llyie of architcdlu-6, yet they are fupcrb Id bcjii'tiful, and credlcd to' the memories of their Icat men, with vaft labour and .expciice. They have Immonly three gates, formed by columns,- the bafes I which arc wiihout moulding or^ crnbellilhment i lithcr have they capitals or cornices : thefrize is high lento an ahfnrdiiy, to admit fpace Tor'infcriptions, well as lidrders of ornaments, conliHing of birds, |wtrv human iigiiros, • 'cc. They arc 'ftjid in-'tJie it I' whole to be iico, two hundred of which arc particu- larly inagnificcnt. The Chinrfe bridges cannot be fufTiriently admired. They are built fomeiimes upon h.irgrs (Irongly t hained' together, yet fo as lo be pnit'd, and to let vellels p;ifs that fail up and down the river. Some of ''lem run Irom iTiountarn to mountain, and confili on of one arch ; that over the river Siffrany is .500 c-di.ts long,' and ,500 hi;;h, though a liuglc arch, and joins two mountains; and fomc in ilie interior parts of the em- pire are faid to be flill more (liipendous. ' Their towcrrs, the models of which arc now fo edtH-' ni'ii in Kumpe under the name of Pagoda?, arc valt embeHMIimciits to the face of thi-. country, Theyfctni, tO' be conllriided by a regular order, and all (d thcnj are ftnilhcd with cxquilite carvings and gildin?;s, anil" other ornaments, 'fhc mofl remarkable of tiiire is thai at Nan-king, called the 1'orci.lain Tower, fioni 'its being covered from top to bottom with porCelalH' tiles, finely painted ; it is of an odf angular fignrci' contains nine llories, is ab(nit 200 feet high, and 40 i^t' diameter. It is raifed on a very foiid bafe of briik- ,work, the wall at the bottom being at iealf twelve' feet thick. The (Inidnre lelfens all the wnv to the' top, which is terminated by a fort of fpire or pyramid, having a large golden ball orpine-apple on its fiiitimit. Between every (lory there is a kind of pi-nrhoiife or' 'died on the outlide of the lo'.ver, at each corner whereof arc hung little bells which, Ik ing moved by' the wind, niake a pleafant jingling The ceilings of* the rooms are adorned with paintings, and the light is admitted through windows of lattice- work. There arc aifo abundance of niches ill the wall, tilled with imngcs of their deities; and the amazing variety of ornaments that cmbellilh the whole, render it one of the molt beautiful (Irudiircs in the kingdom. i The Chinefc are remarkably fond of bells, which has given name to one of their principal felHvals. A bell of Peking weighs I'Jo.ooolb. but its found is faid to be difagreeablc. Their teinples are chiefly remarkable for the dif- agreeablc talfe in which they are built, and the ugli- 'nel's of the idols they contain. Their (epulchra! inonu- ments have a pompous appearance. f"-' The lail ciiriolity we (ball mention, is the firtf-' works of the Chinefe, which cxcceti thofc of all other- nations, both in beauty and varietv. It would take a volume to defcribe all the buiUlinoiiir' and other objedb deferving attention in this empire, where evei'y province is a icene of ranolities. 'I 'heir' firmStures, except thofe above-tneniioned, are confined" to no order; and, being fufcepftiblc of ail kind of or-' iiainelitsj exhibit a w9d variety of plealin'j; elegifiicr, ' very agreeable to the eye and iinagi nation, "^by prcfeiVt-'- ing a divcifity of objedls not to be found in Kuropeaii architecture i though none of thefe flructtuis, fiii"! coniidered, has the leaft claim to true beaui; and utift' proportiorr.- -■ ->*.:.', ■..^:: .iuf.to^i l'"roni I'i' «! i'J Si ' ■ i, -is ; ■■ m i a. 2 A NEW AND COMPLETE SVSTFM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. '■t Chln:i, and its proU'iLing I'tah a v.uu'i/ i.t inat.ri.iU tor 'I'kadf Mxd Mam ■^Al- TURlts, it may with propiiity be dcnominHtcil the hiuf o( indulti y ; but it i^ aii indulhy without tallc or elc- g.uicc, thou^Ii cairied on with ■> (;rcat dcgrrcr of art 1111(1 iicatnc's. Tlu-y make paper ot the batk of bamboo, anvl o:h(.r trees, as well a% of cotton i bat not eom- parable to the European for records or printing. Thi ir mil, for tin; ufe of drawing, is well known in i'.ngland, and is faid to be made of oil and lamp-black. W'c have already mentioned tlic antitpiity of their piinting, which thoy i)ed titoir dicl.iti-s in a nun«her of inyllicil Z| poarain.-es, li* as to llriko the people wicii awi; uiiiyH neration. Tlie mandariiwi, or grc.it lords, hi*d nioiiil of fpeaking and writing which dirfWed from thwjrfl other fubjecU i thoy v/cie fcldom Icon, and mors kllfA approached, .IX the people ware taught lo UIick dm 1 their princss partook of divinity. But notwithllanding this fyltem preferved the pukjj ■ tranquillity for an incredible number of years, yttJ had a fundamental dcfciSl that often convulftd, judj.! latt proved fatal to the (late, t>ccaufc the fame attention was not paid to the military as to the civil duties, flit I Chinofu had pafllons like other men, and lonretinicsil weak or wicked adininiftration drove themtojnnil and a revolution cafily fuccecded, which tlieyjuiliU I by faying that their (overeign had ceafed to be tbtul father. Dii;ing thofc cotnmotions, one of the pirtiol luturally i ited their neighbours the Tiutars to thfi, I afliihuicc i and it was thus that thofe barbarianF, wht I had great fa^acit y, became acquainted with the weit I fide of their conititution, which they availed themlilvBl of, by invading the country, and reaucing the wholeil it to their obedience. The Chinefc, befides llie great doiSlrMie of patriar. chal obedience, had fumptuary laws, and reguiatioal for the expences of all degrees of fubjefts, which wtit ufelul in preferving public order, and preveiuitig it I pernicious eftedts of ambition. By their inllitutioni, I iikewife, the manUarias might remonftratc tothe en-l peror, but in the moft fubmiflive manner, mwntlxl errors of his government ; and when he was a virtuoo prince* this freedom was often attended with tlie i falutary efFedts. No country in the world is fo well provided wiih I magiftratcs for the difcharge of juftice, Iwth m ciiil and criminal matters, as China ; but, as in other coun- tries, they arc frequently rendered inefFccluai dirwjli I wai>t of public virtue in the execution. The emperor is ftyled, " Holy Son of Heaven, Sole I Governor of the Earth, Great Fatlwr of his People," lie. He has an abfolute power over the lives and toftuia I of all his iubjcifts, not even excepting theprinc^of the blood. His will is law^ and his commands atnt of no delay or ncgle£t» under the fcvereft penaltie. But notwithftanding this aibitrary power of the em- peror, his government is ccnduited in a vt-ry rebuilt manner; tribunals and magiitrates ar« cAabiifiiedintlie Imw.] CHINA. ««3 t, as In oihcr couii- A exait and uniform method, for the adniiiiiftration bl iullicC) and the due pe<-formancc of :iU the offices ot ^ jjll.regulatcd government. The emperor is aflifletl, nthc maiiagcicnt of the great affairs of the kingdom, L two fovcrcign councils, which aflemble at Pelting. B'cfidts thcfc, lix fiiperior tribunals aic held in the ri„i. city for civil and military affairs i and their autho- kitv extendi to every part of the empire. tvcry mandarin or governor is obliged to tranfmit Lo court annually a particular account of his govern- ment and is fcvcrcly punifhcd if he endeavours to pal- liate any mifcarriagc ; but as corruption prevails to a himeful degree in China, he that offers the highcll Libe is fine of gaining his caufe. Except the prmccs bfthc blood, and tributary kings, there arc at prelent no Lrctlitary nobility among the Chincfc, nor is there any Miiiftion bnt what flows from their offices, or their Fuperior wealth or learning. As to religion, the Cnincfe are, in fa£l, idolaters, J)ut they are faid to worfliip one fupreme God, and ■evcrjl nifciior deities, who appear to have been men fcrniiicnt in their fcveral ages, particularly the inventors 1)1' arts and fcicnces. They alfo worfhip things inani- nate, as mountains, woods, and rivers ; but never fa- ^rilicc to vice, as is cuftomary with moll Pag- „. [here are, at prefent, three fc£ts in China : firft, the [followers of Li-Laokun, who, according to their ac- Luiit, lived above five hundred years before Chriil, [nd taught that God was corporeal. They profefs the Rudy of magic, and pretend to make a drink which lives immortality. Secondly, the difciples of the cele- brated Confucius, who taught that God was a moft pure and perfect principle, and the fountain and cflence M all beings. Thirdly, the worfhippers of the idol Fo, pr Fohi, the founder of the Chinefe nation j ajid this ccl is much more numerous thai; the other two. The kniperor, being of the Tartar race, fc'lows the idolatry p{ that nation, and worftiips the Dalay Lama. In the accounts of China, tranftnitted to us by the JeUiits, wc are tolc', that the doftrine of Confucius ipproximates nearly to Chriftianity, but very little de- icndencc can be placed on their relations. About loo tears ago great numbers of thefe fathers reforted to Xhina, and, being men of great abilities, foon made a froiligious number of converts, for, if they may be Bcpended on, they had no Icfs than two hundred churches and chapels ; but the emperor finding tl. it Ihi'll' rclllcfs ecclcfiadics, under pretence of religio.i, lere alpiring to the civil direiSion of the government, Immediately baniflied them, levelled their churchc* with he ground, and forbad the excrcifc of the Ci ' 'Han Itligion, which fince that time has made no figure in L-hina, Hiftory informs us, that Chriftianity was planted |n China by St. Thomas, or one of his difciples, and nany of the Chinefe records tend to confirm this ppinion; but the Jeluits affirm that they did not bcrceive the Icaft remains of it on their arrival in the (oumry. The revenues of this extenfivc empire are f.iid by fome to amount to twenty millions ftcrling a year ; but this cannot be meant in money, which liui!. not at all abound in Chinji. The taxes colleded for the ulf o'. government in rice, and other commodities, m.xy very poffibly amount to that fum ; thtfe .ire ccjtainlv very great, and may be eafily impofed, as an n-'^ountot every man's f.miily and fubftance is aniiually ei.r<. 'vd. With regard to their military and nwriac ffrcnt^th, China ii at this time a far more p^wtrf"! cmpiie i lan it was before its conquell by tiw Laftern Tattai« tii 1644. This is owing to the confuinmate polic\ of Chuit-tchi, the firft 'I artarian emperor of China, who obliged his hereditary fubjedb to conform tliemftUrs to the Chinefe manners and policy, and the Chiiii-r!. to wear the Tartar drefs and arms. Th'" two nations \^ ..-i!: thereby incorporated. The Chinefe were appointed to all the civil offices of the empire. The emperor made Peking the feat of his government, and the Taitafs Juictly fubmitted to a change of their civnti-' \nd con- iiion which w.is fo mudi in their favour. But this fecurity of the Chinefe from the Tartars, takes from them all military objeils ; the Tartar power alone being formidable to that empire. The only danger that threatens it at prefent, is the difufe of arms. The Chinefe land army is faid to confift of five mil- lions of men ; but in thcfc arc comprehended all v.ho are employed in collctiling the revenue, preierving the canals, the great roads, and the public peace. Thic imperial guards amount to about 30,000. The marine force is compofed chicdy of junks (veffels much in ufe here) and other fniall (hips, that trade coaft-ways, or to the neighbouring countries, or to prevent fuilden dcfcents. In 1772, there was publiflicd at Paris a trca- tife on the military art, tranllated from the Chinefe intp the French language, from which it appears that the Chinefe are well verfed in the theory of the art of war 1 but caution, care, and circumfnedtion, are much reconv mended to their generals • and one of their m.ixims is, never to fight with enemies either more numerous or better armed than themfelvcs. For the better condudting all matters relative to the war department, the Chinefe have placed the military government of the country under the direction of an order of mandarins, called the mandarins of war, of whom there are five clafles, viz. the mandarins of the rear-guard, the mandarins of the left wing, thofc of the right wing, thoic of the main body, and thofe of the van-gaard. Thele five ciafles arc under the jurilUietio^i of fo many courts or tiibuiials, which arc all ful-jecl to a fixth, viz. the fourth fovcrei^rn coun at Puking, which is intrufted with ihe care of the military of the empire. The prcfident of the fixth Iribviiuil of war i* always a grandee of the realm ; his aut'iuriiy e,e fells. Th^le being placed on each fide of the ftreet, at nearly an equal diftance from ;^| other, have a very pretty appearance. ' O. ill the buildings in this great city, themoftt markable is the imperial palace, the grandeur of ,y|,u| docs not confift fo much in the noblenefs and cle!fajir.| of the architcfture, as in the multitude of its builJinj,! courts, and gardens, all regularly difpofcd : for ^{£1 the walls are not only the emperor's houfe, butaliitJ.! town, inhabited by the officers of the court, and an titude of artificers employed and kept by the empsroi 1 but the houfes of the courtiers and artificers .ireiowajil ill-contrived. F. Altirct, a French Jefuit, who was ij.! dulged with a fight of the palace and gardens, fays^ {A the palace is more than three miles in ciicumferenc.! and that the front of the buildings (hines with gjlijii), f paint, aiKl varnilh, while the infide is fet oiFaiidfuJ!! niihed with every thing that is moft beautiful and prt.j cious in China, the Indies, and Europe. The gardens of this palace are large tradsofgrounil in which are raifcd, at proper diftances, artificial mm^A tains, from twenty to fixty feet high, which fonni] number of fmall vallies, plentifully watered bycaMkl which, uniting, form lakes and meers. Beautiful mjji magnificent barks fail on thcfe pieces of water; aid I ihe banks are ornamented with ranges of buildings mil any two of which are faid to have any refemblaiiceol each other, which diverfity produces a very plc/ul effeft. ^ Every valley has its houfe of pleafurc, !argeenoii|rJ to lodge one of our greateft lords in Europe witiull I his retinue : maiiy of thefe houfes are built with cxk I brought at a vaft expencc the diftance of 500 ieagun I Of thefe palaces, or villa's, there arc more than:oo| in this vaft enclofure. In the middle of a lake, which is near half alea«je| in diameter every way, is a rocky idand, on which ii I built a palace, containing more than a hundred apart- [ ments. It has four fronts, and is a very elegant aal I magnificent ftruilure. The mountains and hills an I covered with trees, particularly fuch as produce beaii. I tiful and aromatic flowers ; and the canals are cd'ti I with ruftic pieces of rock, difpofed with fuch art,ai exaftly to rciemble the wildncls of nature, which gisa them a very pleafing appearance. The city of Peicinj is computed to contain two millions of inhabitanls, though Nanking is faid tr> exceed it both in extent aai population. Canton, the capital of the province of Q^ ang-imj I is about as large as Paris: it is the greateft port in China, and the only one that has been much freqiieni by the Europeans. 'I'hc city wall is iihout fivemibl tn circumference, with very plcifant walks aroiindil From the top of fomc adjacent hills, on which forts jk built, you have a fine profpedt of the country. Itii beautifully interfperfed v. ith mountains, little hi!!.;, ami I vallies, all green; and thcfe again pleafantly di'..;filirf| with fmall towns, villages, high towers, tcniplf.s, ihe I feats of mandarins, and other great men, which are walertd IasiA'] MO 030 M'.p.y/tr/r G H I ,:N A. IV.: 215 tercJ with delightful jakcs, canals, and fmall branches Wm the river Ta ; on which are numbcrlef^ boats and R iiks laili"g different ways through the moft fertile irts'of the country:, the citv is entered by kv^n iron ,f;.c and within ndc of each there is a guard-houfe. Kfhcre are "'^"y P'''^"/ buildings in this aty,. great umbsrs of triumphal arches, . and temples well ftockeJ vith iinages. The ftreets of Canton are very ftraigbtj but genc- irjlK narrow, and paved with flag-ftones : they arc fo Lowded, that it is difficult to walk in them ; yet a iiromaft of any faft^idn is feldom to be focn, nnlefs by thance when coming put of their chairs. There arc Wea( numbers of niarket-pla<;es for filh, flefh, poultry, VcuctableS, and all 'kinds of provifions, which are fold ■very cheap. There are many private walks about the kirts of the town, where thofe of the better iort have their houfcs, which are little frequented by Europeans, whofe bufinefs lies chiefly in the trading parts of the ^ty, where there are only fliops and warehoufes. The \on% of thofe who deal in filk arq very ueat, make a Jine fcew, and are all in one place ; for tradefmen, or Kealers in one kind of goods, herd together in the fame Hreet. Few of the Chinefe traders of any fubftance Jccep their families in the houfe where they do bufinefs, iior do any of their windows look towards thofe of their neighbours. It is computed that there are in this city, [and" its fuburbs, 1,200,000 people; and there arc often ;50oo junks or trading vefTels lying before it. Nankinr (a name fignifying tlie court of the fo(ith, Peking "does the court of tlie north) is ii\e capital of Itk province of Kiang-nan. This once fplendjd and lextenfive city was for many ages the metropolis of the [Chinefe empire, as well as the refidencc of the em- perors; whence it took its name. It is the largeft city iin China, and was originally furroun4ed with a triple- [wall, meafuring about lixtecn leagues in circumference : but the palace, once famous for its fplendor ai)d mag- Inificence, halh been deftroycd, as well as many grand Imonuments. The Iheets of this city are narrow, but Iwell paved ; the houfcs low, but handfome ; the Ihops Vpacious, and mofl richly furnifhed with goods. Nanking is celebrat^jd for its great number of libra- Irics: it excels iikewife in printing, and in artificers, of Imoft kinds: here too refidc the moft eminent doiftors lof the empire, as well as the greater part of fuch ntian- Idarins as have be^n dilcharged from their governments. iThc number of people reliJent in this ancient city is leftimated at about four millions, including thofe who ^ivc in barks upon the water ; and. indeed whenever a city is fituated on the banks pf a canal or riverj there is Ifew another large floating city of barks. . If we except few temple?, the city gates, and a tower about aoo [feet high, the prefent public buildings of Nanking m\ e rather a mean appearance. Sou-tthcoii, the fccond city of the province of Kiang- nan, is celebrated for its commerce and beautiful ap- Ipcaiauce. In point of fituatiyn, it may be compared to Venice, though far fuperior in extent and populoumefs. It is four leagues in circumference, excluiive of the fubijrbs, which are very extenfive : it abounds with canals of pure water, capable of bearing fhips of heavy burthen ; and here people are conveyed to almoft any part of the city in gondolas elegantly painted. The trade and riches of this city, the beauty of its fituation, the fruitfulnefs of the circumjacent country, the con- tinued appearance of the gondolas, the concourfe of vifitants, and the natural politenefs of the inhabitants, render it the paradife of China, in the fulleft fenfe of the term. HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE of CHINA. THE antiquity of the Chinefe is univerfally ad- mitted; but it is difficult to afcertain the firll period of their true .chronology. A French writer allows tlii; Chinefe nation to bd near as old as tlie deluge ; nci- does Maigrct, in his remarks on the obfcarity of the reign of Po-hi, deny the reality of it; others of the learned give it as their opinion, that the Chinefe have been. a nation near four thouland years. Even Cuch as have treated with ridicule the pretenfions of thcfe peo- ple to antiquity, allow their monarchy to be at leall as ancient as that of the Egyptians, Afl'yrians, or any other country recorded in hifiory. The fifft inhabitants .of China fettled in the province of Chen-Ji, from whence they fpread themfclves over the adjacent countries, Honan, Pe-tche-li, and Chan- tcMig, which four provinces together formed a confider- able kingdom, containing that large tradl: of country lying north of the river Yang-tfe-kiang. The fame of the firft princes of this infant mbnarchy brought to- gether great numbers of foreigners ; wherefore, to ex- tend the bounds of their kingdom, they drained a large tradt of low country that lay under water, fencing the land againft the encroachments of the fea with high banks, and by the fame means confining the courfc of the rivers within deep and narrow channels: thus tv^'o fine provinces, Tche-kiang and Kiang-nan, were added to the kingdom! Wc are told, " that under the reign of the em- peror Yu, which they place above two thoufand years b?fot« Chrift, they difcovered a large tradl of territory to the foiilh, partly deftitute of inhabitants : this large extent of country, Yu and his fuccelfors peopled witfe colonies, at different periods, under the control of princes of the blood, to whom they portioned out this new country, referving to themfclves only fome acknow- ledgment. Thus were farmed feveral little tributary kingdoms, which being afterwards united to the empire, renclered it very conlldcrable. During the reign of YlI^ the monarchy was divided into nine provinces, a par- ticular delineation of which this emperor caufed to be engraved on nine braitn vcflels. In the year 2037 betore Chriii, feveral nations lent ambaffadocs u> Chinai^ and 2i6 A NEW AND COMPLETE SY^TfeM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ft.'!' inl- and fubmitted voluntarily to a yearly tribute. Towards the end of the fecond dynafly, about i.boo years be- fore Chrift, certain Chincfe colonies extended them- felvcs to the eaflern coafV, and aifo took poireflion of fcvcrul illands. " UndiT the fifth race, or dynafty, which com- menced about the year 200 before Chrift, the Chincfe not only enlarged their borders to the north, after many Jjgnal victories obtained over the Tartars, but pnftied their conquers even to the confines of India, viz. to Pcgii, Siam, Camboya, and Bengal. •' About 600 years after Chrift, Kao-tfou-venti, founder of the twelfth race, -added to the empire feve- ral of the northern provinces, fituated beyond the river Yang-tfe-kiang, and which at that time com- pofed a particular kingdom fiibjcft to the Tartars: this went by the name of the northern empire for fe- veral ae;es. " 1 he revolution which happened in 1644, when China was conquered by the Tartars, only ferved to incrtafe the power and extent of this great empire, by joining to its former poifeflions a conliderable part of Great Tartary. i'hus this vaft monarchy attained to the fummit of its greatnefs, by a gradual progrefs, not fo mjch in the way of conquelt like other empires, as by the wifdom of its laws, the reputation of its govern- ment, and at lalt by its difgrace." The family of Yu ended with the reign of Kie, a wretch oi infamous memory, who is uid to have drowned, in the fpacc of one day, three thoufand of his fubjedts, in a pit which he caufed to be filled with wine. This and other enormities occafioned a revolt of his fubjedls, who placed upon the throne Tchin-tang, a tributary prince of China. Tcheou rendered himftif abhorred by his fiibjfedts on account of his wicked .nnd debauched life: his people therefore applied to V'ou-vang, a prince of a fmall neighbouring (late, and placed him on the throne. Vou vang. however, in the beginning of his reign, committed a very capital fault, which in time was pro- ductive of great revolutions. In order to gratify cer- tain familicsi, and the princes of the blood royal in par- ticular, he erected for them fe^xral petty Kingdoms, which were at tirlt ftiwiatory to the empire, but foon afttr declared lor iiidepcnduBCC. Under the thirteenth emperor of this family, all thcfe petty princes were engaged in iutefUne wars, and dillraited the whole empire. China became a fccne of rapine for many ages; its authority was held in con- tempt, and "the tribiltar> princes controlled the em- perors, enthroning and dcpoliiig them, as their inclina- tion or caprice didntcd. • 'Ichcoii-kiun, the thirty-fifth and laft emperor of this rare, found a very powerful rival in Tc'hao-fiang, his valiUI, the King of Tfin, to whom he was forced . to I'ive up his crown ; this rebel, however, happened to die ftiddenly, and hi;, foii, who fuccecded him, alfo died foon after ^ fu that his grandfen ivas ilic firft who enjoyed the advantages of this ufurpation. Thisgnnil fon was named Tchuanz-fiaiig-vang, and was «he W i der of the fourth fuccemon, which gave four enipemil to Chii^a, and lafted forty-three years only. I The fifth dynafty beg;an with the reign of Lieou-nanl who WHS firft a commoii foldier, aitd at the head of, I gang of robbers: he bbtained the imperial throne bj dint of violence, and yet proved himfelf capable of ji I verning with a becoming dignity, judgment, penctn.j tion, and juftice. This race lafted 426 years, anil produced a great miny very refpe£lab!e charaflcril but the laft rrtonarchs of this race fuffering thetnfelval to be rided by the court eimuchs, fell into difgrac»J and became as odious as the eunuChs themfelves. TIk| people took up arms, and wars enfued, which termi.! natcd in a divilion of the empire into four parts, undeL four diftinft fovereigns ; there however were re-uniie{| by Tchao-lie-vang, founder of thefixth dynafty. Tiij|| monarch, after the'lhort reigti of three years, died, iA left Heoir-ti, his (bn, who filled the throne fort 'y-oKi years, and then t»»ti (hamfefully abdicated it in favou of the nfurpcr, Chi-tfou-Vouti, founder of the fcvcntli dynafty. The feventh race fubfifted 155 years, giving fiftctn emperors to China, moft of whom, through theirwam of capacity to govern, difcredited the elevated llationol life in which fjte had placed them. The laft of ijitft monarchs was put to death in the fecond year of Ms reign, l?y one Lieo-you, who, quitting the trade of 1 flioe-maker, commenced foldier, rofe to the rank ol general, and afterwards afcended the throne of ilit empire. This eighth race, with the ninth, tenth, and two following, only comprehend 198 years; in which fpact of time tiierc Were no lefs than twenty-four relgni, ■ Th^ CHinefe anilals of this period prefent us wiiti fearce atiy thing btjt revolution, rapine, and dcdrac tion ; weak, fpiritlefs, and fuperftitious princes, con- trolled by their miniftcrs, and fomc of them bctraved, and even murdered by the very men in whom thcjhail confided. Under the firft emperor of the thirteenth family, ikt people enjoy'etj the blclfings of peace, the happy effefi! of tne'pnidtnf and conftitutional adminillrationofilioft emperors. The tranquillity which was in a more par- ticular manner enjoyed during the reign of Tai-lfonj the fecond emperor of this race, is recorded to tht immortal honour of that fovereign. Under llivcn,ilit fixth emperor, the tranquil (late of the nation was liif- turbed with new commotioilis and feditions, which laltd in continual fucccftic^n from his reign down to that of Tchao-fnen, the twentieth and laft cmp«rorofthisra«. Thefe difturbances were occafioned by the arbitran an! oppreffivc' conduit of the eunuchs, to whom the mo- narchs of this dynafty committed an unlimited excrcife of regal jtirifdiftion. Tchou-ven, the captain of a ganj of banditti, taking advantage of their unhappy broils dcpofed Tchao-fucn, murdered him, and founded hii* ' fe!f I § Is I A .] CHI N A. 2t7 r7|l,f fourteenth family, which, with the four follow- I fubfided about fifty years; in which fhort inter- %l no lefs than thirteen monarchs fwayed the nritrial fceptre, mod of -whom fOfFered a violent kaih- ' ' ' During' thefe lift fcigri?; -thtf Tartars, who'in- u,jj ij^e^o-tong,. ■o»»e of-'the mod northern pro- ncesflf China, begin to render themfeives powerful. his pfovince was tedcd to them by the laft emperors of 5 thirteenth race ; and Kao-tfou, head of the fixteenth, Iho was indebted to thenti for his advancement to the iiionej gave up to them fiicteeh more towns in the pro- ince ot Pe-tche-li, excluflve of a tribute of 300,000 ieccs of iillC' ThefeHhameful compliances increafed jeir power and pride, and were productive of ars for 400 years, which nearly defolated the tmpirc. TheChinefe, at length, called to theh' afliftance the ju-tche, or Eaftern Tartars, in conjuirMition with horn they drove the Northern Tartars from a country hicli they had poireflld upwards of two centuries : the Ihinefe, however, were obliged to pay dearly for the Jd of their allies, who not oiily condrained them to .(ie Leao-tong by way of compenfation, but alfo took loirdlion of Pc-tche-li, Chcn-(i, and Ho-nan ; and cy fomc years afterwards invaded the very htart of ihc empire, took. Nanking, the capital, burned the flval palace to the ground, and forced the Chi- icfe to accept of the moft diflionourable terms of pa- iiicition. Under this family, another race of Tartars, called ihe Taii-yii Tartars, fettled wcftward of China, en- [ercd into an alliance with the Cliinefc againd their con- querors, the Niu-tciie Tartars, and after fevcral engage- nen's 'he Niu-tche vi6lors were themfeives conquered knd driven from their poU'edions in Leao-tong and the other provinces, after an ufurpation of 1 17 -ars. The Tan-yu heroes, however, in requital of their fervices, demanded a fcttreinent in thofe provinces from whence jhey had exterminated the Niu-tche barbarians ; thefc hvere accordingly ceded to them ; but not contented vith fiich ccffion, they took poflellion of Yini-nan, Se- Jtcluien, add Huu-^fing; and in lefs than half a cen- llury were mafjcrs oT the whole empire. The twentieth race took the name of Yvcn, and had for Its founder Chi-tfou, fourth fop of Tai-tfon, in whom commenced the third Tartarian lufurpation, The Yven family gave to China nine Jempcrors, the former pf whom, by their prudential ad- lininillratiqn, won the hearts of their fubjefls; but the jfucceeding monarchs, indulging in a life of indolence, jliixury, aiid dillipation, pc,rceived themfeives excelled in hhc uiept 3r.m5.aj1u natural courage by the very people jwhom thc^ had comiuered, who, pollefling the livcricft Ifcmiments of fieedom, and defpifmg their diffipatcd tviftors, wrcfted conqueft from their hands, and drov« pheinback totheir native country. This i'amily, wliich iJafled only cighty*hine years, bccjimc cxtinft in the perfon of Chun-ti, a very .worthlefs monarch, y/ho was addicted to a variety of vices ; which made way for the twenty-firft race, of which Tai-tibu was founder, and fubfifted 276 years. The commotions that happened : iinder this family, produced gradually that grand revo- lution, which a fecond trme placed b '1 ariarian family . on the throne of China. The progrefs of which wai - ias follows ; The Niu-tche or Eaftern Tartars, being expelled . from Leao-tong and the empire, retreated into the ancient country bordering upon Leau-tong, feparating themfeives into feven diftincl cantons, and fighting ; againft each other, till at length they were united in fubjeftion to one fovereign.. It happened that their merchants, trading in Leao-tong, having received fome indigi.'*' from the merchants of China, exhibited a complaint to the mandarins, who, inftead of attending to their complaint, augmented confiderably the griev- ance, by craftily drawing their prince into an ambuf- cade, and fevering his head from his (lioiilders. The Tartars, enraged ?t this cruel and iniquitous ad, marched a numerous army into the very heart of Leao- tong, commanded by Tien-ming, fon of their murdered prince, who fubdued I,eao-tong and I'e-tche-li, but was foon obliged to abandon thofe provinces, \vhii.li weic, however, with the "-cd of the Ciiiiiofc empire, referved.. for his grandfon Tfong-te, but who was cut off" by, fudden death, in the moment of his great view of fove • reignty. lie had been brought tip and educated in • China, was mafter of the Cliinefe tongue, and per- fciSll) acquainted with the difpofition and genius of the ; people. At this period the empire was very critically fituatcd : the war with the Niu-tche Tartars continued, and as an addition to this national calamity, there was a great ; faiviine in (he land. The then reigning monarch, too, Hoai-tfong, was a man of mean abilities, futFcr- ing himfelf to B(*irti*eded in every thing 'n' his minidcis and eunuchs, who greatly opprelled the people. A re- volt was the confcquencc, and in a diort fpace of time there were eight different factions under the fame num- ber of chiefs ; 'hefe were, hoVvever, reduced afterwards to two, and at length to one, headed by a commander > named Li, who invading and poinding himfeif of the' provinces of Ho-nan and Chenfi, dyled himfelt empe- ror of China. In Ho-nan he committed the mod dread- : ful ravages ; in his attack of Cuif-ong, its capital, that • town was laid under water by a fudden breaking down of the dykes of the Yellow-River, and 300.000 perfons • periflied in the iimndation. Hca'fterwards marched tai I lacking, at the head of 300,000 troops, and entered' 'the city without the lead oppofition ; for he had pri-? vately conveyed into the city a number of his people in difguife, who threw open' the gates to him: and fuch:; was tlie fiipinenefs ol Hoai-tfong, the emperor, thaO ho knew nothing of this circumdanee, till the ufurpoe: had laid the whole city under lys fubjedioii. .1 As foon n.4 i\\e) enrperur hcat«J the.new'C',Mhe ih^rched) J 1 froiu atS A NEW ANB COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. from his palace at the head of 600 of his guards, who treacheniuflv abandoned him. Thus fituated, he flew into (he gaioem of his palace with his daughter, whufe bead he cut off, and then hung himfelf upon a tree : his wives, his prime-minifter, and fome of his eunuchs, •Ifo dedroyed their.felve*. The aews of this melan- choly event foon reached the army, then making war in T artary, under the command of a general named Ou^fang>guev, who rerufed to acknowledge Li as his foveretgn ; whereupon the tatter put himfcH' at the head of his numerous army» for the purpofe of giving him battle. Oti-fang-guey fliut himfelf up in a ftrong fortified town ; thither Li marched his troops, and having taken captive the father of Ou-fang-guey, ordered him to be loaded with irons, and placed at the foot of the town wall, (ending word to his fon'at the fame time, that if he did not immediately furrender, his father's throat (hould be cut from ear to ear. The father found means to fend a meiTage to the fon, begging him not to fur- render; the (on facriiiced his filial elicem to the in- tcrefts of his cot ntry, and the old man was mod cru- elly put to death. The patriotic fuul of Ou-fang-guey, now inflamed with rage, concluded a peace with the Niu-tche Tartars, ana engaged them to enter into an alliance with him againd Li, whofe fuperior force it was impoliible fur him to refift. Tfung-te, the Tartarian king, came to his alliOance at the head of 80,000 warriors, forced the tyrant to raife the fieee, purfued him even to Peking, and fo totally ronted his army, that he was forced to fly into the province of Chen-fr, where he fpent the remainder of his days in obfcurity. Tfong-te being thus fuccefs- fiil, the people idolized him as their deliverer, and he beftowed feveral didinguilhed honours upon the faith- ful 0u-fang-euey : the latter, however, ioon had caufe to repent his having leagued himfelf with fo great and povvferful a prince, for Tfong-te was no fooner arrived at Peking, than he begfin to think of improving the fucccfs of his arms, and the favourable difpofition of the people (with whom, hiftory informs us, he hiCd been brought up and educated) into the means of his advancement tu the throne of China ; but being fetzed^with an illnefs ihat fpeedily brought on hit diflb- lution^ ail that he could do was to declare his ion em- peror, who was only about fix years of age. This eleAiun was confirmed by the grandees and people, who in condderation of ihe fignal fervices dune by the father, connived at the tender age of the child, wha took the rtame of Churt-fi, and is conAdercd as the founder of the twcnty-fecond dynady, which now fills the impeiial throne of Qiina. By this revolution; which happened in the year 1644, a confiderable part of Great Tartary was united to the Chtncle empire i and ftncc the union, the Tartars feein rather to have fubmitted to the laws of the Chincfe, than to have impufcd any upon them ; in fa£t, the lat- ter may be Uid «o be as^reat gpineo by it as the Tar- tars themfelvcs. China ftill holds the feat of ennlj and haa the fiipr«me coiirts of jiilKce : thither ivngi the opulence of the united kingdoms, and all hosoul are conferred there. Both nations, fo oppof|te injrl nius and charafier, have each been confiderably a,)^ j tafsd by the incorporation :. the fierce fpirit of theT«.i tar baa siven a fpark of martial fire to the pettaul temper of the Chinefei while tbeartiandcomnieicetfl th« latter bav« humanized and foftened the finJ!] fOMKhneft of the former. ^1 China having acquired great additional flren»liL.| her union with Tartary, haa now no enemy to Aejj nor wr<« ever the opulence, power, gpindeur, and A^ I of the Chinefe empire greater than at prefent : at haMl it hath all the blelPings of peace, and abroad it \i,A fpeded : it hath enjoyed a perfe^ tranquillity for gp. 1 wards of eighty years, and is unrivalled by all oihnl nations for its public works of art, having thirty-twD ( royal palaces, 270 vnind libraries, 709 halls, ,,,.J triumphal archas, 3311 beautiful bridges, and 6go cun. ous tombs. if CUkonolooical Table »f tht Tu/mj-TvA DVMASTItS tfCHlUA. Dynafties, or Years before Duration Emperor Families. and after of each r "" Chrift. Dynafty. I Hia 2207 458 17 II Chang 1766 644 >8 III Tchcou 1122 874 35 IV Tfin S48 4" 4 V Han 206 426 *i AfterChrift. w VI Heou-han BSO 45 s VII Tfin 865 ^55 >5 VIII Song 440 59 II IX Tfi 479 «3 5 X Leang £02 5i 4 XI Tchia 557 34 5 XII Souy 590^ SQ 3 XIII Tang 618% 289 so XIV H^u-leang 907 16 1 XV Heou-tang 9«3 930 «3 4 XVI Heou-tfin 11 s XVII Heou-han 947 4 1 XVIII Heou-tcheou 9£> 9 i XIX Song 960 320 XX Yven 1280 89 9 XXI Ming 1368 877 il XXII TOng 1645 127 3 It appears by the above table, that the Chinefe em. pire hath been eflablifhed 4000 years, for by adding 2907 (the years before Chrift} to 1793 f the preient Chriftiu aera) w« have ^00 yeart, during ^vhich fpKt S30 copergfS ■^ GRAPHY. lithe feat of empi^l ioim, and all hotoj i». «oom»of,tei„ I :ncoDfidcfablyad,ri e^efpiritofth,-!-,.] I nre to the peictui •rtjtndcommerceil loftnwd the d,^] "Aliiiwttl ftrengtlibil 'no enemy to dioJ!j Datprer(;nt:ME'oiii| , and abroad it is k,] t tranquillity for uJ irivallcd by all oife •t, having thirty-iw, «. 739 halls. ,,K J ridges, and68ocun' UNA. e Duration Emperon of each Dynafty. 458 17 644 28 874 3J 4» 4 426 «j 45 i ^55 >5 69 8 «3 5 54 4 34 5 i ^9 3 1 289 ao 16 1 «3 4 11 t 4 » 9 320 18 89 9 «77 16 127 3 :hat the Chinele ein> I, for by adding 290/ he pretent Cwiftiu iring \vhich fpxe 8^0 emperon W t 4# dun INDIA, OK INDOSTAN. 819 MMcrori have reigned— The third column ^ 5r duration of each dynally, or race of or!. H CHAP. XI. I I K D I A, o » INDOSTAN. tifirti DffcriPti*Wy with a ftrtuular Account of its \ Btunitrits., Situation^ Extent., Divijitnt., InhaUtantJ, ' Gtvtrnmcnt, Rtligitti^ Projuciy iit. ' K D I A is bounded by Ulbeck-T&rtary and Thibet on the north ; by Acham, Ava, and the Bay of Ben- },m the eaft ;. by the Indian-Ocean, on the touthi and ■ythe famefea, and Perfia, on the weft. It is fituatcd Ittween the equator and the parallel of 40 deg. north ^titude, and between the 66th and 109th deg. of eaft dgitude; being 204a miles long, from nort*< *j foutli, sd iipvard ^{ i'400 broad from eail to weft. This vaft country at large may be divided into three rest parts: firft, the peninfula of India beyond the Ganges, called ilie Further Peninfula; fecondly, the nain land, 01 the Mogul's empire ; thirdly, the penin- Hila widiin, or on this fide the Ganges ; all of them isd, populous, and extenfive empires. But before they ue fonhdercd feparately, it will be neceffary to premile 'tm. particulars which are common to them all, as this nethod will at once (ave many repetitions, and convey 1 more adequate idea to tjie reader of every material iicumilancc relative to this large country. We fhall be^in with an account of their population^ ihabitants, religion> and government. The two latter divifions are compcehended, by an ex- Icellent and authentic hiftorian, under the title of Indof- Itta. This writer fays, the Mahometans ^ho are called ■Moors) of Indoftan, are computed to be about tenmil- llions. Above half of the empire is fubjc£l to rajahs, of ■kings, who derive their defccnt> from the old princes of ■India, and exercife all right of fovereignty, only paying la tribute to the great. mogul, and observing the treaties »y wiiich their anceftors recognifcd his fuperiority. In ■other rcfpeds, the government of Indoftan is full of Iwife chtcks upon the overgrowiug_greatnef$ of any fub* ijcit; but as precautions of thzx kind depend upon the hdminiHration, the indolence and barbarity of ^e mo- jguls and emperors, and their great viceroys, .have reo- Ideredthcm fruitlels. The Indians, or original 'inhabitants of the country, [are called Gentoos; or, as others ft vie them, Hindoos, I and the country Htndooftan, or Hindoftan. They pre- Itend that Bramma, their legiflator both in politics and I religion, was inferior only to God, and that he exifted I many thoufand years before our account of the creation, I This Bramma probably was Ibme great and good ge- ni^^ whofe beneficence, like that of the pagan Icgilla- tois, Itdhisp^ple and their (K>ftei:ity to pay him divine honours. The Bramins (for fo the Gcntoo priefts arc called) pretend that he bequeathed to them a book called the Vidam, containing his doctrines and tnftitutions ; and that though the original is loft, they are ft ill po^- fefled of a Ikcied commentary upon it; called the ShahlLih, . which it wrftten in the Shaiircrita, ni. v a dead language, ■ undiffftood only \tf the Bramins, who ftudy it, even as our fiicredfcriptur;s, written in the Greek and Hebrew, , are* But it is not well known, whether that language was ortginally difTcrcnt from that of the country, or whether it has only now become unintelligible to the pet^e, through that change to which all living languages - are incident. The foundation of Bramnu's do£trine, uncorrupted ■■ by the arts and glofles of the Bramins, conflfted in the belief of a Supreme Being, who originally created a re- gular gradation of beings, fome fuperior, and fome in- terior to man ; hi the immortality of the fouly and a fu- ture ftate of rewards and puniftiments, which is to con- fift of a tranfmigration into different bodies, .according^. to the lives they have led in their pre-exiftent ftatc- From this it appears more than probable, that the Py- thagorean metempfychorts took its rife in India. But in order to accommodate this fublime, but otherwife complicated doArine, to the capacities of the lower ranks of people, the Bramins have had recourfe to fenfible rc- prefentations of the Deity and his attributes ; by which means, the original doctrines of Bramma.have degene- rated into rank, ridiculous idolatry, in the worftiip.of the moft hideous figures, either delineated or carvcid; and the. belief c# an Omnipotent Being is now almoft con- fined to the Gentoos. Wooden images are placed in all their temj^es, and on certain feftivds are exhibited in ' the high roads, and in the ftrects of towns. The hu- man figures with elephacits' hoads^ which are the ob- jects of their devotion, have many hands, and are enor- mOufly corpulent. Yet amidft all their errors, they agree in thole truths which form the^harmory of the uni- verfe, that '^ there is one fupreme God, and- that he is beft pleafed by charity and good works." From time immemorial, tho Hindoos have been di- vided into four great tribes. . i> The firft and moft noblo are thfe Bramins, who alone can officiate in the pricfthoud, like the Jiiwifli tribe of Levi. They are not, however, ex- cluded from government, trade, or agriculture, though they are ftridtly prohibited from all mciial offices by. theif laws. 2. The fecond in order is the Sittri tribfe, who; ac-- cording to their original inftitution, ought to be all military men ; but they frcqiiently follow other pro- fcfllons. 3i The third is the tribe ofBieife, who are chit fly, merchants, bankers, and ban\as, or fhopkecpers. 4. The fourth tribe is lliat of Siidder, \vi,i» ought to ■ be menial fervants, and they z:". incapable of raifing : themfelvC! to any fuperior :ank. If any one of thein ihtuld be excommunicated froia - •ay; ,% / >/«< ««-*»/> i,ii ~ \ 3* ^' ;• mi K '•^rnttiti hJ \L^ L\. ''- I » 1\iiit,-\ttir V ^1 r^ .JII0HII I (5j /-..--■ _'-^-., -■■■ ..jPlonllnii ( H r r K oy^^^y^^ tUi< I 1^/ ,/.v//i.r liinihii '.'< 7<' //'.'•*£l I'MtiflfflU' Siiilil> t't4tf*t /^inn (nit/ -..^^'^J-C^ Sural \ "" '■"■'' -'^V" V \ ^ a --^ "■ \Ji .1 L .1 !• I l*K > - -' '?7^ /m,i4/c/»KAuA — - fr t'„riuA\ iu/bu-A f//M\ \ JVuftlipoul*] Oon i y I sj.t /' /> I' //v^ _ ^ I .O'l'ihitfOi '•Y'/ii^ ! /fill AtCtl< ^ ... V . Iiiirf>if'' ft\"<'''uiiii ^^-t.y',i/ii,i/'i . - „ , — - . . , IJi ^ 'Wi'iii/uAii i-y^ til/titrit\uiii I. IK KOI y h .V r/' ••;'""'''X?^'"****'-' Uth/Mtftt-' C Aw/»^/V-'^ '^•<" %«<'<<'"»«^, /'r./v;?yi/. Ull/ltl/t 'uu/'tt/'.^l ^ c^ T%, » ViuuA -It 7/ I ^ - rt*" 7\t' UtutduM K tf l,-nu,-ii .%' 'N Vjp[|.iiin, 1 /. 1' , • V/ Ml ttr ^ ■ ■ ' lliinihii /<'^ '\ 'T ^ i ^-.-/t ''^"""' /. ' cK^"" • Nl j/«,v.«^^* •^■"/•' . 7.: xC^hV'---* J\ •'- .*..^ . ./rf'I'JU' f> .V &, I. 1 IL^/'^ l«HI(U'l.»ll' •-' w> • / / iV'i'v/' \ /rmit/t/'/ifAuA ~ \ t'u/tiu-A -^^ V ^^' - ^ -4~ t'fit^i W A \ r,A,Ax Uti/UH ___ fJ i; N (i N •20 r ■ •/''KV// t>tmiiA-\>'ii Io.Xranii. alCr \iMl..m..iiJ /^iAv^-i ^ * \ iVY' " Afhiu" W /'em /.» l'i>iu/{i/ I ' SCO A XFAV AND COMPLr.TF/sVSTRM or UN'ivERsfAI- CKf )GRAPIIY. any of the four tribes, he and his poftcrity are for ever lliu? out from the ftfcitty of every boJy ir. the iintion, L'xccjniiig that of tht harri cafl, who are held in utter dcteltatioii bv ;".ii the other tribes, and are employed only in the ijifwicft and .-ilell: offices. This circumrtarce render.', excommunication fo dreadful, that an Hindoo, rathi'r than deviate from one article of his faith, will fuf- fcr tlic torture, and even d^ath itfelf. . The Gentoos arc alfo fubdivided into caft», or finallcr claflcs and tribes; and it has been computed, that there arc eighty-four of thefe cafts, though fomc have fup- pofi-d there was a greater number. The order of pre- tnuncncc of all the calls, in a particul; ■ city or province, is generally iiidifputably decided. The Iiidiijin of an inferior would think himfelf honoured by adopling thr culloins of a fuporior caft ; but this laft would give bat- tle, l;)oner than not vindicate its prerogatives: the infe- rior receives with rcfpeft the victuals prcp.-ired by a f.^- perior caft, but the fupcrior will not partake of a meal which has been prepared by the hands of an infe- rior cafl. There are fome cafts remarkable for their beauty, and others as remarkable for their uglincfs. The mo'^ ftriking features in the charatTlcr of the Hindoos, are fhcir fupcrftition, and veneration for the inliitutions and tenets of their forefathers. 'I'heir marriages are cir- cutnfcribed by the fame barriers as the lell of tlieir in- tcrcourfesi and hence, befides the national phyfiognom,-, the members of each call: prefervc an air of uill grcttcr refcmblance to one another. . The divilion of the Gentoos info tiibcs or clafn.'?, difcovcrs a ftriking peculiarity in their government and religion. The tribes arc headed by a chief, who is in fomc degree refponfible for the condndl of thofe iindec him ; and individnaTs, onthe higl) ;l authority was pofl'ellcd by the priefthood'dj ,'the nramin caft. ' 1 The governments of both nations were not ()iily|,|j , crarcliical, but there was in both a vaft variety ofrdiJl gioiis obfervanccs and ceremonies, extending to mani'i particulars, which in other cotintrics are matters i! choice or indifference^ and both entertained the moil profound refpedl and" veneration for their ancc(loti> All the calls acknowledge/ the Bramins fonhcirpriclkl and from iliein derive their belief of th.. liJnIiniyratioiiJl which Lads many of thcni toafllid thcmfclvesVvcnitf the deatii of a Hy, although occalioncd by inadvcrten-t, But the greater number of calls aiekfs fenipiiloii-,aiid'| cat, though very fparingly, toih'tif lilh ar.dlklli; biit,'| like the Jews, not of all kinds inditferciuly. 'rotetfl they have a particular obje«Mion. 'I 'Fhc food oi tiic Jfindoos is liniplc, connifinqrliid I of rice, ghee, which is a 'kind of impWftft bn{\i::A milk, vegetables, and oriental fpiccs of dltfcicnt kii)iir,'[ but Mr.ily what is called in the call; chilly ; aiidiniln: weft, green or Cayen pepper. The warrior call may) eat of the ftcfti of jjoats, mutton, and poultry. Oihcr I fupcrior cads may eat poultry and iifti; but the iatOT'l cafts arc prohibited from eating flcOi or iKh oi ain kind. Their greatcit luxury confifts in the iifcofilie'' liclieft fpicerics and perfumes, of which the grcatpm:' pie are very lavilli, and which grow almoft Tp'Mitare-' I oiiily in their gardens. They ellecin milk t'lopnrclH of foods, bccaufe they think it partakes of fcnicofib propeiiies of the ne£lar of their gods, and bccaufe they j almoft afcribc divinity to the cow itfelf. Penal laws are fcarce known among the Gcitno', as their motives to bad adlions are few. Tempeiitel in their living, and delicate in their conftitiitions thtirl paflions are calm, and their manners gentle: theyhavjl no objc6l but that of living with comfort and cafe, their I happinefs principally conlilling in the folaccs nf a du- medic life; and tht-y are taught by their religion, tbt marriage is an indifpenfable duty in every man, wUl docs nOtentirely feparate himfelf from the world thro' a jnineipic of devotirtn. Their rcligion nll<) periuil) them to have feveral wives ; bnt they feldom have mora than one: and it has been obferved. that their wiici] arc didinguiftied by a decency of demeanour, a folia- tude in their families, and a fidelity to their vows a wliich i\y .1 I N D I A, ■ o F I N^ n O S T A N. 021 tivi I ih might Jo honour to miman nature in tliB moft \ut ' countries. I he ai'Uifi-'nu'nts of the H'ndoos confifl in going to heir oigoihs, in alTifTing at rtligioiis (hows, and in ||iiw a variety ol ( crcmoniis prcfcribcd to ihtm by c Grain ins. I I'fir r«'li)^'on fccms to forbid them to uii their own thorcs, nor do they want any thing from iiroad. If others therefore had looked on them with he famciniiift'ircnfc with which they regard the rtd 'fihcvDriiii 'hty might havecontimitii to live in much Uquilliiv and liappmcfs. The (jcnioo foidicrs are called rajah-poot!!, or pcr- fcbns (ic''vi.'nlcd from llic rajahs. They rcfidc chiefly nihe norilKTi' provintt-R, and are generally more fair- bniplcxioncd ilian the people of the fouthcrn pro- iiiiccs, who arc (jiiite black. Thefe rajali-poots are a iliuli, brave, faithful people, and enter into the fer- iccot iliofc who will pay them ; but when their leader jlJ!, in batile, theytiiink that their engagements to him (cfinillicd, and they runoff the field without incurring ihechaige of cowardice. The abominable cullom of women burning them- ilves noon the death of their hufbands, ftill continues 10 be praflifed in India among fome of high caft and edition i tliough lince the Moguls have become maf- rs of Iiulollan, thefe fliocking fpeflacies have been uch Itis frequent than formerly, nor do the Bramins incoiirage tlieni. The following recent inftance we have been lately favoured with, will fufficiently prove, that the cultom bote alluded to is ftill obferved; and may ferve to in- ilidaic the modern opinion, that the Bramin women lave difcontiniied it : " Signor Nicola Fontana de rcniona, a dodlor of phyfic, at Calcutta, was iinefs, on Nov. 24, 1784, to the (hocking fight if a woman, the wife of a Bramin, burning herielf m the fame pile with her hufband. The light was oreaft'eding, as the wife was both yoimg and hand- lumc. The ceremony commenced about fun-fet. luring the preparation of the funeral pile, the females vre employed in preparing the widow for the volun- iiy facrihce: they adminilicred opium to her with a liew to annihilate thofe feelings which fo painful a bih muft naturally excite. After taking the opium, e was llripped ami plunged into the river, in order to lutify her for that (late which they were taught to be- icve llie mud enjoy, viz. that (he would live happy iih her hu(band 1^,500 years in the Elyfian-Fields. aving been wadied, and for :lothes thrown about icr, (lie refolutcly walked t ., ds the wood, and ildiy placed herfclf at the feet of her deccafcd huf- ,nd: there (he undrelFed herfclf, and diftributed her lothes to thofe around her : (he faid a few words, was led fad to the dead body, aiul the pile vvas inftantly :t on tire. As the flames reached her, (lie began to ream; the whole company inflantly ftruck up a dole- kind of hymn ; and the more her fcreams increafed, e louder ilit^ raiftcl their voices. When the wood I and boilies were reduced to alhcs, each departed Itome; and thus ended the prorcfs of this horrid, fupcillitinus, and riTod unnatural ceremony." It may not be amifs to rcmnik, that tin.- inflitulion of the above horrible facrifice is not to be afcribe.' " Riamma, but feems r.nthcr to be the invention of fome Rramin, who carried his jcaloufy beyond the grave. It is a piece of refinement dicTated by a h.irbarons and ovcr-flrained affection, and fnitabic to the iharaflcr of thofe fupcrilitious beings who think there is a parti- cular merit in rigid morality, or what they llyle a iran- fccndcnt purity of manner", how iiKoiii|);uiblc foivcr their general conduft is to the principles of right ri-afon and true religion. The famous dancinp-girls aix a particular chifs of women, who are allowed to be openly prolliiutcd. By the continuation of wanton aiiitudts, they acqiiirc, as they grow warm in the dance, a frantic hifcivioul'nefs thcmlclvcs, and commimicatc, by a natural contagion, the moft voluptuous defires to the beholders, 'rhcir attitudes and movements are very cafy, and not un- graceful. Their perfons arc delicately formal, gau- dily decorated, and highly perfumed. The Gcntoos apply thcmf'.lves to the cultivation of their lands, and to public and necciiary works, with the fame affidtiity as the Chinefe; and ;iu'alfo remark- ably honed and hirmane. There is fcarccljr an indance ol a robbery in all IiuloHan, though the diamond-mer- chants travel without defcnfive weapons. A late %sri- ter obfervcs, that the Hiinloos as well as the I'crlians, Tartars, and adjoining nations, who have inhabited Indoftan fiiice it was invaded by Tamerlane, though of different nations, religions, laws, and ciiftoms, polfefs, ncvcrthclefs, in equal degrcr'^, hofpitaliiy, politencfs, and addrefs. In refinement and eale, they arc fiiperior to any people to the welhvard of them. In politenefs and addrefs, in gracefulnefs of deportment, and fpcech, an Indian is as much fupcrior to a Frenchman of fafhion, as a French courtier is to a Dutch burgomaf- ter of Dort. The Hindoos, cfpccially thofe of the higher calls, are in their dcmcnnour eafy and uncon- ilrained, {{\\\ more than even a French courtier, and their cafe and freedom is r ived, modcft, and rc- fpedlful ; whereas, on the cctrary, a Frenchman's eafe is mixed with forward familiarity, confidence, and felf- conceit. The Indians arc of a middle flature, their perfons flraight and elegant, their limbs finely proportioned, their fingers long and tapering, their countenances open and pleafant, and their features exhibit the molt deli- cate lines of beauty in the females, and in the males a kind of manly ''oftnefs. Their walk and gait, as well as their whole deportment, is in the" highed -de- gree gracetul. The inhabitants of the northern part arc of a deep olive colour ; and thofe of the fouth, black. The natives, who dwell on the mountains iu the centre of the pcninfiila, aie exceedingly black : all h,ive black eyes, and long black hair. 3 K ' u The I'lil y f 11 \ 1 ■• ■i aa2 A NFAV AND COMPI.ETK SVSTF.M or UNIVERSAL GK '^'^T^ AT^TTy *,(■■ 'I'lie (licCs i)i' the men is u kind of clofc-bixlicd jjowns, and widj now. '.is, iLffmbliiig petticoat;, roai^liiiig down t(» their llii)pcts. Such ol tlic v.niun as iiiipcar in pnWic, have Hiawls over tlicir heads an 1 ihoidd^rsi, fhort clolc jackets, an 1 lijjht diaweri, which come down to their andcii. Ileate ilie d.-cfs of the mon gives them, in tiie eyes of Lmciiitans, the appeal aiice of cfttminacy ; whereas that of the women will appear rather tnafculine: but thefe ideas aie chiefly owing to the influence of habit anl cuflo-.n on human fentimcnts. 'I he men tic their hair up in a roll, over which they have n linall turban. ']"hc women's hair is alfo tied up in a rt>ll, like the men's, and is adorned with jewels, or coys in imitation of them ; thi:y have pemlaiits in their cars and nofes, and fevcral llrini»s of bead* round their necks ; they wear bracelets on their wrilU and ancles, and rings on their fingers and toes: they put their bare feet into ilippeis, as the men do J though indeed, in the fouthern parts, fome of the women wear no flippers or flioes at all. The Moors, or Mahometans, appear in a verv haiid- fome Mh\ becoming drefs: they have grand tuibans of rich mullin, and their garments reach down to their feet. Their fafhcs arc embroidered in great talk-, the ends being decorated with , gold and idvcr till'ue, and in their fafhes they ftick their daggers; they wear embroi- dered flippers, which thev take off, and leave at the loot of a fnpha when on a viltt. They arc remarkably toiid of fmoking tobacco, and ufc the callaan. In manners, the inhabitants of Indoftan rcrcmble the other nativer, of fouthern Afia: they are cfTeminatu and luxurious, and are by education taught to afFedt a grave deportment, which initiates them early in the arts of diflimulation, and they are very apt to gratify a private revenge without having had any public quarrel. Their houfes are ot two kinds, thole built by the Moguls, and thofe by the original Indians. I'he houfes of the Moguls are all in the Perfian tafte ; in (hort, they feem to imitate the Fcrfiaiu in every thing. The Iniian houfes cover much ground, and have fpacious galleries and accommodations of various kinds. The apartments arc fmall, and the furniture not very elegant, it we except the rich Perfian carpets. 'I'he grandeur of their palaces conlifts in baths, perfumes, temples, gods, and haram?. The harains, or zenanas, that is, the rcfidcnces of the women, are removed from the front of the houfe, and lighted only from a lijuare fpace in the centre of the whole building. The apart- ments in the houfes of the wealthy are ornamented chiefly with looking-glaflTes, v^'hich are puichalisd of the Europeans, and many of their teilinr s are inlaid with mother-of-pearl and ivory. The Braniins fuperintend and have the immediate diredtion ol all the temples and pagtxlas erected in every capital, which are ftupendous, but liifguilful ftone build- ings, if thefe Indian priefts are matters of any un- common art or Icicnce, they frequently turn it lo the purpoes of profit from their ignorant votaries. 'Ihey know how to Ciilculate cclipltsi and judicial aftio'ogy i« lo prevalent among them, th« half the ycir iii tji. up with unlucky days j the head aflioh.ger luin^.j Z* confulted in their councils. The MahoiiittainVtl;"'' encourage thole fuper(litionsr«ni* »rproprtatc tOt'*^*! fclves the fruits of the CJentoo indulhy. "*| Though the Gentoos aic entirely paflivc iimj their oppreflioiu, and, by their (late of cxiflcncrj praaicf of their rcligiol^ and the ("cantiiiels J]^\ food, have nothing of thofe ililag^eeablc qualities in l nature that animates the generality of mankind they are fulceptible of avarice, and Joinetimes burv'ii" money} many of thtm, rather than dilcover it l \ put thcmfelvcs to death by poifon, or (^therwilb ri! vaft ft.ucity of filvcr, that till of late prevailed In i doll an, has been afcribcd to this practice. I The Indians are fuppofed, for the I'eafons ibov. mentioned, to be lels under the influence ot'T" paflions than the inhabitants of other countries Til perpetual ule of rice, their chief food, ^rives thcnil little nourilhment i and their marrying early the before fourteen, and their women at ten or eleven iTl ot age. keeps them low and feeble in their perfons > man is in the decline of life at thirty, the women U to bear children at about twelve, and their beautvi,™ the decay at eighteen: at twenty-five, they have all J marks of old age. We arc not therefore to wonda, their being loon Grangers to all perianal exertional vigour of mind ; and whatever may be the caulb, aufr fon who has lately travelled into this country oblm tlut death IS regarded with lefs horror in India than^ any other country in the world. «« The oricin and tkt end of all things, fays the Indian philolopher ofikel prelcnt times, is a vacuum. A ftatc of repofe istht li&tc of greateit perfeaionj and this is the ftatc altnl which a wife man alpires." « It is better, fay iheHiJ doos, to fit than to walk, and to fleep thantowakt but death is the beft of all." ' At certain times, a court of juftice is held fordetcniiiii.1 ing difputes rdative to property, and other controvcrfei among the people. Law-fuits are here very qudlt adjufttd, as the whole power of deciding is velttdiil the judge, whofe principle is avarice, and whcfeyl is conlequently a Itrangcr to tender or equitable kii.! ments. ' In every town and village, courts are likewifebi for the adminiibation of juftice: the principal pcriii of the plate adts as judge, and determines all dilpua I within his diftridt ; the determination, however, is sf»\ rally made in favour of him who di (plays the grearff liberality, and can give the highell bribe. The emperor himlelf decides in all capital cafo,» his viccroya do in their diltciicnt governments. Thoiiji there arc.no written laws, partici»lnr puniflimenisw inflitSled for particular ottences. Murder ai;d robknj I are punifhcd with death; but the mode of cxecutingi entirely in the will of the mogul or his viceroy. Sim offenders are beheaded, fome hanged, Ibme impaled upo I Iharp-pointed ftakes, and others trampled todtatlilir .•■:-' -. IV' depbti I Aji \.] I N' n I A. on I N D O S T A N. 1»2'{ ticphaiit:'' riic pt'or criminal who i« doomed to fuftcr cx^ jITivc tortiiri", li»« tho lioncs of his legs and aims bioki'ii by til- el''pliiiil, wIk> kicks him in thole parts I ,|, ),ij liiM.y toot, and then leaven the victim to cx- riictc have bi:cn inllanccs of delinquents bi-ing llorii to pieces by dogs, in the cnii)irc of Iiidoftan. Aicoirai.uic; a friend, they will flab l.im lu the heart. Bu , .r.rofcir ing to others, the Maratt.is, who have bce'i iiii_jv.1i ' rcnrcfented as btrbarians, arc a great and '■^^ni^ i^ cij-lf , fubjedl to a regular government, the princ ;j>te> at v/hich are founded in virtue. Thofe people are • 1 1; 1 limj ' » fricndlhip with the EngliHi ; but a i .| turc taking place between them anu Tippoo Saib, :; for neighbouring potentate, the country of the la' conquered by the Englifli, their alliw's, in 1792- I he Gentoos have a remarkable manner of d ' X- They religinufly avoid touching with their lips th- • cilel that contains the liquor, and pour it into their mcunhi, holding the bottle, or other vciTel) at lead at a foot dilVance. They will drink from a pump, or any run ning ftream, but not out of a (landing pool ; for their idea is, that (lagnated water has a polluting quality. The empire is hereditary, and the cmjieror is heir only to his own officers. l"hc imperial demefn'; lands are thofe of the great rajah fnmilies, which fjjl to 'Ta- merlane and his fucceflors. Certain portions of them are called jaghire lands, and arc bellowed 'by the crown on the great lords oromrahs, and upon their death revert to the emperor ; but the rights of the fub-tenants, even of thofe lands, arc indefeafible. ' All other lands go in the hereditary line, and cont'nue in that ftate even down to the fub-tcnants, while the lord can pay his taxes, and the latter their rent, both which are immutablv fixed in the public books of each diftridl. The Mahometan inftitutcs prevail oidy in their great towns and their neighbourhood. According to the Genti>o conftitution, land is not private property, but belongs tO the Community in the icveral villages, but this does not extend t6 houfes an4 gardens : thefc villages are fupplied with tbelr refpedtive public officers, as the head-man, to execute julfice ; the conicopoly, to keep the accounts of the village j the corn-meter, fmith, barber, dodor, aftrologcr, kc. The grounds are cultivated by the commilnity. nnd thL- pro- duce fliared out in certain propc-.i^ns to ,all. One is allotted to the I'agodas and Braniins, one to the govern- ment, another to the public otiiccrs, one to tlio repair of tanks or refervoirs of walor, and the relt is diltri- buted among the community : but the Mahometan government, and the intrufioii of Europeans, have in- troduced Ibmc innovations in this ancient conftitution, among which the farming the circar, or government (hares, are particularly iiiftanccd. The government of this grcAt empire, the outlines of which we have now given, !> iubfiied without almofl the lemblance cf virtue or prc^-'ty among it? great officers, i?." 'is*5^ 224 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 3 m officers, cither civil or military ; till it was ftaken after tliu o\erthrow of Mahomet Shah, by Koiili Khaii, which was attcmlcd by Co great a Jiniinution of the imperial authority, that the fuiihuhs aciU nabobs became abiblutc 111 their own governmeius. Tliough they couIl not alter the fundaircntal Jaws of property, yet they framed new taxes, which beggared the people, to pay their armies and fupport their power: fo that many of the people, witliiji tliefe ftw ycais palt, after being unmercifully phiiuieicd by collectors aiid tax-malters, were left to perifh through want. To fum up the mifery of the inhabitants, ihofc foubahs and nabobs, and other Ma- hometan g by China and the Chinefe fea, on the eaft; by tha fame fea and the Straiciht!(/| Malacca, on the fouth j and by the bay of Ilciicral j,j I the Hiiher India, on the well. '!'he province of Aleckk and other diitricts, are iubject to the king of ,\vj^| Burmah, and lie between Bengal and China. I On the north weft, are the kingdoms of Acham, Avi I and Arracan, whofe chief towns are Canidara Avil Arracan ; containing 180,000 fquare miles. On the fouth-weil, arc the kingdoms of Pccru, Mar, taban, Siam, Malacca. Their chief towns are, iW 1 eaft long. 97 deg. nortii lat. 17 deg.^ 30 miii. contaitoj ,50,000 fquare miles. Mataban ; Siam, eaft lone, i^ I deg. 5,5 mill, north lat. 14 deg. i8 min. coiitanD 170,000 fq. miles. Malacca, call long. 101 deg. wj^.l lat. 2 deg. 12 min. containing 48,000 fquare mi!c<. On the north-ealt arc the kingdoms of Tonquiii aii I L^o'^ Their chief towns arc, Cachao, or Kcctin, eij I long. 105 deg. north lat. 21 d;g. 30 min. contawiml 122,000 fquare miles ; Lanchang, containing j(j,pl fquare miles. I On the fouth-eaft, lie Cochin-China, Cambodia, udJ Chiampa; whole chif towns are Thoanoa, containiwl 61,900 fquare miles ; Cambodia and Padrain, contair..' ing 60,200 fquare miles. The whole of this pcninfula was unknown todil ancients, and is p.-" rtl y fo to the moderns, 'rhenaml of India is taken from the river Indus, which of jil| otiiers was beft kr.own to the Perfians. The air of this pcninfula is very dry and heaithviil the northern parts, but the fouthern provinces areverrl hot and moift, efpccially in the vallies, and low-laaikl near the fea and rivers, and therefore not fo iiealtli?;| notwithftanding which, the natives build nioft of tb I towns in thefe parts, lliey are obliged to crei^ihiil houfes upon high pillars to fecure them from theliiMiliI during the rainy feafon, at which time t!ioy have ntl communication with each other but by bn;us; andfiickl ftorms of wind, thunder, and lightning hapnen, abouli the equinoxes on the Ihifting of the moiiibons, asati leldom feeii in Europe. The year is not divided iiml winter and fummer, as with us, but into the d.vai«l| wet feafons, or into the eafterly and wcfleily ;.ioiilooiisi[ a term fometimes applied to thofe periodical winds, Jiil fometimes to the wet and dry weather. \V hcii thcilonml cea'b, there are fea and land oreezes near the coail, wliiij Ihift every twelve hours. The mountains of this p-irt of India run from noril to fouth almoft the whole length of the country. Ttel mines of it yield gold, diamonds, rubies, topazc?, jmt- 1 thyfts, beryls, alleri.is or cat'i -eyes, and otlur prccioa j Itones, in uhich the natives d.ive a great trade. I 'I'he principal rivers arc, 1. The Domes, in ToJ-j quin, which runs from north to fouth, and, paffingiij Cachao the capital, falls into the Chinefiaii fw. 2. Hni Mecoii, which running from north to fouth, [tiroujij L.aos and Cambodia, falls by two channels intoihetiBJ fea. 3. The Meiian, which runs from lioithtofu'Jij through Siam, and falls into the bay of Sia'u. 4. 1*1 INDIA BEYOND THE G A N G E S. L, or the i^rcat river Nou Kian, which joining the t ' fi^gr Pfgii; thi;y both fall through one mouth into tbayofBeiigai. 5. The Sanpoo, or Burrumpooter. lAdioining to this country are the promontories of Im, Roniaiia, aiul Branfac ; the bays of Bengal, Siam, [d Ciichin-China ; and the Streights of Malacca and Jiicapore. iThc foil is in general fertile, but more fo in fome Ices than others. Thofe are remarkably fo which are lerflowcd by the torrents from the mountains, and the Id and (i»^'^ l*^*' "" ^^^ furface when the floods retire. Lc arc produced all the delicious fruits foimd in other iiiitiies contiguous to the Ganges, as well as roots getablcs." Arcca and betle claim particular mcn- L, jioni the unbounded ufe made of them by the jdiaiis. The rrcca-tree nearly relembles the cocoa in liirht and ihiije ; but the trunk is fmaller, and the Ives fhortcr. Under the leaves grows a long mafs, lich terms a bunch or duller of fruit, refembling hts or apricots, intermixed with flowers. About two jonths after the flowers are gone, the hufli which Ivers the fruit begins to open and fall ofF, when an ob- V fruit appears of the fize of a middling plum, and tiiwhitifli and fliining colour ; its Ihtll becomes firm, npaft, and reddilh ; the pulp contained in it is of a {own caft, bordering on red, and foft and aflringen( to Italic. [The betle is a plant which creeps along tfae ground h peas or hops, fo that its ftalk muft be fupportcd by Iprnp, or planted near the areca-tree, to which it fixes ■elf like ivy. Its leaf refembles that of the citron-tree, Id becomes reddilh when dried. When it is planted watery places it produces a fruit fhaped like a rat's jl, but bears none in climates which are too hot or cold ; in which places the inhabitants make ufe of ; leaves prepared with lime of oyfter-fliells, inftead [Ail Indian is feldom fecn without betle in his mouth, liich they fay ftrengthens the gums, prcferves the eth, makes the breath fweet, is gld, filver, Heel, iron, and lead, the property of which the kitig has referved to nimfelf, on condition of not le\ ying any taxes on the people. Great quantities of coarfe filk are alfo produced here, cfpecially a particular fort (pun by a little infeft refembling a filk- worm, which, when manufadlured, bears a prodigious fine glofs, but it is not lading. Two forts of gum- lack arc found in this kingdom, the beft is of a red co- lour, and ufcd by the natives in painting their linen ; the other is made ufe of to varnifh cabinets and make fealing-wax. Their gold is current in ingots, but they have pieces of filver coin of two (hillings each iii value. The inhabitants towards the north have good com- plexions and indifl-'erent features, but are fubjcil to pro- digious wens or fwellings in their throats, owina; to the bad quality of the water. Thofe in the fouthern ex- tremity are fwarthy and flat-nofed, but have no dilagree- able fwellings in their throats. The only covering they wear is a piece of cloth girt round their middle, and on their heads a cap or bonnet, hung round with boarx* teeth. They bore very large holes in their ears, in 3 L which ' ii r\\ fjj f 7 ';■ I t^i 226 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM 'of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. which they hang pieces of gold and filver. The legs aii.1 arms of the molt affluent among them are adorned with bracelets of coral and amber, while the poorer fort make ufe of tortoiib and other large fliells, formed into rin-Ts for this purpofc. T'here is fcarce a man in Azcm bi has a horfc for hirfifelf, and an elephant to carry his wi\ es, which arc ufually four ; to every one of whom he afligns her particular domeftic offices. They pay no taxes, they do not even work in the mines, flaves being purchafed for that purpofc. The favourite food of this people is dog's flclh, though all kinds ofgiimc, and other provifions, abound here. They have prodigious quan- tities of fine large grapes, from which they extradt brandy inftcad of wine. The Azcmites difpute the invention of gunpowder witii t'le Chinefe ; and many circiimilances' conlpire to decide this coiitcfted point in their favour. Thel'c Indians, as well as the Chinefe, had unquef- tionably the ufe of gunpowder before it was known in Europe ; and the invencion is geucall}' afcribed to the Azemites. The metropolis of this kingdom, and the refidence of the king, which lies in nfi deg. 1^3 min. north lati- tude, is named Canidaras, Kemuieroofe, or Guergen : and the cit\- of Azoo is the royal burial place. When any king is buried in the grand temple, his favourite idol is buried; this always being cither of gold or filvcr, the vaults are filled with itnmenfc treafurcs. T he peo- ple imagine that the righteous have, in the other world, plenty of wliat they defirc, but that the wicked fuffer all the mileries of hunger ;ind thirft. Full of this no- tion, and not entertaining any very high idea of the morality or piety of their monarchs, they bury with them all kinds of edibles, great riches, fevcral of their wives, officers, elephants, ilaves, 6ic. left they fiiould fare worfe in the other world than they did in this. Av.A, according to fome accounts, is about 76,5 Englifh miles in length, and ,57,5 in breadth ; but, ac- cording to others, it is about 800 miU s long, and i> jo liroad. It is lituated between ij and 28 deg. north latitude ■ -ind is bounded, on the eaft, by Lav)s and Siam ; v.. the v,-ef|-, by Bengal; f a dependent province by the king of Ava. Macao is the great mart of trade here- Martaban, or Martavan, in the bay of Bengal, was once a kingdom, but is now only a Siamefe pro- \ ince. It is ;iCo miles long, 1 15 broad ; and is fo fer- tile as to have ani.uuliy three harvelts, and is bleiled with filth u pure air, that the inhabitants never arc altlicled w ith the liead-ach. It piodiices, befides corn, oiangcs, kinoiis, figs, p. ars, cheinuts, mtdicinal plants, oil of jellamy, gold, (ilver, (Icel, iron, lead, copper, rubies, larpie,- benzoin, &:c. 'i"he people make a. I'ind of black porcelain, with whith they trade to Malacca. •■.... .,. .•..-• : -, The hi S828 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The kingdom of SiAM is about 834 Eiiglifh miles in I lengiii, :inil 400 in breadth where wiiloll, but in fome places it is not above lialf fa mticii. It i.s fnrrounded by liigh tnonntains, which on the call lidc fcparate it Jrom ihc kingdoms of Camboj.i and Laos^ on the well, from Pegu; and on tiic nortii from Ava, or, more pro- perly, from Jangoma; on tiic fouth it is walhcd by the river Siam, anil has tiic pcninliila of Malacca, tlic iiorth-weil part whereof is under its dominion. By the overflowing of the river Menan, in the month of Marcii, annually, tlie country is entirely under water for i'20 miles round, '["hefe inundations leave a mu( and (lime behind them, wliiih, together wiiii the earth wafhcd down from the mountains, render tie land very fertile. The vegetable and aniinal productions, to- gether with the muierals in this kingdom, are the fame with thofe already mentioned in A/.em or I'cgu, &c. The inhabitants of both fexes are more modcll liian any foiuul in the rcit of this pcninfida. They are of a good ilaturc, feldoin corpulent, and have tawny complexions. The faces of both men and women arc broad, with high clieek bones, but their fore-heads and chins fuddenlycontraiil and terminate in a point. Tliey liave dark fnuU eyes, hollow jaws, large mouths, thick pale lips, fhort nofcs, large cars, and thick lank hair, which both men and women cut fo Ihort, that it reach- es no lower than their ears. Thcdrcfs of the better fort is much the fame at that of the other kingdoms in this pcninfula ; but as to the common people, they go al- niort naked. The king wears a cap in the form of a lugar-lo.-if, ending in a circle of precious (tones ; and thole of his olliccrs have circles of gold, (ilver, or Ver- million gilt, to diilingiiilh their qtiality, which entirely tl'''f when it was firft difcovcred by the roruifiiiefc, who were afterwards cxpillcd by the )iitch Malacca was liie richell city in the caft, next )Goa and Ormu", being tiie key of the China, ja- Bii Moluccas, and Simda trade. ! The city of Malacca is an extenfive and populous llacc fi.rroiinded with a Hone wall and bailions : many J the llrects arc fpacious and handlomc, and are fliadcd liih trees on both iides : the houfes {land pretty clofe jeach other, and are built chiefly of bamboos, though bnicof them are ol (lone. The governor's houfc is laiu'fome and commodious, and is fituatcd in the fort, l,[ifoii£(i by 2C0 Europeans. The liarbour is one of he bell and fafcll in that part of the globe, and receives litis from moll parts of the Indies. When polfelieJ ly the Portuguefe, the city was remarkably opulent, King a grand mart for precious ftoiies and gold ; and .fore the Dutch made liatavia the chief place of their jDiiimcrce, it had all the rich commodities of Pegu, ilorotnandcl, Siam, J3anda, and other couniries: but at itcllnt its commerce is not very conliderablc, which. jwcll as the degeneracy of the Malayans, who were brmerly an indultrious people, is cafily accounted for b the tyranny of the Dutch, whofe iniercft it is that Key (liould never recover from their prefent (late of lavery and ignorance. Here is a Kind of fmiiggling trade carried on by the I ill their country liiips, from the coaft of Coro- Liidel, and the bay of Bengal, to Malacca. This pmmerce is connived at by the Dutch governor and puncil, who little regard the orders of theii fuperiors, tovided they can enrich themfclvcs from the profits filing by it. The Malays arc in general favages, and live aftefthe lanner of beads. They are extremely fwarthy, and jdefirous of having children as white as the Europe- ps, that, as foon as they arrive on their coall, they fferlheiii their wives and daughters, thinking by that Bcans they (liall obtair their wilhes. It is however af- Itted, that there ar another fort of people in this Vury, who in fliape, as well as complexion, rcfcin- lle the Europeans, having grey eyes, and yellowilh lair, which reach to the women's hips ; their feet turn 'ward., and they can fee only in the night, and therc- Lre always llcjp till fun-fet. The inland people, called Morakabos, delight fo lluch ir, mifchlef, that if the Malayans fow grain in In ground but what is well fenced, they come down |Kt burn it. Ri:e, or any other kind of grain, is very lule cultivated ; and in fome of thefe parts the people Iibfill chief!;, on fago. The articles for trade are gold, tin, pepper, elc- Biants-teeth, rofe-wood, cinnamon, eagle and kalam- bak-woods, fapan-wood, diamonds, gum-benjamin, rattans, and canes. T O N Q U I N. THE kingdom of ToN(2tMN is bounded on (he en(I and north by the empire of China ; on the wtfl, Ivy the two fmal! kingdoms of Laos and I3owcs, bordering on Siam ; and on the fontli and (buth-eall by Cochin- China. It is about ,po miles in length, and 300 in the broadcll part. As to tlie climate of Tonquin, this country being fitu- atcd under the tropic, the weather is extremely vnnable; however, their two chief dillinftions with refped to this, are thofe of the dry and rainy feafons ; the former of wiiich is the more agreeable, and continues from September to March ; during which timC; the north- wind blows without intermillion, and the air is health- ful, except in January and February, when the weather is frequently very feverc. The rainy feafon begins in April, and ends in Augud, the fouth-wind blowing all the time ; the three fiill months of this feafon are very unhealthy. During the months of June, Jtily, and Augult, the heat is very intenfe ; neverthelefs, the coun- try, at this time, has a moll pleafing ami beautiful ap- pearance ; the trees are loatled with finit, and the plains covered with a rich harveft. However, as the land modly lies low, p.rrticularly near the fea, it is fiibjedl to frequent inundations; and whei thefe arc greater than ufual, the natives are confidera- ble fulTcrers. The inhabitants are of a tawny colour, though not fo deep as mod other Indians. Their facts are oval, and generally flattilli, notwithdanding which they have a ^:aceful a^ipcaiaiuc. Their hair is black, long, and lank, and both fexcs alTedl to have their teeth as black as ebony, white ones being cdeemed a great defeft. The men arc of a llrong, hardy conditution ; and the higher clafs of women very moded and referved. They are dred'ed much in the fame manner, wearing u draight, long robe, clofe at the neck, and reaching down to the heels, which is kept clofe to the waift by a girdle of (ilk, or 5;old and filver tilTue. The ladies cover their heads wiili a fort of very broad hat, made of the leaves of a tree, and ador.icd with a net-work of thread curipuily wrought : it is the cudom of the coun- try to gf) barefooted all the year. The Tonquincfe are indefatigable in whatever bu- finefs they apply themfclvcs to; their judgment is juft, their memory rctc.itive, and they arc capable of long application ; but on the other hand, they are faid to pollefs a mod unbounded love for gaining, and that the lower clafs are infufferably indolent. They arc, however, excellent mechanics, and fair traders ; but greatly oppreifed by their king and great lords. His majefty enjjroHes the trade, and his factors fell by re- tail to the Dutch and other nations. The Tuiuniincfc 3 M arc r t 230 A XKW AN» COMPLETE SYSTEM of UMIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. V\ -l i i * are fond of lackt-r-hoiifcs, \vliich arc iinwliolefomc and poifonous. Tlic p'jopic in the foutli arc a fa\agc race, and go almoll nakcil, witli Lngc (ihcr and gold car- vings, and cor.il, amber, or IIkII bracelets. Silks, cotton*, and lackered ware, are the principal maiitiTuiflnrcs of Tonqiiin. Tlic trade of it is carried on almoll entirely in iorcign bottom?, and the articles exported from iliencc are aloes, turpentine, ninik, rhubarb, and fevcial othtr dnigs, fajipelre, fiilplur fpices, t\c. In Caehao, the cnpital of this kingdom, the Knglifh have a very llourilhing houfc, conveniently fitted np, with llorilioiifes, oflicts, and noble apartments for tlie hierehants, I'ailors, and otiicr ollicers belonging to the companv'. The choiiah, or chief governor, generally relides in this city, which is fitiiatcd in thecentrc of the conntry. 'I'he bua's palace is a vaft (lru<5hire, and has a fine arfenal. The natives are all Pagans, and, among other ani- mals, worlhip the elephant iuul horfc. They are ex- cee(''ngly fnperltitions, great pritenders to a!lrology and the black-art, and flridl obfervers of times and feafons. Tonfinin was originally under flie Chinefe govern- ment; but having revolted, a civil war enfued, which continued fomc centuries: at laii a compromife was cfFecled between the contending parties, wherein it WAS agreed, tiiat the reprefentatixe of Din, the firll re- voltcr, Ihould enjoy all the executive powers of the government, under the appellation of Cliouali ; and that the heir of the ancient kings fliould retain the royal titles, with fomc other inconfiderabic preroga- tives, exercifed within tht limits of his own palace, from whence neither he, nor any of liis family, itir but four times in a year, when they are allowed to Hay out fix days each time, being always attended by oflicers, or fpies, appointed by tiicchouah. in the mean time, this bua, or real monarch, reigns with the utmofl ucf- potifm : every fubjei^ is obliged to pay him a land- tax, according to his circuniitances, and the fertility of his lands; befides which, they arc bound to pay him a perfonal fcrviccof fix months in every year, lor which he only allows them a bare fubfillcnce, and even that is in his power to rcfufc. ... ,, Th e KIN' O D {) M or LAOS. EoundaiiiS.) Pri:U((i\ Inhabitants., ^c, THIS is a rich plentiful countiy, bnl is little vi- fited by Europeans It is boundcil on the eafl by Co- fhin-China and Toi\ajiiin ; on the well, by Hrama ; on the north, by the lake Chamay , and on the fonth, bv Cambodia anil Siam. Its extent cannot with certainty be afcertained ; but the general opinion is, that it reaches from the i^th to tlic 2^th degree of north latitude. ' - • •' The nn!l valuable article produced in this cuuiitr ' I gum benjamin, which is clleemed the be(liMqiia|:|'''lj any throughout the Indies ; it grow^ In grcai aunnial!l and bring- fu confiderable a revenue tojhekintr 4 1 the cxpoiiution of it is feverely prohibited. Tliio i dens abound with a great variety of frmt, ajj a*"! have rice in abtnidance, which, though (liircrm'l tnllc from th:it of any other country, is cdcen'ico .\!| bell in the call. They have a great plenty of |,„^1 wax, cotlon, amber, andmulk; and ivory is f, |i|,!| valued, from the great number of elephants with ujij the country abounds, tliat the teeth arc ufcd for ,C I to their fields and gardens. 'I'hcy ha\e prodii.'ioii,s'l,e„ of beeves and buffaloes, and the rivers aboiiml \\n\\at kinds of f wood, are Ivcry lofty and liandfome, and elegantly fiirnilhed; but jihol'c of the common fort are very low and mean. The talapoins or pricfts only have liberty to build their huufes of brick or Itone. COCHIN, OR WESTERN CHINA. Extent, Dcunildr'ies, Inbabilaiits, isfr. THIS country is about 500 miles in length, but much lefs extenfive in its breadth from call to weft. It is fituated imdcr the torrid zone, and extends, accord- ing tofome, from the Hth 10 the 17th, and, according to others, from the 12th to the iHth deg. of north h«. being bounded on the caft by the Chincfe Sea ; on the; weft, by Laos and Cambodia; and on the north, by Tonquin. It was originally a province of Tonquin, but has for upwards of 300 years formed a diilinft kingdom, and is, like Tonqtiiti, tributary to the Chi- ncfe emperor. The houfes are built of canes entwined together, fo that the walls refemble tiic fides of a wicker bafkct, and thefe they plafter over with a kind of mortar m.adc of dirt or lime. The inhabitants of this kingdom refemblc the Sia- mefe in their lluture and complexion, and the fexes are fcarce diltinguiftiable by their drefs, which confifts of a long gown, bound round them with a fafti : people of diftindlion nfually wear lilk, but they prefer Englifti broad-cloth, when it is * * be purchafed : the inferior fort wear cotton cloth, liyed of a dark colour. They are excellent mechanics, and very fair dealers. Their chief food is rice, pulfe, and filh varioufly drelfed and feafoned. Their common drink is tea, and they have alfo fome ftrong liquors, brewed or diftilled from rice. Their government is nearly the fame as that of China. The king has an abfolute power over the lives and fortunes of his fubjefts, and condufls all the affairs of his dominions in the moft defpotic manner, without confulting his minifters. His revenues, which are im- menfe, arife from the falc of odoriferous woods, gold dull, and elephants teeth. One third of all the rice produced in the kingdom is his, and he receives yearly tributes of confiderable value from all the provinces fubjecl to him, belides other prodigious taxes and ad- vantages. The religion, marriages, funeral ceremonies, &c. of the Cochin-Chinefe, are the fame as thofc of the Ton- quinefe. Cambodia, orCAMBovA, is fituated on the caft iide of the Gulf of biam. Its greatcit length, from north to fouth, is about 520 Englilh miles; and its greatell breadth, from well to calt, about 398 miles ; being bounded, on the well, by Cochin-China ; by the Indian-Ocean, on the fouth , and by the kingdom of Laos,' and the Kcmois mountains, on the north. The river H 232 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL CEOGRAniY. I^lj river Mecon, wliicli is very fpacious, runs througli it, the banks of which are the only habitable parts of the nation, on aceoiint of its fiihryair, ami ilie peftifcroiis gnats, ferpcnts, ai.vl otiier noxious animals bred in the woods. The foil, commodities, trade, an'.nals, and pro- diifts by fea and land, are niiali the famo v\ith thole of the other kingdoms of this valt peninfiila. The betle (already noticed in the general account of this peninfidaj is a plant of a pariiciilar flavour, and, as tiiey fay, an excellent remctly lor all thole difeal'es that arc common to the inhnbitanis of the Kalf-Indies, is the highell luxury nl the Cambodians, from the king to the ptafani ; but it is very unpalatable and dif.igree- able to the tiiropcans. The fame barbarous magnificence, defpotifm, igno- rance, and idolatry, prevail here as throughout the rell of the peninfula. Their capital, Cambodia, which is the only fity here worth notice, is iituated on the river Mecon, about too miles from the bar. It is built on a riling ground, in order to avoid the annual overflowings of the river, and principally conlifis of one large llrcet. About the centre of it is a palace for the relidence of the prince ; it is a very inlignilicant edifice, furrounded by a kind of wall, with ramparts, on wliich are fc\cral pieces of artillery. Between Cambodia and Cochin-Cliina lies the little kingdom ofChiampa, the inhabitants of \vhich trade with the Chinefe, anil fccm therefore to be fomcwhat more civilized than (heir neighbours. We iliall dole our defcription of this peninfula, with fomc account of the kingdom of Tipra, or Ti- poura, which is bounded by the empire of Ava, and pait of China, to the fouth and call ; by Independent Tartary, to the north; by Arracan, to the foinli-well; and by Indollan, to the well. Lving under the tropic of Cancer, it is exceedingly lot, the air is nevcrthtlcfs pure and falubrious ; but the water is (o bad, that it occaiions the throats of the inhabitants to fwcH to a prodigious li/.e. The fovertign of this country is tributary to the king of Arracan : he exports gold and lllver to China in ingots, and in return receives lllver, which is coined into two fpecies of currency, at aod. and zad. value each : gold is coined into afpcrs, which are worth about 5s. apiece. C M A P. XIII. ; INDIA winiiN Tin: (iAXGES. Exttnt, Boundaries, Climate, Seas, Bays, Inhahitimls, Ptcduci, Ufc. THIS extenfivc empire iincUiding the peninfula welt of the Cjang^'S; is uooo miles in length, and a^oo in breadth ^ litu-tted between 7 and .pdeg. north lat. and 6b and 92 deg. caft long, and occupies a fpacegil b/o.yjo fqiiare miles. Its boinidaries are UmI Taitary, and Thibet, on the north ; 'ihibet amlilK| Bay of Bengal on the call ; the IndianOccan, on \}A fouih ; and the fame fea, with I'erlia, on the wefl the Mogid empire, or Indollan, properly fo called bc^l ingtlie main latid. The north-calt divifion of India contains the nto,i vinccs of Bengal Proper, Naugracut, Jeliiat, Pjim I Nccbal, Gore, Rotas; whole chief towns and ilnA are Calcutta, Fort William, Hugly, Dccca, bcldngin. j to the Englilh; Malda, Knglifh and Dutch ; Chaii.l gpii, Caifumbazar, Naugracut, Rajapour, Patna, NkJ bal, Gore, Rotas. The north-well divifion on the frontiers of I'crliil and on the river Indus, contains the provinces of So- 1 rL't, Jelfelmere, Tata, or Sinda, Btieknor, MoiihaJ JIaican, Cabiil ; the chief towns of which are,! Jaganal, Jelfelmere, Tata, Bucl.nor, Moultan, Hai Cabul. The middle divifion contains the provinces o'Gn-, dilTi, Bcrar, Chitor, Ratipor, Navar, Gualce Delhi, Labor, or Pencah, Hendown;, Callirj, ..', gapour, Afmer, or Bando ; their cliieftov . Mc. dipour, Bcrar, Chitor, Ratipor, Navar, 'Ju. Agra, Delhi, Labor, Hendowns, Calfimcie, Jci,j.. pour, Afmcr. In this climate, the winds generally ^ ■; mi months from the fouth, atid fix from the norm, Jul April, May, and the beginning of June, the wtatlit;! is cxcellively hot, but there are refrelhing fca-hreezcs;| and in fome dry fealbns, the hurricanes, which tear 1 the fands, and let them fall in dry ftiowers, arccxccl-l lively difagreeablc. The Englifh, and the Etiropeanil in general, who arrive at rndollan, arc coi:imoiil! I feized with fome illnefs, fuch as flux or fever, inthciil difteretit appearances ; but when properly treated, the; I recover, and afterwarils prove healthy, efpcciallyiftkl patients arc abllemious. Indoflan is fiirroimdcd on three fides by inoiaitaini, I The moll remarkable are thofe of Caucafiia andNaii-l gracut, which divide India from I'trlia, L'lhcck Tanarv, and Thibet, and arc inhabited by Alaiattas, Afghan;, I or Patans, and other people more warlike than ik Gentoos. The mountains of Balcgaut, which run al- moll the whole length of India front north to fuiiiU and cut the peninfula of India in two, are fohij^h, thai they llop the wcllcrn monlbon, the rains btgiiininn fooner on the Malabar coalt, than on the coad ofCo-| rotnandcl, Thelo mountains are only paffahlc iiucr- tain jilaccs, through which roads have been madclurihc fake of commerce. The molt remarkable ri\ers are the Indus and the Cjangc:.. Th;^ Indus is by the natives called Siiid'-', or Sindch, and is formed of abotit ten piiiicipal ll reams, | which defcend from the Perlian and Tartarian mi«- tains on the north-eall and north-weiK From the city of Attock down to Moultan, ii is | commocly .] INDIA WITHIN T 11 F. C A N G E «>. 21^ Immonly ftyld I'le Kivcr Atlook ; below Moiiltan, lis often named the Soor, until it divides itfclf into Lv channels near Tatta, where the principal branch its tht name of Mehran. Bcfides thofc famous ri- Irs nianv others water this cour'ry, as the ik-hat, or lieiuni, the Hydafpts of Alt ■ •■ tdcr, tiie Jenau, or |( ancient Acehncs, or licl', , tiegc, Jumna, and ■e Raiivee, formerly the Hyrt; (-( s, on the fouth bank * which Itand.i the city of Lah. TheGcntoos arc perfuaded, that the waters of the Iree greaf rivers, Ganges, Kiftna, and Indus, have L facred virtue ol purifying from all pollutions and (IS ihofe who bathe in them. This religious idea Icnisto be founded on a principle of polity, and in- liiJcdtoreftrain the natives from emigrating into dif- jnt countries ; for it is remarkable, that the facred fcriarefo lituated, that there is not any part of India Ihcre the inhabitants may not have an opportunity of laOiing away their fins, as they fuppofe. The Ganges, which rifes in the moimtains of Thi- ,vith its different branches, runs through the king- i of Bengal, IJahar, and (Jrixa, and the upper iccsofOudc, Rohilcund, Agra, Delhi, and La- ic, being a comfc of about 3000 miles. The Kift- ■a divides the Carnatic from Golconda, and runs lhrou?h the Viliapore into the interior parts of the De- an. And the Indus, bounding the Guzarat provinces, biratcs Indoltan from the Perlian dominions. The fcas, bays, and capes, are as follow : the In- (ian-Ocean, the 13ay of Bengal, Capes Comorin and Dill, liie Gulf of Cambaya, the Strcights of Ra- Hinakael. With rcfpcft to the inhabitants, as wc have already madeageneral review of this great empire, it is therc- Jote necilfary only to add, to what was faid of their Veligionand fcdls, that the fakirs are a kiiu' of Maho- hician mciulicants or beggars, who travel about, prac- liling the grcateft aufterities ; but many of them are impiiliors. Their number is faid to be 800, coo. iiiHthcr fct of mendicants are the joghis, who arc tdulatcrs, and are fuppofcd to be twelve millions in pmber, but all of them vagabonds, and have been Kmpollors, who live by amufiug the credulous Gentoos with foulifli iictions. The Banians profefs the Gen- Jtoo religion, or foniewhat like it: they ferve as brokers, laiid take their name from their affeded innocence lot lile. There are likcwife the Pcrfccs, or Parfes, of Indof- Itan, who are originally the Gaurs : they are a moll in- Iduftrious people, particularly in weaving, and archi- Iteflure of every kind. Thc:y pretend to be poliellcd of jtlie works of Zoroadcr, whom they call by various jiumcs, and which fomeofthc Europeans fuppofe con- jtain many particulars that would throw fouie liglit upon ancient hillory, both facrt .1 and profane. Tiiongh r this opinion may be countenanced by the few parcels of thofc books that have appeared in the work! ; nc- verthelcfs, fomc think that the whole is an iinpollurc, fotmded upon facred, traditional, and proline hilloties, aided by religion. They arc (tyled worfliippcrs of fire, and arc known as paying divine adoration to it ; but,- wc arc told, only as an eirblcm of the Divinity, and as his chief agent in the fyllem of the univerfe. They ("•ver, indeed, extinguilh lire, but will Hand for hours by their lamps, puttrng up their prayers to God, with folded hands, and their eyes turned towards heaven with great marks of devotion. Tin y utter ejaculatoiy prayers uU day long, and conflantly niix bufinefs, and even common converfalion, with devotion. The Perfees have afuperllitious veneration for cock.s and dogs. They breed great niuii''-is of dogs at their own houfes, and feed them reguLrly twice every day with rice and ghee. To all dogs, whether their owr, or not, they are very hofpitabie. Whenever they fee a dog, they prefenlly call him, and offer him food. If you walk abroad with a dt)g in any of their villages, you prcfcntly hearthe cry of Jo! J'l! at every turn, each llriving to be the (iril to entertaiii your dogs. Thelo animals arc alfo facred in all the Turkifh dominions. Tiic dogs on the illand of Bombay, a few years ago, were many of them mad; vhercupon an ordbr was given by the governor, for killing all dogs without ex- ception. When this order w:.., known, the Perfees were greatly alarmed, met together, and entered inlu a folemn league and covenant in defence of their dogs, threatening to protedl their lives at the rifqi.c of their own. It was therefore thought ^ rudent not to infill- on the execution of the decree Jiat had been ilTued againll thofe faithful and affedionatc domcUics, but to. fuffcr them to live. Hunting with the bow, as well as 'he gim, is a com- mon diverlion among the nobility and people «f rank, who often train up leopards to the fports of the field. Like other peoph; in hot countries, they atfedl ihady walks and cool lountains. They are fond of tumblers, moimtebanks, and jugglers ; of barbarous mutic, both from wind and (Iringed inllruments, and play at cards in their private parties. Their houfes make no appearance, and thofe of the commonalty are poor and mean, aj)d generally thatched, which renders them fubjert to fire ; but the manuf-ar- tuiers choofe to work in the open air; and the inlidcs of houfes belonging to principal perfons are many of them magnificent, and in general neat, commodious, and pleafant. Wiih refped to trade and manufadurcs, it appears, from the moll authentic accounts, that the cmpin- of Iiidollan, particidarly the kingdom or province of Ben- gal, from the mildnefs of its climate, the fertility of its foil, and the natural indullry of tlic Hindoos, has been alv\ays rciiiarkalile for its commerce. ICvci-y %il- lage lias its canal, every town its river, and the whole kingdom tlic Ganges, which falling by vario(-.s mouths into the Bay of Bengal, opens a noble communication with the ocean, tot exportmg the produce and manu- facliircs of this famous country. a N . . ■ While hU: ; HI t34 A N^W AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ;| ■ ivii ': ' ti ' ! si I While the houfe i)< 'I'aincrlane hllcd the throne of Indolian, thr barancc of trade was greatly in favour of Bi.iigal. Sinllblc of the ailvantages they thnnl.l ts dcriviil from a fi«c commercial intertourft bt-twiLii their fubjtias, ihiy were invariably the protit'lors of merchants. The militaiy idt-i.s which they brought from Tartary, prevented the military fervatvts of tiic crown from engaging in trade', ar/tl therefore monopo- Ires of every kind were dil'couraged, and almolk un- known. No government in Europe was ever inore fevere againll forellalling and regrating", than that of the moguls in India. A fmall duty \Vas paid to the crown, bnt this was amply repaid by the noble Iccurity given to the merchant. The comnurce of the Englilh, Dutch, French» Danes, and Portngtiefe, was principally carried on with bullion : and it appears Irom a very moderate compiiiaiion, that no kis than qtj.^ool. Ilerliti!^, in bullion, were thrown annually into tliat kingdom by the Europeans only. The exports ol Bengal to the gulphs_ of Pciiia and Arabia were very great, and brought home annually in gold into her coders 373,0001. Iler trade in opium and piece-goods to the pi.ni;ii'uta beyond the Ganges, to the iVlalayan and Piiilippine- Illands, brought yearly a balance in her favour of 1,50,0001. The inland trade of Bengal, with the iip» per provmccs of Indollan and Alllini ajo.oool. And the coalling trade with liie coalls of Coromandcl and Malabar, lOooool. So that the animal balance of trade in. favour of Bengal, was i, 8,-; 2 ,500!. (lerling. (Jut of which take i.iJjO.oool. remitted annually to Delhi, and there remains 602,500!. yearly acquilition. Bengal V as at that period one of the richeft, mod po- pulous, and beil cultivated kingdoms in the world \ but the troubles and civil wars which fuccccded, have been attended with the moil tragical events. The country has been depopulated, dilliv:ls of every kind has fucceed- cd to plenty and cafe Many of the principal cities have been rendered delblatc, the moll lertile tields laid wallc, and near five ir.iUions of harmlefs ami indullri- ous people either expelled (;r deftroycd. 'ihcle dreail- ful difalters have greatly impovcrilhed this once tlourifll- jng country, now become lb highly intcrciling to the fulijt£\sit Great-Biitain. The Mahometan m'^rchants in India carry on a great trade with Mecca, in Arabia, from the wellern pars of this empire, up the Red-Sea. This trade is carried on in a par'icukir fpecies of veil'els, called junks, the largeil of which, we are told, beiides the cargoes, veil! carry 1700 Mahometan pilgrims to vifit the tomb of ihcir prophet. At Mecca, ihey meet with Abylli- nian, i'Egyptian, and other traders, to whom they dif- p)re of their cargoes for g -id ami iilvtr : fo that a Ma- hometan j'ink is often worth 2oo,oool. on his return from iiis voyage. the whole foubah of Bengal, and the grcatell piii,|l Bahar. in Or ilia, orOrlxa, only the JjltridlsotMiikl napour. The wliulu polleilions contain about 15000I fquare miles, and ten millions of inhubilanl^. V',^| their allies aud tiibutaries, they now occupy tlic wji navigable courfe of the Ganges, TVom its entry unilnl plains to the fea, which is more than t3,ijo niiJcs. The only places worth mentionint;, in the midlajil provinces of Indollan, are A^raand Delhi. Agra is the capital of the provi4icc of that niiiiti| it was founded in the year 1566, by Eckbar, whoiilkj it Eckb.irabat, and made it trie metropolis of his cmpini 't is lituated in 26 degrees north latitude, and in")! degrees tatl longitude from London i it lies on thctivii Gemma, about 700 miles north-eall of Surat, a ioun» which the caiav.uis generally perform in nine weeks, uij about ,5C0 leagues noitli ot Pondicherry on the I'oio. inandcl coatl. This is the grcatell city in nil thvlndit, containing 40 large towns, and 3.J0 villnges. It Itanii in the middle of a liuidy plain, which greatly addstj the licat of the climate i it is about eight miles ion; but not ne;u- fo broad ; and no part is fortified but ili palace ; tliere are, however, generally a great immlKr of foldiers here. The houles are fo fituated, as to command aiugrn.! able jirofpeiit of the river, and, according to Tavcfiiin,! are at lome di (lance from eacli othei; encompafled by lottil walls. The buildings of the oinrahs and other great I men are of Hone, and elegantly conftrudtcd. Tlitl great numbers of mofques, caravanferas, fquarcs, b and 'eicrvoirs, intermixed with gardens, trees, jitil flowers, render this place extremely pleafant; and lie I royal pal.-icc is a magnificent ftruaure, fituaicd in ihe I form of a crcicent on the banks of the river, defended I by a lofty (tone wall mounted with cannon, and encom.! paiFed by a broad moat, acrofs which are draw-bridgtsj I and there is a terrace garden cut through, withcamlil of running water, mixed with verdant plats aiid fun- 1 mer-houfes, forming a moft pleafing fcei.e. Theptl bee is divided from the city by a large noble fqiiue,! where the rajalis alternately mount guard at the two outer I gates, facing the principal ftreets of the city. On en- 1 tering the firfl gate of the palace, a fine ftone walic pre- 1 fcnts itfelf, with canals on each fide of it ; and further I on is fecii a fpacious fquaic, in which the omrahs aHi;iiv- ble, and the Mahometan guards arc mufkred. further on, the eye is prefented with another grand I fquare or court, which leads to the Durbar (another I fpacious court) originally the place of rcfort for perfoni who had audience of the emperor ; during which inter- val a band of mufic alwavs played, while the imperiil monarch fat on a throne ot jewels. In 1638, this city had nolefsthan 7omofqucs. There arc 800 purifying baths in it ; and near it (lands that grand piece of architedlurc the maulbleum, which 20,000 Before vre enter upon a defcription of the provinces men were 22 years iji building. The Dutch have J and cities of Indodaii, it iruiy be proper to obferve, that the Brt.ilb lutioa poirell^s in full iuvercignry, the :{^ fartory here, but not the Englifh. Dthlij or Delhi, capital of the proviiKe of Dchli, lluiatcd l*i ,A.] INDIA wiTJfiN THB GA^fCES ■35 Imatcdin thj heart of tho empire, is in 78 degrees call Lffitude from Lomloii, and in a6 degrees north latitude: Itaiiils in flic i'^nn oi u crcfccnt on tlie river Gemma, hich divides it ; and it is dillinguillied into three iwiis lyii'i within about uo miles north of Agra, in fine picntilul country, where the air is more cool and iibrioiis th:tn at Agra. The firft town tliat was luilt, is laid to I'avc had nine calHcs and fifty-two gates. t loinc dilbncc is a llone bridge, and a delightful anution "f 'rccs, leading to the iecond town, which astikcn fic-i the Iiidiiins by the firit Mogul o nqueror, .0 nftcrwards Jcnulifljod it. The city of Dclili is entered by n long Hrcct, with tchcson cacii iide of it, under which are the {hops of ic tradcfmcii. This ftiect leads dirct^tly to the palace, the entrance of which are a couple of elephantic ures, on whofe biicks ride two famous rajahs, reprc- iiiutivcs of two brothers, who loll their lives in bravely fcMiJiiig certain towns laid fuge to by Eckbar. The lace wall, which is of hewn itone, with battlements, id every tenth battlement havinjj a tower, is not much fsthaiitwo niik'S in circumference. The ditches cn- impaffing the wall are full of water, and are likewife iccJ with hewn ftone. The houl'cs of the great, which are on the banks of river, or in the fuburbs, arc fpacious an.i airy, having rge courts, ctUars, gaidens, groves, ponds, fountains. Id enormous fans on each lide, loi' cooling the air. he poorer fort live in hou>es built with clay, and tched, which have convenient courts and gardens. Here is a market for all iorts of green and dr^ fniitF, ich are brought from Perfia and other countries ; but iy are in general exceei'.ing dear ; melons, in particu- :, have been Ibid from 6s. to 8s. each. In this city there are (carce any mechanics, not from mtof (kill in the people, but from the iil treatment of 15 omrahs, who, if they can meet with tlieni, oblige lera to work, and reward them according to their own ifcretion. Talta, the capital of the province of Sinda, is fituated aiineplain: it is about three miles in length, and lout one and a half in breadth. Here is a palace for nabob, and alfo a citadel. This city is famous fcir manufaftnre of palanquins, which are a kind of lopicd couches, on which the great men all over idia, Europeans as well as natives, lepofe when y appear abroad. They are carried by four men, will trot along, morning and evening, forty miles day; ten being generally hired, who ufually carry the ilanquinby turns, four at a time. Though a p;dan- in is dear at firft coft, yet the porters may be hired nine or ten fhillings a month each, out of which they lintain themfclvcs. The citadel in Tatta, which ftands at the weft end of ! town, has barracks and ftables, capable c'^accommo- Jting between 50 and 30,000 men and horfe. The dus at Tatta is about a mile broad, and famous for its pe carp, Moidtan is not avery fraitful provitKC, yet it yields ex- cellent iron and canes. Its cbj tal is nut v«ry large, Dor does it carry on any confiderable trade, but i« famous for the excellent bows made there, and its nimble dancers. It is, by the courfc of the river, about boo miles from the fea. The inhabitants, by their lluation, arc enabled to deal with the Perlians and Tartars yearly for above (}0,oco horiifs. The province of CalTimerc is entirely furrounded by mountains, excepting two or three narrow paffages, which condudt the traveller into its delightful planis. It i.s laid to contain an hundred thoufand villages lltAd vfith cattle and game, v ithjiit any bealts of prey j and the capit;U, which is called by fonie Callimeri', and by others Sircnaker, is a very lar^c city. It is iltuatecl near a fine lake, and fo delightfully diverfifteJ with canals and garden.i, that the moguls give it the appel- laiiun of llie I'aradife of the Indies. The inhabitant?, particularly the women, are as fair as the Europeans, i'hey aic celebrated lor their wit and dexterity, and arc exceeding ingenious in making curious tf)ys, which they fell in every part of the Indies. They likt-.vife carry on a ctirioiis mainifafliire of (liawls, which arc in.ide either of the wool of the country, being finer than that of Spain, or of hair, finer than beaver, taken from a wild goat, in Great Thibet. They are very light and warm, tor which rtafon the Indians wear ihein roiuid their heads in the winter. Labor is one of the larged and moft fruitful provinces in the Indies, being well watered, and abounding in rice, corn, fruits, good'wine, and the bell (ngars in all Indodan. The capital alfo, called Labor, was once no kfs than three leagues in length, but is now greatly decayed. The inhabitants carry on feveral manufac- tures, and all thofe of India tiourifti in the did'erent towns of this province. The province of Afmcr, which lies foiith-wcft of Dehli, and weft of Agra, is divided into three IcIFer provinces or di(lrii'[ls, called Bando, Jelltlmcre, and Soret. The capital city is Aimer, which is tolerably large, and carries on a great trade in falt-petrc. Pil.- gritns from all parts ot India rcfort to this i .ty, in order to pay their devotions at the tomb of Khoj» Mondi, a Mahometan faint. The province of Kabul, or Kabuleftan, is reinark- able only for its produdlions of drugs, canes, and iron. In the two hill articles a confiderable trade is carried on with the Perfiaiis and Tartars, who barter their horfes for them. This province, bclides Kabul, its capital, which is very large, contair»s a number of fmall cities, towns, and villages. Patna, fitiratcd in the Upper Ganges, is thought the moll famous province in the nniverft for the cultivation of opium, h\'.t it is lar inferior in llrength fo that made in Syria and rtrfia. The capital, of the fame name, h one of the largeft cities in India. The Englilh and Dutch have fadlories here. '1 he province or fotibahfliip of Maiva, lying to the welt " h" V J'jfft A XKW AND rOMPI.FlTE SYSTK I.I . — , ,,_.. . .—-,.——— M Of UNIVERSAL CF.OC.R APHy. n \v( ll (il li.-tigal, wc kiu>\v iitric of i Siiidij and llulkai t\i\ i(tc the largcll part of it. The ca^^iul ol the loriiicr is ( )ii^(iii ; and <>l liolkur, the liiy ot Indoor. It is a.i (crfili: as the oilier provincts. Candilh incliidci the province uf Hurur and part of ()ii\u: its capital is iiranipnr, or [iiirhanpoor, a tioti- rilhint^ city, and it carries on a vail tradt in chint.'.e... rahcoes, and einbroidtrcd Ihitls. C'attai k is llie taj)i- tal nt" Orixa, and lies in tiic only road l)ctwci;n Bengal and the northern circ.trs, and belongs to the Ikrar, K.iiaii, Moodajee IJoolla, wliofe dominions aro very cxWnlive. Of the five northern circars, Cicacole, Ra- jaiiuindry, Lllore, Condupiily, and Gunion, the latter is in the hands ot ths Ni2ain, the rclt are in puU'ellion «>l the Knglilh. The province of Bengal gives natnc to the moll coii- lidcrahle gidf in Alia, divides the two peniiifiilas of the Indies, anil is perhaps, of all the Indian pro\!nces, the nioll interelling to an Englilli reader. It is op- wards of 240 leagues from ealt to welt ; and its natural liliiation (as defcribed by M.ijor Rennels, laie liirvevor- gciK.al in Bengal) is fingiilarly happy will) refped to I'eciirity from the attack oi foreign cneniits. On the north and ealt, it hath no warlike neighbours, and hath moreover a formidable barrier of mountains, rivers, or cxtenlive walk's, towards thofe i]iiarlers, (hould an rncmy Ibrt up. On the foiith is a fea-coail guarded by ihallo^vs and imprnctrable woods, and with oidy one poit, which is dilliciilt of acccfs in an extent of ;joo miles. An enemy can only be apprehended oti the wed ; but there the natural barrier is (Irong, and with its population and refourccs, anil the nfiial proportion of Britilh troops, Bengal might bid defiance to any part of Indollan which was inclined to become its enemy. It is elliniated to bn the flore-houfe of the Kail-Indies. Its feitility exceeds that of I'-gypt after being over- sowed by the Nile ; and the produce of its foil coiiliils of rice, ingar-canes, corn, fefamiirr, I'liiall mulbcrrv , and other trees: here is likewife an herb, from wITkIi vtry beautiful Ihiffs and tapellry are made. Its calicoes, filks, falt-petre, lakka, opium, wax, and civet, go all t)ver the world ; and provilions here are in vail ])lenty, and incredibly cheap, cfpecially pidlets, ducks, and geefe. The country is intcrfecled by c.inalscut out ol the Ganges for the benefit of commerce, and extends near 100 leagues on both fides the river, being full of cities, towns, villages, and callles. The EngIKh com- pany's forces eUablillied in Bengal are very con derablc. The power is inverted in Europeans, ihougl he bulk of the army confills of natives. The worfhin of the Gentoos, in its greatcft purity, is pradifed in Bengal ; and their facred river (Ganges) is in a manii r lined with their magnificent pagodas Bi temples. The women are faid to be lafcivious and enticing, notwiihltanding their religion. Calcutta is the principal Englilh factory in Bengal : it is called Fort-William, and liiiiated on the river Hiigly, the niort wcllerly branch of tlic Ganges. The fort itfelf a faiJ to br irregular, and iinienalil,' difcijjlined troops ; but the (ervants of the ci... „ have prowded themfelves with an excellent liimfi','^]!.] moll convenient apartments for their acconiinnilan,^ As the town iiiell has been in l'di\ for fonio tiir.^iji |Hi'r.il;oii of thecoii.pany, an Englifli civil governinti,, by a in.iyi)r and aldermen, wa* introiltucii imi f This was immediately under the authority ul ikj company. Afterwards, in 1773, an aft of parliament w» pallid, to regulate the affairs of the Ea((- India Com. pany, a»well in India as in Europe. I^y this act, iIk g>veriiar-g^'iieral and four counfcllors were appointci!, and chof1.11 by the parliament, with whom was vclld the whole inliiary ami civil governincnt of the nrtS. dency of Fort-William ; and the oidering, inanw, ment, and government of all the terrellrial acqinlitjoii and re'.enues in the kingdom of Bengal, Bahar, vi Orilla, fo bug as the company IhoulJbciM wMm of them. The governor-general and council, fo appoinnj,: are invcTlcd wiili the power of fupcriiiteiKling aj^i icmtroriiig the gnvcrnniciit and maiiagtmcnt ofikfl prc!idencii.s of Madras, Bombay, and Bencoulcn; ility are likewifi to pay obedience to the orderi of theciait o\' dire>.''lors, and to correfpond with them: and m impo\ver"d to ellablilh a court of jiulicaitire at F* William, to con ill I of a chief jullirc, and llirccoilKfi judges, to be named from time to time by liisniaidlt; tliefe are to excrcile all criminal, admiralty, an(lK^'^l liallical juril'diiiiion ; to be a court of recnni, audi court of oyer and terminer for the town of Caitira, and fadloiy of Fort-William, and its limits; and linj fac'lories fubordinate thereto. But the edablilhmcnt of this fiipreinc court docsBdj appear to have promoted either the iiiterelh ol lii Kail-India Company, or the f.licity nf the pci^plecl the country. No proper attention has been p.iiilioiW manners and ciilloms of the people; aits ol grcaKi- prellion and injiillice have been commiti"(l, aiulw i'upremc court has been a fource of great diirali-ijaitj, iliforder.'aiid confulion. Wc mull refer the rcalcriiil our account in the Hillory of England, for tlu' liifcii ipient regulations refpecling the Eall-InJia ti;riiiO(ifl| and company. In 17J/, the foubah of Bengal, wliofe indigniwj had been raifcd by fomc procedures of the compaWi invelkd Calcutta, which was then in adefencekl'slbK. Flit- governor, and fomc of the principal perfonsa the places, alarmed at the appearance of a very nu» ous army, thiew themfelves, with their chief eyii on board the ihips in the river ; they who remaintil, W foine hours, defended the fort; but thtir amiminiii* beii;g expended, they furreiidered jpoii term?. I* foubah, a capricious unfeeling tyrant, iiilleadof» ferving the capitulation, forced VTr. HoKvcll, t!iei|* vernors's chief fervant, and 14,5 Britilh fubjtx^S i"""! little but fccure prifon, called the Black-HoIc ;f'- 'Ji RAPIIY. iid iintcii:\l)lo ihjIjij | nts of the fDiiipjiJ cxctllc'iit \w\\k, in^l K'ir aci. (iiTimoiliiiDii, it fur I'diiio time u I i(h civil g"vcrnmwt,| intrixliucd iim ,1, ,ic authority ul ihjl of parliament \va| the EalMmiiaCniii.1 pc. I5y tliis act, the] llors were appniiiieJ,] ill whom was veitei rninciit of the pftli.J ic oiiicriiig, '.narngt-f tLTrc(tri.il acquiliiioBil Bengal, Bahar, and! Itoiild be ill piifcikl iiinci!, fi) appoinitil,: : fiipciiiitciuling M I ni.iii.igi.nicni of ikj aiiJ Uciicoiilcn: ;bl he orders of thecmitl with thcin: and wl of jiulieatiire at Fwt-I illice, ami liirccdikl 1) tiinc hy his iiiaic;!;: admiralty, andcct;'! ourt of rccnrtl, anJiI the town of Cakuiii,! iiid its limits; andi!«| riiprcinc court docs noil ;r the iiiterelh ol i''i| icily «f the pwplei on has heeii paidtoiltl ip1c; acts of great (ii'l :n c()niniiti"ii, anliffl of great diirali.'i.M«J iiilt refer the mhnl ^m;land, for tlu' lulxT e £all- India tariiorial i"al, wliofe indigniMl edures of the compan;i| icn inadtfencekisl' :ic principal perioiisa arance of a very nu» with their chitf eM they who rciiiaiiU'il S* ; but their amniuniikil MtA .] INDIA WITHIN T M F. G A N C L S. «37 red jpon term? T^l (lead of *l ' tyrant, mv d Wr. HoKvcll, i!ieS ; Britillifiibjtas,in'«| iheBlack-HoIc,/p>'8 syia lllTl Iniong loui eiglitetn fret fqiiarc, and (lint up front all cofn- imioatioii of free air. Thrir niiferics, during tlic ,hi were iiitxprcHiblc, and before mornine no more I i, twtn'V-il'r'-c were found alive, the rcH dying of ilfocation, wiiich was generally attended with a lior- Ibk ltciizy» in confci|iiencc of fevers, and an cxccflivc occulioiied by the violent heat of the place, tliofc who furvivcd was Mr. l^Iolwcll himfclf, ,, lunfmitted to the company a moll affcding ac- ,u„t of the catallrophe. riie infeidible Nabob returned to his capital, after iluiideriiig I lie place, imagining he had rooted the imlilh (iiii of bib dominions ; but the feafonablc ar- Ivil (if Admiral Watfon, and Colonel (afterwards jfdClivc, put ihcm once more, with fomc dilficiilty, pu'lU'llion of the place ; and the war was foon con- iJul by the battle of I'lafly, gained by the colonel, d the death of the Nabob Sura, Dowlaja, in whofe liceMliir Jfriieir, one of his generals, and who had •cvimilly ligned a fecrct treaty with Clive to defert IIS inaltcr and amply reward the Englifh, was ad- nccd to iIk fr"ibahlliip. After the imfortiiaatc Mr. fliwdl and his friends had obtained their difchargc, icy l»»k boat, and arrived at Corcemadad, a Dutch ilement, whence they embarked and failed for flgland. the Nabob of Bengal keeps his court at Muxadabad, Moorlliedabad : Benares lying in th2 fame province, liicGentoo univcrfity, and celebrated for its fandity. his zemindary, which includes alfo the circars uf zypeiir and Chiinar, conlfitutcd a part of the do- linions ofOiidetill i74ij, when its tribute or quit-rent iwenty-four lacks, was transferred to the Englifh. The principal place polfeffed by the French in Bengal Chaiukrnagore, which lies higher up the river than alcutta: but though (Wrongly fortified, furnifhed with garrifun of .500 Europeans, and izoo Indians, and Itndcd by 123 pieces of cannon and three mortars, was taken by the P^nglidi admirals Watfon and 'ocockc, and Colonel Clive ; and the fame place was fo obliged to fiirrender in the lall war, but rcflored the peace. Hiigly, which is fifty miles to the north of Cal- ita, upon the Ganges, is a place of prodigious fade for the richeft of all Indian commodities. The uiili have here a wcll-fortified fadory, crcfted in I open place, at a fmall diftancc from the river. he fearch for diamonds is carried on by about 000 people from Sanmelpoiir, which lies thirty lagiics to the north of Hugly, for about fifty miles [irther. _ Dacca is faid to be the largefl city of Bengal, and he lidecn'ncs up to its walls. It contains an Englifh h' 1 Dutch fn'iory. The town is fituatcd in 24 deg. r-th 'a. the <'oil is fertile, the litiiation fine, and the jchcit commodities <" India and Europe are brought P Its market. It recivs confiderable advantages from f' cottons, from v ii;^,i are produced ilriped and worked nuillins, innre valuable in their texture than thofc made in any other parlN of India llie bill and fincll embroideries in gold, lilvcr, or lilk, arc iiianu* faCl red here. The other chief tQwns are Calliimbazar, Chinclmra, Barnngua, and Maldo ; beli.les a number ot other places of ids note, but all uf them abounding in the manufadurcs of India. The provinces defcribed above, arc thofc w hich be- long to tlic mogni's empire to the north of the penin- fuU within the Ganges. In our account of the penin- fnla itfclt, we (hall take notice of the provinces that lie to the fuulhward. The HISTORY of INDIA. THE famous Alexander of Maccdon was the firfl invader, worthy to be noticed, of this exteniive and fruitful country. Where the fortrefs of Rotus now (lands, on the banks of th*; Beha'., he is fuppofed lo have put in execution his *r?.t. d Ibraiiim to the piifon . cm whence he had been taken ; and Seyd, being kewife a prifoner, was condemned to perp.^tual con- hement, but the emperor took polFfifion of his vaft pa. Seyd did not long furvive his confinement ; jld, upon his death, the emperor abandoned him- ilftothe fame cotirfe of pleafures that had been fo Ital to his predeceifors. [As to Nizam, he became now the great imperial kntrai, and was often employed againll the Marattas, IhoiT he defeated, when they had almoll made them- |lves maftcrs of Agra and Delhi. He was confirmed hi's fmibahfliip, antl vas confidcred as the firll jibjeft in the empire. Authors, however, are not tiecd as to his motives for inviting Nadir Shah, fhcrwife Kouli Khan, the Pcrfian monarch, to in- jadc Indodan. It is thought that he had intelligence a (trong party formed again!! him at court ; but lie truth perhaps is, that Nizam did not think that Kadir Shah could have fucccfs, and at firll wanted to hake himfelf iifeful by opposing him. The fuccefs If Nadir Shah is well known, and the iinmenfe pfure which he carried froin Indodan in 1739. Be- Tdi-'sthefe treafurts, he obliged the mogul to i'urrendcr fhimall the land^ to the well of the rivers Attochand lyiid, compruhcinling the proviticcs of Pcylhor, Cabul, Bid Gigin, with many other rich and populous prin- Ipalitits, the whole of them ahnofl equal in value ithecro'.vn of I'crlia itfelf. This iiivafiou coll tl.e ^:ntoos 200, ceo lives. The p!iinik-r ma(ic by Nadir Sh.iifc flf Tatiicrlanc. WhcaNudir Shah had raifcd all the money h ■ could in Delhi, he reindated the inogtil, Mohainn»ed Shah, in the fovereignty, and returned into his own coinitry. A general defeftion of the provinces foon after enfucd , none being willing to yield obedience to 3 pt'ince deprived of the power to enforce it. The provinces to the north-welt of the Indus had been ceded to Nadit Sbih, who being alTallinated in 1747, Achmet Abdalla, his treafurer, an unprincipled man, but pof- felFcd of great intrepidity, found means, in the general confufion occafioned by the tyrant's death, to carry off three hundred camels loaded with wealth, whereby he was enabled to put himfelf at the head of an army, and march againft Delhi with 50,000 horfe. Thus waS the wealth drawn from Delhi made the mear« of continuing thofe miferies of war which it had at firft fubje£led them to. In this extremity, Prince Ahmed Shah, the mogul's eldeft fon, and the vizier, with other leading men, took the field, with 8o,ooy horfe, to oppofe the invader. The war was carried on with various fuccefs, and Mohammed Shah died before its termination. His fon, Ahmed Shah then mounted the imperial throne ?f Delhi; but the em- pire fell every day more into decay. Abdallah erecled an independent kingdoin, of which Kandahar is the capital, and the Indus is the general boundary to the eaft. Before the invafion of Nadir Shah, tho Marattas, a warlike nation, poflefling the fouth-wellern pcninfiila of India, had exacted a chart or tribute from the em- pire, arifing out of the revenues of the province of Bengal, which being with-held, in conlequence of the enfeebled llatc of the empire, the Marattas became cla- morous. The kingdom began to totter to its found- ation ; every petty chief, by couiiterfeiiinj; grants fiora Delhi, laying fltaim tojaghires and to dilhicls. Ths country wis dillradled by civil wars, a:id groaned under every fpccies of domcilic confufion. Ahmed Shah reigned only fevea years, after whicli much greater difleufions and difturbaiices prevailed in this country; whereby the puopJe were involved in great calamities. After this, the impeiial dignity ofIudjfta:i was veiled in Shah Allum, or Zadah, who i.-. univerHiUy acknowledged to be a real dercoiidaiit from the Tamer- lane race. A perpetual C;}minifrnj;i, for the office .of receiver-general of the rcver.ues of Bengal, Bahar, anl Oiixa, was obt.iincd from iiim for the coinp.n/. I.j co.'iliderutioii of this impi;rial mandate, whith cjufjrred the government of Bengal for ever on the companv, Slia'i Allum was to receive an annual penfijn of 32,5,00-;!. The annuity was moJorite tj the lineal fuccoll^r uf Tamerlane. He was at ih.* (atnc tiin.' guarajitc d ia the puHelKju of the province of Allahabad ; and Lhas a kin! of provifion was mwlc for a prince wlio retained nothing of what bjlongcd to his iUulhioas .aucjllors, but the empty title of empLTor of Indollan, fiiice h.- dc- penils upon the protJction of the En^^lilh, whole i.i.eic.t it is to fup oit him We have no doubt but in.iny of our rcaJers will be entert.un.d P ii IM I li m ■■ i fVt; a40 A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM. of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. entertained with the pcrufal of the petition of a mock monarch, who ftyies himfelf " Great JVfogul ; Emperor of Indoftan ; the Invincible Conqueror of the Univerfe; King of the world," &c. &c. &c. to a company of merchants. '^ 1'he Himhlc -Pelition of the Grand Mogul, to the Prejideiit an J Council at Bengal. " If this country is to be kept, put me in poflcfllon of it, and leave a unall dotachmLiit of tioops with mc, to lliew that I a:n protCwCcd by the Engliih, and they fhall be at my expcncc ; that if any enemy comes at any time againft me, I will make luch conncd'tions in the count;"}', that with my own troops, and the afore- mentioned imall detachment, I will defend the country without any further afliftance from the Englifhj and " I will pay them, out of the revenues of the country, what fum they Ihall demand yearly." If the Engliih will, coiitrary to their intercft, make peace with the vizier, I will go to Dchli ; for I cannot ililaL of retur4;- ing again into the hands of a man who has ufed mc fo ill. I have no friends I depend upon more- than the Engliih; their former behaviour to me will m.ike me ever i eipcdt and regard them. Now is their time to be in polTcifion of a country abounding with riches ajid treafure : " I fhall be fatisfied with whatever fliare they pleaie of it." The Rohillas were always enemies to the imperious vizier : they arc all my friends." riiis fingular petitio:^, which was dated from the cimp at Banares, 22 Nov. 1764, was traiumitted to tiio coantil by Major Hector Monro. To conclude, notwithftandlng the plcafing profpefts wherewith the minds of ambitious and avaricious indi- vidual may bp blinded, while they flatter thenifeue^ with the gratification'of their fordid and difli'iiourablc wiOies by plundering and diftrciling their innoceiit neighbours; it is certainly the intereft of the E?.ft-Ineia company, that their governments in India fhould inte;-- fere as little as ; offible in the domeftic or national quar- rels of the powers in India, and that they fhould always endeavour to be in a (late of peace and amity with them. But it has unfortLtnatcly happened ili.it they have nut adhered to theie maxims of I'ound policy; inahr.uch a, the governc-s and ler\ants of tiie Eaft-India company have unnccefilirily, and fometimts very wrongfully, in terfcrcd with the difputes between the Indian prince'^, whereby they have embroiled themlelves, and taken an active part in wars of a very pernicious and unjuftifi able nature. Thole in whi :h they have been engaged with the Maratta*, and .vith that cnterpiiilng prince H}der Ally, latclv djccafed, but who is fucceo.icd by a warliice ion, Fipp )o Saib, have been attended with an enormous expcnie, and been extremely prijudicial to the intcrcfth at the compaii)', ard the B.i'.ilh nation .'.t large. By exciting the iudign.atiun of the C'untry princes againft thi;n, they iiave gicatly i-ficiied the f'jcu:it\ of the pofieflions of the company ; aiid by temporary plans 3 of violence and injuftice, and fometimes by an infrin»,| ment of their own treaties, they have foHeited thefll nion of the natives, whofe good will and friendlbinjil had been their wifdom to cultivate and preferve. h\ we hope the time is not far diltant, when the SupraBl ('ouncil of the nation will make fuitable provifion fj,! edablifliing our Eaft-India affairs upon a more cquitajjld and folid balis. CHAP. XIV. The PENINSULA within thf. GANGEsI European Settlements, Rivers, Mountains, f,-. THE fouth-eaft coaft of India, fituate on thcbarJ Bengal, ufually called the* Coalt of Coromanifal compriles the provinces of Madura, Tanjore, eai(.|lij| of Bifnagar, or Carnatic, Golconda, and Orixa. Tfel chief towns ill thefe provinces are, Madura, containii*! 16,400 fquare miles; Tanjore, Tranquebar (Daccif Ncgapatam (Englifh)^ Bifnagar, Porta Nova (Diitclil! Fort St. David (Engliih), Pondicherry, Conymatb (French), Coblon, Sadral'patan (Dutch), St. Thomal (Portuguefe), Fort .St. George or Madras (Englift Pullicate (Dutch), containing 33,5^0 fquare milesil Golconda, containing 62,100 fquare miles; Gani,((| Coulor, diamond mines ; Muflulipatam (Knffjifli jj|l Dutch), Vifagapatam (Englifh), Bimlipatan'(Djtcli'| Orixa, Ballafore, (Engliih). '[ The fouth-weft coalt of India, ufually called thecoa}| of Malabar, compriles the well fide of Bifiiatrer, orf"" n^tic ; the provinces of Decern or Vifiapour; CamLn.! or Guzarat. '^he chief towns are, Tegapatam (D „:;!;' f Anjengo (Engliih), Cochin (Dutch), Callicut, TeEl cherry (Engliih, Canannore (J^utch), Manga!ore,Bai.[ celore (Dutch and Portuguefe), Radconcia (diamoail mints), Cawar (Engliih), Goa (Portuguefe), RaiapcKl (French), Dabul (Engliih), Dundee, Shouia (Portu.j guefe), Bombay (ifle and town, Engliih), Bafllen ^I'or.l tugue.e), Saltette (EngIi(h),Damon (Portugucie), SjiatJ Swalley, Barak (Engliih and Dutch), AmeJabd, I'am.j baya, Dicu (Portuguefe). The rivers in tliis peninfula are, the famous Kiilrj,! a principal branch of which pafles within 30 miles call I of Poonah, where it is named Beurah, aiul is ellecnied 1 a faeied ii\er; the Puddar and Cioda\cn, wh:ehhllii| .ilfo elleemed as a facred river; the Cattack, or M nada, the mouths of which have never been tr.icd; | the Soane and Ncrbudda. A chain of mountains, which we have already tab] notice of, run from north to fouth of this part ot !:*,', rind rertder it winte- on one fide of the PeninfiiLa, vhil: It is fnmmer (^n the other. Towards the hitter ciJof| l-iu", a fouth- we't wind begins to blow fiom the ioj, on ihc coait of Malabar, atteml!:d by iiroJi^ioiisaml I conftant rains, which continue fo;ir months; liurinn v\ hich tune the weather is ferenc on the eaftcrn lii', kr.iw;i isiA •1 FflWINSVtA WITHIM TTIJ! CANGSS. Hi iifually called the coa} I e of Bifuagcr, Off" Jic\'ti- been traceil; by the appellation of the coail of Corpmandel. ib" ut the end of October, the rain/ fcafon, and the Ijeof the moiiibon, begin on the Coromandel coaft, (fhich being tntiiely unprovided with good harbours, tiiders it extremely dungerous for,ihip8 to remain kre during that timcj and to this are owing the wiodiol returns of the Englifb fliipping to Bombay, lOon the Malabar coaft. Ihe AIR of this peninfula is naturally hot, but is ftelhed by breexes, the wind altering every twelve ,,irs- that is, frt>m midnight to noon it blows off the jnd vvlien it is intolerably hot, and during the other j^el've hours from the fca, which laft proves a great frelhineiit to the inhabitants of the coait. The SOIL is in general fruitful, and its produ£lions ,e the fame with thofe already mentioned in the jher parts of the Eall-Indies. The like may be [aid ot their quadrupeds, filh, fowl, noxious creatures, idinfcfls. There is great reafon to luppofe that the inhabi-. ANTS of this part are the (icfcendaiits of a colony liich have migrated hither from Ethiopia, as their mplexions are blacker than ihofe of the other penin- iul» of India. The great part of them have but a faint lotion of any allegiance they owe to the emperor of ndollan, whofe tribute from hence has been, ever lince the invalion of Nadir Shah, intercepted by their foubahs and nabobs, who now exercife an independent power in the government ; but bclides thefs loubahs, ind other imperial viceroys, many ellates in this pe- infiila belong to rajahs or lords, who are the defcend- nis of their uld princes, and look upon themfclves as iidiptiident on the mogul and his authority. As one foiibah often engrollcs fcveral provincer, and ixcstiie feat of his government according to hi; own iconvcniency i it would on thefc accounts be inorncon- foniiable ii) the pnfent (late of this peninfula to divide ^)tini"foiibahfni|)s than into provinces ; but the ancient .divifion into pio\inces is (till continued, and the whole toiiniry conliilered as compoled of two principal parts, called the eoalt of Coromandel, and the coalt of Ma- labar. Thtf-: are fubdivided into provinces, and in thcfe the greater part of the European fadories in l-Jiidiaare citablilhcd. The province of Madura, which begins at Cape Comoriu, the foutlieriiniolt part of the peninfula, is about ascxtenlivc as the kingdom of Portugal, and is aid 10 be govLrr.ed by a monarch, who has feventy tnbiiiaty princes under him, each being independent in his own principality, only paying him a tax. This .province prmUices nothing valuable, except a pearl filhcry, which is on its coalt. The capital is alfo railed Madura, and the other principal towns in it are Ttilhirapalli, Manapar, where the Dutch have a fac- tory, aiKl Tiitiikiiriu, a large fca-port, which, together «iih fcveral fmaller, belong to (he Dutch.. To ihe ealt of Madura lies the fmall kingdom of Tanjwv, the, foil wf whith js exceedingly fertile, and its prince rich, till pKnidured by ihe na^b df Akm, and fomc Britifh fuhjods connej^ed with him j the chief places in it are Tanio/e, the capital, .which it governed by a rajah under t^e Englifh proteAion. Negapatan, a Dutch colony and fortrefs, was taken from them during the lad watt kikI confirmed to the Englifli by the lalt treaty of peace ; and Tranciuebar, belonging to the Danes. The king's revenues arc faid to be very coniiderable. North of Tanjore lies the kingdom of Karnata, better known to us by the appellation of the Carnatic. It is bo>'ndcd on the eall by the bay of Bengal, on the north by the river Killna, which divides it from GoU conda, on the wefl by Vifipour, and, on thefouth, by the kingdoms of Melfaur and Tanjore. It is about 345 miles in length, from fouth to north, and 276 in breadth, from ealt to wed. This country is in general fertile, and contains a confidcrable number of cities and towns. The whole kingdom is divided into fmail principalities, whofe princes are all independent in their refpeftive territories, but at the fame time fubor- dinate to the Great Mogul. The mofl remarkable places on the fea-coaft, com- monly called the Coromandel coall, are the following, viz. Porto Nova, where the Portugiiefe are very nu- merous, and the Englilh and Dutch have alfo fome hou I'es. Fort St. David's, which, with the diflrifl round If, belongs to the Englilh, who piirchafed it in 1686, from a Maratta prince, for ninety thoufand pagodas. The fort is tolerably Itroiig, and the country, which extends eight miles everyway, fertile and pleafant. Pondichcrry, winch lies about five leagues to the north of Fort St. David's, and was formerly the prin- cipal. place belonging to the French in the Eaft- Indies. It has been repeatedly taken by the Englilh, and as ofien relloied by treaties oi peace. Madras, or Fort St. George, the capital of the Englilh Ealtlnda fcttlemenls, is divided into two parts, called the White and Black Towns. It ftands tronting the tea, and has a falt-water river on the land fule, which prevents all frelh fprings from being brought within a mAc t)l the town, and, in the rainy fea(oi), caufes inundations on one fide, while the fea often threatens tlcilrutlion on the other: lb that its iiiuation is far from being either fafe or commodious, though it is both healthy iuul dtrlightfulv The White Town, which is inhabited by Euro- peans, is walled quite round, and has feveral balVions and bulwarks to delenil it j befides which it i« ftctired by the fea on one fide, and a fait river on the other. It is about ^00 paces long, and 1,50 broad. The ftreets are in general regular, and in the centre of the town Hands Fort St George. The houfesare of brick, well built, with Hat rools, and fpa< ions n)oms. Here are two elejheir clear revenue amounts to near two mil- lions l>.f rli'.,^ ; '.'ut of which they were to pay 4co,ocol. annually to the go- arnmcnt, while fulFered to enjov their revenue.-;. How that revenue is collected, or frotii whence it arifes, is bell known to the company : part of it, however, has been granted in property, and part of it IS fecured The Gemoos are for the mod- part entirely paUiyjjj all the revoiiilions of their government. The Moo or Mahometanv ignorant and treacherous as thevii, appear to Ijiave no- violent attachment *» any reiimj: principks.aod arc abjed «nough to live under aM form of government. Thefe eonfideratioiij tnanii*! the wifdoih of 'not driving theirt into defperatc maj fines, and thereby aflfcfting in 'union of their for(^ which mufl prove fatal to the Britifh interell tliert, ! It is indeed much to be regretted, that as the gOHtjil ment has thought proper to interfere in the alajrjJJ the Eafl-India-Cotrypany, it has not alio taken foig|| me^fiiit^stopunilh thofe many and itlfatnousinllancesofl oppreffion, injullice.and cruelty, of which the fervanAi of the Coinpany have been eiiilty,'and which havcbttij fo loudly coiTiplainedof both at home and in thelniJitil The fupreme court lately eflablifhed at Calcutta, \[A not anfwered the purpofes for which it was appointtd.! it has been equally complained of by the ferva; '. of()j| company, and by the natives: many of the latter hiHI been grievoudy haraifed by it, who were not amenabM to its jurifdidion ; nor has that regard bcfn paiiiaj their manners and cufloras, which both jiillice and miI licy required. Thefe refledlions, founded on iiidubiti ble fads, we hope will have their due weight \i\i thofe who have ability and inclination to reftify theft enormous abufes of delegated authority. i The Black Town is inhabited by Gentoos, Ma^ metans, Armenians, Portnguefe, and by the merchantl of every nation in Afia, together with negroes, jtj about a mile and a half in circuit, almoft encompafti by a river and the fca; and has of lafe years beeiib rounded by a flonc ^\ all, with baflions camion prcol. Here is an Armenian church, and feverai pagods, ot Indian temples ; but the houfes in general arc noihim more than tliatched cottages. To the norih of Mailra lies Pullicate, belonging to the Dutch, who have i fmall fort there, in which they ktep a garrifon. The kingilom of Golconda extends i6o miles a' the bay of Bengal, in form of a crefcent, and i' breadth from cafl to well. The foil, which is tile, yields annually two crops of rice, and feve kinds of grain. Of the grapes, which are re fine, and ripe in January, the inhabitants mal r, good white-wine. The cotnitry alfo yields ii t«. zoar, mines of iron, fleel, and fait, and feve' > i dij. monds (of which Raolconda is a very famf wiih | other precious ftones. Provilions of all > reji- traordinary cheap ; a fhecp being bought I . a Iri'ling, I a fowl for two-pence, and fo in proportion. Guuoiidi is fubjed to a prince called the Nizam, or louba'ioflke Deccan, who is tributary to the great mogul, svaii revenues arifing from lands, culloms of iticrchandilf, and provilions, but principally from the diamond-minti and fait. His army is faid to he very numerous, con- fifting generally of joo.ooo horfe and foot, bclidesjco Isi<'] PENINSULA WITHIN Ti*E GANGES. 243 oard ofcontrol at bog^^Ephatits. The inhabitants arc many of them ex- "ly rich, a"<^ *he artificers are very (kilfiil in the htlon maniifaflures, which they make fo fine, and of h lively colours, that many prefer them to filk. »jj |,ji,gHoin contains fcveral large cities, among hich are Bagnagar, or Hyderabad, »he capital ; but ekinsd"'" ^•'^^^ '^' name from the city of Golconda, iicompnf« theeaftern part of DowUtabad. Ea(l-foi"h-eall of Golconda lies Mafulipatam, where e Engiilh and Dutch have faflorics The Englilh ive alio faftories at Ganjam and Vifagapatam, on this ad- and the Dutch at Narfipore. The province of Orixa, from whence the Englifli ^pany draw fome part of their revenues, lies to the CI of Golconda, extending in length from eaft to fell about 550 miles, and in breadth about 240. It is Lerncd chiefly by Moodajee Booflah, and his brother* kmbaiee, allies to the Marattas. In this province Us the idolatrous temple of Jagaryunt, which they i is attended by ,500 p.iells. The idol is an irregular jVramicial black (lone, of about 4 or /-co pounds leieht, with t'vo rich d'-.r!\o:-,ds ncai the top, to re- Cent eyes, and the mfc and mouth paintal with ver- iliion. The Deccan is a very extcnfive country, compre- ndiiig fcveral large prcvin'-'''' and fome kii!gctonis ; jiticiilarly thofc of BaifaUM, Balagate, 'i'elenga, and e kin<^oin of Viliapour. The names, dependencies, governineuts of *hofe provinces are extremely un- tiled, and hav"btcii fubjoil to almolf annual revolu- 10ns and altcjatic'-s fir.cc their redudlion by Aureng- i. '\'r; fo that n^odcrn geographers are jtagrcciiupon >--''r xa£l htuation and extc.n. The mm\ towns arc /i.nmgubad, am' Doltabad, or lowlatabad ; the lati-,- 's t'le ftron^f li ^iace in ..11 1 1- ton. In a plain or .ih.'iii tw,' ie-.gucs fqiiare, ftand le famous pagods >'f Klor;-. 1 he ton:bs, chapels, imples, pillarf, ain! i.v iiy tlu nfand figures ;lat fur- lundit, are faid t > b i-ut out of the natural rock, and fiiqal's all ilie 01 jc; efforts of human art. Tc.nga is fmiufed '.'n tho tall of Golcnda. Bcdcr, is capital, is a very targe f.ity, furroumied by brick alls, and garrifoncu \>'mIi ,000 liorfe and foot. le inhabitants fpeak a ia. -^uage peculiar to thcm- ilves, Guicrat is a maritime prtwincc on the gulf of Cani- a, and one of ;he finclv in India, but inhabited by lercc, npacious people. It is faid to contain thirty- Ive cities. Amedabad is the capita! of the province, herethcri: is an Engiifh fadtory, and is faid to vie in wealth with the richclt towns in Europe. Sural, where the Englilh have a fadory, lies at the ftante of about forty-three French leagues from luzerat. The kingdom of Vifiapo.ir is very cxtcnrvo: the eftern part of it is called Konkan, and is intcrmin- Icdvviih the Portugucfe pofl{;(Tions. The rajah of iiiapour is faid to have had a yearly reveiiiie of iix millions fterling, and to bring into the field 150,000 horfe and foot. The capital is of the fame nanu, and the country very fruitful. The principal places on this coaft are Daman, Balfaim-Trapor, or Tarapor, Cliawl, Dandi-Rajah-pur, Dabul-Rajah-pur, Gheriah, and Vingorla. The Portuguefe have lofl fcveral valuable polfeilions on this coalt, and thofc which remain arc on the decline. There arc alfo mnhf iflands on this coaf}, among which is that of Bombay, belonging to the Englilh Eaft-India Company. It is about fcven miles in length, and twenty in circumference. It originally belonged to the Portuguefe, and was given to Charles II. as part of the portion he received with the infanta of Portugal, who gave it to the Eaft- India Company; and the illand is liill divided into three Roman-Cathplic parifhes, inhabited by Portuguefe, ai I what are called Popiih-meftizo, and Canarins ; the foimer being a mixed breed of the natives and Purtu- giiefe, and the other the aborigines of the country. The Portuguefe gave it the appellation of Boonbay, from the excellency of its harbour, which, it is faid, will conveniently hold a thoufand fail of (hips. The chief town is near a mile long, but filled with very mean houfes, except a few belonging to the Portuguefe. At a fmall diltance frci it (lands tlis-. fort, but not in the mofl advantageou'S (ituation. The foil of the iiland is in general ftcvile, the principal produce of it being fine gio\ -s if cocou-ruit trees; and in the gardens are found i-;v\ral forts of Indian t'ruils'. The a'r and cli- mate are ritu r unhe'ltiiy, paiUcuLi'y to (hanger.';; and the bcft water to It hid, is what the people cat'.h in ciflerns during the j.-cat rain.i, for that contaiiu'd in the wells ha.s a brackiih di ("agreeable tal!e. The inha-- bitants, who are a mixiure of fevr.ral nations, amount 'n all to near 6d,ooo, aiul every one enjoys the pradlice of his religion uiimolviicd, The polh of the governor and council of Bombay, as well a.s thofc of the otlicers undei them, are lucrative , and the troops on the illand are commanded by Engiifh ofTiccrs. The natives, wlien formed into co'Tinanics, 'inddifciplined, arc here, and in every j^art of India, diitirguillied by the appel- lation of Seapoys. The Turks thar refort to this place on account of trade, arc, like the refl of their countrymen, (lately, grave, and refcrved, and hcneli in their dealings, though merchants. The Per(ian>- arc more gay, lively, and conv.jrlible, but Icfs hon-: : n matters of trade than the faturnirie Turks. The Arabians are all life and fire, and when thev ' : ^viih you on any fubjed, will make you a fii .1 in flowing nutnbers, and a mufical cadence, '^ icy are the molt di(hont(t of all. The Armenians are generally handfome in their fea- tures, mild ia theli- tempers, and in their nature kind and beneficent : they are a kind of ChrilHans, and an hoiunir to that religion, beyond numbeis ihat go from England. Contiguous to E irnb.nv arc feverJ other iflaiuls, one cf V ^- I u a44 A NEW anD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL G€OOB.MPnY. •m :> ■ of which called Elephanta, contains one of the ereatcft and moil inexplicable antiquities in the world. A Agure of an elephant, about feven feet high, rudely carved out of a black flonr is placed on the landing- place, near the bottom of a mountain, from whtncc an cafy afcent leads to a Qupendous temple, hewn out of the folid rock, eighty or ninety feet long, and forty broad. The roof, which is flat, is fupportcd by regu- lar TOWS of pillars, about tbi»i|iret high, with capitals, rrfembling round cufliiono, as if prclled by the weight of the incumbent mountain. At the further end of the temple are three gigantic figures, and round i; are va- rious othcr.s, and groups cut in (tone, one of which bears a rude refemblance to the judgment of Solomon. There is alfo a colonade, and a door of regular archi- te£lure: but when, or by whom this prodigious edifice was ere£led, flill is, and in Ul probability ever will remain a fccret. It is certain that it was not built by the Hindoos, the aborigines of this country, as it has not the kafl appearance of their manner- South of Bombay lies the ifland and city of Goa, the chief fettlemcnts of the Portugucfe in the Eall-In- dies. The ifland is about twenty-fcven miles in com- pafs, and has one of the fincft and lirongell ports of this part of tiic world. Formerly it was a molt fiipcrb fet- tlemcnt, but is now greatly gone to decay. The Je- fuits, before they were fuppreired, had five houfcs here, and it is laid their revenues were equal to thofe of the crown of Portugal. The number of inhabitants are fuppofcd to be about 20,000, of which the native Por- tujd the garrifon confilis of thirty Scapoys, be- fiJes Englilh. About forty miles to the fDiithof Goa lies Canorec, which reaches rr. lar a": CalKiu. li is u pirafani coim- trv, ai.d prodigioully Itrtile in rice, large qtiamiiii'S of which ar^; imported inti> liumpc, bcliiles iiii>piying fe- vtral p: r"' n\ Iiulta. The Caow: ines are generally ex- cclleut io diers and miners, aikd very atlcntive to com i meicc. Their language, which is termed Kao,,^ is fpoken, with fomc variation ol dialect, IroQilKL ders of Malabar to Surat. The principal placeS are Bcdmur, Onar, Batakolo, iLrfeloar, BakliU Molkey, and Mangalore, which is the greateH jg^ trade in all the Canor»c dominions. The celebrated Hyder Ally, with whom ihti pany formerly made a peace, but with whom ^ fervants foon after embroiled them, and who in* late war made a violent irruption into the Carui t(M>k many of its chief places, obtained great adn- tages over the company's troops, and brougjit y forces to the gates of Madras, but died before the (a clufiou of the war. He is faid to be a native of Myfoi wi^.ich lies to the fouth-wei^ of the Carnatic. Tl ChriiUans of the apollle St. Thomas live at thefootj the Gaiti mountains. The dotrtinions of Tippoo Saib, fon of Hyder AIU comprehend generally the provinces of Myfoii:, U norc, Zaimbalore, Zanaree, and Dindigal, befidcsH acquilitions to the northward from the Marattas: in are at leall 400 miles in length, atxl in breadth Im 990 to 130, fo that he hath the largell (hare ini peninfula. Malabar, which gives, its name to the whole fouik weft coaft of the peninfula, taken in its mod cxienSj fenfe, contains not only the country under that na to the well of Cape Comorin, but alfo thofe to 1 eaft, as far as Negapatan. But in '' morecontrjl and modern fenfe i/i the word, \ alabar is tiowcn fined only to the country fo called, lying on the wdl of Cape Comorin, and known by the appellation 01 i3 doiTiinion of the Samorin. This country is about miles in letigth, and from eighty to twenty in breadi The air is exceeding good, and the foil as fertile isi in Afia; ufually yielding two crops annually. F* merly Malabar was united under one emperor, caW the Sam<'riii j hut it is now divided into a number j fmall principalities, moft of which are independent. ^■|J>n>/''f'^3' The molt remarkable places in this cotiiiiry, m^^-Jip'^n^Sea^ Cannaiiore, which contains a Dutch faftory ami Ion;! Tillii-hcrry, where the Engliih have a finall letilemem and keep a conftant garrifon ot thirty or forty ful The chief trade conlills in pepper and cardamunul Boigara, Kota, Tikorey, Calicut, where the Ffcntk and Portugucfe have fmall factories ; Tanmorc, Ptn. nancy, Chitiva, where the Dutch have 3 fadnBil Kraiiganor, where there is alfo a fa^ury belonging) the i5tach; and Cochin. Among the inhal):iaim(i| the lali, are fcveral thctifand Jews, who have a ly»| gogne about two miles from the city, in whiihaill iirefcrvcd their records engraven on loppir-platts, *| icbrew charadteis. 'i'hey call thenifrUcs a temiutl ot the tribe of ManalRh, a part whereof was, byonlsl of Ncbuchatlnc/zar, carried to the molt taihrii p*! vince of his extenlivc empire, which it fcems rtacWI as far as Cape Comoriii. The Dutch hate a (elilt-l meiit, and a garrifon of 300 men at Cochin, ik^l PERSIA. L^in faft only their vaflal. In Porkey, Hoillvoi- /'"'jndKoyloan, the Dutch have alfo fadlories ; to Ihjc'b we may add Erwa, where the Danes have a Trail fa^ofV' Anjengo, where the EngIKh have a f 1] fort and fettlement, heing the mod foiilherly pof- Elion they have on the Malabar coafl ; Tcgapatan, Lere the Dutch have a fa£lory, and Holicha. All Lefc towns are fituatcd along the coalt, but there , fjvcral within land, forae of which are very con- fcape Comorin, which is about three leagues in licnt, forms the molt fouthern part of this pen'nfula. nthisfmail fpacc one has often the pleafurc o'' feeing ■mmerand winter united ; for the trees will \z loaded liih bloflbms and fruit on one fide of a garden, while L the other they are dripped of all their leaves. This Ljnomenon is owing to the mountains of Gatti, Lntioned before, which traverfe the whole peninfula lorn fouth to north. On the oppofite fides of the Cape, thcwiiid: are continually at variance; blowing foin the weft on the weftcrn fide, and from the eaft on lie eailern. CHAP. XV. PERSIA. \mU Boundaries, Dtviftons, Name, Climatf, Sn'l, Rivers, Chief Cities, //lands, Ufc. CODERN Perfia is fituatcd between the 44th and 70th deg. of eaft longitude, and between tes^ihand 44th deg. of north latitude. It is about I300 miles in length, and 1100 in breadth ; and con- liins 8oo,coo fquare miles. It is bounded by the Dountains of Ararat, or Daghiftan, which feparate it (rem Circallian Tartary, on the north-weft; by the Cafpian Sea, which divides it from Rufiia, on the torth; by the river Oxus, which divides it trom Uf- beck Tartary, on the north-eaft ; by India, on tiic laft; by Arabia and Turkey, on the weft : ar.d by ihe Indian-Ocean, and the gulfs of Pcrfia and Orrnus, on |be fouth. Geographers in general divide this extenfive empire liuothe tollowiiig provinces, viz. On the frontiers of India are Chorafan, part of the ancient Hyrcania, in- :liiding Herat and Ellerabad ; Sableuftan, including Ihe ancient Badhiana and Candahor ; and Sigiftan, the kncicnt Drangiana. The fouthern divifion contains \Iakcr,-'!i, Ktrmai), the ancient Gcdroliia, and Far- jlillan, the ancient Perlia. The fouth-wcft divifion, pn liie frontiers of Pcrda, contains the provinces of ^hnrillan, the ancient Suliana, and liac-Agem, the ancient Purthia. The north-weft divifion, lying be- lt" in the Cafpian Sea and the ironticrs of TiTkcy in Via, contains the provinces of Adcrbeitzen, the an- tient Media, Gangca, Daghiflan, part of the ancient 3 Iberia and Colchis; (ihiian, part of the ancient Hyr- cania ; Shirvan, and Mazanderan. With refped to its name, it is probable that tlio word Perfia is only a corruption of tlie word Parthiii, and that the modern Perfians derive their name from their progenitors the Parthians, the andcnt inhabitants of the countiy. The word itfclf implies a hoi.fcman ; the Perfians and Parthians having always been faii.ed for their Ikill in horfemanlhip, 'liic ancient poets de- rived its name from Pcrfius, the fon of Jupiter and Danac, which appears too fabulous to defervc a pre- ference. The air of this vaft kingdom varies prodigionfly, ac- cording to the different iitnation of places. In the midland provinces of Perfia, it is ferene, pure, and ex- hilarating, but in the fouthern provinces it is hot, and fometimes coinmuiiicates to the midland parts noxious blafts, which are often fo fatal, that the inhabitants fortify their heads with very tiiick turbans. Thofe provinces which are in the neighbourhood of Caucafus and Daghiftan, and the mountains near the Cafpian Sea, are piercing told, which may be attributed to the fnow wi' T whl'ly the fummits of thefe moimtains are perpetually ; ov^red. The foil and produflions vary like the air. Towards Tartary and the Cafpian Sea, the foil is far from be- ing luxuriant, but with cultivation it might produce abundance of corn and fruits. South of Mount Tau- rus, the fertility of the country in corn, fruits, wine, and other luxuries of life, is equalled by few others. It produces wine and oil in plenty, fenna, rhubarb, and the fineft of drugs. The fruits are delicio is, efpe- cially their dates, oranges, piltachio-nuts, mebns, cu- cumbers, and garden-ftufi'; not to mention vaft quan- tities of excellent filk ; and the gulf of BafTora for- merly furnifhed great part of Europe and Afia with very fine pearls. Some parts, near Ifpahan efpecially, produce almoft all the flowers that are valued in Eu- rope ; and from fome of them, the rofes elpecially, they extradt waters of a falubrious and odorific quality, which form a gainful commodity in trade. In fhort, the fruits, vegetables, and flowers of Perfia, are of a moft exalted tlavour ; and had the natives the art of horticulture to as great perfedlion as fon.e nations in Europe, by tranfplanting, engrafting, and other meli- orations, they v» ould add greatly to the natural riches of the country. The Pcrlian aflafoetida flows from a plant called hiltot, and turns into a gum : fome of it is white, and fome black ; but the forrner is To inuch valucil, that the natives iriake very rich fauces of it, and fometimes cat it as a rarity. Tobacco grows all over Pcrfia, and fafFron is cultivated in many parts of it. There is no country in the world which contains more mountains than India, fome of the chief of which tunn natural bulwarks to this extenfive empire. Among thefe are Caucafus and Ararat, fometimes called the mountains of Daghiftan, which fill all the 3 Q ifthmus m 246 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ililimus between the Eiixine and Cafpian Seas. This enormous ridije, to6;cther with its brandies, run through the country from I^atolia to India. Moll of thcfc moiuitains yield iron, copper, brafs, .nnd kad ; as aHo fiilphur, fait petrc, and antimony. 'I'uninoifL-lloncs arc found in Choranhn ; and quarries «»f red, white, and black marble, have been difcovered near 'I'aurus. Natural fait is produced in the province of C\u'aniania. Tin re arc few navigable rivers in Pcrfia. The moft rondtlcrublc are tliofc of Kur, anciently Cyrus ; and Ai.is, anciently Araxcs, which rifes in or near the mountains of Araxus, and, joining their ftreams, fall into the Cafpian Sea. Some fniall rivulets falling from the mountains water the country; but their Urcams are fo inconfiderable, that lew or none of them can be na- vigated, even with boats. The Oxus can fcarccly be called a Perfian river, though it divides Perlia from Uf- bcck-Tartary. Perlia has the river Indus on the ea(t, and on the welt, the Tigris and Euphrates. The fcarcity of rivers in Perfia is confequently at- tended by a fcarciiy of water, which deleft, however, is fupplied in many places by aquedufts, canals, and rtfcrvoirs. In the province ofTabridon, or Mafan- deran, the waters are (o fetid, that by often overflow- ing part of the C(!untry, they change even the com- plexions of the inhabitants. With icfpcft to the Gaurcs, or ancient Perfians, they were homely, ill-lluipcd, and clumfy, with a rough fkin, and olive complexion ; but the inodcrn Perfians, by the intermarriages of their anccllors, for a fcrics of years, with the Georgian, Circallian, and other beautiful women, are of a good (lature, (hape, and complexion : the latter inileed differ according to the (ituation of provinces. The women are in general liandfome and vvcll-lhapcd. The inen fliave their heads ; thofe only that are young iiulicd fuffer a lock of hair to grow on each liile, and tlic beard of their chins to reach tip to their tem- ples. The religious have long beards, and on their heads a fi;iiare cap, fen or twelve inches high. All wear turbans ; and thofe belonging to people of dif- tinftion arc exceeding magnificent, being often inter- woven with gold and fdver. The red of their drefs conlilts of a calico fliirt, the collar of which is open ; then a veil, vshi^li, reaching below the knee, is girt round the middle with a faih, in which they place a dagger, and over that a loole garment, fomcwhat Jliorter, and linen trowfers. 'j'heir clothes are ufually made of the richtll furs, fills, inullins, cottons, or fome other line and valuable Huffs, richly embroidered with gold and lilver. They wear llip|)ers on their feet, and pli:ii)t boots of yellow leather un their legs. The drefs of the women does not differ materially from that of the men, only their vefts are longt •, and thev wear a llitfened cap on their heads, with their hnir flowing loofe. Pearls and jewels of all kinds are dif- pofed ab«)ut their heads ami perfons with great tafte, and they omit no pains to heighten their natural I by wafncs and paints. The Perlians, in their tnanners, arc brave, fcniiu lively, humane, and hofpitable. Their only foij fecm to be profufenefs and vanity ; for the richncfsiJ their clothes, their fuperb equipages, and the amazliy number of their fcrvants, too often exceed their iinj. ces, and bring them into difficulties. They iifualk breakfaft on coffee, very early in the moining, aL dine upon fruits, fweetmeats, and milk, at e!c»^ Supper is their chief meal, which ufually confift^fj difn of pilau. They never iifo cither knives, forks ol fpoons ; neither do they cat pork, or any other amyl prohibited to the Jews. All their meat is feafoneil very high with fait and fpices, and they always drefsitl the fame day it is killed : their bread, which is cxcd-l lent, is baked into thin cakes, which faves them i!ie| trouble of cutting it. At their meals, the cloih ijl fprcad upon a carpet, and they all fit crofs-lcgged urHn| the floor; but when Europeans vifit them^ they ml generally accommodated with (Umls. Tlieir uiuail drink is water and Iherbet, wine being prohibiiiil;i great quauiities of it are, however, drank, pariiculailil by the officers and foldiers, and none make any fcriipljl of intoxicating themfelves with opium. They aitl immoderately fond of tobacco, which they fmohl through a tube fixed in water, fo as to be cool in ihJ mouth ; and they arc fo attached to this amiilaiieiit,[ that whenever it has been prohibited by their princci,! many have been known to quit their country. Thtl Perfians arc not lefs jea'ous of their women thaniliel Turks, and there is no country where they arc nioitl (triflly watched and confined, particularly in liie iij.f rams of their princca, and great men. When ilic| king's women remove, they are fent away in covereJJ litters, with a ftrong guard ; and on thcfe occalion!,! all men who rcfidc in the places through wiiich ilitjl are to pafs, receive orders to quit their habitations, on I pain of death ; by v.hich it appears, that they are not! lefs jealous of their women than the Turksandoliitil eallern nations. The Perfians arc fond of mufic, and t.ike a plcafurtl in convcrfing in large companies; but their chief di- 1 vcrlioiis are thofe ol the field, fuch asiiiiiitiiig, lia«t ing, horfcmanlhip, and the cxercife of arms, v.\ which they are very dexterous. Tiiey are fond of j rope-dancers, jugglers, and fighting of wild-bcaiis anil I privately playing at games of chance, as lliefearepro-| hibited by law, under fevere penalties. They ex- cel in archery, as their anccftors, the ancient Par- thians, did. They write, like the Plebrews, from the right to I the left; arc neat in their feals and nintcriais lorj writing, and amazingly expeditious in the ait. Asr.o printing is allowed in Perlia, the number of people employed in their manufcripts is incrccliblc; their writing is beyond defcripti(in beautiful ami correct; they write eight difFtrcnt hands, but tllccm tlut mi lilA .] E R S I A, 217 ithich the Koran is written : this hand is called the The Pcrfian marriages are iifuaUy founded upon rcenaiy motives, the legal wife being confidcrcd as fiipcrintendant of the other women. They are in- j jUovvcd by law to have four wives, and as many incubincs as they pleafe ; but they feldom many any loreihan one. If a man wants to part from his wife itougli mere whim, and wants to be divorced from r though (lie iiath not committed any fault, lie is wd to pay the dowry contraded for at the mar- c, We are told, that men may marry for life, or ,.anv determined time, in Perfia, as well as through iTattary; and that travellers or merchants, who in- iiid to (lay fomc time in any city, commonly apply to le cadcc, or judge, for a wife during the time he pro- ifa to (lay. The cadcc, for a Hated gratuity, pro- iiccs a number of girls, whom he declares to be ho- ..., and free from difeafcs; and he becomes fu ret y for iciii. A gentleman who lately attended the Rullian nbafiy to PerCia, declares, that, amongft thoiifands, ere has not been one indance of their dilhonefty during ictinic agreed upon. The Per(iaii9 in general bury their dead ; but the lurscxpofe them to be devoured by hearts of prey, or kr voracious creatures. When a perfon is on the point of expiring, the Per- ns kindle fires at the tops of their houfes, which rvc as fignais to their neighbours and travelling (Iran- rs to otter up their prayers for the patient. The ollah orpridl being font for, he exhorts the Tick per- in to repentance, who ufually fays, Inuhe, or I do re- nt. The breath is no fooner out of the body, than le furviving relations and friends fct up a terrible raining, and, like the Iiifli, tr.akc ufe of many af- flionate exprellions to the dead corpfe, bewailing his tc, and declaring their affliction to be part remedy. he co(rin is wrapped in a kind of winding-iheet, on 'kh many padiigcs of the Koran are uainped or riiten. The face of the dead perfon is laid towards !cca, and an arch is built on that fide near the grave. The religion at prcfcnt edabliflied in Perfia, is that Mahomet, but they differ from the Turks by foUow- ig the fed of Ali ; for which reafon, the Turks, who cte to the fucceilion of Omar and Abu Bekr, call lem heretics. Their religious notions are, ifpoHible, fomc rcfpeds, more fantallical and fenfua! than thofe if the Turks; but in many points it is mingled with me Bramin ("upcrllitioiis. When they are taxed by iiieChriitians with drinking (trong liquors, as many ol Jiem do, they retort upon them very jultly, " You "hriliians whore and get drunk, though you know you irecommiuing (ins, which is the very cafe with us." .efpecling the Bramins, the comparifon between them ind the Pcrllan Giiebres, or Gaurs, who pretend to be Ihc dil'ciples and fuccelfors of the ancient Magi, the lulloHers of Zoroaflcr, may well dcferve a learned dif- Buihiioii: it may be eafiiy proved, that both of them 3 held originally pure and fimple ideas of a S-ipremc Be- ing ; but the Indian Bramins and Parfecs nrtul'e tluf Gaurs, whoflill wnrfliip the fire, of h.aviir; d iifuali/.cd thofe ideas, and of iiiiroducing an evil principle into the government of the world. A combiillibif ground, about ten miles diftant from Baku, is the f.cn.: ot the Guebrcs devotions. It mi'ft be admitted, that the ground is impregnated with very fiirpriiing inflamma- tory qualities, and contains feveral old little tciviples, in one of which the Guebrcs pretend to prefervc the (".i- cred flame of the univcrful fire vvliich rifes from tha end, and a large hollow cane fluck in the ground, re- fembling a lamp burning with very pure fpirits. Theif fedl is Taid to be numerous, though tolerated in very few places. The Mahometan? are the declared ene- mies of the Gaurs, who were baniflicd out of Perfia by Shah Abbas. The prefcnt race of Perlians arc (aid to be very cool in the dodlrincs of Mahomet, owing chiefly to their late wars with the 'i^irks. The ancient Chriflians feem tc liavc been early driven into Perfia and the neighbouring countries, by the long wars between the Romans and Perfians : even ^o this day, many fedls are found that evidently have Chridianity for the ground-work of tluir religion. Some of them, called SouflFecs, who arc a kind of qni- etids, facrifice their paflions to God, and profefs tiie inoral duties. The Sabean Chridians have, in their re- ligion, a mixture of Judaifm and Mahometanifm: they are numerous towards the Perfian Gulf. The Arme- nian and Georgian ChriftJans are alfo very numerous in Perila. The Perfian language is fpoken in common through- out the whole empire, but more corrcdlly in fome p.o- vinces than others. The Turkifli, however, isthcpolito or court language. Many of the learned Perlians have written in the Arabic, and the higher clafs have adopt- ed it as the modilh language, as we do the Trench. The common people towards the foiuhcrn coafls of the Cafpian Sea fpeak Turkifli; and the Arabic probably was introduced into Pcrlia under the caliphates, when learning flouridied in thofe countries. The pure Perdc is faid to be fpoken in the fouthcrn parts, on the coaft of the Perlkin gulf, and in Ifpalian ; but in many of the provinces they fpeak a barbarous rnixture of the Turk- ilh, Iluflian, and other languages. Their pater-noder is of the following tenor: " Ei padic ma kill der of- " moni ; pac bafched mam tii ; bayaycd padefchahi tu ; " feluvad chwriade tu hcnzjunaaiikih dcr ofmon niz " derzemin ; beh mfira jtnrouz nan kef-if rouz mara ; " wadargiidfar mara konahan ma zjiinankitima niz mig " farim orman mara ; wadorozmniifch ininedazzmara ; " likin chalaskun maracz cfchcrir." Amtn. The Perfian alphabet coiaiids of twenty-eight let- ters, none of which are vowels; their accent fcrvcs in lieu thereof, and points out how the voice is to be mo- delated, and the confonants pronounced; they have no dops, but begin every fentcncc with a capital letter; I but in whatever language they \\iite, alwr.vs make ufe of «48 A NFAV AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPI of Ar.ibic chara£lers; and, inltcad uf quilU, ufe recUs to nuke nvns ot. lit a icient liincj, the Ptrfuns were famed fur learn- ing and learned men ; and their poets were renowned all over xhi cad. A manideript at Oxford contains the lives of 13,5 of the (inert Ptrlian poets: Ferdiili and Sjdi were among the moll celebrated. The former coniprifed the hillory of Ferlia ii. a feries of e|>ie poems, whieh employed him for near thirty years, and which are laid tu be a slorious monument of ealtern Renins and learning. Sadi was a native of Suhiras, tlounlhcd in the thirteenth century, and wrote many tine pieces both in prole and vcrfe. Shcmfeddin was one of the mod eminent Lyric poets that Alia has piodmed ; and N.ikiuheb wrote in iVrfian a h'lok called " The Tales of a Parrot," not unlike the Decameron of IJoccace. Jami, wiio flourilhed in the iniildlo of the liiieenth century, was a mod animated and elegant poet : his beauiifnl ^.<)mpo(iti(^ns, on a great variety ol Aibjeds, are prefcrved at Oxf. >rd, in twenty-two volumes. Hariri conipofcd in a rich, elegant, and flowery llyle, amoral wor , in fifty dilVertations, on the changes of fortune, and the various conditions of human lile, interfperCed witli a lunnbcr of agreeable adventures, and fcvcral line pieces of poetry. Lcai Ing is now at a very low ebb among the Per- fians. Their boalled Ikill in allronomy is reduced to a mere fmattcring m that fcience, a:)d terminates inju- dicial aflrology ; fo that nt) people in the world arc more fupcrflitious than the Perlians : they place an im- plicit confidence in tiicir allrologcrs, who are all na- tives of Choraifan, and pretend to be defcendcd from the ancient Magi. Their almanacks are an abfurd mixture of allronomy and judicial allrology, morality and predictions ; and they underftand nothing more of arithmetic than the lour fundamental rules. In fliort, their genius is but little cultivated by educa- tion, and lefs by experience, as they never travel into foreign countries ; and the famcnefs ot culloms and manners in their own, does not afford a fuHicient va- riety for obfervation and improvement. The learned profellion in greatelt ellecm among thtm is that of medicine ; which is at perpetual variance .vitli allrology, bccaufe every dafe muit be in the lucky hour fixed by the aflrologer, which often defeats the jnds ol the prefcriplion. It is faid, however, that the Perliun phylicians are acute and fagacious. Their dugs are excellent, and they are no Itrangers to the p adlices ot Galen and Avicenna. Add to tliis, that tlie plague is bill little known in this coimtry ; many difcal'es alfo are equally rare here, that are f.ital in other places ; fuch as the gout, the Itone, the (mall-pox, ccmfunip- tions, and apoplexies. The rerlian pradlice of phylii: is therefore pretty much circumfcribcd ; and they are very ignorant in furgery, whicli is exerciled by barbers, •whole chief knowledge of it is in letting blood ; tor '.hey trult the healing of green wounds to the excellency of the air, and ttic good habit of the patient's body, 'i'hcy are alio totally unaccpuintcd with anatomy. The Prrftaqt faliife by an inclination of th« | and puttiru; the right hand to the brc.ill uponthchn Before the fovercign and great men, tlicy boiy kJ their laces three times ik)wardN the ground ^ butn relations and familiar compumuns laluie tlni8: hi pays the compliment, prull'es one ol the other periugl hands between both his own, and then gciiily raiic,! up to his forehead, which iii exprellivu uf the hit and moil cordial clieem. 'llic mod magnificent remains of anti(]uity in p<| are the ruins ot Pcrfepolis, the ancient intiropulu that kingdom, confiding of fu|>( rb columns, fi^i^ dair-cafes, grand portals, and beautiful |iiiaiim adorned with ligures in ballii relievo. Accurjtc i fcni'tions of thele fuperb retnains of anticiuitv iii.nb fomid in Sir John Chardin's and M. le Brun'i Triitlt and in the tilth volume of the ancient part of ihct'ni] verfd riillory. About a league diltancc from ihtS ruins is a t.:mnus mountain, (ituated between twoli plains, to which the nativts give the fevcral api\l tions of ivabralloa Gauron, Nachs-Riidan, and TaiiJ Rudan. It is an entire rock, harder and capable ij(i| better polilh than marble. Having been levell art, its tides are quite perpendicular, fo that it haiM appearance of a large wall ; and upon it arc avaritti| of figures, reprefenied in bafs relief with great and beauty. At a fmall dillance from thefe figuresiitl feveral tombs cut out of the rock, with two liiiailedi.! fices, and feveral infcriptions. Thefe are fuppolcdJ have been the burial-places of the amient kings n'l Pcrfia, and many of the infcriptions and (igiircsjitl yet perfedl ; but others, through the brutal zealof thel Mahometans, who think it meritorious to tlcdroyi kinds of images, and the injuries of time, arc almoil defaced. At Ifpahan is a pillar, erecUd by Ml Abbas, lixiy feet high, confiding of the Ikuils it beads. It is faid that fome of his fubjtds haunjl rebelled againft him, he made a vow, that, on! duing them, he would eredt fuch a pillar ol ihtiil Ikuils; but, upon their fubmidion, he releiucil, audi fubdituted tiiofe of brutes, obliging each of the lebclil to fmd one. 'ihe river Mahmoudker, or the deafening river, i.:i| very furpriling natural curiolity. At fume diltmcel from Ifpahan there is a range of rocks, plain andl even for a confiderable fpacc, except that here anil there they have openings, like the cnibrafurcs ofl bailions ; through tliefe the winds pal's witli amazinjl velocity. The river falls from thele rocks iiiio a noWel baton, partly wrought by the water Itfclf, and [uniil by art. In alcendiiig the mountain the water ij 1 at the bottom of it like a lleepiiig lake, iiiteifpcilcill with rocks. It is fuppofed to be unfathomable, and, j when doiies are thrown into it, they cauic a uioll ama/ing noife, which alinod deafens ;he hearer, Irooil which circinnltance it, in all probability, derives i:i name. Many are of opinion that this river does liol derive its water from furings, but frem the fiiowon i!« hi' 1 ;lii>«iioii ot the ha bicilt upon (hell tlic ground i bill, t l;iliiie thus; !it,,u •ol ilieothcrpcrJ "' ilx-Mi Kciiilv nU pallivc ol the |,„ of anli(]Nity ill l'.x ancient inLinip,,;,",!! rl> foliiinns, fr.,:i,, baujtilul |,'iiaii(^ ;liuv(). Accuutt„ s ol antiijuitv mnyL VI. Ic Hi (Ill's Tnieil lent paitof tlicUnJ ■ ililluii^-c from ilidj Hcil bi'tween Uvoli " iho Tcvcral ap, .;ij is-RuHan, and Tj<|l irdfraiid capablcufJ 'ing been IcvtlldlJ liar, fo that it has 1 J "poll it are a varimi belief with great M irom tlie/c figures ml _. with tworiiialltdi-l Fhefo arc fiippol'ed li- the aniicnt kings oi| 'tions and figures «! the brutal ztalofthel itorioiis to liclirovil i of time, are alnioll Jr, crecli'd bv Ml ng of the ik'iills otj his fiibjti.^s liaiinj I vow, liiat, on !M icli a pillar atch and eafe, and there cut the nails both of their lands and feet, chafe the flelli, and give them a very rough pull of both the arms, in order to flrctch the nerves. The Pcrdan harama, or feraglio's, which arc appro, priatcd for ihe women, arc, Irom the moll credible accounts of them, contrived according to the tallc and com eniency of the owner, and divided into a certain number ol apartments; and as there is no country iti the world where women are fo (lri6lly guarded and con- fined as among the great men in Pcrlia, thcfc rooins therefore are ftldom orncver entered by llrangers. With rcfpedl to nii.iufadures and commerce, a has been jnllly remarked, that the Perfians equal, if not exceed all the manufafturers in the world in filk, woollen, mohair, carpet.s, and leather. Their works in thcfc join fancy, tallc, and elegance, to richnefs, neatnefs, and lliew ; and yet they are ignorant of painting, and their drawings are very ri>Je. Their dyeing excels that of Europe. Their lilver and gold laces, and threads, are admirable for prcferving their luftre. Their einbroideries and horie-fiiii;iturc are unequalled; nor are they ignorant of tho p : ery and window-glafs manutadlures. On the other hand, their carpenters are very indifferent artifts, which is faid to he owing to the f arcity of timber all over Petfia. Their jewellers and goldfmiths are clumfy workmei, and they are ignorant of lock making and the ma lu- fadurc of lo 'king-glalfes. Upon the whole, they lie under inexprcfTible hardlhips from the form of their government, which renders them flaves to their kings, who often engrofs either their labour or profits, as the exigencies of the (late, or other lucrative motives,, may prompt them. As the Perfians have little or no (hipping, their trade is chiefly carried on in foreign bottoms. ThaJ between the Englilh and.other nations, by the gulph of Ormus, at Gombroon, was the mofl gainful they, had; but the p.rpetual wars they have been engaged in have ruined their coimnerce. The great fchcmc of the Englilh, in trading with the Perfians th rough. Rulfia, promifed vaft advantages to both nations, but.it has hitherto anfwered the expedations ot neither. Perhaps the court of Pe- terfburgh is not fond of fuffering the Englifh.to eflablilh themfelves upon the Cafpian Sea, the navigation of • which is now pofleiredby the Ruflians ; hut till the go- vernment of Perfia is in a more fettled flate than at pre- fcMt, wccan fay nothing with certainty on that head.. The Constitution u I Government of Perfia are extremely precarious, as relling in the breall of a defpotic and often capricious monarch. The Perfians, 3 ^ however, I..;. t li IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I >- !■■ 1111122 :^ m "^ ^ 1^ 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1,6 6" ► n V2 ^l o e: /> c*^ .>■ C>>i - ^^ public i»tlis, wad a prodigious number : Une fquares. flhii city has eight, or, as fome fay, ten gates, be- L poftcms ; the fiiboths are very Urge, and, befiiies Stives, Ifpahan formerly contained above lo.ooo In- iins ill fuppprtecl by trade, .20,000 Georgians, Cir- iflians, aiid Tartars : vvith a conlidcrablc number of ingiifti' Dutch, and Portugucfe, and a few French. The bridge at Zulpha, one of the fuburbs of Ifpa- Ih is eftecmed the fincll (>ru£lure in Perfia. It is Uil'tof brick, with edgings rf frce-ftone, and isalmoft «| the middle of it being not mnch higher than the It is above 300 paces in length, and ao in Ireadth, and fupported by a grfcat number of low one arches. On each fide is a gallery eight or pine •et broad, exteiiding from one end to the other, raifed Evcnl ikps above the level of the bridge, witli a nunft- ,of apertures to let in the air and light, and give a irofpeft of the river. Thefe galleries or covered walks Ire not entirely appropriated to foot paflcngers ; they frequently ufed by horfemen in winter, when the Ever overHovvs, and fills the middle palfage of the Iridge, which is propierly dufigned for horfcs. Over |he galleries is a plaiform, but fo much expofed to the fun that it is feldoni frequented. The moll remark- Lie part of this bridge is a palTage along the bed of Ihc river, when the water is low in fummer, for the lonveniencc of foot paflfengers in that hot feafon ; for Ihe (lones are fo placed, that a perfon may flep from bne to the other without wetting his (hoes ; and proper puenings are made through the piers, from one end of the bridge to the other. Gombroon, or, as the natives call it, Bandcr-Abafli, Ues its prefent wealth and grandeur to the demolition of Ormiis, and the deftrudion of the Portugucfe em- pire in the EafMiulies. It was built by the great Shah ^Abbas, a.i 1 is now very juftly efteemed one ot the chief marts in the Ealh This city is large, and, from the extcnfive commerce tarried on in it, by the Englilh and Dutch fadories, las well as the natives, is extremely populous ; but its liituation is remarkably bad. It is defended on the llind-fide by a fingle wall only ; but towards the fea lare erefted feveral fmall forts, with a platform, two lailles, and two Hone baftions, mounted with cannon, )io fecure it and the road from the attempts of an enemy. Theflreets are narrow, and the houfcs in moft of [them fo out ot repair, fome half ruined, and others entirely fo, that a Granger would fiippofe the town had j been facked and ravaged by an enemy, not a veflige of [thenealth really contained in the place appearing in ■,ijw. The Banians, or (hop-keepers, have molt of I them tolerable houCcs ; tlicy are in gnieral built of I earth and lime, but the better fort are of (tone ; moll ' «f them have ventilators or the top, which contributes i greatly to the health of the inhabitants. Gombroon is a^ uithcrtUhy jplace ; the tnod-fickly onontbs 2ra from April to October, diiring \yliich time the genteel part of the inhabitants retire inU^trie coun- try, winter being the oiUy.tlme for coinmer^^ Thicre are great plenty of (heep, goats, hares, pigeon^ partridges,. &c. aii4 wheat iii fuch abundance, that the poor fubftii chiej^y on b^ead and dates. jClice is, im- ported from Iniiiai and the aidjacei;it coiintry ;aiiill the Turks. The Perfians were victorious, and Kouli Khan recovered all the places the Othmans had tain on the frontiers of Peifta during, the late troubles.] Haughty by nature, and infolent from fuccefs, Kouli Khan beheld the honours conferred on him bythefopbi with contempt. He complained that his fervices were neglefted; but nurfed in filence the bloody dcfignlit had formed againd his matter. He courted populatitjii i and when his fcheme was ripe for execution, he drop* P ■'^^ IAsiaJ Arabia. took poiniirHMofii King Bajazet, t«_ i. On hit retuni minions, withii eik Aider, a dodor^ ileemed in that ' id of there prifoi creafed hisreputi.. Uno having appoiai ices, the Choik urui at he was lineally^ ' and geiiirme fiico If the title of Cilip and civil jiirifdid ' 1400. Ifmaell ^ brave nicccfbfulprin the throne by the as lis death Shah Taha but being a very ( bjeds, and his brotbi and wasfucceededk nd warlilte princ, ihor from the emp( tns of Lar and OrmnsJ at part of Armenia ulj rs, and was by far ibtl Hy. He was fucceciW| I cruel and tyraiinioil a fcandal to humanii;.f ill the people, rouMI the rights of hunugl lofed Hulfein, a princti death ; together wilhj las, whoefcapedfrofflj northern parts of Pa- 1 rebels, took poirel1iM| wever, long enjoy tkel jurchafedby thebiooij er murdered by Efttii j urped the throne, 111 lifcd a powerful ami;,] nber of royalifls, ani a famous partizan 01 1 Efrcf, whofecruellf >bnoxious to the pe> er, and put to death.! tis anceftors, andfeiit| nnerous army, i"? , vidlorious, and Kouii i Othmans had tab j ig, the late trouble. 1 from fiiccefs, Kouli ! :don himbythefophi that his fervices were j the bloody dcfignlKj ie courted populatiin > execution, he drop. n Ipnl the niafk that had hitherto concealed his intentiotis. iHe all'umed the names of Tahmas Kouli Khan and ■Nadir Sholi, rebelled agtiind his fovereign, took him Ipririmer, and put hini fccretly to death. I All oppofuion being thus removed, Shah Nadir nounted the Perfian throne. Cruel and fierce by na- Lfe, and happy only in the midft of war and tumult, Rhe ufiirper turned his arms againd the neighbouring nrinccs. His expedition into Indoftan, and the ama- zing treafure he collefted in that famous empire, have i«en already mentioned in the hiftory of the Indies. Jfbeck Tartary next excited the ambition of Kouli than; he conquered that country, and thinking his knns invincible, attempted to reduce jhe Dagliellan rartarti; but fortune, that had hitherto atx^nded his jtandards, now forfoOk him. He found diiricuities jhich all his ferocious abilities could not remove. Tiie Wipices of Dagheflan oppofcd his march, and his Eiflorious army was cut off by Tartar detachments in hcdefilesof the mountains, without his being able to bree the enemy to an engagement. The misfortunes If one campaign were not however fnflicient to intimi- |at« Nadir; he led his forces againil the Turks, and Icfeated them in feveral battles. He laid fiege to Bag- lat, but could not fiicceed, and was obliged, alter inany fforts, to abandon the enterprize. His next attempt iTor his reillefs foul cculd never be idle) was againft ne religion of his country ; he was determined to in- duce the tenets of Omar, inftcad of thofe of Ali, nbraced by the Perfians; but Toon found that it I much eafier to conquer force than bigotry; the great vinciple of his government was terror, which was pt exerted in vain. Exafperated at an oppofition [ could not fubdue, he became one of the taoll cruel jframsthat ever difgraced mankind. He put his own bn to death, and formed the detcOable defign of ex- pinating all his family and relations. Self-preferva- i now oppofed the diabolical purpofe ; his anions m thofe of a madman, and his relations and chief Eccn alTairinated him in his tent. This event hap- jtntd in the year 1747. The cruelty of Nadir had iftroyed all the immediate branches of the royal ta- lily, and the throne became the fport of fortune. One htendet after another ftarted up and fell, either by lien force, or the fecret machinations of treachery. Inaichy and deftruflion overfpread the whole empire : "fields were laid wafle, the cities were plundered, i inhabitants murdered, and every diftridl exhibit- » fcene of horror and of blood. Famine at lalt eathed the fword of deftruaion, and Kerim Khan jas crowned at Tauris in the year 1763. Since that the Perfians have- enjoyed the happinefs of > bat it is very probable that the miferics and llrefs which have been intros Icultivated, and poverty and toil have ufurpcd the p« of affluence and eafe. C H A 1». XVI. ARABIA. Situathn, Boundaries, Divijtoni, Climat*, Stil, PrtAutt Inhabitants, Language^ RttigioH, i^t. ARABIA is fititated between the 33th «nd,SoTh deg. of ealt longitude, and between the isth^nd 30th of (lorth latitude; extending about ^oottiilesin length, and isoo in breadth, atid amtains 700,090' fquare miles. It is bounded by Turkey on the north ; by Perfia and thegulphs of Bairora andOrmus, on t^e ea(l ; by the Red Sea, which divides it from Africa, on the weft ; and by the Indian Ocean, on the fouth. This country is divided into, 1. Arabia Petrica,N.W. 2. Arabia Deferta, in the middle. 3. Arabia Felix, S. E. Arabi:. Pctrxa has for its chief ^wn, Suez, call io"g- .'^St'cg* 07 min. north lat. 29 deg, 50 min. Arabia Deferta is fubdivided into Haegiaz or Mecca, and Tehama; vvhofe chief towns are, Mecca, eaft loitg. 43 <^^g- 30 min. lat. 2 1 deg, so mitv Siden, Medina, and Dhafar. Arabia Felix is fubdivided into Mocha, Hadramtit, Cad'een, Segur, Oman or Mufcat, Jamama, and Ba- hara. The town of Sibit belongs to Mocha, and that of Elcalf to Bahara; the reft are the fame as the provinces. This country has always preferred its ancient naine. The word Anib, it is genei»ally faid, (ignifies a robber or free-booter. The word Saracen, by which one tribe is called, is faid to lichify both a thief, and an inhabitant of the defert. Thefe names juftly belong' to the Arabians, for they feldom let any merchandiv.o pafs through the country' without extorting fomething from, if not robbing, the owners. Thus concerning the Arabians, who are the pofterity of Ilhmael, is the predi6^ion in fcripture. Gen. xvi. 12. fulfilled, where it is faid, " He will be a wild man ; his hand will be ' againft every man, and every man's hand againft him : and he fhall dwell in the prefence of all his brethren." ' The principal mountains in Arabia arfe thofe called ' Gcbel el Ared, in Arabia helix, and the mountains of ' Sinai and Horeb, in Arabia Petrata, eaft of the Red ' Sea. The latter are fituated on the north fide of the ' defort of Sinai, and very fteep and high, but not pro-"' poTtioiiably broad; and though a road is cut all th«t:i way up to their fummits, the afcent is very difficult and fatiguing. The principal rivers are the Euphrates, which walhcs the north-calf limits, and the Tigris; both which have bten already mentioned in the defcription of J inkey in Afia. Belides thefe, there are few rivers, luun'.ains, or fprings in this country, which is almoft fnrroundcd with feas ; namely, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sta, the gulfs of Pcrfia and Ormus. Rofalgate and Mulki!')n ate tin- thief cipes or promontories. Arabia being lituatcd between the ad, 3d, 4th, and ^ih climates,, the loiigelt day in the fouth is about four- o S * tcea f^ A NEW AND COMPLETE^ SVSTEN' or UN.IVERSAL CEOGRAPFIY. 3? § teen fioiirs a d an haff, ami in the north eighteen hours and an hair. A conAdbKblelL^ioIthis country lies under the torrid zone, and jihe tropic of Cancer palics over Arabia Felix ; fo thi^the tir is excefnveiy dry and hot, and, in maniy jtkicei<,.very.unf«liitjary, particularly near the coaft. '* Tne ai/.i«jra^|f to be ilie i"noft fiiltry and dry in the northern parts'; and (\\6 hot poifdnous winds, which bJuvK t\k9£ as well as in Perlia, often prove fatal to thofe who breathe them. Towards the i'outh, the heat is Q^mcwhat, alleviated by the prodigious dews which ge- i)era!ly fall in the night, and refreih the earth. The, heat of the climate is greatly incrcafed by the T^alure of the. foil, which, in a great meafure, confills of barren rocky mountains, or fandy deferts of prodi- gious extent, over which there is no beaten paths ; To iJV>t the cai;anns, pbli^fd by the ejicdfiye heat to travel i{C«lltf pightt.and havmg no tracks, are guided, as at rfai,.by.-9iCpmpars, or by the ftars. •' Here," fays Dr. Shaw, V ve no pafiures {lored with flocks, nor valleys ftandlng (l^ick with corn ; here are no vineyards or olive- y,ards|; bi)t the whole is a lonefome defolate wildcrnefs, no othepvife diveriificd than by plains covered with fands, and mountains that are made up of naked rocks aiut precipices. Neither is this country ever, unlefs lomctimes at the equinoxes, refrefhed with rain ; and the iirteufenefs of the cold in the night is almoft equal to that of the heat in the day-" This, however, is not to be underflood of the foiithern parts of Arabia, where the (oil, refreOjed by the de.ws already mentioned, is in general exceeding fertile. , The cultivated lands in the fouthern parts of Arabia Felix, which are chiefly about the towns near the fea- coali:, yield exceed ng hne coffee, manna, myrrh, cania, aloes, balm of Gilcad, frankincenfe, fpikenard, and other, valuable gums.; cinnamon, pepper, and carda- moms; oranges, lemons, pomegranates, figs, dates, aijMl other fruits, withi^a fniall quantity of corn and wine. At Betelfagui the coffee tree. is cultivated. The Arabian horfes are held in the highed edeem all over Europe for their fwiftnefs and beauty, and pre- te)-/ed to thofe of any other country for (laliions ; the bq^ed pf EnglidxhorfiE^i P="'t>ct>larly, have been much iii^roved by them. The fined fort is in the kingdom cf.Sunnaa, wbere Moicha is iitiiated. But the molf ufc- ful.animals to the Arabii arc their camels and dromeda- ri«^i. which are fitted by nature for travelling in parched artd(/!(ndy deferts. their domachs being formed in fuch a manner, that they can from thence throw the water up into their thtoats. This peculiarity enables them to. travel fevcn or eight days without drinking. It is fald, that thefe animals can didinguifh the fcent of wa- ter at a confiderable didancc, and the indant they fmell it fet out on a fwift trot, and never dop till they reach the fpot where it is found. They ufually carry eight hundred weight upon their backs, which is nevjr taken off during the longed journeys, for they naturally kneel down to red, and rife again with their load. Though the Arabs in general are a wandering people, and conlequently very little acquainted with commerce j there is, however, a confiderable trade carried on ftonl Mocha by the Englidi ar^d' Dutch companies fenua there, in coffee, olibanum, myrrh, aloes, liquidQotatl white and yellow arfenic, gum Arabic, balmuf GiQl and other drugs. ^" As to the inhabitants, they are, in commm wiihn of ,c Aflatics, of a fwarthy complexion, middle (lanJJ'l and thin, with black hair and eyes. They are fajdti be a brave people, excellent horfemen, very fwiu^i foot, expert at tlie bow and lance, and, fmce thi7 bt,] came acquainted with fire-arms, good matkfmen. ii of them reiide in cities and towns upon the fta-coL,, ' and apply thejnfelves to trade, and cultivate ihcfcili ences ; but the far greater part have no fettled liabjtj,! tion, roving, with their flocks and herds, from placcul place, for the conveniency of water and pafturt;aji| r'jring their abode in any particular fpot, thtfyliveU tents. Among themfelves, and towards fuch KrangtJ as they receive as friends, they urt honed, civil, iM humane ; but their general charader is that of fro*! hooters or robbers, which the word Arab is faidtoimJ ply. Their food is chiefiy rice, fif'^, herbs, veiiifon,! fowl, and mod kinds of flelh ; but they pieferthatrfl camels. Like the Jqws, they always drain the btw^l from every thing they eat, and abdain from fuch fiHj have no fcales. Their drink is chiefly water and Ihehl bet, for they have no drong liquors. I The habit of the roving Arabs is a kind of blue (hirtJ girt about them with a white falhior girdle ; andlbwl of them have a veft of fur or (heep fkins over it. Thijtl likewife wear drawers, and fometimes flippers, but m dockings ; and they have a cap or turban on their hcaif Many of them, however, go naked; but the woratn are fo wrapped up, that no part of them can be i"cc:i k| their eyes. We fhall now give fome accoimt of the caravans, ami I manner of travelling through the deferts. — A caravamj implies a company cf merchants, travellers, or pil-i grims, who, for their greater fecurity, forma troop, iirl order to aflid each other in travelling through the (k.| fertSf which are ihfeded by wild Arabs and other bao-l ditti. But no caravan can be formed without procunnjil the permidion in writing of the prince in whofe domi- 1 nions the caravan is formed, as well as that of tholt'] through whofe territories it is to pafs. Thefe permit fions always exprefs the ntunber of perfons and car. riages, and the quantity of merchandifc, which artto'l compofe the caravan, as well as the merchants to whoa the goods belong. They alfo regulate every thing relating | to its police and government, during the whole journtf. Caravans are generally didinguidied into four kinds; the heavy caravans, which are compofed of clephantv| C'.mels, dromedaries, and horfes ; the light caravans, in which there are but few elephants ; the common cant- 1 vans, in which there are none of tlv^fe unwieldy animals; and the horfe caravans, in which horfes only are ufed. > The heavy caravans are regulated by the following portions :" when there aic five hundred elephants; tlw MIA. \\:iL!^i>o? \i.?.9:rn\- A B I A. Ho U^hbiifanii- cajncU. » thoufand dromcdaiies, and LihowCii"' Mf/c*' ,..1rihc isfcott Confirts of four ihou- Ll civalry. 1 *v^ my> are'ttecelfary for leading one L|ia,,t, feVeii mc.r^ fpr elf[vjei;i^ cawJSi and five men |r three dromcdarljs.^j^T'i^inultitiidp pf fqrvants, to- U'c'r widi die omcersj^nd p'aflijpgers,. vvhof>3 number .j'jffitnitcd. fcrve'tp Uip^pijt (he ticort^ inicafc of an Luck" ainJ therffoVe render', the caravan at one? more Lldable and.morc fccurc. , , .-; .,;.,. [The Arabian princes fubuu ptincipaliy in roobing; licytravctfe the deferts in tropps, fo that the caravans Lays travel with thegreatpft precaution, being drawn L in J ^ery regular inanncr. Kone ftray from the ca- Ivaninor deviate from the pofiiiori affigned them at their III fetting out- The wandering Arabs, as foon as Ly have intelligence of a caravan having entered the fcferts, fend out Tpies to make the neceflfary obfcrvations ithe number and force of the cfcort. If they find ley are not able to attack the caravan in for^, they loier round if, in order to pilfer from the merchants tringthe night j but, if they think thenifclves able to ileal the efcort, they approach boldly, and begin the [lack with the utmoft fury. If the efcort (land firm, ic Arabs generall} fly with the greated precipitation ; L, being ftranyers to military difcipline, they hardly la rally after neing once repulfcd: but, if the efcort Ivcway, the whole is thrown into confufion, the cara- I is plundered, and the whole convoy, except the reign merchants, fold for flaves. It is therefore no londcr if travellers of all kinds, and even pilgrim? Lmfelves, who crofs thefe barren tracks from n.oii ,cs [devotion, are (Iruck with terror on entering the de- ns. Nor is even the mod powerful caravan always jcure, for they have more than once been attacked and lundercd. In the year 1750, a body pf 50,000 Ara- Ids, under the command of one of their princes, at- kked a caravan of merchants and pilgrims returning W Mecca, killed about 60,000 perft)ns, and plun- ttedltof every thing valuable, though efcurted by a urkifli ariiiy. On the fea-coaft they are mere pirates, 1 make prizes of every veflel they can mafter, with- lit dillih£lion. [The whole conimerce of the Indies was formerly Irried on by caravans ; but, fince the difcovery of a "geby the Cr.pe of Good Hope, the cam van trade s been upon a decline. The dreadful wars carried on i tk LtlVer Afia and Egypt, whereby thefe rich coun- |es were dripped of their wealth and inhabitants, in- leafed the evil ; and the exactions of the Turks, added j the late dreadful troubles in Perfia, have almoft anni- pated the whole. Few caravans now crofs the^de- except thofe that pafs annually to Mecca on ac- lunt of religion; and even thefe begin to decline, be- lufethe merchants are no longer able to carry on their wmer trade with India. The roving Araos raife a bntribution on the caravans ; thofe which travel from •»mas to Mecca procure an unintenupted journey for K confideration of 150,000 livres, to which the grand lignior is fubje^ed. Many of the wild Arabs arc dill Pagans, hut the ricopl^ in general profefs Mahometanifm. Of this re- igion we thall give an account in the Uillory of Ma- homet, their countryman. Arabia was, in former ages, famous for learning and learned men, whoweru (killed in all the liberal arts; and many f)f the Arabian performances in phyfic, allronomy, and mathematics, (hew the authors have been pcrfons of great genius and application ; but there is fi arcely a coun- try at prelisnt where the people are fo univcrfally ignorant* The vulgar language u(cd in the three Arabias is the Ara« befk, or corrupt Arabian, which is likcwife fpokcn, with fome variation of dialed^, over great part of the Eall, from Egypt to the court of the great mogid. The pure old grammatical Arabic, which is faid to be a dialect of the Hebrew, and, by the people of the eafl, accounted the richell, mod energetic, and copious language in the world, is taught in their fchools as Greek and Latin is among Europeans, and ufed by Ma- hometans in their wordiip. The books which treat of it, fay, they have no lefs than a thoufand terms to ex- prefs the word canifl, and five hundred for that of a lion. In this language the Koran was written, and they will not fu(Fer it to be read in any other : ihey look upon it to have been the language of Paradife, and think no man can be mader of it without a miracle, as confiding of feveral millions of words. Sir William Jones hss lately tranflated into Englidt fcven Arabian poems, called the Moalakat, which are prefcrv'.d in the temple of Mecca, or fufpended on its walls or gates, and afford a fine fpccimen of oriental poetry, as to the dramatic padoral. As a fpecimcn of thefe poems may ferve to gratify the curiofity of our readers, and alfo difplay a lively and entertaining view of the Arabian cudoms and modes of living, wc have therefore tranfcribed from one of them the following Aanzas: 1. " Defolate are the manfions of the fair, the da- tions in Minia, where they reded, and thofe where they fixed their abodes ! Wild are the hills of Goul, and dc- ferted is the fummit of Riiaatft." a. " The ca'nabs of Rayaan are dedroyed : the re- ■ mains of them are laid bare, and fmoothcd by the floods, - like charadlers engraved on the folid rocks." ' 3. " Dear ruins! many a year has been clofed, many a month, holy and unhallowed, has elapfed, (ince I exchanged tender vows with the fair inhabitants." 4. " The rainy condellations of fpring have made : their hills green and luxuriant: the drops from the ' thunder clouds have drenched them with profufe as well as with gentle (howers :" 5. " Showers from every nightly rioud, from every cloud veding the horizon at day-brea!;, and from every evening-cloud, refponfive with hoarfe murmurs." (&c.) 6. " Here the wild eringo-plaius raife their heads : here the antelopes bring forth tnelr young by the fides of the valley, and here the odrichcs drop their eggs." . 7, '• The large eyed wild cows lie fuckling their' young asG A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. "'It- young a few (lays old : their young, who will foon be- come a herd on the plain." 8. " 'i'hc torrents have cleared the nibbifh, and dif- clnfcd the traces of habitations, as the reeds of a writer rcdorc ertiiccd letters in a hook ;" ^. •' Or as the black dull, fprinkled over the varied marks on a fair hand, brings to view, with a brighter tint, the blue Hitinsof woad." 10. " I IIixmI alking news of the ruins concerning their lovely habitants ; but what avail my qucdions to dreary rocks, who anfvver them only by their echo?" 11. " In the plains, which now are naked, i po- pulous city once dvvcHcd : but they decamped at early dawn, and nothing now remains but the canals, which encircled their tents ; and the Thiimaam plants, with which ihcy were rcpr.ircd." la. " How were thy tender affections raifcd, when the damfuls of the tribe departed ; when they hid them- fL'lvcs in carriages of cotton, like antelopes in their lair; ajul the tents, as they were (truck, gave a piercing found !" 13. •• They were concealed m vehicles, wliofc lides were well covered with awnings and carpets, witli fine fpun curtains and pidured vcfts." 14. " A company of maidens were feated in tlicm, with black eyes and graceful motions, like the wiM heifers of Tudali, or tlie rocs of VVegera, tenderly gaz- ing on their young." 15. " They liadcned their camels till the fiiltry va- potir gradually ttolc them from thy light, and they feemed to pab through a vale, wild with ta'' Ics, and roiigh with large (loncs, like the valley o! »a." The Arabic patcr-notier is as fi>l.. s: " Abima ell- auiii B-irmaniMat ; jetkaJdas cfi^ac; tati malacutac r taouri mafchiatic, cama ti-il'ama ; kccllialec ala lardh aating chobzena keiatna iaum b(.-iaum; wagfor lenado- nubcna, wachataina, cama nogfur nachna lem'in aca doina; wala tadechehalna hhujarib; taken mejjina me nncfchcrir." Amen. In thefc coimtries, time is mcafured by hour-glalTes; and, in fome parts of Arabia Petrsa, they liave talcn- dais that were left ihtm by their ancellors, which arc rather curious, and in which the fun's place, the fenii- diurr.al aiiri nofturrul arch, the length of the twilight, arjd the houts of prayer, arc inferted in their proper columns, a.id calculated to a moment. They know noiliiiig of algebra, or nimerical arith- metic, though their ancellors furnithed us with thecha- ra^crs of the one, and with the name at lead of the other; yet.tlity have a way of reckoning by putting their hands into each other's lleeves, and touching one another with a certain joint or finger fo expreSively that, without even moviiu; their lips, they caivconclnde' bargains or agreements. They have, hoi^ever, if ym'.- wife nu;ii among them, who are fo fki.itd in figures as to be abb", l>y icrtai;i niuibinatiOns of niiiil'ers, >to foim the inoll vvoudertul talcuiations. But Arji ;a is tlw boa'Kd feat of v. oi.dcrs 1 The pii.-icipal places and cities in Arabi.icome next uadei: our coulidcrittiua. The defert of Sinai is a beautiful plain, ncvL. miles long, and above three in breadth j it lici omu the north-caft, but, to the fouthward, is clofed bvt of the lower eminences of Mount Sinai ^ «M(u parts of that mountain make fuch encroachment! «» the plain as to divide it into two, each To rapaciouii to be fuflicient to receive the whole Ifraelitifti camp, Mount Hurcb, where Mofes kept the flocks ofL thro, his father-in-law, when he faw the bumingbul may be feen from Moimt Sinai. On thefe mnuniai are many chapels and cells, poflefTcd by the Greek m Latin monks, who, like the religious at Jcrufalcgi pretend to ihew the very fpot where every miracle % remarkable tranfadtion recorded in Scripture was m.! forined. But thefe pious frauds gain no credit wid feiilible people. There are few places worthy notice in Arabia, Tl»l principal cities are Mecca, Medina, Mocha, AdeJ Mufch^, and Suez ; and thofe only will be defcribtil The two former are the centre of the devotion of j Mahometans ; and the four latter the principal plj of trade. Mecca, the capital of all Arabia, and celebrated fuj being the birth-place of Mahomet, is iitHatcdforiy-td^ miles to the cafl of the Red Sea, in fo barren a fpo(,| that the country round it affords no fullenaiice citixn for man or bead ; fo that the city is fupplied withron,! iVc. by t«xi caravans, which arrive there, one in iliel fimimer, and the other in the winter, annually, m the water from the fprings in the town is bitter and uii.l fit to drink, which obliges the inhabitants to prcrflrtl the rain water in cifterns. There is indeed a vv!llii| the neighbourhood, called by the Arabs Zcmzcra, whitil they hold in the highcft veneration, believing it iolit| the fame which the angel pointed out to Hagar wfi her fon Ilhmatl was perilhing with thirft. Thep* grims, who refort to tlris city, always drink of tlie| water of this well, to which they afcribe a nuinbrf fabulous virtues. It is of a brackilh talle, andcaufsl eruptions on the bodies of thofe who drink it in injl great qiuntity. I Hammam Faraiin is the n.imc of ahot fpriiig,w!iicli| rifcs by two apertures out of a rock, at tliefootofij high mountain. It is ufed in baths by the neighboiiM iiig fick, who commonly flay forty days for cure, durioj j which their only food is a fruit called Lall'af, «liki| grows here. Tuc tradition that the JcWs palFcdiliisj way, and that Pharaoh's army was drowned here, Imj occaliuned this place to receive the name of Birkct-tl-l Faraun. The Arabs imagine that Pliaraoh is doinjj penance at the bottom of 'this well, and vomits iipilit! vvith'w'hi'ch tltf: water lb iinprcf fulphnreous vapour nuted. , "» The mofqiie in this citj/ls ^cdincd tlit inoU iiiagoi- ncenf of any temple in the .lA^irJd. Ifs lofty root, raiftdl in fornvofa dome, jind covdredwith gold, ami ikwii beautiful towers, of extraordinary height atuhrdiilcc-l turc, make a mofl fnpcrb" appearance, and arc confpi-P i * .lHis;di)itr ARABIA. 257 It a very great diftance. This temple has an l^ijjj gates, with a window over each ; is three hiin- lindieventy cubits long, three hundred and fifteen I |p(j fupported by lour iuindrcd and thirty-four llan'' '^^^ Mahometans pretend that this mofquc is >Acd on the very fpot where Abraham built his dwcl- i».houfe, which has been prcfcrved ever fmce, and !^s in the centre of the temple. They call it Al- ibah. the Holy Houfe, or chapel, and fay, that it (ifftercflcd by Adam ; but, being deflroyed bv the ute, was, by the command of God, rebuilt by Abra- land Khmael' It is about fifteen feet long, twelve jd, and thirty high. The door is of filver ; the llsarecondantly covered with hangings of fine filk, jutifuily wrought, and girt nmnd with two belts of lid one near the bottom, and the other near the top. this houfe the Mahometans alfo affirm that their It prophet was born, and every Nf ufliilman is obliged, I,;, religion, to vilit it once m his life, or to fend a juty; futhat the number of pilgrims who annually fort thither is incredible. Medina is fituated about 250 miles north of Mecca, id fifty from the Red Sea. It is famous for being the • which Mahomet chofe for his refidence when he driven out of Mecca, and likewife that of his in- ,uient. The mofquc, which contains his fepulchre, aftruflurc of vaft magnificence, and ftyled the Moll oly. It is fupported by 400 lately columns, and em- Wlhed with 300 filver lamps, continually burning. he cupola, which is but fmalJ, is covered with plates : (ilvcr, and under it is raifed the prophet's tomb of hite marble, enclofed in fiich a manner that it can y be viewed through window.*, made for that pur- c, and latticed with filver. The infide is enriched ith (tones of immenfe value, particularly that part hich is over the head of the prophet. At th» foot of e coffin is a golden crefcent, the workmanfhip of hich is greatly admired, being curioufly wroughi, and kned with precious lloncs. The coffin is covered ith doth of gold, and over it is a rich canopy of filver ie, both which are renewed annually by the bafhaw if Egypt, according to the orders he receives, for this wrpole, from the grand feignior. The camel which car- ies it derives a fort of fanctity from it, and is never to ufed in any drudgery afterwards. The old pall and nopy are always cut to pieces, and fold to the fuper- litious Mahometans as facred relics. The plaae where iccoffinlics, is fupported by black marble pillars, and inconipafTed by a baluftradc of filver, hung with a num- crof lamps of the fame metal, kept continually burn- ig. Vaft numbers of pilgrims relort to this city, but lot in fuch multitudes as to Mecca ; for this journey is ot enjoined exprcfsly by their religion, though fuch as srform it are entitled to great privileges, and eftcemed lints ever after. Chriflians are forbid approaching Mecca or Medina within a limited diltancc, on am of being burnt alive. Mocha is a port town, fituated on the Red Sea, and gives name to a kingdom of confiderable extent along the fouthern coad of Arabia. It has four gates and as many towers ; the buildings are lofty, and tolerably re- gular: they arc covered wiili a chinam or ilucco, that gives a dazzling wliitenefs to them. The harbour is femicircular, the circumference of the wall is two miles, and there are feveral handfomc mofqucs here. This city is now the emporium for the trade of all India ttt the Red Sea, and the coflee exported from thence is elieemcd fuperior to that of any other place. It has al- ready been obferved, that the knglilh and Dutch coin- panics have houfcs there, and carry on a confiderable commerce. The only inconvenience they fuflain is from the violence and cxadlions of the Arabian princes; for the king's cullums arc cafy, being fixed at three per cent, to all Europeans. Aden is likewife a confiderable place for trade, on the Indian Ocean, being lituated in the kingdom, about isio miles fouth-eali of that city, and not far from the Streights of Babclmandcl. It (lands at the foot of feveral high mountains, on the fummits of which the Arabians have creiRed five or fix forts, with feveral fortifications, to gu.-ird the paHes. This town is well fupplied with good water, and contains about 6000 inhabitants. Mufchat, or Mofcat, and Suez, were formerly places of confiderable ftrength; but they are now only re« markable for the trade carried on with the latter by the Turks, and with the former by the Portuguefe. The city of Suez (lands upon the weftern fide, but not jult upon the weflern extremity of the Arabian gulf. It is not furrounded with walls ; but the houfes are built fo clofely together that there are only two paifages into the city, of which that nearcft the fca is open, the other (hut by a very infufficicnt gate. The houfes are very forry (Iruflures ; the kans being the only folid build- ings in the city. Hardly any part now remains of the canle which the Turks built upon the ruins of the an- cient Kolfum. Suez is very thinly inhabited : among its inhabitants are fome Greeks, and a few families of Copts ; but, about the time of the departure of the fleet, it is crowded with Grangers. The ground lyine around it is all one bed of rock, flightly covered with fand ; fcarce a plant is to be feen any where in the neighbourhood ; trees, gardens, mea- dows, and fields, are entirely unknown at Suez. Fi(h is the only article of provifions plentiful here. All other necetfaries of life, for both men and the domeltic animals, are brought from afar, from Cairo, which is three days journey from Suez; Mount Sinai, at the diftancc of fix days journey ; or GhaiTo, at the diAance of feven. There is noc a fingle fpring of water. Ship-buildijig is the chief employment of the inhabi- tants ; although wood and iron, and all the other ma- terials, are to be brought from Cairo ujrsn camels, and are confequently very dear. The (hips built at Suez have a very awkward rudder, niade of a large beam, rhe ufc of which is dangerous and inconvenient. The governor of Suez was a bey from Cairp ; and he kept a 3 T very «j8 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM Of UNIVERSAL GEOCRAPHV. 'i very numerous liodfchold. He was a Mahometan by birth, aiul the Ton of a fiicar-merchant. This account of Shcjs is cxiratilcd from Mr. Niebuhr's Travel* through Arabia, pnhlilhvd in 1793. Mr. Niubuhr, in his travels through Arabia, has given thu following dcfcriptiun of the city of Lohcia in that country, llv tells us it has (iuod only tor three centuries : that its founder and patron \«as a Maho- metan faint, called Schicch Salcd, who built a hut on the Ihnre where Lohcia now Aands, and fpent there the reit of his days as a hermit. After his death, a kabbct, or houfc of prayer, was raifcd over his tomb ; and i( was afterwards, by degrees, cmbellilhcd aiid>.-n- dnwed. Some devout pcifuns, iniagmingthat it would be a great huppincfs to them to live near the remains of fo holy a perfon, built hiits for themfelvcs about his tomb. Nearly nt the fame tunc, the harbour of Ma- rabca, a neighbouring city, in which a governor re- fidcd, was-tillcd up. 1 he inhabitants, upon this, defcrt- cd their city, and fettled at Lohcia, whither tlie feat of governjnent was alfo transferred. Tlw territory of Lohcia is arid and barren. The Viaibour Is fb indifferent, that even (he fmallcft vcf- fels nic obliged to anchor at a great dillance from the city» and when the; tide is at ebb, laden boats cannot approach near it. Notwithllanding this difadvantage, a confiderablc trade in cotfee is carried on from Lo- heia; tl^c coffee is brought from the neighbouring hills, and expofcd in one large heap for falc. This colfce is not reputed to be fo good as that which comes from Buit cl Fakili, and is Ihipptd at Mocha and Hodcida : but colFec is to be purchafed here upon more reafonable terms, and the carriage to Jidda coffs lefi:. Loheia, although without walls, is not entirely de- fencclcfs. Twelve towers, guarded by foldiers, (land at equal diflancc.s roiipd it. Thcfe towers refemblc ihttfc in foine of the imperial cities of Germany : the ' /ight of its gates renders it neceffary to climb up to •'em upon ladders. Only one of Ihofe towers, and that newly built by Emir Farhan, is fuch as to .idmit of being (leiendcd hy cannons: the red are fo ill built, that the .Xrabs of Hafchid, fome time fincc, made their wiy through them, and fet fire to the city. .S-. v( ral c>f. the lioufes in Lohcia are built of flone ; but the greater part are huts confirufied in that falhion which is common among the Arabs. The wall:- are of mud, mixed with dung, and the toof is th.c hed with a fort ot grafs, which is very common there. Around tlve walls within, are a range of beds made of itraw, on which, notwithftanding their fim- plicuy, a pcrfon may either (it or lie commodioufly cnouto lia:; a family and cattle, he builds for their ac- fominiitlation feveral fiith huts, and enclofesthe whole witn ;x llrar.^^ wooden fence. The popuhtion of the cities oi nraDia, therclorc, cannot be proportionate tu their extent. The water of Loheia is very bjj is brought from a diffance: the bell comej'i leagues and a half from the city. The common im lirink from a well, which is a league from the 1 Within two leagues of Loheia, is a fmall lull, wy alfords conlidcrable quantities of mineral fait, The city of MiKha, built about four cci.tiirjcsf (tands in a very dry and barren (ituatiou. Its fonji^ tions are the walls that furruund it, feme towers u the way to Mufa, which arc digniKed with ilwiumtii caflles, and two other caflles of the fame fort uiDinli, two arms of the harbour. The created nf theft tu, calflcs is called Kalla Tojar, anutho fniuHcIt KjM Abdurrah, from the names of two faints, hiificjjj thefe two places.. They arc provided with fomc | pieces of cannon. The houfes in the city are built of flonc, and U arc handfome : however, there are others, both wiiliii and without the walls, no better than the hiitji c« iTion through all the Tehama. In the environs of ilji city arc abundance of date trees, and many agrceil gardens. The northern parts of Arabia being fnbjcfl to ni Turks, are governed by badus of their appoiiitiiu The inland country is under the jnrifdidlioii of fcvea petty princes, denominated Xerifs and Imans, wha,iu fpiritual as well as temporal affairs, feem to be akfj] lute, guiding themfelvcs by no other laws than ilwM found in the Koran, and the comnents upon. it. wandering Arabs arc governed by flieikhs and ciukJ A (lieikh fuperintcnds a particular colledtioii of tern, which arc called dow-wars; but an emir rules over J whole tribe, and, confequently, their authority cxienilil to many of thefe dow-wars. There is one diltingwllair by the title of grand-emir, who is in fomc rcf|)iciil fupcrior to the red, tho' his authority is often difpuid. The Arabs have no danding regular militia, hi their chief commands both the perk)ns and purfcsoil the fiibjeds, as the necedity of affairs requires. TliJ people are didributed into feveral clans i and iliJ whole number of inhabitants are fuppufcd to amouml to about two millions^ The HISTORY of the ARABS, andosI MAHOMET, THEIR PROPHET. THE Arabs, even from the earlicll times, haul been a free and independent people. It was foretoMl of their great ancedor Ilhmaul, that his hand (houli againd every man, and every man's hand againlt liinj This prcdic\ion has been remarkably fulfilleil. Tlitj Arabs ars dill wanderers in their native country; ibeyj owe no fiibjedion to any but their emirs, the princaj or chiefs of each itinerant tribe. Robbers by profcfaij they confidcr the property of every ilrangcr as ilidtl own; and their ferocity, added to tbe inhofpitableju-j ture of their cxtenfive defcrts, has much tended tokf' ARABIA. •59 the trad* carried on by caravans to India. In the i„jj,|,« of antiquity, the Arabs were indeed a great warlike people ; they had kings ot their own, and ■uj, allillance Ninus chiefly owed the conqncfl «( -Ion; but inlelline coinmotit>ns, and civil wars cnmmenced among thcmft Ives, and their ditFcrnit I. , |,jvefvcr lince continued under a kind of patri- ,1 mvcrnment. Ncitlicr the IVrfians under Cyrus, GrcflH ""'!"■ Alexander, the Koman!! under their \ fortunate gcnirals, the Tartars und«r Tamerlane, (lijXiirks in their greatcfl height of power, could ,j jn entire conqiicif of Arabia. Part of that coun- was indeed fubdued ; but the greater number of •feHiincitring tribes ftill prcfervcd their independency, bid defiance to all the force that could be fent jnftthcm. • 111 thelixth centiir}-, about the year 596. «he great poftor Mahomet appeared, and changed for a time ■^teatcr part of the Arabian fvllem of government. WIS born at Mecca, and dekerided from the tribe the Coreifchites, edeemcd the mb(l ancient and il- irioiis in Arabia ; but his parents were very poor. the early part of his life, he was employed as a fac- by his uncle, Abuteleb, aind in that capacity tra- iled into Syria, Paleftine, and Egypt. Subtle by na- (, thoiigK deilitute of learning, he made many ob- ijtions on the different religions profcffcd in thofe ntries, and the various fe£ts into which they were idcd. He perceived that mod of the fimdamentaL ncipies of thefe different feds were the fame, and It the contelted tenets which had given rife to ftich jadful animofities, were tririing in thcmfelves, and lence imagined that it would be eafy to form a reli- loa which would unite them all, and remove thofe ai& and animofities which had produced fo many dif- bs among mankind. But his poverty and want of irningwerc obllaclcs which he was at firlt in no ca. iciiy to fiirmount. in the mean time his uncle died, and Mahomet be- imeafervant to a rich Syrian merchant, and for fonie c travelled with his caravans into diflfcrent parts of ilia-Minor, Cadija, the wife of Mahomei's mafler, tn received her fcrvant with pleafurc, and at his ih, took him to her bed. This fortutute incident lived one of the obftacles to Mahomet's fcheme ; was now polTdfed of wealth fufiicient for his pur- ifes, but learning was not; to be pt»chafcd 744 Ibrahim 187,——— 744 Merwan II. theljftofiL race of the Ommiyanjl »34»— — — 75 » Abul Abbas, firft o(, houfe of Abbaj. 136, 754 Abu GiafFar Almanzor 158,———— 755 Mahadi ——169, 785 Hadi 170, 786 Haroun al RafljiJ ■ 193, 809 Amin 198, SigMamon ■ a 18, ' 833 MotaflTen, who wu bon| 'ghth priKtl Icended bl year of the hegira, comminjiil his troops eight rimes in perfon, reigned eight yen,! eight months, and eight days, died in the forty-ciglii| vear of his age, had eight fons and eiuht daughters, 1 left exadly eieht millions of sold in nis treafury. Hegira >37,Chri(l.cra 84a WathekBillak 838,——— 819 Motawakel 947, ——— 801 MontalTer 848, 86a Moftain — — — 85 a, 1 1 I I 866 Motaz 255.——— 869 Mothadi ■■■ B56, ' 1 1 .870 Motamed ■ ^79*' 89B Mothaded ' 889, ■ 909 Moictaphi M .1 — 995, ■ 908 Mocktader 3ao, . 938 Caher I 389, 934 Rhadi 399, ■ 941 Mutaki 833. 944Moftakfi 934» 945 Mothi 363. 973 Thai ■ ' 381, ' ' ' 991 Cader 488, 1031 Ca'iem 467,- 1074 Moitadi 487, 1094 Modader I . ■ ^12, ' ' ■ tiio Moftarched < 6^9> » >35 Rafchcd ■ 530* ' — >>35 Moktaphi II. or Leeii>-| rillah 555,——— — »t6o Mollanged _ ^66, i 1170 Mokudi Hcjirt •wiyali, firiUf iheT^BliiA.] ASIATIC ISLAND •nqu«'(U into liarioiii P»"s "' lii'ropo. They reduced great part of iDiini ttmcc, Italy, and the iflands in the Meditcr- rarcan. The caliphn ol Perfia turned their armn to the ea(J, and conquered fcveral cotintrics ; the Tartars, under Tamerlane, carried their conqiiellii into China and the Indies ; and the Turks reduced the Greek em- pire, and made Confbntinople the feat of their government. In this rapid manner was the Mahometan religion propagated in various parts of the world ; it ii (till Erofelfcd by • confideraole part of mankind, and e(U- Hfhed in various countries. CHAP. XVII. The ASIATIC, or INDIAN and ORIENTAL ISLANDS. TABLE or the ASIATIC and ORIENTAL ISLANDS. Illandti. To wns. Thejapanefc lllcs iThtLadroncs Formofa Anian " The Philippines *.... I The Molucca, or Clove Ifles I'he Banda, or Nutmeg Ifles lAmbdyna f furrounding the Celtbes < Molucca and ICilolo, &C.I. Banda Ifles. r Borneo.'. |TheSundaIfles< Sumatra .i.'. ....li. l^Java, lie, ..1....J.A I The Andaman and Nicobar Ifl^K../. Ceylon ••• The Maldives : ' '. . Bombav. I The iCiirile Ifles, and thofe in the Stji ol Katntfchatka, 'latelv difcovered by the RulFians. . i ^i »•<./. i'i '. . i .'.' ..«*'. , or IN ut meg I lies {furrounding the*) .... Molucca and >.... Banda Ifles. j'. J .... Jcddo, Meaco Gitam Tai-Oiian-fou Kiontcheow Manilla Vidtoria Fort, Ternatc Lantor Amboyna Macalfer Gilolo '.. Borneo, Caytbngee. . . . . Acheh, Behcoolen Bitavia, Bantam Andaman, Nicobar Candy Caridon Bombay r,v-,i'i;^. Sq.M. 138,000 17,000 11,900 «3370o 400 68,400 10,400 B 28,000 1 to, 000 88.»,^o •7.730 'I . Trade with or belong to. lain Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch All nations Englifh and Dutch Dutch All nations Dutch All nations Englifli R)ifli* The empire of JAPAN. ^HE itlands of which this extenfive and opu- lent empire is compofed, are Called Japan, or iNiphon, Bongo,' Tonfa, and Dezima. They a.-e fi|u-' Bted about 150 miles eaft of China, and extend fi'om, jthc gofh to the 41ft deg. of north lat. and from the |i3oth to the 1 47th d'jg. of eaft long. I The inhabitants call this empire Niphbn, the' jname of the chief ifland ; the Chinefe term it Siphon ; land the Europeans give it the general appellation of, IJ'pan. '■ It Was'firft difcovered between the years 1535 ■ and 1548, by the Pbrttigucfc, who were at'terwards expelled from this gainful' trade by the Dutch. Japan' being fituated between the fourth ami feventh climates, the fun rifes with them about eight hours before it does with us. The fea breezes greatly miti- gatfe the hear in fumtner, but they add to the cxceliivc coWncfs in winter, and render the feafons in general exceedingly unfettled. The rains in fummer arc very violent, and ftorros of thunder and lightning, and dreadful hurricanes, frequently happen, to the great detriment ' of' th9 couotty : earthquakes are alfo very common here' '"" 3 U The a6a A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The foil, and iikewife the animal and vegetable pro- diiiflions ol' Japan, arc imich the fame with thofc in China, 'llie tarlh yields Indian ami other corn, fine rice, millet, and various other ^;rain, belidcs feveral kinds of fruits: ';e\vil'c flowers and herbs, particu- larly excellent tea. The mountains, wo' .!s, and fo- rells arc well (locked with horfcs, ilieep, oxen, hogs> tlcphants, wild beafls, Initfaloc};, deer. &c. The rivers, which alRud plenty of filjj, arc gene- rally exceeding rapid, and many dreadful cataraiSb fall from the mouiitaliis. 'I'he principal rivers arc the Ujinyav;'., whole waters arc fo furious, that no bridge can be built over it; the Corric, that takes its name from the province in which it rifes ; and the Al.kagava, reraarkyble for its dcptli and perpetual (hidliiation. The chief lake, called Citz, is loo miles in length, and twenty in breadth. It is formed by tlie conflux of fevcr.il rivers, and difembogucs itfclf into the fea on tiie foulh-welt fide of the illand. j The mountains in diis empire are very numerous, jmort of tlie idands of which it is compofed being fur- rounded by ihem ; one in particular, in Niphon, is of fuch a proiligious height, that tliough its diltance from ilie fliore is fifty-four miles, it may be difccriicd twice ^that dillance by vedels at fea ; and fome authors are of opinion tli.it it is higher than tin; famous peak at Te- ineriffo. Indeed, this may with more propriety be 'called a chiller of moinitains, and among them are eight dreadful volcanoes, which burn with Inch prodi- gious fury, tliat the country is often deftroyed for (c- jveral miles roiuul. Some of the mountains yield mines |«)f gold, lilvcr, copper, tin, lead, iron, and various other ' metals ; while others abound with feyeral forts of mar- I l>le and precious fhjncs. The mountains in the illand I of Niphon alfo afford great variety of inedicinal waters of different dcgreca of heat ; one of which is faid to, be aa liot as burmng-oii. Scvei'al rivers and brooks have their ic nces among them, fome of which fall in gcii- ' (le cafvadi.'S, whillt others form dreadful catarads. ':"■■<.■ 'Vas furrounding thefe illaiuls produce great quan- tities of red and ■\',hc coral, anil pearls of great value, with ."* pruiiifioi )' . ;-plants and beautiful tlicUs. Man)- ,'auj-;c-ruu."- ;vh,<"i'. ; arc formed in thefe leas, whi'.h r.'.'.ke a .>;.!' .■ '•Tjfp, .and, at low water, /wal- low up i::c ^ ,.; ;' ve'ftis, if ti :y attempt to crofs them. The C'..\.ij)) :.i I '"t!.:; Japancfe arc in genera! ycl- lrJ^^'(h, a.rh,n'3 ome few, chiefly women, are almoll white. Their narrow eyes, and high eyebrows, are like thofe of the- Chinefe and Tartars, and their nofes are ih if and thick. Their h lir is univerfally black. They "re very iiige.ruuis mceli.Miics, and greatly ex- cel the Chir.ife in fuch woiks as are common in both empires; particularly in the beauty, goodne-fs, and va- riety of their filks, cottons, aud other llutFs, and in the porceliiu and lacipicred wares. Both the temper and workmaiilhip of ihcir f^.iniitars, fvvords, inufkets, &c. arc fiiptiior to any other made in thelc calltm ]jarls. Their architedlurc is in the fame ftyle as thatofCiijn j but they affetl rather ufefulnefs than grandeur in ii,' houfes, which are built with upright polls, croircj *" wattled with bamboo, plallered both without within, and whitewaflicd : they generally havc'ijl rtories ; but the uppermoft is low, and Mdom inb bitcd. The roofs are Covered with pantiles, Uro;, heavy, but neatly made. The floors arc tlevatcdUn feet from the ground, and covered with nlani;s which mats arc laid. They have no furniture in i'i)J rooms, not even beds. They fit down on tln-irli^J upon mats. Their viduals arc ferved up on a board, near the floor, one difli at a lime. ThcirniitJ rors arc not fixed up as ornamental furniitirc. Their drcfs is fimilar to that of the Chincfe, L. mere neat and elegant, and generally ol filkorcaitojl The women Of fafhion, cfpccially the young onj adorn themlelves with flowers, feathers, pearls, fel but arc feldom feeij abroad, or even at home, byaj except their own people, without a veil. FansarcuW by both fexes equally. They are nattirally cleanly ; in their manners, cidi and polite; obedient to parents, refpedtnl tofiitnia and honell in their dealings ; fo that, though thcir»| nal laws are fovere, punifhincnts are feldoir infiiij ed. Commerce, manufadures, and agriculture tiouni|| here. The forces of Japan, in time of war, amouni til 400,000 foot, and 40,000 horfe ; and the annual rcvc.| nucs have been computed at thirty-fix millions I The government, like thait of alt the caltern naticis,! is dcfpotic ; but the power of the emperor isi;ciiQ;;j| excrcifed with clemency. I The principal commodities exported from Japan, ml rice, filk, and cotton; fine porcelain and lac(;ii.:d| wares, gold,.lilyeri copper wrought and in bars, ucJ n^:el, aiij veriu^r, except the lix weeks of open iruile, wiiaiHtj J.ipanefc refoit from all parts of the eitijiire to l)aiDi,j '\herc they open booths lurniflied with the tiiie:i r.tt- r chaiidifc of their country. lu, the city of Meaco, in 45 deg. 38 mill, northiai.j and i;^8 deg. 1,5 min. call long, which was fonnerli tiic capital, of Ji'.pan, is a cololfus of gilt copper, ot pti- digious dimenllons. It is I'e.itcd in a cli:iir eiglii) ittt I i.n breadth, .uiJ feventy in Kci^^lit. The thumb olilii! eaori^ious ilalue is (oiulcen iuthes iu tirciimkiiw. -,•"••',••• • ■ - ■ • imi OGRAPHy. '■] EMPIRE OF JAPAN. 263 <■•' "'f" grandeur in ,u' 'Pnght poll,, croifej," md both Witllo,,, ja ♦"=}' generally have iJ '"vv, and r.ldom i„J with pantiles, lara,, e floors arc dcvaicdi, rovcrcd with pbnr, , 'ave no furniture i„ ,L -' lit down „n their y arc fcrvcd up 0,, a hat a time. Theim cntal furniture. lat of the Chincfe, bn '^nerallyoriilkorcoiiJ 'cc.ally the young o„J r-S leathers, pearlj, jj or even at luune, by J out a veil. Fans arc J in their manners, ciijl s. rerpcdiiil tofop-riinl 10 that, though ihcirJ icnts are feidoir inBiil s, and agriculture floDriill time of war, amount «,, ^fe ; and the annual ml lirty-lix millions flerliiiJ : all the caltern naiionj the emperor is gencilijl exported from Japan, inl porcelain and lac(]ii.;t ought and in bars, iioa,! 1 furs, lea ol all [orti,! in that of China; acrtil ell as their tea are'lolil lily prefcrvcd; d'anioi:i| arls.ot exijtiilite beauiJ 1$,, except the DiitcUJ ilandeis are alljwcd icI lis ai Nagalaeci, in ti'rl ere is .in exiclltnt bf I to coMverfe with ai:yof| ire appoiiitcil by ihcjO'l ;)f open trade, wiiiiiDtl d the empire tul).Mi,[ lied with the fuiclt ;".«■ | ileg. 38 min. norih k I ig. which was fonnentl Js of gilt cuppir, ot pii" ed in a eliair iijjIiiyKttj ht. The thumb oil' iv'hes ill circiin'.fuciK°e. I ml tlic other parts in proportnn ; fifteen men can U on its head. It is one of ti.e principal idols of 1$ empire- _ ^ leddo, Jedo, or Yeddo, is now the metropolis of the Ipire, and the inofl conddcrable city in Japan. It is Ke and populous, and contains the palace of the cm- m ten or twelve miles in circumference. This is in 3,5 fl^g- 4^ '"'"• "Of'h 'at. and 144 deg. 10 In, eaftl'ong. iltxt to the above two, the nioft confiderablc city liapan isOfacro, which is fittiatcd at the inoiith of iriver Jedogawa, about fifteen leagues from Meaco, lin 35'1'^g' '5 '^'"- "O""''' 'at. and 137 deg. 20 m-n. long. It is deemed the principal fea-port in the Ipire, and is filled with an incredible number of mcr- Lts, tradefmen, mechanics, ccclefiadics, &c. It is Er fifteen miles in circuit, contains many elegant life, fomc palaces belonging to the nobility, and is ongly fortified. iThe principal commodities of Japan have been al- Vly mentioned : and it may not be imp.'jper to add, it no people in the world equal the Japanefe in the Irnefsoi' their dealings ; no fraud of any kiid is prac- 1; their commodities are genuine, not the leaft liiltcration is ufed. Cautious and iaithful themfelvcs, lyexpeft the fame treatment from others. AU com-' ndiiies are exported a;.d ir., ported duty free. But if titraband goods are found vin board any tradin^^ vef- , if the wares are either adulterated ordamageii, and : injury concealed, or ahy fraud be difcovered in the Voice, the offenders are always puniflied in the fevered anticr. At the frafon when the Dutch fleet is expedled, ccn- bels arf placed on the hills to give timely notice of ; approach of any fhips i and boats are immediately nt off with proper otficers, who take care that *r> iie of any kind be carried on with the natives, t: , I permilTion to trade arrives from the emperor : even lenthe greaicfl regularity is obferved, fix only of the amen are permitted to go on lliore at one time ; and 'Si manner they fucteed each other during the time le mart is open. By this wife condudl, all difordcrs h nknown; trade is carried on in a fair and open laiHia; all frauds and deceptions, which generally re- lit from hurry and confulion, are prevented ; and the Ihole is conduced in a manner that gives entire futif- iftion to both parties. Bcfidcs the iiigars, fpices, and manufaflured poods fliith the Dutch fend to Japan, they i arry thitlitr an- ually upwards of 200,000 doe-lkins, and more than loo,coo hides, the greatelt part of which they get lom Siam, where they pay for them in money. The perchandile they export from thefe iflands, both for lengal and Europe, confifls in qoo chells of copper, ^ch weighing 120 pounds, and from 25 to 30,000 loiinds weight of cauiphire. Their profits on imports Ind expwis are \alutd at forty or forty-five per cent. "5 the Dutch company do not pay duty in Japan, ci- 3 ther on their exports or imports, they feiui an annual, prefent to the cmneror, confifling of cloths, chintz,, i'uccotas, cottons, flutFs, and trinkets. The Japanefc are the grofFell of all idolaters; nor' does it appear that they ever had any notion of a Su-, premc Being: they believe the world to have exifted from all eternity; and that the gods they worfhip were once men, who lived upon earth feveral thoufand years, and were at lart, as a reward for their piety, mortification, and voluntary death, raifed to that height of power and dignity they now poifefs. They are fo irreconcileablc toChriftianity, that it is commonly faid, vhe Dutch, who are the only Europeans with whom they now trade, pretend themfelvcs to be no ChrifVians, and humour the people in the mort abfurd fiiperflitions ; inafmuch as it is faid, that a ftranger is not fuffered to land in any part of the empire, unlefs he firft publicly renounces the Chrillian religion. But notwithllanding this fhamefiil compliance of the Dutch, the natives are very (hy and rigorous in all their dealings with them. Thejapantfe are not reinarkable forufeful learning, aflrology being the art in general fludied amorerfcciition againlt the Chriilians. Jie d'^'' on the 6th of Xrcinbcr, A. D. 1598. Affcr his dcceafc he was deified, and called the Seond Mars nfjatan. ll^*^* a. 'Onanbacundono, the nephew of Taycho, is ac- cotintcd the thirtieth Cubo, as he reigned for foine time in conjiin£lion with his uncle; but having difo- bliged that monarch, he was ordered to rip up his own bowels, the moft honourable method of fufFering death « in Japan. 3. Fide-Jori, the fon of Taycho, began his reign at fix years of age ; during his minority, the affairs of governtnent were conduced by his father-in-law, Ijpjas, for Fidcrjori had been contrafled in his in- fancy to a daughter of that nobleman, who traiteroully deprived him of his crown and life, after a reign of foi:rteen years. 4. Ijeja? Samma, having ufurpcd the throne, made the following articles the principal obje£ls of his reign. 1. The total extirpation of the Portuguefe from Japan, 2. The prohibition of any of his fiibjedls from leaving the empnc, and recalling thofe who were in foreign parts. 3. The publication of feverc cdifts ngainf^ gani- ing, hrxury, and diiellitig. 4 The granting a Dutch faaoA' to be cftablifhed in Japan. It may be proper to obferve here, that the perfecu- tiop againft the ChtiUians in Jajpan, both natives and foreigner?, was carried on with fuch horrid cruelty, that in the fpace of the four firft years of the reign of this monarch, 2o,,j70 pcrfons were maffacred. Not- withdanding which, in the two fucceeding years, after the chnrches had been fhiit, and the public profelfing of ChrilUanity prohibited, the Jtfuits, by their private cndeavotirs, made 12,000 profelytes; and when any of thefe were detected, they not only abfolutely refiifed to abjure the Chritlian faith, but readily fubmitted to death, and fi'.ffered inartyrdom with allonifhing con- ftancy. And indeed the perfecution continued forty years, reckoning from its commencement, in the reign :: of Taycho, witii unreinitting cruelty, before Chrilti- anity could be totally exterminated. Ijejas reigned about five years after the death of Fide-Jori, and died at about , fcventy year'; of age. ,5. ride-Tada, thcgra'ttdfon of the above monarch, as we have already inlcrred, continued the perfecution, till at length the Chriflians, driven to the iitmcfl dcfpair, retired to the number of 37,000, to the caftlc of Sima- bara, in the ill'and of Xinio, where they determined to defend themfelves to the bft extremity. Thejapanefe kfmy laid Iregc to the place, which held out for three months ; but at length was compelled to furrendcr on the lath of April 1638, when the Chriilians Were all put to the fword. This monarch reigned eighteen years, and was fuc- ceedcd by his fon. 6. Ijemitz. This emperor reigned twcntt years, and was fucceejcd by, '^ 7. Ijctznako. Tl's monarch, who was the fml the former, reigned. thirty years, and left the crotwl his fon, 8. Tfinajos. This prince was the laft Japan, narch that we have any authentic account of, mii- upon the throne when the Dutch ambaifador »«] Japan, in the year 1692, being tlien fortv-ihrKyJ of age, and having reigned thirteen years; he »»] great philofopher, a Uriel obferver of the Uiv. , ceedingly humane and benevolent, and, in tlij, fenfe of the word, the father of his people. CHAP. xvni. The LADRONE ISLANDS. | THESE iflands, which are about twenty inoQ ber, belong to the Spaniards, and were firft j covered in 1,521. They oWined the nameofMiiji Iflands, frfim Mary, Queen of Spain, who reipeij the time of their being firf. inhabited by her fubW They are alfo known by the name of Thicves-Ilj) which epithet was given to them by Ferdinand gellan, the firfl perfon who difcovered them, on accoL of the continual robberies for Ibme time cummitiedlj the natives. The Ladrone I Hands lie about 600 leagues to tk a of Canton in China; 700 leagues ealt from theP lippines, and 7300 weft from Cape Coricntesin/ rica. The principal part of them have been for 1 years uninhabited, notwithilanding they arc ail 1 fantly fituated, and the foil in general is very is The only one ihat can properly be faid to be nowii habited by the Spaniards is Guam, where a govw refldcs, and where there is kept a very ftrong ganifj It is at this illand that the Manilla regifler-lhipgen rally takes in frefh provif^ons and waters, in her i fage from Acapulco »o the Philippines. The iflands of Tinian and Rota were once veryp pulous ; but the former i.s now quite uninhabited, 1 the latter contains only a few Indiani, who areo ployed in cultivat'ng rice for the inhabitants ofGual Guam is about forty miles in length, and ninttl miles ill circumference, and the number ot'inhabim are ellimated at 4000 ; out of which it is fiippofeJ lootl live in the city of San Ignatio de Agona, wjicreikl governor ufually rclides. It is pleafantly lituitcd, all affords a fine landfcape when viewed from the fal The foil being rather dry, it produces litiie rice; irtl they have feveral kinds of excellent fruit, pariiculs^l pine-apples, melons, and oranges. They have libl wife plenty of cocoas, yains, and a fruit abcmttlicfiill of an apple, which, when baked, is exceeding) and is ufed in (lead of bread. The natives of this illand are ftrong and weil-llii|i(i| jlIA.] ISLANDS or FORMOSA and HAINAN. 26.1 trong and well-Hupdl of an olive compUxior ; they have thick, lips, a vifagei and a. Hem coui.tcnaace : they wear long 3t hai'i anoio* themfelves vifith the oil of the, co- H-DUt «id paint ''leir teeth with red and black co- r' q'heir houfcs afe.chici|y built of (looe apd tim- t and tiie tops of their are covered with tiles. Their dchitfly confifts of cocvianuts, batianas, fowls, fifli, ooiIj; llifi '*"^'' °^ wnich is peculiarly fweet in rtalle, the ^i"?* lacing piincipally fed with cocoa- its which grow here in the greateft abundance. friienther iflarids here, though uninhabited, aSbrd a jj, plenty of provifions; but neither of them have If commodious harbour. Lord Anfon landed upon Lifland of Tiniap, where he found great refrelhment rhimfeifand his crew. IhbISLAN.DS of FORMOSA and HAINAN. [SOME parts of thefe iflands belong to the Chinefe, to Lm the natives arefubjeft; but in the other parts L liveindependenr, and are only Cubjefl to their own jfs and government. [foKMOSA, which is the moft fertile of thefe iflands, laliogether a vtr/ fine country ; and for that reafon it liined its name,' the word Formofa fignifying fc'r or Liiiful. It 's (ituated nearly oppofite to the province [Fo-kien in Chin), and is connputed to be &i6 iniles I length from north to fouth, and about 70 miles in I broadeft p-irt. Its longitude from Pekin is from 3 |g. 20 min. 10 5 dog. 4p min. eaft ; fo that when the In is almost vertical oyer it, the climate is rather ho.:; lit this is far frcoi being difagreeable, as the violence .he heat, is i^reaily mitigated by the (ituation of iflarJ, which is fo elevated, as to receive the fl!l a^;reeat''; advantages from the cooling breezes of h fca. [That pait of "he i(lnm pofTeflTcd by the Chinefe is rticularly "fertile, apd produces great quantities of dif- Ircntitinds of grain, tfpecialiy rice ; and its fertility is |r:i!vu.cele::.ted by Oie numerous rivers, whofe llreams Jide convenionliy through it. This illinc likewife produces as great a variety of lilts as arc 10 be found in any other parts of the Indies ; liticularly ormiges, cocoas, bananas, ananas, guyavas, spjyas, &c. allii fcveral kinds of thofe produced in tiiTupc, as peache^, apricots, figs, grapes, and chefnuts. iicyhave likewifu a fort of melon, which is of an blong futm, and much larger than thofe in Europe : hey confift of a white or red pulp, and are full of a ine jmce, which is exceeding grateful to the taftc. Sugar and tobacco alfo grow here to the greaieit per- , Mion; and the trees that produce thefe are fo agree- oly arranged, tiiat they appear as if calculated to em- liiDithc moll b<.autiiul garden. The wild beads of this ifland arc but few, and thofe ^dom fceii, as they chiefly inhabit the diflant parts of it, which .ar& exceeding mountainous, and feldom rc- forted to hy the inhabitants. They have {mne horfes, (heep, oxen, goats, and hogs. They have but few birds, the principal of wlvich it tlie phearant ; but the rivers produce gfeat.plenty of various kinds of fill). Thecoafb about this ifland are very high and rocky, and have neither havens or fca-pprts, fo that it is almofl impoflible toeffeift an invafion. Teovang, or Tyowang, is the o.ily bay in the whole ifland, where fhips of any bulk can approach ; and this is fituated at the mouth of a river fo narrqw, and defended by fuch high rocks and forts oa each fide, that no enemy could polTibly enter it, without bqing rcpuifed. The inhabitants of thofe pafts of the ifland belonging to the Chinefe, have the fame manners and cufloms, and are under the fame government as thofe of China } ' fo that a repetition of them would be here unnccelfary : we fhall therefore only defcribe the perfcns, manners, and cufloms of the natives. The natives of this ifland, who are fubje£l to the- Chinefe, are divided into forty-five boroughs, or towns, thirty-fix of Which are in the northern part, and nine in the fouthern. They, are in general of. a low flature, have a large mouth, and are very fwarthy in cum- ; plexion : they have a very high forehead, and are alto- ' gether greatly difproportioncd, for the body is very fhort, < th^ neck fmail, and th^ arms and legs remarkably long. Their weapons are bows and arrows, which they ' ufe with fuch dexterity, that they will kill a pheafant flying at the diftance of 400 yards. They have little [ ceremony in their maniages ; nor do they purchafc their wives as in China. ^omc wri rs have dcfcribed the Formofans as being mere infidels, which we can afllign no oth|:r reafon for, but from their being confidered fo by the Chinefe. This, however, is a falfe affertion : they believe in one ' Supreme Being, and feem to entertain wifer notions than the inhabitants of many eadern countries. The Chinefe acknowledge that they are not fubjc£i to cheat, thieve, or quarrel \ but, on the contrary, that they pra£)ife all the duties of equity and mutual bene- volence. They worfhip idols as in Chins. ') whom they oflxr facrifices of hogs, rice, &c. Their manner of treating the dead before interitient is very fingular. When a perfon dies, they lay him on a kind offcafl^old made of L-iinboo, which they place over a flow fire for nine days ; after which they wrap the corpfe in a mat, and lay i^ on a higher fcaflTold, covered with a pavilion, made of fhreds of filk, cloth, &c. Here it remains for two years, at the expiration of wluch, thcv dig a large hole in the ground, and bury fcafling, mufic, dancing, &c. it. Each of ti'.i'fc ceremonies is accompajiied w'l Onccuflom 'salmoff univerfal among them, namely, if a perfon is exceeding ill, or afflided with any pain- ful diforder, which is not likely to be removed, they think it a kindnefs to difpatch him. The government of each town or borough is con- 3 X fined %a»>^ 266 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM o^ UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. m fined » » itfelf. Three or four of the mod ancient, who arc k,iOwn to be men of integrity, are appointed as judges over the reft, who determine all differences ; and iie who refufcs to fubmit to the decifion, is ba- nirtied the town, nor can he either return, or be ad- mitted into any of the others, fo that he is obliged to finifli his days, without ever again participating of the natural enjoyments of focicty. An annual tribute is paid by the inhabitants to the Chincfe, which ccnlifts of certain quantities of grain, the tails and fkins of ftags, and other pfodudlions of the country. In order to gather this tribute, a pcrfon is appointed to each town, who learns the language of the natives, and difcharges the office of interpreter be- tween them and the mandarins of China. There were formerly twelve boroughs in the fouthern part of the ifland that paid tribute to the Chinefe ; but, from the tyrannic conduft of their interpreter, or gatherer of the tax, they revolted, drove the interpreter out of the town, and no longer continued to pay tribute to China. Tile capital city of Formofa is called Tai-ouan-fou. It is large and populous, and carries on fo extenfive a trade, that it is little inferior to fomeof the molt opu- knt in China. It is plentifully fupplicd with all kinds of provifions, either of its own produ£t, or commo- dities brought from other countries, as rice, cotton, fiigar, wine, tobacco, and dried venifon, the latter of which is greatly admired by the Chinefe, and confi- dered as the moft delicious food. They have likewife all kinds of fruits, medicinal herbs, roots, gems, &c. with plenty of linen, filk, and cotton of various fortj. The ftreets are long and fpacious, the houfes verv fmall, built of clay, and covered with thatch ; the buildings have awnings on each fide, that join in fuch a manner as to cover the ftreet ; but thefe are only ufcd during the hot months, to keep off the exceffive heat of the fun. Some of the flreets are near three miles in length, and between thirty and foity feet broad : thefe (Ireets arc chieHy occupied by dealers, whofe fliops arc furnifhed with all kinds of goods, ranged and difplayed to thegreatefl advantage. Thefe fliops appear very brilliant, and many people walk in the ftreets merely to gratify themfclves with the fight of fo great a variety of the richelt commodities. Though this city is not defended either by walls or fortifications, it has a good garrifon of horfc and foot, confiding of 10,000 men, who are principally Tartars. Thefe are commanded by a lieutenant-general, two major-generals, and a number of inferior officers, who arc at liberty to relinquifli their fituation after having fervcd three years, or fooner, if occafion fhould require. The harbour is tolerably good, and Iheltercd from the winds ; but the entrance to it is dangerous for fhips of burthen, the bottom of it being rocky, and the water not abovfe ten feet deep at the higheft tides. The moll authentic hiftprians inform us, that the ifland of Formofa was firft inhabited by the Japancfc about the beginning of the laft century. Thefe peopii, were fo pleafed with the appearance of the counLl that they built fcveral fmall towns, and foon fetiltdif colony : however, they were but a (hort time on tb illand before they were interrupted by the Dutch. J (hip belonging to whom being axidentally forctdijiil the harbour, the people landed on the ifland, inordgl to obtain refrefhments, and repair 'he damage the vtf.l fcl had fuftained by the ftorm. Pleafed with them rent fertility of the country, and the wholefomenefioi the climate, tht-y formed a plan of circumventing tM Japanefe, by taking the ifland into their own polTeloiij Fearful, however, of offending them, lefl itmightk injurious to their trade, they were very cautious iii»ki|| manner they proceeded ; and though they were the noil powerful, yet they were rather defirous of obtainiwl their wifhcs by artful than violent mcafures, To*l fed this, they earneftly entreated the Japanefe, thatthtrl would permit theni to build a houfe near the fcalidt,! which, they alleged," would be of the greateft utiliijj to them in their palHigc to and from Japan. Thisre.l queft was rcfiifed, which produced 1 fecond folicititioi'l tliat met with no better fuccefs. Unwilling, however.m'j give up any endeavours they could projetS, theyagjiif renewed their folicitations, and preffed them togitjj confent, alTuringthem that they defired no moregrodi than what might be encompaffed by the hide of an oil The modefly, as well as oddity, of this requeft, y| the wiflied-for effeft, and the Japanefe at length; their confent. Having now made an opening into their future in-l tentions, the Dutch immediately difcovered a piececfl cunning little thought of by the Japanefe. They gouj large hide, which they cut into a number of flips, amil fattening the whole together, covered a very extcnliKl piece of ground, on which, inftead of a finele buildioft they ereaed feveral fpacious habitations. The Japanefe were at firft greatly vexed at this flratagem, but, from I the fincularity of it, they were at lengtn pacified; an! were fo far from either envying the Dutch, or being! any way apprehenfive of danger from them, that they | permitted them to do whatever they thought proper;] and of this indulgence the Dutch were not deficientin taking the greateft advantages, for they foon crefld feveral ftrong buildings, particularly a caftle, which ihtn called Zealand, fituated on fo advantageous afpotitha it was impoffible for any fhip to enter it, of whatevei force, without being repulfed. But in procefsoftime, the Japanefe, being either offended at the great pro- grefs the Dutch had made, or not finding the advan- tages they expelled, foon quitted the ifland, and Idt the Dutch in fole polfeflion of it ; after which the Iv ter eredted other fortifications oppofite to theirnewfori, and raifed fuch other defences, as made them complete I matters of the ifland, which however continued but a | few years in their poireflion. One of the Chinefe gi.- nerals (a man of an enterprifing genius) being defeated by the Tartars, who were then at war with the Clii- . .-... ncfci GRAPHY. ISIA. .] ISLANDS OF FORMOSA and HAINAN. 267 :cntury. Thefepeopl irance of the couninl \rns, and foon fetiltdlj Jt a. fliort time on i, ipted by the Dutch. J accidentally forced in. on the ifland, in nrJtr| lir the damage the v(f.| Pleafed with tho a?pj.l i the wholefomenefio 1 of circnimventingtkil ito their own poM(ft| them, left it mjghii e very cautious in wlni 3ugh they were the moll r defirous of obtainiwj ent mcafures. Torf.j Ithe Japanefc.thatth^j loufe near the fealiiie,! of the greatell utiliiJ from Japan. Thisrt.| ced a fecond folicitiiiosl U n v\il 1 i ng, however, hi •uld projefl, theyagiii| d prefled them togittj defired no moregrourfl d by the hide of anoLi ty, of this requeft, Wl apanefe at length g»t| ig into their future i^l ly difcovered apieceofj Japanefe. They gotil a number of flips, anil overed a very extenlivt'j :ad of a finele building I litations. Ihejapantfcl iS ftratagem, but, from I « lengtn pacified; audi g the Dutch, or beingl r from them, thatthtjf r they thought proper;! :h were not deficient in for they foon credeJ irly a caule, which they Ivantageous a I'pot, iliii o enter it, of whatever ' But in procefsoftim, nded at the great pro- 1 not finding the advan-! ed the illand, and leli . ; after which the I; pofitetotheirnewfon, IS made them complctt wever continued but a | ,'neof the Chinefc^- genius) being dcfeaiM at war with the Chi- neft. o Lfe fixed his views on Formofi, funning a refoFiition foulVmgthe Dutch, and eftabliftiing a new kingdom Itheiwnd. Accordingly he failed from China with ■very confiderable fleet, and arriving near the mouth [the harbour, he landed fome of his men, and began [attack the fort of Zealanij. The Dutch, not being Lehenfive of any danger, were ill provided to attack ('powerful an enemy : they had only four (hips in the Irbour, and not above twenty men in the fort, exclu- |e of the natives ; notwithltanding which they made jrorciblean opposition, that the fiege lafted upwards I three months. The Chinefe general was fo enraged ibcing thus difapuointed, that he at length had re- Vfetoa very djfperate effort, which had the defired m. He converted feveral of his veflels into fire- |p<;, and the wind happening to be high and favour- Be, drove them into the harbour, when three of the litch ihips were entirely deftroyed. Thus fituated, f Dutch could not make any further refiftance, and fe Chinefe general offering them liberty to depart with lir effeds in cafe they would furrender, they readily lepted the olFer ; and putting all their valuables on lirdthe Ihip thai was left, they departed, and left the linefe general fole polTeiTor of the ifland. The ge- iraniediately acknowledged fubmiflion to the em- w, and feveral other towns were foon built on dif- lent parts of the ifland, the inhabitants of which have \t fince been fubjeft to the government of China, , as hath been before obferved, tcftify their fubmif- I by an annual tribute. Hainan, the other ifland rthe principal part of bch alfo belongs to the Chinefe) is of confider- Ic extent, and fome of the towns are very populous. lis fituated between 107 and iiodeg. eaft long, and Iwccn 18 and 20 deg. north lat. It is bounded on scad by the Chinefe fea ; on the wefl by the coaft of ichinChina ; on the north by part of the province of mg-tong, to which it belongs ; and on the fouth Itiie channel of Paracel, which joins the caflern coafl ] Cochin-China. It is about 200 miles in length ealt to weft, near 130 in breadth, and about 400 Icircumference. Cian-tcheou is the principal city ; and is fo fituated. It (hips lie at anchor clofe to its walls with the ateft fecurity. The ftreets are very uniform, and jieof them at leaft a mile in length, but the houfes Iperal are low mean buildings. But, bcfides the fiial, there arc feveral other confiderable cities on lifland, all of which are fituated near the fea-fide, bji'ftto thejurifdidion of Kian-tcheou, which |ovcrnedby mandarins of two orders, namely, thofe ^earning, and thofe of arms. Jn the fouthern part of the ifland there is a fine t, the bay of which is near twenty feet deep. There hill) another very convenient port on the northern Ti ihe entrance to which is defended by two fmall [Is, though the depth of water does not exceed twelve Here the barks frequently come from Canton 3 with various commodities, in exchange for which they take feveral kinds of minerals, the natural produce of the country ; for in fome parts of the ifland there are gold and filver mines, as alfo mints that produce the lapis-lazuli, which the natives of Canton ufe in paint- ing the blue porcelain. Between the two forts that defend the entrance of the northern port, is a large plain, on which are feveral handfome Chinefe fe- pulchres. The climate of this ifland is in general very un- healthy, particularly the northern part, though the foil is tolerably fertile. The fouthern and eaftern parts arc exceeding mountainous ; but the vallies beneath are rich, and produce great plenty of rice.. Here are, like- wife feveral forts of very valuable trees, particularly the rofe, or violet-tree, which is fo fragrant in its fcent, that it is purchafcd at a very high price fot the fole ufe of the emperor. There is alio another tree little inferior to this ; it produces a kind of liquid, which by the tiatives is called dragon's blood, and, if thrown into the fire, diffufes a fcent of the moft agree- able nature. Indigo grows very plentifully on this ifland, as alfo fugar, tobacco, and cotton ; and they have a great variety of the moft delicious fruits. Horfes, (hecp, cows, and hogs, arf the chief ani- mals here. On the mountains, and in the woods, are prodigious numbers of apes, fome of which arc very large, of a black colour, and the featuies of their faces fo diftin£t, as torefemble the human fpecies wirii greater nicenefs than any others to be found in the uni- verfe ; but thefe are very feldom fcen ; and though the natives have often endeavoured to catch them, yet they are fo cunning and alert, that they have baffled every , machination they could projedl. Thefe ap^s appear to be of the fame fpecies with two fcnt fome years ago in a coafting veflel, as a prcfent from a merchant of the rajah of the Carnatic dominions to the governor of Bombay, a particular defcription of which is thus given by Mr. Grofc in his yayage to tit Eajl-hd'ies i " They were, fays he, fcarcely two feet high, walked ereft, and had perfedlly an human form. They were of a fallow white, without any hair, except in thofe parts that is cuftomary for mankind to have it. By their melancholy, they fcemed to have a rational fcnfc of their captivity, and had many of the human ac- tions. They made their bed very orderly in the cage in which they were fent, and, on being viewed, WDuld endeavour to conceal with their hands thofe parts that modefty forbids manifefting. The joints of their knees were not re-entering like thofe of monkies, but faliant like thofe of men ; a circumftance they have in com- mon with the Oran-outangs in the eaftern parts of India, particularly in Sumatra, Java, and the Spice Iflands, of which thefe feem to be the diminutives, though with nearer approaches of rcfcmblancc to the human fpecies. But though the navigation from the Carnatic coaft to Bombay is of a very ihort run, of not above fix or feven degrees, whetker the fea air did not agree \ ^m i 1 ■"'if H ft68 A NEW AND COMPIiETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. agree with th.^m, or tha^ tjic]^ could, not. t^rook their confinement, or that the c.ap.tatn had not properly ron- fiilted their provifion, the f(:malc ricjci-ning iirft died, and the male giving nil the dcmonltratipiiS; of grief, feemed to take it to heart fo, that he refufed to eat, and in two days after tuUowcd !icr. The captain, on his return to Bdmbav, reporting, this to the governor, washy him aflccd. What he had (lone \yith the bodies r He faid, he had flung them overboard. Being further aflccd. Why, he did not keep them in^ fpirits ? he re- plied, that lie did not think of it. On this the governor wrote afrelh to tl^e merchant, dcllring him to procure another couple at ar^y rate,, a$ he (hould grudge no e^r pence to be madcr of Aich a curiofity. The merchant's anfwer was, He would very willingly oblige him, btit that he was afr-tid it \>'ould not be in his power : that thefe creatures came from %, fored ahout 70 leagues up the country, where the inhabitants would fpmetimes catch them on the flcirts of it ; but that, they were (o exquifitely cunnine and ihy, that this fcarccly happened once in a century. Hainan alfo abounds with various l^inds of game, Earticularly deer and "hares ; alfo a great plenty of irdy, as partridges, woodcocks, fnipes, turtle-doves, and moft forts of water-fowl, all which are little infe- rior to thofe in Europe. They have likewifemoft forts of fifli in great abundance : among thefe is a little blue fifh found among the rocks, which is fo beautiful as to be elleemed of greater value than the golden fill) \ but they will li^e only a few days out of their natural element. The natives of this ifland are fliort in ftature, of a reddifli complexion, and fume of them greatly de- formed. The men wear only a loofe garment, reach- ing from the waift to the knees : it is made of calico, and the colour is either a deep blue, or quite black. The women wear a garment made of the fame ftufF, though different in form : it foinewhat rcfcrables a wailkoaf, and reaches from the (houlders to the knees : and they are further diftinguilhed from the. men by ftreaks made on their faces with indigo. Both fexcs braid their hair, and ornament their ears with rings ; and their hats, which tie under the chin, are made of llraw or rattan. Their chief weapons are bows and arrows, in the ufe of which they are not fo expert as the inhabitants of Formofa. They have alfo a Kind of hanger faftened with a girdle to their waift^ which they generally ufe to clear the way in forefts, or other woody places. They occupy the centre part of the ifland, which is very mountainous ; and here they live independent, being fubjc<5l only to their own laws and modes .of government. The natives are feldom fccn by the Chinefc, except when they make an attempt to furprife any of the neighbouring villages. This, however, feldom hap- pens, and when it does, they are naturally fuch cow- ards, that half a dozen Chinefe will defeat at Icaft an hundred of them. Many of them are in the fervice of the Chinefe, who employ them to cultivate tit lands, and take care of their cattle. Others of i||, are allowed to polfcfs villages on the plain; anJi| principal paft, as in Formofi, R^y an animal tijbi to the empjiror of China. The PHI:I,IBPI.NE IS.LANDS.1 THESE iflands, which are about ijoo inmiinlii lie in the Chinefe fea (part of the Pacitic Octaniii miles fouih-eafl of China, fron; 5 to 19 deg; northli and froin the 1,14th to 130th dcg. of call loi Manilla, or Lnconia, the chief, is 400 miles jgi and 200. broad. They were difcovered in the 1521 by Franci(i Magellan, but no attempt n,^ either to fubdue or fettle them till the year ijG^li the reign of Philip II. when Lopez pelagafpes coi quered and planted colonics in them, and gave the name of Philippines, in honour of the princevi then filled the Spanilh throne. Th^ inhabitants con^ of Chinefe, Ethiopians, Malays, Spaniards, Ponugud^ Pintados, or painted people, and Melles, amixiuiiij all thefe. No part of the world produpes greater pb of all the neceflaries oflife than thefe iflands; noia any country afford a more beautiful profpe£l, then bemg clothed with a perpetual verdure, and bii(ls,b foms, and fruits fuc.eed each other during the win year. Confldcrable quantities of gold are waflieddoi from the hills by the rains, and found mixed wiihtl fand in the rivers. The plains are full of bulfaloe hprfes, oxen, and goats; and the woods abound «ili deer, wild hoes, and monkies. Among a great vahd of birds, is tnat called the faligan, wTiofe nell affd that difTolvii^g jelly fo much valued by thevoiupiii of Europe. The foil is fo luxurious, that if a fpri{d an orange or lemon tree be planted, it becomes ina year a fruit-bearing tree. The Spaniards have inln duced here feveral of the European and; American fnil| trees, which flourifh as well as in their native foill The cacao or chocojate-nut tree is now fu commos^ thefe iflands, that they have no longer any occafioiili| import that; commodity from Mexico. TbetreeAntll ftipplies the natives with water ; and there is kind of cane called vaxuco by the Spaniards, v\tiiiii,| if cut, yields fair wat«r fufScient for a dimght, ml there are plenty of thein in the moi^ntains, v\'herewili| is moft wanted. The fltuation of thefe iflands, particularly tht il N'aailla, is remarkably advantageous; on thenuiiliiil China, on the north-eaft Japan, on the fuuththeoitej iflands on the oriental ocean, at)d on the v\e(lMalwi,l Siam. Cochin-China, and other kingdoms and pro-j vinces of India. I Manilla, the capital of Luconia, fituated on iktl fouth-cail fide of the ifland, is faid to contain 3oal inhabitants. It is of an irregular form, andaboutiwj miles iri circuinfercncc. Only fmall vcir«ls can coal isiA.] PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 269 to M»nilla ; biit rtirec leagues to the fouthward ,|,e town is the port of Cavite, defended by the Dl( of St. Philip, by mnch the beft fortrefs in the Ld, an*' capable of receiving the largcfl Ihips. In K Jar 1762, the city of Manilla was reducecl by the InElilh. under General Draper and Adiniral Corniih, MutooV it by ftorm ; but, from a principle of hnnia- ttv, fuffered the archbifhop, who was then viceroy, \m(om the place for about a million fh-riing. The tontraft was, howcvxr, ungeneroiidy difowmd, both • the prelate and the court of Spain, fo that tlic greater L of the ranfom is dill unpaid. A very lucrative Uj is carried on with America, by annual fliips, Ccn at Manilla with the riches of the Euft, which lev carry to Acapulco in Mexico, where they cx- B-anee their cargoes for filver. It was one of thefe lleons that Lord Anfon took in his voyage round the f Mindanao is, next to Luconia, the largclt of the Lfippine Iflands, but is not fubjed to Spain. The hhibitants. are of different tribes ; thofc of the inland Lrts are fuppofed to be the Aborigines, or Pagans, [ho firftpoiieired thefe illands ; but the fea-coa(ts are pabited by Mahometans. It is very fertile, pro- lucing nioft of the fruits common to the torrid zone. Iiltuid that both clove and nutmeg trees are found in Ms iiland. This ifland is governed by one of their letty princes, a Mahometan, whom they call fultan. The Moluccas, commonly called the Spice or JioVE Islands, lie in a^ clulttr, and within fight of Cne another, not being more than twenty-five leagues fouthof the Philippines, between one degree fouth, and wo degrees north latitude, and in 125 degrees of caft longitude. They are five in number, viz. Bachian, Vlachian, Motyr, Ternate, and Tydorc. The Dutch lave a fort in Ternate, called Viiiloria ; and another 1 Machian, calici Fort Orange. None of thefe illands produce either corn or rice, fo hat fago is the principal food of the inhabitants. I'heir khief produce, belides the tropical fruits, confiits in tloves, mace, and nutmegs, which arc here in prodi- tious plenty. Thefe fpices are monopolized by the Jutcli, with fo much jealoufy, that they annually de- Rtoy great numbers of the trees, kit the inhabitants \m\i difpofe of the fupcrnumerary fpices to other laiions. They were difcovcred in the year 1511, by Francis Magellan ; and, after being fubjedl to fevcral powers, are now governed by three princes fubordinate fo the Dutch. I'ernate, the largeft of thefe illands, is liot above tiiirty miles in circumference. Amboyna is one of the Moluccas, takem in the pargcit fcnfe of the word : it is the molt confiderable, and in fail commands all the Moluccas, It is about tfcventy miles in circumference, and defended by a IDuich garrifon of feven or eight hundred men, belides ffcveial loits, iot the protediuu of their dove planta- fiotis. The Moluccas have been often called the gold mine of the Dutch, and perhaps not improperly. The produce of fpices is amazmg, and the profit remarkably great ; a pound weight of either nutmegs or cloves not cofting the company abrwe a penny in the coimtry, and every one knows the price they fetch in Europe. The nutmeg harveft is in July and Auguft, but that of cloves Hv^t till November and December. When rhe Portuguefc were driven out of Amboyna, the fpice trade was carried on by the Englifh and Dutch in conjundlion : but the avarice of the latter was too Itrong to be retrained, even by the tics of humanity. They pretended, w'thout the leaft foundation, that a plot had been formed by theEnglidi, for making them- felves matters of the iiland ; and, in confequence of this imaginary confpiracy, tortured in a molt infernal' manner, and then murdered the Englilh : a tranfaiitiou that will for ever remain a memorial of Dutch infamy. This tragical event happened in 1622, and, ever fince that period, they have engrolTed the whole fpice trade to themfelvcs. The Banda, or Nutmeg Islands, are fix in number, and lie between four and five degrees of fouth latitude, and in 128 degrees of eaft longitude. Their names are Lantor, Poleron, Rofingen, Pooloway, and Gonapi. The largeft of them is not above twenty miles in circumference ; though they are of the utmoll con- fequence to the Dutch, on account of the nutmegs and mace, which grow here in fuch amazing quanti- ties that they are enabled to fupply all t'le markets of Europe. The nutmicg, covered with mac ;, grows on thefe iilands only, and they are entirely fi.bjcd to the Dutch. Belides the illands already mentioned, there are feve- ral others in the neighbourhood, which would foon be covered with forelts of clove and nutmeg trees, were not the Dutch very careful to deflroy them ; for there arc, in the iflandsof Biuida and Amboyna, large flights of doves, which fwalK)w the nutmegs and cloves whole, and void them, in the fame flatc, on the adjacent iflands, and from thefe a vail number of young trees appear an- nually. The Dutch have therefore declared war both againit the doves and the wild plantations of clove and nutmeg trees. June and Auguft are the months for the great nutmeg harvell. , The iiland of Celebes, or Macassar, is fituated under the equator, between the iiland of Borneo and the Spice Illands, about 160 leagues from Batavia. It is about 500 miles in length, and 200 in breadth, and is, with very great reafon, conlidered as the key of the Spice Illands. Though this iiland is placed in th6 midll of the torrid zone, the heat is rendered very fup- {ortablc by breezes from the north, and periodical rains. t is very populous, and the natives are aflive, brave, ingenious, and courteous to [trangers, if not provoked. 3 Y : Its m II 11 inm ^70 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. fi 8' ' Its chief proUice.is cotton, opium, and pepper: nu ccuntry in tliu wcrld produces a greater variety ot poi- lons, and the natives are very well acquainted with their fatal effcfls. The Dutch have a fortified fadlory on the fca-coud of this ifland ; but the internal parts are governed by llirec kings, the thief of whnin refitles in tlic town of Macallkr. Happily for the Dutch, thefc princes are always at variance, for, otherwife, they might calily drive 'hem out of the illand. Vail num- bers of Chintfe are fettled here, and carry on an exten- fivc trade with various paits of India: they are very fucccfsful, and condudt their commercial affairs with a dexterity peculiar to themfeivcs. The port of Jampo- den is faid to be the mod capacious of any in that part of the world. In this, and indeed in almoin all the Oriental iilands, the inhabitants live in houfcs built upon large polls, and acccllible only by ladders, which they pull up in the night time, for their fecurity againll venomous animals, ai'd the freijiicnt Hoods by which the low lands are laid entiitly under water. CiiLOLi) and CiCRAM, two other fpice iilands, lying iituLr the equator, arc likessife fortihcd by the F^uti-li, v^'lio will fink any fhipsthat attempt to traflic in thefe ieas. The SuNDA Islands arc fituatcd in the Indian ocean, between eight degrees north and eight degrees fonth latitude, and between 93 and 120 degrees of call longitude ; comprehending the iilands of Borneo, Su- matra, Java, Bally, Lamboe. and Banca. Borneo is (ituated under the equino£lial, and is thought to be the largeit ifland in the world, being 800 miles long, and 700 broad. The flat country near the ci ilt is overflowed great part of the year, which renders the air very tndiealthy ; and the inhabitants relide in towns built on floats, in the middle of their rivers. The in- land parts arc mountainous, and the air very healthy. The 'Hand produces rice, cotton, canes, pepper, cam- phire, and the fruits common to the torrid zone. Gold, and diainonds of a large fize and excellent water, are found in the fand at the bottotn of feveral rivers, w aflied down, probably, by the torrents, which dcA end with a fr'ghttul rapidity from the mountains. Among the dirtireiit fpeiies of monkies found in this ifland, is the oran-otitang, or man of the woods, which is thought to refcmble the human form more than any other irra- tional being. One of thefe creatures w.is dilfeded by Dr. Tyfop, at Oxfjrd. The original inh;ibit.ints relide in the mountains, and make itfc ot poilontd darts ; but the fca-coalls are go- verned by Mahonutaii princes. The chief port of the ifland is Benjar-Mafl. .ri, where a conliderable trade is earned on with all the towns of India. Java is fituatcd Id tiie fouthward of Sumatra, from winch it is feparatcd by the Itreights ot' Siinda. It is about 630 miles in ii-ngth, and 200 in breadth. It pro- duces pepper, indigo, fugar, tobacco, rice, coft^ijc, co- rca-nnts, plantain , cardamoms, and all the tropical tiuit* in great pletity and perfection. The foicfls abound ■Hi with wild beads of various kinds, as lions, tygtn, (i/l phants, rhinocerofes, buffaloes, and wild horl'(8,\):,Ll an infinite variety of ferpcnts, foinc of which are otul enormous fizc. Tins ifland is remarkably populous, the itiimbeto inhabitants having been computed at above thirty uL lions. There are feveral princes in it, of whom ik^ mod confiderable arc the emperor of Matcran, whoitl lides at Katafura, and the kings of Bantam andjjpu,,| But the Dutch are abfolute mailers of the grMicrp^l of the ifland, and have eredlcd here a kind of tbmii«j.| cial monarchy, equal to any thin" that has fubfillcdlinctl the demolition of Carthage ; unlcfs th;it of the Enellilil Ea(l-India company in Bengal may be thought fupcriof.l The capital is Batavia, a large, flourifliiug, andpopi|!| Ions city, fituatcd at the mouth of the river Jiicatra.anjl in the bottom of a very large commodious bay, formiiul one of the fineil harbours in the world. Tlic city is Cl nninded with a rampart 2 1 feet thick, lined on iheoDifiJ;! with flone, and fortilied with baltions. This raiiipiitl gtntl is environed with a ditch t;j,5 feet in breadth, and rally full of water. The avenues to the city are dcfajaj with feveral forts, well furnilhed with brafs cannon; no perfon is fuffercd to pafs beyond thefe forts withootl a jpalfport. The river Jucatra runs through thcmiilJItj of^the city, and forms fifteen can.ils of running wattr,.! all faced with free-flone, and the borders plajitcdwiiJ rows of frees ; over thefe canals arc fifty-fix bridsci,! befides thofe without the walls. The fticcts are allpc;.| fedlly ffraight, and, in general, thirty feet broad. Tb{| hollies arc of flone, and rcfemble thofe in Hulland. The city is about a league and a half in circwl ference, and has five gates i but the number of houftj and inhabitants are at leall ten times greater in the | fuburbs than in the city. The public buildings atj large and magnificent, and the arfenals and inagazincs] are t'lirnithed with ammunition and warlike ftoicsfitf.l ficient for many years. The citadel is a regular forts] fication, fitnated at the mouth of the river, andflankcii| with four batlions ; two of which connnand the brat« Chriiianas ; in conffqncncc of which, many of them went on Ihorc, and iniKic cxcurfions into the country, which they found dcfolatc and barren. In the evening, one ot them pnfcntcd a quart bottle to Captain Cook, which lie had found on the north (ide of ilie harbour, fallencd with fonie wire to a projcdling rock. Tiiis bottle contained a piece of parclinicnt, with the following infcription : Ludrvkc Xy. Galliarum regt, et de lioynes re^i a Secrrtis ad res marilimas annis 177a // »773- Captain Cook, as a memorial of the Britifli veflTels having been in this harbour, wrote on the other lide of the parchment as follow^: Navts Refolulion el Difcovery de Rege Magna Britannite, Decembris ijjS, It was then put again into the bottle, accompanied with a filver two-penny piece of 1772, the mouth of the bottle being covered with a Itadtn cap, aiid placed the next inorning in a pile of (tones, creeled for that purpofe on an eminence, near the place where it was iir(t foimd. Here Captain Cook difplaycd the Britifh flag, and named the place Chrillmas-Harbour ; but he forbore giving any new name to this dcfolate land. " No place (fays Mr. Andcrfon, v\ho examined the country) hitherto difcovertxl in either hemifphere, af- fords fo fcanty a field for the natmalKt as this (lerile foot. Somi. verdure indeed appeared, when at a fmall dillance from the Ihore, which might raife the expec- tation of ineeting with a little herbage; but all this lively appearance was oiralloned by one fmall |ilant, refcnibling faxifrage, which gicw up the hills in large fpreading tufts, on a kind of roittn turf, which, if dried, might ftrve for fuel, atid was the only thiiig feen here that could polF.hly be applied to that piirpofe. Anoiher plant, which grew nearly to tlie height of two feet, was pretty plentitully fcattered about the boggy declivitiesi it had the appearance of a fmall cabbage when it was ilipt into feeds. It had the watry acrid ;ti It ntt tan« o€ the antifcorbuiic plants, though differed from the wliolc tribe. Whi n oattn (» 1 was not unlike the New Zealand fcurvy-gnf,, | wl>en boiled, it acquired a raak flavour. At thitii iu>nu of its feeds were ripe enou{|^ to be broiightkoi and introduced into ourEnglilh kitchen-gjrdent. •' Near the brooks and boggy places were found n other fmall plairts, which were eaten an faUd; thci like garden-crelfes, and very hot, and the other 1 mild. The latter is a ciuitt&y, having not on'yijJ and fenrule, but alfo androgynous plants. Some cm grafs grew pretty plentifully in a few fmall fpots, the harbour, which was cut down for our cattle. (hort, the whole catalogue of plants did not «« eighteen, including a beautiful fjKcies of lichen, 1 feveral forts of inols. Nor was there the appcatautcl a tree or (hrub in the whole country. Among the animals, the inoft confiderable wete fd which were diftingui(hcd by the name of fcvbcarsj ing the fort that are called the urfine-feal. Tiny cm on (horc to repofc and breed. At that tiitie thcyJ (hedding their hair, and fo remarkably tame, thatilu was no difficulty in killing them. No other quadn was feen ; but a great number of oceanic birds,) ducks, (hags, petrels, &c. The ducks were fomcivln like a widgeon, both in fize and figure. Aconfi ble number of them were killed and eaten. Thtyn excellent food, and had not the Icalt filhy taile, Cape petrel, the fmall blue one, and the fmall one, or Mother Carey's chicken, were not in p here ; but another fort^ which is the largeft of thep trels, and called by the fcamen Mother Carey's j^ is found in abundance. This petrel is as large isi albatrofs, and is carnivorous, feeding on the dead 1 cafes of feals, birds, &c. The greateil number ofbiii here were penguins, which conlift of three furls. hpad of the largell is black, the upper part of thebi of a leaden grey, the under part white, and the fed black: two broad ftripes of hne yellow dcfcend ftoi the head to the brcalt : the bill is of a reddiihcoloi ' and longer .han in iho other forts. The fecondfoitij , about half the (ize of the former :^ it is of a blacbi grey on the upper part of the body, and has a wliiw tpot on the upper part of the head : the bill and ftd ' are yellowifh. In the third fort, the upper part of ibi body and thrgat are blacki the relt white, "xceptiliil top of the head, which is ornamented with a fine ytl-l low arch, which it can eredf as two crefts. llicllnji here arc of two forts, viz. the lelFer cormorant, o:vii-l ter-crovv ; and another with a blackilh back andawfel belly. The fea-fwnllow, the tern, the common (a-f full, and the Port Egmont hen, were alfo found kitl ,arge flocks of a (ingular kind of while bird Kfwatel Jicre, having the bale of the bill covered withal 'cruft. It had a black bill and white feet, was [m-\ . v^iat larger than a pigeon, and the Hclh tailed likeiltfl of a duck. I " The feiiie was once hauled, when were founkl fc»r ASIATIC ISLANDS. «7S DO, tbout the ftzfl of a fmall haddock. The L (hell-fifti feen here were a few limpets and „ i/iiny of the hills, notwithnanding they were of a Urate Li^tit. were at that time covered with fnow, EmiIi infwering to our June. It is reafonable to ima- (neihatrain mull be very frequent here, as well from (inirkiof large torrents havinenilheddown, as from cappesrince of the country, wliich, even on the hills, J > continued bog or fwamp. [•I The rocks conlid principally of a dark blue, and rhard iiuMc, intermixed with particles of glimmer, r ouirtz. Suiiie confiderabic rocks were alfo formed Lrcofabrownini brittle ftonc." [Paternoster Islands, were fo called from the [tat number of rocks, which failors have likened to the jiswiih which the Roman Catholics tell their pater- kn. 1 hey abound in corn and fruits, and arc ra- itt populous. [Georgia, aclufler ofbarren iflands, about S^Aeg- )niin. fi'Uth lat. and 36 dcg. 30 min. weft long. ue of them is between fifty and fixty league* in (ogih. They contain nothing worth remarking. ISLAND OK Handsome Peopli lies in 10 deg. ^ih lit. and i8j dee. call long. It is eighteen miles 1 circumference, and was difcc'^red bv De Qiiiros In l6g6. Notwithftanding the exreflive neat of the cli* at(, the natives are remarkably fair and handfome, fom whence the ifland had its name. They are co- only from the waift downwards, with mats of lalm, aim wear a mantle of the fame on their (houl- lers. Their canoes are trees hollowed out, and their batched houfes Rand together in cluilers. HoKN or HooRN isLANO, is fituated in 14 dcg. k6iniD. fouth lat. and 179 dcg. caft long, and was dif- fmmi in 1616, by Shouten. The male natives of his illaod are tall, wclUmade, and robuft. They arc ^mble runners, expert fwimmers, and good divers. Theii complexion is a yellowith brown ; and they Ice great pleafure in drefling their hair, which is black. Some tie it, others frize it. Some let it grow pown the waift, and tie it in five or fix tails i and Mhm drefs it right an end, ftanding up like hogs brif- kles, ten or eleven inches long ; but they do not fuffer |lhe beard to grow. The women are Ihort of ftature, deformed both in features and body, atui rather inde- Itentin their behaviour. Both fexes go naked, except I oiect of covering between their legs ; and the women Inib their heads and cheeks with fomething red. I Their land produces fpontaneoufly a great variety of ■fruits, fuch as cocoas, bananas, yams, &c. for they are lignorint of cultivation. At low-water the women latch filh, which is eaten raw. They have alfo fome jhogs, but their pork is fpoiled by the cookery, j Prince Edward's Islands, lying in 5t deg. j fouth lat. were difcovered by two French navigators. Ion their paflTage from the Cape of Good-Hope to the (rbilippinc Iflands. They are two in number, and, as they had no names in the French Chart of the Southern Heinifphere, Captain Cook, when ho faw them in 1776, gave them this appellation. That which lay moll to the foulfi, appeared to b« about lificcn leagues in circuit, and the mod northerly about nine leagues. There are four others contiguous, and which, from the names of .he difcovercrs, ar« called Marion and Crnzet's Iflands. Adventure-Ihland, fo called from the Hiip Ad« venture, in which Captain Furneaux failed to the South-Seas, islituate in (at. 49 de^ai min. fouth, and long. 147 deg. ag min. well. The natives are de* fcribed as mild and cheerful, with little of that wild appearance which fava^es in general have, but poiTefs neither genius nor adivitv. Resolution, a fmall ifland, fo called by Captain Cook, from his own ihip the Refolution, lies in lat. 17 dcg. 84 min. fouth, and long. 141 deg. 4^ min. weft. Palm-Island is fliuated on the coaft of Nevr South Wales, as are alfo the iflands Solitary, Fur- neaux, Marias, Cumbirland, Northumbcx- land, and Direction, to called by Captain Cook, who iirft explored this coaft, and thus denominated them. I'he Prince of Walen's Islands lie at the nor- thern extremity of New Holland. They were obferved at a diftance to abound with trees and grafs, and were known to be inhabited, from the fmoke that was feen afcending in many places. The Bay op Islands, containinea duller of little ifles, is fltuate on the coaft of Newl&ealand : among which are included thofe called Gannbt, Banks's, Solander's, Trap's, &c. PoToB is an ifland fltuated about two leagues to the wcftward of the Grand, or principal of the Ladroncs. It is rocky, and of fmall extent. Centry-Box-Island liesaboufe league and an half from the fouth point of Chriftmas-Harboiir, in Kerguelen's-Land ; it was fo called, from an opinion of its refembing a centry-box in its figure. SoLOR lies to the fouth of the Ifland of Cvlebbs, in lat. 9 deg. fouth, and long. i2g deg. ^5 mui* Mft* It contains nothing remarkable. The NicOBAR-IsLAKBs lie at the entrance of the Gulph of Bengal. The natives there arc tall and well- Eroportioned, with long faces, black eves, black lan|c air, and cppper-coloured ikins, and tney are faid to be an harmlefs, good fort of people. They go naked, except a covering about the waift. They have neither temples nor idols, nor does there feem to be any great fuperiority among them. They are excellent fwim- mers, and fometimes will overtake fmall veflTels under fail i live in little huts, having no towns, and the coun- try is almoft covered with wood. They have no corn, but a fruit which ferves them inftead of bread, and they catch plenty of fifh. The largeft of thcfe iflands, which gives name to the reft, is about forty miles in length, and fifteen in breadth, at the utmoft. 3 Z , Portland* •«74 A NF,W AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOORAPIIY. I Pdrti. AND-I.si.AND lics to thc foiitliwaril of the Sooiety-IllcR, and wai To called by Captain Cook, who diftovcrcd it on liii firll voyage, from its rcfc mblance to that ol the fame nnine in the tiritiih Channel. Some parts of thii ifland appeared to be cultivated, and pu- mice-ftoncR in great quantities lying along thc Hiore within the bay, iniiicatcd that there was a volcano in thc country. High palings upon thc ridges of hills were M> vifible in two places, which were judged to be deligncd lorreiij^ioiis purpofcs. Bare-Island was (o called by Captain Cook, as it appeared to be barren, and inhabited only by fiiher- men. It lics in lat. ^q dug. .1,5 min. fouth. East- Island Hes in lat. ;y deg. 4a min. Couth. It appeared to Captain Cook, who dilVovered it on his full vovage, fmall and barren like thc former. Whitc-Island is contiguous to thc lall>men- tioncd. Thc Mayor and Col'rt ok Aldermen, a cluf- tcr of ftnali illands lying in lat. 37 dcg. r,q min. fouth, iiboiit twelve miles from the main, arc high, and were alfo remarked for barrcnnefs. Mkrc(;ry-Islands, a cluftcr of different fizes. Thc Bay is called alfo Mercury-Bay, and lies in lat. g6 deg. 47 min. fouth, long, i^.j deg. 4 min. well, and has but a fmall entrance. Thc Hen and Chickens, nre fmall iflands fjtiiatcd in lat. 3,<^deg. .16 min. fouth. Poor Knights. 1 hefo form a clutter of iflands, lyir>g in lat. 36 d«g. 36 min. fouth, on which were ieen a few townit M^hitrh appeared fortified, and the land round them fcemed'to be well peopled. Cavalles-Islands, fo called by Captain Cook, from the name of fome filh the crew purcnafed of thc Indians. Thcfe people were very infolcnt, ufing many frantic gcrturcs, and throwing (tones at thc crew. Some fmall (noir were fired, and one of them being hit, a •precipitate retreat was thc confcquence. 1' Threi KiNtis. The chief of thcfe iflands lies in > lat. 34 de^. la min. fouth, and long. 187 dcg. 48 min. weft. Birds were (hot upon it, which were very good eating, and refembled thcgeefe of Europe. Hamote, a little ifland in lat. 41 deg. fouth, near Qiieen Charlotte's Sound. Entrv-Isle, is an high ifland fltuated abodt nine or ten leagues from Cape h oamaroo, which lies in 41 deg. 44 min. fouth lat. a:.d 113 deg. 30 min. wcil longitude. Island op Lookers-on, fitiiated contiguous to, the former, was fo called by Captain Cook, becaufc ■the natives could not be prevaileti on to approach thc ihip, though they admired it. Magnkticait-Island, fo called by Captain Cook,; becaufe the compafs did not travel well when th« Ihip was near it. It is fai'd to be high, rugged, rocky, and; barren, yet fmoke was feen in (evcral parts about it ; it. was concluded not to be dcflitute of inhabitants. Thu Sist£Rs. Thefe are two iflands of very finall . ji0 .'T.SC--t d il: extent, plentifully (locked with wood, (liuji, n, lat. of s dcg. fouth, and long. 106 de^'. u min. near fouth and north from each other, and eiicuiniL by a reef of coral rocks, the whole four or five miloj circuit. Caracatoa is thc fouthernmoft of a rliidt,i illands lying in thc entrance of the St rcightu of Sudj Its foutncrn extremity is (iluated in thc lat, of 6 1 q min. fouth, and long. 105 deg. 15 miii. ej(|. whole circuir>icrcnce docs not exceed nine miles. ifland confids of elevated land, gradually riling fm thc fea, and is entirely covered with ticcs, cxctpi] few fpots cleared by the natives for the piirpofe of fon ing ri'C fields. Thc population of thc illaiul isinf, filterable. Thc coral reefs a(f()rd turtles in abundiiict but other rcfreflimcnts are very fcarcc there. Pulo-Bally is an ifland about two miles and lics in the lat. of 00 deg. 30 min. fouih. Then] good anchorage to thc eallward of it in 12 gnd n| thoin water, muddy ground. Frcfli water and wm are here in plenty. Schoi;ten-Islano.s, fo called from Schoutcii,t Dutch navigator, who difcovered them in 1616, licjg lat. 00 deg. 46 min. fouth. StLANG lies in only 50 min. of fouih lat. Itijn flat, or very high. It forms two iKtrbours with 1 main land, an outer and an inner harbour. Tkrtg no danger in running into cither, but what i; py feen. The inner harbour is about two miles broii and three long, and thc general depth ten fithon water. Pulo-Gac lies in 18 min. fouth lat. ami in ifland of middling height. When plainly fccn, itj pears like the land of Lurope, not being woody, uiij ifland.s in thcfe parts generally arc. 1 he valley is Ul to have a rich foil, and many fago trees upon it. iiii not inhabited, though travellers by water oticn putim the bay to pafs thc night, where they alfo fomciim employ fevcral days in (idling. Princes Isiand lies in the vvcftcrn mouth of tin Streights of Sunda. It abounds with vegetables of vari-l ous kinds, deer, turtle, &c. Our India Ihipsufdiol touch here to take in water, but they have omiittj| this pradicc fome years fince; though Captain Cookl fays the water is exceeding good, if filled towarJstJKl head of the bronk, which circumftancc perhaps was Mtl always fuflicicntly attended to. ToMOOUY is an ifland fituated in 00 deg. i^mitl fouth lat. and, in (hape, refembles a horfc-lhoe. Onj thc ifland rifcs a hill, which takes up about ihittl fourths of its compafs, and there are nianiatioiisoft*! pical fruits and routs along the hill's fide. I Waglol is a fmall flat ifland. At mollof ibcfel iflands, lives one or more of certain chiefs called Sj-I nagees, who repair m\ board fiich veifcls as vi!it theiJ,j in order to beg prcfents. The drcfs of one of iheraiij thus dcfcribcd : one half o\ thc coat ami loiigdraHWi was clouded red, white, and yellow j thc uthrr kil lllA •1 ASIATIC ISLANDS. •75 white, »iiil ({""Wf dwilfd nlfo; not unlike tlif iiriiiicil dfell" "' i>i»f'« I'-th'* «»» l''»' P»" where they want eiiricf the blood, then with the tongue they lick pper lidc of the leaf, and the under lide is jpre- all over bloody. A particular kind of green fruit ihcfe parts, which the natives eat. It is as ws in fengastlie hollow part of a cjuill, and almofl as fmall. Lycjll it city. This fruit is very good in a curry IKcvv, Icavinga fine aromatic flavour on the palate. I The two chiller* of illaiids Bo and Popo, lie nearly jiihcfamc paralltl of latitude, i • ,11 1 .1 I Thcnorthcoartofth*ISLAND.pf WaygiiOW, whichj Jiesabouthalfa degree to the northward of the equator,] near fiftctn leagues in length. The hill on Gibby Rfonpine (a particular quarter of Waygiow) which,' prom its Ihape, is called the Cock,'s-Comb, may be' Been about twenty leagues off. Some .white fpots ap-; pear on it, Oppolite to Ore cntjqiicc of the harboMrt are two little illands, one (hapcd like a, fugar-loaf, the' loihcrwith a hillock on it. At the bottom of this hillock' liia piece of frelh water, where there is anchorage in; Itwelve fathoms fand. The two illai'jds are conncdcd Iky a teef cf cowl rocks, dry at low water. Xlwie are. fai.l to be 190,003 Inhabitants upon the ill.iiid, who .'. age perpetual war with nnr- an;)tn< r. O Iv harbour lies in 00 deg. 10 tnin. north lat. Near thiti illand twn Hllics were taken, the hc.ids of which were riinaikablo for an horn that projci.^\cd frotp between their eyes. The horn was about tour iifhes long, coiia! in length to the head. Altogether the head wa'i liki;that of an unicorn. The natives called it Ken Raw, that is the filh Haw, The Ikin was black, and the body about twenty inches long. Its tail was artncd with two (Irong fcythes, with their points forwards on each lide. The Island of Addon lies in only :)f) min. north lat. It is about three miles round, and jtuo feet high. K.0MHAU is about the fume height and fiAe : it is north of Abdon. The rtll of the fixtccn illands that form this clufler, arc flat and low, except Aiow Babar, which riles about ,^00 feet. There arc faid to be plantation!] of yams, potatoes, fiigar-canes, and other tropical pro- ductions on Konibar. The inhabitants of thefe idands have turtle in fiich abundance, and other fifli (efpecially cockles about the bigncfs of a man's head) that they ncgledl agritiiltiire. When they want bread, they carry live turtle, and their eggs, with dried li(h, to Waygiow, which they truck for fago, cither baked or raw ; nay, perhaps, go to the woods and provide thcmfelvcs, by cutting down the trees. Sangir is an oblong ifland, extending frbm 3 deg. 30 min. to 4 dcg. 30 min. north lat. It is broadelt towards the north, and tapers fmall towards the foiith. .About the middle of the weft coaft of the ifland is the town, harbour, and bay of Taroona, ojjpofite which, on the cad coaR, is alio a town and harbour, called Ta- bookang. It abounds in cocoa-nuts, as do many illands that lie near it. A fathom of fmall brafs wire will purchafe 100 cocoa-nuts, an ordinary knife 300, and a battel (60 lb.) of cocoa-nut oil may be, had for four knives here. TuLouR, or Tanna Labu, lies in 4 dcg. .^5 min. north lat. It is fituated about feventy miles ealt of the north part of Sangir. It is of middling height. The inhabitants live on the fca-coad, and have their plan- ' ti^iifns up, tbc country. , i>AL!DAfiO-Isi.ANp lics foutjiward of Tulour, be- ing divided only by a narrow itreight, about a mile wide, It is not above eight or ten miles in circumfer- ence, contains fcvcral villages, and is particularly well cultivated. Kabhuang lies to thefouth-eaflof Salldabo, and is- parted from it by a flreight about four miles wide. This ifland, is in high cultivation, and alfu contains fe- veral villages.- Tagulanda cpntains about 2000 inhabitants, who are Pagans. On ttie ifland are many goats, fomc bul- locks, and cocoa-nuts in abundance. The Dutch keep here 9 corporal and two foldiers, alfo a fchool-maftor for teaching the children the principles of Chriflianity. Ti>i<^ ptp^gs, a kipd of large dpjppin^-knives, will ' ' ' ' " ' purchafe M 276 A NEW AKn COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVtlRSAL GEOGRAPHY. IS • '-1 Eurchafc a btillcck, and a thoufand cocoa-nuts may be ad for one of them. Banka-Isi.ani) is ncarTagulanda. and remarkable for a high hill. It has a harbour on its fouth-cnd, is f)retty well inhabited, und abounds in cocoa-nuts, imes, nankas or jacks, turtle, other (ifh, and ratans. Tellusyanc-Islan'd, that is, Harbour of Syang, is contiguous to Banka-Illand. This harbour, which is fjid to be a good one, is on the fouth end of the iflaiid, which l>as a hill upon it. There are fome wild cattle, but no other inh.^bitants. Thefe iflands are mu:h frequented bycruifers, not only from Sooloo, but fro n Mindanao. SooLOO-lsLAND is (Ituated in 6 deg. north lat, and 1 19 deg. eaft long. It is thirty miles ling, twelve broad, and contains a great number of inhabitants. It is governed by a king of its owti. It is well cultivated, and affords a Hue profpedl from the fea. Indeed, the ifland being rather fmall for its ntnbcr of inhabitants, they ftudy agriculture mure than ti.ofc on the adjacent ones, where land is no: deemed fo valuable. As they cannot dcp nd on a crop of rice, not being furc of rain in due fcal 11, they cultivate many roots; the Spanilh, or fwect potatoe ; the clody, or St. Hillano yam ; the China yam, both red and white ; Tending to Mindanao for what rice they confumc. They have great variety of fine tropical fruits. Their oranger arc full as good as ihofe of China. They have alfo a variety of the fruit called jack, or naka; a kind of large cultard-apple, named madang; mangoer ; and a fruit they call bolona, V'hich has a white infide, and is like a large plum or mango. They enjoy, in grt.-it abundance, a very in- nocent and delicious fruit, called lancey. The trees in the woods are loaded witi> this fruit, which is large, and ripens well. The liooloos having great connexion with China, and muny Chinefc being fettled among them, they have learnec* the art of engrafting and im- proving their fiuitn. Here is no fpice tree but t'te cin- namon. Though this iHand, from its fituation, enjoys perpetual fumnier, yet up the country it is always cool, efpecially under the (hade of the toak tree, which are very numerous. This tree has a broad leaf, which, when bruifcd between the fingers, ftains the hand red. The indullrious Chinefe gather thtfc leaves, and the I'javcs of the fruit-tree called madang, to line the baf- kets of cane or bamboo, in which they pack up the Sooloo-rout, which they export in great quantities from this place. The Sooloos are not only neat in their clothes, but drcfs gaily. The men go generally in white wailK iats» buttoned down to the wrirts, with whifc breeches, fometimts liraight, fomctimes wide. The women arc handfome in general, and, by comparifon, fair. Thofe of rank wear waiflcoats of fine mullin, clofe fitted to their bodies ; their necks, to the upper parts of the two brcalii, being birc. From the waill downwards, they wear a loofe robe, girt with an emlroidered zone or belt about the tniddle, with a large clafp of gold, and a precious ftone. This being loofe, like a pettin* comes over the drawers, and reaches to the mj+'i the leg, the drawers, which are of fine mullin 1 ingto the ancle. ' The fultanlhip in Sooltto is hereditary, but the - vernment mixed. About fifteen datoos, w!,o ni,,\| called the nobility, make the greater part of the I flature. The title is hereditzry to the elde'l :'oi, they fit in council with the fultan. The h\inZ two votes in this afTemblj', and each datoo haj [ The cominon people of Sooloo, called tBllimanbM do not enjoy much real freedom. It is faidthattke haughty lords, when vifiting their eftates, will fog times, with impunity, demand and cany off yoi women, whom they happen to fanfy, to fwellihenia ber of their fandtes (concubines) at Sooloo. In the lower clafs groan under various kind' g( tyrjii The nobles here are extremely dilFolute. Thofe* have more than one wife, keep each in a fepa houfe ; but the circumflance is not very common 1 their diiToliitcnefs conliKs in their numerous concubi and intrigues i for here women have as much 1 in going abroad as in Europe. The Sooloos have a very good breed of horres, 1 their women are very expert m riding. Their mm is to ride backwards antl forwards the length of ak broad ftreet, upon fandy ground, forcing their ka on a quick trot, and checking them when theyaiten to gallop. The horfes ac^uftemed to this, trot 1 fafl. Riding is an exercifc in ufe all ever the illi among women of fafhion. Here are wild elephants, the offspring fas is fuppufdj of thofe font in former days from the continent o(l^ dia as prefents to the kings of Sooloo. Thofe anim avoid meeting with horned cattle, though theyarca fiiy of horfes. Sooloo has fpotted deer, and abundj of ^oats and black cattle, but the people feldomn their cows. They have verv few Iheep; butil wild hogs are niimeroi, <, ana do much mifchiefii breaking down fences. After harvelt the inhabili hunt the elephants and wild hogs, endeavouring loi (Iroy them. Of birds, there are here abundance of J^| minutive cocaioos, and fmall green parrots. AtS loo, and the iflands adjacent, the pcarl-filheryhasbal famous foi many ages. In thtf fc-a between Mindaiiil and Sooloo is a pearl-fifhery not inferior lo anyiniliil Indies, either in point of colour or fize. This, iniiu|| is the fource of their wealtli. The Sooloos have in their families many flave5»'lHi| they purchafe from the different cruifers. SometiMl they purchafe whole cargoes, which they carry toBxl neo, where, if the females are handlumc, thii| bought up for the Batavia market. The mailers fowl times ufe their flaves cruelly, affuming the powcrrt life and death over them. Many are put todcaililiil trifling offences, and their bodies left above gruuoil An attempt of clopemv^nl here is fcarcely «>§ forgiven. I ',*■'■ lEOGRAPHY. ASIATIC ISLANDS. 277 :ditEry to the elde'l h> (late of Sooloo is important: theinhabitaiitp are L powerful, not only moft of the adjacent iflaitds lL under them, but great part of Borneo. They Ive the charadler of being treacherous, and of endca- (iring always to fupply by fraud what they cannot cf- [cl bv force. IPangatarran, lying a little to the fouthward of former, is a long tlat ifland, has no frefh water, br is any good anchoring near, except in fome few bees. It abounds in cocoa-nuts and a fruit called Jujva. [Ramancor lies in lat. 9 dcg. 25 min. north, and 1 579 dcg. 45 min. calh It is about twenty-three jiles ill circumference, very fandy. A few vill.iges, id a temple, are all the buildings to be feen here. fpuLO-oAPATA is fituated in lat. 10 dcg. 4 min. Lh, and long. 109 deg. 10 min. caft. It is elevated, Lll, and unfertile. [Prata lies in lat. 20 dcg. north. Near the fouthern ktremity of the illand fome of the crew of the Rcfo- Ition imagined they faw from the ma(t-he?d feveral /nings in the reef, which feemed to promife fecure hcliorage. The extent of the Prata flioal being about [leagues from north to fouth, may be accounted con- terable. J Myo lies in lat. 1 deg. 23 min. north. Tyfory is I flat illand not fo large as Myo, and lies about W. S. from it, diftant five or fix miles. When the fcaniards had the Moluccas, this place was inhabited ; lit the Dutch will not now permit any one to live lere, left the fmuggling of fpices ihould prove the con- fluence. Urakita, Palla, Siao, and Grave, are the tincipal of a duller of iflands lying between the lat. of land 4 deg. north. A fchool-malter, a corporal, and a Iw fokliers, are kept by the Dutch at Siao. I The Rabbit is a fmall rocky ifland with a few co- ba-nut trees upon it, and many rocks like fugar-loaves lund it. It lies to the caRward of Karakita about lurmiles, and derived its name from the animal whofe lapeit isfuppofed to rcfcmble. I SuirHUR-IsLAND, difcovercd by Captain Gore, is 24 deg. 50 min. north latitude, and 140 dcg. ,56 kin. eaft longitude. Its length is about five miles. [he fouth point is an elevated barren hill, rather flat lihefummit, and when feen from the weft fouth-wcrt, kffits evident tokens of a volcanic eruption. The Ind, earth, or rock, for it was difficult to diftinguilh I which of thefe fubftances its furfacc was compofed, ifplayed various colours; and it was imagined that a pnliderable part was fulphur, not only from its ap- rarance, but from the (Irong fulpluircous fmell per- rivcd in approaching the points. As the Refolution piled nearer the land than the Difcovery, feveral of the Seers of that (liip thought they difcerned fire pro- fceding from the top of the hill :' thefe circumftances fciluced Captain Gore to bcftow on this difcovery the pdh(m of Sulphur-Illand. BuRNEv's-IsLAND is fituated on the north-cafl coaft of Afia, in 67 deg. 4,5 min. north latitude. The inland country about this part abounds with hills, fome of which are of confiderable elevation. Captain Cook obferves, that the land (except a few fpots on the coaftj appeared to be covered with foow. St. Lawrence's-Island, according to the moft accurate obfervatiohs, lies in 63 deg. 47 min. north'lat. and 188 deg. 15 min. eaft. long, and is three leagues i'l circumference. The northern part of it may be dif- cerned at ten or twelve leagues diftance. Bhering's-Island, fo called from the navigator who difcovered it; lies in 58 degrees north latitude. KaRAKINSKOI, MaIDENOI, ATAKA.andSHAIMEA, are all iilands that lie contiguous, and very thinlv, if at all inhabited, having fcarcely any marks of cul- tivation. GoRE-IsLAND lies in about 64 deg. north lat. and 191 deg. eaft long. It is about thirty miles in extent, and appeared to our navigators to be barren and dcili- tute of inhabitants, and received its appellation from Captain Cook, who difcovercd it in the courle of his hill voyage. With regard to the language of all the Orit-iitai idands, nothing certain can be laid. Each illand ha. a particular tongue ; but the Malayan, Chinefe, Portu- guefe, Dutch, and Indian words, arc fo frequent among them, that it is difficult for an European, who is not very expert in thofe matters, to know the radical lati- guage. The fame may be almoft faid of their religion ; for though its original is ccrt.iinly Pagan, yet it is inter- mixed with many Mahometan, Jcwifti, Chriftian, and other foreign fuperftitions. The fca which fcparates the fouthern point of the peninfulaof Kamtfchatka from Japan, contains a num- ber of iflands in a pofition from north-north-eaft to fouth-fouth-weft, which are called the Kurile-Klands. They r.re upwards of twenty in number, are all moun- tainous, and in feveral of them are volcanoes and hot fprings. The principal of thefe iflands are inhabited ; but fome of the little ones are entirely deferr and un- peopled. The forefts in the more northerr; ones are compofed of laryx and pines ; *hofe to the fouthward produce canes, bamboos, vines, &;c. In fome of thcni are bears and foxes. The fea otter appears on the coalls of all thefe iflands, as well as whales, fca horfcs, feals, and other amphibious animals. Some of the in- habitants of thefe iflands have a great likcnefs to the Japanefe in their manners, language, and per("on:'l ap- pearance ; others very much rcfemble the Kamtfcha- dales. The northern illanJs acknowlediju tlic fove- reignty of the empire of Rullia ; but thoft; to the I'uuth pay homage to Japan. The Kuriiians difcovcr much humanity and probity in their condu£l, and are courte- ous and hofpitable ; but adverfity renders them timid, and prompt:, them to fuicidc. They have a particular 4, A' veneration 278 ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. M Wtii> 8 w\ 1 B;| M ml K- t^^n jfj m' 1 |l;ijy •la jfi 1 B^n^n ^^ *'■'- 3 i m Tarn '■ ^' '' M ■ f^:' ;f^::i '■ :3Pl-f 3i . veneration for oUl age. Their laiiyiiage is agreeable to tlicear, and they fpeaic and pronounce it llowly. The men are employed in hunting, hilling for fea animals and whaii!:, and catching fowl. The women have charge of the kitchen, and make clothes. In the noi-thtrii illuuis tiiey fcu', and make different cloths of tile thread of nettles. The foiithern illandcrsarc more refined and polii.'ied than the noithern, and carry on a fort of commerce with Japan, whither they export whale-oil, furs, and eagles feathers to fledge ariows with. In return, they bring Japancfc 'jtenfils of metal and variiiihed wood, ikillets, fabrcs, different fluffs, or- naments ot luNtuy, fobacco, all forts of trinkets and fir.all wares. The following arcotint of the rcm3!k;;ble place fnb- joined, being more ample and ciiriou:i than any we have i\:cn in other Geographical Works, we prefuine it will be accjp'able to oi;r readers. J iV/:r,y. .'/.;■•.• 5/ /Sv DKAO SEA, and its Eniln'u, in PA L K STI N E. Exlrnacil j'r:!n Marilt'i Truvcls iiif: Syriti, ijfc. " rilK t .line, Dead Sea, is of modern date, tor the an.ients c.ii'.c'd it the Luke Afphaliitc.-, the .S --a of So- dom, the SjJt Sta, tlie Lake o! biibca; and in our days the Arabs name it Bahhertt-Lut , that is to fay, the Sea of Lot. Jcfcpluis, who caiifed tiiis lake to he ineafiircil, f'ii\i;ul that it was j8o furlojigs iii k-ngth, and i,. o in !>icadih, which may make ftvciity-tvvo and a half Itr iian inilii one way, and cigliteen and three quarters the other. It is I'do miles in cirtuinfcrence. The lolty mountains of the ancient country of the Moabitcs finround it on the callrrn fide, a.id '^fchargc into it the w.itsrs of the Arnon and the Z'.tt, wliii.ii fall down their lides in long cafcadcs. It is bounded on the well ;iiid fonth by high mountains alfo ; foine of which, conipofed ot blackifli roc k, fer\e as barricis to the vail defcrts of Judca ; and the icll, clothed v.i'.li veulant "roves, form a part of Idianea. It is likevvifc oil tlic \ -ell that the brook Kctlron falls into this hike. The ncrthern fide is entirely open, and ilievvs the delightful plain"; of Avlona, which ijring as a tribute to the Dead Sea tl'.c rapid waters ot the foi(kin. " We are inlormcd, that this valt bafon was covered formerly with fruit-trees, and abundant crops, and tliat fio;n the bcfoiii of the earth, buried under its waters, arol'c the fupcib cities of Sodom, (joniorrah, A 'uii, Zeboim, and Srgor ; all rcndeied illiif.rious In th j jire- f.ncc of a king. There is nothiiii:, therefore, in the univerfe, which is not fubjecl ti; viciii;tudes aiidchangcs, " I'he ail" is pun', the fic'ds are extremely verdant, and my eye was delighlcd \.i,n the linipidnefs of the water, which fell in (IiLCts Iroin the fnmmits of the iiiouiiiaiiis. The iU liliiy to which part of iliefe plains was condemned from the creation of the world ders the contrafl produced by the fertile appearai J Avlona much more agreeable. But how com« 1 1 two travellers (lioiild differ fo much in their iileaii is, becaufe a capucliin carries every where alono i him the five fenfes of the faith, while 1 amend J with thofe only of nature. ^""I " I endeavoured here to explain a plicnomcJ which has engaged the attention of many others well as of iTiyielf. This vail bafon, which is comV ally receiving the waters of different torrents, ri\i|l! and dreams, has no viliblc outlet. Do its waters fore, difcharge themfelves by fiibterranean pair,Pcsi« the Mediteiianean, or Red-Sea, as is pretcndd- muft we adopt the opinion of Arabian philofopjit, who conclude, and not without fome foundation i they are didipatcd by evaporation ? " The water of this lake is clear and limpid bitter and cxceflively fait. No kind of fiih J15' ^i duced in it; and thole even which are fometimcsciii ried thither by the rapidity of the Jordan, iiiliamiyt^ " The water of the Dead Sea is favourable tofct mers; but people, ' '"'hey cannot fwim, may be drowtl ed there as well as clfewherc. " No plants of any kind grow in this lake. bottom of it IS black, thick, and fetid; and theearl in the neig!?boiirhood is of the fame colour, andasi llamniable as cc>al. " Branches of trees, which fall into it, become pj,! trilled in a little time hy the force of the fait whicliji.| heies to them, and penetrates to the very pith of iJ wood. Some of tliefe petrified branches, ot whicli ij curious are fond, ma, be procured at Jcriif.ilcm. " It has been faid, that the approach ofthislins was mortal to bird* ; yet it is frequented b' Mbiiiidaiiitl of the feathered tribe, and particularly bv iHalbJ which, with their light wings Ikim this liquid plijj and fport on its furface. " Oil certain days in the year, this fea is covei„, with a blaik thick fog, which docs not extend fctlial than its lliores ; but when the rays of the fun aqiiiKl forcj, they foon dillipatc this body of vapours. I " The Dead Sea produces a kind of bitumen, calltdl the JcwiHi, which may be found floating on the ivaitil like large lumps of earth, and which, being driicntfl tiie winds to tlie caflern and wtflern lliores, adhcrcsiol them. It is tl;en collected by the Arabs, anddiii(i!il| bctv\een them and the baflia of Damafcus, who pci-l chafes their fhares of it for fome pieces of nicnej, orl fuch (luffs as they ufe for clothing. This bitumen iij| lulphurecus fubHance, mixed with fait, uliich isgra- ilually condciifcd by the heat of the fim. It isashrilik. as black pitch, to whicli it has a great refeiiiblance. It is conibuflible, and exhales, while biiriiiiig, a f and penetrating fiiiell. 'l"he aneient Arabs iifcd itkl daubi' g tnerihe bottoms of their vell'els, andilicLgjf-j tians for embalming the bodies of their dtail. Thew- tivcs give this bitunitn the iiaiiic oi iaiiuir." ^ A )sl% I ANEW, COMPLETE, AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM NIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. BOOK in. AFRICA. rl-.;. -i, . I great i-cfciiiblancc. It I CHAP. I. General Account of this QiiarUr of the fVorld. I HE third grand dlvifion of the globe, called Africa, i^ neither fo fertile as the otlicrs, nor fo populous as cither Alia or Europe : it iicvcr- lelefs abounds in riches, and might, b;^ a proper lie- leeof Ikill and induftry, be rendered of much greater jiporiaiicc than it is at prcfent. It is generally rcpre- jntcd as bearing feme refemblancc to the form of a IramiJ, the bale being the northern part of it, which tns along the (hores of the Mediterranean ; and the lintortop of the pyramid the Cape of Good-Hope. Africa is furronndcd on every fide with water, except Jhcre it joins to Alia by tiie illhmus of Sii;z, which paratcs the Mediterranean from the Rcd-Sca, and is hly about iixly miles over. Being thus a pcninfula, :'li a prodigious extent of fca-coall, and is mod pvaiiiagconfly litiiatcd for cominercc ; but navigation i iiciihtr eltccmcd nor cultivated "ny the inhabitants. The imiiod leiigih of this country, from north to i;ith, from Cape Bona in tiie Mediterranean, in 37 kg. ii.irtli, tu the Cape of Ciood-Mope, in [].\ deg. 7 1:11. (iiiiji Lit. is ll to tempefts of thunder and lightning. The Peak of TeneriiFc, which the Dutch make their firft meridian, is about two miles high, in the form of a fugar-loaf, and is fituated on an idand of the fame name, near the coaih Belides thefe, there are iiiany others of great height and vaft extent, whofe bowels contain a profnfion of the richefl metals, and give rife to the many rivers that wa- ter the foil of this iicglcfled country. The moft noted capes, or promontories in A'"rica, are Cape Vtrd, fo called, becaufe the land is always covered with green trees, and molfy ground : it is the moft wedeily point of the continent of Africa, The Cape of Good-Hupc, fo dcBominaicd by the Portii- giufe, when they firll went roiuul it in 1498, and dif- covered the pallage in Afia, is the foutli extremity of Africa, in the country of the Hottentots^ at preftnt in the poilcliionof the Dutch, and the general rtnde/vous of (hips of every nation who trade to India, being about halfway from Europe. Babehnandel, wliich joins the Red Sea with the In- dian Ocean, is the only (freight in Africa. As this continent (tands as it were in the centre of the globe, and lias thereby a much nearer communica- tion with Europe, Alia, and America, than any of the other quarters has witJi the re(t, its lituatio'i is confc- quently rendered extremely favourable for commerce. It is however the misfortune of Africa, that though it has 10,000 miles of fea-coall, with noble, large, deep ri- vers, penetrating into the very heart (jf the coimtry, it Ihould have no navigation, nor receive any benefit Irom them ; that it fliould be inhabited by va(t multitudes of people, ignorant of commerce, and of each other. At the mouths of the rivers are molt excellent harbours, deep, fafe, and calm, and ibeltcrcd from the wind, and capable of being made perfedly (eciirc by fortifications; bnt quite dcftitute of (liippiiii^, trade, and merchants, even where there is plenty of merchandife. Though it cotnprehends a full quarter of the globe, is (lorcd with an inexhauAible treafure, and capable, under pro- per inprovements, of producing fo many things de- iightfidas well as convenient within itfelf, yet it feems to be alinofl entirely neglc6led, not only by the natives, who arc quite unfolicitous of renping the benefits which nature has provided for thtin, but alfo by the more ci- vilized Europeans who are fettled in it, partictdarly the Portuguefe. That it abounds with gold, we have not only the tcflimony of the Eiiglilh, Freuch, Dutch, and Portuguefe, who have fettle nients on the coall, but tiiat of the molt credible hillorians. In ancient times, this country contained fevcral kingdoms and (tates, eminent for arts, for wealth, for power, ami for the molt extrnlive commerce. The kingdoms of Egypt and Ethiopi.i were particularly ce- lebrated ; and tiiL rich and powerful (late of Carthage extended lur commerce to every part of the then known world; even the Britifh fhores were vifiteiii, her (kets, till the Romans dellroyed her navigat'm vagcd her territories, and laid her capital in ihe j" From that period both the arts and commerce in Af' declined. Agriculture was neglected, and the ml failures, for which the natives were once .''0 fai, were no longer pratlifcd. • L'pon the decline of ijie' man empire, ii the fifth century, the northern plm Africa were over-i^m by the Vamlals, a barbarouj,, ferocious people from the north, who contributed more to the deltrudion of arts and fcicnces. Ti, were driven out by the Saracens in the feventh ccnilj and were afterwards fucceeded by the Turks' andJl being of the Mahometan fup rlVition, wtiofe pr(,f,|- carried defolation with them wherever they came ilier«| of that once flourifhing part of the world was coniplJI With refped to religion, the inhabitants of thiscoi tinent may be divieled into three forts, Pagans 'M metans, and Chriltians, The firit are the ir,o(lnt rous, polTeding the greateft part of the country, | the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good. Hope, ii| they are generally black. The Mahometans, whoj of a tawny complexion, polfefs Egypt, andalmolliL the northern (hores of Africa, or what is called ij Barbary Coait. The people of Abyllinia, ortheUwJ Ethiopia, are denominated Chriltians, but retain muil Pagan and Jewifli rites. There are alfo fomejcwij the north of Africa, who manage all the little tradcaj ried on in that part of the country. The inhabitants are unacquainted v/ith ice, hail, fnow ; and in thefe fcorching regions, the nativesvioL, as foon exped that marble (hould melt, and flow In i quid flreatns, as that water by freezing (hoiildlofeia il'.vrli'y, b^ arretted by the cold, and, ceafing to ! become like the folid rock. Thjy are but felJom bl with rain, and depend on the overflowing of the nw for the fertilization of t!ie foil in many part?, wJiHJ other regions are altogether fteril, and iininhabitjbJ burning fands. The barrennefs in fevcral places, lil brutality and lavage difpolition of the natives, and tin ferocity of the innumerable wild bcafts in molfofilil countries, evince, that the rays of the fun arehefeiil fervid and powerful, as to dry and burn up the jiiical of the vegetable, and overheat the blood uf the animll creation, fo that the fir(t are debilitated, andthclatal rendered furious and ungovernable. The moft judicious geographers, and the learned ill general, are tniich divided in their opinions refpcdinjl the modern divilions of Africa; the reafon ofwtiichis,! that fcarcely any traveller has penetrated into the ffiiil die of the coimtry; on thefe accotmts, we mii'ht-l knowledge our ignorance of the bounds, andcicniki names of feveral of the inland nations, which may lie I (till reckoned am')ng the unknown and undifcovdl parts of the world; but according to the btltacioiiiiii atid furveys, Africa may be divided accoroiiig to thelol-| lowing table, by infpedling which, the reader will y,! at one view, an explanation of many par'icnlifstetl omitted. A GEXt' Monon Montr Sofola Terra CafFra Hoite It-: A F R I C A. 28^ A GENERAL TABLE of the ^EVERAt NATIONS in AFRICA. Nations. Length. Breadth. Sq. Miles. Chief Cities. Did. and Bear, from Loudon. Diff. of time from London. Religions. Egypt 600 250 140,700 Grand Cairo 1920 S. E. a 21 bef. Mahometans r Morocco, 1 >> Tafilet, &c. / V Algiers ! 1 Tuuis " Tnpoli liBarcft 500 480 eao 700 400 480 100 170 240 300 219,400 i43»6oo 54,40c 75,000 66,400 Fez Algiers Tunis Tripoli Tolemata 1080 S. 920 S. 990 S. E. 1260 S. E. 1440 S. E. 24 aft. 13 bef. 39 bef. 56 bef. 1 26 bef Mahometans Mahometans Mahometans Mahometans Mahometans Biledulgerid 2500 360 485,000 Dara 1565 S. 32 aft. Pagans Zaara 3400 660 739,200 Tcgefla 1800 S. 24 aft. Pagans Negroland e2oo 840 1,026,000 Madinga 2500 s. 38 aft. Pagans Guinea 1800 360 510,000 Benin 2700 s. 20 bef. Pagans ;- ( Nubia 940 600 264,000 Nubia 2418 S. E. 2 12 bef. Mah. and Pagans 2> Abydinia ,900 800 378,000 Gondar 2880 S. E. 2 20 bef. Chridians ' Ubex 540 130 160,000 Doncala 3580 S. E. 2 36 bef. Chrift. and Pag. The middle Parts, called the Lower Ethiopia, are very little known to the Europeans, but are computed at 1,200,000 fquare Miles. i { Loango u 410 300 40,400 Loango 3300 S. 44 bef. Chriil. and Pag. '3j Congo 540 420 172,800 St. Salvador 3480 S. I bef. Chrift. and Pag. « Angola 360 ■50 38,400 Loando 3750 s. 58 bef. Chiift. and Pag, •J iBenguefe 430 180 64,000 Benguela 3900 s. 58 bef. Pagans Mataman 450 240 144,000 No Towns » * « * « « Pagans Ajan 900 300 234.600 Brava 3702 S. E, 2 40 bef Pagans Zangtiebar 1400 ajo 275,000 Meiinda, or Mo- zambique 4440 S. E. 2 38 bef. Pagans Monomotapa 960 660 222,500 Monomotapa 4500 S. 1 18 bef. Pagans Moncmugi -900 660 310,000 Chicova 4260 S. 1 44 bef. Pagans Sofola 480 300 97,000 Sofola 4600 S. E. 1 18 bef Pagans Terra de Nat. 600 350 184,900 No Towns * » » « « « Pagans Caffiaria or \ Hottentot J 708 660 800,340 Cape of Good- Hope 5100 s. 1 4 bef. Moft ftupid Pa- gans M ! m 4B The fiSa A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Thc principal kiiu;d()ms of Africa, and their fup- fiofed diincnlioiis, buiiig prtfented to the reader's in- pcdiuii in liic foicgoing table, we (hall now confidcr the whole cfMiniry under three grand divifions: t. liigypt. 2. The States of Baibary, Itretching along the coaft of the Mediterranean, from Egypt in the I'iuft, to the Atlantic Ocean, in the Weil': And, 3. 'riiat p.irt of Africa, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good-HojK. Though tlie laft of thefc tliviliuns is confcd'edly greater than the other two, yet the nations it contains being fo little known, and fo barbarous and uncivilized, we apprehend that they may, without impropriety, be ranged under one ge- neral head, efpecially as, like many barbarotis nations, they are in moll rcfpeds fimilar to each other. E CHAP. G Y II. P T. Siluation, Extent, Divifions, Climttfc, SjH, Mnintains, Inhabitants, Government, Cities, Wr, THIS kingdom' is fituated between the 20th and 32d deg. of north latitude, and the 28th and 36th deg. of eafl long. It is .about 600 miles in length, and 2jO in breadth ; bounded by the Mediterranean fea, on the north ; by Abyllinia, or the Upper Ethiopia, on the fbuth ; and by the defert of Barca, and the unknown parts of Africa,, on the weft ; and •J!K'! tides 140,700 fqnare miles. The whole country is diflinguifhed by the aoxtbcrn and foiithcrn divifions; whii.h are fubdivided into Lower Kgypt and Upper Egypt. The chief towns in Lower Egypt are, Grand Cairo', Bulac, Alexandria, Rofetta, Damietta. Upper Egypt has for itfi principal towns, Sayd or Thc^ps, and Coffiar. ; "^Ttc climate of E^ypt is in general very ii»l»ealthy : Jthe high rocks and mountains which enconipafs it on • the eaft, and the fandy deferts of Lybia and Barca on the weft, rendering it prodigioufly hot, particularly in the months of ^pr'l ?ih1 May. Ti-cy always reckon 'two fiimrrters in this kingdom; the firll in March, .April, ami May, is the moll unwholefoinc, bccaufo ;of tlie unequal weather, attended with violent and t parching winds, which blow at that feafon ; but in the -ferond, viz. in June, July, and Auguil, the vvta- ' ther is more fettled, and the airmuch cooler. During the autumn arxl winter, Egypt isone of themollfka- fant ami delightful countries iu the woild. The foil oi this kingdom is liixiuiant even to a pro- , verb, owing tothe aiinual <)verliov\iiig of ih'- Nile, for, ' it frWom Tains txct-pt in winter. Tlie fLiiiiity of the foil is ("lu h» after the wniers ot this river h(gin to retire, hiilbandnian is next to nothing'. Iu- throws Ills wluat and barli-y ttrat the 4aboiir of ilie In Oclober and Mu) into the rich mud ur ilimc which the Nile leaves bc' ■ ■ ' ■— r— -— - -T " hind, without .ndding any manure, except mixing ,„, it a little fund. He turns his cattle out to graze in \J vember ; and in about (ix weeks ■'"thing can be rh charming than the profped which the faeuof ihcc try prcfcnts, in riling corn, vegetables, and vcrdul^ every fort. Oranges, lemons, and fruits, perfuiruj air. The culture of pulfe, melons, ftigar-canes i_ other plants which require moilhire, is ftippli^n fmall, but regular cuts, from cillerns and refcryd Dates, plantains, grapes, figs, and palm-trees, y which wine is made, are here plentitul. Siigar-ci are alfo produced in this country; and the incauol yield the richeft paflure in the world, thegrafs|)(J tifually as high as the cattle. March and April arei harved months, and they produce three crops j on» lettuces and cucumbers (the latter being the chief [m of the inhabitants) one of com, and one of melons The animals of Egypt feem to partake of thefec'ii dity of the foil ; for the cows it is faid always bi two calves at a time, and Iheep yean twiceinavti, having two Iambs at the firft and one at the feconn goat is often followed by four kids, which ihej brought in fix months. Oxen abound here.i 200,000 of thefe animals arc daily employed b'yil inhabitants in raifinr water for the wk of the titk and gardens. The Egyptian horfes are held in m erteem, and a fine breed of alfes are likewifc forJ here ; alfo wild alTes, camels, oxen, antelopes, tya and hy.Tinas : but the moil remarkable animals areil crocodile., the hippopotamMS, or river horfe; theclu meleon, the ichneumon, or Egyptian rat, andalirj fpecifes'of'ape, with a head fomtwhat rcfemblingtlu of a dog, from which circumftance the Greeks gavti* the appellation of cynocephalus. Th: crocodile isil amphibious animal, referabling a lizard. Thevliiif four Ihort legs, with' large feet armed with cbsj their backs arc covered with impenetrable fcab, 1 they arc commonly abput twenty feet in length. TJitl animals wait for their prey ..In the fedgc, and oiM coverts on the f'des otlthc Nile, iaiid often fiiiprifciij. vellers, who, deceived by the coloi % t.ike them I'otl trunks of old trees. Their method of attaiiir.g 1 liwn, is, to beat him down, eitiier with their forepaiiii or their tail. Tlie nativtb have two methods ci'(le.| Ucoyingthem: the firil is by a piece of fltlh failttcJ on a hook, and thrown into the river by a ropi, liel other end of which is faflencd to a flake; «licni!ie| crocodile has feizcd the bait, they drag him 10 ibi (liore, and ealily difp.itch him. Tiie otlitr is ftriking them when alLep by the river (idc. iiiuluiliel belly, \\;ith a pole armed with a heardtd point of irMj fallened to a (lake; but this is a very dangcroiis imT ihod, and therefore lefs prailifed than the furnw.l l"he hippopotamus is larger than an o.x, which :li«| hinder pjirts greatly relVuible: the head is likeilutiifl a horfe, and it has t!utk large feet, with prodigiouij claws. This is likevvife an .-■inphibuiiis animal, ainll tjftcn leaves the Nilu to feed in the meadows, buiiii|.| nKiliitJjfl a^ EGYPT. 283 Ciitelv retires into the water on the approach of loerlcn. The ichneumon is about the fizc of a Utii covered with rough hair, fjpottc-d with white, L and afli-colour: its nofe is formed liiiel)s. The Ptolemies are celebrated for the encou- tmenl they gave to literature : to ihcir mimihcence be owe the Sepluagint tranflation of the fcriptures ; Indthey formed at Al"xandriaa library fuperior to any Ving the world ever faw. But the hrfl caliphs, who here the immediate fucceifors of Mahomet, made war jtom confcicnce and principle upon all kinds of litera- ure, except the koran ; and hence it was that the v.i- ujblemanufcripts contained in this moil magnificent jibraty were applied, for fome months, in cooking their jiiftiuls, and warming their baths ; and the fame fate, Ihroiigh Mahometan bigotry and ignorance, attended ■ipoii the other Egyptian libraries of ineliimabic Vahie. With regard to the architedlure, fculpture, and painting, of the ancient Egyptians, fuflicicnt fpecimens II rimain to convince us, that they excelled every Itingthcn known in the wothl; nor has the grandeur bt their dgfigns been ever equalled in any age or nation. But how is this country fallen! It once pofTelfed the Beat of eminence, and held the fceptre of learning : it is now funk into the abyfs of ignorance, and exhibits a melancholy fpeftacle of the inltability of human great- nefs ; for the Turks have rivetted the chains of barba- rous ignorance which the lower race of caliphs, who were the difgrace of human nature, impofed. Arith- metical calciilations, adapted to the difpatch of buft- nefs } the jargon of allrology, a few noitrums in medi- cine, and fome foolilh attempts to deceive the vulgar by 3 pretence to magic ; now compufe all the learnmg of Egypt. Among the curioflties of Egypt are the pyramids, which are the mofi (lupendous, though to appearance the mod ufelefs, (Irudlures ever raifed by the nands of men : they are, to the number of twe; 'y, difperfcd about the Arabian dufcrt. One of the three largefl of them we (hall give a particular defcription of here. It is lituated on the top of a rock, in the defert abov: mentioned, about a quarter of a mile to the weft of the plains of Egypt, above which the rock rifes with an eafy afcent upwards of 100 feet. Each fide of this pyramicl, at the bafe, is 693 feet ; its perpendicular height 499 feet ; but, if meafured along the Hoping fide of the pyramid, it is equal to the breadth of the baie. It covers an area of 480,249 (quare feet, which is e(^ual to eleven acres of ground. The afcent to the tup ot this pyramid is by eo7 fteps placed on the outfide, every Hep being the depth of one entire Done, and many of them thirty feet in length. On the north fide, an artificial bank of earth is raifed thirty-eight feet, and from this there is a narrow fquare paifage, which leads into the pyramid. I'his paifage is about three feet and a half high, three and a quarter broad, and extends, on a declivity, ninety- two feet and a half. It is fo contracted towards the end, that the fpeClators are obliged to creep upon their bellies for a coniiderable riiltance, which at length brings them into a place fomewhat larger, and inhabited by a pro- digious number of large bats. On the left hand, ad- joining to the entrance, is a ftone eight or nine feet high, which, being climbed, leads t» the entrance the hril gallery, an hundred and ten feet in length, fi< feet in height, and as many in breadth, the whole co^ filting of white polilhcd marble. This gallery leadiijH|f a gentle afcent to a fe^ontt,' wliTch-js an luindred |||4 twenty-four feet in length, twenty-fix feet in M^nV and fix broad. TNs is alio of white porNhed ma^e». cut into vaft fquares, the jundlures are fo clofi; and d0iEi as to he fcarce difcernible by the moil curious eye^|^|iifid on each fide there are benches of the fame '^W^** The paifage from this gallery is through a froaul^iare hole intoione clofets, or littfe chambers, linqd wit't): Thebaic maible, ,vhich lead t» a very noble ;haill or chamber, fituatcd exa£lly in the centre of the p)iramid. The Aoor, iidcs, and roof, of this room, are ixirmed o£^ cxquifite tables of Thebaic marble. It is about thirty- four feet in length, feventeen in breadth, and nin^tfeiii and a half in height. From the top to the bottoiiV of it there are but fix ranges of marble, and the blocks whicb cover it are of a ftupendous length, nine oftbemfomw 4 C ing ll^.. 286 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY I 4*- II I ii i iiig the roof. In the middle of the hall is a marble elicit rcven fc'Ct long, Aippofed to be the tomb of Cheops, or Chemnis, king of Egypt, who is faid to have founded the pyramid ; but there is no appearance of a corpfc hav- ing ever been laid in it. At fomc diftance from the above pyramid, and in the fame deferts, arc fttuatcd the mimiiny-pits, the B the moll confiderable of them, all ttiercfcrc we can do is, to fclctt fuch as are moft worthy the attention of our n-udcrs. Cairo, now Mafn, the prcfcnt capital of Egypt, is fituatcd on the Nile, and confifts of two cities, a mile diftant from each other, viz. Old Cairo, and Cairo properly fo called. The firft of thcfc is now rtdin.i.i.i to a very fmall compafs, not being more than twn miles round ; l^ut the fccond, which is fituated about a mile from the river, extends eallward near two miles to the mountains, and is about fovcn miles in circum- ference. It is faid to h«ve been formerly much larger, being then the centre of trade from the Eaft-Indics. There are three or four very grand gates, ereded by ' the Mamalukes, the workmaiiiiiip of which is very good, and the architcdure, though Ample, has a mag- nificent appearance. The calHc, faid to have bccii built by Saladin. is fituated on a rocky hill, which fectns to have been feparatcd by art from the mountain ' Jebel Duife. It is walled round, but being entirely commanded by an eminence on the eaft, it could m.ike but a poor defence fince the invention of cannon. The caiHe is at prefcnt parted into three divilioiis, which are occupied by the pacha, the janitlarics, and the Affabs. The palace of ihe pacha is falling into ruins, and is unworthy of being the dwelling of me governor of a great province. But the Turkiih pachas are in general ill lodged: they all know that they are not to be long in power, and no one cares for making repa- rations to accommodate his fuccclFor. I'he quarter of the janilfaries is furroiindcd with ftrong walls, which are flanked with towers, and it has more the appearance of a fortrefs. At the wefl end of the caflle are the remains of very magnificent apartments, fome of them covered with domes, and adorned with Mofaic pidurcs, formerly perhaps belonging to the ancient fultans, but at prgfent' only ufed for weaving, embroidering, and otherwife preparing the hangings, every year fent to Mecca. The grand faloon, commonly called Jofeph's Hall, is now entirely open, except on the fouth fide ; and, from an eminence near it, which, by the large and beautiful pillars of red granite with which it is adorned, feems to have been a terrace to the above faloon, there is a moft delightful profped of Cairo, the pyra- mids, and all the adjacent country. The flreets, like tliofe of all ihc Turkifli cities, are very narrow, the moft fpacious of them not exceeding one of our lanes in breadth ; and they are pellered with jugglers and fortune-tellers. The houfcs, which are generally built round a court, have very little beauty on the ouliide, ufe only being there confidertd. Below they arc of ftone, and above of a fort of cage-woik, fometimes filled up with unburnt bricks, having very few windows. The iniides arc much more regular : ihofc belonging to the principal men have a faloon far common ule, and another for ftate ; and as they have four wives, each of them has a faloon, with the n^- |» ceilary 1 fc tM A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPHY. m W ceiriiv aparlmchlB. l^hofc have no communication will) ihc oihrr prts of ihu houfc, except the common entrance tor the fervanis, aiiJ the private entrance of V'hiih the multer keep* the key. There are fcvi-ral magnihceitt mofqiie^ in and tboiit Cairo ; but tlie molt celebrated, buth with regard to the foiidity of its building, and a certain grandeur aitd magnificence that Hrikei every fpe£tator in a fiir- prilin^ maimer, it the mof(}ue of Sultan Haflien, built ut the foot of the cafllc hill. It is very tnftv, of an obiiing fffuare figure, crowned with a curiiifll all round, that proje^U a great way, and is adorned with a par- ticular fort of grotcfqiie carvings, after the Turkilh manner. The entrance is very beautifully inlaid with fcvcral fortK of marble, and finely carved at top : formerly the afcent was by fcvcral llcps, which arc delfroycd, and the door walled np, becaufc, in times of puMic infurrci^ions, the rebels made ufcofthis n^o^iie as an afyliim, and place of defence. Cairo is commonly vifited by the plague once in three or four years, hen it rages with incredible violence, and carries off great numbers of the people, but always gradually declines in proportion to the fwclling of the Nile. The convcntency of water-carriage renders this city a place of great traffick ; fo that all the country, particularly in the neighbourhood of the Nile, is fupplied with merchandize of all kinds from Cairo. One of the favourite diveriions of the citizens is their dancing camels, which, when young, they place upon a large heated floor, the intenfe neat whereof makes the poor creature capers and, being plied all the time with the found of drums, the nolle of that in- ilrument fcts them a dancing all their lives after. In the neighbourhood o> Cairo are feveral remark- able places : among others, the three villages of Bulak, Follat, Geelh, s/hich are all fo near the city, that they may be reckoned fuburbs to it. Bulak, which was undoubtedly the Latopolis of the ancient Greeks, is at prefunt a very con I'iderable town, and the port of Cairo. All goods from Damictta and Rofctta, and all exports from Egypt by the Mediter- tanean, pafs this vi'ay. For this reafon, a large cullom- houfe iscllablilhed here ; and a valt bajtar, or covered market-place, called kilfarie. Here are alfo magazines of rice, fait, nitre, and of various productions ot Upper Egypt. Here is alto a houfc belonging to the fultan, in which is kept the corn that he fends annually to Mecca and Medina. Foftat, or Mafr-el-a«ik, although greatly decayed, may ftill be confidtrcd as a town of the middle lizc. It has a cuilom-houfe. where the duties on goods from Upper Kgypt '•■fc paid. In a large fqiiare, enclofed witiiin a wail, government (tore up, in the open air, a conlideralile quantity ot grain tvery year. Soniu authors ("peak of this as a granary built by the patriarch jDi'ci.h ; but the wall is plainly of a later date than even iheconqncll of Egypt by the Arabians. The old city of Mufr >s inhabited, at prcfent, by none but Chtilhans. In it are to b« fctn f^ chnrchea of the Orecki and Copts, with i cm*' of Monks of the latter nation. A grotto, undu" of the C(»ptic churches, U regarded with hijih , ' ration, becaufc it is fuppofed to have been thi, of the Holy Family, wnen they fled into Egypt t Greeks have a church famous for a miracklgf,! gular nature:— fools recover their wits, upon bound to a certain pillar of it. Between this city and Cairo is an aqiicdufl »u was cot)(1ruit\cd in the beginning of the lixthcem by Sultan Gari, and conveys water into the nci|r|ib( hood of the callle. Near the canal is icunnnii Dcrvifes, celebrated for the elegance of the built and the opulence of the foundation; and nein convent are large fquares, in which the principjli, habitants of Cairo amufc thcmfclvcs with niii exerciles. The fmall village of Gcefli flands on thefumli, bank of the Nile, oppofite to Mafrel-atik. luof* is unknown. The heights around it, which hjvti doubt been raifed by the accumulation of the dirt f the city, fecm to bcfpcak its antiquity. M.Ni^ found nothing remarkable about it, except In country houfes belonging to rich inhabitants of Ciij and fome manufactories. Matara, a town, or rather village, about twolu from the capital, is feated nearly on the ruins of ancient Hcliopolis. It is, however, more fini_ among the Cnriftians for a fycamore whofetniill faid to have afforded (helter to the Holy Faraily,| their flight. This fycamore fliould fecm to haveij power of renewing itfelf: for, of the crowds of [»« llitious pcrfons who viiit it, each ufually ansoli carries away a piece. This village was foiu famous for the cultivation of thofe trees which i Egyptian balfam : but none of them is now to beli here \ the lafl died in the beginning of the I'cvenK^. century. The Turks are not a people difpofiil its (lore fo valuable a plant. Four leagues eallward from Cairo is Birlict-el Hiik or the Pilgrim's Pool, a pretty conliderablc l^jte, ivkid receives its water from the Nile. Upon its banksi feveral villages, and a great many ruinous cmioiiy lionfes. There is nothing to render this placed. markablc, except at the time of the fetlinguutofill caravan for Mecca, when the pilgrims encamp nnii^ for a few days ; as they do alfo upon tl^ir retun On the 20th of May 1762, two days before the 1' parture of the caravan, M. Niebuhr tells u«, k\ the curiofity to vilit this camp, but foumliittkibi it worth viewing ; that he law itidced a veiv fei elegant tents ; but every thing elfe was thcxkin^n nuliy, diforderly, and paltry. L Alexandria, (or Scuiuiri;t, as the Turks ami Ariliil call it; the ancient lapital of Egypt, was fouiidtdbjl Alexander the Great, and is (iiuatcil forty miles wdl from the Nile, where it forms a fpaclous haven, in H Iftnl .1 E O T. t8(> , ol » crtfaiit, and is lao miles nortli-wc(l of L. 1' *"'* *"""''''V " ^'■''y •"agnifi'-'-'nf t'lTv, lamX H^^^ l)iiiKiings, ami noble walls, iome cf 111 arc I'aul to l"-' HiH llitnJiiif;. It wan once, in r, j^|;,tc, the tin|H)riiMn ot tlio woilii, ami, by L, 1,1 tiic Kcil Sea, liiritiduti Knropc, and many lu of Alia, vviili ilif licit nificliamn/is and pru- Kliwis ol <'"•' ''■^''' .^o'"c Itately rninM aic itill logi'ilicr with many pieces of porphyry, and 1^,, line marbles ; but the greater part haj been cii her till awav, Of cinployt'd in binlding the prtlrnt which Is luitliing inorc than an rtrdinary fuu-norl, iirtii by the iiami; of Scandcroon. Mr. Nicnidir Itncs, that the Mahoinctans in general, and efpc- thc inhabitants of Alexandria, break down the Ji( nimiiiineiits of antiquity, to employ the frag- l,„s ill the molt wretched (Irndtures imaginable. Ihiiicver they arc at a lofs fftr materials for building, Ivfaiiple nut to dig np the foundation (tones of the Vent walls and palaces. If one happens to iind a Lii'iil coliiam in his garden, he will rather make Ij.ltunes of it, tlwn prtfcrvc it. Jiowcver, he fays, there Dill cxifts one noble remain Fihecity, which cuuUl neither be broken nor carried Ijy; this is the Obclilk of Cleopatra, not before liaJ, and is a llngle jiiecc of red granite. Although Lrt of its bale be funk into the earth, it dill ap- Ers above-ground to the height of lixty>two feet; ^circmnference of the bafe is [wen ieet and a half. is iiifcribed with foine ancient chara(£lcrs, en- kvcn, an inch deep ; but the modern Egyptians jnnol read them. lAnaihcr monument, the famous pillar of Pompey, liich is a fiit: piece of antiquity, owes alfo its pre- fvaiion to its bulk. It was ereded in ancient kxaiulria, but (lands at prefent at the dillance of a '«of a league from the New-Town ; and is faid '■ten eredcd by Julius Ca:far, in memory of , vidory over that great man, who, cfcaping from ! battle of PharCalia to the Egyptian coalt, was there ackroudy inurdtred. , The pillar confills of three tnts of red granite ; the whole, including the pe- Mol and foundation, being eighty-nine iecc high, ladurned with a capital of the Corinthian order. [New Alexandria owes its prcfcnt Itate to the Arabs, llio enclofcd it with a very thick wall, near fil'ty Itt high. This wall, which is becoming ruinous, I a fmall fort upon the peninfula, with a garrifon fifty foldiers, are all the nuaiis that the city pof- llfes for its defence : but its governor depends on lie Paclia of Kaliira, and, of confequenci;, not on be aridocracy of the beys, but on the grand fcignior. [he lincK- building in the city is a niofipie, which, b the time of the Greek empire, was a church dcdi- Bted to St. Athanafnis. It is very large, and orna- fcented with noble Coluirins. A great number of Greek mantifcripts are (lill faid to be prcfervcd ia it ; lut, Mr. Niebuhr adds, that as no Cluillian dare ex- amine any thini; within a mafqiie, he faw only ita (Hitlidc. Ak'xandrin la* fallen by digrets fniin itt am iciii ^rand>'llr, populatiuii, ami wc.ilth. 'I'he tillin|{ up of «lic branch ol i!ic Nile, upon wliah this c.iiy (bnds, and whiih is now no longer tia»it',ablc, it v\hat has chii'lly contubutcd to its decline: it ia however clcunfcti from timj to time, as it fiipplies tl e city with fott water, which cuuld no-whcrc elfe be obtaincil. According ti> the tradition of the Arabs, when Alex- andria was taki-n by the Saracens, it ci)iiiaincd four thonf.ind palaces, as many buihs, i'.iul tour htindrcd f(juare» : even now the niofqnes, bagnioJ, f«:, created within thtfc ruins,, prelerve an inrxprcllililc air of majelly. This city llill retains fomc triiiinj; re- mains of its former trade; but the inhabitants ure, in general, poor, ignorant, and indolent. Opi)()litc Alexandria is the linall illaiid of I'haros, whereon the light-honfc, known by the fame appttlatitni, and cltccmed one of the Wonders of the World, formerly flood. The mole v\liich was built to form a com- munication with the idand of Pharos is looo yards in length, and though near aooo years old, fuch were it*, excellent materials, as to relilf in a great maafnre the violence of winds ffnd waves ever fince. All the parts of the city were magnificent in proportion, ai. appears from their ruins, particularly the cillcrns and aqncduf^. Suez, which gives name to t]ie iAhniiis that joins Africa with Afia, is fituatcd on the noithern coall of the Red-Sea. It was formerly a place of great trade, but has been upon the decline ever lince the Portu- giicfe difcovered a pallagc to the Eafl-Indies by the Cape of Good-Hope. Near this city the children of Ifrael are fnppofed to have marched in their way towards the Ke'd-Sca. It is now a fmiOl city, and gives name to the illhmus that joins Africa with Alia. Rofctta, called by the Arabs, Rafhid, is a healthy, pleafant, and populous city, is fituaicd twenty-five miles to the north-weft of Alexandria, aird at the mouth of one of the branches of the Nile. It is twa miles long, and half a mile broad. The inhabitants employ themfelves in conveying the European mer- chandizes, which arc brought hither from Alexandria , to Cairo in boats. A vail number of vice-confuls . and faitors relido here, in order to expedite all letters and bills brought from Alexandria: thofe of any con- fequcnce, are conveyed from hence by land, acrofs the deferts, to Cairo. Rofetta is recommended not only for its beautiful fituation, but delightful profpcdt?, which conimaiul the line coiuntry, or idand of Delta. In the environs arc many coiintry-hoiiles belonging to chriflian mcichants, with fine gardens, producing the choiccd fruits of the Eall. The Mahometan in- habitants arc alfo extremely civil and polite here, Damictta, fnppofed to be the ancient Pelufaim, is liuiatcd at the moutli of the ealleru biauch of 4D . : / ti»« rn > I • J 290 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. !? * the Nile, about an hundred miles from Rofctta. It is ail ill-built but large and popi^lons city, containing about twenty-five thoufand inhabitants, cxclufive ot" ilrangcrs. Buiac is fituated about two niilcs weft of Cairo, to v'hich city it is the port town, and a place of vart trade, containini; -ibout four tlioufand faniilies. It is at this place tli;ir tiii; banks of the Nile arc annually cut, in order to lill the canals, a: a'ready mentioned. Sayd, fituated on the welt banks of the Nile, goo inile5 foiith of Cairo, and fuppofed to be the ancient Egypiia-i Thebes, is the capital of Upper Kgypt, and ^vas formerly one of the find!: cities in the univerie ; but it it, iKuv verj' inconl'iderable, aiul only remarkable for tlic amazing antiquities it contains, conlifting of vail columns of inaible and porphyry, v liich he half buried in the ground, and Itatufs and obcldks of a pro- digious fize, adorned with hitroglyplii'.s. Colliar is fituated on the weft coalf of the Red Sea. The general pradicc of flrangcrs, who vifit the three lafl-meutioned places, is, to hire a janilFary, whole authority commonly prot^'^s them from tiic infults of the other natives. A CoMPENnious . ISTOilY OF EGYPT. EGYPT has long been 1 celebrated kingJom ; it was peopled by Mizraim, the C).n of Ham, foon after the confufion at Babel, and h:is almofl from its firfl fet- tlement been celebrated by '.he hifforians of all nations. An uninterrupted fcries of kings filled the Egyptian thrcf.e, till the invafionof Canibyfes II. king of^Perfia, in the year before Chrifl ^co v hen a period was put to that famous monarchy. Moft of t!;c fuperb itrac- tiires, whofc fiiins aie the ar'.miration of modern times, were crefted d»iring the rcgns of thcfe princes defcend- ed froul the line of the i'haroah'?. After the conqucd of E^ypt by Carnbyfcs, it continued a province of Per- fia, till the deflrudioh of that empire by Alexander ♦he Great, who, after wrefling the Perli.an diadem from Darius, built the celebrated ci;; ,;f Alexandria, then the emporium of the rich merchaiidi/.e of the Indies. On the death of Alexander, Egypt fell to the lot of Ptolemy, one of the generals of that great prince, when it once more became an independent kingdom. This event happened about 300 years before the Chrittinn xra. The line of the Ptolemies fwayed the Egyptian fceptrc between two and three hundred years, and we- ■ f-iinous for their inagnificenct, s id ilie cncoiira^^emc, •■ they j;:ve to learning. The celebrnltil library of Akxr.iidria, I'.iid to contain 700,000 vohiirics, owed its origin to Ftoleniy Pliiladelphus, '^c fV.cond pri«cc of that dy-- iia ly. Py his order alfn Ise Old Tcfhimcnt v.-as tranf- lated from the lltbrcw into Greek, and is well known to (he learned under the name of the S' piuacint. This dynafty terminated \\ith the death of thi^'cclebratcd Cicop.itra,- wife and filk-r to Ptolemy Dionyfius, when Egypt was reduced to a Roman province. In t),; n it continued till the deflrudlion of that empire h 1 .Goths and Vandals. After this ineinoraW/ p/'!! naincly, about the year b.[0, Omar fiihjeaed fLii the Mahoijietan power, and the calii)hs of Dab'bn fovereigns of the country till 870, when the En " fet up a governor of tlieir own, named Ahmed 'i'olun, and hence it is called the dynafly or u! Tolun. This line continued till about the year ui] and was fiicceeded by the Tiirkilh line of caliphs kings of Egypt, the firft of which was Syrachock ik! being fent by the lultan with an army muo Egypt, c« qutred the country, but alFumed the regal aut'horiii himfelf. Between the year 1150 and iiqo, in ^Iie timeofiV Crufades, J'.'gypt was governed by Noraddiii, ilieS^I racen fultan of Damafeus, whofe fbn, the famoji Saladin, was fo dreadful to thofe chrifttan advcnturen and retook from them Jerufalem. He iiiditutedilij military corps of Marnalukes, like the jaiiiilariesi Conflantinople, who, about the year ij^-, jij. vanccd one of their own officers to the throne, d ever after chofe their prince out of their own bodrJ Egypt for fome time made a figure under thofe illuHJ ous ufurpers, and ixiadea noble lland againrt thegiowJ ing power of the Turks, till Sclim, the TurkilhcJ peror,. about the year 1517, gave the mamalukesfel veral bloody defeats, and reduced Egypt to its prefcij (late of fubje£tion to the Ottomaris. But while tlj conqueror was fettling the government of Egypt, ? numbers of the ancient inhabitants withdrew into defcrts and plains, tinder one Zingancus, from w'titnt they attacked the cities and villages of the Nile, igji plundered whatever fell in their way. SelimandlM officers, perceiving that it would be a matter of gmtl difficulty to extirpate thofe marauders, left them at liJ berty to quit the country, which they did in great niiiii.| bers, and their pofterity is known all over Europe audi Alia by the name of Gipfies. I The late Dr. Smollett, fpeaking of Egypt, fayj " It was from hence that the vagrant race called Gip.! lies came, and difperfed themfelves info every kingdcnil of Europe and Afta. They were originally called Zin.| ganees, from their captain Zinganeus, who, ivhciiliil-| tan Sclim made a conqueft of Egypt about theyearj J5 17, refufcd to fubmit to the Turkilhyoke.andretirtdl into the deferts, where they lived by rapine anil plunder, j and frequently came down into the plains of Egypt,! comniifting gre-nt outrages in the towns upon the Nik,] under the dominion of the Turks. But bcir.gatlf fubdued, and banifhed Egypt, they agreed todil themfelves in finall parlies into every coiintrj oi ike I known world, and as they were natives of Egypt, » country where the occult fcicnccs, or black art, a- 11 was called, was fiippofcd to have arrived to great per- fei^ioi!, and which in tli^ credulous ai;c was in great 1 vogue with pcrfons of all religions ami perfiulions, they found no dilliculiy to maintain thcmfehesbvpre- ' / £ ',1 Irica.] ,3 tell fortunes ami future events." Many of "however, have of late been incorporated with ""iied the manners and cuftoms of the people t ^'important as well as the moft recent event n;„„ihfiliiibrv of this country, is the following: MOROCCO. agt tfflinetheiiillory , • r Uvwrs ago. -an attempt was made to deprive the Ian Porte of its authority over Egypt, by Ah Bey, ifelather was a prieft- of the Greek cKurch. All r' d the Mahometan religion ; and as he was pof- iTof great ability and addrefs, he foon became very I lar However, a falfe accufation having been L j'^inft him to tiie grand feignior, his head was Ldtobefent to Conftantinople. Ah, bting ap- Lol'thedefign, feized and put to death the mci- Lj „ho brought the innndate, and foon afterwards L means to put himfell at the head of an army ; rlikewife advantage of the diflrefsful and danger- Hiiuation to which the Turkifli empire was reduced, liliewar it was engaged in w-ith the Rullians, he Idly afcended the throne of the ancient fultans of Ipt But not content with that kingdom, he alfo Idaim to Syria, Paleaine, and that part of Arabia lich hail formerly been under the dominion of the tot Ailtans. Accordingly he marched at th-. head Ais troops to fwpport thefe pretenfions, and aftoally Iducil fome of the neighbouring provinces of Arabia viilft All was employed in thefe great enterprifes, Iwas not lefs attentive to "the efbblifhing a regular of government, and introducing order into a hnttythat had been long the feat of anarchy and con- L. In like manner he extended his vie ws to Corn- ice; for which purpofe he gave great encouragement rthechtiftian traders, and took off fome grievous and Itneful rcftraints and indignities to which they were fcieflcd by the arbitrary power of the governors. liihthe fame views, he wrote a letter to the republic I Venice, with the gi'eatell afTurances of his fricnd- Ip, and that their inerchants fliould meet with all pof- ifeprotedhonandfafety. His great defign was laid [be, to make himfelf mafter of the Red Sea, to open t port of Suez to all nations, but particularly to the hiopeans, and to make Europe once more the great Btie of commerce. iThccondufl and views of Ali difpla'yed an extent of biigbt and ability that indicated nothing of the bnr- irian, and befpoke a grcalnefs of mind capable of tinding an empire ; but he was not finally fucccfsful. ■offevcr, for fome time he proved extremely f'ortii- Jici having aRiimcd the titles and ihite of the aniient llians of Egypt, and being ably fiipported by Sheik phcr, anil foiiic other Arabian princes, who warmly Unfed his caufe. In alinoft all his enterprifes r.gainlf Icwigliboiiring Aliatic governors and balhas Iic4ike- life fuccccdcd, and ri'pcatedly defeated theni ; but he las at length deprived of the fovcreignty by the bale lid ungrateful coiidud\ of hi;. brotlier-iii-!.i\\ , Mahom- med Bey Aboudaab, who on the 7th of March 1^73 totally defeated his troops, v/ounded, and took him prifoner : he afterwards died of his wounds, and was buried at Grand Cairo. Aboudaab for fome time governed Egypt as Shiik Ballet, and marched into Paleffine to fubdue Sheik Daher ; but after behaving with great cruelty to the inhabitant? of the places he look, he was found dead in his bed one morning at Acre, fuppofed to be (tran- gled. Sheik Daher accepted the Porto's full amncfiy, ■ and embraced, the captain pacha's invitation to dine oil board his fliip, when the captain produced his orders,- andthebrave Daher, Ali Bey's ally, had his head (Iruclc off in the 8,5th year of his age : thus forfeiting his life in confcquence of his own credulity,, and the ialfc aflli- rances of his treacherous enemies. • CHAP. HI. The states of B A R B A R Y : C'jntainingtlie Kingdoms of M-QVlqcco, Fez, Algiurs, Tunis, Tripoli, and ^av.c\. Boundaries, Climate, Soil, Produce, hibalilants. Animals, Cities, Towns, Mountains, Rivers, (Jc. ,.'.*.! MOROCCO. TH I S empire, which now comprehends the king- doms of Morocco and Fez, is bounded by the Mediterranean fca, on the north ; by Tafiler,. on the fouth ; by the river Mulvia, which fcpariUcs it from- Algiers, on the eall ; and by the Atlantic ocean, on the weft ; extending from 28 to 36 deg. north latitude, and from_4 to 9 deg. welt longitude from London. It is about 500 miles in length, and 480 miles in breadth, where broadctt. Fez lies between the kingdom of Algiers, to the cad, hnd Morocco to the fouth : it is furrounded in- other parts by the fea. This country, now united to Morocco, is about 125 milts in length, and nearly tha" fame in breadth. Algiers, which was formerly a kingdom, is 480 miles in length from call to welt, and fiom 40 to 100 miles in breadth. It is lituated between ;joand 37 dig. north lat. and between 1 deg. well, and 9 deg. ealt Ion"-, being bounded on the ca(t by the kingdom of Tunis, on the north by the Mediterranean, on the fouth by Mount Atlas, and on the well by the king- doms ot.iVlorocco ;iiul Tafilet. Tunis, anciently tlie republic of Carthage, is in length friiin north to fouth -220 miles, in breadth from ea!i to well 170, and bounded bv tlu- Mediterranean on the north and end ; by the kini.;doin of Algiers, on the welt i and by Tripoli, with part of Biledulgcrid, 01; 't] ?m- A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UKIVERSAL CEOORAPHY, [ I on' rfie fontli. It extends from 33 dcg. 30. inin. to 37 deg. 12 iiiin. north lat, and from b dcg to 11 deg. eail lonn;. 'I'KiroM, including Barcn, is bonndcd by the Me- diterranean fca, on the north ; by the country of the JJfer.iberies, on tlic foiith ; by the kingdom of Tunis, liilcdnlgerid, and a territory of the Gadamih, on tii'e wett ; and by Egypt, on the eaft ; extending along the coaft about 1000 miles, excliifive of the creeks and projcftions of the fliore. " We may vviili propriety confider the Barbary dates as forming a great political confederacy, however isnic- pcndcnt cacl) may be as to the exercife of its internal policy ; and with cefpedt to the manners and cudoms of the inhabitants in general, the diftcrence is not greatp' than happens in tiie feveral provinces of the lame kingdom. The climate of Morocco, Fez, Algiers, and indeed ;(11 the other (tatcs, is extremely hot towards the fotiih, but in general is tolerably healthy, being cooled by the fca-brcezes, and defended by high moimtaiiis from the fultry fonth winds, which give them a temperature not to be expcfted from their iilnations fo near the tropic' But if the rainy feafon, which begins in Odober, con- tinues too long, it occafions peftilential fevers ; and the north-wcrt winds, which prevail in March, fometimes greatly affedl the lungs and nerves, and injure the pro- duds of tlic earth. In other refpefls the (ky is ferene, and the air clear and wholefome. Fine fprings arc fomid in mod moors, and alfo winding rivers, which for the mod part have their fource in Mount Altas, and clifembogue themfelves in the Mediterranean Tea, or Atlantic ocean. Under the Roman empire, thcfe fl^^es were jiiflly denominated the garden of the wOrld^ and to have a refidcnce there, was confidercd as the highdt date of hixnr)'. 1 t.e produce of their foil foriTied thofe maga- zines -which fnrnidied all Italy, and great par.t of the Roman empire, with corn, wine, and oil. Though the lands are now uncultivated, through the opprellion and barbarity tlie iniiabitants labour under, yet they are flill fertile, not only in the articles above fpecificd4 but in date;, figs, raifms, almonds, apples, |)ears, cherries, plums, citrons Jemons, oranges, pomegranates, with plenty of roots and herbs in their kitchen-gardens, txcelkivt f^enip and flax are produced on tjieir plains ; and perfons vn Ik) have lived there for fome time allure us, that the coimiry abounds with all the ncceilaries and luxuries of life; for the great people here find means to evade the fobriety prefcribed by the Maho- metan law, and drink freely of excellent wines and fpirits of their own growth and maniiladtirc. CJreat (judiiiitics ol fait-petre and excellent fait liavefieen pro- duced in Algiers, and in feveral places of Barbary lead and iron have been found. Honey and wax'are alfo produced here in great quantities. The deferts in the itates of Barbary abound with lions, tygers, leopards, hyxnas, and mynllrous fcr- pents ; but ntither tiie elephant nor the rhinoctro to be found there. Camels and * dromdaries •? mules, and kumrahs (a modferviceablccrcaiurcl* by an al's upon a cow, are their bcaUs of burden Barbary horfeu were formerly very valuable, aiidi'lio equal to the Arabian : and though their breed is laid to be decayed, yet fome very^finepnesarenow" then imported into England. Their cows are but fn and give littje milk, Tiicir ilieep and goats ami large; though the former yield but indirtercntli'cf Bears, porcupines, foxes, apes, hares, rabbiis, i'wr, weafels, moles, chameleons, and all kinds of rtpij are found here. Tlie apprchenlions travellers ihn fome parts of Barbary are under, of bein" bitttn dung by the fcorpion, the viper, or the venomoiisf|| der, rarely fails to interrupt their repofe, which if r^freflanent very agreeable and highly grateful to awr traveller. Eagles, hawks, quails, partridges, and all kii wild Ibwl, are found on this coaft ; and of thefm birds, the cupfa fparrow is remarkable foritsbeai and the fweetncfs of its note, which is thoughtful to that of any other bird ; but it cannot live out of own climate. The feas and bays of Barbary abound with the li and mod delicious tifh of every kind, wiiich were ferred to thofe of Europe by the ancients. The principal mountains is that chain termed Mi Atlas, which runs "the whole length of Barbary, fi ead to wed, and, palling through Morocco, termini upon that ocean which feparates the eallern from wedcrn continent, and from this ridge of mouni has obtained the appellation of the Atlantic Ocean, . Thefe mountains afford mines of exceeding coppery and it has been alferted, that the couniry tains mines of gold and fdver, but none of ihera open at prefent. The chief rivers are the Malva, which rifes iiv deferts, and, rimning from fouth to north, divides M( rocco from Algiers ; the Suz, the Rabbatia, theOi mirabih, the Larachc, the Sebon, the Darodt, 'lenlid, Peban, and the Gueron. All thefe have fource in the Atlas mountains, and fall into the Ailaolil ocean. As to their commerce and manufadures, an ini traffick is carried on by the inhabitants of thiseiiip'i vvnh Arabia and Negroland. To the former thty woollen manufadures, Morocco-leather, indigo, cocl neal, and odrich feathers ; in return for which, they ceive filks, muflins, and drugs. To Negroland fefid fait, iilk, and woollen manufadhires, which change for gold, ivory, and negroes, whu arc chieJj imported to recruit the emperor's black cavalry. Tki trade is conducted by caravans. The grcatdl part their foreign commerce is carried on in Engliihai French bottoms, for they have few vcllelsot theiroiii except corfairs. Their exports confift in copper, M( rucco-lcathcr, hides, exceeding line wool, oltrich tki9 ri.-^ bicA. MOROCCO. '} ^(^ h3 barilla, f«ap. wax, honey, horfes, gums, raifin-, to almonJs. dates, and other fruits. The commercial affairs of this empire, and, indeed, of Barbary, are managed by Jews and ChrKUans, fet- ■ thofe countries. Tiie chief mamifaftures are her fine mats, embroidered handkerchiefs, fword ots and carpets. The Jews and Chriftians have, ewfecftabliftied thofe of filk and linen. The natives of this empire, known by the appellation Moors, are of a fwarthy complexion ; but from the IS number of negroes imported thither from inea there are qlmoft as many blacks as whites. Moorifli women are, in general very handfome, not beirigexpofed to the fun, like the men, remark- fair. The Moors arc (aid to be a covetous, inhofpi- {epeoplev who commit every fpecies of viilany and od to acquire riches; yet fuch is the tyranny of their lernment, that a man, when he has obtained the illh he (b ardently fought, is obliged to conceal it, left lonld become a prey to the rapacious emperor. But people who inhabit the hills, and are therefore little uainted with the vices of the court, or trade, appear 'be by far the moft honed arnl free peo'plte'in this mtiy; for the government, left they and is introdticed to her alone for the firft time, w!io finds her fitting oiv a filk or velvet cuftiion, fuppofing her to be a pcrfon of confequencci with a fmall table before her, upon which are two wix randies lighted. Her ftiift, or more properly (liirt, hangs down Tike a train behind her, and over it is a filk or velvet robe with clofe fteeves, vhich at the breaft and waift is embroidered with gold : this drefs reaches fomething lower than the calf of the leg. Rsund her head is tied A black filk fcarf, w hich bangs behind as low as the ground. Thus attired, the bride fits with her 'hands over her eyes, whei\ her hufband appears, and receives her as his wife, without any further ceremony ; for the agreement' hiade up by the friends before. the cadi, is the only fpecitic contrail which is ttiought neceflary. For fiTiVie time after marriage, the family and friends are engJ(^'d in much leading, and a variety of amiife- mtfnts,' which lad: a longer or fhortcr time, according to the circumftances of the parties. It is often cuf- tomary for the man to remain at home eight days, and the woman eight months after they are (itd married. If the hiiiband Oiould have any reafon to fufpeft that his wife has not been driSlly virtuous, he is at liberty to divorce her and take another ; and the wotrisn is at liberty to divorce herfelf from her hufband, if (he cat» prove that lie does not provide her with a proper fub- lidencc. If he curfes her, the law obliges him to pay her, for the fird offence, eight ducats ; for tlic fcconcf, a rich drefs of fliU greater value; and the third time (he may leave him entirely. He is then .at liberty to» 4 E uiarry ) I d '\S 29t A N'EW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. m U i;^ marry again in two months. A woman convi£lcd of adultery, is puniflicd with immediate death. When any pcrfon dies, a certain number of women arc hired for the purpofe of lamentation, in the per- I'onnance of which, nothing can be more grating to the ear, or moreunpleafant, than their frightitil moans, or rather howlings : at the fame time, thefe mercenary mourners beat their heads and breafls, and tear tiicir cheeks with their naiis. The bodies are ufiially buried a few hours after death. Kevlous to interment, the corpfe is walhed very clean, and fewed up in a (hroud, with the right-hand under the head, whicli is pointed towards Mecca : it is carried on a bier, fupportcd upon men's (haulders, to the burying-place, which is always, vith g,eat propriety, on the outfide of the town, for they never bury their, dead in the mofques, or within the bounds of an inhabited place. Thc; bier is accom- panied by numbers of people, two abread, who walk very faft, calling upon God and Mahomet, and Tinging hymns adapted to the occafion. The gr^ve is made yery wide at the bottom, and narrow at the top, and the body is depolited without a^y other ■ceremony than ^nging, >>nd praying, in the fame nianner as on their way to the grave. . They 'have no tombs in this country, but long and plain (tones; and it is frequently cuRomary for the fe- male friends of the departed to weep over their graves for feveral days after their funeral. When a woman lofus her htifband, flie mourti& four months and eight days, during which period (he is .to wear no liUer or gold; and if flie happens to be preg- nant, ilie is to mourn till flie is bropght to bed. For thc above time, th? relations of her late hu/band are gbligcd to fupport her. We do not learn that any mourning is due from the hulband fur the lofs of his wife; but ii is ciillomary. particularly among the great people, for a fon to mourn tor bis father, by not (having his head, or any part ot° his beard, and by not cutting Lis nails for a certain fpace of time. It is obfervable, that how depraved foever thc Moors ijjay be in every other refped, they pay thc grcatcil duty and refpedl to their parents, princes, and fuperi- ors. Their method of cxprelling reference both to the Divine bcii^g, and to man, is by pulling ott' their flip- pers, which they always leave at the door of the houfc or mufque they enter; and when they attend their prince in thc llrcets, they always follow him bare- footed. Thc drtfs of the Moors confiUs of a linen fl)irt or drawers, over which tliey tie a iilk cw cloth vefhnent with a faflj, and wear upon that a loofe coat. 1 heir arms and legs arc always bare, but they have dippers qn their feet, and pcrfons of rank foinpsmes wear buf- kins. They (have their heads, on which they wear a nirban, made cither of Iilk or line linen ; and this they uever pull off, ei.ther to their Aiperiors or in their tem- ples. The habit of the women is nearly fimilar to that of thc men, only infteadof a turban, they wear around 3 cap made of fine linen : their drawers arc inuchl J and larger ; and when they appear in the llrceu / faces are covered with a linen cloth, in ti,e m j a veil. The dead are always carried to thenrri their ufiial drcfs. b*ftM The,religion of th? natives is the Mahometan f according to the tenets of Ali, while others adh J thofe of Hamed, a modern fc' *''*^ '""^' c'tcepting thofe to which Chrillians refort, are infamous brothels, where the 1^(1 wicked and unnatural crimes are fuffered to be iIuquine/-. fiippofed to be the ancient Gilda, and L the chief refidcnce of the Emperor of Morocco, is P jeg. north, lat. and 6 dc^. weft long, filnated on fcjoacious plain jn the river Sebu. The royal palace, imiich decayed, is ftill exceedingly fiiperb: it iiil on >n eminence, is abotit three miles in compafs, id fiirroiinded with ftrong walls. The environs of le city conlill of fine parks, and olive-grounds. AiGiEKS Hands in 36 dcg. 30 min. north, lat. and jilcg. '.5 min.eaft long, and is fituated upon the Me- lerraiiean Sea, which vvathes it upon the north and irth-cad fides. This city is not above a mile and a in circuit, though it is computed to contain near ,o,oootinhabitants, 15,000 houfes, and to; mofques. heir public baths are large, and handfomely paved jih marble. The profpeft of it from the fea is very , being built on the declivity of a moimtain; iit'tliough the city has for fcvcral years braved fome the grcateft powers in Chriflendom, yet fome affirm could make but a faint defence againll a regular fiege, id ihat three Englilh fiffy-gnn fliips might batter it Jilt the cars of the inhabitants from the harbour. If I, the Spaniards muft have been very deficient either in mgJ or Ikill. They attacked it in the year ,775 Ijiid and by fea, but were rcpulfed with great lofs, ioii?hthey had near 2c.ooo foot, and 20CO horfe, and irn'.fevcn king's fliips of different rates, and 346 .iiTporfs. In the year 1783, and the following, they \o renewed their attacks by fea, in order to deftroy le city and gallies ; but after fpending a qunntity of i(m'.imion, bombs, &c. were forced to retire, with- it either its capture or demolition. The mole of the irbour is 500 paces in length, extending from the mtinentto a fniall ifland, where there is a caltle and irge battery. The ditch is twenty feet wide, and f»- jn deep; but at prefcnt it is almoft choked up ith mud. Tunis, the capital of the kingdom of the fame irae, is in 36deg. 43 min. north lat. and 10 deg. 25 iln.caftlonjj. "t about the diltance of 300 miles from The fituation of this city is exceedingly un- from the tnarlhes and lakes that furroiind it, d the iltkicncy of frcfli water. It has fortifications, id isnboutihrce miles in circumference. The houfes e not magniiicent, but neat and commodious, as is ic public exchange for merchants and their goods; It, like Algiers, it is diftrelled for want of frem wa- r. This capital contains lOiOoo families, and above CO iradcfmen's ftiops, and its fuburbs confill of icoo ufes. The Tiuiifians arc exceptions to the other iiesof Barbary, for even the moll civilized of the Eu- ean governments might improve from their man- ners. Their difllnflions are well kept up, and proper rcfpe6l is paid to the tnilitary, mercantile, aiul learned profcHions. They cultivate fricndfhip with ihe Eu- ropean ilates; arts and manufadliircs have bicn lately introduced among them; and the inhabit.mts arc faiil at prcfent to he well acquainted with the various la- bours of the loom. A wonderful regularity rcigus, throiigh all the ftreets and city. The gei;teeler part of the men arc in general fobcr, ord»;rIy, and clean in thtirperfons, and their behaviour oolite and complaifant. The TiiniGan women are cx- ceflively handfomc in their perfoxs ; and thoujrh the men are fun-burnt, the complexion of the ladic- ;5> very delicate; nor are they lefs neat and elegant in ti cir drefs ; but they improve the be -uty of their c;cs by art, particularly the powder of k i-ore, the f;iiiie pig- ment, in the opinion of Dr. Shaw, that Jezebel made life of, when (he is faid to have painted her face, 2 Kings ix. 30. the words of the original being, tliat (he fet off her eyes with the powder of Icad-oie. Tripoii was once the richell, troft populous, and opulent, of all the dates on the coall of Barbary, but it is now greatly reduced. It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean, on the fouth by Zaara, or tlic Dcfert, on the caH by Barca, and on the weft by Tu- nis and Biledulgcrid. It extends along the coad about 700 miles, that is from 10 deg. 13 min. to 25 dcg. 2;^ min. eaft long. The air is clear, but lefs healtl'.y tl.aii that of Tunis. The fc^. i' .he richeft in Barbary ; and the vallies, where cultivated, produce large quantities of corn, grapes, olives, dates, and the various fruits na- tural to warm climates. The animals arc the fame as thofe of Algiers. r The capital city of Tripoli is but fmaU, yet popiN lous, and the natives, though barbarous, are flourilhing. Its (ituation is on a fandy foil, near the margin of the fea ; ftrong walls, defendetl by formidable ramparts, and flanked by pyramidical lowers, furround it. Here arc but t.vo gates, the north gate towards the fea, and the fouth gate towards ;Iie country ; and the whole city forms tlie figure of a crefcent, the concave part of which cnclofes the haven. At the extreme points of the harbour, which is very commodious, are faiiit; mi- litary works ; thofe to the cafl arc in bad condition, but on the weftward there is a (trong cadlc well fortified. The houfes in general are very mean and low biiiit, and the llreets narrow and crooked ; )ef fome remain,- ing monuments of magnificence feeni to confirm th6 prevailing opinion of the inhabitants, that it was once remarkable for the fplendor of many of its public build- ings. This city is dirtrelFed by ihc fcarcity of corn, and the want of fweet water. The city of Oran, lying upon this coafl, is about .-i mile in circumference, and is fortifieil both by art and nature. It was a place of confiderable trade, and the objecl of many bloody difputes between the Spaniards and Moors. CoNSTASTiNA was the ancient Cirta, and one of tiie "i '^tp I i' B96 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPIIY, mm'- the ftrougeft cities of Niiniidia, being iracceffible on all liJes ejiccpt the foutU-wcft. Sallrk, litiiate in 33 dcg. 48 min. north lat. and 6 dcg. 2.5 min. welHoiig. i:! an ancient city incntioiied by Ptolemy, and (bnds on tho ilvcr Ciiicion, which di- vides it inio two parts. It is defended by twocaftleu, which communicate with each otncr, but the ti , fica- tions arc irrcgul.ir and ill-deligned. All articles, of cummcrcc here pay a tenth part to tlie emperor. Tangier, lituiited about two miles within the Stf^ights of Gibraltar, was given by the crown of Por- tugal as part of the dosvry of (^ueen Catharine, con- fort of Ch.T.ies II. of England. It was intended to be to the Englilh what (.libraUar is now ; and iiiuft have been a valtuble acquifnion, had not the mifundcrftand- iiigs between the king and hisparlir.nientoccafioned him to blow up its fortifications, and dcmolilTi its harbeur; fo that from being one of the finefl cities in Africa, it is now little better than a fithing town. ; Ckvta, upon the fame ilreight, aimoft oppofitc to Gibraltar, is III!! in the hands of the Spaniards, but of- ten, if not always, beliegcd or blocked up by the Moors. Barc A, the .\ncient Cyrenc, and once faniious for the temple of Aiomcn, is now truly a defert, fcarcc a town or cultivated fpor of ground being to be found in the \vhole country. It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean ; on the fouth by Biledulgerid ; on the call by Egypt ; and on the well by Tripoli. It is about 200 miles in length, from north to fouth, and 160 in breadth, from e?l* to welL Tetuam, which lies within 20 miles of Ceuta, is now but an ordinary iown, containing about boo hoiifcs ; but the inhabitants are faid to be rich, and to- lerably civilized. Suz, Tafilet, and Gefula, form no part of the "ftates of Barbary, though the King of Morocco pre- tends to be their fovcrcign ; nor is any thing particu- larly curious contained in them. Zaara is divided by the Arabs into three parts, by the names of Cahel, Zsltara, and Al'gar. It is a dcfeit country, thinly peopled, and nearly deditiite of both water and provilions. The foil is in general very dry and Tandy, an-' the climate being exceeding hot,, it is deficient '^f thofe effcntials produced in more fertile countries. The fubjc£ls of the Barbary flafcs, in general, fiib- fj^ing by piracy, are allowed to be bold, intrepid ma- riners, and will fight del'perately wiien they meet with aprizeatfea. They are, nolwiiblfanding, greatly in- ferior to the Englilh and other European Itatts, both in the conltrudlion and management of their vellels. They are, if we except the 'iunilians, void of all arts and literature. The mlfery and poverty of the inhabitants of ^!o- Tocco, who arc not immediately in the emperor', -r- vice, is beyond all dtlcription. The chief turniture of tlieir houles conliits of carpets and mattrciliss, on which they fit and lie. In eating, their flovenlinefs is (l,Z] ing; but thofe who inhabit the inland parts ofiS countryi are an hofpitablc, inofFenfive people and il deed it is a general obfervation, that the more diHi the inhabitants of thofe Hates arefrom the feats of iL government, their manners are the more pur;, lj« vvithllanding their poverty, they have a livelinefsabch them, cfpccially thofe who are of the A .able dcfcM that gives them an air of contentinent ; and havinpr*! tiling to lofc. they are peaceable ainong themiclvcs. J 1 he Moors arc fuppofed to be the original inlu bitants, but arc now blended with the Arabs ■ both aic cru.'lly opprelFed hj a handlui of infolent 1, minecring Turks, the refute of the ftreets of Conila. tinople. They are prohibited gold and filver vclfcbl and their meat, which they fwallow by handfujj J boiled or roalled to rags. Adultery in the womtn « before obfervcd, is punilhcd with death ; but thoul the men arc indulged with a plurality of wives s concubines, tiiey commit the moit unnatunil crini without fear of punilhmcnt. With refped to the antiquities and curiofitiestoii met with in Barbary, the reader can fcarcely dot that the countries which contained Carthage and m pride of the Phoenician, Greek, and Rnmau mk, are replete with the molt curious remains of antiquiitpJ but they lie fcattered atriong barbarous and ignori inhabitants. Some remains of the Numidian Mauritaniaii fplendor are flil! to be m^i with. TJitH point out the fituation of the celebrated cities of C» thage, the Julia Cscfareaof the Romans, nearly m in fplendor to Carthage itfelf ; Hippo, Utica, and I vera! others. The principal ruins of Carthage cnjljjj of fpacious cifterns or refervoirs for holding water, tOr gcther with coniiderable reinains of the aqiiedud bjl which the water was brought above thirty miles fioil the mountains to the city. About fifty miles toil»l fouth of Tunis, is Hill remaining a very conlidetabl{| part of a Roman an'phitheaire ; it is of an oval farm,! iltirce florics higii, and would li^id 30,000 fpcflaiDisJ but the city to which this noble rtiin belonged is uo.! known. Nor are the ruins of claiiical amiquity iJnl only ones found in this country. The caliphs olBagdiil have left many amazing monuments of their nugnib-l ccnce. Little can be faid relpeiSting the natural ':uri8'l fities of this country ; the principal are ilic ;\d \dl inines in the mountains of Beni-Boo-Talcbi ihcprodi-l gious fait pits, which take up an aera of iix miles, n little to the fouthward of Arzew, the '1 ibltt MindiJ an entire mountain of fait, and the Hainm.nn, (irbaiil of Merega. Dr. Shaw mentions feveral fpniigsinikiil country, whofe waters are fo hot ^5 to boil a liugcjiiw I of mutton in a Ibort time. illSTOl^YoE THE STATES' OF BARBARY. I FEW countries in the world have experienced grea'.ftj vicillitudes of ioiiuue than that at prci'ciit kiiuv\n iij ife SLA.VE COAST. I / ^- -\ ■dine* Carthage and tie rESoFBARBARY. r!f^ Staici of Barbary. It is fuppofed to have !'Drieinallype°pl«'' ^'""^ ^Sypt i ^ut at what time, ", ?^j,he*irft colony thither, are partimlars that l!!inow be known. Careful only of procuring paf- J water for their numerous flocks and herds, the 'intabitants wanilcreil fr-' -n one place to another hout forming any fettlement, or erefling lioufes lor LVabode. About the year before Chrift 891, Dido, [; ,0 Pygmalion, king of Tvrc, fled from her bro- I at the head of a confidcrable colony, and built the ' city of Carthage, the capital of a republic cele- ttd for its riches and commerce. This republic ' inued in a (late of opulence and power, at once the and terror of the neighbouring nations, about 700 «• when the fortune of the Romans prevailed, and pndc of Carthage was huiTiblcd in the duft. But U the power of Carthage was ro more, the coun- Lriflied under the Roman government, and be- leoneofthe richeft jewels in the imperial crown.. ,ted with a fertile foil, and a warm luxurious cli- it£, the number of inhabitants rapidly increafed, and itral very magnificent cities, afterwards famous in Jory, were ereaed. The Chriftian religion was intcd here in the time of the apoftlcs themfelves, and irilhed till the fifth century, when the Vandals tram- j on the Roman eagles, and put a period to the fltnefsof the African colonies. Thcfe fierce invaders of Africa did not however long the country they had conquered : the Greek .nerors drove out the northern barbarians, and re- ircd, in fome mcafure, the arts and manufadlures, which, as well as religion, the ferocious Van- Is had declared perpetual war. But this did not re- jre peace and tranquillity to thefc parts of Africa: m were alternately ravaged by the Moors and Van- ili; andat la(l totally concjuered^by the caliphs of Bag- d, in the feventh century. The religion of Mahomet was now eflablifhcd in [ftica; the few remains of ancient greatnefs were de- roved by the bigotted followers of that impoftor ; and le country was divided among the chiefs of the caliph's ly. Relllefs from nature, and inftigatcd toconqueft the tenets of their religion, the Moors palfed over to Europe, and reduced the greater part of Sjj^in. lit viftory now began to forfake their ilandards. hty were feveial times defeated by the European ar- lies, and at lafl, about the year 1.J92, totally driven i:t of Spain by Ferdinand and Ifabella. The only ^ylmnopento the Mahometan fugitives was Africa, here ihey fettled among their friends and countrymen 1 the Barbary coait. This expulfion of the Moors nfioned a perpetual war between thein and the Spani- ds; and finding themfelves incapable of defence againft le Chriilians, they had recourfe to the Turks for allift- ce, Accordingly the two famous brothers, Barba- <\h, admirals ot the Turkifli fleet, were fent to Bar- Succcfs attended the Turkilh forces ; the Spani- |rds, who had made themfelves mafters of great part 2f)7 of the country, were obliged to retire, and the Moorf hoped to enjoy the happiiiefs of freedom and peace. For fome time they flattered tiiemfelvcs witli a Iook feries of profperity, but their hopo were foon rendered abortive : they found that they had only exthauged one* mafler for another, and that the yoke of their delivereB was full as heavy as that of the Spaniards. The em- peror Charles V. made a noble attempt to reduce Al- giers and Tunis. He fuccecded with regard, to tho former ; but, before he could conquer the latter, a dreadful dorm deflroyed the greater part of his fleet, then attending his army encamped in the neighbourhood of Algiers, and he was obliged to embark precipitately, juft as that city was reduced to the lad extremity. Since that time they have continued to carry on the trade of piracy againfl the Chriilians, and have lately fhakett off" the Turkifli yoke. The emperors of Morocco are the fucceflbrs of tho fovereigns of that country, called Xeriffs, whofe powec refembTed that of the caliphs of the Saracens. Their hiftory is hardly any thing elfe than a feries of mur- ders, and the moft deteftable crimes. Muley Moloc alone, in the long dynady of the emperors, wras a great prince. He gained a complete vidlory over the Portu- guefe, whofe king, Don Sebadian, was killed in tha aftion. They have always carried on a piratical war againd Spain and Portugal, and often againfl the other European powers, who frequently condefcend to pur- chafe a peace with thofc imperious infidels, though their marine is truly defpicable ; nor docs the crown of Great-Britain fometimes difdain to procure their friend- diip by prefents, as in the year 1769. CHAP. IV. ' , . Of the slave COAST. . - NEGROLAND is fituated between 10 and 11 de- grees of north lat. and between 18 dtg. wed, and 28 deg. ead long, being about 2576 miles in length from ead to wed, and 68 in breadth from north to fouth. It is bounded on the north by Zaara, on the foutli by Guinea, on the ead by unknown conntries, and on the wed by the Atlantic ocean. The Niger or Senegal, and the Gambia, are the mod remarkable rivers, on which are feveral European fet- tlements. The Englidi trade lO James Fort, and other fettlenents near and up the river Gambia, where they exchange their woollen and linen manufadlures, their hardware and fpirituous liquors, for the perfons of the natives; a negro's wealth confiding in the number of his family, whom he fells like fo many cattle, and often at an inferior price. By the treaty of peace ia 1783, the river of Senegal, with its dependencies, were given tip to France. Next to the flave trade, gold and filver form the orincipal branches of African commerce. The Dutch, ^ 4 F Englifh, m l!f «98 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ■fl I ..lit rnj;lini, and Fvenrli, li:ivc tlifir fcukments for this f cmoll oil tlie lame coafh CiUiNEA is clilliiigiiillicd into Upper and Lower. CoiNli'.lcfjd ;is one country, it lies between p deg. 18 mit). north, and 16 deg. .13 niin. fonth lat. extending . in length above 2;-oo niiivs along the fca-coafl ; but its breadth is not determined. IJelides gold, ivorv, and (laves-, this country affords jnpe Negro, Tills large country is divided into Loango, Congo Pro- per, Angola, and Pengnela, and watered with many rivers;, and would be very irnitt'nl, if better cultivated. 1"he mountains abound with gold, (ilver, and copper. ■ PouUry, oxen, cows, fhcep, goats, elephants, tygcrs, leopards, civit-cats, Arc. are very numerous here; and fcvcral forts of corn and fruits very plentiful. The inllabitanifi of this cxtcniive territory agree with eacb other in many inaterial circumllanccs : they are all of a black complexion, arc idolaters in the worft fcnfc of the word, and the governments every where monar- chiral. Defpotifm reigns, unlitnited by laws, by cuf- toms, b.'-' i. j,v rfetl dcfcrts, as the name of the latttr denotes. In thofe countries, on the other hand, v/here there is plenty of water, and particularly where the liv'rs ovcrliow the land [lart of the yer.r, as in Abyllinia, the prodnflions o( nature, both of tile ani- mal and vegetable kinds, arc foimd in the highelt per- fedion and greatefl abiuidance. Tlie annual Eiitilh exports to Africa are ellimated at 500,oo;l. (K'rling, including a conlidcrablc on . j that is aniuially cxchangcil with Amctican arV'j foreign traders on the coail; about jo.oool. oi k returned in ivory, gold-dull, gum, (J»;c. The. part of the profits of the Have trade is raifcj oiuliJ gar plantations. If by ellabliliiing fad rics ad cournging civilisation on the coall of Aliica' , /■ turning ibme of our Welllndian flavcs to tlieit T nal country, we tried to make up for our pall irci-la to the natives, and inilruded the iuhubiiants int|, | tore of tobacco, indigo, ^.'e. to baiter widi Dsf,, manufadlures, and fupply us with thofe artidi! " demand for which has been fo advant.tjfcous lo'l rica, great would be our profits. Were AtW 1 lized, and could we obtain the alfeflions of iJicnj.. and introduce gradually our religion, luamvrs langu.ige among them, we (hoiild ope'i a nijtU ik, would fully employ our manufadlurcr.s aiul f^anif,, all probability, to the end of time; ami, \vl„v,' enriched ourfelvcs, we Ihould comribuie lu iy liapijiiufs. he eart and wefl coafl of Africa, from tlic ir of Capricorn to the equator, are in the p():li;!lio:i o[]l Portuguefc. This immenfc trad they b.camc niila of by their fuccedive attempts, and happy tlifawenj the navigation of the Cape of Good-llojie. Kroiiny coaft of Zanguebar, on the eaftern (Idt, they traJca only for gold, i^vory, and gums, but likcwifcforfdtt other articles, as fcnna, aloes, civet, aniberutis, ijjl frankineenfe. Theie dill remains a p.irt of the Hiiy coalt of Africa to be conlidered, wliere the DiitiiifeJ fcttlements. This part is inhabited by a very dii J people, and governed in a very different niMna| Strangers at once to the arts of civil life, and toihenf. toms of the negroes, they continue under a kind of™ triarchal government, and a few itinerant families lo.u a nation. SIERRA -LEONE. CUmate. ProduiJlons in general. Pofoiis, ALim;r:,;iM CnJI^mi oj' the Ntilives. THE climate of this country is in general veijl unwholefomc, particularly in the mi)untaino:is pi;iJ where, during four months in the year, itiaiiir, ib;. ders, and is fo intolerably hot, that tisc ii.ii|)!ei:(| obliged to keep clofe in their hiit^; and the air iscorT niptcd in fuih a manner by the lightnijig, tha;:ii!s* mal food is reflnced in a few liours to a Itaieof pwrt-l faflion. The flat open country, however, is ;:ot fol bad; f<'r though in lummer the heat is cxrcllivc ir-it! former part of the day, yet it is very ttinpcraie in;'f| afternoon, from the refrelliiii^ breezes that j^axn) blow froin the fouthwcfl. The banks of Sierra Leone arc linal villi n::!;-| grove trees, the leaves of which exactly rcftmljlvi?.'t| EOGRAPHY, "g a conli(l,rable «, i t. K"ni, ^c. The J J ^'^'-\"--;';» l"«--'"lK.b„an.sin,|,e; • '<> baiter with i,sf,„ 's vvit , thofc anid.; 1 lo ailvaiita^rcous to 'C rohts WacAlWr licatfcaionsortheip., r i-^Iigior), niaiii,.,r.j !lu)iilcl.,j,c.,am4rb;,^ "faan,-cr,sanJr,,,„e„; o| time; and, wlii^ 3iild contribute to it] jf Africa, from die i^ arc ill tlicpoird!i,,;,c(^ trud tlicy became liii ''' '*"'! 'j'.'Pl')' ^''''^'WetyJ ' Good-ii„p,. i,>„;|.i :a(tcrn fide, tlicy ini](„ IS, but likcwifcforfna K'S, civet, ambergris, iiainsapnrtoffhnu'la ed, where the Diitdi fed iiabited by a very B.J atciviHifc, aiidtotliecijf.| itimic under a kind of pJ e.w itinerant families J L E O N E. «/. Pe> foils, Mmin,!ri\ ? Aa/ives. iiintry is in' genera! vtijl 1 the muiiiitai.MfjMs ,u;J 1 the year, it raiiir, ibJ hot, that the people nl hiif;; and the airiscaT he lightning, tharsiUi hdiirs to a Ifaieoffa.l mtiy, however, ij ::c! fjl he heat is cxccirveiritj t is very ttiiipcratc ia:!j| 12 breezes that ij'.r.a Jiie arc Una! v-iifi ra-l ch exactly itft!ni;Iul!i'''f I c!| If I; ' ■ ' ( ' mV" I-. ■ ' ; ; 't{'i i 'if 1 )■ ,fj J! ■ill - 1 « - 1 ■ •■> i. ■ i\ ,.1i PICA'] S I T: R R A LEON E. iqq iMrppcan laurel. The whole country abnutids in II f and rice, which is ihu principal food ot the na- Italli)pr<'^li»-"" grtat plenty of oranges, lemons, '" j„jian tigs, ananas, pompions, water melons, *"\j,(,c.s wild pears, white pluins, and levural . are the palm, ihc cocoa, and th? cotton tree ; ' ihc mountains are abundance of palm and laurel '" Indeed ilit.' whole abounds with trees of various ■ fiK'lofi: together, that it may be called one conti- '' or.it. on fL, have a great plenty of deer, hofrs, goats, and L „]|icli the natives fell to the Europeans for Inall quantity of brandy, a liquor they prefer to cs'oi fi;v'.ral forts, and ferpcnts, the latter of lich arc fo large, that, it is faid, they will fwallow a Viilic mountains arc great numbers of wild animals, piianis, lions, tigers, wild boars, and roe-bucks ; apes c 10 li. ^ . IKiv.hole. The apes, monkies, and baboons, arc fo Lioiis, that they make great dcllrudlion in the l"'3''""^' t r u- 1 r i-/r , the woods ari? great numbers ot birds ol diltercnt ts and plumage, as pigeons, parrots, paroquets, and Lcj-h^ns the latter of which are about the lize of Iblant, and are very beautiful ; but it is dillicuU to fchiiioin on account of the thicknefs of the trees. ley have alio fcverul other Ibrts of fowl, among which ul,i:c pelicans as large as fwans, herns, curlews, [ib.c^.and a bird called ox-eyes. The b.iy and entrance of tiic river abound with r. :ii laridy of tilh, as raies, thornbacks, and a tilh |;c:l the old- wife. There are alfo gar-filhcs, cavallots, J:ks fword-tiihes, dog-hllies, a'ld one called the K;-ni;i\cr, having on cuvli fide the mouth pendants lc luibel, and tl.e nuil'i; they make is foinelhing like It u aliog's y-iinting. Among the tilh, however, Lht l.ere, the mult common are oldTwivcs, pil- |a:' , the bccune, the monk or angel-lUh, and the U' ';r at plenty of fifli f.'imd in the bay and river of tna Lioiic, are of inhiiiie fcrvii-e to the European ,', r,»t only leT provifiiJiis, but alfo for traiiick ; ;h: natives an; fo indolent, that they will not beat : tMiMc to rati h ihi.m, but content thctiifcUes with jcha';;!,; Itl't by the ebb tides among the rocks. |Oii lht fides of the buy are gre;it plenty of oyfcr":, nituiw'.iich sre ol fnch a lizc, that one of them wouUl [rvc u mwletute man for a meal ; but they arc fo toui;h I to be fura eatable, uiili.fs firlt boiled, and then fri(.d I liiiallji.uii. jTlie trcisihit grow on the fides of lht jmj' make ex- IliciU h,niiiti for crociidilcs ; as alfo lurTTic iii;;nate:i, rlea-tort, whuh are Ik re in great abimdaiue. , Ibcmanaiea, or fea-cow, is fiippufed by iomc to be airphibiutis creature, but this opinion has bueu JUNiiuitly conliitcd ; for it is always found in large lurs uibays, and feeds upon fca-wctdi tliiit grow ueur ihe Ihore. Tiie (kin is thick, nuigli, bare, und fea .•- !y penetrable. 'Ihe body is long, aid the head v.ry fmall in proportion to it. Theft anini.dshave nottjth, but indead thereof two lUont; white bones, that run ire whole length of boili ja^s. The noltrils refemblt ihofe ofnn horit. 'I'he eyes are faed in the centre of the head. The brtaOs arc placed between the arms, one under each, are of a convex form, and about a foot and a half in diameter. They are hard, rough, and wrinkled ; and when they give fuck, the teats are four inches long. Thefc animals keep together in large companies, and are very careful of their young. They bring them forth in autumn, and have but one at a time. The manatea has no voij:c or cry, and the only noifc it makes is in fetching its breath. The fat, which lies between the cuticle and the fkin, when expofed to the fun, has a tine fmcU and tafle : it h-'s alfo this peculiar property, that the heat of the fun will not fpoil it, or make it become greafy. The fade is like the oil of fwcet al- monds, and the only effcd it has on the body, is that of keeping it open. The fibres and lean parts are like beef, but more red and harfli, and may be kept a great while in the holtell weather without tainting. The fat of the young ones is like pork, and the lean greatly refembles veal. In the head are four ftones of different lizes, which are fomcwhat like bones, and are ufed in medicine. 'I'heyare faid to be good againft agues, and to cle.itife the kidnies of gravel. HolFman alTirms they are tNceedin* ufeful in cafes of cpilepfy. When the negroes cateh thefe creatures, they go in a canoe, and paddle towards it with as little noife as pollible, it being exceeding quick in hearing. As ibon as they find thcmll'.ves near enougli, the man who is placed ready at the licnd of the cani):, lb ikes a har- pot)n fixed at the end of a long pi)le into it, and then lets go. 'l"he bealt immediately makes tovvard^ the mangroves, and the water being lliallow, they follow it clofe, and repeat the llrokes till they have wearied it out, when they drag it alhore, and cotnplcte their coni|iii ft. The itdiabitants of Sierra Leone are not fo black as ihofe of the neighbouring countries; neither have they fiich iiat nofcs or thick lips. The men are in general tall and well made, of a cheerful difpolition, and not given to quarrel : the women arc (hort awd robiill, ow- ing to tlieir being coiilLintly employed in labour; lor b( lidcs the bulinefs of ho'.if'.-wifery, tlity work hard in tillage, make palm-oil, and fpin cotton. Their drtfs refembles tliat of the country in general. They are naturally temperate and fober ; and though tlie\ are exceeding fond of brandy an! other fpirituoiis liquors, y; I they never diink to eii-efs, coiilideriiig druii'-.ennefs at one of the greatelt crimes that can bo committed. '1 heir houfes or huts arc low, and thatched with Hraw : fome arc round, fouic Hiiiare, and others arc obloiig ; and nioU of ihcm arc onwmcnled in the front with i| '. I I. 'I ' \t -.1 1 1 Hi ? H i : ^1) i >w ;•'' /i<' •--><.. /.y!v«'.''i«iM' r^"""^ t '.'/ /i //W//,! Ut/lill It .llfV |'-V> Uo y '■■/.<■" .'"^ff'r'y^-.i, ^ ■.&;,: ; <,'.':•,■.'■'•''"' -i"* ,.,.> (Ml'-' '/• ■''■'/■f//y},„ ■y.-..,. O , ■■'<\'i'^ V^sr ■»• ^'^ l(„,|ijn'~^lin» . ^ti/,/,iiiA,i /^ I J J //'/w n'./'rvru At'/ii/i'/t i^^ W///,/ , ,. /»/ / A' A* 70- ^» <' A\l"l>l"' ./;i*>(~ '"*■*■* d'^ ihiiiKi-"'*'' I* ./ r./.vM-w'f" 7 ■■••'■■'A ...■••■'(... v?^«*^\ ,v'-^,-T- — ,. ^. M o i'^ T h \ o I. I'tl I,' ... J, , 'lUmmm tOi^S H"iiiiftl!-^( /'r.„T/ <•/• ,ii//J • I V,. K ■ (HI /fl'ff I ,.ii///iA"" .,.•■ 1,1 >;o.-'^''" -^0^)!, '•■""■ Ml. nil I ri'^"" Hi M.lll II ri Mil I tj _ ,.„ 1 1: T II I »' V^ jBa-" «P^— " """"- ' \ro-s<-j;n><'»'''''*4:^ nil' \IJ,lf/'< ■ I,..' I''"" ,.• .'""'^ I 'l,IUt/llf\ li .'illir '^l.'''.l/,i. < /.,/t.l i\;- l/lltVI\ii "• ifi- r,„ Jdl'/e^ ^/"{" /»»;• ClMiilii'lioa i V/'/'"'' A'yiii'iiii,t(i/r ■J/hmi ,/f /'am, tliuiUiA .IC'^' > »" ' 'Wii.)/,; A |r a ^w^*^;^"'^^ 7f.A'i" ■ ^JlHllilll^ ;t,lHi.,ll,UI 1: y ii^H'/V'i ii^iiiiiiii-' Jii/i/iii .'/.vy.*.-./,/;!; ll-<'/.,„l,i .i',i/./.,i:A„ i'. Hi MUMnnqiiiiti i.i«fi«« \li,l,:„iiiil TtiiiiZ'li.'' fjl.i' I. mill ^^ ''"""'; 1,1. 111'^^^ /'''^f"'"' {hiii'iiiy'""" '■ ,/.iiii" [•iiiiiiii 1 1 •/< /{<■/'"•'■•'' ■\ii>rsy_ t'/lll.^/rf^'l ii.iir' I\ll/>'ll ••■'I /I f/llll ft / c V. Y ■i.'- / /"/;/ . /«,../! /)/<"" ' j! ! f,rimi4 /:'n\wi Aititfiui goo A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. j! \ with two wings of a fpiral form. They are kept very clean, being fwept at leaft once every day. Their furniture confifts of two or three earthen pots to boil their vidluals in, a gourd or two to fetch palm wine, and half a gourd for a cup ; a few earthen diflies, a baflcct or two for the >yife tc gather cockles in, and a knapfack for the hufband, made of the bark of trees, to carry his provifion when he goes abroad. Their bedftcads arc made of billets of wood laid acrofs each other, on which they lay a mat, and fleep without any covering. Their weapons are fwords, daggers, darts, bows and arrows. The points of their arrows are infected with the juice of a poifonous fruit, which is fo inconceiva- bly fubtle and quick, that wherever it ftrikes, it is fure to prove fatal. Some of them have alfo guns, which they arc very fond of, and ufe with great dexterity. Their food conlifts chiefly of roots, herbs, fruits, cockifis, and oyflers ; and their common drink is water. They plant about their houfes gourds, potatoes, pom- pions, and tobacco, the latter of wliich they are very tond of, particularly in fmoking. They are very fond of dancing, and generally fpend their evenings in that diverfion. Their mufic confifts of two or three drums, made of a hollow piece of wood, r.t " '-Qvered with the fkin of a kid. i'.y.-ry town or village has one peculiar houfe, to V !"! h ttie women fend their daughters at a certain age, who arc there taught for a year tc fing/'dance, and perform other exercifes, by an old man appointed for that purpofe ; and when the year is expired, he leads them to the market-place, where they publicly exhibit Aich performances as they have been taught at fchool. During this time, if any of the young men are difpofed to marry, they make choice of thofe they like belt, ^vithont regard cither to birth or fortune. When the man has declared his intention, the parties arc confi- rc:, and filk ftuft's. ETHIOPIA ' Comprehends Nubia, Abyffinia, Abofh or Abex, and Aniar. It is bounded to the north by Egypt and the 804 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 4 '■TMBiiiiMl'g] ] the dcfert of Barca ; to the Ibiith, by 21angiicbar and CafTraria ; to the ead by the Red Sea and the eaflern •ocean ; and to the weft by Guinea, Nigritia, and Zaara. Nubia is bounded by Egypt, on the north ; by Abyf- finia, on the fouth ; Dv the coafl of Abefh, on the call ; and by Zaara and Nigritia, on the wefl. Its di- menfions have not yet been afccrtained by geographers, and the fame uncertainty attends its government and religion ; but among them are found Chridians, Jews, Mahometans, and Pagans. This country is faid to abound in gold, mu(k, fandaNwood, and ivory ; here are alfo elephants, I^orfis, camels, lions, and every other anim.l1, both wild and tame» to be met with ia the neighbouring country. ABYSSINIA Has now (carceany communication' wirh other parts •f the world ; Abex., which extends itfelf along the weftern coafl of the Red Sea, being in the pofTellion of the Turks, and part of it furronnded with liiountains. The inla"r| parts arc faid to bi.' exceeding fertile, bcirig ciivcrrtieci wtth woods and plains well pl.mted with p3lm-;rces, date-s, ar.d cedars, and watered hy u-veral noble rivers^ particularly the Nile. Abyirinia abounds vith gold, filver, coppir, and precious (tones. Fts ani- mals are horfes, zebras, elephants, camels, dromeda- ries, oxen, (Keep, mules, afies, &c. here are jrifo pro- digious nwrnbiTs of large locuits, which are cxceilvnt eating; flying and other fei«pcnts alfo are fceu here, particularly one forr, which is fo much of the colour of the dull in which it harbours, and on which it fub- tfls, tha* it is not eafily avoided", '.hough its fling is at- tcn(k:d with immediate death,, both to man andbcaft. Ill their pcrfons the AbyHinians dn not at all rcfem- ble the negroKs of Guinea, the fouth part of Africa ; having, on the contrary, regular features, and fomc of them being very liui.Jfomc. The olive complexion is tftecmcd the finef^ t)y iIkto, and next to that the jet bl.i^'k. Thty pofiijfs a vaft (hare of vivacity and na- tural wit, are of a teachable difpofition, and fond of learning, but enjoy very few opportunities of attaining it. Perfons of rank among them wear veils made of fi'ki, IliiiFs, or cotton i but the poor people have only a fmull piece of fkin or coarfu IL'.ff, wrapped about their wai*"'."^. In their eating they abRain from all thing-; pro!,ib':ed to the Jcvf, and their drink is mead, ir.eihiglin, and a l.rjiior inade from wheat or ric. . Tlic Ahy!!ini.Tns exchange their gold, emeralds, and horfes vviili the Tuiks, for lilks, fhifls, calicoes, linens, a.'id ciirpets. The Jews arc faid to be the only wea- vers and lii:iihs amjiig them ; and ns for other handr- craftf, every man breeds up his chiUlren to the trade or pr;)(:-.'Tioii tluit he ufes hiinrelf. Their religion lecms to be a mixture of Ciuidi.uiity and JiiiLiifin, greatly refembling that of the Copts, of Egypt, both in ilamanficr and- form. , . The power of the Abyflinian monarch w« unlimited, but at prefent he can tranfaa no iffZ" futipo^l a' tour through different parts of his dominioRs"^! on every occasion alTumes great (late, ' I Abex and Anian are ' ounded on the north and nil by Egypt and AbyfTiniaij on the call by the Reds and the Indian, Ethiopic, or Eaflern Ocean ; and « the fouth by Zanguebar ; extending from th:'fif;|iil grcc of north latitude to the twentieth. Anian, fituated upon the eaflern ocean, »$ j u iMrren defert. The air is exceeding hot, and thee part of the inhabitants confifl of fome Arab tribes tkl live in camps, for there are very few towns. The'pra cipal place rn it is Adea. Abex, fituate to the northward of Anian, is \jiu£t fcffion of the Turks, who keep ftrong garrifons in sl| aquem and Arquico, which are the two principal m*! and about 150 miles didant from each other. TM country is in general a fruitful trail,, abotindirg in niil of the nacolfarics of life. The hif ory of this continent is at once imptrfiil :nd uniu'creftuig. Probably thefe countries never iJ f'oru.J any c-'cnrs worthy being recorded. Biiriedijl ignorance from the e.irliefl ages, and ftparatecl ... other nations by extenfive deferts of burning fands,iii| ancients knew very little of the inhabitants of ilitJ countries. Some voyages were indeed made totlial coads ; but all the iruelligence they have tranfmitttJii| pollerity, amounts to no more than that they were nl ignorant, rude, inhofpitabre people, and delliiute J every particu^ar that conflitutcs humari'iy, except 'Jfl form. They conlldered them as a ditfercnt fpcciesiJ beings, or at lead, that a favage life during a lonjft.j ries of years had fo impaired their faculties, thattli(i| were incapable of improvement. They flill coiiiiral in the fame deplorable ignorance, fo that it is in viii| to expc£l any hillorical ukonumcnts in this couiitr)'. It imift be ihocking to every reafonable irindtor fledl, that upwards of 200 years the European naticnil have traded with Africa in human ficOi, and cncffliJ raged in the negro countries wars, rapine, dcfulaiiea,! .ii.d murder, that the Well-India illands m.iv be fi.'jvl plieil with that commodity. The aiuiiial export.iiioal of poor creatures from Africa for Haves hath cjcceedtij JOG, 000, uumberi of whom are driven down like lliet^ perhaps 1 000 miles from the ta-coaii, wlioarcgent-l rally inhabitants of villages that have been fuirouiiJdl in the night by armed tone, and carried oft tobeloHI V) our traders j and it appears, that from SantallpulUiil to Athera, which is upwards of 2^0 miles, the policel and punifl;ment of all crimes are fupported bytheliavel trade. This (hameful praflice is become fo prevalent amw|| the natives, that they who commit crimes or trefpaifaj againfl tlicir laws, are, at the dcciHon of twelve elta j EOGRAPH Y. lian monarch w»s fornini,| : can tranfaft no a^M urrcnceofthegrand«!,l3 ! year in the field, at,,^ " foot, with whom htinal ■ts of his dominior.s;i eatftate, ided on the north and«t(| i the eaft by the Red Sq or Eaftern Ocean ; wAm [tending from tlv:Sft|,|jj,| twentieth. ' eaftern ocean, is a f,,!. ;cecdinghot, andthtdiL I of fome Arab tribes, iA lery £ew towns. Tiitpu,| rward of Anian, is inpojl eep ftrong garrifonsinSii.| ire the two principal pan t from each other, Til j1 trad,. abo4inding in noil iicnt is at once imptrfiji y thefe countries never i(.| leing recorded. Biirieiiij| ages, and ftparated froul ferts of burning fands, ill the inhabitants of ihtJil 'cre indeed made loihtil :e they b.avc tranfmitttdal ire than that they were i\ people, and deltilineJ itcs human'iy, except kl m as a different fpcciesotl age life during a longfcl I their I'acnlties, thatlli(||| nt. They dill con'.iiinl ince, fo that it is in viit| mcnts in this country. reafonablc mind lo it.| ars the Ein-opcaii naiiontl itiman fiidi, ami cncoiitl wars, rapine, dcfulaiica,! ,dia illands maybe fuj^l The aniui.nl cxporUMI for (laves hath exceeded! re driven down like llief^ fjL'a-cciaii, wlioarcgent'l lut have been funwiiiJdl and carried oft' tobelliHI that from SantallpJloniil .)f 250 tni|cs, the polisj are fupporttd by the Imtl :come fo prevalent aniw|l minit crimes or trefpallal dcciHonof twelveeltal lc!i| IfRlCA.l AFRICAN ISLANDS. i^ :ry 11 L. f j,^ for the ufe of their government, and the ln«t of their chiefs. Theft, adultery, and murder, .^hieheft crimes, and whenever they are detofted, fcieftthe whole family to flavery. But any individual yemncd to flavery for the crime of his relation, may \tta his own perfon, by furnilhing two flaves in his When a man commits any of the above cardi- S crimes, all the male prt of his family are con- led to flavery i if a woman be guilty, the female [ad Engiifli gentleman, who lately vifited all the ^fs of the negroes in our fettlemcnts, remarks to following effe£l : " While on the coaft, I faw fiich mces of cruelty relative to the flave trade, as made very bofora bleed. Thistraffick in crimes makes chiefs vigilant : nor do our planters, who purchafe m ufe any pains to inftrua them in religion, to ;e them amends for the oppreflton thus exercifed on n. I am forry to fay, they are unnaturally averfs every thing that tends to it; yet the Portuguefe, ;nch, and Spaniards, in their fettlemcnts, fucceed in iir attempts to inftru6l them, as much to the advan- re of the commerce as of religion. It is for the fake of Chriftianity, and the advantages accompanying it, that Englifh flaves embrace every occafion of deferting to the Settlements of thefe nations." As the truth ot thefe remarks is confirmed by daily obfervation, it is therefore certainly high time for the legiflature to cnaA laws for putting an end to this moft infamous of all. trades, fo difgraceful to theChrillian name, and fo re- pugnant to the principles of our conftitution. As ti means to remedy this evil, the negroes already in our iQands (hould be properly treated, mad<^ free, and en- couragement given to their population. There are fuf- ficient numbers to cultivate the figar plantations with- out any future fupply, and which would be more pro- fitable to the planters, as well as the kingdom in gene- ral. But we need fay nothing further on this head, as we find that fome refpedlable, generous-hearted per- fons, impreiftd with tender feelings for the mifcries of their fellow-creatures in this tefpeSt, have taL'in the matter in hand, whofe laudable endeavours and remon- (Irances, aided by thofe of others of like benevolent fentiments, we truft will be conducive to abolifh this nefarious trafiick, and thereby avert the jud vengcanc: of Heaven, long impending over us on that account. C H A P. V. Thf AFRICAN ISLANDS. TABLE OF THE AFRICAN ISLANDS. Iflands. label-Mandel, at the entrance of the l Red Sea / ^ocotra, in the Indian Ocean \\\t Comora Ifles, ditto '. iladagafcar, ditto ifauritius, ditto mtbon, ditto , Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean ^fcenfton, ditto . Matthew, ditto (l. Thomas, Anaboa, Princes- "l.. ,llland,Fernandopo j"""** ape-Verd Iflands, ditto Boree, ditto ttntrss, ditto ».... Madeiras, ditto [he Azorei, or Weftern Ifles, "I I lie nearly at an equal diftance I ,. I from Europe, Africa, and ?"'"° [America J Towns. Babel-Mandel . Calaufia , Joanna , St. Auftin.... Mauritius...., Bourbon St. Helena.... Sq.M. St. Thomas, Anaboa . . . St. Domingo Fort St. Michael Palma, St. Chriftopher's Santa Cruz, Funchal . . . Angra, St. Michael .... 3.600 1,000 168,000 1,840 2,100 C,000 1.500 s,ooo Trade with or belong to. All Nations Ditto Ditto Ditto French Ditto Englifli Uninhabite4 Ditto Portuguefe Ditto French Spanifli Portuguefo Ditto f'l' '■•• -M I 4H t;us I 3o6 A NEW ANy COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. if . ii The AFRICAN ISLANDS. Situation, Exttnt, Produce, Inhabitants, Mountains, Ri- vers, Animals, ilfc. THESE iflancis arc very numerous ; fomeofthem arc fituated in the Ealtern or Indian Ocean, and otiiers in tlie Wedem or Atlantic. ■ The chief of the fornuer are Zuellra, Babcl-Mandel, the Comora lllands, Madagafcar, Bourbon, and Mauritius : but, bolides thefe, a multitude of fmaller illands, fome of them hardly any thing more than a barren rock, are fcatten-d in this immente ocean, particularly near the Equator, and on both fides of the Ilbnd of Madagafcar, as will bo perceived by confulting the map of Africa. ZoiiSTRA, by fome thought to be the Diofcorides of Ptolemy and Pliny, is fittiated in 12 deg. 10 min. north lat. aiul in 53 dcg. 16 min. • >{l long, about thirty leagues to the eaflward of Cape Gardatu, on the molt ealterly point of the continent of Africa. It is eighty miles in length, and fifty- four broad, and has two good lia'Sours, wl.cre formerly fuch European flvips as had lull their paifage to India uicd to take (belter. It is a populous and plentiful illand, yielding mod ibrts of plants and fruits common between the Tropics ; and alfo frankincenfe, gura-tragacanth, aloes, ambergris, dragon's-blood, and coral. The weather is exceeding liot, though there are fevcral lofty mountains in the ifland, wlujfc fuminits are perpetually covered with fnow. The inliabitants came originally from Arabia, profcfs the Mahometan religion, and arc governed by a i}ieik, NTho is probably tributary to the Turks. Habel-Mandel is fitnatcd at the entrance of the Rt(!-Sca, in 12 leg. 6 min. north lat. and in 44 dcg, yo min. ealt long, about forty-four miles from the Ara- bian and Abyliinian ihores. Its (itnation rendered it of the utmoit confcqucnce, while the trade to India was carried on by the Red-Sea, the entrance of which it en- tirely commands ; hence the long wars between the Abyllinians or Ethiopians, who contended with great 'fury for the pofleflion of this ifland ; but fince the dif- icovcry of a paifage to the Indies by the Cape of Good- Jlopc, the importance of the illand has greatly declined, arid it is now entirely abandoned. The ifland is of lit- jlc value, being not five miles in circumlcrcnce, and a t>arren, fandy fpot. '* The Comora Islands are Joanna, Mayotta, Me- liilla, Ai.gczL'ia, and Comora ; fitnatcd between i-o and 14 dcg. of fouth tat. and between 41 and 46 deg. of tall lour;. They lie in the flreight called the Channel Jjf Mofambique, about :fli« torrid 7.one. The inhthjtantb arc negroes of thu Mahometan petluafion, and entertain our feamcn with great huinan;; India lliips bound to Bombay ufually put i„|,' j refrefhments. ^ • Madagascar is the largeft or he African % and is lituated between 10 and ao deg. offn'u and between 43 and 5* deg. of eaft long. It'lit iL 300 miles to the eaftward of the coalt of Af ''il near looo miles in length from north to foutTiJ 250 in breadth from call to weft. The fea roll '!d great rapidity, and is exceeding rough betwee'tiT ittand and the Cape of Good-Hope, forming a cjun or paflTage, through which all European fhipsKn^ pafs, unlefs prevented by ftorms, in their vova».. from India. ^ '^"'" Few i (lands in the world are more pleafatit fni and defirable than Madagafcar. It is adoriKdwiikl pleafing variety of hills, valiies, woods, and opcnplj, watered with numerous rivers, and the air is rent cool and healthy by the conftant breezes from the t It abounds in fi*gar, honey, vines, fruit-trees v bles of various kinds, valuable gums, corn fowls, precious fton«s, iron, copper, tin, andfoiriejy The illand of Madagafcar was difcovered in m by Lawrence Almeyda; but the Perfians and i^ knew it from time immemorial, under the tmi Sarandib. The whole ifland is divided into twtBi, eight provinces, which are, Anofli, Manapani, the 1 ley ot Amboule, Vohitzan, Watte-Manahore, Yoo dre, Etoraampo, AdohimoufTy, Ercngdranis, Voliji Anghombes, Manacarongha, Mantatane, Anuvtn Ghalemboule, Tamatave, Jahave, Voulou-Voulon 1 dafoutch\', Manghabey, Adeimoutchy, Mandtaisy,ji, patre, Caremboule, Mahafalbey, Houlouvey, Siij Voandrhou, and Machrcores. The natives are called Malegaches, or Madeci They arc portly in their perfons, and rife above l_ middle Ilature. The colour of their Ikin is difeiaj among one tribe it is of a deep black, and amongji ther tawny: fome have a copper-colonred tint; I the colour of the greater part is olive. Allthofenkj are black have woolly hair, like the negroes on tij coart of Africa : thofe who have a complexion (imiW to that of the Indians and Mulattoes, have as lanky as the Europeans. Their nofcs ai^ not flat ; they tun a broad- open forehead ; their lips arc thin-; aud tliol features are regular and agreeable. Thefe people generally drfplay in their conntenii a peculiar cliarailer of franknefs and good-natii They never fhew a defire of learning any matters, 1 thofc which relate to the fimplelf wants of mankidl and this defire is always extremely moderate: thcywj very indifferent refpc6Hng knowledge whicli cannotlij obtained without rqfledion. A general V/ant of caH and a general apathy, renders every thing that reqiiini attention infnpportable ttt thein. Sober, light, anJacl tive, they fpciul the greatelV part of their Iiv«5 inf ing, and m anwiing themll-lves. . - . m •gefto'- !,e African ij, 'n"f/aV'8-offowh • ofeaftlong. hHj^^ 7 'he coalt of Afrial I I'-om north to fouth,' =edmg roiigh betw„„, d-rtope, forming a chj, 111 European (hips J3 )rms, in their voyage to, are more pleafant, fer™ fear. It is adorndwinj ies,wooils, and open pliii ers, and the airisremj, ftant breezes from thtl , vines, froit-trees, vej luable gums, corn, L copper, tin, and fomelilij ar was difcovered in m it the Perfians and L norial, under the nanxl id is divided into tntmii Anofli, Manapani,tlicv3 I Watte-Manahore, Yoo ' Lifly, Ercngdranis, Volii a, Mantatane, Anuvtn ihave, Voulou.Voulflii,A imoutchy, Mandnrey,i\i albey, Houlouvey, Siii lafcgaches, or MadecaL crfi)ns, and rife above l ■ of their ikin is diffcwil ;ep black, and amongi copper-colonred tint; I rt is olive. Ailfhofewkj , like the negroes mi have a complexion limilj ulattoes, have as lank U tCcs are not flat; thcyli :ir lips arc thin-; audtiiiij sable, ifplay in their connlcnii rnknefs and good-nitu learning any matters, 1 nplcd wants of mankim emely moderate: thcyinjl lowledge which cannoth A general \'JitH of cat s every thing thatreqiiin m. Sober, hght, anilj 3art of tlieir liv«s in (Ictp-I cs. I w4 UlCA-3 iVith refpcft •" religion, they have neither mofques f moles, and entertain a very impcrfedl notion of umit. They offer facritices of bcalts and nee on AFRICAN ISLANDS. 807 litiomet and many of them obferve the hnes julfular occafions, -..- , — - . I fti fabbaih. They have alfo fame knowledge of Irincipal events recorded in Sacred Hiftory, as the ■Lilon of the world, the fall of man, the lives of K Abraham, Mofes. and David; and hence fome I": ' jeaured that they are defcended from the Jews. Thaos the colony that firft fettled here were compofed Arabians and jews, who by a long promifcuous in- nrourfc, have formed a religion partaking equally of «h The Pagan inhabitants are idolaters, and, like jfconthe continent of Africa, worfhip ftocks and „js No hiftorical accounts of this counrry are to depended on till the year 1642, when a French of- tr obtained pcrmiflion from Cardinal Richlieu for le years, exclufive of all others, to fend (hips and ■p. to Madagafcar, aaid the neighbouring iflands, in gt lo ei!i3b\'i MXrRiTius, or Maurice-Island, is fituated in eo deg. 15 min. fouth lat. and 56 deg. 8 min. eaft long. It is of an oval figure, .iboiit 150 miles in cir- cumference, and has tlie advantage of an excellent har^. hour, capable of holding fifty fail of the largcit (hip?, fccure againlt all winds; the water is 100 fathoms deep at the entrance. The climnte is at once both healthy and agreeable. The illand is watercJ with fe-- veral rivers, and the finert chony in the world grows upon its mountains. The foil, though not remarkably for its fertility, affords padure fufficicat Ibr v:ill num- bers of black cattle, deer, goats, and Iheip. Rice, to- bacco, and all kinds of tropical fruits are produced here in plenty. This illand was difcovered by the Dutch in 1598, who gave it the name of Maiiiice-Jtianil, in ho- nour of Prince Maurice their (i;«ithok!cr. It continued fome time in their polfcHion, but at prcftnt it belongs to if- m \hU.' to the French, who have given it the name of the Ille ot' Frahce» The IsLG of Bourbon is Htuated in tt deg. gm\n. foudi lat. and in ^4 deg. la min. eafl long, ft is of an oval figure, and abmit ninety iniUs in circumference. It has no harbour, but feveral good roads, (hough thefe are not always fiifficicnt to (hclter (hips againd the fu- rious dorms which generally happen at the (hifting of the monfoons. On the fouthern extremity of the illund is a large volcano, which conAnually throws out pro- digious quantities of flame, fmoke, and a fulphureous lava, and appears dreadful in the night to mariners, as the adjacent fea is full of Ainken rocks. The climate, though extremely hot, is very healthy, being conUantly refrcliied with cooling breezes from the fea. The hur- ricanes already mentioned arc often dreadful ; thc^' feem to (hake the verv foundations of the ifland, while the ii)liabitantb . . ...icd with terror. Brooks and llreams of water are found in almoft every part of the illand, by vhich the foil is rendered extremely fertile in fruits and pa(ture. Tobacco flouriihes here exceedingly, though not a native plant of the iOand. Many of the trees yield odoriferous gum<\;tand refins, particularly benzom in grcdt plenty. Aloes, white pepper, and all ihe tropical fruits abound here. The pallurcs feed great numbers of black cattle, goats, and hogs. The fivers are ^ell Hocked with fiin, and the Coaft with land and fea tortoifes. Ambergris, coral, and lliclls remart:able for their beauty, are foimd on the (horc. The Fr*nch, on their expulfion from Madagafcar, in 1672, ictired toili: iflanif, wlicre they have now feve- ral conllderable towns. A governor is alfo cllablilhed here, and their Lafl-India Ihips (^op at this ifland for refrcflimeiits. 'ihcre are a great many more fmall iflands about Madagafcar, and on the ealtern coall of Africa, laid down in maps, but no defcription of them lias yet been given. Having tlins Jefcribed the principal iflands in the Earterii or Indian Ocean, it remains that we pafs round the-Cape ol Giiod-Hope, and furvcy thofe that are fcat- tered in the Weltcrn, or Atlantic Ocean, that immcnfe colledion of water which feparates Europe and Africa from America. The iflands in the Atlantic Ocean are very numerous, but the principal arc St. Helena, Afcendon, St. Matthew, St. Thomas, Anaboa, Prin- ces-Ifland, Fernandopo, Cape-Verd iflands, Goree, the Canaries, the Madeiras, and the Azores. 308 A NKW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. and a baitcry of gui»<; a'r;.oft level with lliewit-,j, fends it. Tb« c ' ^nchoring-plice is in .l^ called Chapel- Val. ., bay. ThoUgh the \a,niL^ at fea as a barren rock, the inland parti arc agS diverfified with vallies and plains, adorned with p trees. The Englifti plantations there aJFord poii yams, plantains, bananas, kihabitants H... Lol'ciiphorliia, and carry thcin home lor hicl. > ^ .1 1. _.. I iswcllb'iilt. iKilvorsinta Cr.i/.. though no( larpc [ cbiiabcs hi.vc not a magnihcent r.opcarance with- I biitihcyarc deicnt and tolerably handfome with- , ' iiii; lownr is a marble cohimn, lately crefled, .awith human figures which rcHea honour to >-^iiiv of Lagtina is litrMtcd abotit the diflance of ilmiKsf'-oni Santa Cruz. Mr, Aiulcrfon and three ,ok a view of it ; but the ll^ht of it did not rc- II iiiem for iheir trouble, as_ the roads were viry and their rattle but indilterent. 'I'iiough the (i^atcnlive, it hardly deferves to be dignified with name of a city. There arc fomc j^ood honfes, but difnolliion of the llrccts is very irregular. Laguna [lar^'rtiwn Santa Cruz, but much iiilenor to it m roin Santa Cruz to Laguna, the road runs up a barren hill ; but lower down they law fome fig- s awl crn-fiekls. The corn, however, is not pro- ecl here without grrat labour, the ground being Illy encumbered with (lones. Nothing elfe pre- liciitrelf dcftrving nonce, except a few aloe plants imcronthe lidc of ihe road. Jn this illand the laborious work is chiefly performed fmulcs, hnrfes being fcarce, and referved tor the iifc 'the officers. Oxen are alfo much employed here. jne hnwks and parrots were fccn, which were ivalives [theiiland; as aifo the I'ca-fwallow, feu-gulls^, par- Lt, fwalliuvs, canary-birds, and blackbirds. There Ire aifu lizards, loculls, and three or four £i)rts of dra- ■llies. ginilenian of acknowledged veracity informed .Anderfon, that a flirub is common here, agreeing Ifllywiih the defcription given by Linnxus of the ].ikib, as growing in China and Japan. It is hruicred as a weed, and large (juantities of it are licdont (it the vineyards every year. The Spaniarils, kvtvtr, who inhabit the illand, fometimes make iifc lit, and afcribc to it all the ciualities of the tea im- Vcdtrnm China. The fame gentleman mentioned iMt. Andirfi)n another botanical cnriofity, which is ly the imji'fgmitfd kmon. It is a diflrndt and pertei'.t hoiunddcd within another. There is alf(» a certain ipe gtining here, which is deemed an excellent re- tily ill phihifical complaint^^. from nt,ir the top ot the Peak finokc continually if- Is; bill they have had no eartlujtiakc or eruption lince b^, whin the port ot (larraehiea was dcltroyed, be- liilid up wiih the burning lava that flowed into it ; Iwiifes arc now built where (hips formerly lay at Jchur. ■A very confidcrable trade is carried on at TcnerifFe, loco pijKs ol wine being annunUy made llitre, which is confumcd in the ifland, or made into brandy, and fent to the Spanifh Well-Indies. Indeed, the wine is the only conhderablr article of the foreign comir.crce of Tcncritfe, unlefs wc reckon the large quantities of fil- tering-lh)nes brought from Grand Canaria. The inhabitants found here when the Spaniards dif- covercd the Canaries, are no h>nger a diltincl race of people, having intermarried with Spanilh fettlers; their defecudcnts, however, may be known from their be- ing remarkably tall, lirong, and large-boned. Tito men are tawny, and the women are pale The inha- bitants of Tcncriffe, in geneial, are decent, crave, -..id civil, r.' aining that folemn call which dillinguifhcs> thofc of their country from oliiers. The ancient inha- bitants of this illand were called Guanches. The ori- gin of thetn is not certainly know n, but their fepulchrat caves arc very remarkable. They had an uncommon veneration for the corpfes of tlieir ancellors, which were depolltcd in caves formed by nature in the rocks. They were prcferved in goat-(kins, bound round byi belts of the fame, fo exattly and uniforirily cnclofmg tho body, as to excite admiration, each roimd being jult proportioned to the part; and this inethod pre- ferved the bodies, 'l he eyes, which are clofed, the hair, ear, nofe, teeth, lips, and beard, arc found entire. They are placed on wooden couches, which the native* had the art of rendering fo hard, that they arc impene- trable to iroa. Some of the caves contained e or 309 bodies. ' Grand Canaria, or Great Canary, is about 150 miles in circumference. The capital, calletl Palma, is fitiiated on the well fide of the ifland, and has a callle, but its bell defence is a vail inimber of fimken rocks, which render the appreiach to the ihore very dangerous. It is an epifcopal fee ; the Inquifition, the fupreine coimcil, or aliembly of the Hates of iho fcvcn illandi, and feveral convents of monks, friars^ and nuns, are ellabliflicd here. Palivia is fituatcd about fifty miles to the weft of Tencriffe, and aoo well of the continent of Africa. It lies in 29 deg. north lat. and 18 deg. \vcfl long. It is alwut thirty miles long, twenty broad, and fcventy in cir- ciMTifercnce. This illand, befulcs fugar and wiiic.^, pro- duces gimi-drngonand pitch; pine-apples are alfo plen- tiful here. Poultry and animals are much the fame here as in Canaria; except, ieideed, among the ani- inuls, it particularly aboimds with rabbits. It is fubjedl to earthquakes ; and in 17,50, a large body of fire itiueA fiom a volcano in one of the mountains, and took its courfc with great rapidity to the town of Palma, fronv, whence it fpread to the fea, and there dui:harged iifelf. On the novth-ead part is a lofty and fpacious moim- > tain called the Caiddron, from having a hollow in it. The dcfcent within the cauldronK which proceeds L'ra- X dually [III git A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM o? UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. dually fiom ilic fiitntnit, containi a fpacc of about 30 acres, and ott the declivity of the inlidc arc fcvcral fprings that 'in a llrcatii which iUues out from the extremity of the mountain. Near the fia lliorc, on the f(juth lidc of the ilLind is a mcduiiial well ot hot water, and at a village called Uguar, is a cave, at the cxlrc> mity of which ii a curious grotto with the roof thick with large flakes of flate Hones, from hefvvcen which ronllantly ill'ucs a (low of clear and wholcfome water. In the winter the air is fo exceeding (harp up the mountain, that the inhabitants arc obliged to kccji (ires burning night and day ; whereas near (he fea-tide they only have them tor cooking and other uccalionul ptir- polcs. In the inoiiilis ot July, AugiiK, and September, the heat near the fca (horc is intolerable, while Im the mountainous parts the air is pleal'ant and retrelhing. Their bc(l vines grow in a foil called the Brenia, where it is f.iid they make at lealt 111,000 calks ot wine every year. The wines differ in their quality from thole made in the other iflaiids ; but they aie very rich, and have an excellent flavtnir. They have likewife great plenty of honey, and mod kiiuis ot fruit, the latter of which grow in Aich abundance, that they ex- port great quantities of them to the other iilands. Falnia, the principal town in this illand, fo called after its name, is tolerably large, and well inhabited. The hoiifes are low, but fpacious ; and in one part of the town is a very handfome cimicli. A coulideiable tratle is carried on here in wines, which are exnurted to various parts, but particularly to the Wclt-Indich. There is another very neat town in this illand, called St. Andrew's, where there are four engines lor making fngar ; but the land hereabouts is very poor, fo that the inhabitants are fiipjilicd with craiu, and other ne- ccllary articles, froiu tiic illand of reneritfe. The chief port is called I'alma; and is iituated on the fouth lidc «it the illand. The road is about a quar- ter of a mile from the (horc ; and though it is open to ihc cailcily winds, the (hips ride with great fafety. The iflaiul of ITiF.Ro, having neither fpilng, rum- tain, nor \\iA\, is (aid to have been (ormerly (iipplied w ith water by means of a panicular fpecies of trees, which yielded a la.'ge quantity in the night, when their tops were always enveloped in a cloud ; but now the inhabitants fave the rain-water in ciiterns, and, when ihat fails, iiltratc brackilh water through fand. GoMFRA is fituntcd to the weft of TencrifTc, in 28 deg. north lat. and 18 deg. welt long, fioiii London. It is about 30 miles long, «o broad, and (io in com- pafs. This is a very plentilul illand, being watered by many rivulets that (low from thcm()unt.-jiiious parts, and give fertility to the vallics beneath : bclides this, water may be li.id in any part of the illand, by digging to the depth of about ii,\ icet. The iuhubitants have grc«t plenty of all the nccclVaric^ of life, p,,,.^ cattle, |ioultry, wine, roots, fruit, honey, a,,,] f There is but one linall town, nc«r the lc».tw called after the name of the illand. '' FuR«Ti!VF.NTi»RA is .Vuout 24 leaf^ucsdiftant y Grand Canaria. It is about 6,5 niilis in leiiKth iM a very unequal breadth, conlilliiig o( twopci'imL joined by an illhmus of 12 milts over. On ij,,. lidc there is a haven called Cliabras, amj j,,,"? which is very commodioua, towards the wdl. v^l barlev, kine, goats, and orchtl, arc lound in illand, which belongs to the lord of Lanccruti, The illand of Lancchota, or Langarote, lialJ aii deg. 40 min. north lat. and 1 ;) dcg. 5 mln, »3 long. It is (ituatcd about t'ti leagues (Wh-eillJ CJiand Canaria, and is nearly ya miUs long, i^^ broad. The whole illand is parted in the middlcb-i ridge of rocks, on which feed goat^, Ihcep, cm genets, and allcs. I'hc vallies are dry and fandy, rtfembling ihcp fields in England ; but they yield tolerable goud 14 and wheat : the (irll harvelt being abuiir Apnl, anJ^ fecond in September. The principal tommwliiitsi goats tlelli and oithel, and the wliolo is an cllaie( earldom, belonging to the family of Hcrrara, ihtki of that family being always lord of I'ucrtcvmiura j Lancerota. The people, however, in boihillindsli the liberty of appeal to the king's judges in Grand naria. Boats go trom hence weekly to Grand Can. Teneriffe, and I'alma, laden chicHy with dried i flefh, which is iifcd in the manner of bacon, aiii^ nut bad eating. This illand was attacked in i^qfi, and taken bH tnglilh under the command of Lconidas, Eaili Cumberland, who, after raiil'acking it, dcparitdi illand. Lancerota is very high, and may be fccnatit dillancc, its appearance being black and barren. principal port, which lies on the linitli-cali lidc oil illand, is called Porte de Naos, and the harbour is tcltj rably fecure for fmall veilcls ; indeed, it isdctndil belt belonging to the Canary lllands, and is iritlifnJ quented tor its convcnieuiy in repairing and deanlii Ihips. This port is without any town, or indeed liiwfd except (lore-lioiifes, magazines, and barracks lui luri diers. The calUe at the welt end of the harboiirissi no confcquence, as a (liij) of force might taliiy biiti it down. A channel divides Lancerota from liii: liill illand called Graciola, wl icli is uninhabited; aiulilu c i.iunel is named the haibour ol El Rio. Narifil harbour is a falt-work in .'.anccruta, which luriiiiaij tolerable account. Kubicon, orCayas. :jthcprincij)altownoftiiisiliJiii| It is about lix mi'<;s from t^ortc de Naos, andi>»!iitl viil fllCA .] AFRICAN ISLANDS. 3>3 "t-^fW 'alleJ Lancerou. At prefent it coitlains f'^Siffcrent houfe.. _^ ^, . ^ , inhabiHntJ of this idan^ chiefly ure rain water, . „,ii,i,t in pits and ciderna adapted for that , u they have but fe»y wells or fprings. The "of horles has dwindled and degenerated in this ^ell *» •" Fucrteventura. Aires arc preferred ther *n there, and tor the fame reafoni. The "mited, in both thefe iflanda, are ufed not only 'inK burthens and riding, but for ploughing up L/ 0. that they are deemed of general utility. Phe wa(Jt of food here occafions a want of birds 5 the deficiency of water, a deficiency of ducks, Jtc The rfifferent appearance of the cattle, at diftrent fetfons of the Ve*"-. " very finaular ; for |.j the verdure of the fpring they arc plump, fat, lllrtk' but in autumn, when the grafs and herbaee I withered by the heat of the fun, they refemble ,'on!, have fcarce fpirits to work, and their flefh is iio venomous creature infefls either Lancerota or Lventura, except the black fpider. This, how- I is fulficient to terrify the people, as its fling it Wly painful, and very dangerous. he feM which interfedl and furround thefe iflands L the inhabitants plenty of fifli, particularly cod, C'liner than what is caupht on the banks of New- hdhnd i and a very fingular fifh, called the picudo, jL pike, the bite of which is as venomous as that fi viper; yet, when drelfed, it is pleafant and Uefome food. He Madeiras, which confifl of three iflands, [I'ltujted between the 17th and 18th deg. of weft k and between the 32d and ^3d of north lat. they Sbout 100 miles north of the Canaries, and as many lofSalleein Morocco. tera, the principal ifland of the thi^e, which I given name to the others, is about 75 miles in m, 60 in breadth, and 180 in circumference. lough there is fome rcafon to fuppofe that this ifland mot nnicnown to the ancients, yet it lay concealed [many generations, till the Portuguefe difcovcred it I1519, tooic poflTtflion of it, and arc, even at this le, jimoft the only people who inhabit it. Accord- 110 fome authors, John Machin, an Englilhman, jcoveicd this ifland in 1344; but, allowing this to Itnic, it is certain that the Englifh never made any [tlemenr. At their firfl landing, the Portuguefe, ding the country little better than a thick forelt, gave he name of Madeira, or Matters, and, in order to |idcr the land capable of cultivation, fct fire to the . It is now very fertile, yielding corn, fugar, mey, wax, and the mo(l delicious fruits ; particularly inges, lemons, pomegranates, and grapes. It is faid bt this was the firll place in the weft, where the fugar piiufaflure was fet on foot, and indeed the produce exceeds that of every other country, being extremely beairtiful, and pollcfling a natural fc«nt of violets : but the Portuuuefe, finding that the profit on this article began to decline, have dcflroyed tne chief part of their fugar canes, and planted vineyards, which pr(Mluce fe> veral forts of excellent wincn, parliciilaily \fadcira, malmfev, and tent, of all which the inhabitants niaka and fell prodigious Quantities. It it faid that no Ufa than 10,000 hogfhead* are annually exported, the chief Eart of which go to the Weft-Indies, particularly Bar- adoea, where the heat of the climate adds greatly to its perfe£lion : it is afterwards fent to Ensland. fie- fides numerous groves of cedar trees, with which the whole ifland is adorned, it produces thofe which yield dragon's blood, mallic, anu other gums. It abounda alfo with boars and other wild beafls, and with all forts of fowls. I'he inhabitants excel even thofe of Genoa in making fweetmeats, marmalades, and per- fumed paftes, and likewife in prcferving citrons, oranges, Ace. The people here trade among themfelves by barter. The ordinary food of the poorer people, in the time of vintage, is little elfe than bread and rich grapes. Wero it not for this abflcmioufnefs, the danger of fevers in the hot feafons would b« rarely avoided : therefore, even the rich in the hot months are very fpare in their diet, and drink but moderately. The people in general *fk€t great gravity in their deportment, and ufually go clad in black ^ but they cannot part from the fpado and dagger, which even fervants wear ; fo that you may fee alootman waiting at table with a fword by his fide, at leaft a yard long, and a great baflcet hilt to it. The houfes in general are plain, as the inhabitant put themfelves to no great expence either in ereQing or furnifhing them. The windows are latticed infttaa > of being glazed, and are fecured by wooden fltiitters at : night. In marriages, afFeAion is never once thought of here;, the principal inquiries arc into family, defcent, andcir-- cumflances. The women are prohibited from marry- ing Englifhmen, iinlefs they confent to change their r rengion, and turn Roman Catholics. Murdei is very frequent here, on account of the great ' number of places deemed fanAuaries, and the eafe with > which a murderer can thereby fcreen himfelf from juf- ticc. But if the criminal perfon is taken before he can > fly to fan(Sluary, the punifhment is only either banifli- ment or confinement, both which may be evaded by a ' pecuniary compoiition. The cbrcy nere are exceeding numerous, and gene- rally rijh \ but none who are defcended from Moors or Jews iire admitted to take orders. The churches are ' made lepolitories for the dead. The corpfe is curioufly drcfled and adorned; yet, in the interment, ftore of lime is ufed, in order toconfume the body with all ima- ginable difpatch, which ufually hai:^ens in a fortnight { to that there is then loom for another corpfe. The 4 K bodies 3'4 J A KEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNlVERi^AL GEOGRAPHY. i-mSi biKiics of" I'iolcnaiits are not allow 1 to be buried, but imilt be tiiiou'ii into tlie fea, unKfs a large fuin of ni oiicy is paid lo the clergy, in which cafe they are nuimittcii lo be interred in confccratcd ground. 'ilic nioit confidcrab!'.' town in the whole ifland is fitiiuoil at the bottoni ol a laige bay, on the foiith part oi it, and called Foncliial. It is defended towards the fea by a iiigh wall and a battery of cannon, which, together with the large Ihmes that cover the beach, and the violent furf that continually beats figaind it, ren- ders the place very feciire againit the attacks of an enemy. Of the other two illands, that called Porte Santo, \v.i»ich is only eight miles in circumference, lies at a fmall difbnce from Madeira, and is under the jurif- diilion of the fame billiop and governor. It is exceed- ing fertile, and abounds in excellent honey and wax. The other is fcarce worthy notice, being not only of very fmall extent, bu' likewife entirely barren ; for which reafon the Portiiguefe have given it the cxprcf- five appellation of the Defolate lUc. :' i\x. The Azores, likewife called the Wcflern Iflands, are iituated between the 25th and 32ddtg. of weft long, and between the 37ih and 40th of north lat. lying al- fpoll in the mid-way between Europe, Africa, and America. They are nine in number, viz. Santa Maria, St. Miguel, 1 ercera, St. George, Graciofa, Fayal, Pico, Mores, and Corvo. They were difcovertd in the middle of the 1,5th century by Jolhua Vanderberg, a merchant of Bruges in Flanders, who, in a voyage to Lifljon, was by llrtfs of weather driven to thefc illands, \vhich he foimd deftitutc of inhabitants, and called them the Flemilh Illands. On his arrival at Lifbon, he boalied of this difcovery, on which the Portuguefe fet fail immediately, and took poHeilion of them, to whom they now belong, and were by them called Azores, from the great numbtr of hawks and falcons which they found there. The mod confidcrable of thcfe iflands is St. Miguel, or St. Michail, being 100 miles in circumference. It is v< --y fertile and populous, producing plenty 01 corn and wine, and containing upwards of 50,000 inhabi- tiuits, c.xclufive of ecclcfiaftics, monks, ii.nd i>uns. Its i;.. two principal tov\ us and . harbours are Porta \) 1 I and Villa Fraiici. This ifland was twice ini!ij and plundered by the Englilh in the reign of 0^ Eli/.abeih. " All thefe illands have one or tnore harbours' | the bell among them is in Tcrcera, which is ver»f cious, and guarded by two forts, that at thefaimr defend Angra, the capital. This city is the rtfidcin of the governor of the Azores, and thebiflmp ItjifJ contains eight convents, feveral courts and offices • five churches, belides the cathedral, and is a uiiaulo, well built town. ' '^ Pico, which is nearly as large as St. Miguel, carria on a great trade in its excellent wines, and abn? with cedar, and a tough red wood, much valued, calW Teixos. The reft of the iflands are equally fertile, anditn be obfcrvcd of the Azores in general, that thfyenjoi a very clear and ferene flcy, with a falubrious air, I arc fubjed to violent earthquakes, by which thcyliaa frequently fufFered, and likewife by inundations. Itj. faid that no poifonous or noxious animal bredsj them, and even if they are carried there, willexpiicii a few hours. Before we take leave of Africa, it may be neceijn to remark, what we have hinted before, that notiviiJ ftanding the amazing difcoverics of Columbus, vm 1492, there ftill remain fome countries, either a'ljfoj lutely unknown, or very fuperficially furveyed, Im however, certain, that the rivers in this quarter of il globe bring down large quantities of gold, and that ike ancients drew prodigious riches from a country bitifjj with a variety of climates, fome of them thetiiieiliji the world. But it mud at the fame time be ackM».| ledged, that th? moderns are acquainted unlyv^iihilid fca-coa(ts of Africa, and thofe very imperlectly;!^ internal parts being little known to us: nur havci; any fatisfadlory accounts of their inhabitants, pdufri tions, or trade, which may in a great nieufwe btl afcribed to the rude and barbarous Hate wherein ilit| natives have confinued for a fucceilion of ages, wli together with the great danger that mull attend pen trating into a coimtry over-run with the moll ferodoal animals, render a complete furvey of it abfulutdyi pradicable, , ,i • ..- ., ., *, 10 . li ,, );i. W i ■ A NE' c . ; '1'' V'-'V/'A NEW, re equally fertile, and it huI ; a' t; ■!'* s COMPLETE, AND AUTPfENTIC „ .. . -T E M ^^ y t'VJV/ V O F » ■•■*■',. ■.'I .,: ,!l -.(/..il , {)«( !,•.. .1..1 .•fiti'j * .''■II- ; .HI NIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ir BOOK IV. ^; 'jt.l.V iJtj .?.' V, . r;: ; M:;i: w.ii c'-'i AM E R I C A. :jb':';:t.'' •■ii r.':\n\ ; CHAP. iVN' GiiiiraJ Defcri'ptlon of this Quarter of the florid. In this third (iivifion of the terraqueous globe, fe- veral important obje£ls prefent tiiemfelves to our confidtration, namely, a defcription of the New Lid, comprehending the continent ol America, the M-Indies, and various iflands and places in the fthern hemifphere. Few difcoveries have produced gicater confequenccs tn that of America, which, being feparatcd vaft and boilkrous o.:eans from the reft of the Irld, continued fevcral thoufand years unknown. liiice and Genoa had long polfeHed the valuable com- iice nfthe Ea(t, then carried on by the Red Sen ; and, [conlequcnce of that lucrative traHick, were become ; gteatcft maritime powers of Europe ; but though, ] knuciit voyages, feveral improvements had been lrodiii.eil in the praiSical part of navigation, and ma- pnisiical learning began to be eftcemcd in Europe; t tfie knoii'ledge of mankind was even then very im- Irfeiit, and hardly extended beyond their f-'iifible ho- |on, However, from the fubfcquent relations, it appear, that even the ages of ignorance are not (litute of men, wiiofe geninfcs, foaring far above the ntraded I'phcre of their cotemporarics, make difco- tics in fciencc thonglit impoilible, and form dcligns lich at once excite the envy and aftonilhment of I- j;.7i! mankind. As this fertile and extcnfive country owes Icfs to the hand of art, and more to that of nature than any other quarter of the globe ; we (hall therefore, ^.ire- vious to a geographical account of it, give our readers a circumftantial detail of its firft difcovcry. The 15th century feems to have been an sra allottee! by Providence for changing the difpofitions of mankind, and enriching the world with the moft important difco- veries ; fuch as, the invention of printing, the making of gunpuwder, the improvement of navigation, the re- vival of ancient learning, and the reformation of reli- gion — events which will render that period famous to the lateft poflcrity. It was towards the clufe of it, when Chriftopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, pof- feiVcd of great knowledge, penetration, and (kill in the mathematics, conceived the (aipendous projcdl of fail- ing weftward to the Indies, and of opening to his country a new fource of opulence and power. This noble propdfal being rcjefted by the Genocfc as chi- merical, Columbus, flung with indignation and dif- gull, retired Ironi his country, and applied to the court of France ; but the French/ with their ulual levity and felf-fufiiciency, laughed at and ridiculed both the pro- jeiStor and his delign. A (imilar rpplication was made to Henry VII. ol England; but the caiiiious politics of that prince prevented his ernbarking in a great but uncertain undertaking. He met with no better tncoi;- ragement from the Portuguefc, who, contenting ihem- felvcs with creeping along the coall of Africa, and dif- coveiii'2 .•!i ' r " ' V 3i6 A NEW AND CONfPtETE SYSTEM of Uf^IVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. i Vm 'Vn '■ IZ iT V' m ■^1 iHp 1 IP 1 II ■■H covering one cape after another, had no thoughts of ven- turing boldly into the open fea, and of rilkin^ the whole at once. Columbus, however, whofe fpirit was too great to be broken by thefe repeated dirappointrnenis, at length applied to the court uf Spain, where, after eight years attendance, he met with fuccefs, chietiy throuen the fuperior penetration and intereft of Queen irabella, iVho patroni;ted the ptuu, and ralfed money upon her jewels to defray the enpence of the expe- ditlon. In the year 1492, Columbus feL fail with three fliips only, upon the mod adventurous attempt ever undertaken by man ; and in the fate of which the in- habitants of two worlds were interefted. In this voy- age, he had ihany diflScuItici tg encounter with i the mofl aiFcdingVas, the variation of the compafs. then iirft obferved, and which fecmcd to indicate that the laws of nature were altered on an unknown ocean, and the only guide he had left was ready to forfake him ; and his failors, always difcontented, now broke out into open mutiny, threatening to throw him over- board, and iflflfted on their return, but by his own iirmnefs and perfeverance, after a voyage of thirty-three days, he landed on one of (he Bah^hna iflands. On Thurfday, the 11th of OAober 1492, about teii at night, the admiral firfl dtfcovered a light upon the iQand of Guanabani, or St> Salvador, as (he admi- ral named it, in conftderation that the fight of it de- livered both him and his men from perilhing. About two in the moihing, the fhip called the Pinta, the bed fkiler of th4 three, and which, thetcfore, ufiially kept ahead of the admiral, gave the ftgnal for land, which was feen with the naked eye, when they were fcarce two leagues from the fliore, by Roderick de Triana, one of the common feamen on board the Pinta, who had not, however, a reward that was promifed to the iird difceverer, it being adjudged that the admiral was the fird, becaufe he faw a light on the ifland the night before, v The crew of the Pinta indantly fang the Te Deum, as a hynm of thankfgiving to God^ and were joined by thofe of the other (hips, with tears of joy, and tranfports of congratulation. This office of gra- titude to heaven was followed by an a3 of juuice to their commander: they threw themielves at the jeet of Columbus, with feelings of felf-condemnation mingled with reverence, and implored him to pardon their ignorance, incredulity, and infolence. The day appearing, the Ihips came to an anchor very jkear the illand, which they computed to be about tit- teen leagues in length, and found it to be populous, well planted, and watered with a great lake, but ge- nerally tlat, low land, without hills : tiie natives came down crowding to the thore, and fcemed aftonithed at the fight of the (hips ; and the admiral believing there was no great danger to be apprehended from them, went on Ihore, richly dreflTcd, in his boat, with the royal dandard, and a naked fword in his hand ; as did the other two captains in their boats with warlike mufic and colours flying. They no fooneroTj ihore, but they kneeled down, gave God th i their fuccefs, and kifled the ground with te«j'of ' after which- the admiral dood up, andhaviniri^ the royal dandard, called the idand by the iHme"^ Salvador, taking potTeflton of it in tlie nameofl Catholic majedies, -with great foleinnity ; aftj,,y his people recognized him their admiral and tin and fworc to obey him during the voyage. The Indians, in the mean time, dood gaznuaii Spaniards, without attempting to oppofe them »u they were thus taking polVelTion of their countrl'j the admiral ordered Tome drings of glafs-beads t i»nd toys of frtiall valu^ that made a glittdiiw'ft, to be diftributed anjongft the liatives; atwli^hil, feemcd fnfimtely pleaied, and immediately hunjl beads about their necks, tedifying, by all the fiemi* ginable, the value they fet u^ thefe prefents. were all perfectly naked, of a middle ftatuii ^ olive comfHcxion, their features jnd,. only thtlr f* heads of the larged; their eyes black as wellasiln hair, which was gpnejc^lly cut fliort about their a though otherswore.it long, and tied up ; Tome of tk alfo had their bodies p«rnted with a kind of vennilii and others only painted their faces with it. ThenL cipal ornament about them was a thin gold plit^ the fo»»«f-a crefccm, which hung from the nofea the upper-lip, and ontheirarmswere fpears, pointcdin. the bones of fidi. When the admiral returned loi ;(hips, they followed 'hiirr; ftjtne fwimming,andodi *in their canoes, a vetTel made out of the body of an fome of which wotitd hol<^ forty men, and othcni more than two. When they came on board, t brought parrots and cotton-yarn, and all the mci dize they had to exchange for European trifles. feemed to fet a value upon every piece of broken s or earthen-ware, jumping into the fea, andfwiau to diore with fuch trifles, with abundance of joy. they admired nothing more than the fwords, andy arms of the Spaniards, being at that time perfeSIji norant of the ufe of iron. The admiral demanding, as wcH as he could figns, from whence they had their gold plates, pointed to the fouth and fouth-wed, where they the Spaniards to undcrdand, there were feveril countries well fumifhed with that precious metal. admiral rowed in his boats round the illand, to dilc( if there was any thing worth fetiSng there, beingfi lowed by the iflanders every where, vho feemed toa him and his people, as if they weru time from heii From this iiland he failed to anothe.- uf the 6; idands, which he called St. Mary uf Cunccption, having viewed this, and fevcral more of thi:fe ilhi and found nothing to invite him to (lay here, he ti feven of the natives with him, and fet fail for the Ifland of Cuba, which lies to the fouthward ol Bahama iflands, arriving there on Sunday, theiSih Odob«r : here they found fome houfcs on tbt liMJ 3 m lEOGRAPHY. They no foonercan,d lown. gave God th«I ^e ground with tean of w W up. and having 1 ;heUlaBdbvthen,i3 °* " |n the name of, reatfolemtHty;af,„,^ n their admiraUndvio ing the voyage. an time, itood gazit.j|i ting to oppofe theiu'wy ilrionof their couniry., ftrin^s of glafs-beads ', hat madeaglitteriiigil, the natives; at which i, and immediately hun?l lifying.byallthefigniii upoft thefe prefVnts. T ot a middle hton,^ :aturesjiift„onlythtirfo, r eyes black as wellasiii cut fliort about their ( and tied up; feme of i, ed wMhakindofveraiiliti ir faces with It. Thepiii, n was a thin gold plate,! ch hung from the nofe J rmswerefpears,pointeilii, I the admiral returned loS feme fwimming, ando deout of the body of an, ^ forty men, and mheni they came on board, tk -yarn, and ail the m "or European trifles, every piece of broken { '.to the fea, andfwimi ith abundance of joy. _ than the fwords, andbtiri g at that time perfeaij^ as wcH as he coulil 1 lad their gold plates, i uth-weft, where they (, d, there were feverailai h that precious metal, T oil lid the iiland, to difc* feti'ing there, beingfd! where, vhofeemedtoadi ;y were fime from heavi to anuthe.- of ttie Bihi Mary of Conception, i vctal more of thcfe ilbm t him to ftay here, he tix , and fet fail for thegi to the fouthward of re on Sunday, theiSlho fotne houfcs on the UnksI r. AMERICA. 3«7 ioeyi [7 opie all fled up into the mountains on their ' K- whereupon two Spaniards and two Indians *"'fent'up into the country ioget intelligence ; who, line again the 5th of November, reported they fckd about twelve leagues within the land, that rcamcto a townconfilting d fifty large timber- L thatched, which contained about looo people, !came with great refpeft, and kilfed the twoSpa- ,. fjjt, giving them boiled roots to eat. They lied them alfo to remain in their country ; and, »n iliey faw them rcfolved to return to their fliips, lid accompany their guefts thither ; for the two In- ishad informed the natives there was no danger to ircd from the Spaniirds. There were fevcral other ' the Spaniards reported they had feen in their where they were hofpitably entertained, and the country Was well planted with oaks, pines, ,s and cotton-fhrubs, and fownwith Indian corn. it' being demanded of the natives, if they had any or precious ftones, they pointed towards the ealt, jatin", that in a great country, called Bohio, and :h thli Spaniards afterwards named Hifpaniola, I was plenty of tliefe things. Whereupon the cap- determined to fail eaftward, and taking twelve of natives of Cuba, men, women, and children, with thehufband of one of the women, and father of dl the children, who had been carried on board, lein a canoe to the fhip, and defired tie might alfo iih them, and nht be parted from his wife and ;en; whcrcifpon the captam ordered him to be tnon board ; and fetting fail iVom Cuba the 5th of mber, arrived the next day at the ifland of Bohio, it fixteen leagues to the callward of Cuba ; and oLferving the country to refcmble that of Spain in al particulars, he gave it the "name of Hifpaniola ; id its principal port Nativity, built a fort, placed a ifoninitof thirty-three men, and then returned to ntogive an.account of his expedition. \ Spanifli court was then at Barcelona ; he en- that city in triumph, and was received by the t with the utmoll demon.^rations of appearance fo extraordinary, he difrerned in it a fource- of comfort and hope; he juflly concluded, that fuch a vaft body of water, as this river contained, could not be fupplied by any ifland, but mufl flow through a< country of immenle extent, and of confequence, that, he was now arrived at that continent which it had: long been the objedl of his wilhes to difcover. Nor ..was he miflakcu ; for it amply anfwered his expeda- tions." Many reafons obliged him to return to Hifpa- niola, in his way to which he difcovered the idands of Cubagua and Margauita, which afterwards became re- markable for therr-^wirl lifhery. This great man, however, was obliged to fubmit to. innumerable mortifications ; for fuch were the cla- mours of his enemies^ and the ingratitude of the court of Spain,, that after all his fervices in making one half of the world known to the other, he was treated like a> traitor, and carried to Europe in irons. When he ar-- rived in Spain, the court began to be aflinmed o.*' their ungenerous treatment of this great man, and orderi- were inflanily ilFued to fct him at liberty. H* vindicated his contl,;6t, in the prefence of the king and queen, in tlie molt fatisfaftory- mannerr and gave ample evidence of the malevolence oP his enemies. Ferdinand and Ifabclla exprelfed their (orjow for what h.id happened, difavovvcd their know- ledge of it, and joined in promiling him protection and future favour. This grtat man, however, retained a deep fenfe of the indignity with which he had been treated ; the fetters that he had been loaded: with were condantly hung up in his chamber, •and* he gave orders that v. hen ha" died they lliould! be buried in his grave. But, notwithllanding the; ill treatment, which he had received, he under- took another voyage, in order to make further difcoveries ; in the courfe of which, ho underwent, great fatigues; and,. returning to Spain, ended his life 4 ^ - .• «t- I 3i8 A NEW AND COMPtETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHV. -j-i r ! at Vallailolid, on the 20th of May 1506, in the ^gtli year of his age ; dying, it is faid, with abundance of rdignation, tinder a fenfe, no donht, that the molt important fcrviccs, attended by the inoft fiirpriling fticcefs, were thrown away upon an ungrateful nation : he faw tliey could not pro- cure him a continuance of the fame he had fo jiirtly acquired, or , moment's repofe rn his old age; and that there was no reft, or real felicity to be found on this fide the grave. After his death indeed, liis Catholic niajcily was fo juft to this great man; as to bury him inngnificently I., the cathedral of Seville, and to *\ '<■ :--■ ■«--i--'»« ,;■ •>^f.f-i.'. !■> A General Dcjctiption of the Manners C TOMS, Govern Ml-. NT, Religion, Cii.\r^ TER, i^c. of the Natives of America learning. Perhaps in America only, it is polliblctoaiii a thorough knowledge of mankind, unbialTcd bye cation, uhimp. ed by learning, and untainted byi. ruption. Though divided into an infinite niunbtr nations and tribes, they differ very little from a othfer in their manners and cuftoms, and all fom (Iriking portrait of the moft diftant nations. Wtii examines with attention the mannersof the Araerii ftudies, in fome meafure, the antiquities of all natioul and from which confiderable light may be throi upon many paflagcs in ancient writers, both facrcd profane. The Americans are tall, and have ftraight limbs; tl bodies are iirong, but of a fpecies of ftrengthrji adapted to fupport a feries of harddiip, than to ptrfi laborious work : it is the ftrength of a beall of rather than that of a beaft of burden. Their and heads are flattifli, the efFedt of art; their fcati are regular, but their coimtcnances fierce; their long, black, and ftrong, as that of a horfe. have no beards. The colour of their ft:in is of a difh brown, which, being admired among them, is proved t^ the conftant ufe of bears fat and paint, The charafter of the Indians is founded upon circumftances and way of life ; on any ferious occi they are grave even tofadnefs; obfervantofthofeii company ; refpeflful to the aged ; of a temper and deliberate, they never fpeak before they have confidered the matter, and are fuic the perfon fpoke before them has entirely finifhcd. Hence have the greatefl contempt for the vivacity of Europeans, who continually inturrupt each other, frequently fpeak all together. Nothing is more fying than t leir behaviour in their alTemblies public councils. Every man there is heard in his according as his years,, his wifdom, or his fcrvico his country have ranked him. No indecent conili nation or ill-ti«ied applaufe is ever heard. Theyi attend for inftriuSion. Here they k-arn the biili of their nation ; here they are inflamed with the ft of thofe who celebrate the heroic aftioiis of their ceftors ; and here they are taught the interellsofil country, and the manner in which they ought to purfued. The laws of hofpitality are facrcd ami theiTi. Their generofity to their friends is unboimiWi but to the enemies of his country, or to thofe have privately offended, the American is impiacai He conceals his fentiments, he app^-ars rei-cnciled,iui^ by fome treachery or furprifc he has an opporlunil of executing a horrible revenge. To fuch exlrcnr do the Indians pulh their fhendlhip or tiieir eniniij rH'^Ji i-jr^>'«^t till iMtR ICA.j A M E R 1 C A. 3^^ I fuch indeed, in general, is the charafter of all uii- Liiivaied mind*' r l » • • i-u . • [■fk. prevailing paffion of the Americans is liberty in fullcll extent. To this they facrifice every thing. |L' is what renders a lifis of uncertainty and want fcwriai)le; and their education is diredcd principally Miivate and chcrilh this difpofition. They know lounilliment but death j and even when this is in- Jld it is rather a confequence of a fpecies of war Icbred againft. a public enemy, than an aft of ju- al po^er executed on a citizen or fubjed. This difpofition is general, and though fome tribes are -ind in America, with a head, whom they.callakiljg, tpower is rather perfuafive than coercive, and he is Vtreuced as a father more than feared as a monarch. has no guards, no prifons, no officers of juftice. vj mhcf forms, which may be confidcred as a fpecies iirillocracy, have no more power. In fomc tribes, llced, there fublifls a kind of hereditary nobility, vvho, bcntheycorae to years yrdifcre^ion, are entitled to a 6 and vote in the councj} of their nation, Jrom [ich the reft are excluded.. Their great coynfil is. Bpofed of thcfe heads of tribes and families, with UwhofL' capacity has laifcd them to, , the faid, degree fconfideraiionj Thcfe councils are public, and iii lemall matters which concern the ftate ai;e propofed J determined. Here their orators are employed, rdifplay thcfe talents which, dillinguifli them for jqiience and the knowledge of bunnefs, in- both liich fome of them arc admirable. Their principal 111 conlids in giving an artful turn to affairs, and in larelling their thoughts in a bold, figurative manrier, longer than the refined nations of Europe can oear, |d,\fith geftures equally violent, but often extremely Itural and exprelfive. [The fame council of their elders regulates whatever rjrds the internal peace and order of the flate. Their Us are few and quickly decided, having neither [operty cor art fuificicnt to render them perplexed or ^ous. Criminal matters come before the fame Irifdidlon, when they are fo flagrant as to become I national concern. In ordinary cafes, the crime is jthet revenged or compromifed by the parties con- (rned. The fupreme authority of the nation be- plds the a£lion without concern, and never roufes , nor i'xcrts the fulnefs of a poWei more |V(ied than fcU, Imt upon fume fignal occafion. len the power feoms equal to the occafion. Every he haftens to execute the orders of their fenate ; or ever was there an inftance of difloyalty or re- fcllion knovn ?.«;'• ig this people. Governed as they re fcv maiiEC's, not by laws, example and education Ifpircs th*ni vit!i the moft religious regard for their boftitutiun, and thecuftoms of their anceftors. Family |ve, fo rare among us, is a virtue among them, of Jhich all partake. Frier.dlhips are found among them vie with thofe of fabulous antiquity; and iere fuch friendfliips e\i% the families concerned ci)»gratiilatc themfelvcs as upon an accjtiiluion that promifcs to them a mutual flrcngth, and to their nation the greatcit honour and advantage. This band of friendlhip connefls the whole foi.ie.ty ; and the lofs of any one of their people, whether by war or a natural death, is lamented by the whole town to which he belongs. No bulinefs however important is taken in hand, no rejoicing, however interednig the occalion, is heard, till all the pious ceremonies due to the dead are performed ; and thtfc arc always ex- ecuted with the grcatelt folcmnity. The dead body is wafhed, anointed, and painted, (ii as in fome meaf'ure to fibate the horrors of i.eath. It is then followed by the v/hple village with mourning and lamentations to the grave, and there interred in the mofl pompous ornaments of the deceafed. His bow and arrows, together with the things he moft valued, and pro- vilions for the long journey he is to take, are pUiceil by him in the grave. After the funeral, thofc wlirt are nearly allied to him conceal thcmfelves JT cc • - ftderablc time in their hutS' to indulge their grief. The compliments of condolence are never omitted, nor are prefents wanting on this oecafioii. After fome time, they revifit the grave, they rene^y thcir'j forrovv, thiy clothe the remains of the body m new ornanients, and repeat the folemnities of the fidt- interment. , i , But the moft ftriking inftance of their, fricndfliip, and, at the fatxie time, the greatcft inltance of tliciri regard to their deceafed brethren, is what they call the fealt of the dead, or the feaft of fouls : a feail cele- brated every eight or te/. years. The day for this ceremony is appointed in the council of their chiefs, who give orders for every thing neceflary for cele- brating it with pomp and magnificence. The riches of thi: nation is cxhaufted on this occafion, and all the ingenuity of the Indians difplayed. The neighbouring people are invited to partake of the feall, and be wit- nefles of the folemnity. All thofe who have died fiiice tlie lafl feaft of fouls are now taken out of their graves. Thofe who havw been interred at the greatefl dilfance from the villages are diligently fought for, and brought to this great rendezvous of carcafes. The horror of this general difinterment is painted in a ftriking manner, by the ingenious LafiUii : " With- out quellion, fays that elegant writer, tnc opening of thefe tombs difplays one of the moft ftriking fccnes that can be conceived ; — this humbling portrait of human mifcry, in fo many images of death, wherein flic Teems to take a pleafure in painting hcrfclf in a thoufand ihapes of horror, in the feveral carcafes, according to the degree in which corruption has prevailed over them, or the manner in which it has attacked them. Some appear dry and withered, others have a fort of parchment upon their bones, fome look as if they were baked and fmoked, without any appearance of rottennefs ; fome are. jull turning towards tlie point of putrefadlion, while others arc fwarming with the worms. fao A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSlTEM op UrriVEftSAL GEOGRAPHY. worms, and drowned in corruption. I know not which ought to ftrike us hiofl, the horror of fo Allocking a fpeflacle, or the tender piety. and affection ot thcfe pocr people towards their departed friends ; for nothing furely dcfcrves our adnnifatif'ri r.iore, thun the eager diligence and attention with whi^ih they difcharge this melancholy duty of theiftenderhefs ; handling the carcafe*, loathl'ome and difgufting as they are, cleanling them from the worms, and car- rying them upon their flioulders through tircfome journeys of feveral days, without being difcouraged by their infupportable (tench, and without fuftcnng any other emotions .o arife, than thofe of regret for having loft perfons who were fo d-^^r to them ui their When all the bodies they can ponibly colledl Jiv- es. arc brought to the great rendezvous of mortahty, they are drcflcd in the fincft fkins they can procure. A feait is held on this folemn octafion, when' their great aflions are celebrated, and all the tender intc-courfcs that took place between them are recounted. A large pit is dug in the ground, and the bodies re-interred with pomp, with mourning, and with lamentation. In this manner they endeavour to foothe the calamities of life. by the honours they pay to their dead,; honours which are the more cheerfully paid, bdcaufe each in his turn expcfts to receive them himfelf." Thongh among thefc favage natives this ciiftom is imprelied with Itrong marks of the ferocity of their nature, an honour for the dead, a tender feeling of their abfentej and a revival of .'heir memory, are fome of the molt ' excellent inftruments for fmoothing' our rtiggdd na- ture into humanity. In civilized natiohs fu< h cere- monies are lefs pradlifed, becaufe other inflruments for the fame purpofes are lefs wanted ; but it is cer- tain a regard for the dead is ancient and univerfal. The principal occupations of a North American Indian are hunting and war. He is never co^ilidtred as a brave and ulefu! man among his tribe, till he has increafcd the ftrength of his counlry with a captive, or adorned i)is hut with the fcalp of an enemy. When their chiefs refolve upon a war, they do not always declare what nation they mean to attack, that the en^my upon whom they intend to fall may be off his guard. Sometimes whole years are fiiffercd to elapfe, that the vigilance of the enemy may be - entirely fufpended by the uncertainty of the dsn^jcr : in the mean time, they are not idle at home. 'Fhe principal captain fummonfes the youth of the town to which he belongs, the war-kettle is fct on the fire ; the war-fongs and dances commeneo ; the hatchet is fent to all the! villages of the fative nation, and to all its allies, who are expc(f1,cd not only to adojit their enmities', but to have their refcntment wound up to the fame pitch of refcntment with thcniTelvcs • the fire catches, the war-fongs are heard in ail parts, and the moft hideous how lings, without intcrmilliofl, day and night, are htard over that whole traft of country. The women add their cries to tiiole of the mcn, la- a 4 menting' the friends they have loft either m by a natural death, and demanding their p|jrt!*'l fupplicd by captives from fucceed ; none the ceremonies .are forced into theii but when they have given fmall billets of woodi tf war-captainj they ate confidered as inlifttd, ni-A then death -to recede. All tii^ warriors hart tj3 faces blackened with charcoal, intermixed vfithdjl and ftrcaks of vermilion, which give them ho-r!'' appearance. They then exchange their clotlii with their friends, and difpofe of all their finenJ the women, w!vo accompany them to a cor.fidc^ diflance, to receive ♦hole laft tokens of thtit ' violabic friendfliip and efteem. The requifitc -iiualities of an Indiaii warama lance and attention, to giye and to avoid a furprlfc [ patience and ftrength to endui-e the intolerable fatia and hardlhips which always attend it. The natioiSj Indians in America are fcparated by vaft defertfioo tiers, and hid in the bofoms of thick, gloomy, aniii moft boundlefs forelts: thefe muft be (rav'erfedbiH they meet an enemy, who often refides at fo i diltance as it is reafonable to fuppofe mud r either quarrel or danger. But it flionld be nak bored, that the Indians take no pains to giretitij wars even a colour of juftice. Their only motivejlj attacking an enemy are either to obtain theglorrol the viftory, oirto procure captives, in ordertoincwS the ftreiigth of their ij'ation, or ftirnifli therawitliviJ tims foi'the cxercife'of their brutal fury. The'nation they intend to attack is fqmetimcs wliot Ignorant of any danger, and falls an cafy prevtotl unexpc£led fury of the invaders; but it more ficaticiill happens that the nation devdted to deftruflion has ii»i lice of the defign, and is prepared to take the fame li vantage of the leaft want of vigilance in the aggrcirmj They never fight in the open field but on foraeverytq traordinary occaiions. Secrecy is the foul of alltlim adtibns, and on this the futcefsr of the expedition tM tirely depends. During their tedious march theyligkf ■no fire to warm themfejves, or drefs their vl6(uals,bi»| fubfift wholly on. the miferable pittance of a little mall mixed with water ; they lie dole to the ground dura|j the whob day, and mArch only in the night, anderal then with thegreatelt precaution. When they difcont I an army of the enemy, they throw thcrafelves flatcul their f.ices among the withered leaves, the colour^j which their bodies are painted to refemble exaflly.j They generally let a part pafs unmolclfcd, and theiij riling .1 little, and felting up a mo.'l tremenJousftiout,] which they call the War-hoop, t.'itypour a (lorinof'l mufket-builets upon the enemy. The party attacked' returns the dune cty, and every mart (nelters hifflfeK behind a tree, and returns the'fird of theadverfepattji the moment they rife thcmfclves from the groundlo'l give the fccond fire. After fighting for fome limeittl this manner, thcj leave their 'covert, and rulh upon I each other with ftiwll axes, '.vhich- tlicy daft with gmt ailJtelJ ii,'^ M E I C A. 321 refs and dexterity. The conteft is foon decided, lers; but it more fie "1 conquerors fatiate th.ir favagc fury with the • h rrid infults and barbarities on the dead bodies • jnemy, which they fcilp, and treat in a manner Sin' to humanity. . . . ,. , . . fhcfateoia North Amencnn Indian, who has the Uiine to be taken prifoner, is ftill more fevere, t^ he has the good fortune to pleafe the capricious Lr of the enemy; it being cuftomary to ofFcr a to each cottage that has lo(t a friend, and he is It, received into the family, or fenfenced to death. |,he former, the prifoner is adopted in the place of Ifather fon, or hufband that is lofi ; and no other tii of captivity remaiiis, than a prohibition of re- i\nr to attempt this would be certain death : but Ihe prifoner is refufed, it is no longer in the power Woneto fave hiin. The nation is alFembled ; a rolil is raifed, and the prifoner is faftened to the e He immediately opens his dealh-fong, and pre- Jts for the enfuing fcene of cruelty with a moft Lnted courage, while his perfecutors make ready Lit to the utmoll proof by -very torment which Jfflind of man, ingenious in mifchief, ca.a invent, le prifoner fnlftrs aU their tortures with a conftancy irefolution that appears more than human. Not a an not a figh, not a diftortion of countenance mi him; he polTeires his mind entirely in the midil [i torments; anc' (aftonilhing to relate !) the women, belting the human as well as the female nature, and Mormd into fomething worfe than furies, will even (tdo the men in this horrid tragedy. It is Ihocking Wl on a fcene of cruelty, which degrades human lure to a decree below the ferocious beafls of the 111: let it fuffice to fay, that the torments inflided bid only be invented and executed by perfons nurfed fcrbarity, and wholly deftitiite of the common feel- Isoi mankind for cbjeds in dittrefs. TheFe circum- hces of cruelty, ho. ■'ever, ferve tofhew, in the ilrongeit h, to what an inconceivable degree of barbarity and Icrnal rage the pailions of men may carry them, when Tlamed by the refinements of poliftied fociety, and un- Ruenced by the benign didtates of ChrilliarJity ; a re- jiiinthat teaches compafjon to our enemies, which is lihcr known nor practifed in other inftitutions ; and jlich will tend to make us more fenfible, than fome ap- ktto be, of the value of commerce, the arts of civilized ■ Land the light of literature, ivi,ich, if' they, have pted the force of natural virtues, by the laxury which lendsthem, have taken out likewife the ffing of our Itural vices, foftened the ferocity of the human race, Iproved their intelledual power.s, rendereo men more ^ pill members of fociety, and, in fome mejfure, de- lving of the charader of rational and accountable IRcligion is little known, and lefs pradliftd by the nsrican Indians: if we except the inhabitants of lexico and Peni, who were civilized people, and of Rom a fuith^r account will be given in (he refpediive ^defcriptions of each kingdom. The Indians have no temples. Some of them have verv little idea of a God : others entertain better notions; they hold the exilteiice of a Supreme ISeing, eternal and incorruptible, who has power over all things that exift. Saiistied with this acknowledgement, they pay him no fort of worlhip. There are, indeed, nations who fecm to pay fome re- ligious homage to the fun and moon ; and as moft of them have a notion of the exiftence of invilible beings who intermeddle in the' affairs, they often mention demons and other fpirits, particularly one whom they call Arefkoui, or the god of war, whom they always invoke before they march agaiiilf an enemy. They have alfo ceremonies that fetm to lliew they had once a more regular form of religious worfliip ; for they make a fort of oblation of their firff fruits; obfervc certain ceremonies at the new and ijill moon, and have in their felHvals many things that very pro- bably fiowed from a religious origin, though they novvr perform them as things handed down from their an- cellors, without knowing or inciiiiring into the reafon. Though deltitute of religion, they abound in fiiperfli- tions. They are great obfervers of omens and duam' and pry into futurity with the greatelt eagernefs. H.nce their country abounds in diviners, augurs, and magi- ,cians ; and on their predidlions they firmly rely in all their affairs, whether they relate to health, tc war, or to hunting. Agriculture, and the whole care of the family, de-' volves upon the womer. : but though they bear the la- borious weight of oeconomy, they are far from being . the Haves they appear, and are not at.all fubj'tdl to the great fubordination in which they are plared in conn-' tries where they feer.i to be more refpedled. On the' contrary, all the honours of the nation are on the lide . of the women. They even hokl their councils, and have their fhare in all deliberations which concern the (late ; nor ara they found inferior to the i)art they adl. Polyganiy.is pradlifed m fome nations, but it is ncit gene- ral. Incontinent before wedlock, but after marriage the chaltity of their women is remarkaJiIi. The punilh-' ment of the adulterefs, as well as the .-.diilterer, is in the hands of the hulband himfelf ; and it is ot'ten fe- vere, as it is inflicted by one who is at onde Ihc injured' party and the judge. . • ■' ..-i:.i ^I'V'ijv ■■'•.R' jt'*i.''* jf. jr-«%' The continent of America, often known by the" iuame ot the 'Jew World, extends from about 80 cfeg. north lat. to tl.e Streights of Magellan, in 53dtg. fou'th ' lat. fome geographer,, extend a to the fouthern ex-re- . ■ raiiy ot Terra Jci Fuego, in the lat. of 55 des^.^ju min, but as that country is an iiland, it ougit not lu be con-' jlidered in the dunentions ot the Aiueric*an couiir.ent. 'The breadth is very varuius ; in fome plaits it \\t' trhes from the 33th to the 136th deg. of'if.ng, "It is'-iUiVe 9000 Engiilh miles in lengtii, ande'iijoy.v ihi' priicipat cliiti.'Ues of both heinilplirrt.';. It is'boun^led on the- north by u.kuurwn couptucs j on the Ibutli by tne # 4 M Souiheru. mm aaa A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL 6eOCRAPhy H .1 _„__ -, . .^ . , , .. ^— jppp-., ^^KiiMC^'J Southern Ocean ; on the cart by the Atlantic 5 and on the wel^ by the Great South beat or Pacific Ocean. It confills of two large oontinents, joined together by a - narrow neck of land, called the lilhmus of Daricn ; and diOiiiguiflied by the epithets north and fuuth. A 5rcat variety of iflands are fcattercd on both fides of tmcrica; but the mod remarkable are fiiuated in a largo gulf formed by the coalls of the northern and fouthern continents, and thofe of the Illhmus of Da- rien. Some of thefc illands are very large, molt of them fertile, and the greater part full of inhabitants. They are called the Well-Indies, and will be dcfcribed in their proper place. Thcfe continents are fubdivided into a great number of parts ; but before we proceed to lay (Jow thefe fub- tlivifions, and to dcfcribe the different countries, it will be proper to take notice of fome mountains and rivers, which, as it were, difdain to be confined within the limits of any particular province. The mod remark- able mountains in South America, form that prodigi- ous chain called the Andes, or Cordilleras. This ridge begins in the Terra Mageltanica, the fouthcrnmoll country of South America, traverfes the kingdom of Chili, the provinces of Buenos Ayres, Peru, and Quito ■, where, contradting thcmfelves, as it were, for a paf- fage throueh the lithmus of Darien, they again expand their ample dimcnfions, and continue their courfe through the provinces and kingdoms of Nicaragiia, Guatemala, Coda Rica, St. Miguel, Mexico, La Pu- cbla, and others; with feverai arms or ramifications for (Iren^thfcning, as it were, the coiijunflion between the northern and fbuthern continents of America. In the province of Quito the Aaiea form a double chain, oiled the Cordilleras of the Andes ; and between thefe two ridges, the city of Quito, and a large extent of fertile lands are fituated. The mountains which form the Andesextend above ^coo Englifli miles in length : nor is their height lefs remarkable than their extent ; their fummits are always covered with fnow, even in the midft of the torrid zone. Many of them are vol- canoes, and the greater part of them mines of the mod precious metals. North America has alfo feverai lofty and extenfive chains, the principal of which are called the Alle^ny, or Apalachtan mountains. North America is watered by innumerable rivers, fome of which are very remarkable, and will be de> fCribed in their refpeQivQ provinces. The river MilKflippi, rifii>e from unknown fources, runs a pro- Vom aftern Cordilleras of k Andes, between 1 nc *nd the government o[ PJ payan, and at lal. -w-viSivr. »her a feathanatita and falls into the .- >: v ■ <■ the equinoaiai. length, reckoning its. ings t •'' vindings, jsaiL 3,300 miles. The river Plata ru, , the audieiKej the fame name in the eadern Cordillera of the An and after running through many territories, and i fertility to a great extent of country, falls into j ocean with fuch rajfudity, that the water is frelh 1 leagues from the land. The Oroonoko has iti 1 near Popayan, in Terra-Firma, and, after a courfdl 700 loilt:^, falls into the fea in 9 deg. north latitude. The vad extent of South America, which lln 1 each fide of the equator, occalio'ns it to have a vai_. of foils as well as climates. Here are produced molliii the metals, minerals, plants, fruits, trees, and wottj,! be met with in other parts of the world, and many^ them more valuable and in greater quantities. £uri| has been Aipplied with fuch immenfe quantities of; and filver from America, that thofe valuable metals a become much more common than formerly ; and t gold and filver of Europe now bear little propuniwli the high price they bore upwards of a 'cemrj t^i This country alfo produces cUanMnds, pearls, tmnM amethyds, and other, codly dones, which, by beiiJ brought in great numbers into Europe, have coDinl butea likewife to reduce their value. 1 Spanifli America, belides t\^ chief part of theal»n>| mentioned produAions, abounds with a mat nunbn of other commodities, which, though of Tefs price, «| of much greater ufe. They confid of cochineal, u.| digo, annatto, logwood, brafil, fuftic, pimento, iigno vitse, rice^ ginger, cocoa, fugar, cotton, tobacco, banil las, red-wood, the balfams of Tolu, Peru, andChilid Jefuits-bark, raechoacan, fafliifras, farfaparilla, cafi^l tamarinds, hides, furs, ambergris, and agrcatvarieiyl ofvroods, roots, and plants, which, before the diict. I very of America^ the Europeans bought of the Ventii.! ans and Genoefe at an extravagant price. The [aii\ this continent is fo fertile, tliat many exotic ons are niSed here in great perfedtion. A varieijofl excellent ffuits aUb grow wild here, as pine-applevi pomegranates, dttoa% kmous, oranges, maiicatons,f 3 . fil£fM,| meotci AMERICA. 3*3 i« oears, apples, figs, grapes, great numbers of .^'; medicinal, and other herbs, roots, and Imerica (o far as known, is chiefly claimc 1, and G into colonies by the Spaniards, Englifh, and niefe- for the French and Dutch having only I f.rt5 'upon Surinam and Guiana, fcarcely defcrve fi; confi/ereJ as proprietors of any part of the Ihern continent. The Spaniards, who were the firft lovcrcrsof this country, have the largeft and richeft extending from New Mexico and Louifiana, to'h America, to the Streights of Magellan, in South Sea, excepting the large province of Drafil, ich belongs to the Portuguefe. kfore tho late unhappy war, Ureat-Britain was, to Spain, the moll confidcrable proprietor of lerica; Ihc derived her claim to North America firll difcovery of that continent by Sebailian leiica the ,t in the name ot Henry VII. anno 1497, about lye'its after the difcovery of South America by Co.* Lbus. This country was at firft called Newfound- I and it was a long time before the Englifh at- ',ed to fettle it. The great Sir Walter Raleigh , (hewed the way, by planting a colony in the iihem part, to which he gave the name of Virginia, lonour of his miftrefs Queen Elizabeth. From this (d, till the condufion of the late war, the French jciaimto, andaftually pofleired Canada and Lou- la, which included all that extenflve inland coun- reaching from Hudfon's-Bav, on the north, to jiico and its gulf on the fouth j rogtons which all fope could not people in many ages : but no tcrri- I, how extenfive foever, nor could the moft bound- toiplre gratify the ambition of that afpirinfl Ration ; iicfore, during the moll folemn treaties, tnev con- jcd to make gradual advances upon the Englilh back ilements, and rendered their acquifltions more fecure permaneii!, by a chain of forts well fupplted with kinds of warlike (lores. They laboured at the letime, by various arts, induflnoufly to gain the indlhip of the Indians, even by intermarriages, and only trained thcfe favages to the ufc of arms, but ifed into them the mod unfavourable notions of the and the fuperior (Irength of their natibiu he Bhtiih colonies, ;:.ms hemmed in, and confined! a flip of land along the fea-coa(l, by an ambitious ' powerful nation, the ri vals and natural enemies of itBriuin, began in 17J.5 to take the alarm. The empire in America, fcarcely raifed from its in- tOttc, was threatened with a total diiroUition. In •it diRtik, thej folicited the affillance of the mother country. The bulwarks and thunder of F-nglsncl, jc companied with powerful arrtiies, commanded by a let of heroes, th« Scipios of that a^e, were fent to thi:ir relief. A long war fucceeded, in which the coloniils took an adlive part, and fuccefs evcry-where attended the Britifh urmt. ; fo that after a very bloody and obfti- nate conteft, the French were driven from Canada and its dependencies, and obliged to relinquifh all that part of Louifiana lying on the ead fide of the MilTilIippi. Thus at an imtnenfe expenct, and with the lofs of many brave men, our colonies were preferved and fe> cured to us, whereby we had poflafTion of a territory, which, from north to fouth, extended near 4009 miles in a diredl line ; but to the weftward our boundaries reached to countries unknown, even to the native In- dians ; a tra£l fuppofed to be nearly equal to all En- rope. But all our flattering profpedls refpeding the American puffclBons arc now annihilated by the late unhappy war, which, after a continuance of eight years, with a prodigious expcnce uf blood and treafiire, terminated in their entire difunion from Great-Britain, and in the eftabliihinent of a new republic, flyled. The ThirUtn Unittd States of America. This vaft coun. try is waihed all the way by the Atliuitic Ocean on the ead, and by the Gulf of Mexico on the fouth. The Spaniards, Englifh, and French, poflfefs the multitude of iilands which lie bet^pn the two conti- nents of North and South Amerin. Three or four fmall iflands indeed belong to the Dutch^ but thefe, in any other hands, would be of noconfequence^ and the Danes have one or tw3, but they are too inconfideraMe to entitle the owners to a claim on America^ The French, it is faid, have Ijfitcly ced«d to Sweden the fmall iiland of St. Bartholomew. In defcribing the fltuation, extent, and boundariet of the nutnecous colonies which now contpofe that great empire, we have totall)^ reje6le Georgia J Eaft Florida \ Weft Florida / " " Louiflana New Mexico and \ California / Mexico, or Neu^ Spain ^f Length. 6:0 350 300 160 300 700 500 ISOO aooo eooo Breadth. 750 BOO 15° BOO 60 S^O >3.5 380 440 loob 600 Sq. Miles. 3 « 8,7,50 100,000 87,000 24,000 10,000 15,000 la.ooo 80,000 llOtOOO 100,000 516,000 6oc,oob 318,000 Chief Town.'). Quebec /'Halifax \i>helburne Bollon New York Perth Amboy Philadelphia Aniinpolis Willinnifburgh- } r Eh "^ l,SaJannah J r St.Augu " \ Penfacol New Orlea la Orleans /St. Fee \St. Juan ^fcxico (tine 1 } Belongit Creit-Btiuli, : Ditto Ditto United Sutci Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Spain Ditto Ditto Ditto * It may be necefTary to obferve here, in order to prevent miftakes, that though the above Table, coniaii the terrifonc: how belonging to the United States of America, is ftrfftk accurate ; yet as New KnglandihtJ comprifes four provinces, vie. New-Hamp(hite, MafTacJiufett's-Bay, Rhode-Ifland and ProviHenre Plamaiin with Coine£li'-ut ; and Pennfylvanra includes Delaware ; -thofe fotirt" therefore when added to the reft beoiwii at New-YorJ^, will compofe the Whol« Thirteen Provinces claimed by, vend appropriated to the .Anierici3 when they withdrew their albgianee from Great-Britain, and aflTerted in Congrels their independence,! ^ih of July 1776; and which provinces are generally arranged in the following order: .New-Hampftiirc, Mit lachufett's-Bay, Rhode-Idand and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-/ork, New-Jerie)',Tcnnfyln Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. m GRAND DIVISIONS of SOUTH AMERICA. Nations. Lcne Breadth. Terra Firma Peru Amazonia Guiana Prafil Paraguay Chili Terra Mageilanica, "1 or Patagonia ... J '" 1400 1800 1200 780 8500 1500 1200 700 Chief Towns. 700 500 960 480 700 1000 .500 ■H-tf Panama Lima Little known Surinam, Cayenne St. Salvadoi- Buenos Ayrcs St. Jago . Noti fettled Beloriging to V' Spain Ditto French Dutch and Portugal Spain and-Jcluiis Spain Ditto CHAP.I LlllICA-] NEW BRITAIN. 325 CHAP. II. j^ E VV BRITAIN. \Siml>'"> *-'"'*"■"'' !^^'*"'"''"'' Ri'Vers, Soil, PFaods, yqildlti, Animals, Natives, and HiJIory. iHlS foimtry. which lies round Hiuifon's-Bay, and is commonly railed the country of the Efqui- L,ix ciiniprehciitlmg Labrador, New North and iiili'Wale«> !•• fimated between ,50 and 62 deg. of rth lat. and bet a i en 50 and 9,5 dcg of weft long. 1 1 loundcd by unknown lands and frozen feas about the Ue on the "'"''' ' ''V 'he Atlantic ocean and Baffin's 1/ on the eaft; by the bay and river of St. Laurence Icanada, on the fouth ; and by unknown lands, on iThe mountains towards the north are exceeding \k and their tops perpetually covered with fnow: as twindsblow from thence three quarters ol ihe year, t winter all over this country is extretnely fcvere and FrhechiefriversaretheMoofe, Severn, Rupert, Nel- \ Albany, and Black River. Hudfon's-Bay, which tiiidcs feveral others, is the principal ; its extent in hith is about 690 miles, its northern boundary is teed at Davis's Strcights ; the other chief ilreights J ihofe of Hudfon and Belleille. [The foil of this country is in general barren, owmg jtbe great feverity and rigour of the climate; even ! hirdy pinc-trte is not leen, and the cold womb of ! earth produces only fome miferable Ihrubs ; every Jnd uf European feed brought hither has perilhed ; ht as the place from whence the feed comes is of lit moDient, it is therefore probable that the feed [corn brought 'iiin the northern parts of Sweden {Norway, raig'n; thrive better in this inhofpitable Imate. [The woods in tliis part of the world abound in ofe-deer, elks, (tags, rein-deer, bears, ty^jcrs, bufFa- ies, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters. Iynxe.>i, trauns, jaricns, fquirrels, wild-cats, and hares. The towls i:nd here are geefe, bullards, ducks, partridges, and lany other forts, both wild and tame. In the are found whales, morfes, fcals, cod, and a title iilh preferable to herrings \ and the rivers and bih waters furnilh plenty of pike, perch, carp, and out. jOnegencral rem.irk here may not be improper: it is lis, ilia; ihe animals of Amcxica are nciuicr fo large lir I'o tierce as thole of Aiia and Afiiv.i ; and even lofi; which are fent hither from Europ*.- are found to pginerate. The tapiirttte, whith is the largflt lal found in the New World, iloes not cxcciaI in b a well grown calf; whereas the Aliaiic elephant litn grows to above fifteen Icct lu hcij-ht j and thcr« is ftill a greater difproportion between the lama of America, and the African camel. The tyger of Ben- pi has been fometimes known to meafure twelve feet m length, while the congar, or tyger of America, doea not exceed three; and the American toqua and toqua- retti are defpicable, in comparifon of the Afiatic leopard and panther. It is obfervable, however, that though the quadrupeds of the new continent are greatly in- ferior ill lize to thofe of the old, they are much more numerous ; the goat, exported from Europe to South America, will, in a few generations, become much lefs, as well as more proliRc, and, inftead of one or two kids at a time, generally produces five, fix, and fume- times more. Ttte wifdom an '. goodnefs of Providence is very confpicuous, in caufmg the fmalleft animals to multiply in the greateft proportion, and the moft for- midable to be lels prolific ; for had the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the lion been endued with the fame degree of fecundity with the rabbit or the rat, all the arts of man would not have been fufficient to check their outrage, and wc (hould foon perceive them become the tyrants of thofe who now call themfelves the mafters of the creation, to the endangering the utter extirpation of the human fpecics. In fninmer the animals in the northern extremities of America are of a variety of colours, as in other parts of the world : but as fuon as the winter ap- proaches, they gradually change; the beafts, and many of the birds, becoming as white as the fnow with which the ground is covered. Even the dogs and cats carried from England to Hudfon's-Bay, are fubjed to the fame alteration, and acquire a much longer, foftcr, and thicker fur, than they had in their own climate. I'he lands near the fouth parts of Hudfon's-Bay produce large timber and plenty of herb:ige, and, if properly cultivated, might yield corn. About Fort Nelfon, the coimtry, which is low and marlhy, pro- duces juniper, birch, poplar, and a fmall tree of the fpriice or fir kind ; but there is little other herbage, befides mofs. The Efquimaux Indians, who inhabit the inland jiarts of Labrador, are the molt (.owardly, ferocious, and untradtable people in America. They lead a v.i- grant life, have no fettled habitations, nor do we know of any villages or towns among thnn ; but they are extremely numerous, and fo mifchievous, that often, during the night, they will cut the cables of lliips, that they inay enjoy their w^'tcks in the inorning. They trade with the European veirels, exchanging the furs of their country for knives, fcilfors, pots, kettles, and other ha;dwure ; but they are never fudered to come on board in too great numbers, inllances having been known where they have mallered the crew, and plunhired the Ihip. The food of thefc', and the American Indians in general, conhlls chiefly in what they take by hunting and hilling. They clothe them- felves in winter with beaver Ikms, vvhicii they oil and greafe in ihc fame iianiicr as they (^ ihcir own iu 4 N fuinmer. 826 A XnW AND COMPLFTE SYSTF.M or l^N'IVERSAL CF.Or.RAPllY. I'cmmcr, wIiIlIi prcvcnls both the coKI and heai Iruiii jicnitrutiiig ilicm. They wear a kind of bulkins on Uifir legs, and IIiols o! doer (Vins ; they ule alfo beaver Ikins mid Inrs lor their beds uiid covering in the Higlu. A iiiiinbcr ot Indiait inen, and roiiic women, cornc. down ariniMlly, in about li\ hiit\dred canoes, to Tort- Mclfoii, in oulcr to trade with the Kngliih. Thcfe )>ei)|)L a;u oi a darker complexion, and Imaller llr.e, ttiun thofe of Labrador, b(it they arc lutich tnoiu Identic and Irailablc. They wear fcarce any clothes in fiiinmcr, but anoint thcnifi-lves with bear s grcafe, «ir the oil of fealj, which defends them from tlic at- t.icks of innrijiietocs, bugs, and other troiibli'fomc infe<^ls. Many of them come from very diUant coinitrics, and their voyages arc rendered Hill longer, by being oblii^t < to go on (liore every day to hunt lor jirovi lions, their lanoes, or kiacks, which they manage veiy ilexfcruiilly, being only large enough to con- tain two perfons, and a parcel ol bcaver-lkins. The juoplc of this country bear no n.femblancc in liiiir Ihapcs and faicB to the foiithcrn Americans; but ure tinicl) nioie like the Laplanders and Samoieds «if Kurope, fioui whom they sue very probably de- ii.eiuled. 'Ihe commerce with this country is carried on by a rompany con(i(ling of nine or ten perfons, called the Iliiilfon's-Bay Company, who, in 1O70, obtained an cxthilive charter for trading to this bay, and they have aflcd under it ever fince with great benefit to tliem- i'cKcs, though comparaiivcly with little advantage to Great-Britain. The fur and peltry trade might be carried on to a mtich greater extent, were it not en- tirely in the hands of inis exclulivc company, whofc intercfled, not to fay iniquitous fpirit, has been ihc liibjc6l ot long and jiid complaint. The company iinploy four iTiips, and 1^0 feamcn. They have I'everai forts; viz. Prince ot Wales's Fort, Churchill River, Nelfon, New bevern and Albany, which (land tni the weft fide of the bay. In May 1782, the I'rench took and dclfroyed thcfc forts, fcttlcmcnts, &c. hy whii-h the company fuftaincd a lofs of near ,500,000!. They export commodities to the value of 16, cool, and in reiurn they brinj; home to the amount of a(),34cl. which yield to the revenue 3,7;i4l' This includes the fidiery in Hudfon'.s-Eay. Small as this commerce is, it affords immenfc profits to the company, and even fomc advantage to our manufatftnrers here ; for as the jndians are not very nice in their choice, fuch com- jnoditics of Hritilh inanufadhire arc fent them, as we liavc great plenty of, fome of which would not meet with a market elfcwhcrc. In exchange for ihefe, they liave deer, beaver, and other Ikins, cailor, feathers, whalebone, and blubber. Since our conqiielt of Canada, the trade of this company is lefs advan- tageous ; but the profit it affords in in prcfent re- trained Hate, prove incontcftably the imnieufu bencht that would accrue to Great-Britain, by throwing open the trade to IIudfou'b-I3ay. The lllSrORY or NKW-nRix^] TIIKSK northern countries and fcaswcre w vcn-d nil long alter the other pans of ilic J" ] were known ; and might perhaps Hill j^j /*■ in oblVurity, had not the adiixe genius of », 1 pifunpted them to make difcovcrics of ivcrv/ifJ nature. As early as the year i,r,76, a projcaill, LiiglanJ, for thi' difcovery of a Noitli.Wdlnj.f 1 China, and tlio tall-Indies. Frobilheronlyii;-?' the main of New-Hnt^iin, or 'I'erra deLal,,,^ thole trafls which bear his name ; but laiunl, princii)al attempt, the dcligii was laid uliJciili[[)(" >,^8,5, when John Uavis failed from rcirtfmoinli furveyed the coafts of Labriulor; but did nouli the diicovcries «)f his prcdccellor. Hudfon t able ffainan, and ex|)ciicnccd, m.nil" liirct vwni the firft in ibo;, the fecoiid in 160S, aiiJihsilJf irtio. Fearlefs of dangers, and proof ag3,„,jj piercing cold of the climate, this intrepid nn penetrated as far as 80 degrees and a half nmitil, tilde ; he even wintered here, and would, in jiu,^ bility, have tinWhed the difcovery, had not hiii mutinied, and committed their brave commander • feven of his faithful adherents, to the fury of tlitij feas, ill an open boat; where they were tithctfj lowed up by the waves, or, gaining the inhofpii (bore, dellroycd by the favages. This was anin rable lofs to the public, as moft of the difcoi he had made were buried with him. Other aitti towards a difcovery were made in 161a and if) and a patent for planting the country, wiihacbi for a company, was obtained in 1670. CnptjinJ in 17461 wintered as far north as 57 degrees jiij half; and Captain Chriltopher atteinpted lutthctf coveries in 1761. Bcfidesthtfc voyages, which fatisfy tis that wti not look for a paflage on this fide of the laiituilt| degrees north, wc are indebted to the Hudfon'fJ Company for a journey by land; which throwsn additional light on this matter, by afl'urdingwhat irajl called dcmonftratioii, how much farther iiurth,ailcai| fome parts of their voyages, ihips mull go, beluitil can pal's from one fide of America to the otiicr. norihcrn Indians, who come down to the compinil faf-loric: to trade, had brought to the knowloijcj our people a river, which, on account of miichccfl being found near it, had obtained the nameofi Copper-Mine-River. The company, being dcliroml tlioioughly invelligaiing tiiis matter, direclciil' Hearne, a young gentleman in their fcrvice, »Jl from his Ikill in the fcienccs, was extremely 1 (]ualitied 'or the purpofe, to proceed ovtr under the convoy of tliofc Indians, for that liu which he had orders to fiirvey, if poliible, f down to its exit into the fca ; to make obfmiiKl lor fixing the latitudes and iongitiicics; andtoW flume maps and drawings botli of it, and ot »l*j ^'T-OCRAPny. r N n A. 3^7 niric's and fcajwf,. ' •"•'f'^rs Hill luvc 1 y^'^f i,'i76. aprojctii, J ^■»- ''^I'^illicronlyj;?' ,.'"'* "'""I^il^'f him,,, 7''-'' '""" '''mfmo,,,!,, 'abr;ulor;buu!.,lno.«| ;cdeccllor. JIudfc,, , icnrccl. mail" tact',,, "'^">i6o«. audihch; «".S and pronf an,„,| "na>c. this intrepid nu i-grccs and a liaJi „„„), ere, and would, 1,1,11 cifcovcry, had not hii, tlicir brave ronimanilr,^ trents, to the lury of lij here they were tiihttfi or, gaining the inhofi vagw. l^hiswasani,, as mod of the dib with him. Other im e made in i6ia and n : the conntry, withac ncd in 1670. Cnpiainw north as 57 degrees uA aplier attempted furilici which fatisfyiisfhanvtt I this fide of the liiinidd debtcd to the Hudfon'i y land; which throws a ter, by afiordingwhatnujl much farther iionhpjildl s, (hips mu(i go, befortil America to the otlier. i mc down to the amm ought to the knowloijtj on account of iniichcifl I obtained the name ofi L* company, being dtlirainJ this matter, dircdcdMr nan in their fervice, »i| enccs, was extremely 1 e, to proceed over lii^ fc Indians, for iliat nfo > fiirvcy, if pollible, ^ fca ; to make obfcnaiu d lotigitiidos; and to I botii of it, and of "la til r^^,„fcJ worthy of notice in the coutfe of hi. I"'j"'''jjf3rnc accordingly fet out from Prince of I' 'j foitp <"' CliuiclMli-Kivtr, (HI Uccinil)cr 7, U' ami "11 the i;lil" of Jimc '7/« reached the I'ipcr Mim-River, .uid l.iinul it all the way, even m f'xit iii'o ill"-' li-ai iiKiiinhercJ witli (hoals and falls, lUnipiyiiig ill"' 'I' '""" i' ''^■•^f " '''■y ''•'" "f ''"^ "'"'■'•'• iije being tlicii oi:t, which ficincd, by the ul^es to life al)i>iil l^^'t^l^'c- or fi)tiiic(,n Icct. 'I'Tiis fiht la' „„ acamiit (d' llic falls, will carry it but a -..ry jilway «iilii'> '''*-■ fi^^'f''* moiiili, A) that the water il vva( nul in ll'i-" '-all brackilh ; Mr. Ilcarne i ;, Ucvcr, fiTL-iif the: jilace it tmplicil iiftlf into being ieU ora liraiich of it, bv the ()iuntiiy of wliale- L/aiiil Ibllki'is which llic Efi|iiiniaiu had at tlicir iitj, and alfj hy the number of feals which he faw the ice. it ajvpears by the map whiuh Mr. lornedrcw of this fiiigular jwirney, that the iiioulh llic Cdppcr-minc lies in lat. 72 deg. N. and long. dcg. W- I""" Chiirchill-Kivcr, tlis ■. \V. of Greenwich. 1^''^^; Tiat is, about 119 ks. vv » 01 ijitvii"«vii. Mr. Hearne's journey back from the Copper-Mine , Churchill, laded till June jjo, 1772; fo tliat he was Ibliiit upwards of a year and a half. Tlic iinj>aral- tlcd lurdlhips he fuirered, and the eirential fervice he jf.fornicH, have met with a fiiitabic rccotnpencc from Li enipljvcrs. This gentleman has been fevcral years Lctnor 'of Prince of Wales's- Kort, on Churchill- Kivfr, where, in 1782, he was taken prifoner by the I'tcnch; but he afterwards returned to his ftation. IVe nmv fee, from the particulars of this cxlcnfive fcilcovety, that the continent of North-America (Iretch- h from Hudfon's-Bay, fo far to the north-well, that Mr, llcarnc travelled near 1,300 miles before he ar- rived at the fea; and that the whole of his track to Ijie northward of 6 1 deg.N. lat. lay near 600 miles due Left of the wellern coall of HudfOii's-Bay ; at the lame time that his Indian guides were certain that a \ii!i tract uf land llrctciied Hill furtlicr in the fame diredion. CHAP. III. C A N iV D A. ihitkn, Exlott, Climate, ATcunfat'ns, Rivers, Ahlmals, hrijb, Pntlua; Lakes, lithabitants, Guvenmient, and Rch^kn, THIS country, after Its reduif\ion by theEnglifli, in the war of 1756, was formed in'o a I3riti(h jfolony, called the Province of Quebec. It is fituated j between Oi and 8t deg. well long, and between 45 land 5a (leg. north lat. its length is faoo miles, breadth )soo, and cuiuains 100,000 fc^uarc miles. It is bounded on the north an I call, by New-Uritain and lludr(,ii's- D.iy ; ((11 tlie (mith, by Nova-S/otia, Nc-vv-l'.iigljiid, and Nl:vv-^'rns, the largeft of which is about half a mile in breadii . Tliis Urcam, which forms the grandeit part of ih cataratSl, is crolfed by a rock in the form of a half moon, from which the water tumbles near 160 feet perpendicularly. Imagination itfelf can hardly j>aint a more awful fcne than this amazing Ihcct ot v^atcr hurled headlong from fo great a height on the rocks below. The traveller is Itruck with tonfttrna- tion at fo tremendous a fight, while his ears arc dcat- ened with the proiligious roarings of the waters. The vapours ariling from the cataract furiii a kind of cloud, or pillar of fmokc, which in i.alin fc .iie weather may be fee.i at a grca' dillance ; .".nd when the fj^eilator is in a proper pofition with regard to the fun, this cloud •r vapour exhibits a beautii- . .ainbow. Tlic nolfe of this catara». .1 .5 aurence communicates with lake Ontario' jj thac river might be rendered navigable, a cmntj tion would be opened with the Atlantic Ocean confequently with all the parts of Europe. ' As we are now entering upon the cultivated provjd of Britilh America, and as Canada is upon the i of the United States, and contains almoit all the ferent fpecies of animals, wood, and vegetables! are found in thefe colonies, we (hall herefpeakodk, at fome length, in order to avoid repetitions. ' animals make the moft curious and hitherto the •«, intcrefting part of the natural hiftory of Canada 4 abounds in flags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, ^m wild cats, ferrets, weafels, large grey fquirrelj, hJ and rabbits. In the fouthern parts of It arefoy great nuinbcrs of wild bulls, various k'.nds ofm bucks, deer of a fmall fize, goats, wolves, &c.i the marflies, lakes, and pools, throughout the coiimnl are filled with beavers, of which remarkable anii fome further account will doubtlefs be exptded, The beaver is near four foet in length, its! greatly refembling that of a mountain rat. Thefm is long, the eyes fmall, the ears (hort, round,] hairy on the oinlide, but fmooth within. Thsk particularly the fore ones, are Ihort, and the nails L tlie fore feet Hand obliquely, and are hollow like quifiij but the hind feet are flat, and furnilhed withmtmiiniio or webs between the toes. The tail, which is a oval, is a foot in length, an inch thick, tour inclit broad at the root, hvc in the middle, and three at ild extremity. It is covered with fcales, indented in fail ^ manner as to be ealily feparated alter the dcailiil ■ te animal. The jaws are amazingly llrong, andtadjl furnillud with ten teeth, two ir.cilive and iij-ht mobij They live from Iiltcen to twenty years, and thelemJ generally brings forth four young ones at a time. Iiiil an amphibious quadruped, never ontiiiucs anybjtiil of time in the water, but cannot exiit uitlwi.t |.-t.j quenily bathing in it. lieavers are of c'ltfnreni dou:i|l black, hiown, white, ytllovv, and llraw ciiluur; '}jl blaciv .iiid the white are the molt valuable. Ttielutl of tile biaver is ol i .vo kinds, the dry ami the gr;it;[ the lirft is the 11. in before it has btcii applied 10 iiJ life, and the f'.ioud are the turs, I'cuial ohvL:,'!il being (ewed logeilui, are worn by the Iiiduus, \\h\ rub them over with uncliious liibltance.'!, which rendttl them pliable, and at the fame time give th'. linedo«i| which is luaMulactu.ed into hats, &v^thi.t oi!y(jiij!i;] proper lor mixmg with the diy tui, whin woiUl C)i late years boili the Dutch and the Euglilh liwl diicovcied the art of makirg excellent cloths, gWcsl N A D A. S«9 ,5 ffom the beaver ftir. The (kin is not ' I thing for which this animal is valunblc ; it '' tiiat ufeful drug called cadoreiim, contained iTlrmed by nature for this purpofe only, in the ^'/t of the belly. The Hell, of the beaver is IrLbccxceciing good eating ; the tail is dteemed mod delicious diih that can be imagined. 1 he I mof thcfe animals in ereaing then- lints, and l^i'Ljgainft the approach of winter, is fo amazing, K ravages fuppofc. them rational creatures, who I • focieties, and are governed by a leader or chic-t, fc.'hcnifelves. It miiil indeed be allowed, that the r ,1,'s accounts given of this animal by ingenious r"'[jrs tiienianncr in which it contrives itJ liabita- r'' u'vidcs food to ferve during the winter, and f '.|ji, proportion to the continuance and fevcrity ol Larcluflicic'" to Ihcw the near approaches of iiillina [-ca'on, and t^en, in fome inllances, the fuperiority I'ihe former. The Americans have two or three Ifr.ntwavs of taking beavers ; they fometimes Ihoot Icin and at others take them in traps, which laft method lev prefer, becaiife it does not damage the (kin. There ladiirinmivefpeciLS of beaver, called the mn(k-rat, Ihidircfenibies that animal in every refpecl bit the [il and affords a very ilrong rau(k. rihe biifclo of Canada is larger than that of Eu- |pe but their appearance is much the fame ; the body Ici'vered with a black wool, wl: • h is very valuable, lid the hide is as foft and pliant as chamois leather, L fo" exceeding (tiong, that the Indian bucklers, ||iich are made of it, are a'.moft proof againll a mulket L|| j(,e elk. is of the (ize of a horfc or mule, and is colour a niixtme of light grey and dark red. They tlisht in cold climates, where, during the winter, they |«e upon the bark of trees. When this animal is luiiicd, he bcc(-nics very violent ; fometimes fpringing liriouilyon his purfuers, and trampling them to death. fo prevent this, the hunter throws his clothes to him, tihvhilethedeludcdanimal fpends his fury on thefc.he Lesproptrmeafures tokill him. WoKes are exceeding hrce in Canada, but they afford the- (ined furs in all lie country. The black loxcs are alio very uncommon fccrc, b;U highly valued. Thofe of other colours are kimmon; and ("ome on the Upper Milliilippi are of a IhtrcoloDr, and very beautiful. The Canadian wood- ^t, 'vhich is likewife of a fine filvcr colour, is as large teain as the European rat, and has a fine bulliy tail : ^ icfar.a'c has a bag i;ndcr her belly, which (lie opens Imi Hitls at pltafiirt ; and here (he conc(..l.s her yoimg ,,'h(n putfued. 'Ihe pole-cat of Canada is entirely Ivhiie, except the tip ot' the tail, which is as black as Jel. W.'itii pi'rfiicd, he lets fly his urine to annoy the IfTailants, wliich, it is laid, infects the air for a qiiar- Icrof a IcagiiL- round: hence he is called by the inha- litaiits the devil's brat, or the llinkard. There are two Ibrts of bear? in tliis country ; one of a rcddifh, and Ihtdthtr of a black colour ; but the firil is the molt bjjetous. The bear is not naturally liercc i (or lie is never known to attack a man. tmlefs when wounded or oppreffed by hunger. There is a carnivorous animal found here, called the Carcajou, which is of the c:tt kind, with a tail of fuch prodigious length, that Char- levoix declares he has twilled it fevcral tiines round his body. It is faid that this animal, winding himfcif about a tree, will dart from thence upon the elk, twrft its (Irong tail round its body, and tear open its throat in an inltant. There are three forts of fquirrelc in Canada; one of wb'ch is called the flying fqiiirrel ; it has, however, no wings ; but on each fide a loofe (kin, extending from the fore to the hind feet, to which it is connected. This the creature can ftretch out like Ji fail, and the air which it contains, buoys him up in fuch a inanner, that he can leap from tree to tree forty paces afiuider. This little animal is cafily tamed, and very lively, except when afleep, which is often the cafe ; and he puts up wherever he can find a place, in one's (Iceve, pocket, or miift"; he firlt pitches on hii mailer, whom he will diltinguifh among twenty per^ fons. The Canadian roe-buck is a domellic animal ; and the porcupine not fo large as a rrriddlingfized dog.. We have been thus circiimdantial in our defcription of thefe animals, becaufe in their furs confift the chief commerce of the country, and to thefe we owe the materials for many of our maiuifafturcs. The (orefts of Canada contain two kinds of eagles, the largeft of which have a white head and neck, but the others are entirely grey. The falcons, golhawks, and tercels, are exadly the fame as in Europe. Tho partridges are red, grey, and black, with long talis, which they fpread out like a fan, and make a tine ap- pearance : woodcocks arc very fcarcc, but fnipcs and water-fowl are exceeding plentiful. Twenty-two dif- ferent fpecies of ducks are found in Canada, and a great number of ("wans, turkeys, gcefc, burtards, teal, water-hens, cranes, and other large water-fowl ; but they are always at a diflance from the inhabited part of the country. A Canadian raven is by fonie writers affirmed to cat as well as a pnllet, and an owl better^ Thrulhesand goldfinches, rtfembling thofe of Europe, are (ound here ; bin the chief (inging-bird o\ Canada is the white bird, a (pecies of ortolan, very lliewy, and remarkable for proclaiming the return of ipriiig. 'J'htf wood-pecker is a beautiful bird, but far exceeded by the fly-bird, whi, h is fup[)ufed to be equalled by none of the feathered tribe; v.ith all his plumage he i.s not larger than a cock-chafer, and makes a noifc with his wings like the huimi.ing of a large lly : his legs iire not thicker than a fmall needle ; and from his bill, which is of the fiune fize, a fmail ilii;'^ proceeds, with which he pierces the tiowers, and, by that means, noiirillics himfelf with the jiiire : the head of the male is adorned with a beautiful black tuff; his l->realt is red, hi., belly white; his back, wings and tail, green, u b.ilc Ipecks of gold, fcattercd all over llic pliiin.iL;;e, add grentlv to its beauty, and an almofl imperceptible don n i;r(\lii-es H I fi Il I ' i > (ft r ' ! t ' ! i 1 h i !, the inoil delightful (h;t>.';cs that can be imatjlncJ 4O Ths 330 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The vaft rivers and lakes in this country, particularly that of St. Laurence, contain a prodigious variety ol fifli, among which arc fea-wolves, fca-cows, porpoifus, the lencoruet, the gobcrque, faliiion trouts, turtles, lobf^er.s, the chaourafou, tite achigau, the gilt-head, and ilurgeon. The feal, or fea-wolf, fo called from its howling, is an amphibious creature, and very large ; fome of them are (aid to weigh 2 ,000 pounds : a defcription of it will be given in our account of Greenland. The fea-cow is larger than the fea-wolf, but refcmbles it in figure : it has two teeth of the thick- nefs and length of a man's arm, which, when full grown, have the appearance of horns, and are very fine ivory. Some of the porpoifcs caught Ln the river St. Laurence arc faid to yield an hoglhcad of oil, and waiftcoats arc made of their ikins, which, bcfKles the excellent property of being flKceeding firong, are miiiket- proof. The lencornct is a fpecics of cuttle-fifli, of an oval figure : there are two forts of them, which differ only in fizc, fome being as large as a hogflicad, and others only a foot long ; but the latter only are caught, which is done by torch-. ight. The chaourafou is an armed Hlh, refembling a pike, and covered with fcalcs proof againft a dagger : fome of them are above five feet long, and about the tliicknefs of a man's thigh : the colour is a iilver grey, and there grows under the mouth a long bony fubltancc, ragged at the edges. This creature lives upon birds ; to procure which, he conceals himfelf among the reeds, in fiich a manner, that nothing of him can be fecn but the above weapon, which he holds creel above the fiirface of the water. The fowls, inilbking it for a withered reed, perch upon it ; but they are no fooner fettled, than the fi(h opens his mouth, and darts fo fuddenly on the prey, that it feldom efcapes. The goberque has the taite and fmell of a fmall cod. The Ihirgeon is froBi eight to twelve feet !ong, and proportinnably thick ; but there is a fmall fpecies, the Helh of which is very delicate Some of the rivf;rs breed a kind of crocodilL', that differs in no material refpciil from thofe of the Nile. The achigau a.id the gilt-head arc liili peculiar to the river St. Laurence. Canada furniihe? a variety of reptiles, among which the rattle fnakc is the molt remarkdble. Some of thefe are as big as a man's kg, and long in propirtion : but the molt remarkable part of this animal is llie tail, confilting ot I'everal hollow joints, in each of which is a fmall lound Ume, that makes a rattling noiCe as the creature moves, and fteins deligned by FrovideiH'c to give notice ot its approach : it is atltrted by authors, that a jdint is added 10 this rattle every year. The bite of this fnakc is mortal, if the root of the rattle- fiiake plant, or fome oilier fpccitu:, is not itniiiciluttly ap- plied to the wound. 'I he above plant is a fovcrcign antidote againll the poifon, atul grows in all places where the fiiake is tiiiiinl : it 1-. tiiher pomuled or chewril, and applied to ilit wound as a p'ailer. This CJvaturc, however, I'eidoiu bites puli'eni^(.rb uiilcfs trod upon, or otherwife provoked. The Indij citeem its flefh a great delicacy, often hunt";!' *1 when thus purfued, if it has but a litde lintf i '^' ver, it folds itfelfromid, placing its head in theV'' and then darts itftlf with the utitiod violence a'"'" its antagonilt, who receives the bite with ihe ^""ii calmncis, alfured of an Immediate cure byth"'!!,! root. *■ "'''*l Such lands as have been properly cultivated Canada, yield large and rich crops of Indian barley, rye, and other grain. All kiiidsof fruits J in France, even melons and grapes, are prodiic-dh and alfo the hop plant. The meadow gnmiidswU are well watered yield excellent grafs. and fednJ bers of great and Imall cattle. The ereateftf'orelts in the world are in the uncultivaal parts of North America, which are acontimidwJI not planted by the hands of men, and in all appean J as old as the world itfelf. Nothing can be morenw. nificent to the fight : the trees lofe thcmfdves in ,y clouds, and their prodigious variety of fpecits cannoli be numbered. The tortfts of Canada, which J amazingly extenfive, contain alfo a va(t vaiietyofimtj among which a. j two forts of pines, the white andS red ; three forts of alh-trees, the free, the miinml,^ and the badard ; three forts of '.valnut-trccs, theluiii the foft, and the fmooth ; the inaleand female raaplfi white and red elms, and poplars. The lroqiioi>l,,!| dians hollow the red plms into canoes, fome of wkii, made out of one piece, will contain twenty perfoiis, About November the bears and wild cats take mikti habitations in the hollow elms, and n/.iiain thue ij April. Here are alio found cherry-tittr>, plum-irtti, the v.negar-trrc, the fruit of which, iiifuftd in watj,! makes excellent vinegar i the v/hite-thorii, thecoiin. tree, the pod of which contains a very fine kindaj cotton: fevtral ttifts of flowers are produced on tluj top of this tree, which, if Ihaken in a tnorningbefiit' the dew falls off, produce honey that may be bultdi iiitofugar; the tun-plant, and an aquatic pbnlcaiitd atoca, lite fiuit of which is often iiiade into an excel.' lent conletlion. The inhabitants on the banks of the river St. Lau. rcnce, above Quebec, were very ntiituniiis behreilit late war ; but the number of French and Eayli fettled in this province cannot be precildy af^criaiiieil, though they are l"i;p[ioled to be upon the decrtJie, Canada and Labrador were iip()<)lul, in the year I'ilj, to contain about i;}0,ooo inhabitants. T he oiSerenll tribes of Indians in Canada are ahnult inininicr; the molt ci'iiJ derable at preltnt are, the Iro-.i Hurons, JVl.uiiiis, Nukes, Oumainis, (JntagisBii I Sakis, Illiiii.is, (}ub?.i l)es, Otters or Ldiiirts, Savjn.| nois, Sioux, Adiiuboils, and Chrilliiiaiix ; buttiufel pople are obierved to dtcrcalc in pupiilatiun wlitrel the Eiuopeaiis are molt numerous, owing chidltiol t'.c iinuioilLrate ufc of fpiriiuous liijiiuri, of wli ' they arc cxccllivtly fond. N D A. S31 i'-l'^cy. often hunt i.Ji 'fs but a little tin,, i',^! 'Ifing Its head in the eel "leutmolt violence J;2 :s tlie btte with the i iimedut«;ciirebytht5i,Jj :e(i properly cultivated iJ rich crop, of Indian « J - Allki„dsoffru„:| _d grapes, are produc;dJf ht be precifely ar.'eria;:;ei!,r to be upon the df.;(.f,l tippofid, ill the year i-!!j, TJiabiunts. The iiiti'crentl I are ahiml! inniimci.i:.'en tnt are, tfic iro'.i.ici', ■lul Ouniarnis, Uutajjaini!,! Jucrs or Liiiiiri.<, Savja.] id Chniliiiaux ; Injiiikff j rcafi; in pu[iul.iliii;i "hiitj meious, owins; cimiit wj rmioiis Jiiiiiuri, <>i ^^iudij nnada docs not contain any romarkable towns, r ; very coiifidcrable efforts have been made for fS ,<. ,„....,f.«^ rniintrv. 1 hc Drlncioal places Ipling this cxtuifivc country The principal places firi>"^i^"Ri^i^^"' and Montreal. I be the capital of all Canada, and the fee of a J"" isViiuated at the confluence of the rivers St. Ece and St. Charles, or the Little kiver. about Smiles from the fea. It is built on a rock com- L oarilv of inarble and partly of (late. The town filvidcd into two parts, called the Upper and Lower In The fortifications, though not regular, are ' The fort, or citadel, in which the governor ld« is a noble work ; in the church of the Urfeline Xisliietombof Monf. Montcalm, whocommand- Ihe French, and was kilkd at the battle of Quebec ; l,hich alfo fell that young hero Wolfe, who com- LdtheEnglillj The river, which Irom the fea Lis four or five leagues broad, narrows on a fud- Lf.abnnt a mile in width. The harbour is Hanked Lobaltions, raifcd twenty-five feet from the ground, Ich is about the height of the tides at thetime of the liiicx: it i^ fafe, commodious, and about five fathom T, Fruin Quebec to Montreal, in failing up the |r St' JLaureiice, the eye is entertained with beaiiti- llandfcapes, the banks being in many places bold ■ deep, and (haded with lolly trees, and in others Ldtd with villages, of which there are alfo many ith' iilands, wherewith the channel of the river is Irfptrf"' ^^'" pafiing the Richlicu-Illands, in lliimmer months, the air becomes fo mild and tem- [aie, that the traveller thinks himfelf tranfported p another diiTiate. Jhe town called Tiois Rivieres, or Three Rivers, Lbdui half way between Quebec and Montreal, and |es its name from three rivers which join their Lms about a quarter of a mile below it, where they lintothe nvcrSt. Laurence. It is much frequented Ifcverai nations of Indians, who come hither with lit furs and peltry. The adjacent country is plea- It and fertile in corn, liuit.';, 6cc. A coiifiderable jibtr of handfome houfes (land on both (ides the jers. li ijivti uame to a dillrid. Ili'^trcal Hands at the foot of a moimtain, in an liiu'.tn leagnes iii leiii;tli, and ahnolt four in breadth, „,.lbv ihe river St. LLiurencc. While tlie French lifed Canada, both the city and illand of Montreal lie private property, and were fo well improved, Miiic whole illand v\as a delightful fpot, producing lij I'rtuig ntcell'ary for the conveniences of lite. Ic';thc',(mn has been in the hands of the Fnglilh, p'; fiifftnd extremely hv tire. Wlien reiluced by weal .^aiherll, it was of an oblong torin, well ipJrtl, and I'uiroiinded by a wall ilaiikeel by eleven ■oiibts, which ferve iiiltead of ballions. The lirccts lie houfes built in a very hand- le, mani.cr. The (iit(h is about eiiilil feet tk p ■ell laid out, and t tit mani.cr. The liJK h is about eight feet deep, Jol a proportionable breadth, but iliy. 'Fhc torii- kiiuns have been mucli improved by the Lnglilii. The governor's palace is a large fine bllMding. The general hofpital, and many elegant villas, decorate the adjacent country, which produces all the vegetables of Europe. Refpefting the government of Quebec, it will be necelFary to obferve, that the French, before the war of 1758", were very agreeably fituated, being free from all taxes, and having full liberty to hunt, fi(h, felltimber» and to fow and plant as much land as they could culti- vate ; and their rights and privileges were continued to thetn by the capitulation, when the country was reduced by the Englifh. But by an ad patfed in 1774, his Majefty was impowered to appoint a council, froiii feventeen to twenty-three perfons, refident at Quebec, for managing the affairs of the province, who were veiled with authority to make ordinances for the peace, welfare, and good government thereof By this aft, all matters of controverfy relative to property and civil rii^tits are to be determined by the French laws of Canada; and the inhabitants are not only allowed to profcfs the Romilh religion, but the Popilh clergy are invelkd with a right to claim and attain their accuf- tomed dues from thofe of the fame religion. This law gave great offence to many perfons both in England and America, and is thought to have contributed in a great meafure towards fpreading a fpirit of difafFedlioa to the Britilh government in the colonies. The city of London objecled in ftrong terms to the palling of the bill into a law, declaring, that they conceived it to be entirely fubverfive of the great fundamental princi- ples of the Britilh conllilution, &c. and in one of the petitions of the American congrefs to the king, they remonftrated, that by the Quebec a£l, the limits of that province were extended, the Englilh laws ^bolilhed, and the French laws reitored, whereby great numbers of Britilh freemen were fubjedled to the latter, and that an abfolute government, and the Roman Catholic religion, were alfo eflablilhed by that a£l, throughout thol'o vaft regions that border on the wefterly and northerly boundaries of the free Proteflant Englilh iettiements. But notwithllanding every argument and petition brought in oppolition to this obnoxious bill, it palled both houfes, received the royal alfent, and now fubliilsas a law in full torce throughout the province. Our fettlements in North Atnerica were fecurcd by expelling the French, and at the fame time the in- habitants enabled to attend more clofely to .igriculture, Snd the iinpioveinent of that country. While the important c;)ii(jiiell: of Canada removed a rival power from that part of North America, it pui us in the Cole potlcllion e)f the fur and peltry trade, the life and im- portance of which is well known to the maruifailurers ot Great-Britain, and enables us to extend the dale of a general commerce. T he nature of the climate is fevercly cold in winter, and ilie people manulailturing lu.itliiiii,', points out what Canada principally wants from Kuroiv' ; wine, ur lathcr luin, cloth, cliiclly of the coari'cr ki.nd, Imen, and fjj, ii4 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 1^ and wrought iron. The Indian" trade requires rum, tobacco, a fpecies of duffil blarlkt'ts, guns, jWwdcr, balls and flints, Kettles, hatchets, toys, and trinkets of all kinds. While the French were in pofTcffion of this country, the Indians fupplied them with peltry; and the French had traders, wno, in the mafiner of the original in- Kabilants, traVerfed the vaft lakes and rivers in canoes, with incredible induftry and pdtience, carrying their goods into the remoteft parts ot America, and tratHcked with nations entirely unknown to any other Europeans. But their trade with thefe diftant people was not the only fervicc they did their country, they habituated the Indians to commerce, and induced them to vifit the French in their fettlements. Accordingly, people from all parts, even to the diHancc of a thoufand miles, re- J aired to the French fair at Montreal, which began in une, and ialled near three months. Many folemnities were obfcrvcd on this occalion, guards were placed, and the governor himfclf aiiilled to preferve order, in fuch a concourfe of people, compofed of fo great a variety of fav.ige nations. But it often happened that all attempts ufcd to preferve tranquillity were in vain. The Indians are fo remarkably fond of fpiritnoiis liquors, that they often giye all their merchandife for a ("mail quantity of brandy ; but, refleiling on their folly, arc exafpcrated, and foment riots and diiturbanccs. And what is very remarkable, many of the Indian rations actually paired by our fettlcmcnt at Albany in the province of New-York, and continued their journey Sfio miles further to Montreal, in order to pnrchafc tlie very fame commodities from the French, which they might have had from the Englilh at Albany at a much cheaper rate ; the French themfelves having before purchafed thofe goods from the Eng'illi merchants fettled in that country. So great an afccndency had the French, by their polite behaviour and infinuating addrefs, gained over the minds of the Indians. • Since we have been poircfled of the whole country of Canada, onr trade with that country employs thirty- four (hips, and 400 feamen. The exports from thence, at an average of three years, iu (kins, fuir., ginfeng, fnake-root,capiHaire, and wheat, amounted to 10^,500!. and the imports from Great-Britain, confiding of a great variety of articles, are computed at nearly the fame fum. It is «nncccirary to make any remarks on the importance of this trade, which not only fupplies us with unmamifaflurcd materials, indifpenlably ne- ced'arv in many articles of our commerce, but alfo takes in exchange the manufaflures of our own countrv, or the produflions of our other fettle"^ "nts in the Fail and Well- Indies. There are curtain inconvenicncies, procecdii> ; i^' natural caufes, which the trade und peopling of Cana !.i are liable to, that no attcntiou whatever will be fr.: fieient to overcome ; one of thefe is, the fevr, it; 'A ''■ ' winter, which is fo cxccllivc from December tj Ayu'; that the greateft rivers are frozen over, and the f often lies on the ground to the depth of four ,17 feet, even in thofe parts of the country whid fituated three degrees of London, and in the terawl latitude of Paris. The falls in the river St, I anT, below Montreal, are another inconvenience. lU render it dinicult for very large (hips to penohtcl that emporium of inland commerce; but vetTdsy 300 to 400 tons arrive there every year. Hencel will evidently appear, that our communication , Canada, and the immenfe regions beyond it, wili, ways be interrupted in winter, till roads arcfonw that can be travelled on with fafety from the hdJ who oficn commence hoQilities againft us withoiiiii previous notice ; and thefe favage people, \n])m\^ provocation, frequently commit the mod horrid m for a long time with impunity. But when iheirli barities and depredations have at lencth roulcdii refentment of the Englilh, they will then c.cnlutt a peace, which they know we always readily ma, this being obtained, lliey promifc it (hall uij long as the fun and moon : hereupon a tcmw cefl'ation of hortilities takes place, till fome Irciii, cident, too often accompanied with ill treatmen!! ccivcd from our traders, gives them a frcfh ■^., for renewing their cruelties and infults in i'icr,eii| bonring fettlements. Tile reader is referred to our general accoiniij America, for the hiftory of this province. CHAP. IV. NOVA-SCOTIA, OR NEW SCOTLUll Boundaries, Situation, Extent, Riv'\, Ijk:, Sih Produce, Exports, bi. '"'T'HIS country, Ly the Fre-^ch caller! ' X the bay of St. Laurence- ndtheA : ;• ot« the eaft ; the fame ocean, on the fouth ; tl\ei,t: St. Laurence, on the north; and Canada and Ni England, on the weft. It is iituated between the and 67th degrees of call long, and between ihc^j and 49th of north latitmle ; being about 35: 11 long, and 250 broad. This province wasdividdiS two governments in 17H4. That now (lylcd Ni Brunuvick is bounded, on the welt ward of the ma of St. Croix river, by the fame river to its foiirce, i' by a line drawn due north from thence to the ;uui!ii boundary of Quebec; to the northward, bv tie' boundary as far as the weflern extremity of the Bay Chiileurs ; to the callward, by the faid bay toihe ,.f St. Laurence to the bay called Bay Verteilo lonih, 'y a line in the centre of tlie bay ol fV from the faid river St. Croix, to the moulh d ;»f , i '!■ -: ) 3^4 ^ NF.W AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. a.. .. ^ 11.^ till. i(;lulcncu ui tliu governor, uiiU the g:i riron. I'ui iicrly the chief town in this province was callcil Ani..ipi)iis-Kayal ; bnt, thoiii^h once thucapiiul, it is a I'm ill plai'c, wretchedly lortihucl, worl'c built, and very thinly inlubited. There have been ttationed here, ever lince tht- reign ol Queen Anne, the remains ot a rcgimi-nt very little recrniieil. But though this place iicvir lli)iirilhc(l, it Ibmls un one of the belt harSours in North America, capable of containing looo veirds at anchor, in the iitmolt I'ccunty : it is protedeJ by a fort ami garrifon. St, J>ihn's is a new fcttlement at the mnith of the river oi that name, that falls into the Bay of Fundy on the well (ide. The emigration of loyalilts from the United States to this province, lincc the concliifion of the American war, hath been very great. New towns have been erected by them ; but partii;ularly at Port Rofcway, where a city named Sheibiirne now Hands, which cx- tcmls two miles on the water llde, and one mile back, having wide llreets, which crofs each other at right angles. We are told it contains above 9000 in- habitants, exclufive of wiuit is llykd the Black Tovvn, which '.lands about a mile from Shclburne, and is fcparated from it by a final 1 fielh- water river; this town is inhabited by laoo Iree blacks, who ferved on the king's lido during the war. The harbour is deep, capacious, and fecure, and the tide hath a great rife and tall. Thofe loyalilh who apply for land, obtain it in pro- portion to the property they pollelfcd before the troubles commenced, allowing for fucli as have fa- milies to provide for. The governor lauly appointed over New Briinfwick is impowercd, it is faid, in his inftriiftions, to " grant, without fee or reward, to fuch reduced officers as fcrved in his provincial corps, •luring the late war in North America, and who (hall for the fame, the following quantities at the cxpiratioa of ten years, to the lame quit-rents as other lands are fubjecl to in the province of Nova-Scotia, as alfo fabjccl to the fame conditions of cultvvaiion and improvement ; that is to lay. To every pcifon having the rank of a field officer, gooo acres; to every captain, 2000 acres; and to every fnbaltern, 1000 acres." 1 lie fame proportion of land is allotted to the reduced officers of the navy. The principal exports from Great-Britain to tiiis country, confill of woollen and linen cloth, and other receflaries for wear, of filhing tackle, and rigging for (hips. Our exports, at an average of three years, !)cfore the new fettlements, amounted to about 26,500!. Tlic only articles we can get in exchange are timber, and the produce of tlii. fiihcry, which, at a like average, amount to about 3H,cool. The late increafe of in- habitants induces us to fuppofe that they will credt faw mills, and endeavour to fupply the Weil-India illands with lumber of every kind, and likewifc the perlbnally apply f of lands, fubjea. produce of the lifhcry, which will prove (>| beiiefiual to both countries. The whole pop J of Nova-Scotia, with the illands udjulniim [,, piited at 50,000. This fcttlement bong yet j infancy, we can form no cxac'l ellimatc (,i ;.,| utility, which, withitsowi. profptrity and intrJ future, will in a great meafure depend on the ini] and wife condud of the inhabitants. CHAP. V. The united STATES of AMERlcl Account of their Confediration, OUR readers will find an account, in oiirreviii the principal tranfadions in the liilloryofGi Britain, of the rife, ptogrefs, and inoll fcmarj events of that vyar, between Great-lintain aniil American colonies, which at lengili icrmiiu;tl| the ellabliniment of the United States of k\\\A and thcrefbre nectt not repeat them in this pi but (hall only mention, that on the ^tli of July 11 the Thirteen American provinces, by a folcmnl and declaration, renounced their allcgiancs tj [ Briiilh crown, contra6leil a reciprocal treaty otaiiiij and fricndfhip for tlR-ir common defence, tw f maintenance of their liberties, and fn their get and mutual adiaiuage, &ic. and from that iiiitcti (idered themfelves as Tree and Inikpeiideiii )ii| and have been rccogniied as fuch by all the buli^tn ii. pendent >iii all the biili^tl powers. Each of the colonies, however, rdcnedl themfelves alone the exclufive right of n.;iiiitf their internal government, and of fraining biv< matters not included in the articles of luiiiulcrjiioj but every llate is to abide by the dcieriniiuiiiiiil the United States in Congrefs allt;nil)leil, in all m tions which are fubinitted to them by the t 'iiM ration. Delegates from each flatc are to a:A\ Congrefs on ihe fiiil of November in tu'iy i.ti for managing the general inicrclts. On the 3. in January •^yy'it the French kiiii^ coiitliKkJ a m of amity and commerce with the ihirticn LUii Colonic; of America, as Indepemlciu Siait^ April 19th, i:Hj, Holland acknowledged iIk:ii1 fuch ; and on th.-.- ijotli of November 178a, pro^iliol articles were figned at Paris, by the Bniiih ui... Air.tl can commiUloners io which his Ontaunii.' i\L;tl acknowledged the Thirteen Coloiiie.'i to be Iril Sovereign, and Iii'' pendent States , and thJ^ aiiuij were afterwards i.aitied by a definitive treat February 5th, 1783, Sweden acknowledgtii i.;ni fuch ; on the '2 ,5th of the fame moi.th, Dtniiu.t, March 178,}, Spain; and Ruliia, in July lull.nm.g. By the report of the committee appointed bviB Congrefs for that purpofe, the foreign debt ol ij United Stales, incurred by the late war, in obiain^ ted !'!' EOGRAPHY. ''''»^h «ill pr.ne -•S. The whole n,r ' ^illands udjuiniiig, l\ cttlcmcni being yet j ex ad dlimatc ol i-|l '.' l>rol'ptrity and in J (lire depend on the injj ubitantj. P. V. rES OF AMERIC Confederation. 1 account, in oiirreviii ns in thehilbryofGil -Is, and molt xmn^ L-n Grcat-linmin _... at k-ngili icrmiiuJ iiitcd States of AiikiI cat them in this J on thc^tliofJulviJ 'viiiccs, by a (ultmn their allet;iaRi:« o [ :fipiocal treaty of aliii mmun defence, lor I Es, and for tht-irgem and from that iinittl ind Inilcuendem Suj iich by all the buli^J es, fiowever, rcftnci vc right of rtviiliij nd of framing lauMal nicies of cumIuIitjIiJ 5y the dcierniiiuiionsl !';> alit;niL)led, inallqoj I) til em by tlic einici i (tdte are to iIklI ivembcr in cvciy uij rclts. On the 3. Icint; coiicludcil a in til tlie Thiriccii L'imI ndepcndcnt Siaic^ ai.kn()«lcdged ihi;!i] i'ember 1782, pr(niiii),| ^ tlie Bniiih uii„ AikJ his Eiitaiiiiii Mjjtf Colonies 10 be frf ates i and tliJ'. aiiiiij definitive Ireai aci^' '"'^''* y ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MmIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ;V ■rb \ v % V <> 6^ 'V^ '^(J)'- .<^ % ■'m iV^ bicA.] NEW ENGLAND. ?.U rfndepemifnce, amounted to 7,885,08,5 dollars; lihedomeftic debt to 34,115,290; the total of k Ji 4S. 6<'' "'■''» '" *^"^' "* 9,450,0841. ftcrling ; lie intereft at lix per cent, is 567,00^1 Oii_ the tf hand, the co(t of the war to Great-Britain iBoilerately computed at 1 15,654,9141. and the Lnil burthen by it, fince January 1775, is L(,j|. During this ever-to-be-lamented war, ISijteb of America, according to authentic eflin\ates, Iby the fword and in prifon 80,000 men ; and the [i\icr of Britifh foldi«rs killed in the fervice Ninied to 43,633 men, according to the returns KtwYotk. NEW ENGLAND. ist'm, Bmndaries, Extent, Dlvifions, Rivers, Climate, Mnci, Mines, Jlnimah, Natives, Laws, Religion, fMi, Ctvmerce, MamfaSlures, and Government. JTHIS country is fituated between 41 and 49 deg. jnorth lat. and between (>-j and 74 of wefl long. lis ,1:50 miles in length, and 200 in breadth ; and InW on the north-eaft by Nova-Scotia ; on the k by New York ; on the eafl, by the Atlantic ban ; and on the welt by Canada. ! Divisions. Provinces. Chief Towns. morth divifion, 1 xt tt «• •.> » fci government. . ) ^^^ Hampfli.re Portfmouth. Itmidi".' (iivifiou . . Maflachufet's colony. . .Bofton. Itfuuthdivilion. . . Rhode-Ifland, &c.. . .. .Newport. It well divifion Conneflicut / NewLondon. , , I , L Hertford. "he principal rivers in this country are Conncflicut, lames, Patiixet, Mcnimack, Pifcataqua, Saco, Cafco, Innebeck, Penobfcot, or Peiitagonet. Ihe molt remarkable bays and harbours are thofe M by Plymouth, Rhode-inand, and Providence fctaiions; Monument-Hay, Weit harbour, loimed lihe bending ot Cape Cod ; Bollon harbour, Pif- Wiia, andtalco-Bay. trhechiel capes are. Cape Cod, Marble-Head, Cape ^CapeNcttick, Cape Porpus, Cape Elizabeth, PUpt imail-Puint. Nmvithllandiiig New England is fit.iated near ten pcsnearerthe equator than the mother-country, yet hmr begu^ iooncr, and continues longer, than t !: ,1, •; """"!"■■ •' "'^emely hot, and even t I". than in places that lie under the Tame parallel 1 Tf 1.7 ' , '''^^'■' "^ '^^ nioftlis, however, the U.TS- '"■■• '"'"'■'' ''-■"^"^ 'he country fo '"'"Uons, than any other of the American provinces. The length of 'heir day at Eoflon, in fmiiiner and winter, is prttly nearly the fame as in London. With r: fpctl to the foil, all the lands on the cartern (hore of America are modly low, and in fome parts fwainpy ; but further back they rife into hills. The north cslt parts of New England are rocky and moun- taiiun.";, and the larth fhallow. Near MalTacluifei's- Biy, the foil is black, and as rich as in any part of England ; and here the firft planters found the grafs above three feet high. The fiiil of the uplands is lefs fruitfid, being a mixture of fand and gravel, inclining to clay ; the low grounds abound in meadows and pa^ turcs : they commonly allot about two acres to the maintenance of a cow. The beft meadows produce about a ton of hay to the acre ; fojne produce two tons ; but the hay is rank and four. European grain has not been cultivated here with much fuccefs. The wheat is very fubje£l to be blafted ; the barley is a hungry grain, and the oats are lean afld chafFy : but the Indian corn, which makes the food of the common people, flourilhes here in high perfedion. The New England people not only make bread of this grain, but malt, and brew it into beer, which is not contemptible, though their common drink is cyder and fpnice-bter ; the latter is made of the tops of'^the fpruce fir, with the addition of a fmall quantity of molalfcs. They alfo raife in New England a large quantity of flax and hemp: all the fruits of Old England come to great perfedtion here, particularly peaches and apples. It is not unufual to fee feven or eight hundred tine peaches on a tingle tree ; and i^vzn, barrels of cyder have, in one feafon, been preifed from the fruit of a tingle apple-tree. This country is chiefly diftinguiflied for the variety and excellence of its timber ; particularly oak, aflt, pine, iir, cedar, elm, cyprefs, beech, walnut, chefnut, hazel, falTafras, fumach, and other woods, ufed in dyeing or tanning leather, carpenters work, and thip- buildmg. The oak is thought to be inferior to that of the mother-country ; but the firs are of prodigious height and bulk, and furnifh the royal navy of Eng- land with matts and yards : they alfo extrad from them confiderable quantities of pitch, tar, rofin, gums, and balm. The produdlions of their foretts are of prodigious fervice to thi^ country, where thip-building makes a very contidcrable branch of trade. The iron mines of New England are truly valuable: the metal ij of an excellent temper, and, if improved) inay become a great national benefit : copper and lead are alfo found, but in no great plenty. All kinds of European animals thrive here, and multiply exceedingly. Horned cattle are very nu- merous, and fome of them very large. Oxer^have been killed of eighteen hundred weight. Hogs alfo are numerous, and particularly excellent ; fome are fo large as to weigh eighteen fcore. The horfes are fmall, but extremely hardy. They have alfo a great number of Ihccp, and of a very good kind j but the .^ .. ,. wool. 8-; /kii.lirs d /'nti- fachnfct's govcrnitient. The colony ot New Ilampfhire, as a royal govern- ment, was more dependent on the mother-ccjuntry ; the council, as well as the governor, were appointed hv the trovvn. In other rcfptthls, the govtrnnunt ot New Hamplhire and that ot Mali'aclttifct's-Hay were the fame. 1 he colony ol' Connerticut never iortcited ihtir charter ; but enjoyed all the privileges granted at (heir iirll fettleiuent. There were originally three forts of goveriniicnts cflabiilhcJ by the Knglilhon the continent of America, viz. royal gyvernmcnts, charter rjovernments, and pro- pi ittary governments. A royal government was pro- perly fo called, becaiife the colony was inimciliately de- pendent on the crown, and the king remained fovereign of the colony. A charter government was fo called, brcaiife a company, incorporated by the king's charter, was in a manner veiled with fovereign authority. A proprietary government was fo denominated, becaufe the proprietor, either by purchafu or gilt, bad a kind of regal authority. In confequence of the indrpentience of the colonies on the Icgillative ai.thoriiy ot Great-Britain, the govern- ment of New England has been entirely changed. By an order from the council at Dolton, the declaration of the American congrefs, abfolving the Uniteil Colonies from their allegiance to the crown of Great-Britain, and declaring them tree and independent, was, on the cjth of July 1776, piibliclv proclaimed from the bal- cony of (lie (latchoufc in that town j and, in Odober 1780, a conlHtution, or form of government, for the cotnmonwealth ol Mairachtilct's, with a declaration of rights, was agreed to aiid ellabliflicd by the inhabitants ol that province; the preanible to which reprcfented, that " the end of the inllitiition, maintenance, and adminiftrationof government, is, to fccure theexillence of the bo«Iy politic ; to proted it, and to furniJli the in- dividtiab who compofc it with the power of enjoying, in fafety and tranquillity, tlieir natural rights, and the bletlings ot lite ; and that whenever tht I'e great objedts are not obtained, the people have a right to alter the government, anlilhed by luvv ; and that every denomination of C"hrilli.ins,d.'!ncanini;,(||,|„^, peac.ably. and as good (iibjeds .it "he i..in„n„|,^,,':1 ihould be equally entitled to its proteiilKin j| ^ r* wife tht rein declared, that, as the libcrty'of th 'mJ is etlentiul to the fecurity of freedom in a iIh^ , ^ not ihercloie to be relf rained in oiat coniinoinvo^u'^ The legitlaiive department is to he tormcdbnj: nate, und a houfe of reprefentativis ; ca^h oluli k haveanegiiive on the other; ihe llnaiors, andiii,,!, bcrs of tile houfe of reprefentatives, are to be tltlJ annually ; every male, of twenty-one ycju of 1 upwards, relident during one year in any om^} town of the commonwealth, and politHdofaifAa clLite in the f.>id tosvn of the annual incdmeof il any citate of Ool. value, is entitled to a vote for fcmJ and reprefentatives of the didrid of which he i,j iiiliabiiaiit. 'i'he fenator.s are forty, viz. torSuifjL fix, Klfcx fix, MidJlcl'ex live, Hamplhirc four, pJ mouth three, BarnHable one, Brillol three, Yotkijl Duke's ami Nantucket one, Worceller five, CiimboJ land one, Lincoln one, Br.fkniire two. Th^houl'tn reprefentatives is alfo chol'en in certain pre .ioni i paid by the conllituent body. A fupremc executive niagillratc, who(houklbe(l\k the governor of the commonwealth of Mali'achuW and alfo a lieutenant-governor, were dirciSUdtubeiJ nually chofcn by the whole body of eiedlorsMJil were to be airilled by nine counfellors, chofcn by bil] lot, out of the fenutc. 'I he fecretary, trcafiirer, 1 ceiver-gcneral, notaries-republic, and naval olRccrs, ; elected annually by the fenators and rcprtfematiitj The ji;di( iary power is to be feptcnnial, and thedtic, gates to congrefs are to be chofeii each year hy aiido of the feiiate and houfe of reprefemativcs, or gentii court. The governor has no control in the choiccij otlicers, but has a negitivc on bills traiifiniiicJ lo bin for atleiit from the general conit. New Hampihii'j and Conneclicut have not 1 finally fettled their forms of government; for they atlinfl for the moft part, adopted that of Mair:tchufet's-Uuy.Thi| (late of Rhode-1 Hand adheres to their original charteml the rule of government, iince it contains an ample grmij of all legillative, judicial, and executive powers. I The inhabitants of New England are almod univer.! fally of tnglith defcent; and it is owing to this cit-f cumdance, and to the great and general attention ilati has been paid to education, that the Englilh ianguagil has been preferved among iliem fo free of conupiioal U is true, tliat from lazinifs, inattention, andwaniofl acquaintance with mankind, many of the people in itil country have accurtomed thoinfclves to ufe lome pccu.[ liar phrafes, and to pronounce certain wordi in autil drawlinq manner. Hence I'oreigners pratciul they know! a New Englandman from his n^annor of lpc.ik.iiig. " the fame may be faid with regard to a Pe'iHr)luniiii)| a Virginian, or a Carolinian ; for all havefomephrafetj and modes of pronunciation peculiar to thcmkhes,! which dillinguiU) thcui i'luiu tlieir neighbours. Mol NEW EI^GLAND. tin the feveral learned profcfTions ami col- f "'"k, to be confidcred as forming the flandard L mcialion for thtir rcfpfaivo Hales; mid not rAf people who.have imbibed the Inbit of iidnf tbtr 1)1 ling"'" ""^ ridiculous phrafos and who ""^',^ EnglanJers are generally tal', floiif, and . . They g'orv, and perhap:; with jtillirc, in Iff'lthat fpifit "' '"■ee'l"'"» «t»i-'> induced their b , to leave ihcir native conntr/, ;ind to brave the r„, the ocean, and the hanilh p!«_ of lottiing a J jf, Their ediuation, laws, and fitiiation, lervc l(L it";'" ^*''*' ^'ti'' ""''""* "' liberty. Their tf, is awakened at tlie lirrt motion towards an in- In of their rights. They are indeed often jealous r r, jcirciiinlfance which is a fmitlul fource of L.J erievinccs and of innumeriiblc groundlefs lions, and imjult cotnplaints 3tgn'\ni\ government. Ithcfe' ebullitions of jealoufy, tliongh cenfurabic, lorixluaive of fomc political evils, ihew that the let of true liberty exifts in New Englatid ; for jca- lii the guardian of liberty, aiid a chatafteridic of Lpublioans. A law, refpeaing the defcent of les which are generally hold in fee lliiiplc, which Lftanceis the fame in all the New England itatcs, lie chief foundation and protcflion -^t" this liberty. ||!iis law, the poircilions of the fat..er arc to be Ljiv divided among all the children, excepting the Ilfon, who has a double portion. In this way is Irvcd'ihat happy mediocrity among the people, |cli, by inducing oeconomy and indtiftry, removes ii I'heni temptations to luxury, and forms them to [is of fobriety and temperance. At the fame time, |r indulhy and frugality exempt them from want, Ifromthe necellity of fubmitting to any encroach- jiitofi their liberties. In New England learning is more generally diffufed fcngall ranks of people than in any other part of the Ik; arifing from the excellent cftablilnmcnt of louls in every townlhip. lAnothervery valuable fource of information to the tpleisthe newfpapcrs, of which not iefs than thirty lufind are printed every week, in New England, and jculated in almoll every tovwi and village in the Juntry. lApctfon of mature age, who cannot both read and Vte, is rarely tube found. By means of this general kblllhnitnt of fchools, the extenfive circulation of Iwfpapers, and the c'onfequent fpread of learning, *ry townlhip throughout the country is furnilhed Ith men capable of cotidu^Ung the affairs of their town lltli judgment and difcfction. Thefe men are the lanncis of political information to the lower clafs of topic; if fuch a clafs may be faid to exill in New pigland, where every man thinks himfelf at lead as id as his neighbour, and believes that all mankind I or ought to be, equal. The people from their nildhood form habits of canvalFing public affairs, and 31t commence politicians. This naturally leads them to lie very imiuifitivc. It is with knowledge as with riches, the more a man has, the more he withei to ob. t.iin; his delirc has nobound. This defirc after knuw^ Icdi^e, in a greater ur kTs degree, prevails throughout all clalle* ot people in New England ; :uui from their varimis modes of expiclling it, fomc of which arc blunt and lamiliar, bordering on impertinence, llrangers have liccn induced to mention Iniptrtinenl inauijiiivfiiffs as a dillinguilhing charadtrillic of New England people. But this is true only with regard to that clafs of people who have confined themfelves todomediclife, and havr. not had opportunity of mingling with the woild ; and fuch people are not peculiar to New England — they compofe a great part of the ciiiicns of every ftate. This clafs, It is true, is large in New England, whcra agriculture is the principal einpluyincnt. But will not a candid and ingenious mind afLribe this inquifitivencft in thefe honed and well-meaning people to a luudabli rather than to a cenfurable difpoliiion i A very confiderable part of the people have either too little or too much learning to make peaceable fiib- jeds. They know enough, however, to think ^hey k;iow a great deal, when in fad they know but little. " A little learning is a dangerous thing," Each man has his independent fyllem of politics; and each af- fumcs a didatorial ofhcc. Hence originates that re(U lefs, litigious, complaining fpirit, which forms a dark (hade in the charaflcr of New Englandmen, This litigious temper is the genuine fruit of repiibli- - canifm ; but it denotes a corruption of virtue, which is one of its elfential principles. Where a people have a great (hare of freedom, an equal (hare of virtue is nc- ccllary to the peaceable enjoyment of it. Freedom, without virtue or honour, is licentioufnefs. Before the late war, which introduced into New England a flood of corruptions, with many iinprove- ments, the fabbath was obferved with great dridncfs^ no unnecelfary travelling, no feciilar biilinefs, no viiit- ing, no diveriions were permitted on that (acred day. Tney confidered it as confecrated to divine worlliip, and were generally pundual and ferioiis in their attend- ance upon it. Their laws were (Iridt in guarding the fabbath againd every innovation. The fuppoCed Seve- rity with which thefe laws were compofed and exe- cuted, together with fome other traits in their religious charader, have acquired, for the New Englanders, the naine of a fuperditious, bigotted people. But fuperdi- , tion and bigotry are fo indefinite in their fignificaiions, and fo varioully applied by perfons of different princi- ples and educations, that it is not cafy to determin* whether .they ever deferved that charader. Leaving "very perfon to enjoy hiS' own opinion in regard to tins matter, wc will only obferve, that, lince the war, a catholic, tolerant fpirit, occalioncd by a more enian^ed intercourfe with mankind, has greatly increafu-d, and is becoming univerfal ; and if they do not break the proper bound, and liberaliie away all true religion, of I 4 R- which ■il^- 84« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPRy lyiticA'l which there ii much danyrr, ihcy wllUdiinieiacl tliat flr'>[ig propi nniy in kiumaii ii.itiirc, whuh Icails men tu vibrate fri peunic, wIulIi we miift imi oniif to mention ; and (hat is the cuHoin of amnully Cele- itrating fadk aiui iliaiikCgivingi. In the fpring, the fe- vcral govcrnor^ iffnc thrir |iri>ilain.itions, appointing a c!ay to be riligioufly obfcivod in fallinu;, humiliation, and praver, throiigliortf tluir rcfpc£live (fates, in wliich the predominating vices, tliat particiiltrly call for hu- miliation, are enumerated. In autumn, after harvcll, that gladlomc xra in the iuifhaiuiman's life, the gour- n'>rs ac.iin ill'ne their proclamations, appointing a day of public thankfgiving, cruimerating the public biellings rcceivid in the courfc of the foregoing year. Thii piou5 cuflom oiiginattd with iheir\eiicrab!e an- ccflors, tlie \\t[\ fttllers in New Fiigland ; anil has been handed down as facrcd thron{^;li ilic fucicirne genera- tions of their pofltriiy. A ci/llom lo raliimal, and fo happily calculated tochcrilh in the minds ol the people a fcnfc of their dependence on thcGKiiAr HKNtfAC- TOR of the world tor all their blellings, it is hoped will ever be facredly prefervcd. There is a cLfs of people In New England of ;hc bafi r fort, who, averfu to hoiu II iudullry, have reeouifc to knavery for fublillence. Skilled in all the arts of dilhoneOy, with the alfumed lace and fianknefs of in- tegrity, they go about, like wolves in llieeps' clothing, with a defign to defraud. Thcfe people, cnterpriiing from nccellity, have not contined their knavilh tricks to New England. Other flatcs have felt the effcii^s of their villany. Hence they have characlerifcd the New Englanders as a knavilh, artful, and dilhoncfl people. But that cnndiiifl which di(tingui(hcs only a fmall clafs of people in any nation or (late, ouifht not to be indif- criminately afiribed to all, or he funered to ftamp their rational charafler. In New England there is as great a proportion of honell and indulhious citizens as in any ot the United States. The people of New England generally obtain their eflates by hard and peifcvering labour : they t)f confe- quence knww their value, and fpend with frugality. Yet in no country do the indigent and unfortunate fare better. Their laws oblige every town to provide a com- Setent maintenance for their poor, and the neccfhtous ranger is profcded, and relieved from their humane inltitntions. It may in truth be faid, that in no part of the world arc the people happier, better fur- irifhed with the neceiriries and conveniences of life, or more independent than the farmers in New-England. As the great body of the people arc hardy, independent freeholders, their manners arc, as they ought to be, eonpenialto their employment, plain, limple, and un- polilhcd. Strangers are received and entertained among thenvwith a great deal of artlefs fnicerity, friendly, and unformal hofpitality. Their children, thofe imitative creatures, to vviiufu education particular attention is paid, ea.ly imbibe he manneri «nd hibi,, „f around thim ; and the llrangcr, with plcf,, ' the honell and ilccent refp«dl that in p4i,| h '^ children as he uallts through the country "" '^' As the people, by reprefenfaiioi,, .nikj ^,„ laws and appi.int their own olficer% llieycan l prelled; and, living under Coveriimcntj „la7 lew lucrative places, they have few mmive!,,,,.\* corniiu canvalMngs, or intugue. Real abiliJ" jj ttioral character iinbh milhed, are the qiulifiJ "1 qiiilitu ill the view of moll people lor olliccrul u triilK The expreirion of a will, to be promoiIdS direct way to bu dil.ippointcd. '" The inhabitants o! New England arcgenf,j|i, of the arts, and have cul'- ' ' ■ ' Th heir colleges have lloiirilJied btyoiul anvoih,,. United States. The illullrious charaa'rs X" produced, who have dillingiiilhed tli«mfilvt<^|' tics, law, divinity, the mathnn.itics ami plui'l natural and civil hillory, and in the hue arts p, j larly in poetry, evince the iriith of ilufe obfmaiio Many of the women in New Kn-lamI ardumir ' They generally have fair, frelh, aii;i hialililuU,,,' nances, miiiuled with much female foftntfs audi cacy. Thole who have h.id the advaiiiaiics of j, education (and they are confid.rably immerom genteel, cafy, and agreeable in their niamiers, j^i fprithtly and fenfible in converfaiion. Thtv art m"] taught to manage domellic concerns witli n«tr,cf,i| oeconomy. Ladies of the firll rank ami rortiinein' it a part of their daily bulincfs to nipcrinicmlijicifi of the family. Employment at the needle, in Mtn and at the fpinning-wheel, with them is homiutiill Idlenefs, even in thofe ol independent fortunes, jj verfally difreputable. The women in the country u, niifattiire the greateft part of the clothing of their fjui lies. Their linen and woollen cloths are firoiif J^ decent. Their butler and cheefe is not inferior to m in the world. Dancing is the principal andrfavourite amiifeiwrlii New England; and of this the young people of to fexes are extremely fond. Gaming is praflifd bynoii but thofe who cannot, or rather will not find a rtpu table employment. Tlte gameftcr, the horfc-jocketj and the knave, arc equally defpifed, and tlieircompim is avoided by all who would fullaiii fair and iircptuicJ able charadU-rs. The odious and inhuman pradi.cs * duelling, gouging, cock-l'ghting, a'-.d horfc-racing, ii fcarcely known here. The athletic and healthy divcrfions of cricket, foot., ball, quoits, wreftling, jumping, hopping, foot-ucti, and prifon-bafs, arc iiniverfally pradlifcd in thecoDntijj and fume of them in the molt populous place.s anJbjr people ed'almoil all ranks. Sq.iirrel-hiintingisaiiolti divcrfton in country places, where this kind uf giin(it| plenty. Some divert themfelves with fox-hnmiiig.jni others with the more profitable fports of filhiiigani duck-hunting : and iu the frontier fcttlcmcnts, where (ktil kivefpO" iiiiiiic*"-."! 1 fiio*. Uiiii; i' wh the tilt* il"""?1 iftunilll'igi „fo,iivnl'i>'f;^l Ltdiocxc-'M Licjjnshave MuentinNcwl N I '5° tglinil, Lfylvaiiia an jtwtngiand a loco fqiiire mi iNcwYork, it -lOaiul. an lunlics, »5 follt COONTI New York Albany . • • l%r .... Duchcfs .. Orange . . . Wdl-Chef King's ... Q'ltcn's . . !iulf»lk . . . Kichmond '^OCRAPRY. ■..>'««.} NEW YORK. 843 — — ■ •-'~ ,,^e ibound, tlie iiihi.biunW make a lu- r f^ , .lilting ihem. '" wii..ei-'taf<'n. while the ground it covered . ^j,nh h commonly two t)r three mouths. uZ i." the Ke'ic"' iliverrion. A great part ol the N *,|,r,rtioliout ilic country are luruiihcil with U,imll!eig"- The yoiini! p-ople folUa inpj.tus. " L J gfeit (leal ol Tociability rcr.rt to a place ot ,*'„„« hire ihty ngiilo themftlvcH tor a few L,««iih'il.inoig anJ » l"'» I-"' f"PP". »' «« iheu rt-li.e. LfJivfrllons, ;tH will as all others, arc m^uy times L i,,«ftfs. To ilii.fcfxieircs, and a fiulilpn ex frciotxtrcinc roiil after the excrcifc of dancina, llciaiishave afaibcil the confumptioni which are Jo MOTiin New Entlaud among the young people. CHAP. VI. fj E W YORK. hclini, Exltnt anil Botindarin, Rivers, Climali, Pro- 'juct, Cilits, Towns, and Gavtrnnunt. ■'HIS proviiKc is fitiiattd between 40 and 46 deg. . of north latitude, and between 79 and 76 drg. Ltd longituile- It is about 300 miles in lencth, ,'0 in brtailth, bounded on the North by New Lliti, on the Well by Canada, on the South by liifylvaiiia and New Jt/rfcy, and on the Ead by Ltni'land and the Atlantic Ocean. It contains locofqinre miles. INcw York, including the ifland of the fame name, Ingllland, and Staten-lfland, is divided into teu juniics, as follows: Counties. Chief Towns, Ntw York New York. Albany Albany. dS/s-.::.:::: )'"^- Orange Orange. Wdl-Cheftcr Wdl-Chefter.. King's .None. Q'lten's Jamaica "^ Sulfiilk .. ., Southampton V Long-Ifland. Richmond Richmond J [Theptiiicipal rivers in New York .nre Hudfon's and cMohwks: the iornitr has inany cxci'lt iit harbours, Id is llored with a great variety of fiili. Htiween Ikncflady and the cftiux of the Mohawks liver, is the |laraflorlallof CoC jes, where ihc wuieriuJhes down frfcipice near ftvmty lett higli. Thcouly rcmaik- llc lakes in this province, arc lake George, and part of ikcCliainplain. The capes are, Sandy-Hook, near fe entrance of theRuitan river j Muntock I'oiut, at 3 the eaO end of Long- 1 (land \ and Cape May, %i ' )c cn« trance of Delaware river. The climate nf this province ii more temperate I'lan that of New England, and the air it very heaMiy. i he face of the country is low, flat, and nurfhy, la< wards the Tea. The foil is remarkably fertili, ai'd ia general well ctiltivatrd. The vegetable |::;;.{uklioni are wheat, barley, rye, Indian corn, oa.s, hemp, flax* and a vail variety of fruits in great abundance and per> feiiinn. The timber is nearly the fame with that of New England, and large quantities uf pot and pearl alhcs are made from the rcfufe of the woods The iron here i' exci llcnt, and found in great plenty. Now York llauds between 40 dcg ao mm. north lat. ik{. on the fouth-well of York- 1 (land i it iK iweFvn miles long, aiul between two and three and 74 ;y, and the fynod of North Holland and the clallis of Amllerdam. The afls of their fynods are mutually exchanged every year, an^ mutual advice is given and received in difputes re- fpe£ling dodlrinal points and church difcipline. The principles and conftilution ot the Baplilt churches arc much the fame as in Great-Briiain. The tpifcopalian churches hold the fame priixiples, have the fame mode of worfliipand church gcweriwiient, and are in every other refpedl conlliiuted upon the fame plan with tlie church of the fume denomination in jEutilaud. The Methodifl intereft. though fmall in this flate, has greatly incrcafed in the fouihtrn Hates fiiice the re- volution. Ihi y have elHinated their number at 37,800. But their numbers are fo various in ditfcrent places, at different times, that it would be a matter ot net fmall diificiilty to find out their exad amount. Tiie late ta- mous Mr. John Wellcy has been called the lather of this religious fcv^. 'I'hey ivarmly oppofe the Calvinif- tic doi'lrincs of elct^ic n md final pcrfeverance, and maintain that flnh fs perte£lion is attainable in this lite. Their mode t)f preadiing is entirely exteinporancous, very loud and animated, bordering on tnihtiliafin. They appear (ludimilly to avoid coiuudion iti theirdif- c )urlLS, and are fond of introducing pathetic Holies, vliich are calctilaied to atfedt the tender pallions. Their manner is very folemn, and their preaching is frerjuenlly aUMidcd ^with a furpriling ctfedl upon thcii ludienccs. "^I'heu churches are fupplicd by their rrs in rotation P'" Th.* Slukei ■- ire a fe6l who fprtiitr ,|n ;„ i- A part , f them one over fr->n. Eng and to Nc*°V in 177^, and, 1) ing joined by oil .ts, tlicv fmil Nilqueannia, ah uo Albany, vvhem • they L j J doctrines, and in n-afed to a con'id' ey fpteadii , . , . ^ , rablumiinbtr. their mterelt is now fait declii,in^-. "pi^ ] '' Leeje, vhom they itvled the Eltd l.ady, was Id of this f than three, or more than nine, whollialltitj body corporate, for the purpofe of taking care oliM temporalities of their refpeilive congregations, aadfoi the other purpofes therein mentioned. The mini iters of every denomination in the ( fupported by the voluntary contributions of the pwp!iJ raifed generally by fubfcription, or by a lax iipun iM pews, except the Dutch churches in New York, All bany, SkeneClady, and Ivingllon, which have, escesf the two lall, large eflates coiilirmed by a charter, Tm h'pifcopal church alfo in New York poifefs a vcr)' 1 eltate in and near the city. I'his province was originally fettlfd by thcDdci and Swedes, fome time before the DiiH:iit(r.stranfpoitd themfelves into New England. They chilled it tfeJ New Netherlands, and continued in poircllionol'ii™ ttti ; not uniil ienceitit Lrica-] NEW JERSEY. 345 f Charles II. v/hcn it was taken by the Eng- U''^bU T''^' Dutrh, to balance this coiiquelt, i,hemfeives mailers of Surinam, then belonging to i lilh At the treaty of Breda, thefe refpeaive LfLs were confirmeil to the conquerors; the .Neiiicrland'; were ceded to the Eiiglifli, Surinam I Diikh Hiis exchange produced a Violent cla- 1 anwni' '!'^ Vo\\uca\ writers of thofe times : it was lihatth two provinces were lar from being equal; Iwii am was more than double the value of ihe iVtherlands ; and, coiifcquently, that the mmifhy Ljeavery imprudent agreement: but time has lentlv dtew" tin' miitake, and the fupenonty of the tnccot Nu'W York is univerfaily allowed. The iNiiicrlaiuls had not been long in our pofTellion L they were divided into provinces: and New Ik obtained its name from the King's brother, James, Tol Vork, to whom his majefly granted it, with ipiHtr- of government, by letters patent, bearing l,tic20ih of March 1664. On the accedion of Itslf to the crown, this province became a royal Wnt, and continued fo till the Americans re- Led their allegiance to the king of Great-Britain. file soverntnent of New York was adminillered by Lrii.ir, whohadhiscommillion frc.ii the crown. jtlesillative power was lodged in the governor, coun- jand houfe of reprefentatives. The council con- l|<)f li members noniinati d by the king : the houfe ifprefentatives of 1:7 members eledted by the people: llLr refpefls, the government was as nearly con- Lble to the laws of England as polfible. The Ife of reprefentatives were elected every feven years; Inolaws were valid till the royal alfent had been laiiif-.l. "hefiipremelegiflativcpowerof this province hashow- r, llmt 1777, been veiled in two fcparate ar.d dillinfl: foofiTitn; viz. 1. The aHembly of theftatcsof >*ew rk, toconliltof 70 members: and, 2, The feuate of ,|!iteof New York, to conlift of 24 lor four years ; Lare to meet once in each year for the difpatch of ilic bulinefs. Delegates to the congrefs, judges, &c. .cbufenby ballot out of the fenate and alVembly. A ■emor is appointed to the fiipreme executive power, tobeallilted by four counfellors, chofen by and the fenate: he is to continue in office three Its. .want of good water is a great inconvenience to the iiens, there being few wells in the city. Moll of ftofle arc fnppiitd every day with frefli water, mid to their doors in calks, Iroin a puinp near the id III yiieen- Street, which receives it irorn :i fpriiig, w(i a mile from the city. Several pi opofals have ;a made bv individuals to fupply the citizens by )es, but none has yet been accepted. New York IS the gayell place in America. The lies, in the richmf^ and brilliancy of their dref>, i\re it einaild in any lity ot (he- United States; iint evi n Charlcilon (S, C) which iias hcietofure been calhd i the centre of the icau monde. The ladies, however, are not folely employed in attentions to drefs. There are many who are (tudious to add to their brilliant ex- ternal accomplilhments, the more valuable an»l lading accomplilhments of the mind. Nor have they been uafuccefsful ; for New York can boafl of great num- bers of refined tafte, whofe minds are highly improved, and whofe converfation is as inviting as their perfonal charms. Tinftured with a Dutch education, they ma- nage their families with good oeconomy and finguikr neatnefs. *^ In point of fociability and hofpitality. New York is hardly exceeded by any town in the United States. If, however, in regard to thefe agreeable charadleriftics, the p' :ference mult be given to any one place, it de- cidedly belongs to Charlefton. Some travellers have, in thefe refpefts, given Bolton and Newport the pre- ference to New York. Several caiifes have operated todiminifli the fociability of the citizens of New York — particularly the change of inhabitants, by emigrations from Europe — the lofs of property during the ravages of the war — and the unfavourable ftate of bulinefs a great part of the time fince tiie peace. Thefe caufcs lave operated no lefs unfavourably in fome otlie/ parts ;»f th« union. An inquirer, who would wifli to acquaint himfelf with the true ftate of the people of New York, their manners ard government, would natiiral'y alk the citi- zens for their focieties for the encouragement of fcieiices,- arts, manufadfures, &c. ? for theii public libraries? • for the patrons of literature? their well-regulntcd academies? for their female academy for inltniding young ladies in geography, hiftory, belles lettrcs, &■:. ? Such inquiries might be made with propriety, but could nut, at prefent, be anfwered fatisfadlorily. On a general view of this city, as defcrihed thirty years ago, and in its. exilting ftate, the ccimparifon is flattering to the prefent age ; particularly tue "mprovc-- ments in talte, elegance of manners, and that eafy iin- afFedtcd civility ami politenefs, which form the happi- nefs of focial irtercourfe. CHAP. VII. NEW JERSEY.. Situation, tfc. Div-fmn, Rivers, Tcivm, Trade, Hel;' ^ic'i, and Government, ^ I ""HIS province is fituated between 39 and 43 dea;. A. ol ncrth lat. and between 74 aad j6 deg. <>i we'lf !i>iiy It is about 160 miles in length, and tic in brf'aJth ; b.mnded by the Sound which ItparatesStatcn- Ilhnut from the Continent, and Hudfon's river, 01. the north ; by Delaware- river and bay on the weft and fouth-wc I ; and on the luuth-calt and ealt by the At- lantic (Jceaii. 4 S It f t I I I 346 A NEW ANiy COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. It is divided into thirteen counties, as in the follow- ing tables DivisiO(.ii .irifcs from theinio courfe of the inhabitants with different Pates. people in 'Veft Jerfey trade to Philadelphia, andi courfe imitate their falhions, and inibibn thcirminni GEOGRAPHY. ■^,,cA.] NEW JERSEY. 347 kinhabitantsof Eaft Jerfey trade to New York, and II Tiheir fafliions and manners according to thofe ^ York- So ermons are extempore ; the Chrif- tian virtues are the fubjed« of their difcourfes ; they imagine the fouls of departed Chriftians are employed in converting others who had been ignorant of the gofpel ; and, laftly, they deny the eternity of hell torments. Thefe people live in harmony and mutual afTedlion, and their hofpitality to ftrangers is unbounded, but thty never accept any recompence. There are, in this ftate, about fifty Preftjyterian con- gregations, fubjeft to the care of three preft)yteries, viz. that vof New York, of New Brunfwick, atid Philadel- phia. A part of the charge of New York and Phila- delphia prefljyteries lies in New Jerfey. and part in their own refpeftive ftates. To fupply thefe congrc- • gations, there are at prefent about twenty-five minifters. There are upwards of forty congregations of Friends, commonly called Quakers ; who are in general fober, plain, induftrious, good citizens. For an account of their religious tenets, fee Pennfylvania. There are thirty alfociated congregations of Baptifts in New Jerfey, whofe religious tenets are fimilar to thofe already mentioned under Connedicut. The Epilcopalian intereft confiftf. of twc ty-five con-' gregations. There are, in this ftate, two claflfes belonging to the Dutch Reformed Synod of New York and New Jerfey. I'he claflis of Hackinfak, to which belong thirteen congregations ; aiid the clallis of New Brunfwick, to which belong fifteen congregations. We have already given an account of their church government, difci- pline, &c. The Moravians have a fllourifliing fettlement at ' Hope, in Suifex county. This fcttlement was begun in 1771, and now confifts of upwards of 100 fouls. The Methodift intercft is fmall in this ftate. The Swedes have a church in Gloucefter county : and tl\ere are three congregations of the Seventh-Day Baptws. All thefe religious denominations live together in pevte and harmony ; and are allowed, by the conftitution of the ftate, to worlhip Almighty God agreeably to the didatcs of their own confciences ; and are not conw pelled to attend or fupport any worfhip contrary to their " own faith and judgment. AH Proteftant inhabitants, of peaceable behaviour, are eligible to the civil ofHccs of the ftate. There are two colleges in New Jerfey one at Princeton, called Nalfau-Hall, the other at Brunfwick, called Queen's College. The college at Princeton was firft founded by charter from John Hamilton, Efq. Pre- fidcnt of the Council, about the year 1738, and cn- , larked '..4;: A.'. %a*>^ 348 A NEW /MD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. H. nici.] larged by Governor Belcher in 1747. The charter dc- U-^utcs a power of granting to *' the lludcnts of faid Goilt ge, or to any others thought worthy of them, ail ftich degrees as are granted in either of otir univerlitics, ar any other college in Great- Britain." It has twenty- three tnidees. T. he governor of the (bte, and the prc- fidcnt of the college, are, tx officiis, two of ihem. It has an annual tnconie of about 900I. currency ; of whicli eool. arifes from funded public fecurities and lands, and tire red from the fees of the lludents. The prcfident of the college is likewifc profefHw of elo- quence, criticifin, and chronology. The vice-prefident is alfo profeilbr of divinity and moral philufophy. There is befides a profeflbr of mathematics and natural pSilofophy, and two mafters of languages. The four clafles in college contain about feventy Itudents. There is a grammar ichool, of about thirty fcholars, conne6led with the college, under the fuperintendence of the pre- fident, and taught by two mailers. ■Before the war this college was furniflicd with a phi- lofophical apparatus, worth 500I. which (except the elegant orrery conlhuded by Mr. Rittenhoufe) was al- moft entirely dellroyed by the Britifh army in the late war, as was alfo the library, which now confifts of be- tween 2 and ^000 volumes. The.college edific is handfomely built with (lone, and is 180 feet inlcngih, fifty>.four in breadth, and four florics high ; and is divided into forty-two convenient chambers for the accommodation of the Ihidents, befides a dining hall, chapel room, and a room for the library. Its fituation is exceedingly pleafant and healthful. The view from the college balcony is extenfive and charming. - This college has been under the care of a fuccefTion of prefidents eminent for piety and learning ; and has ftirntihed a number of civilians, divines, and phylicians, of the firit rank in America. It is remarkable, that all the prefidents of this college, except Dr. Witherfpoon, who is now prefident, were removed by death very foon after their eleilion into office. The charter for Queen's College, at Brunfwick, was granted juft before the war, in confequence of an ap- plication from a body of the Dutch church. Its funds, raifed wholly by free donations, amounted, foon after its eftablifhment, to 4000I. ; but they were confiderably diminilhcd by the war. The (ludents ate under the care of Prelident Harderiberg. The grammar fchool, which is connedcd with ;he college, confids of between thirty and forty lludents, under the care of 'tie truftces. This college has lately increafed both in numbers and reputation. There are a number of floiiriftiing academies in this ftate. One at Trenton, in which are about eighty ftu- dents in the different branches. It has a fund of about ijol. per annum, arilingfrom the intercft on public fe- curitiev Another in Ilackinfak, in the county of Bergen, of upwards of ico ftholars. Inftruftion and board are faid to be cheaper here than in any part of the ftate. There is another flourilhing academy at Oiangedale, in the county of EiTcx^ conliilingof nearly as many fcholars as either of the others, fumiflied able inllruflors, and good accommodations A has lately been opened at Elizabeth Town, ay], of upwards of twenty ftudents in the langiiawi " increafmg. There is alfo an academy in Bu.iiiL in which young laJies and gentlemen are taiilf! Englifli langtiage grammatically, geography a!id learned languages. Belides thcfe, there are em™ fchools at Newark, Springfield, Morriftown, Boik town, and Ambrfy. There are no regular t|u3 ments for common fchools in the ftate. The tl mode of education is, for the inhabitants of avillaaJ neighbourhood to join in affording a temporary U, for a fchool-mafter, upon fuch terms as is Dinfl agreeable. But the encouragement which thefc l fional teachers meet with, is generally fuch, asthai^ perfon of abilities adequate to the bufinefs'will \d take it ; and, of courfe, little advantage is derived f™ thefc fchools. The improvement in thefe coranv fchools is generally in proportion to the waoes ofi teacher. ° M. Briffot de Warvillc, in his "NewTravtlii the United States of America," has given us the fj lowing interefling account of the fchool of negroBj Philadelphia : ^ •* There exiflsr then, acounfry (fayshe}wheRii negroes are allowed to have fouls, and to be endbn with underflanding capable of being formed to vim, and ufeful knowledge j where they are not wgardtdi beads of burden, inorderthat we may have the piiil lege of treating them as fuch. — There exills acomfl where the blacks, by their virtue and their indulli belye the calumnies which their tyrants cir(:whercl(vii againfl them ; where no difference is perceived ktwsl the memory of a black head whofe hair is craped^ nature, and that of a white one craped by art. I hn had a proof of this to-day. I have feen, heard, 1 examined thefe black children. They read well, peat from memory, and calculate with rapidity. IbiJ feen a pidture painted by a young negro, who ni had a mailer: it was furprifingly well done. •• I faw in this fchool, a mulatto, one-eighth 1 ^ it is impoiriblc to diflinguifli him from a white bofl His eyes difcovered an extraordinary vivacity; andihi is a general charafteriftic of people of that origin. •' The black girls, befides reading, vvriting, and'] principles of religion, are taught fpinning, neei work, &c. and their miftrelTcs affure me, that 1 difcovcr much ingenuity. They have the appeaiince of decency, attention, and fubmillion. Itisanurftij of good fervants and virtuous hoiifikeepers. Howcii-I minal are the planters of the illands, who form butttl debauchery and ignominy creatures fo capable ol 1 fafhioned to virtue ! " It is to Benezet that humanity owes this ufefii cftablifhment — to that Benezet whom Ghaftclbxbj not blufhed to ridicule, for the fake of gaining thcicfi^l mous applaufes of the paiafites of defpuiifm. the benefi ?5^APHY. ■,,„c..} N E W JERSEY. 349 rZZiKe of tWs extraordinary man merits to be 1 to fuch men as dare to t^nk. who efteem L ihe benefaflors of their feilow-creatures, than i'tJiprelFors, fo bafely idolized by many during their t. Anthony Benezet was born at St. Quintin, in r?, in ,71a, Fanaticifm, under the protedton L biW king, direflcd by an infamoJig confeflbr, I «, infamous woman, fprcad at that time its es in France. Tlie parents of Benezet were 1 Calviiiifts; they fled to England, and he em^ I!l tlie doarines of the Quakers. He went to «rica, in »73«. »"«* eftablilhed himfelf at Phila- lohii in commerce, the bufinefs to which he had ! educated. But the rigidity of his principles and I tafte not agreeing with the fpirit of commerce, hiiiiiedthalbiifinersin 1736, and accepted a place 1 ihe academy of that fociety. From that time all moments were consecrated to public inftrudion, ( relief of the poor, and the defence of the unhappy Lroes. Benezet pofleffed an univcrfal philanthropy, Fich was not common at that time j he regarded, as i brothers, aH men, of all countries, and of all Alfflirsi he < It WIS not enough to fet at liberty the unhappy icls; it was necelliiry to in.'lrud them — to find Fin fchwl-iDafters. And where flipuld he find men ||li((g to devote themfelves to a talk wbich prejudice 4 (cDdcnd painful and difgudirig ? No obftacle uld.tfKft the eeal of fienc«et ; he fet the iirft ex- tapic hiinielf : he confecrated his little fortune to the lodation of this fchool ; his brethren lent fome ce ; and by the help of the donations of the jcieiy of London, the fcnool for blacks at Phila- pphia enjoys a revenue of aool. lierling. He confecrated his fortune and his talents to their uudiooi and in 1784, death removed him from I holy occupation, to receive his reward. The tears ' the blacks, vvhich watered his tomb, the f(ghs of I fraternity, and of every friend of humanity which fended hts departing fpirit, mu(t be a priae more mfoliDg than the laurels of a conqueror. [■* Beiieiet carried always in his pocket a copy of iwoikson the flavery of the blacke, which he gave ' ttcomincnded to every one he met, who had not |to tiieni. It is a methoDi England to Barbadocs in the year 1671, not to preach againft flavery, but to inflrudl the blacks in the knowledge of God, and to engage maflers to treat thcin with mildneb. " The minds of men were not yet ripe for this reform ; neither were they when William Burling, of Long-llland, in 1718, publilhcd u Treatife againfl Slavery. He was a rcfpcdablc Quaker : he preached, but in vain i the hour was not yet come. " Ought not this circumflance to encourage the friends of the blacks in France ? Sixty years of eumbat were necelfary to conquer 'ihe prejudice of avarice in America. One year is fcarcely pafled fmce the foundation of the Qiciety at Paris ; and fome apof- tates already appear, becaufe fuccefs has not crowned their firfl endeavours. V Burling was followed by Judge Sewal, aPrefby* terian of Maflachufets. He prefented to the General Aflembly a Treatife entitled, ' Jofeph fold by hU brethren.' He difccvers the purefl principles, and completely overturns the hackneyed arguments of the traders, rcfpe£ling the pretended wars of the African princes. " It is often faid againft the writings of the friends of the blacks, that they have not been witncflcs of the fufTerings which they defcribe. This reproach cannot be made againft Benjamin Lay, an Engliihman, who, brought up in the African trade, afterwards a planter at Barbadoes, abandoned his plantation, on account of the horror infpired by the frightful terrors of flavery endured by the negroes. He retired to Philadelphia, became a Quaker, and ceafed not the remainder of his life to preach and write for the abolition of flavery. His principal treatife on this fubjeA appeared in 173^. He was thought to have too much zeal, and to have exaggemted in his defcriptions. But thefe defers were expiated by a life witnoat a flain, by an inde- fatigable zeal for humanity, and by profound medi- tations. Lay was fimple in his drcfs, and animated in his fpeech ; he was all on fire when he fpoke on flavery^ He ■dtod in 1760, in the 80th year of his age. " One of the men molt diftinguifhed in this career of humanity, was a Quaker, named John Woolman. He was born in 1720. Early formed to meditation, he was judged by the Friends worthy of being a minifter at the age of twenty-two. He travelled much to extend the dodrines of the fed ; but was always on foot, ?nd without money or proviflons, becaufe he would imitate the apoflles, and be in a fituation to be more ufeful to the poor people, and to the blacks. He abhorred flavery fo much, that he would not tafle any food that v/as produced by the labour of flaves. The lafl difcourfe that he pro. nounced, was on this fubjeft. In 1772, he under- took a voyage to England, to concert meafurcs with the Friends there, on the fame fiibjeft ; where he 4 T died 850 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTENf of I^MIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. died of the fmall-pux. He left fcveral iifcful works, one of which has been through many editions, entitled ' Confiderations on the Slavery of the Blacks." jin Account of the Mktiiods ufcd to aboliflj Si.Avi. RY in America. •« TTf 700LMAN and Bcnczct had in vain em- V V ployed all their eftbrts to cffcft the .ibolition of this traffic nnder the Englifh government. The mirtaken iivtcrcft of the inothcr-coumry caiifcd all the petitions to be rejedcd in the year 1772 ; yet the minds of men were prepared in fome ol the colonies ; and fcarcdy was independence declared, when a general cry arofe againd this (.ommer*. It appeared abfiird for men defending their own' liberty, to deny liberty to others. A pamphlet was printed, in which the prin- ciples on which liavcry is lounded, were held up in contrail with thofe which laid the fouBdation ol the new conilhiition. ; • . ' " This palpable method of rtating the fiibjeft was ' attended with a happy fuccefs ; and (he Congrefs, in 1774, declared the ilavcry of the blacks to be in- ; compatible with the bafis of republican gmernments. \ Different Icgillatiires hallcned lu cbnfccratc this prin- ' ciplc of Congrefs. • " Three diftinft epochs: mark the condu6l of the America!. s in this bulimfs— the prohibition of the importation of Haves — their maniimiUion— and the provifion made for. their inllrndion. All the dif- ferent Hates are not cqnally advanced in thefe three objeds. ' ■ ^ '♦ In the northern and middle dates, they have pn'o- [ fcribed for ever the importatibn ofi ilaves ; in xitheni, , this prohibition is limited to a certain time, in South Carolina, where it was limited to three years, it has lately been extended to three years more. Georgia is . the only Hate that continues to jeceive traufporteii • flavcs. Yet, when General Oglethorpe bid the Icitm- dation of this colony, he ordained, that iieiihcr rum nor ilaves (hould ever be imparted into 'iti Thfs hw, ; in both its articles, was very fooii violated. " We mull acknowledge howc\'tr,. tiiat: the Anieri- cans, more than any other peo])!e, are conviivced that all men arc born free and equal :- we mull ackiu>\v»- ledge, thit they diredl themfelves generally by thit; : principle of cciualiiy ; that ilij Quakers, who. have be"iin,. who have nio|i:i;^aied,.ainrwho.il without the hands of liave.s and the impoliibility ol augmenting their number withotit recruifmnh Africa. It is to the influence of this party, in tU General Convention, that is to be attribiit'ed ih article which tarniflies that glorious monuml!! human reafon, the new federal fyllem of ihjn J States. It was this party that propofed to bijj hands of the new Congrefs, and to-put itoui of ij power for twenty years to prohibit the impo nill ilaves. It was faid to this auguft alTembly ^;, ji article, or we will withdraw front the union. ' To ,i the evils, which, without meliorating the fate ofl blacks, would attend a political fchifm, the 1 vertion was forced to wander from the grainj cipte of iMiiverfal llbertv, and the preceding (kdj of Congrefs. They thought it their dutyioinmJ Solon, to make, not the bell law polTibie, butilijk circumftances would bear. '«■ But, though this article has fiirprifcd tliefriJ of liberty in Europe, where the fecrct canfc, ^| were not known; though it has grieved the fociti,| England, \vho are ready to acciifj the new \tM of a cow.ardly defeftion from their principles; »! J niay regard the gei^eral atid irrevocable prolbiptiml the flave-trade in the United States, as very nntl hand. This conclufion refults froiTi tlie naiwej things, and even (rim the article iifclf ofthentwci ftiiution now' f itcdJ • Ititktd, nine ftates have jln done it ; , the'blacks, which there abioiind, ate t., fidered as free. There aic then nincarylunsforilK to cfcapeto frOm Georgia ; not to fpeak of thentiii bourhoodofthe Floridas, where tlie Ilaves from Gtoi take reftige, in hopes to' find belter trciatment froiii| Spaniards 5 and iwt to fpeak of thofe vaft foredsi rnacceflibl'^: nioiijltains wfiich tnakt part of the Souiln States', atld wh^re the perfeciitcd negro may eafiiyi a retl-eat ftorti -fly Very. ■ The cornmunicatiohswitlil back country are To tafy, that it isiinpollibletol the fugitives; and the ex'pc'nce of reclaiming ii i proporiMJued to their value. AhA thotigh thtfi ilates do not in appearance oppofe thefe reclamaiioii yet the people there hrtid flaVery in fiich horror, !lJ the maftir who runs -after hiS'liuinah pr()pcrly,M little refped, and finds httle aflillance. Thusthep Itbility of flight creates a iww difcouragementtoi iinpfMtalion, as it mull lell'en the value of the Oavt.iJ duce to a milder treatment, and finally tend, wiihii conciiruMK'c of other circumllances, 'to coavinta (jeiwgtan planter, that it isinore liinple, more rc/nl able, and lefs expenii ve, to' cnliivate hv the hm fr^elntii. Wc are "right then in laying, that the ruiij of' things in Annerica is againll the iinporlaiion 1 ilaves. " Heiidcs, the Congrefs will be aiuhorifcd in w yirafs to pronounce dchnitively on this article. Eyllij imie, thi- fcniitneitts of humanity., and tliu cabiaiioi 'tii reafon, v\ill prevail; they will no umgcr be tort to facrificc equity to convenience, or have any ili:ii5<| iear from oppjlilion «r fchilm." J -Ji hxic A.] • PENNSYLVANIA. 85^ C H A P. VIII. PENNSYLVANIA. J, [jc, Omfms, Climate, Produce, Rivers, Towns, Unki'ilaitth rtnn's Settlement and Government. THE province of Pcnnfylvania is fituated between oqand 44 (ieg- "f "or'^^ '=>'• a'"* between 74 and Jcf welUong. It is about 300 miles in length, and L breadth i bounded, on the north, by the country L Iroquois, or five nations; on the fouth, by LaiJi on liie call, by the Delaware river, which traiesitfrom New Jcifcy ; and on tlie wcfl by the io, It is divided as in the following table. Counties. Chief Towns. Pliiladelphia Philadc'phia. duller CheRcT. Ducks Newtown. Berks Reading. Notihampton Earton. Lancaller Lancarter. York... York. Cumberland Carlifle. ITo thcfe we may add Bedford, a county weftward jlhc moimtaios upon the Ohio, purchafcd by Mr. L, from the Indians, in 1768, and ellabliihed in feefides thefe, the three followinir rounties.frtuated [ihe Dciiiwaie, formed, ir» fomc iiieafurc, a.feparate Icmmeut, having an afltmbiy of their own, though J fame governor with the province of Pcnnfylvania. It it is now di(lin£l, and called the Delaware (late, Jving a prefident, council, and houfe of airembly ; Ith judges, and other ofEccrs of flate, civil andmili- V •••;-. CotjKTiES. Chief Towns,! '=««>«! 'H' :.- .'If t'.' • Newcaftle;- Newcaftle..\' f Kent Dover > on Delaware. SulFex > Lewis J iTheairof Pcnnfylvania is clear, fwcet, and healthy. ihe (all, or autumn, begins about the 20th of kkber, and lads till the beginning of December, ■hen the winter fcts in and continues till March; dur- K tiliifli the weather is often fo very fevere, .that ths Iver Delaware, though very broad at. Philadelphia, is pen over. The fpring commences in March, and Iminiies till June, when the weather is nM>r-e un fettled Ian in ihe. other feafons.. The montha o( July* liigiiH, and September, are the fummer months, when le heat would be intolerable were it riot mitigated by ^ijucnt cool breezes- During the fiunnaer the wjnd is generally at foiith.weft, but in the winter at north- weft, which, by pading over the frozen mountains and lakes of Canada, renders the cold fo exceinve at that feafon. The foil is not greatly different from that of New York, but fomcthing more fertile ; nor is there fo much fandy and ufelefs land in Pcnnfylvania as in New York. Some rice, but no great quantity, is cijU tivated here; and there are fome tobacco plaiitations, but the produce is not £qual to that of Virginia. In all parts of our plantations, from Nevr 1 utL tn the cxiVemity of Florida, the woods are ful of vines of ditferent fpecies. They are very thick at the bottom, and bear great plenty of grapes, but ver finall. From thefe the Indians procure a fort of wine, with which ihey often regale thcmfelves. The lim )cr produced 'in Pcnnfylvania is of the fame fpecies is that of New England ; but here, and in all thtfouth-'rn colonies, it is not fo proper for (hipping as tha" o' the northern colonies; it is lefs compadl, ai\d fplits with a iniich fmalkr force. Thcfe properties render it lefs valuable in ihip-building, but more ufeful for pipe-ftavcs, and wainfcoting. The principal rivers in this province are the Dela- ware, the Sufquehanna, a k1 the Sc:iuyik 1. The Delaware is navigable more than 200 miles above the city of Philadelphia. The Sufcji:ehanna is alfo navi- gable a great way up the country. The Schuylkill is navigable for boats above 100 miles. Thefe rivers, with the numerous creeks and harbours in Delaware bay, are extremely favourable both to the foreign and inland trade of Pcnnfylvania. This province has many towns that deferve par^ ticular notice; but the city of Philadelphia (lands un* rivalled in Britifh America, and when completed will, in point of plan and regularity, exceed lany in Europe. The city forms a parallelogram, or long fquarc, two miles in length, and one in breadth; extending fron> the river Delaware to the Schuylkill, forming, as it were, a connexion between thefe two navigable rivers. The plan of this elegant city was drawn by William Penn, at once the founder and legiflator o£ this.flourifhing colony. Part of the plan is already executed," and will in allprobabilityfpon be completed. Every quarter of the city will then' form a fquare pf eight acres; having in thecentre a fquare of ten acres, furroundcd by the town-houfe, and other public fc'iild- ings. The high-ft.cet is an hundred feet wide, iid extends the whole breadth of the town^.from one of- the above rivers to the other. Parallel to the high- tlreet run. nineteen others, which are crolTed by eight more at right angles, all of them thirty feet wide, and cominimicate by canals with the two rivers; which add- -t once to the beauty and wholefomenefs of the city. According to the original plan» every perfon who pof.. felfed lOOo acres in any part of the province, was to. have his houfe either in orie of the fronts facing the river, or in the high-dreet, running from the middle of one front to the middle of the othei^ Befldes the. -- .,„...,, ,. ,..: _ , ,..-, a. above i fi i\ li'.f 3^a A NEW a h.d COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. above privily every owner of jooo icm, waa en> titled to an acre of ground in the front of hit houfe, and all oihers half an acre for gardens and court-yards. The town-houfe is a ftate1y» fpacioul, and regular btrilding, and would be an ornament to any capital in Europe. The other public buildings, which confift chiefly of AruAilrcs dedicated to ralision, befides the military barracks, inaricels, and alins-nouibs, are pro- pbrtiunally grand. The ({uays are fptcious and noble ; the principal quay is aoo feet wide, furnilhed with cranes, and other conveniences fur loading, and un- loading (hips ; and the water is fo deep, that a fliip of 500 tons burden, may lay her broadiide to the quay. The proprietor's feat, where the governor ufually re- fides, is fmrated about a mile above the town, and islhe lirll private building both for magnificence and (ituation in all Britilh America. But the nobleft infiitution in Fcnnfylvania, is the academy eflablifhed fome years fihcc in Philadelphia. Very confidcrable fubfcriptions were raifcd both in England and Scotland for com- pleting this noble defign, and it bids fair in time to rival the inofl clebrated feminarics of learning in the mother country. The number of inhabitants in Piii- ladelphia is computed at 30,000. The meetings of the general congrefsof America Were held in this city from the year 1774 till 1777, when the Britifli troops took polfelTion of it, but the king's forces retreating to New York in 1778, the congrefs again made Phila- delphia their refidence. There »tc feveral towns befides the capital in the coun- ty of Philadelphia } the mod confidcrable are, German- 'lown,focalicdfrombeinginhabited wholly by Germans; Frankfort, Abingdon, Dublin, Radnor, and Atnerfland. In the county of Bucks, are Briftol, Falls-Town, and Penfljury. In the county of Chefter, arc Chefler, Chichener, and Marcus Hook. Newcaftlc, Haver- fordweft, Merioneth, and St. George, are found in the bounty of Newcaille ; Duvrr, Cranebrouk, Marden, and Mefpclliven plantations, in the county of Kent; Lewis in the county of£ulIexj and Lancafter in the bounty of that name. The inhabitants in the province of Pennfylvanta, are not lefs than ^50,000, naif of whom are Germans, Swedes, or Dutch. It is certainly very right policy to encourage the importation of foreigners into Penn- lylvania, as well as into our other colonies. By this we are gainers without diminiihing the inhabitants of Great-Britain. But it has been frequently lamented, that thefe people are fuffered to remain foreigners, atid likely to continue fo for many generations; they have eredod fchools of their own, printed books, and even the common newfpapers in their own language; by which means, together with their poireflinpTaree traiSb of land without any intermixture of Englilhi they continue, as it were, a feparate people. At the fame time, their remarkable induilry, frugality, and ab- ((emious method of living, enable them to incrcafe their tra£l of country to the ruin of the Americans ; fo that there is fome (Ung^r of the whole^ commg m time wholly foreign in lancuaiw inih J and perhaps in inclinations. It fecmt thtr^ ceflary that fome regulations ftould take pl». J regard to their fcttlement, and fome means br J in order to naturalize them effedually, But [ J however, be acknowiedsed, that the' inhibitjl Pennfylvania, are an induftrious and hardy j!?! moft of them are fubitantial, though few of T fons poflelfed of landed property are rich. Ti,' all well lodged, well fed, and, when their circiiJi are confidered, well clothed; and at a more r«|i rate than can be well imagined, as the inferior i- tnanufa6hire moft of their wearing appjrel, botliij and woollen. A great number of wealthy merchants inhibit J city ol Philadelphia. Nor will this appear (mM when the great trade they carry on k conlidtr Their commerce is not confined to the provinctjl America, it is extended to the French, Dutch 1 Spanifli colonies; tothe Azores, the Canaries, amliL Madeira iflands; to Greai-Britain, and Ireland; tj| Spain, Portugal, and Holland. Many of tin branches of trade are very profrtable, and cannot d of enriching a frugal and indufh^ous people. Bdd the quantity of commodities produced by this proving and brought down the rivers Delaware and SchujUj the Dutch employ feveral hundred waggons, each dm by four horfes, in bringing the produce of their fan to the markets of Philadelphia. In the rar itij 303 veflels entered at this port, and 191 cleared a wards. The commodities formerly exported i Pennfylvania, at an average of three years, amooi to the value of 611, oool. Thofe exported to Gtt Britain, and other markets, befides timber, fhipsh forfalc, cooper ore, and iron in pigs and bars, cood of grain, nour, and many forts of animal food; at an averageof three years, were calculated at 70^,501, But after tne conclufion of the late war, trade hidl greatly increafed, that the duty in Philadelphi| 1 imported goods of a {percent, ad vahrum, fto^ from the ilt of March 1784, to the id of Dccen 132,000!. which, fttppofing their vahie not um rated, nor any indire£t methods ufed to &ve the dotjj makes their value amount to the amazing 3,i68,oool. This province, tc^ther with New Jerfey and Na York, cumpofed what was formerly called the Nnl Netherlands, and was originally potfcired by the Dutd and Swedes. After the country was taken byik^ Enjgliih, Admiral Penn, who in conjunQioo fid Venables, had fome years before taken the iflaudd Jamaica, being greatly in favour with Charles U. ( tained a promiTe of a grant of the tra61 of country a called Bennfylvania, from that monarch. \]fon' Admiral's death, his fon, the celebrated founder 1 legillator of Pennfylvania, claimed the royal promifd and after a tedious court folicitatioo, obtained dn pMl iuICA.] PENNSYLVANIA. 353 Confcious that the only ri ht of his father. H'of "rendering the grant he had obtained from ? % valuable to himlcif, was to make both the fcT^and i» govcriiincnt as agreeable as pollible to the C ! he began with piirchaling the foil, at a low '■deed from the Indians, as the original pofleflbrs, Imii w«of very little value. By this cheap adl bicelt the beginning, he rendered all his future W with thcfe people fuccefsfi.l. PrepoHeired , a favourable opinion of him as to his defigns, ,«refofar from giving any difturbancc to the fet- [thit they were ready to give them alTiftance when- fii was wanted. Having thus wifely fecured the Indians, he applied Lfjif to exeaite the other pan of his plan, that of llinethe country. This he >und greatly facilitated Pilie nneafinefs of his brethren the Quakers iti Land, who, by refufing to pay tythes and other frch dues, fuffered a kind of pcrfecution from the rov. Their high opinion and regard for Penti, who /indeed an honour to their new church, made them kuiorcready to follow him over a wide and pathiefs •an to fettle in a country then little better than a irllng wildernefs, and in a climate whofe properties cunbnwn. Nor was he himfelf wanting in any ,j; that had the Icaft tendency to encourage and fup- iHhe refolution they had formed. He expended t funs of money in tranfporting, and finding them KlInecelTaries; and not aiming at a fudden profit, V ereat man difpofed of hie lands at a very fmall pur- ife- !ol.for 1000 acres, and is. quit-rent for every I, were the reafonable terms on which he bellowed ites. At this time land is granted at lal. for every J acres, with a quit-rent of 4s. refervcd. Near Ijladelphia land lets at sos. the acre, and even at fcnt miles didance from that city, fells at no years xhk. By purfuing fuch a generous plan, the lonyof Pennfylvania was foon eltablilhed, and has jerlince been rapidly incrcafing. But what crowned all his proceedings was the noble larier of privileges, by which he made them as free lanv people in the world; and which has lincc in- Iccd fuch vaft numbers of people of different per- Vinnsandditfcrcnt countries to abandon their native El, and put thcmfclves under the protcdion uf his «s All his inllitutions were founded on the folid Ifisot civil and religious liberty, conlidered in its full Itfnt. No laws can be made without the confcnt ihe people given by the fulFragcs of their rtpre- nlaiiVes in the general alfembly. Lven matters of Inevolence, to which the laws iif few nations have rended, were by Penn fnbjedted to regulations. The liirsof widows and orphans were to be inquired into r a court conllituted tor that purpofc. The caufcs fctwccnman and man were not to be fubjecled to the ■lay ami chicanery of the law, but to be decided by life and hoiieft arbitrators. In (hort, fuch was the ex- klientfpirit of the laws framed by William Penn, that had he been a native of Greece, his ftatue would liave been placed next to thofe of Solon and Lycurgus. Religious liberty was founded on the fame ample bads. Chriflians of all denominations might not only live unmolelted in the colony, but even have a iharc in the government. In a word, the diverfity of penplot religions, nations, and languages here, is prodigious ; and what is lliil more wonderful, they live together in harmony. In confequence of the plan for a new connitution agreed on at the Convention of Philadelphia in 1776, the commonwealth, or fiate of Pennfylvania is now governed by an alfembly of the reprefentatives of the treemenof the fame, and a prelident andcoimcil; the fupreme legiflative power is vefted in a houfe of repre- fentatives of the freemen of the (late ; and the fupreme executive power is veiled in a prefident and council of twelve. It was likcwife agreed, that the houfe of re- prefentatives fhould conOll of pcrfons moll noted for wifdom and virtue, to be chofeu annually by the free- men of every city and county. The prelident of the fupreme executive council may appoint and com- milTion judges, naval officers, a judge of the admiralty, attorney general, and other ofHcers, civil and military; he is likewife impowered to hold the office of com- mander in chief of the forces of the (late, but Ihall not command in perfon, except advifed thereto by the council, and then only fo long as they Ihall approve.- All trials to be by jury ; and that freedom of fpecch, and of theprefs, to be allowed. All porfons in public offices are required to declare their belief in one God, the creator and governor of the univerfe, the rewarder of the good, and the punilher of the wicked ; and are alfo to acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and Newr Teftament to be given by divine infp '.ration. This plan of government contained a variety of other par- ticulars; amougd which, we Ihall only mention the following ; viz. that the freemen are to elcd annually, by ballot, for each city and county, two perfons, to be called the counci' of ceufors, whofe bulinefs it is to examine into the conduft of the legillaiiyc and executive powers. The other is, the training anil arming the freemen and their fons for the defence ol the commonwealth, under fuch regulations, re.triclions, and exceptions, as the general allcmbly IhoulJ by lawr dire6l, with liberty for the people to choofe their own officers, &c. In a plan for tlie eftablilhment of public fchools, and the ditfulion of kiiowledije in Pennfylvania, by Dr. JJenjamin Riilh, profelFor of chemiffry in the Univer' lity of Philadelphia, lately publilhed, there is thisob- fervation in a note, " There arc 600 fchools in the fmall (late of ConneiElicut, which have in them 25,000 fcholars ;" and mark the good ctFeds of education I " only two natives of this Hate have been condemned in the courfe of the la(l 35 years : is there any county in England, either great ur I'mall, can make fuch a ^,,t- 4 U nous !rJ5 ii 8,^4 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY ( rious boalt } The German Lutherans in Punnfylvania take uncommon pains in the education of their youth ; not one of this fuciety has fiibmittcd to the ignominy of » legal punilhmcnt ol any kind in the courfu uf the lall 17 years." The writer of the above inteliii^cncc here- upon very pertinently remarks, that, " in all cafes what- ever, no argument can poUibly overthrow or exceed real matter of fa£t. What can we think then of thoi'e perfons (continues he) who, fo far from contributing to the Aipport and encouraging of Simday fchools, have- been weak or wicked enough to write againit them ? If ever a reformation can be eftc(Sed on tnc morals of the people, it mull be done by inltilling better principles into, and inuring to better habits, the rifing gene- ration. And how can this be better done for the poor than in Sunday fchools?" Of the grejit variety of religious denominations in Pennfylvania, the Friends, or Quakers, are the molt numerous. George Fox is called the father of this religious feft, becaufe he firll collefted them into a fociety in England, about the middle of the i7tli cen- tury. The true appellation of thefe people is Friends; that of Quakers was early and invidioully given them by way of contempt. They came over to America asearlyas 1656, but were not indulged the free cxercife cf their religion in New England. They were the firft fettlers of Pennfylvania in 1682, under William Penn, and have ever (ince flourilhed in the free enjoyment of their religion. They believe that God has given to all men fuflicicnt light to work their falvation, imlefs it be relilled : that this light is as cx- tcnfive as the feed of fin, and faves thofc who have not the outward means of falvation ; that this light is a divine principle, in which dwells God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft. They maintain that the Scrip- tures are not the principal ground of all truth and knowledge : nor yet the primary rule of faith and manners ; but becaufe they give a true teftimony of •he firft foundation, they are and may be efteemed a fecondary rule, fubordinate to the Spirit, from whom they derive all their excellence. They believe that im- mediate revelation has not ceafed, but that a meafurc «f the Spirit is given to every perfon. That as, by the light or gift of God, all Spiritual knowledge is re- ceived, thofe who have this gilt, whether male or female, though without human commiffion or learning, ought to preach; and to preach freely, as they have freely received the gift. All true and acceptable wor- «iJ and Finns came over, furnilhed with all the nccdliit fur beginning a new fettlement, and landed at I Henlopeii \ at which time the Dutch had wIk quitted the country. The Dutch, however, retun in i6jo, and built a tort at Lewiliown, by ibi named Hoarkill. The year fuUnwiiig the S»d built a fort near Wilmington, which tliey ciL Chrilkin or ChrilUana. Here alfo they laid ouil finall town, which was afterwards demulilhedbytii Dutch. The fame year they creded a fort higheii the river, upon Tenecum illand, which they dM New G>)tiLnburgh , they alfo, about the lame ihkJ built lorts at Chelter, Llfinburgh, and other pU-a John Printz then governed the Swedes, who, iindJ deputed his fon-in-law, John Pjpgoia, and retiiriitdJ "Sweden. Papgoia fooii followed his faiher-in-liwd his native country, and John Ryfing fucceedcd tot! government. In 1655, the Dutch, under the command of Ptiq Stiiyvcfant, arrived in Delaware river, trom Nti Atnllerdam (now New York) in fcvcti vdltls, "illj 6 or 700 men. They difpolfclRd the Swedes of ihi forts on the river, and carried the officers and prii cipal inhabitants prifontrs to New Atnllerdam, anJftoi thence to Holland. 7"he comm )n people lubuiitwilJ the conijucrors and remained in the country. kmicA .] M A ft Y LjfifUofOilobcr 1664, Sir K-ibcrt Carr ob- lihc fubmillion of the Swcdei on Delaware luiir yeari affr. Colonel Nicollsi, Governor ty^flj, with hi» Council, on the aift of April, iitil i /'"' *'"' *'*"' °^^'^' perfonj, to alHlt °" Cwr in the government of the country. , ,(J7j the town of Ncwcalllc wai incorporated lihe rortrnmeot of New- York, to be governed by llif and fi» aJfil'an" i "f"' '*>» ''f" y""' ^^^ f"'"" Ci were 10 leave their ojficc, and four others to be L l*^* ''•''"'^ *" prciidcnt, with a double I. Jjje condablo was chofen by the bench. They faiwcr to try caulca not exceeding ten pounds, Lui appMl- T*^ "''^^'' °^ /'"'"' *^''* converted I (till of Ihefilf. who had jurifdiftion in the cor- liion and »lo"g •''« '■'^"■» *"^ ^*' annually chofen. Ity were to have a free trade, without being obliged hike entry at New York, as had formerly been the fiice. ... . ... Viinpum was, at this time, the principal currency llhe country. Guvcrnor Lovelace, of New York, ■proclamation, ordered that four white grains and cbliclc oiws, (liould pafs for the value of a ftiver or my. This proclamation was publiflied at Albany, m, Delaware, Long-IUand, and the parU ad- 111 1674, Charles II. by a fccond patent, dated June |\gnntcd to his brother, Duke of York, all that Iniry called by the Dutch N*w Nethtrlands, of which 'ibr»e counties of Newcaftle, Kent, and SulTex : a part. In 1683, the Duke of York, by deed, dated Augiift Ih, fold to William Penn, the town of Newcaitle, III the diilrid of twelve mites round the fame \ and lanother deed, of the fame date, granted to him the minder of the territory, which, till the Revolution, tolled the Three Lower Counties, and has fincc 1 called the Delaware State. Till 1776, thcfe ; counties were conlider<",d as a part ot PennfyU ^ji, in matters of government. The fame gover- j prciided over hoth, but the aflembly and courts I judicature were diifcrent : different as to their Qltiluent members, but in form nearly the fame. CHAP. X. MARYLAND. XlMt'm, iic. Divljions, Climate, Produce, Riven, \inhditants, Difcovery of it, firmer and Prejent I Giiirmntiit, Mils province is fituated between the 75th and *(Qth deg. of well long, and between the 37th and Jctli ol north lat, It is about 140 milts in Iciigili, and hi in breadth j being boufidsd by Virginia, 011 the LAND. 85; f»uih ; by the Apalachian inminlains, on the wcfl ; by Pcnnfylvania, on the Horih ; and by the Ailintic Uceaii, and another part of Pennfylvania, on the eafJ. The Bay of Chetupcak divides Maryland into tw« parts, viz. the callern and wcllctn. DivisioNi. Counties. ChiefTowni. Thecafterndivifion f ^"J^H JfT'^V- contain. thccounJ ?-^-;;;;.^^^^^^^^^^^ *"*°' t Cecil. (St. Mary •• St. Mary's, g')"'"- ^'^Y\ Prince George.... Matterkct. ?»•''"»—:•, Abington. Ann Arundel Annapolis. Baltimore Baltimore. Maryland is a healthy country, and enjoys a clear air; the fummers arc excefTively not, and the winters are equally cold, but fliort. The foil is extremely §ood, when cultivated. The chief vegetabla pro- udion is tobacco, but great quantities of hemp and flax, Indian corn and grain, with moil kind of fruits, are now produced here. The trees are oaks, black walnuts, poplars, cedars, and chefnuts. The hitlii are in general of eafy afcent, and yield iron ore*. The woods contain prodigious herds of wild fwine. The chief rivers are, Potomack, Pocomac, Patuxent, Severn, Cheptouk, Salfafras, Wicomoca; and St. George. Thcfe and feveral others are navit. gable for large fliipsi and add greatly to the fur* tility of the foil. The chief bays arc thofe df Chcfa- Eeak and Delaware, and the moft noted cape that of lenlopen, at the entrance of Dalaware-Bay. The inhabitants of Maryland were fome years ago computed at 80,000, but are now fuppolcd to amount to 220,700. Its commerce pretty nearly rcfembles that of Virginia, and will therefore be conlidorcd unde'r that head. We (hall only mention here, that, befuks tobacco, their exports arc, falted pork, iron, flax, and hemp. In 1782, a college was founded at Cheder- Town, in this province, under the name of Walhing- ton-College, in honour of General Walhington, Com- mander in Chief of the American forces, during the late war. Maryland was difcovcred in the year 1606, whfcn Virginia was firll planted, and for fome time was elleemcd a part of Virginia, till King Charles I. in 163a, granted all that part of Virginia which lay north of Potomack river to the Lord Baltimore, of the kingdom of Ireland, and his heirs. The year fol- lowing about 200 Popifh families, fome of con- fidcrable diltindion, embarked wiili his lordlhip, to enter into polllilion of this new territory. Tlielij fcttlers, who had that liberality and good brcedinij which dillinguilhes gcutleinou of every relij^toii, bought 4 X tiicir i.N J58 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY K t their land at an eafy price of the native Indians, and for fome time lived wiih them in the greatcft harmony and friendlhip. Their generous mcihod of proceedmg gained the confulence of the natives ; they ceded to them one half of their principal town, and foon after gave up the .vholc to thefe Grangers. The Indian women taught inc Englilh the manner of making bread of their corn ; the men took the Englilh with them when they went cither to hunt or hfh ; they afTifted them in the chace, and fold them the jame they took themfelves for a trifling confideration ; o that the new fettlers haJ a fort of town ready built, ground ready cleared for their fublillence, and no enemy to difturb them m the quiet poirelfion of the country: but envy, the growth of every clime, in- fligated the neighbouring planters in Virginia to dc- ftroy the happincfs of the Baltimore colony. They fpread illgroimded reports among the Indians, in order to render them jealous of their new friends. Alarmed at the confcquences of a war with tlie favagcs, the Popilh fettl?rs eredted a fort with the greateft expedition, and took every other method in tlieir posvcr to fecure themfelves from the brutal fury of the Indians, but at the fame time treated them witjj every a6l of kindnefs in their power. Thcfe precautions and friendly difpofitions had the dcfired etFccl ; the Indians, awed by their preparations, and fiDihc.l by the generous treatment they received, laid aflde their hollile intentions, and the malicious defigns of the Virginian planters were rendered abortive. The flourifliing flate of this infant colony, and the uninterrupted peace they had enjoyed in their new fettlement, induced many of the Roman Catholic families in England, tl>.e feverity of vvhofe treatment increaftd in proportion as the power of the royal caufe declined, to leave their native foil, and join rhcir brethren in Maryland. 1 hey were encouraged and fupported by the governor, and the rolonv coiitinued to receive (relli reinforcements, tilt the Engiilfi con- ftitutior. was (verturncd, and Cromwell tt'iLcd the reins of go"* rnmcnt. Baltimore had nothing to hope from tlie jjiotedlor y tie had always been a warm friend to the royal party, and therefore expefled to fall with the caufe of his maflcr. He was not de- ceived ; he was deprived of his rights, and a new govrriHir fubllituttd in his room. L'nder this govtrn- meiii Mar) land continued till the Refturation, when Lord Baliiiiiore was re-inlhitcd in his lawful puf- fclfions, whiiii he i ultivatcd with his former wifdoni, care, and nioiltraiioti. Not fatistitd with proctnirig eafc and feiiiritv for liis own ftd, he was dt liioiis of extindiiig the benelits of his mild and eciiiiiable admiiiiilration tc Others. Andniiii^ly, he proMiud an ai\ oi airfiiibi\ to be palled, ft)r alluuiiig a liec and unlimitKl ti.le- ratiot) lor ail who prnkilcd tho Cluiltian religion, ot whatever denomination. I'lus liberty, which was never violated, encouraged a grea^ numb of the church of England, but Prcftyteriaiv'n and all kinds of Diilenters, to fettle in '\f But though Lord Baltitnore had received 'l from Charles I. though he had alwavs be','* attached to the royal caufe, though he wa/' no mal-admiuillratiori, yet the bi^)tsi| j,,] j,,;" council of JuTi:s the Socoii.l, who \vante/d7|f ment to diltinguilh friends from enemies d 1 this noble family of their rights ami p„ir,.|'ij *'""' the Revolution, however, LorI Bultiniore wf' put in polfeinon of the pmrns of his provi„.e"| were not inc jnliderable, though he was nit'l to the right of governm-;nt, which co!il.i ^7 ft lently bt conferred on a R;)mau Caiholi,-, y, foon as his defceudcnts had confonneil d th» r of England, they wore: re-in(hted in all thoir'/,h!l fully as the legilhture tbouo;ht fit for them toll joyed by any proprietor. "1 The government of Maryland exaftly nkm that of Virginia, except with rrgard totheaiJj ment of the governor, which b-longej to illc prietors; but he was confirmed by mH* ki:ij, { cuftoins alfo belonged to the crown, aixj ,|,f„jj appointed te* collect them were iu'lependent ofd government of the province. The R mijfi CA religion was at firft the only one prol'eTcd ii i country At the R-^voIution, the original cnnilin: was reverfed, the Protedant religion wai eitablifc and the Papirts excluded from all offices and i and pDwer, and even the penal laws of England*, adopted againft them. The church of Englandi eftablil'ied by law, and the clergy were paid in j bacco ; every Chrirtian male fix teen years old, J negroes male and female, above that age, was oblil to pay forty poimds of tobacco, or pay the vj1«i ca(h, if he raifed no tobacco; it was levied by i| (herifF, among other public burdens, and yielded abj tool, fterling, at a inedium, to each ; and dilfcntii clergy were not exempted. But by the declaration of rights, ami ihecot ftitiition eft^blidn'd and agreed to in the cooveniicJ of dek-gitcs at Aniiapniis, in Atigiill i^^fr, thekij flatme is now to conli.l of the fcnate and the I delegates; the latter to be annii.illy rhofcn, vivavecl by the freeliollers in every refptCiivc county, Id delegates ea^-h ; Baltimore town and thcriiyof.^j nap()li=, two eai. h : the delegates fir the fcna!cii(i| be fKi^K'd in like maMiur c\iry live viars, iwod each coimty, out ol wlioni liltcen fcnators arc loK ctiolLi) by ball^^; nine for the wellfin, and fut (he eaUern Ihire. The executive power is iiKlgdij r. governor and five otnici , t liof n nnniially bjlM joint ballot of the g' neral a rmbly, who may appsii the chancellor, judges, field ollicers, 'v-. but iM (herd's and jni'ic-^ ■•*" he pence are c i fen iiy ilj freeh ililers in t.ci' rnii ity. A freehold h lift ir or prO|)crty to the \. lue A ^ol.^ivci a rijiu iiL&ii llElllCA'J I the ele^io j„j belief i» ihiiii' V fEOGRAPHv. ■,,cA.] VIRGINIA. 859 ;=' ' a great niimb,- „ ''"'• '" fettle i, \f'' fl eleaion of delegates, to all freemen above ne years of ago. Before any perfon can be '^d to "nv "ff''-'''' o'^P''"fi* "■■ *'""'^' " declaration rj'^ljjf in theChridian religion mutt be fubfcribed Ijiiiii' C H A P XI. VIRGINIA. V; ^c. Div!Jio>is, Population, Climatf, Product, Jt'tli, Blrih, I'ijh, Vegetables, Rivers, Trade, In- linmk Buildings, and Government. ^ ^. , 'IRGINI A is finiated between the 75th and \ goth dcg. of weft long, and between the 36th and Ijiof north lat. It is about 7,50 miles in length, and t) ill breadth ; bounded by Carolina, on th ■ foiith ; I the river Potomack, which divides it froin Mary- Id, on the north-enft ; by the Atlantic Ocean, on the b' anil by the Apalachian monntains, on the weft. at' is properly divided into four parts : the north, the Iddle, the fouih, and (aft. In the north divifion are the counties of Nor- Lmbcrland, Lancafhire, Weftnioreland, Richinond, Jlird containing the parilhes of Wincomoca, jfrill-Chiirch, and Si. Paul's. [In the middle divifion are the conr..ies of EfTex, Jdkfex, Gioiicefter, King and Queen, King Wil- ri,New Kent, E izabeth, Warwi* Ic, York, Princefs L; containing the parilhes of Farnhaiii, Chrift- jiiirih, \bingdnn, Straiton, St. John's, St. Peter's, Izabeth, Dcnby, York, and Lynhaven. fin the fonth divifion are the counties of Norfolk, Iniamiind, I(le of Wight, Surry, Prince George, iatles, Henrico, James ; containing the parilhes of Izabcih, Chiitakiik, Newport, Southwark, Wyanoke, lelliiver, Bril(ears, wolves, foxes, a. fpecies of panther, or tyger, red deer, miilk rats, ra- coons, beavers, and wolves ;, but the molt curious animal found in that country is the opolFunT, which is about the fize of a cat, aiid,.befldes the belly common to it with other animals, it has another peculiar to it- felf, hanging beneath the former. Tnis additional belly has a large aperture towards the hinder legs, which difcovers a njmbcr of teats on the iifual part of the common belly. Upon th<;fe, when the female of this animal conceives, the young are formed, and, when arrived at their appointed fiie, drop from thence into the fecond belly, from whence they go out at pleafure, and into which they are received whenever there is the lealt appearance of danger. Horfes, cows, Ihecp, and hogs, were animals unknown in America, till introduced from Europe, and now, particularly ia. Virginia and the fouihern colonies, they run wild in prodigious numbers. In this province, are feveral forts of eagles, hawks, and owls. The white owl is efteemed a great curiofity, all the feathers of the back and breaft being perfedly white, except a black fpot underneath the throat. Their turkeys are exceeding large, foine of them weighing forty pounds. The partridges are not fo bie; as thofc of England, but their flelh finely Savour .d. ' u * 1 36o A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. !'!> as are every other fort of wild fowl. The Virginian nightingale, which takes its dilHngiiilhing epithet from this province, is adoriied with a pliuiagr- of bright crimfun and blue, and lings mod deiighttiilly ; bill Ills note IS tnuugi.t to be exceeded by the mocking bird, which is likewife an inhabitant of Virginia. The natural note of this bird is prodigioiifly fine, befidcs which, rs its appellation implies, it attains that of the linnet, lark, nightingale, &c. Filh of all forts are found here in vaft quantities, and three fpecies of them are remarkaMe, viz. the fting-grafs, the toad-fifli, and tobacco-pipc-filh. The iirft takes its name from a (ling in its tail ; the fecop.':', from its fwelling to a monllrous lize when taken out of the water ; and the third, from iis refeniblance to a tobacco-pipe. In February, March, April, and May, Hioals of herrings come up, even into the brooks, fome of which are about the i'uz of ours, but, in general, they arc much larger. Snakes, particularly the raltlc-fnake, and lizards, abound here ; and in fummer great number of worms arc found in the waters, which having a fcrt of horn or fcrew on their heads, force their palfage into the tjottoms and fides of fhips, whenever they find the coat of p! '■, tar, or lime worn off. The principal vegetable prodiiftion in Virginia, as in Maryland, is ttibacco. The culture of this plant, which in its excellent quality fiirpalfcs that of all other countries, fo engrolfes the attention of the inhabitants, ;hfit they only rear corn fufficlent for their own ufe. The next objeft of their attention, is hemp and flax, great qi antities of which are exported from this country ; rice is likewife cultivated, but very fparingly. The loreds yield oaks, poplars, pines, cedars, cyprelles, fweet I lyrtles, chefnuts, hickcry, walnut, dog-wood, elder, hazel, chinkapines, locult-trecs, faifafras, elm, afh, and beech. A great variety of fweet gums and incciifc diltil from fevcral of thcfe tree?, and others produce pitch, tar, rofin, turpentine, plank-timber, mafls, and yards. The trees in general are much lof;ier thun ours, and no underwood or bulhes grow beneath, fo that travellers may crofs the forefls on horfeback, and always find a comfortable (lieltcr from the iHtenfe heat of the climate in the middle of fum- incr. Bcfidcs excellent paihire, many places prodiite a fpecies of gfafs, called lilk grafs, the fibres of which arc as line as flax, and imith (troiiger than hemp. The plains and vallies are adorned with an alinoll perpetual fiicctllion of flowers, among which arc the fiii(.'ll crown impLTial in rlie world, the cardinal flower, and the tulip-bearing laiiiet-trcc. 1 he principal rivers in this country are James river, York river, Rnpoahannor k, and Pntomack. all ol which rife in the Apalachian mountains, and, running along the borders of Uiis province froin the iiorihvvell to tiie fouth-call, fall into the bay of C'iielapcak, which is near 300 miles in length, 18 in breadth in fome places, and fevea in others 4 in molt places the water is nine fathoms deep. Jaoj^s nver ' I about two miles in breadth, and navigable^ 1 27 leagues York and Rappahannock rivers j fo large ; but Potomack is navigable for 200 mil ' Here arc quarries of ftones, mines rf coals J*! d va:l quantities of icon ore, " The Virginians, before th': 'ate war, carried on trade with the Weft-Indies in lumber, pitch '^ and provilions ; and with Great-Britain in d'axV'*! iron, pipe-ftaves, and planks: but its principal,!,! of export, and chief manufadture, was tobacco' it is computed that this province, together wi|k of M?ryland, exported, of tobacco alone, to ihc annid value of 768,0001. into Great-Britain, which, at 81 1 hogfhead, makes the ""mber of hoglheadsamoLmfj 96,000. Of thefe it is fii] poled about n.jcoli heads are confumed at home, the duty on'vvii 26I. IS. per hogfhead, amounts to 351,671 remaining 82,500 hogfhcads are exported by 1 merchants to other parts of Europe, and their viL returned to Great-Britain. This, however, wism. the only advantage wt reaped from fo extenfivt] branch of commerce: in the profecutionofitnok than 330 fail of fhips, and 7,960 feamen werceu ployed ; fo that not only our wealth, but the tn finews of our national itrength The whole of our impor s from Maryland andV] ginia were faid to amount to 1 ,040,0001. annuailil while our exports to thofe places, whii h conled the fame articles with which wc furnifhed our « colonies, came to 86<;,oool. The number of white people in Virginia arefi to be 100,000, and the negroes nearly twice number. The better fort of people among them. cheerful, hofpitable, and genteel ; but they have, »ii too much juftice, acquired the charafter of bci once vain and oftentatious. The American Indians on the fiontiers of Vii are of a middling ftature, (traight and wi.!I proporiioi with the (inelt limbs in the world ; nor is there a(i»i or inidiapen perfon among them. Their colour that of copper, rendered darker by grcaiiiig tlural'cki and being expofed to the weather. They hate b! eyes, and their hair is coal-black, which the men into fcveral (hapes, and both men and women gn fo that it Ihines. The better fort wtai a kind i, coronet four or fire inches broad, and open jtK compofed of a fort of heads, and fome a vvrealt dyed furs ; they have alfu bratelets on their n«ks arms; but Mie common people go barc-hciJal,* they llick large fhiiiing feathers in ilicir hair. Th clothes arc a large mantle, carelclVly wrapidw tlicir bodies, and fometimes girt ciofely with a giii Tlic common fort only pal's a piece uf (.luihutlte round their middles, and put a piece ol clitihorllii between their thighs, which unns over the lirii each end. Their (hoes, when they wear any made of an entire piece of bucklkin. The drelbUii ivoimi ■fl^lff^- Uic-\'] VIRGINIA." 361 j(R.rc little trom that of the men, only the '"'f ,' have more b^a.is and bracckt... They com- ^ ak((t a^ far as the ravi.-l I'.ownwards, and 1 -1 10 til'- nii^'"'^ '-* ''"• ''''y'' ' *'"^''' ^'^'''""' '"'^ r,'t„,l fnial'l, and never hang down as thufe ot fcl;;,m'n on the coall of Guinea Inftead I nine their children warm, they dip them over K ifars in cold water as foon as born, andjhen K to a board with f..m(.thing fofr, in which r'ticY remain till their limbs brgm to acquire [|lr rs or prolelfors, and athei leers, »ho arc n^med by the g.ivcrnors or vifitor^. It Hon. Mr. HoyU- made a very huge donation t. ^tulltgi for the ediiCLti(in of Indian childrtn. Be- stlii> lollege, there uie loint otiier handlome cdi vinWillKimlbiirg, as (he town hoiife, the chiinh, hawziiic lor ;irnT. and ammunition, a public.- prifon, JDri, am! a play-lioide. BaiTies- Town is litnafi d about 26 miles above tli.. luih of the river ot tivit r^ame ; it was oiue the Vial, and tli;; feat of gnvcrnmeiit, but is uovv clv\in- J into an iiicoi.'idi rabk- villa^je. This was the fird colony planted in America by tlie Iglilli. It Las betn already e)l)lerve(l thai S'. bailiaii Ibjt, inthejear i.)()7, difcovered the northern cun- cnt ot the New World; but iidthiiig was done kards feiiliiii; a colony till the :•. :gn of Queen Izahcih Sir Walter RaL'igh, one t)! the molt ex- lordinary gci.iiilis (d hi*. oi\n, or perha|is any othei nes, was the tirlt Englilhman that attempted a fct- UKiit m Amenta, iic was the oi\i^ ptiiua wljo hiid any idea of tiie nature of foreign trade, or was capable of forming a right conception of the advant.ige of fettle- nients in a dilf-nt country. Animated with the idea of future greatnefs, and delirotis of incrcafing the povve. and commerce of his native country, he applied to the queen for a patent ; and having got together a company compofcd of feveral perfons of dillimSion, and many eminent merchants, they agreed to fettle a colony, and open a trade in that part of the world, which, in honour of Queen Elizabeth, he called Virginia. Towards the ciofe of the 16th century, feveral attempts were m.ide for fettling this colony, but with- out fiiccefs. The three firft companies who failed into Virginia, periihed through hunger and difeafes, r.* were cut off by the Irjdians. The fourth was reduced to almoft the fame fitnation; an qnences ol a c ivil war. Atilieiirn eitabluhnunt ol ilii'- mlony, tlie govern- iiieiu was adapted to the priiuql . ol the- Englilh- conltiiiiMon, and 10 the tnjoyiiient ot that liberty which evry Englilhman conliders a.-- his birtlintilit. It wa-s directed by a governor and cou.icil a,';) int.d by the crow 11 ; but, as liic uihrtbituuU iutreakd, the in~ ^Y cunvciiiciiC^ W ri i 862 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY convenient) cf this government became more con- fpiciiDUs : the people complained, and it was found nccellary to give them a (hare in the government. Accordingly a new branch was addt ! to the iegiflature : the people were allowed to elccl tli.ir own reprefenta- tives foreaih county into which the colony is divided, with privileges refembling thofe of the co' imons of England : and thus two hoiifes, called the upper and lower houfe of alTembly, were formed. The upper houfe, which was before called the council, contintied on its former footing; the members wt re appointed by the crown; they held their pofts during pleafure; were flyled honourable, and anfwered, in fome meafure, to the Britilh houfe of peers. The lower houfe was the guardian of i' c liberties of the people ; and the gover- nor reprefcnttd the king. Thtis the government of Virginia bore a ftriking refetnblancc to the Britifli. When any bill had paifed the two houfcs of alfembly, it was fent up to the governor, who gave his afl'cnt or negative as he thought proper; but it did not acquire the force of a law, till it had been tranfinitted to England, and received his majelly's approbation. The upper houfe of aflembly, befides making a part of the Jegiflature, foaned alfo a privy-council to the governor, who, without their confent, could do nothing of mo- ment : it fometimes adcd alfo as a court of chancery. With regard to the prefent government of Virginia, the convention at W illiamfburg, in July 1776, agreed, that the logillative, executive, and judiciary depart- ments ihould be feparate and di(Hn£l. The houfe of delegates are to he chofen annually by the freeholders, two for each county, and for .he diltridl of Welt Auguda, and one reprttfentative for the city of Wil- liamfburg and town of Norfolk. The fenate confifts of 24 members, chrScn by the freeholders of the (late, and divided into ?i>di(lri6ts. The executive government isa governor ar,d privy council of eight members, chofcn annually bv the joint ballot of the general aifembly of the (late, who alfo eledl the delegates to congrefs, the judges, jjrelidcnt, treafurcr^ fecretary, juilices, (lierilF^, coroners, &c. A Description of the Situation tifid Plan of the City nf Washington, in the Diftriii of Columbia, in North-America, noiv luilding ycr//>t' Metropolis of the Un.ted States. THE city of Wadiington, in the dillrlft of Colum- bia, now buiKiing for the permanent feat of the government of the United States of America, (lands at thejiindlion of the rivers Pototnack and the I'lallern Branch, txtcndiiig about four miles up each, including a tra£l of territory fcarccly to be exceeded, in point of convenience, falubrity, and beauty, by any in the world: for although the latid is apparently kvtl, )et, by gcatlc and gradual rwellin^s, a variety of elegant profpedls arc produced. Thlc , artly in the (late of Virginia, and .-!!.. "M SS' aiyland, and was cedcd''by thofe" two' \u '''"I United States of America, and by them eft wH be the feat of government, after the year ,8^ Within the limits of the city arc twenty t ■ failing fprings of excellent water; and bv',)'* wells, water of the beft quality is readily U. Jl the never-failing dreams that now ruii thro, ? territory, are alfo to be collefted for the „r?(' city^ "" « The Eaflern Branch is one of the fjfeft ,„j commodious harbours in America, being fnffi deep for the Urged fliips, for about four miles abl'i mouth ; while the channel lies clofe along the td I the city, and is abundantly capacious. 7h ' contains thirty and thiny-fivc feet to neat the" end of the city, where it is eighteen and twenhl The city being fituated upon the great exa£lly equididant from the northern and fouXr!" tremities of the Union, and nearly Co from theAtU Ocean to the River Ohio, imon the bell imi, and in the midd ot the riclicd commercial tetriLl America, commanding the mod extenftve intctj," fources, is by far the mod eligible iituation for J reCidence of Congrefs; and r is now prcllingforna by the public -fpirited enterpul.. not only of tlic« pie of the United States, but alfo of forugnets. The inland navigation of the PotomackisC advanced, that craft loaded with produce now con down that river and its feveral branches, from i wards of 180 miles to the great (alls, which are *ii|ii fourteen miles of the new city. The canals st il great and little falls are nearly completed, anil i locks in fuch forwardnefs, that, in the courle ofi enfuing fummer, the navigation will be eniiii opened between tide water and the head branclitil the Potomack, which will produce a communicatiJ by water between the city of Waflilngtonandilitii] terior parts of Virginia and Maryland, by n J the Potomack, the Shannandoah, the South Bnii Opecan, Cape Capon, Paterfon's Creek, CoicJ chegue, and Monocafy, for upwards of 200 mJlaJ through one of the mod healthy, pleafant, and fttl tile regions in America, producing, in vail m\ dance, tobacco of fuperior quality, hemp, liidai corn, wneat, and other fmall grain, with Ituit i vegetables peculiar to America, in vail abundance. The lands upon the Potoni;.ck above iheciM Wadiington, all around it, and for (ixty miles belo*,! are high and dry, abounding with innumerable rpnogtl i)f excellent water, and are well covered with ta timber of various kinds. A few miles below ij city, upon the banks of the Potomack, are inexhiiilli-| bk moimtains of excellent freedoiie, of the while anil red Portlatui kinds, of which the public edifices in (ill city arc now building. Above Uic city alfo, ujmI liil V I R G N I A. a^'s [ , f (1,2 river, are immenfe quantities of ex- i,m\, liiitedonc, anil marble, with blue flate iiDiin fiich a liberal ami elegant p'an. will by \ generations be cqnfidered as a high proof of yLcnt and wifdom of the pnfent prefidcnt of Uiiiieil States, while its name will keep frefh in i to the end of time, the obligations they are Icrioltiatilluftiious charafter. he plan of this city, agreeably to the direaionfi l(he prdident of the United States, was dcfigned by ilur L'Enfant, and is an inconceivable improve- ,„t upon all other cities, combining not oniy con- liente, regularity, elegance of profpeft, and a free Illation of air, but every thing grand and beautiful it can be introduced into a city. [The city is divided into fquares or grand dlvifions, ihellrects running due north and fouth, and call I weft, which form the ground-work of the plan. wever, from the capitol, the prelident's houfe, and J. of the important areas in the city, run tranlVerfe 'nues or diagonal (treets, from one material objedt another, which not only produce a variety of rmiiig profpe£ls, but remove that infipid famenefs t renders fome other great cities unpleafing. They ie devifetl to conned the feparate and mod didant jefls with the principal, and to prefcrve through whole a reciprocity of fight. 1 hcfc great lead- llreets are all i6o feet wide, including a pave- nt of ten feet, and a gravel walk of thirty feet nied with trees on each fide, which will leave thty feet of paved ftreet for carriages. The reft of Jeflreets are, in general, no feet wide, with a few lly ninety feet, except North, South, and Eaft Ca- lol Streets, which are i6o feet. The diagonal |tets are named after the refpedlive dates compoling : Union, while thofe running north and fouth are, i)m the capitol caftward, named, Eaft Firft Street, Second Street, &c. and thofe weft of it are in :famemanner called Weft Firft Street, Weft Second |ieet, &c. thofe running caft and weft, are from the pitol northward, named, North A Street, North B beet, &c. and thofe fouth of it are called Souih A jieet, South B Street, &c. JThc fquares, or divifions of the city, amount to ■50. The reftangnlar fquares generally contain from Irce to fix acres, and are divided into lots of from Iriy to eighty feet in front, and their depth, from y.i( 113 to 300 feet, according to the fue of the luare. jThe irregular divifions produced by the diagonal leets are fome of them fmall, but generally in valu- Jle litiiations. Their acute points arc all to be cut "at forty fcet, fo that no houfe in the city will Ire an acute corner. The lots in thefe irregular juarcs will all turn at a right angle with the refpec- je llrects, although the backs of the houfcs upon thcr.. will not ftand parallel to one another, which is a matter of no confequcnce. By the rules declared and publifticd by the prcfi- dent of the United States, for regulating the buildings within the city, aU houfes iiiiift he. of ftnnc or bviok : their walls miift be parallel to tlu- ft -ets, an! titiier placed immediately upon them, nr withdiawii tlu-re- from at pleafure. The walls of all houfes noon (Iroets i6o feet wide muft be at leaft thirty feet high. The atea for the capitol (or houfe for the Icgifla- tivc bodies) is fituatcd upon the moft beautiful emi- nence in the city, about a mile from ths; Eaftern Branch, and not much more from the Potonu k, rom- manding a full view of every part of the city, as well as a confiderable extent of the country around. The prefldent's houfe will ftand upon a rifing ground, not far from the banks of the Potoinack, polfeffing a de- lightful water profpeft, with a commanding view of the capitol, and fome other material parts of the city. Due fouth from the prefldent's houfe, and due weft from the capitol, run two great pleafure parks or malls, which interfcdl and terminate i^pon the banks of the Potomack, and are to be r ;icnted at the fides by a variety of elegant buildi-.j,:, houfes for fo- reign minifters, &c. Interfperfed through the city, where the moft ma- terial ftreets crofs each other, are a variety of open areas, formed in various regular figures, which in great cities arc extremely ufefiil and ornamental. Fifteen of the beft of thefe areas are to be appro* priated to the difFercnt ftates compoling the Union ; not only to bear their rcfpeflive names, but as pro- fier places for them to ere6t ftatucs, obelilks, or co- umns, to the memory of their favourite eminent men. Upon the fmall eminence, where a line due weft from the capitol, and due fouth froij. me pre- fident's houfe, would interfed, is to he f.reiced an equeftrian ftatue of General Wafliington, now prefi- dcnt of the United States. — The building wlivre Maf- fachulTets and Georgia ftreets meet, is intended for a marine hofpital, with its gardens. The area at the fouth end of Eaft Eight Street is for the general exchange, its public walks, &:c.-- In the original plan of this city, the broad black line, which runs along part of North B Street, and, feparating, joins the Eaftern Branch at two places, denotes a canal, which is to be eighty feet wiiic, a;iJ eight feet deep. The area, where South (j Sri est crolfes the canal, is intended to contain a city hall, and a bafon of water ; there Leing now a very large fpring in the middle of it. The area, at the jiimfHon of the rivers, i:; foi- a fort, magazines, and arfenals. At the eaft end of Eaft Capitol Street is to be a bridge, and the prefent ferry !■> at the lower cikI of Kentucky-Street, where the great road now crollcs the Eaftern Branch. — The Tybcr, which is the jriu- cipal 8( I I :\ I I :- 864 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOORAPny cipal dream that palll-s ihi >u^h the city, is to be colli <^Uil ii) a grand iiliivoir bil'ule the capitol, whence it will be carried in jiipes to ditfcrent paits ol the litv ; while its Airpliis water will lall down in bcaiiiitiil cafcadts, through the pnblii.: t;.iulens well ol the capital, into the canal. — In various parts ol the city places are allotted for inarket-liourcs, churches, colhges, theatres, &c. The prelidcnt of the United States, in locating the feat of the city, prevailed upon thi- pro|)rittors of the foil to Ctde a ceitain portion of the lots in every iiination, to be fold by his diret^tion, and the procetds to be folely applied to the publi-- buildings, and other works ot public utility within the.ci^y. This j^rant will produce about i.^ooo lots, anii. This iiew Hate bi Im s^^, at preltut, to the province of Virginia. It is lituaicd between ^u dcg. 30 mm. and 39 ' •; niin. Well de;^. 30 inin. north lat andSdeij. ^',0 miles in length, and 200 in breaiith'"hr'V"''5' north-wed. by the river Ohio; well L ''^^"" rii,...- . f.,.iil, ).., M..r,l. r'...„i:.._ . ,', 7 ^'1 8 , river; (jnith by Nortl,.Caroli„a;ealV^vS'''' an lengih abuiii iii;i;t.| miles — and its mouth is eigliiv yurds \vi;ie Green river piirfues a wellern courfe iipHsrilsofl 1,50 miles, and, by a mouth eighty yards wiut,, i.ij into the Ohio, lao miles befow the Rapids. Cumberland river interlocks wiili die nnnhinl bram h of Kentucky, and rolliog roiiinl die nti.ti :nr.tl of Kentiuky, aiiiung the iiii'iiiit:iin<:. 111 .i |oiiiln;jl courfe, too milts — then in a funh-^vedern comliiutf above 200 more — then in a loiitliern aiul fouth-ntilfiiij courfe tor about 250 more, finds the Ohio, ^ij nitil below the halls. Ai N.ilhvillc, tliisuveri .■^j,.uiil broad, and at it- month 300. The rivei, m ai)uiiti„ut| its courfe. 1 dies ihioiit.h North C lolina. Thclc fivei's aic tiAvig^blc fur buats alinod tn ihcir I K E N T IT r K Y. S'M"' jirce^ '"> Tom i„ c>;';i''^ - w 1. ."N , — " ■•^''f^very large, i,i 1 coi,t,n„e to b. m,nvcic4 boundary ot KcnindJ well direction, upwai' 100 yards broad a; ,|d crooked river, imd, aliij aoomil,s, eiiipiisii ards l>road, outplaces near each oijief,! are curious. The :„|JI oiirfe around a nut ir^l niiing about hiij i,,i,^J y niilcs bcldw iiitla,:jl d— it>iengili abuiituiiEJ "•y yards wi;!e I ■lieri) coiirle upwards ofl ■ eit;l)ty yards wiji, i.'n '" the k'iipids. icks wiih die m'b%\ Ufg roiiiid ihc oii.ci arirjl (;iini:iins, ill a |,iiii|,i,J ioiiili-ivdlern couilfiuij iiilurii ai)d rdUtli-iuJ-jl ihI.s ilie Uliio, ^13 iii(}| le, tins liver 1 /^j i.,Jtj 'riieri\ci, iiiabuiiiuif| 'li C roliiia, I iot boats aimort to ihtir I (into mills ;,hotit rapids, for the grcatcft pari of the The iile rivulets which chequer the country, iclTen : J""<=' ="'' V^^^ difappear injhe liimM ' f Augiift, September, and Odlober. The 1 rains liowever, in November, replcnilh them The method of getting a fiipply of water in !7rv feafon is by finking wells, which arc tadly t ml pffo-il """f"' "■^"''■- ''''f-.r""?* "^ '"'""l" /.in. i> the great complaint. Mills that may be id with '■■:'.r. eight motiihs ,n a year, may be li J in ■ llioiifiiii'' diflerent places. Wind-mills iiorfc-nills may fopply the other four nionths. ..haiiksof the rivers arc generally high and com- r|„f|imc-(lone. Alter heavy rains the water in ;';,,rsrifeslro.ii ten to thirty feet. Ktc arc five noted fait Iprings or luks in this I'rV viz. The higher and lower Blue Springs on "?;• \iver, from fome of which, it is faid, ilTue ains of brinifli water—the Big Bone lick. Orcn- '- licks and Bullet's lick, at Salifl)\irgh. 1 he lad ihefc licks, though in low order, has fiipplied this niry and Cumberland with fait at twenty Hiillings biilliel, Virginia currency ; and fome is exported ihc Illinois country. The method of procuring iicr from thefe licks, is by finking wells from thirJy ortv feet deep. The water drawn from thefe wells orcdrongly impregnated with fait than the water the fea. A firaight road, forty feet wide, has n cut from Saltiburgh to Louifville, twenty-four lies. lAs far as has yet been difcovercd, this whole ies upon a bed of lime-ftonc, which in icriii lies about fix feet below the fiirface, except ihc vallies, where the foil is much thinner. A Si of about twenty miles wide, along the b.inks the Ohio, is hilly, broken land, interlpcrfed with -iiy fertile fpofs. The reft of the country is agree- ly uneven, gently afcending and defcending at no Ltdiftances. The angles of afcent are from ci^ht [twenty-four degrees, and fometimes more. 1 lie lies are, for the mod part, very narrow, and the foil Ithem is very thin, and of an inferior qirality ; and It along the afcending ground is frequently not much Iter; for where you fee a tree blown up, you find [roots clinging to the upper parts of the rock. The nn tliefe agreeable alcents (for they cannot be lied hills) is futficiently deep, as is evident from the E of the trees. The foil is either black or tinged u liglite- or deeper vermilion, or is of the colour [daikalhes. In many places there are appearances [potters clay, and coal in abundance. The country pmifes to be well fupplied with vvhoiefome, v/ell- Red water. In Nclfon county, north-weit of Roll- '•fotk, a branch of Salt river, is a tradl of about Fly miles fquare, modly barren, interfperfed with kins ahd llrips of good land, which are advantageous laiions for railing cattle, as the neighbouring har- ps ate covered with grafs, and afibid good palturage. The lands cad of Tave not been caught in the wedern waters. The land fowls are turkeys, which are very frequent, pheafants, and partridges*. The parroquet, is a bird every way r«fcmbling a parrot, but much fmaller. The ivory-bill woodcock, of a whitidi colour, with ft white plume, flies fcrcaming exceedingly ibarp. It is aiferted, that the bill of this bird is pure ivory, a circumdance very lingular in the plumy tribe. The great owl refembles its fpccies in other parts, but is tcmitkably diii'crcnt in its vociferation, fometimes making a Itrange, furprifrng noifi.-, like a man in the mod extreme danger and (tliriculty. There are few fwamps in Kentucky ; and of courfe the reptiles which they produce, fuch as fnakes, frogs, &c. are not numerous. The honey-bee may be called a domtdic infefl, as it is not found but in civilized countries. This is confirmed by a faying which is faid to be common among the Indians, when they fee a fwarm of bees in the 'voods, " Well, brothers, it is time for us to decamp, for the white people arc coming." The quadfiipeds, except the buflalo, are the fame as in Virginia and the Carolinas, 1 he climate is healthy and delightful, excepting fome few places in the neighbourhood of ponds and low ground';. The iiihabi'ants do not experience the extremes of heat and cold. Snow fciilum lulls deep, or lies long. The winter, which begins about ClirilU nias, is never longer than three months, and is com- monly but two, and is fo mild as that cattle can lubiid without Ibdder. • What is c:i!li-il a partridpe by nioft pco;ile in America, is a quail; and MJiat is called a (ilicalaiit, is a l^^eciesut .gioiile. Lexington, which Hands on the head w,u, Elkhorn river, is reckoned the capital of Kmi Here the courts are held, and biilincfs regularly"' duded. In 1786, it contained about too houfa feveral dores. with a good alfortmcm of dry goodl ' mud have greatly increafed fincc. Leestown is weft of Lexington, on ihc tij, bank of Kentucky river. It is regularly laidou, k is tioiirilhing. The banks of Kentucky river aiii markably high, in fome places 3 and 400 feet m pofed generally of dupendous perpendicular rocH confequencc is, there are few crolFing plactj. 1 bed is at Leedown, which is a circumllanccihaii contribute much to itsjncrcafe. Louifvillc dands on the Kentucky fide of thef oppofite Clarkfvillc, at the Falls, in a fertile coum and promifcs to be a place of great trade. I;$|.|,||, thinefs, owing to flagnated waters back of iheioi has confiderably retarded its growth. Befidtsii there is Barddown, in Nclfon county, and HarnxKld in Mercy county, both on the head waters of S, river; Danville, Boond)orough, and Granvillcaieil increaling towns. It is impoffible to afcertain, with any accuracy, the prefent number of inhabitan!s;°oiJ to the numerous accedions which are made aJa •every month. In 1783, in the county of Lint only (now divided) there were, on the militia n 3570 men, chiefly emigrants from the lower pin] Virginia. In 1784, the number of inhabitants w reckoned at upwards of 30,000. From the acca of their adonilhing increafe lince, wemaynowfi eliiiTiate them at 100,000. It is alTerted that atk eo.oco migrated here in the year 1787. Thefef collcdlcd trom different dates, of different maw culloins, religions, and political fentimcnts, havtii been long enough together to form an unifottn 1 dirtinguifhing charadcr. Among the fetilcrs there « many gentlemen of abilities, and many genteelfaii lies, from feveral of the dates, who give dignityt refpcdlability to the fettlemeut. They are, ingem more orderly, perhaps, than any people who I fettled, a new country. The mod numerous religious fcfl in KenluckjK the Baptids. In 1787 they had lixteen churthesd blilhed, bcfides feveral congregations where chutd wtie not conlUtuted. Thefc were fiipplicd «ili» wards of thirty minilfcrs or teachers. There are (eta large congregations of Prcibyterians, and fome kti other denominations. J The government here is the farnc as in Virgufl But they expeil to be admitted into the union asr independent date, in a convenient time afitrtheii government is put in operation. The inconvcnieo to which they arc ncceflarily fubjeCted, from U conneflion with Virginia, are great. Thelcihel flaturc of Virgiuia have coiifidered; and, inthtf(i( of J786, palled an ail, providing, o;i their pait,* KENTUCKY. 8^7 yterians, and fome kit .rcflion of the diftria of Kentucky into an inde- I (jjte. In no part of the United States is .ictadminiilered with more propriety and difpatch. For promoting literature and improvements, the 4aiure of Virginia have made provifion for a college -lucky, and have endowed it with very confider- landed funds. The Rev. John Todd has given rv handfome library for its ufe. Schools arc efta- I'd in the feveral towns, and, in genera!, regularly handfomely fupported. They have a printing- j and publilh a weekly Gazette. They have cd a paper-mill, an oil-mill, fulling-mills, faw- and a creat number of valuable grifl mills. all „„ „... a great iclr fait works are more than fuflicicnt to fuppKr al inhabitants, at a low price. They make confider quantities of fugar from the fugar trees. La- rers, particularly tradcfmin, arc exceedingly wanted ,c, No tradefman will work for lefs than fifty per t. advance upon the Philadelphian price. avcs have been difcovered in this country, of .ral miles in length, under a fine limc-rtone rock, iported by curious arches and pillars. Sjjrings that lit fulphurous matter have been found in Tcvcral IS ot the country. One is near a fait fpring, in neighbourhood of Boonfborough. There arc three tings or ponds of bitumen near Green river, which not form a dream, but empty themfelves into a raon refervoir, and when ufed in lamps, anfwer ihc purpofes of the beft oil. Copperas and alum among the minerals of Kentucky. Near Lexing- j are found curious fepukhres full of human (kele- is. We have been told that a man, in or near Lex- ton, having dug five or fix feet below the furface ihe ground, came to a large flat flone, under which a well of common depth, regularly and artificially d with (lone. inong the natural curiofities of this country, the iding banks, or rather precipices, of Kentucky and k'sRivers, defcrve the firft place. The aftoniftied there beholds almoft every where three or four idrcJ feet of a folid perpendicular lime-ftonc rock ; fome parts a fine white marble, cither curioudy kd, pillared, or blocked up into fine building rhefe precipices are like the fides of a deep DC). Inch, or canal ; the land above being level, except lere creeks fit in, and crowned with fine groves of 1 cedar. It is only at particular places that thefe rivers ibecrolfed, one of which is worthy of admiration ; kreat toad, large enough for waggons, made by the (falo, (loping with an cafy defcent from the top to I bottom of a very large fteep hill, at or near the Icr above Lees-Town. [HISTORY OF KENTUCKY. "H E firft white man we have certain accounts of, lodifcovcicd this province, was one James M'liride, who in, company with fome others, in the year i754t pairing down the Ohio in canoes, landed at the mouth of Kentucky river, and there marked a tree with tiie firft letters of his name, and the date, which remain to this day. Thefe men reconnoitred the country, and returned home with the pleafing news of their difcovery of the bell trail of land in North Ainerica, and probably in the world. From this period it re- mained concealed till about the year 1767, when one John Finley and fome others, trading with the In- dians, forfimatcly travelled over the fertile region, now called Kentucky, then but known to the Indians by the name of the Dark and Dloody Grounds, aiut fomctimes the Middle Ground. This country greatly engaged Mr. Finley's atten- tion. Some time after difpulcs arifing between the hw dians and traders, he was obliged to decamp ; and re- tnrntJ to his place of rclidencc in North Carolina, where he communicated his difcovery to Col. Daniel Boon, and a few more, who, conceiving it to be an intereiling objedl, agreed in the year 1769 to under- take a journey in order to explore it. Alter a long fatiguing march, over a mountainous wildernefs, in a weftward diredion, they at length arrived upon its borders , and from the top of an eminence, with joy and wonder, defcried the beautiful landfcapc of Ki;n- tucky. Here tliey encamped, and fome went to hunt provifions, which were readily procured, there being plenty of game, while Col. Boon and Jbhn Finley made a tour through the country, which they found far exceeding their expedlations ; and returning to camp, informed their companions of their difcovcries. But in fpite of this promifing beginning, this com- pany, meeting with nothing but hardihips and adver- fity, grew exceedingly difiitartencd, and were plun- dered, difpcrfed, and killed by the Indians, except- Col. Boon, who continued an inhabitant of the wil- dernefs until the year 1771, when he returned home. Kentucky had, about this time, drawn the atten- tion of fevcral gentlemen. Dodor Wulker, of Vir- ginia, with a number more, made a tour weftward for difcoveries, endeavouring to find the Ohio river ^ and afterwards he and General Lewis, at Fort Stan- wix, punhafed from the five nations of Indians the lands lyini^ on the north fide of Kentucky. Col. Donaldfi' , of Virginia, being employed by the ftate to run a line from fix miles above the Long Ifland,; on Holftein, to the mouth of the Great Kanhaway,- and finding thereby that an cxtcnllve trail of excel- lent country would be cut off- to the Indians, was fo-*- licited, by the inhabitants of Clench and Holitein, to purchafe the lands lying on the north lide of Ken- tucky iiver from the Five Nations. This purchafe he completed for five hundred pounds, fpecie. It was then agreed, to fix a boundary line, running from the- Long lUand on HoKUin to the head of Kentucky river ; thence down the fame to the mouth ; thence up the Olriu to the mcMith of Great Kanhaway ; but this valuable purchafe the llatc rcfufcd to confirm. Col. 368 A NKW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOORAPliv Col. Hotulerfbn, ot Nortli Carolina, b«inu informed of this country by Col. Boon, lie, and lome r:her getulai-nvn, IrIJ a trcjty with the Cht-rokcc Indians at Watnga, in March ij'/j, and then purchafcd from thtin the lands lying on the roiitli I'ldc of Kentucky riviT for goods, at valuable ra:c5, to the amount of 6000 1, fjji'cic. Si)on after this pnrchaftf, the ftate of Virginia took the alarm, .ngreud to pay the money Col. uonaldfon had contraded for, aiul then difputed jjoi. Honder- fon's right of purchaff, as a private gentleman of ano- ther (late, in behalf of himfclf: however, for his eminent fcrviccs to this country, and lor having been it(llrumcnial in making fo valuable an acquifiiiou to Virginia, that (late was plcafed to reward him with a trail of land, at the mouth of Gre "^ river, to the amount of eoo.ooo acres; and the (late of North Carolina gave him the like quantity in I'owel's Val- ley. This region was formerly claimed by various tubes of Indians; whofe title, if tlicy had any, ori- ginated in fuch a manner, as to rendi^r it doubtful wliich ouglit lopolfefsit: hence this fertile fpot be- came an objeil of contention, a theatre of war, from Avliich it was properly denominated the Bloody Grounds. Their contentions not being likely to de- ciilc the right to any particidar tribe, as focn as Mr. Hciukrfon and hi'^ IVicnds propofed to purchafe, the Indians agreed to fell; but notwithllanding the vaUi- •iible coulidtraiion they received, have continued ever lincc troublcfiim J neighbours to the new fettiers. In Ihort, the progrefs in improvements and cidti- vation which have been made in this country to the prtf^nt year 17931 almolt exceeds belief. — Twelve years ago Kentucky lay in forcll, almoll uninhabited but by wild beads. Now, notwithllanding the united oppoliiion of all the Wertern Indians, (he exhibits an cxtenljvc fettlcmcnt, divided into feven large and po- pidous counties, in which arc a number of iiourilh- ing little towns, containing more inhabitants than are in Georgia, Delaware, or Rhodc-Illand dates, and nearly or quite as many as in New Hamplhirc. Mr. Imlay, in his defcripiion of this Wcllern Territory, fays, he has known upwards of 10,000 emigrants to arrive in the fingle (late of Kentucky within one year, and from 4 to io,ooo in ftveral other years. An in- llancc of the like kind, where a fettlement has had fo large and fo rapid a growth, can fcarcely be pro- duced from the page of hillory. Mr. Fiifon concludes his account of Kentucky with the following obfervaiions on thp happy circumllances, that the inhabitants of Kentucky will probably enjoy, from the polllirion of a country fo cxtendve and fertile. " Th'^re are four natural qualities necefTary to pro- mote the luppinefs of acoimtry, viz. A good foil, air, vattr, and trade. Tlicfe taken colledtively, except- ing the lalitr, Kentucky polfelfes in a fuperior de- gree : and, agreeable to our dcfcription of the wel^crn trade, we conclude, that it will he ncarU , , _ ,„.,;!.. 1'>1 vantages it is fubjcil tc. be ful the fertdity any other on the continent of America audi, advantages it is fubjcrt tc. be fully coinDi.,f'o''1 e fertdity of the foil. ' 'omM^kdiJ " This fertile region, abounding witl, ,11 .l , rics of nature, ftored with all the principal ""^ fi.r art ai.d indudry, inhabited by virtiioii,'"'Ij'" gciiious citizens, mult univerfatly attrad the • of mankind, being iltuated in the central part'T cxtcniivc American empire, where agric'iliup diidry, laws, arts, and fcienccs, (Jourilli ; whr " flieled humanity raifes her drooping hca,|. '' fprings a harvell for the poor; wjicre o.V" ccali.s to be a Have, and law.s arc no more 11,^1 fecurity of happinefs ; where nature nukes rm ' for having created man ; ai^d govcrnmeiit, f,? prollituled to the moll criminal purpnfcs, clbbhl an afyluin in the wildernefs for the liidrci]' mankind. " " The recital of your iiappincfs will call to n coiHitry all the unfortunate ot the earth, who, hj;'! experienced opprellion, political or religious, \vi| lind a deliverance from their chains. To 'yon merablc midtitudes will emigrate from i|ie hiirf] regions of defpotifm and tyranny ; ami you J furely welcome them as friends, a.s brmhw - will welcome them to partake with yon of youlli piinis — Let the memory of Lyairgus, ihc Spartanb gillator, who banidied covetoufnefs and the loud gold from his coimtry ; the excellent Locke, wit tuft taught the doilflrine of toleration ; the veiieril Tenn, the fird who founded a city of brethren' iij Walhington, the defender and protertor of perbiii liberty, be ever the iiludrious examples of youtpolil tical condutS. Avail yourfelves of the benefits ofiikl ture, and of the fruitful country you inhabit. " Let the iron of your mines, the wool of yoirj flocks, your flax and hemp, the flcins of the fan aniinals that wander in your woods, be falhioncd it, manufaflures, and take an extraordinary value fral vour hands. Then will you rival the fupcrfluitics i Europe, nnd know that happinefs may be fonnL without the commerce fo univcrfally dclircd by ttm kind. " In your country, like the land of promife, I ing with milk and honey, a land of brooks of wiisJ of fountains and depths, that fpring out of valleysajjj hills, 3 land of wheat and barley, and all kindsT fruits, you fliall cat bread without fcarcenefs, amli lack any thing ir. it ; where you are neithen with the cold of Capricorn, nor fcorched with \\t\ burning heat of Cancer ; the mildnefs of your air fcl great, that you neither feel the effects of inbl tious fogs, nor pedilential vapours. Thus vmI country, favourecl with the fmiles of heaven, ml| probably be inhabited by the hrll people the hoi ever knew." CHAM SIRICA .] NORTH AND SOUTH C A R O L I N A, A-c. 3^9 CHAP. XIII. )RTH and SOUTH CAROLINA, WITH GEORGIA. [ . .^j Dhlfims, Climnte, Rivtrs, Soil, Preduc- g^"inmls, prinapni fJe country is in a manner one forell, where the planters have not cleared if, and the trees are alniolt the fame ill ev«ry rcfpeihl with thole produced in Virginia. The: land in Carolina is calily cleared, as there is little or. no underwood, and the forells chiefly coiililt of tall trees at a conllderable cliliancc frum each other.. 5 A. - WJieal. A N'FAV AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOCRAPHy lUi^biiikUBdUlia |i !• i Wheat grows extremely well in the back parts, ami yields a prodi^iniii incrcafe. It is a moll forttinate tircumltaijcc l now really is, the capital of the province'' H procefs ol time the difpuu-s between the" I, 1 lingland i>e»fen by and ft of the general alfembly, who alfo appoint the Idgej, field-officers, fecretary, treafurer, &c. The itices and flieriiFs are recommended by the people i Vl the delegates to congrefs are ele£lc'l annually by [llot outot the general alfembly. This form of go- nnment was fettled in convention at Hallifax, Dec. I, i;;6.— The coiiltitution edablilhcd for South Ca- lini, by the council and alfembly in March 1778, Vis the legiflative authority in the general alfembly, jtililling ol the feiiate and houfe ot reprei'cntatives. [he executive power is compofcd of a governor, lieu- Jiaiit-governor, and eight privy-counfellors. The lembly is to aominate jultices of the peace, (licritfs, Id other officers. By the conllitution agreed to in fcb 177, for Georgia, the legillative, executive, and Viiciary departments are to be dillin£l and fiparatc Wicsi the le^illativc to confill of reprefcntativts elected by the freeholder, in each county, annually, by ballot. Seventy-two reprefcniativet conililute thn houfe of alfembly, out of whom arc chofen, bv billot, the governor and executive council, and alfo the dele- gates to congrefs, annually. The rcfpe two fettlements arc coninieiKing, one at Mariiiia, at thu mouth of Miidciiigum, under the dircciion > f the Ohiu company. '1 his Jetilement conlilts, ai pn (em, of about 830 fouls, and i!> aiaiolt daily iiicrcaling. The -v'j oilier u 378 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY H ca.I ii h oilicr hauLi-ii the M»aiui rivers, under flic tlirodliuii €)!' Loloiicl SyniiiiL's, wliicli, tlioui^li very liiiall at prtfent, is in prufjjcdl ot a rapid ciilari^ciiitiit. Tiicn; live llvci.il other trails, cli.-liiicalcil oi\ the map, which ]uvc Ikci) granted by Coiis^rcfs to particular coin- paiiics, and niiicr trai.'[.s f.T particular ufcs, which ic- iiiain without any jMigliili rciiiciiicnts. — It i,-., iu ge- neral, H iinc, kitilc, and u ell- watered Cuiintry, CHAP XIV. V E R M O N T. Siltidli'jn, Ev/t-nf, Ihrnduri s, Divifuns, Conntirs, 7ywns, Kiiers, A'l.uif.rns, Soil diid I'rJtice, Cmali', Ali- iiliu, Populat'fj'i, Ch:r,icltr, Curiijtties, Coujlilution, ji'Jl DijiJZiiy unJ oaiicment, i^c. T HIS inik|)C'iul.iiit n.itc is fitiiatc'd between 42 dcg r.o inin. and 45 I'c^. of north laiiiiidc, and b'.t'.vccn I dig. 30 mill. a:ul ;j dcg. of call '.ongitudi.'. If is b uipded, on tiie north, by Canada; on the cait, by I'oiuiedlicut river, which divides it from New Hamplhire ; on tiie foiith, by Mairachufets ; au:\ on the welt, by New York. Vermont i> divided into the fevtn ri)lIov\ing coun- ties : llenniiigton, Rutland, Acidilon, Windhaiii, Chit- tendon, Orange, and Windfor. Tliefe C'innties ar.' fnl' livuled into town(lii])s, which are geiu rally lix mile.s luiiire In every townltiip is a reierve ot two rights of liiid, of 350 acres ca> li ; one to be appropiiatid lor the iupiiort oi public fchools tiie oth.r to be gi^cn in fee to the hiit ini- niller who fettles in the townlhip. A part of the towiilliips Were granted by the governor ol New Hanip'hir.', and the otiier part l>y that of Vermont. In thole touuhips giantcd by the loriner, a right iil land is referved lor the fupport of the gofpel 111 lo- reign parts; in thofe granted by the latter, acolf. ge rii;i\t, and a right lor the Inpport of county giaiwinar IViiOiils art" relerved. In iliefe refervaiion^, lif.eral provilion is made lor the fiip|)ort of the gofpel, and lor the promotion tit common and collegiate edu- cation. This llatc, on the eafl fide of the nionntain, is wa- tered by the following rivcis; vii. Patipaiihuohik, Quechey, Welds, Wiiite, Black, and VVet rivers, which run from will to eall into Conncoticnt riv. r ; and we.t ot the moiintaiiis, by the river LuiivjiI, over •which is a nat;iral .tone bri.!.;'. l>.ven or eii-jit rods in length, by ()iii<;n rivci a:id (J;tcr Creek, which ctnpty by one tn mth into Laivr Ciiamulam, no or 30 iwiles foiith of St John'>. Otter Cieck is navigable fur bii.its r^Q inde-s. I he laa is adjacent arc ot an excellent viiialiiy, and are ainnally enriched by the oveilloAing of the v\.iier, occaiioiied by the iiiuliini^ ot the iaow un the Grceit MuuiUuins. A chain of high monntains, ninniiiE n.„i foiith, divides this Hate nearly in the- ceittreT' " Coiiiiedicut river and Lake Champlain. T 1* of land is generally from 20 to 30 niijes f '' liver, and about the fame dillaiice from i^'^v York line. The natural growth upon tlm' tain is hetnlock, pine, fpruce, and other cvtrV" J hence it has always a green appearance, and onl account has obtained the defcriptive name ol Tf id Green ALu/i/ain, On fome high parts of i|,j/' tain, fnovv lies till xMay, and f,)inttiiiics till L,,!'"' The country is generally hilly, b„t uoirli' IS hnely watered, and alF.irds the bell of p;tituijl'.t cattle. On the banks of the lakes, rivers, aiid„4 are many tine tracts of rich interval land, heavy growth of limber, which is common .'li,o„* out the Hate, evince the (Irength aiul tcrtility o[| foil. Elm, black birch, maple, alh, and bafuvj grow in the moid low ground ; and the bank's oliij rivers are timbered principally with wiiite pine j, termingled with vales of beech, elm, and whiic',) The inhabitants cultivate wheat, aj and m bulk of which grow on an acre ; rye, barley, oits, [^ corn, &c. The corn, however, is Ircijucnily cuio by the early froits, efpecially on the iiioiinuinsa hills. That which grows on the hunks ol il:e niiii is not fo frequently injured. i'la.'i is railed mcoj liderablc cjiianiities, and the foil is good tor hd Potatoes, pumpkins, and garden roots and vcBUlild grow here in great plenty. Large t[uaiuitiesolfM of a good cpiality and flavour, are made Iromi fiig.ir maple. With refped to the climate, no cmmtry world is more healthy. Snow begins to lall con iiMiily in the beginning of November, and is gent rally gone by the middle of April. Darinj; this fj foil, the inhabitants generally enjoy a fertile llcy, ! a keen cold air. The ground is feldom lidzeiiioiiij gieat depth, being covered v\'lth a great body oil belore the fevere Irol'.s begin In the fpring, thefnoJ in common, is gradually diirc^lved by the wariiiii llii'.nces of the fun. In tiiis way the earth is cniiiiiii and moittened, and fpring advances with lurpnlia ipiii. knel.s. There are upwards of 17,000 men upon the itiJ litia rolls of this Hate. Thele conlill of twodniiiom one on the v\ell, the other on the eall liile ili^ mountain. In thefc two di\ilioiis are 7 btign) which are nude up of 21 regiineiits. From number of militia, reckoning ,3 for one, we ir.^ eltinnie the number of inlubitants in the Ihiei 8^^, CO. Others, who reckon (j lor one, liliii them at 100,000. The bulk of the inliabitaiili, eini^r.ints trotii Connce.licut and Mairachiiitii, i;Jj then dcfcendents. There is one feltLmentol Sjum ,H:t)plc, which are a'lP.oH the only torci^ners in is ilate. As to the character, the manners, tbccuilorj the laws, the policy, and the rclii^ioa of the pt ipic aj Ytriu'ir Lnioiit, It Lien. In lie "'^^ hili, IS '■ fcjncc, is ■''' k tl'is yoi rniis r»om I roof ot ]iv.<^r 'S icii lu'ib. " Ijufhoiilts, land ma?,"' jiiiiling w"l jlKksoftli IcllCSi &c. _^cRAPnY. m,,,,,] VERMONT. .37S "•^e Chain ti^^'-lSH ^'-;^' ci.a..Mce from ,f j P"'ce. and uL evl S rj-'c^n^-ppcaranccand;'! 'I^lcriptiv<.',um()„t^j;,,1 tlic lakes, r,va.sanJ„^,J t n^h liitcrvul land, ] ' ^vlucl, ,s common ;!uo, 'l"-'ii!ith and tcriility ofl "'^■Ple, alh, andbafMv., r-'i'Md; andiiicba,,k<„[;| :'Flly with while p,„e, l^^'cch, elm, and ,v|,i,e ""'' BO Iflillt I wlieat, ,3 „,„ ,^^, ''-' i fy^'' I'ailcv. oats, Ind ;>^v'cver. islrc,iiici,ilyc„,; i''"y "n the muimuinsj on tl)c iiaiiks ot ihe ,i„ •■''• Hyx is railed incoi the foil is gotxi tor h-j,. y.udcn r()o;s and vcguiol '• Large iiuaniiiicsuif;,. iavuur, are made ffomi climate, no conmry mil^ Snow bej,nns to ia|| )f November, and IS g!M "f Apiil. Diiringthisfd i-illy tnjoya llraie llcy, aJ •iind is leidom Irozeiiioi I with a great body of I ;in^Iii thelpriiig.thefno^ (iiirolved by the waraiii lis way the earth is ewidii ig ad\ances wuh IlirpnfJ 17,000 men upon liiertiJ hefe coidill of uvo dnilion cr oil tlie cull lidc li (n i> diviiiuiis arc 7 briijiJe 2 1 rej^imeiits. frwii l!ij "'"[' ,} 'or oi'-c. we irj) iidubitants in ihe Ih'ei :itkt)n for one, tili, Milk of (he inhabitJiilii .:iJt and MallJcliiiiiis, ani is one f(itLnn;iiiul b.Diil tile only foreigners in ell , the manners, ttie ciiilonj m rtliL; Vtflld iiig' |ci iliS F' r |e KOI I ., it is fufficient to fay tlicy are New Eng- tZ towndiip of Tinmoiuh. on the fide of_ a r ',; is a very curious cave. The chafm, at its lie isjbout four feet in circumference. En- his vou d'^Ccciid 104 feet, and then opens a room £0 feet in breadth, and 100 leet in The an"le of defcent is about 45 degrees. l^"''.of of tbis°cu am is of rock, through which W'L is continnally percolating. The (taladites Ihhaiii: from the n/>f api'tir like icicles on the I fhoiifcs, and are continually increadng in niim- LdmaKnitiKlc. The botiom and (ides are d.nly I llin" with fpar and other mineral fubltanccs. On . lJcs°of this rnbterraiicons hall, are tables, chairs, ^l,js &c, which appear to have been artificially l. J ' This richly ornamented room, when illu- Lc'dwith the candles of the guides, has an en- Line cffca t'P"" ''"^ '■y^ "^ ^^^ 'p'^^a'o';- ^i '•'"{ lelit be indulged in adigning the general caule of Ifc albnidiiiig appearances, we (hould conclude nthc various circumffances accompanying them, t they arife from water filtrating (lowly through \mmhent Jfraf a ; and taking up in its paifagc a tcty (f mineral fubllances, and becorning thus la- ]atc(l with metallic particles, gradually exuding on ifiirfaccof the caverns and fitHires, in a quiefcent le, tito aqueous particles evaporate, and leave the Val fub (lances to unite according to their affinities. [the end of this cave is a circular^ hole, 15 feet •p, apparently hewn out, in a conical form, cu- laiiic gradually as you defcend, in the form of a tarfoaf. At the bottom is a fpring of fiefh Water, fcontinual motion, like the boiling of a pot. Its Irith has never been founded. |0n the 2,5th of December 1777, the inhabitants I Vermont, by tiieir reprefentatives in conven*' m, [wiiiJfor, declared that the territory cJled Vermont fas, and of right ought to be a free and independent le; and for thn purpofe of maintaining a regular go- Iriimcnt in the fame, they made a folemn declaration of leir rights, and ratified a conliitution, of which the jllowing is an abftra£l. — This declaration, which lakes part of their conliitution, afTerts, that all men ie born equally free — with equal rights, ana ought [enjoy hberty of confcience — freedom of the prefs — nil by jury— power to form new (lates in vacant liunuics, and to regulate their own internal police — lit all elcflions ought to be free — that all power is liginally in the people — that government ought to i inliidited for the common benefit of tiie com- iunity— and that the community have a right to re- Inn or abolilh government — that every member of pciety hath a right to protcdion of life, liberty, and Iropcrty— and in return is bound to contribute his jtn()ortion of the cxpencc of that protcdion, and lieM his perfonal fervice when necellary — that he fliall on of t''q'tir''^^Bot be obliged to give evidence againft himfclf— that the people have a right to bear arms — but no (landing armies (hall be niaintaincil in time of ^eace — that the pe(jjile have a right to liold ihemfelvcs, their houfes, papers, and poni-ilions free from fearch or feizure — and theicfore warrants without oaths firll made, affording fuflicii-nt foundation for them, arc contrary to tliat right, and ought not to be granted — that no pcrCon (!iall be liable to, be iranfported out of this (late for trial lor any offence committed within tins iluiv., &:c. By the frame of govt rnment, the fupreme legifla- tive power is veiled in a houfe of reprefcntatives of the freemen of the flate of Vermont, to be chofen annually by the freemen on the firlt Tuefday in Sep- tember, and to meet the fecond Thurdlay of the fuc- ceeding October — this body is veRed with all the powers necellary for the legiflaturc of a free (late — . two thirds of the whole number of reprefentatives ele£led, make a quorum. Each inhabited town throughout the (fate has a right to fend one repre- fentative to the alfembly. — The fupreme executive power is vtfled in a governor, lieutenant-governor, and twelve counfellors to be chofen annually in the fame manner, and veiled with the fame powers as in Conne6licut Every perfon of the age of 21 years, who has rcfided in the (late one whole year next be- fore the cledlion of reprefentatives, and is of a quiet, peaceable behaviour, and will bind himfelf by his oath, to do what he (hall in confcience judge to be moft conducive to the beft good of the (late, (hall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this (late. — Each member of the houfe of reprefentatives, before he takes his feat, mull declare his belief in one God — in future rewards and ptinifhments, and in the divinity of the fcriptures of the Old and New Tcfta- ment, and miifl profefs the protcflant religion. Courts of juilice are to be eflabliflied in every county throughout the (late — The fupreme court, and the fevcral courts of common pleas of this (late, be- fides the powers ufually excrcifed by fuch courts, have the powers of a cotirt of chancery, fo far as re- lates to perpetuating teflimony, obtaining evidence from pLces not within the (late, and the care of the perfons and eflates tif thofc who are uon compolL's mentis, &c. All profecutions are to be commenced in the name, and by the authority of the freemen of the flate of Vermont. The legidature are to regulate entails, fo as to prevent perpetuities. All field and llaff ollicers, and commiflioned ofliccrs of the army, and all general officers of the militia, (liall be chofen by the general afl'embly, and be com- miflioned by the governor. Every feventh year, beginning with the year 1785, thirteen perfons (none of whom are to be of the council or alTembly) (hall be chofen by the freemen, and be called " the council of cenfors," whofe duty it fliall be to inquire whether the conliitution has t)fen preferved inviolate in every paft — whether the J B legiflative 1: ' 1: 3^4 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY Icgiflative and executive powers have been properly exercifcd — taxes juftly laid and colleded — the public monies rightly difpofed of — and the laws duly exe- cuted. — For thefe purpofes, they (hall have power to fend for perfuns, papers, &c. — to pafs public csn- Aires — to order impeachments, and to recommend the repeal of all laws enaAed contrary to the principles of the conftitution. They are to be veiled with thefe powers for one year only, after the day of their cledlion. The council of ccnfors, when neccffary, may call a convention, to meet within two years after their fitting — to alter the conllitution — the propofcd al- terations to be published at lead fix months before the eledlion of delegates to fuch convention. Bennington is the principal town in Vermont. It is fituated in the fouth-wcft corner of the ftalc, near the foot of the Green Mountain. Its public buildings are a church for Congregationalifts, a court-houfe and gaol. It has a number of elegant houfes, and is a flourifhing town. Near the centie of the town is Mount Anthony, which rifes very high in the form of a fugar-loaf. I'he aflembly commonly hold their fcf- fions at Windfor. Origin, Rife, and Name of this State, dcfcribed. IT was formed by emigrations from New Hamp- ihire and New York. The emigrants having fettled on lands to the wcftward, neither claimed or culti- vated by the people of the provinces before mentioned, foon grew numerous, and fpread themfelves to a con- fiderable extent. The inhabitants of thofe previnccs had long been jealous of the rifing greatncfs of the colony of Vermont, and dcfirous of crufhing it, but never could effefl their defign, while the colonies were under the jiirifdi£lion of the mother country. When the late dilfenfions began, they reprefentcd the Vermontefe to Congrefs as a difafFedied and encroach- ing people. The Vtrmontefe, on their part, profeflTed their at- tachment to the general American caufc, and re- quelted rfprefentation in Congrefs, in common with the other Hates. Congrefs, far from complying with the rcqucft of the Vermontefe, deciiied in favour of the coIduics of New Hamplhirc and New York, and contradlcd the boundaiies of that of Vermont. In firoccfs of time, however, Congrefs relaxed in their cverity, and traiifmitted a favourable propufal to the Vermuiiitfe, whi(.h being acceded to, mutters were adjn(lc half-flarved ragged labourers ; and views here the happy mediocrity that fo generally prevails through- out thefe ftates, where the cultivator works for hiinr felf. and fupports his family In decent plenty ; will, methinks, lee abundant reafun to blefs Divine Provi- dence for the evident and great ditference in our fa^ vour, and be convinced that no nation known to us enjoys a greater fbare of human felicity. •' It is true, that in fome of the ftates there are par- ties and difcords ; but let us look back, and afk if we- were ever without them ? Such will exift wherever there is liberty \ and perhaps they help to preferve it. By the collifion of different fentiments. fparks of truth are flruck out, and political light is obtained. The different f3(?\ions. which at prefent divide us. aim alt at the public good; the differen^js are only about the various modes of promoting it. Things, adlions, mea- fures, and objeifls of all kinds, piefent themfclves to the rrvinds of men in fuch a variety of lights, thai it is not pofTible we Ihould all think alike at the fame time on every fubjeft, when Ivardly the fame man re- iain& at all times the fame ideas of it. Parties are therefore the common lot of humanity; and ours are- by no means more mifchievous or lefs beneficial tiiaiv thofe of other countries, nations, and ages, enjoying, in the fame degree the great blelling of pyliiieal li,- berty. " Some indeed among us are not fa much grieved for the i)refent Itate of our affairs, as apjirehinfue for ihu fuliire. The growth of luxury alarms them, and they think we are from that alone in tlic high road to- ruin, They ubfcrve. that no revenue is lutiicicnl with*. out -37(5 A NEW AMD COMM.ETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. c5»it reconoiny, and tl\at the tnoft plentiful income of a whole people from the n itiiral produftioHs of iheir riHiintry niay be diflipatcd in vain and neeiUefs ex- petRcs, ami poverty be introduced in the place of af- fluence. — I'Jin may be poinble. It however rarely happens: for tliere fcems to be in every natioiT a greater proportion of indullry anil frugality, which tend to enrich, than of iJlcnefs and prodigality, which ot'cafion poverty, fa that upon tiie whole there is a continual accumulation. Kctle(!^ what Spain, Gaul, <>eriiiaiiy, and Britain were in the time of t'.e Ro- jiians, inhabited by people little richer than our ra- vages, and coniider the wealth they at prefent poUefs, in numerous well-built cities, improved farms, rich moveables, magazines flocked with valuable manu- fafhires, to fay nothing of plate, jewek, and coined money ; and ail this, notwithitanding their bad, walte- ful, plundering governments, and tneir mad dellruc- nve wars ; and yet luxury and extravagant living has never fudVied much reftraint in thole coimtries. Then coniider the great proportion of induftrious fru- gal farmers inhabiting the interior parts of thefe Ame- rican Hates, and of whom the body of our nation coiili.ls, and judge whether it is polfible that the luxuiy of our fea-ports can be fufficient to ruin fuch a country. If' the importation of foreign luxuries could ruin a people, we Ihould probably have been i-nii\cd long ago : for the Britilli nation claimed a right, and pradifcd it, of importing among us, not only the fnperfiujties of their own produdlion, but th ife of every nation under heaven ; we bought and confumed them, and yet we flouriOied and grew rich. At prefent our independent governments may do what we could not then do, difcoiirage by heavy duties, or prevent by heavy prohibitions, fuch im- portations, and thereby grow richer ; — if, indeed, which may admit of difpute, the defire of adorning ourfelves with tine clothes, portcHing fine furniture, with elegant houfes, &c. is not, by llrongly inciting to Inbour and indullry, the occaiion of producing a greater value than is confumed in the gratification of that defire. " The agriculture and fifliencs of the United States are the gre.it fources of our incrcafing wealth. He that puts a feed into the earth is recompenfed, per- haps, by receiving forty out of it; and he who draws a h(h out of our water, draws up a piece -f filver. I,et us (and there is no doubt but we (hail) be attentive to thefi-, and then the power of rivals, witli all their rcltraining and prohibiting a6ls, cannot much hurt ii'i. We arc Ions ot the earth and feas, and, like Anta;us in the fable, if in wrellling with a Her- cules we now and then receive a fail, the touch of our parents will communicate to us frefli ftrcng'li and vigour to renew tiic conteft." Before we take leave of this continent, we fliall prcfcnt our readers with fomc obfervations on the peopling of America; and likewife an . account ot tin- ciidoms and maniicts of iii« i i ' eadward of .the MiHillippi : ' '*: An accurate writer obfcfves, that there eight different nations of InJ' '•■»'" C3(|v;,rd„f Miililiippi i the principal of whiiii jire ilu'a i' the Clucafaws, the Chodaas,. the Creel I lawares the Six Nations, the Shawancfe, the u ' the Illinois, &:c. Allowing about 700' to a or tribe, they will contain. In all, -0,000 umi" confc(juently, may furnilh between four and five' fand warriors. Many fyftems, no lefs idle than ctirious haveli formed to a:coimt lor the population of iK ■ menfe continent. There is fcarce a people inl old world which has not hr.d its advocates- and 1 have not been wanting fome, who, dcfpai-i„jj loofen, have cut the knot, by Aippofing tbati power which furnifhed America with plant--, l^ 1 the fame manner, fnpplied it with men; or'ai J that a remnint in this continent was favcd tromT univerfal deluge, as well as in the oilier. As 1 fubjed is rather curious than ufefiil, and, iniu, nature, does not admit of certainty, ^very thiniiii paifed in America before the airival of the L peans being plunged in Cimmerian darkncfs, {« thofe little traditional records which difFufc 1 ofa mering light on the two empires of Mexico and W for about two hiuidred years, at moil, before tliata riod, we ftiall only (lightly louch on that fu J chiefly for the fake of taking notice of fome mod difcovcries which feein to llrengthen the probali of fome former theories. The great fimilarity, or rather identity, of tht« fons and manners ol the Americans, and thofe of ij Tartars of the north eadern parts of Afia, t™ with a prefumption, which has long poirdfali learned, that Afia and America were united, orj lead fcparated only by a narrow fea, has inclii the more reflcding part of mankind to thee that the true origin of the Indians is fromthism ter. The immcnfe feas, which feparate ihetwota tinents on every other fide, render it highly imi bable that any colonies could ever have been ( acrois them before the difcovcry of the magm compafs. The ingenious M. BufFon has remarked, md il obfervalion appears to be juft, that there arc nci mals inhabiting in common the two continent!,^ fuch as can bear the colds of the north. Thus tin are no elephants, no lions, no tigers, no camclii| America; but bears, wolves, deer, and elks in j dance, abfolutely the fame in both hemifphc T'.is hypothcfis, which has been gaining groundti fince its firit appearance in the world, isnowrediio aliTioft to a certainty by the late difcoveries off tain Cook. That illuflriuiis, but unfortunite 1 vigator, in his lad voyage, penet.-ated furii ftTcmiy igc, p£net;ated for a „blc diftanr into the ftreight which divides i America. wh>ch is only fix leagues w.de 1^5 mouihi a'Kl th"cfore eadly prafticable for now therefore conclude, that no further III be made into the general origin of the tin tribes: yet, after all, it is far from being bable that various nati(»hs, by fliipwreclc, or ife may have contributed, in fome degree, to ibiionof this continent. The Carthaginians, fcL many fettlements on the coaft of Africa, be- theftreights of Gibraltar,, and pufhed their dif- ,rits as far as where the two continents in that ;,„ approach each other the neareU, may probably .Ljj„ thrown by tempefts on the American coaft, 'the companies of the veflbls finding it impradi- |j to return, m; have incorporated with the for- r inhabitants, or .lave formed new fettlements, ch from want of the neceifary inftruments to ex- Ifethe arts they were acquainted with, would na- illy degenerate into barbarity. There are, indeed, ic ancient writers, who give us reafon to fuppofe, there were colonies regularly formed by that jon in America, and that the communication, •r having continued for fome time, was ftopped by tr of the (late. But it ts difficult to conceive that people, eftablifhed with all (hofe neceffaries pro- Soi their fituation, fhould ever degenerate, from high a.degree of cultivation as the Carthaginians ;||d ■ total ignorance even of the mod ne- iry arts . nd therefore it feems probable, that if nation ever had fuch colonies, they muft have cut off by the natives, and every veftige of ,1 dcftroyed. "he Danes, about the ninth and tenth centuries, ,e the greateft navigators in the Univcrfe. They ;overed and fettled Iceland; and from thence, [964, planted a colony in Greenland. The an- it Icelandic chronicles, as reported by M. Mallet, itain an account of fome Icelanders, who, in the fe of an unfuccefsful war, fled to Grccniandf and n thence weftward, to a country covered with vines, ich from thence they called Vinland. The ad- Iturers returned home, and conduftcd a colony to ir new difcovery ; but difturbances arifing in Den- fk, all communication with Greenland, as well as liand, ceafed ; and thofe countries remained nn- iwn to the reft of the world for feveral ages, je remains of this colony are probably to be found [the coift of Labrador, in the nation of the Efqui- hx. The colour of their (kins, their hairy bodies, bufliy beards, not to mention the difference of incrs, mark aa origin totally diftind from that of i^other Indians. Ibout the year 1170, Madoc. fon of Owen Gvvyn- Ih, prince of Wales, diifatisfied with the fituation iffairs at home, left his country, as related by the yih hiflorians, in queft of new fettloincnts, and. VERMONT. 977 leaving Ireland to the north, proceeded weft till lie difcovered a fertile coontry ; where, leaving a colony, he returned, and pcrfiiading many of his coiinti-yiBen to join him, put to fea with ten ()iip?, and was never more heard of. This account has indeed at feveial limes drawn the attention of the world ; but as no veftiges of them had then been found, it was con- cluded, perhaps too rafhiy, to be a fable, or at ltai\, that no remains of the colony exiftcd. Of late years, however, the weftern fettlers have received frequent accounts of a nation, inhabiting at a great didance up the MifTouri, in manners ana appearance refem- bling the other Indians, but fpeaking Welfli, and re- taining fome ceremonies of the Chriftian worihip ; and, at length, this is univcrfally believed there to be a fa£l. In Kentucky there are feveral ancient remains, which feem to prove, that this country was formerly inhabited by a nttion further advanced in the arts of life than the Indians. Thefe are there ufually at- tribu*.d to the Welfh, who are fiippofed to have for- merly inhabited here ; but having bee»i expelled by the natives, were forced to take refuge near the fources of the MilTouri. It is well known, that no Indian nation has ever pradifed the tjnethod of de- fending themfelves by entrenchments ; and fuch a work would even be no eafy one, while thefe na- tions were unacquainted with the ufe of iron. Near Lexington, the remains of two ancient forti- fications are to be (een, furnifhed with ditches and' baftions. One of thefe contains about fix acres of land, and the other nearly three. They are now overgrown with trees, which, by the number of cir- cles in the wood, appear to be not lefs than one hundred and fixty years old. Pieces of earthen vef- fels have alfo been plowed up near Lexington, a ma- nufa£lure with which the Indians were never ac- quainted. The lepulchres already mentioned, form another ftrong argument that this country was formerly in- habited by a people different from the prefent In- dians. Although they do not difcover any marks of extraordinary art in their ftruiSlure, yet, as many na- tions are particularly tenacious of their ancient cuf- toms, it may perhaps be worthy of inquiry, whether thefe repofitories of the dead do not bear a confi- derable refemblance to the ancient British remains. Some buildings, attributed to the Pids, are mentioned bv the Scottilli antiquaries, which, if the author mif*- takes not, are formed nearly in the fame manner. Let it be enough for him to point out the road, and hazard "fome uncertain conjedures. The day is not far diftant, when the fiirtheft receffes of this continent will be explored, and the accounts of the Wcllh" eftablilhed beyond the podibility of a doubt, or coi>- figned to that oblivion which has already received fu many fuppbfitions founded on arguments as plaulible as thefe. .v"»-<+t' nvi,>v' itui^-KVj ,■> it ^ 5 C ■ -■• . It Jl igyS A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY It is well known that the Indians are not bom vhite ; and that they take a tjreat deal of pains to darken their complexion, by anointing themfeives with ereafc, anil lying in the fun. They alfo paint their faces, bieafts, and (houldcrs, of various colours, but generally red ; and their features are well formed, efpccially thofe of the women. They are of a middle ftature, their limbs clean and ftraight, and fcarcely any crooked or deCoriJicd inrrfon is to be found among them. In many parld of their bodies they prick in gun-powder in very pretfy figure- They rfiave, or pluck the hair off their heads, except a patch about the crown, which is ornamented with beauMlul feathers, beads, wampum, anu fuch like baubles. Their cars are pared, and ftretched in a thong down to their fliouidcrs. They are wound round with wire to ex- pand them, and adorned with filver pendants, ring*;, and bells, which they likewifc wear in their nofes. Some of them will have a large feather through the cartilage of the nofe ; and thofe who can afford it, wear a collar of wampum, a filvcr breall-plate, and bracelets on the aims and wrids. A bit of cloth about the middle, a ftiirt of the Englidi make, on which they bellow in- numerable broaches to adorn it, a fort of cloth boots and mockafons, which are ilioes of a make peculiar to the Indians, ornameptcd with porcupine quills, with a blanket or match-coat thrown over all, completes their drefs at home ; but when they go to war, they leave their trinkets b'.hind, and mere ne- CelTaries ferve them. There is little difference be- tween the cirefs of the men aiid women, excepting that a fliort petticoat, and the hair, which is ex- ceeding black, and long, clubbed behind, diflinguifh fome of the latter. Except the head and eye-bruws, they pluck the hair, with g:eat dilig'^nce, from all parts of the body, efpccially the loofer part of the fex. Their weapons of war are guns, bows and arrows, darts, fcalping-knives, and tomahawks. This latter is ene of their mofl: ufeful pieces of field-furniture, ferving all the ofiics of the hatchet, pike, and fword. They are exceeding expert in throwing it, and will kill at a conliderable diftance. The world has no better marks- men, with any weapon. They will kill birds flying, iifhes fwimming, and wild beafls running. The North American Indians are not fo ignorant as Ibme fuppofe them, but are a very underflanding people, ttuick of apprt^henfion, fuddcn in execution, fubtle in bufmefs, exquifite in itucntion, and induftrious in aQion. They are of a very gentle and amiable dif- pofition to thofe they think thair friends, but as im- placable in their enmity; their revenge being only completed in the entire dellru(flion of their enemies. They are very hardy, bearing heat, cold, hunger, and thirlt, in a Ojiprifing manner, and yet no people are more addi£lcii to cxcefs in eating and drinking, when it is conveniently in their power. The follies, nay ■aiichicf, they commit when inebriated, aie eDt.i;:ely laid to the liquor; and no one will rcve jury (tnurder excepted) received fromonJt!- more himfelf. ""twHuij, Among the Indians all men are eqm| ^ qualities being moft efteemed. No diftira,' "^ no rank, renders any man capable of doinen"': to the rights of private perfons ; and there ,!? eminence from merit, which begets pride Z makes others loo fcnfible of their own inf '^ Though there is perhaps lefs delicacy of fcmS the Indians than among us ; there is, howeveS dantly more probity, with infinitely lef, ceremonTj equivocal compliments. Their public confer?,:! Jew them to be men of genius ; and they hav 3 hi^ degree, the talent of natural eloquence They generallv live difperfed in final! vlli. cither in the woods, or on the banks of rivers '2 they have little plantations of Indian corn andrw not enough to fupply their families half the yearl fubfifting the remainder of it by hunting fii and fowling, and the fruits of the earth, which « fpontaneoiifly in great plenty. Their huts are gencd built of fmall logs, and covered with bark.eacliM having a chimney, ^nd a door, on which theyplJ padlock. Old Chelicothe is built in form ot a M tucky nation, that is, a parallelogram, or long fqmJ and fomc of their houfes are Ihingicd. A longcomd houfe extends the whole length of the town, wdj the king and chiefs of the nation* frequently m and co-^fult of all matters of importance, wheihtrl a civil or military nature. Some Indian huisM built by fetting up a frame on forks, and placS bark apainll it ; others of reeds, and furroundeJ wij clay. The fire is in the middle of the vi'm and the fmoke palfes through a little hole. Tkh join reeds together by cords run through them, »y ferve them for tables and beds. They moitly? upon fkins of wild beafis, and (it on the m:* They have brafs kettles and pots to boil thtir foa gourds or cabbafhes, -cut afunder, ferve them I pails, cups, and difhes. Travellers give various accounts concerning l religion; and although it cannot be abfolmdyi firmed that they have none, yet it mufl be confeS very difficult to define what it is. All agree i they acknowledge one Supreme God, but do _ adore him. They have not fcen him, they doo know him, believing him to be too farexahcaabu them, and too happy in himfell" to be concerned )b( the trifling affairs of poor mortals. TheytcemilS to believe in a future flate, and ihit after deiihilii (hall be removed to their friends, who have before them, to an elyfium, or paradife. Near Detroit, the VVyandotts, and' fome oilitt, have the Roman Catholic religion introduced aitoil them by midionaries. Thcfe have a church, a miniiid and a regular butying-ground. Many of ihcm i« pear, zealous, and fay ^iraycrs in their families, Tiit«l GEOGRAPHY. >o one will rtvenitta.. ^«-vcdf.omo„eS|;; I men are equal i»,f» in capable of doing p,,;™ 'erfons ; and thert .s „;„ ch begets pride, and »S e ol their own infoicM lefs delicacy of fcnrim J ' i there is, however ihM I infinitely iefsceremomJ 1 heir public conferti4 genius; and they have, J latiiral eloquence, lifperfed in fmall vil|» I the banks of rivers, k^ IS of Indian corn, and roi ir families half the yeatpl of it by hunting, fii ts of the earth, which i ty. Their huts are gencn covered with bark, each ta door, on which they plad is built in form of a KoL rallelogram, orlongfqtuil elhinglcd. Alongcoiiid length of the town, wlia, ie natiom frequently [M of itnportance, wheihtiif :. Some Indian hutsj me on forks, and phci» reeds, and furrounded »ii| middle of the wigmi lugh a little hole. Tiii Js run through them, wki beds. They moilly 11 . and fit on the zmM ind pots to boil thei^ fixJ It afunder, ferve them i accounts concerning i t cannot be abfolutdyi nc, yet it mud be conftSi lat it is. All agree in preme God, but lot fcen hiru, they doH to be too farexalicaabo iiifflf to be concerned ibi mortals. Theyl'ceraiiSi te, and that after dei.ih lit friends, who have | or paradife. 'andotts, and' fotne oilm rcligiuii iiitroduccda fe have a cl;iirch,arainife lund. Many of them i rs in their families, Tiitij WEST-INDIES. 379f . ;n.,nce with white people, are a little civi- KSift of necelL Vecede Chriftianity. Shawanefe, Cherokee?, Chickafaws. and fome .' little concerned about fupcrltition, or re- I Others continue their former fuperllitious TL of the objerts of their love and fear, and Aih thofe beings who they mod dread, and m therefore we generally denominate devils; Ih at the fame time, it is allowed they pray liheVun and other inferior benevolent deities, for Lfs in 'their undertakings, for plenty of food, and tr neccffaries in life. , . . fhe Indians have their feflivals, and other rejoicing- , on which they fmg and dance in a ring, taking II having fo painted and difguifed theinfclves, ti't is dilciilt to know any of them ; and, after iovine this diverfion for a while, they retire to the L where they have prepared a fealt of hfh, flefli, Lis and fruits ; to which all are invited, and en- Led with their country fongs. They believe It there is great virtue in feafts lor the (Ick. For spurpofe a young buck niuft be killed, and boiled, friends and near neighbours of the patient in- J and having firft thrown tobacco on the fire, 1 covered it up clofe, they all fit down in a ring, raife a lamentable cry. They then uncover the and kindle it up ; and the head of the buck is I'fent about, every one taking a bit, aad giving a i cro^k, in imitation of crows. They afterward iceed to eat all the buck, making a moft harmonious, ncholyfongi in which (Irain their mufic is par- tlatly excellent. As they approach their towns, |en fome of their people are loll in war, they great lamentations for their dead, and bear tn long after in remembrance. Borne of thefe nations abhor adultery, do not ap- bve of a plurality of wives, and are not guilty of Iff but there are other tribes that are not fo fern- [ious in thefe matters. Among the Chickafaws a Iband may cut off the nofe ot his wife, if guilty of tltery; but men are allowed greater liberty. This lion defpifes a thief. Among the Cherokees they k olf the nofe and ears of an adulterefs ; after- y her hufband gives her a difcharge ; and from time ihe is nut permitted to refufe any one |o piefenis himfelf. Fornication is unnoticed ; : they allow perfons in a fingle ftate unbounded idom. Vith lefpeS j marriage, their form is fhort — tmiD Wore witnelHis, ^ivcs the bride a deer's foot, Jihe,inrelurn, prcfents him with an ear of corn, femblems of their feveral duties. The women are ] (laves to the men ; which is a common cafe in It, unpolilhed nations, throughout the world. They I charged with being icvpngeful ; but this revenge Jonly doing themfelves jiiflicc on thofe who injure 101, and is feldom executed but in cafes of murder ) adultery. No power is lodged in their king to put any one to death by his own authority ; but the liiurdtrer is generally delivered up to the friends of the dcceafed, to do as they pleafe. When one kills another, his friend kills him, and fo they continue until much blood is fhed ; and at laft the quarrel is ended by mutual prefcnts. Their kings are hereditary, but their authority extremely limited. No people are % more ftriking evidence of the miferies of^mankind in the want of goverrment than they. Every chief, when offended, breaics off with a party, fettles at fome diltance, and then commences hoftilities againft his own people. They are generally at war with each other. Thefe are common circumftances among the Indians. To their captives taken in war, they are exceedingly cruel, treating the unhappy prifoners in fuch a manner, that death would be preferable to life. They after- wards give them plenty of food, load them with burdens, and when they arrive at their towns, they mufl run the gauntlet. In this, the favages exercile fo much cruelty, that one would think it impolTible they fhould furvive their fufFerings. Many a'-e killed ; but if one outlives this trial, he is adopted into a family as a fon, and treated with paternal kindnefs ; and if he avoids their fufpicions of going away, is allowed the fame privileges as their own people enjoy. CHAP. XV. WEST-INDIES. ; Particular Defcripiion of the Wejl-lndta Ifiands, IN our general account of America, we took notice, that in the large gulf between the two continents, are a great number of illands, called the Wefl-Indies : thofe among them which are worth cultivation, be- long to the following European nations, namely, Great-Britain. Spain, France, flolland, and DenmarK. The climate is nearly alike in all the Weft-India iflands, except what arifes from the various fituations and qualities of the lands themfelves. They all lie within the tropics, confequently the fun is vertical twice in th<; year, and is never at a great didance ; fo that they are fubjed to a degree of heat, which would be intolerable, did not the trade wind, which incrcafes gradually as the fun approaches the meridian, blow in upon them from the fea, and refrefh the air, fo as to enable the inhabitants to attend their labour when the fun is over their heads. Nor is the night deftitute of a cooling breeze ; for as foon as day-light begins to d'tfappear, a refrefhing gale blows imartly from the land towards the fca : it fcems to iifue from the middle of each ifland as from a centre, and blows dire£lly fiom tlie land in every pait «f it. Such a)fo i» |ld A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, it the wifilom o( Providence in thii particular, that when the fun is far advanced towards the tropic of Cancer, and beconnes almoft vertical, he draws after him fuch a vail body of clouds, that they intercept his dire£l rays, and, dilfolving into rain, cool »he air, and r?frefli the country, parched with a long drought which frequently continues from the beginning of January to the latter end of May. An European, who has feen no other part of the world, can form very little idea of what are called rains in the Weft.^Indies. The moft violent that fall in our northern climates are little more than dews, when compared to thofe of the torrid zohe. Thev •re rather noods of water poured from the clouds with an amazing impetuofity. la a moment the rivers fwell above their banks, new )nes are formed, and all the low country prefently exhibits the appearance of a deluge. The ancients imagined tliat the lands in the burnmg zone were fcorched up with one continued fervent heat, and therefore the whole country unin- habitable : but their opinion was fo far from being true, that the greateft rivers in the world have their fource in the torrid zone ; and the greateft incon- veniencies many places in that climate fuffer, arife from the moifture of the air. The feafons in the Weft-Indies have no. other diftindion than the rains ; the trees are always clothed with leaves :. frods and fnows are unknown, and even hail extremely rare. Indeed, when dorms of hail happen, they are dreadfully violent, and the haildoncs Krodigioufly large. But the confequences of thefe orms are nothing when compared to the hurricanes to which this part of the world is very fubjed. Thefe generally happen in the rainy feafon, and are often readful beyond conception. The elements feem to have united for the deftruAion of the world. The labours of many years are dcftroyed in a moment, and All the hopes of the planter, even when he thinks himfelf almoft beyond the reach of danger, wrefted from his hand. This dreadful fcourge oi heaven is a fudden and violent dorm of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning, attended with the fwelling of the Tea, and fometimes an earthquake ; in fhort, with every ter- rible and deftru£tive circumftance the elements can aflemble. The firft obje£ls of the approaching de- vaftation that generally ftrike the eyes of the planter, are whole fields of fugar-canes whirled into the air, and fcattered over the whole face of the country. Th<5 ftouteft and firmed rooted trees of the foieft are torn up and whirled about like ftubble ; the windmills are fwcpt away in a moment ; even the works of the planter, the coppeC boilers, and dills of many hundred weight, which feem to bid defiar e to the dorm, are hurried and battered to pieces : tii. houfes are no pro- tedion, the fird blad tears away the roof ; while the rain, which in lefs than an hour rifes near five feet, ruflies in upon the wretched inhabitants with a force l^to|;ether irrefldible. The Indians, who inhabited thcfc iflands man, before they were difcovered by Columbus, invjIJ the Europeans to know the figns that indicate mL preaching hurricane, which always happens titwl the quarters, or at the full "nd change of ftt m! Thefe fians appear about a fortnight before the ^ ricane. Thus, if at the change of the moon ^ appears very turbulent; the fun redder than ai « times ; a dead calm fucceeds, inftead of the gi] breezes; the hills arc clear of thofe clouds and ntf which ufually hover about them : if a hollow nimby found, like the rulhing of a violent wind, is heard J the wells and clefts ot the earth ; ;he ftars at niit appear larger than ufual, and furrounded withaj of Durs ; the flcy in the north-weft has ablacltt menacing appearance ; the fea emits a (Irong fm, and rifes into vad wn , often without anjwini the wind itfelf forfaki us deady ftream from the* and fliifts to the w^.t, blowing violently and in gularly at intermiflions : thefe (Igns predi£) ihit] hurricane will happen at the fucceeding full, Ktil the fame figns happen ^t the full, before ahurria. comes on at the change ; and by thefe indicationsil planters often fecure fome of their effefls, m with the lives of themfelves, and thofe of iit families. _ Sugar is the grand ftaple commodity of the Wdkl Indie"; this ufeTul article was not at ail known t the Greeks and Romans, though it was made in Cbii in very early times, atid from that country theS knowledge oi it was obtained by the Europeans. Ti Portuguefe were the firft who cultivated the fun cane, and brought it into requeft : their iiril pli tations were in the Madeira illands, but aftcraa. removed to Brafil. They for fome time fuppiieiiij the markets of Europe; and though muchgrti quantities are now made by *he Englilh and FrtK £et the Portuguefe fugar is dill elteemedthebellii Europe. The juice within the fugar-cane is the d lively, elegant, and lead cloying fweet in nature; aii( when fucked raw, has proved extremely wholefoo and nutritive. Rum is didilled from the moIalTes, and fromii fcummings of the fugar a meaner fpirit is procure Great quantities of rum are carried to Norlli Amttii fur fale, where it is confumed by the inhabitants, (I employed in the African trade, or didribiited fni thence to the Newfoundland fifhery, or other p befides what Great-Britain and Ireland import. great quantity of molaifcs is taken of raw, carried to New England, where it is didilled. Hi| part of the fugar-cane is without its ufe: thetop!,ii the leaves which grow upon the joints, make \ good provender for their cattle; and the relufe ofdi cane, after grinding, ferves for fuel. It has been computed, that the rum and molal when all the procclfcs are rightly managed, pifil charges of the plantation, and that the fugarsarecM W F. S INDIES. j^9i IK p.4nti;rs: but b/ the nioiJ credible ac- ,oti)peai-s that tiff cxpenc-s of a iilaniation in \M.\Ues -^re \<-r\ great, ami liii- prohts at tlic .,,,.^v prerari.Mis ; i.>r the ch,n;,'.al)lc arM> !- ot ,,;,,|„„||, the bdiling, co.lini;. .uiH o itil in^ 1- t'vetlier wiili thi; bnviii^ ;»iul maiiiuin.nfi a ',' ,,11'iber nf lljves jikI tattle, brlnl. s the piir f of (he laiui. will nor p.-rmit a pcrf-n tn'b-igin a If plantation of v^y cunr.qiienic', und r a capilal jtlciit 0:101. Moreover, ilie lil<; of a pl.intor, who ij,e= toa.qiiire » fortiiiu> i^s far from being a lilc 'ibefsami luxury; he mult always keep a nai. h- cy, upon his ovcrfeers and iniilt hinifcU overfce jlionilly. And at the boiling fcafon, if he is ipeily attentive to his affairs, 110 way of'Iitc cm be lire UbnriouJ, an5 30 { Breadth. 60 H 7 20 18 13 18 »5 9 70 150 40 60 24 30 38 12 Chief Towns. Kingfton Bridgetown BaHetcrre St. John's Charles-Town Plymouth King(ton St. George's Havannah St. Dominigo Porto Rico St. Peter's BafTeterre circumference 10 circumference, 10 The Bay Bafle-End I3i dunging to Great-Britain Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Spain Ditto and France Spain Ditto Ditto France Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Dutch Denmark Ditto AMERICAN ISLANDS. Newfoundland .. Cape Breton .... St. John's The Bermudas ., The Bahamas . . Falklands Juan Fen ndtz Fiicra Chiloe 350 100 60- 20,000 acres very nuiner. »4 200 80 30 12 6 Placeiitia Loiiifbur;^ Ch;.rlotteTown St. (Jeorge Nalfau Uninhabited Ditto Callro Great-Britain Ditto 13iito Ditto Ditto CH.WJ GF.OGRAPHY. Itru.-liiiifr almoit i„, ' main cimiincnt u j^I Ofooiuiki). iptumoftheBmill,iO,J nt our readers with ,h, N I) Kt lunging to Ciicat-Britain initio Diito Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Spain Ditto and France Spain Ditto Ditto France Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Diitcli Denmark Ditto D S. Great-Britain Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto . .„. . m.-. ^» « *• •"• CH.U] i- -#■" ■M rjICA. JAM I C A. 383 hjl: c u A P. xvr. J ,v M A 1 C A. , ant R^ltnt, ^''il' CliinaU, l^egtlabk Pro- 'jucllms, Rivirs, Mal>ila>Hi, I'owm, Ui. 1 \\ I S ilhiiH, which is the inofl important of thofe 1 kli'ii'iiig '" '-''g'-""'' '' <'t>i-»''-'i' hciweeii the ih and 7<)'n J^g- "' ^^'•''^ ''"'K- 'f*^'" I-u'i^'"!'. and /"■ten th/ i;lh aiul iXth ol D.irlh lat. and lies !') j'/iOa iiiil<^s foiiili wcU of I'lnijlanil. It \» about ■*, !|^|']f, in length, from call to wt-ll, and al)ont 60 |,rt,i!ih in the centre, for it is of an oval form, J iMiilcfiiiciitly grows gradually lurrovvcr towards \i tu the fcil and fjcc of the ifland, there is a ridge |ii!|t,calli(l the Blue Mountains, that run through it ni cJll to well i the tops of which are covi-n.'il with ifcreiit kinds of trees, particularly ctclar, lignuni- ;.x, ami nuliog.iny, which rtniler them tiiually a\M ill"' protitable to the inhabitants. Several Inc rivtrJ, well Ihm'd with filli, anil navigable b noes lake their riH; from thefe mountains HIT riilgc riino p' iMel to the greater, and the lies, or fn.iniia' , are exceeding level, without [ones, lit fiir pailinc, and fruitful, when cleared of 1)0(1, cfpnially on the fouth lide of the iiland. Iitr the rains, or feafons, as they are called, the vinnali' are very pleafant, an n| grafs that the inhabitants are fometimes )r,al tci burn it ; but, alttr long droughts, they arc [111!!' partlud and burnt tip. TliL' air ot this iiland is in mofl places cxccdively nt, ami iiii'Vienilly to European conlUtutions ; but icu/ol bpc^es, which con.laiuly fet in at ten o'clock i!ie morning, render the heat more tcU-rab'e ; and c ,.ir upon the high groundi; ]^ temperate, p.ire, and ion'.ing. A night feklom paflcs here without light- ling, but it is not always attended by thunder, which this iOand roars v\iil\ uncommon violence, and is IrtaiiKil to the allonillied hearer, particularly as at \k times the lightning docs great damage. In Fcbniary or March, the inhabitants always cxpedl laith(]iiakcs, uhich have been produdive of the moll ViKtFtfls in thefe part'^. The chief vegetable produdion of tiiis idand is the iipt-,m, whieh defcrvcdiy employs the principal pttcMion of the inhabitants, it being ihc (laple com- Miiy ot their tiadc. It is prop.igaled by plantin- hiiiin,,!'! of it in the ground, in furrows dug paralle* I'l- hai purpole ; they arc laid level and even, and liv.R.I up with earth, from whence thev foon Ihoot lilt new pkinis trom their knots or joints, and grow fo lunk.tliat in tight, ten, or twelve months at tuithell, hey are fit to cut for making of fugar. No flirt of Kuropcin grain grows in Jamaica ; they I'.ave only Indian corn, Guinea (din, pca> id various kindt, but none ufcmbliiM; thofc proiluced in I'.uglandi with a variety of rouf^, ununr,; which are the yamt and call'ava. 'ihc fruits found there are orange*, lemons, limes, citrons, dates, pomegranatts, Ih.iddoeks, maniies, papas, l /.■■7l ,.-^"'!' A r L A N T ■''!.; ''«■<., r E A N f*r/t\iM ^Lt^rrwi A' -* - , -(-C.ii " '»*, \f:.^^ T'^' c^:i>'^' c '"''.I ^Vi r'n^j ''"i-E-'-o'* /. C'*^ If ^ Ifnoinmici ['^ E A s 384 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY ■ ; ; : t ; and are very imwholcfomc. Thirre are fome fine Ipriiigs in the iflauil ; but, upon tht whole, tiiis iill-tul tlcmeiit is in many places very I'carci: ; in oihtis, it is fc> mixed with (and, and earthy particles, th;n it is rot drinlcable till it has fettltd tor fbme days ; and, in fomc years, feveral ot the cattle have ptriihed lor want of water. Many fait fprings are tonnd m the plains ; and in the munntains, at a little dilUnce t'ruin Spaniih Town, is a ho'. fpring, which the inhabitants refort to as a bath, and uitri.'Ute feveral medicinal virtues to the water. The nnmbcr of inhabitants in J nnaica does not exceed twenty-five thijufnid v\hiies, and ninety thoufand negroes : but about the begintung of this ^ century, the former amoiintcfl to lixty thonfaiid, and the latter to an hundred and twenty thoufand : this decline is attributed to earthquakes and epi- demical difeafes. The inhabitants are either Engliih, oi' of Engiilh extraoiion born upon the illand ; Indians, Ni groes, and Mulattoes or the defcendents of them. Tliere is no country in the worid where luxury is carried to a higher pitch than in this illand: equi- pages, clothes, turnituie, tables, all bear the marks of the grcateft wealth, afHiaiice, and prolufion i ana to t!\is may be imputed the ihort Itay which all the trcafure they receive makes among them ; the wliole noi being more than fuilicient to anfkver their nc- ceilitous and luxurious calls on Europe and North America. The common drink of the better fort of people is Madeira wine mixed with water ; but thofe of inferior rank ufualiy drink rum punch, which they term Kill Devil; becanfe being triquently drunk to cxcefs, it heats the blood, and brings on fevers that in a few hours fend them to the grive, efpecially llrangers, which is the reafon that fo many die there upon their firil arrival. On Simd.iys, and particular occafions, gentlemen wear wigs, and appear very gay in iilk coats and velts trimmed with filvtr ; but at other times their iifual drefs is thread (lockings, linen drawers, a ved, a Iiandkerchief tied round the head, and a hat. The inoming habits of the ladies confilt of a louff gDwn wrajiped ca elefsly round them ; but agaiiill ii.>oii they always drefs in a rich and molt becoming talte. Men ftrvants wear a coarfe linen frock, wiih buttons at the neck aiu-l hands, and longlrowfers of the fame. The negroes of both fcxes go naked, except thofe who are immediately employed in the houfe. Beiides the ordinary providons, rats are fold here by the do/.eii, and when ihey have bred among ilic fugar canes, are thought, by fome p'-ople, very delii loiis f>od. SniUs and ferpents, and colli, a fort of worms, are eauii bv the Indians and negroes. There is great reafon to hjueve that there were for- iiicil) a -'.rea' UKUiy more pcrf ns oipropirty tn Jamaica than there ar<' uo.v, tlioueh their loniiiies were not \ciy large. The iniiabitAiUi were undjiib.edly very numerous, till reduced *'/ earthquakes andbJ epidemical difeales, which iinuR-diatcIy fj'"^ (.inner calamities, fwept away vad multiiud'"" deireafe of the inhabiiants, as well a.s the d r their commerce, arife from the difficulties t i,' their trade is expofed, of whuh tliey donolnl complain to the 'court of Gnat-Britain- n^,^ , that they are of late deprived ol the mjii jj, c, part of iheir trade, the carrying of negmes anji goods to the Spanilh coalt ; the low value nf produce, which they afciibe to the great in, ments the French make in their fugar clou ■ that they are enabled .to underfell them by tii ■ U J of their duties ; and alfo on account of t|ic carried on from Ireland and the northern ciiIik to the Freneh and Dutch illands, where they p„j duties, and are fupplied with goods at aneali;rn S )me of thofe complaints, which equally aff'd other ill.iiids, have been heard, and others fliU main unrcdrelfed. Both the logwo 'd-trade, and ill carried on by our iflands with the continent ol M Spain and Terra Firma, iiave often been the (ubJ of great contention, and even caifed a wat'i twecn the crow^^s of Great Britain and Spain former we always avowed, and claimed as cur niili an.' it was accordingly, by a late peace, coiifirit, tons: the latter we permitted, from a natural U polition, that if the Si)aniards found thimfelmi giieved by any contraband trade, it lay uponL and not upon us, ;o put a Itop to it ; efpeciiJIyl they have guarda codas cruizing in thofe leas, p* pofely to fcize and confifcate fuch vellcls aii(lcjr«| as arc found carryitig on an illicit trade. TMci gnments were thought fuHitient till the cimcluj of the peace of 1763, when the Britilh minnlij,! compliance with the court ot Spain, thought pm to fend Euglilh cruizers to the American coail, fedhially to crulh that lucrative trade; aproctfii which has occalioned the complaints of the «U body of Britilh fubje6!ls in America, as aitopi thereby put to the principal channel whiclil enabled them to remit fuch prodigious funis toGia Britain. They import from England linen, filk, and m clothing of all kinds ; wrought iron, biafs, andcopf all forts of hard- ware, toys, houfeholil-lurn:ture,i great quantities of Hour. Sugar, rum, molalfts, and cotton, arc the chief ptoi of the illand. In 17,53, they exported 20.315 hugilit ol fugar, fome of them very great, which wcrcwod in England 424,72,51. Of rum, they cxpoiii 4,OiO puncheons. In molalles, they ni.'.dcaj part of their returns for New England, wiuieil are va(t diltilltries. The other comuuidiiy is cjm^ of which they fend out 20C0 bags, 'r'uyalfaci on a conlidciable trade with the .>| aiiilh cddIK oi New ^pain and 'i'erra Firma ; 11. the IuiiikiiI cut ijreai quantities of logwood, and in both ihtyti" IIEHICA.] JAMAICA. 385 extenfive and advantageous trade in negroes, and lllnds of European goods. Mon the new capital of this ifland, is fituated wit bay of Port Royal. The" harbour is one of molt commodious in America, being about three jjs broad in moft places 5 fo deep tliat a (hip of tons may lay clofe to the Ihorc ; and fo capacious, jihoufand fail may ride in fafety. The entrance ftnded by Fort Charles, one of the Ilrongeft forti- ioiuon the Englifli iflands, a battery qf 60 piecer ainon, and a garrifon of regulars maintained b crown. The town, which ftands commodiouily frelh ivater, and every other convenience of life, jt a mile long, and half a mile broad. The s are handfome, regular, and contain upwards of houfes, moft of which are well, and fome ele- iy built, according to the tafte of thefe iflands, bis only one ftory high, with porticos. Its in- iuntsare eftimated at 17,000, among whom are It jooo whites and 12,000 free negroes or mu- brt.Royal, the old capital, flood upon the point 1 narrow neck of land, which, towards the fea, part of the border of the above-mentioned lour, the excellency of which induced the inhar •ts to build their chief city on this fpot, U| it was hot dry fand, and produced none of IneceiTaries of life. It foon, however, became a |e of great confequence, and the refort of thofe m pirates called Buccaneers, a people who made Lual depredations on the Spaniih coaft, and bht with an inconfiderate bravery to obtain a for- E, which they fpent with as inconfiderate diflipa- I in this town. This, together with the trade of lifland, had fo good an ene&, that about the be- Vng of the year 1692, the place exceeded every |g of its fize, for wealth, and an entire corruption nanncrs. But this prof|>erity was of no long linuance: in the month of June, the fame year, arthquake fhook the whole ifland to its founda- (, j'nd totally overwhelmed this city : the earth ^ed and fwallowed up nine-tenths of the houfes, I two thoufand of the inhabitants. The water led out from the openings of the earth, and tum- the people in heaps ; fome of them, however, [the good fortune to catch hold of beams and raf- of houfes, and were afterwards faved by boats. ktal ihips were caft away in the harbour, and I Swan frigate, which lay in the dock, was carried rthetopsof (inking houfes i but, fortunately, ihe Inotoverfet, and afforded a retreat to fome hun- s of people, who by that means faved their lives. lofroer, who happened to be on the fpot, obferves, the earth opened and fhut very quick in fome, |es, and he faw feveral people ftnk down to the lie, wliile others appeared with their heads juft lie the ground, and were preiTed to death. At finnah, above a thoufand acres were funk, with 1 the hotifes and people, the place appearing for fome time like a lake. The waters afterwards dried away { but not the Icaft vefl'ge of the houfes remained. Some of the mountains were fplit afundcr ; at one place, a plantation was removed to the di^ance of a mile, and ths mo(l Aupendous rocks were whirled from their eminences. After the confternation, tjc- cafioned by this fliocking fcene of hottor and dcfo- lation, had fome time fubfided, tiie town was rebuilt, ut, about ten years after, it was again ueftroyed by re. The extraordinary convenience of the harbour, however, induced the inhabitants to raife it a third time; and a third time it was laid in rubbilh by a hurricane, the moft terrible on record. This hap- pened fo lately as the year 1722, and almoft ruined the ifland. Such repeated cataftrophes occalioned them to abandon the place, and accordingly they built Kingfton, on the oppofite fide of the bay: of late years, however, Port-Royal has been in fome meafure rebuilt \ its commodious fituation having tempted many to fettle on this feemingly devoted fpot, and run all hazards. On Oftober 3, 1780, there was a dreadful hurri- cane, which almoft overturned the little fea-port town of Savannah-la-Mer ; in this ifland, and part of the adjacent country, very few itoufes were left ftanding, and a great niimber of people were killed. In other parts of Jamaica much damage vvas alfo done, and many lives loft. St. Jago de la Vega, commonly called Spanifh- Town, in Middlefex, is a fmall city, pleafanily fi- tuated on the river Cabre. It contains a mimber of good houfes, and is the refidence of the governor, of the courts of juftice, and the place whwe the aftem- bly is held. The greater part of the inhabitants are perfons of fortune or rank, which gives it an a of i'plendor and magnificence. The principal building is the governor's houfe, which is one of the molt elegant in America. Here are alfo a handfome church, a chapel, and a Jewilh fynagogue. Between this town and that of Kingfton, is Fort- Paflage, a village of but few houfes, and fo called, becaufe they who go from one town fd the other land or embark there. The mifcry and hard(hip$ of the negroes, in general, are great; and though tne utmoft care is taken to make them propagate, the ill treatment they receive fo ftiortens their lives, that, inftead of increaling by the courfe of nature, many thoufands are annu- ally imported, to fupply the place of thofe who pine and die by the hardfntps they receive. They are, in- deed, ftubborn and tintradlable for the moft part, and they muft be ruled with a rod of iron ; but they ought not to be cruOied with it, or to be thought a (ort of beafts, without fouls, as many of their overfeert think them at prefent, though fom<; of thefc tyrants arc themfelves the dregs of England, and the refufe of the jails of Europe, Many of the negroes, how- j £ ever* i 1i: m, m& ,W:' mm Hbuxu 'i' S86 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY 8 ever, who fall into the hands of gentlemen of htima- nitv, find their fituations cafy and comfortable ; and it has been obfervcd, that in North America, where in gent-ral thcfe poor wretches are belter ufcd, there is a lefs waKe of negroes, they live longer, and pro- pajjiuc belter. 'i'hu Haves, on their firfl arrival from the coaft of Guiiiei> arc expofcd naked to falc : they arc then ge- nerally very iimple and innocent creatures ; but they f(Kiii become rogurlh ; and when they come to be pu-- iiiihed for their faults, excufe themfelves by the ex- amples of the whiles. They believe every negro icturns to his native country after death. This thought is fo agreeable, that it cheers their fpirits, and ren- ders the burthen of life eafy, which would othcrwife to many be quite intolerable. They look on death as a blcirmg; and it is Airpriiing to fee with what courage and intrepidity fome of them meet it : they are quite tranfported to think their llavcry is near at an end, that ihey Ihall revifit their native (horcs, and fee their old friends and acquaintance. When a negro is about to expire, his fellow Haves kifs him, wifh him a good journey, and fend their hearty good wifhes to their relations in Guinea. They make no lamenta- tions ; but with a great deal of joy inter his body, be- lieving he is gone home, and enjoys ^erfe£l happi- ncfs. Englifh money is feldom feen here, the current coin being entirely Spanilh. There is hardly anyplace where filver is more plentiful, or has a quicker cir- culation. Notwithflanding provifions arc in general tolerably reafonable, yet a perfon cannot dine de- cently for lefs than a piece of eight, and the com- mon r^itc of b.iarding is three pounds per week. Learning is here at a very low ebb : there are, indeed, fume gentlemen well verfed in literature, and who fend their children to Great-Britain, where they have the advantage of a polite and liberal education ; but the bulk of the people take little care to improve their minds, being generally engaged in trade or rio- tous dillipation. The ellablifhed religion here, as well as in all the firitifh iflands, is that of the church of England ; but there are yet no bifliops : the bifhop of London's commilfary is the principal ccclefiadic in thefe illands. The government of Jamaica is the fame with that of Virginia, and indeed all other royal governments. It is, next tn that of Ireland, the bell m the king's "gift. The Handing Cilary is 2,5001. a year, the ai- I'embly vote the governor as much more, and this, with the other great profits of his oiHce, make it little lefs than lo.ocol. a year. Jamaica was conquered by the Engli(h forces fent •ut by Cromwell on an expedition againit Hifpaniula. I'hat attempt failing, they laid ficgc to this illaiid with an army of 10,000 men ; and the place being in no polture of defence, the Spaniards Surrendered it up to the bcfiegers. They made no attempt after- wards to retake it ; and after ceded to Grreat-Dritain by treaty. Simieofth f employed in its redudlion were fettled in th*"ii''*| by Cromwell; and many of the royalilh. . J?!! home, fought an_ afylum there, while the am ' I'aJotit,. Th I I taught the former fcttlers the lijanner of ■ '"*■ fcrtilitv of the foil, and other advantages wS'l offered, induced many of the planters in BarbaJn, I quit their abode, and fettle in Jamaica. '^' ■* taught the former fcttlers the manner m railln»ii.| fuear-canes and making fugar; for, before ihJ,!*! val, they followed the ciilloms of the Spaniards i!il applied themfelvcs entirely to the railing of coc I They alfo introduced the culture of indigo; aniif I that period, fugar and indigo became the pri„c|!5| flaple commodities ot the iflands <*■ To the north-weft of Jamaica are three fmall iilaji dependent on this, and known by the name of? Caymans. The moft foutherly is diliingniiy L name of Great Cayman : the other two, which diftant from it about 20 leagues, are called Little man and Cayit an-Brack. Great Cayman is the one that is coniiantly inhabited: it is very iow covered with high trees. It has not any harbour (hips of burthen, only a tolerable anchoring pji, on the fouth-weft. The inhabitants, who amouti about 200, are defcended from the old Buccani They have given themfelves a fet of laws choofe a chief to fee them executed, in conjunl with the juftices of peace appointed by commii from the governor of Jamaica. As thej have clergyman annong them, they go to Jamaica 10 married. This colony is undoubtedly the molik py in the Weft-Indies ; the climate and the kind food, which are of a lingular falubrity, rendering people healthy and vigorous, and making thcni We a very advanced age. Their little ifland prodi plenty of corn and veg':tables, hogs and poiili much beyond what is required fur their own c fumption. They have, belidesj fugar canes, and fo fprings of pretty good water. Being quite hardci to the fea; they are excellent pilots for the Jeii bouring coafts ; and their illand, as well as their tivity and humanity, have been many times a n to Ihips which were diltrelfed in this part of the Their principal employment is filhing tor turtle ftindl every year leads a prodigious number of lui to thefe iflands to lay their eggs, the greater pan which come from the Bay ot Honduras. Tm ' and fandy thores of thefe illands, particularly of Great, are pcrfc6lly commodious to receive and ver their eggs. A female lays fume hundr When they have done laying, the turtles rctiiei wards the Ifle of Cuba, and the other large illi where they recover tliemfelves in the fubmariiicj tures, and, in about a moiitli's time, ucijinre ihitfi ncfs which makes them fo m.h eiitcin^d ond tables of the great. The inhabitants ut G(cji( man ihut tbeiiv up, as fuon as they arc cauglii, ma I .T BAftBADOES. St. CHRISTOPHER'S. ^ -,hifh thtfv call <■'•«///. inaHe with ftakes, in Kh water, ^ween the (here and a reef of fc tknoT'h.cultcoaft. Thefc turtles fcrve for C, he traffic ^^'hi^ I' they ^""Y on with Port-Royal. t- an article of food wliich is very wholcfoine ; l/the flietf of 'h«: liawk's-b'll kind is a commo- t which ha! a place among the cxporlations t» rcat-BfitM"' , , ' 387 B A R B A D O E S. I and Extent, Climalt, Soil, Produce, Iithabitants, Uhief Towns, Religion, ilfc. THIS is the mod caflerly of iW the Caribbee mds being fituated in the ^gth deg, of weft I indthe 13th of north lat. It is 21 miles in «h, aiKl M in breadth. When the Englirti, fome- hc alter the year i6£j, firlt landed here, they found I place the moft wild and deftitute that can be ima- y. it did not exhibit the leaft appearance of ling been ever peopled, even by fivagcs. There,' I no kind of bead of paflure or of prey ; nd fruit, fhetb, no root, fit for fupporting human life. • Yet, (the climate was good, and the foil fertile, fome Itlemen of fmail fortunes in England refolved to Le adventurers in cultivating it. Thefe planters i not only the defolate nature of the place, and jtxtrtmc want of provifions to ftruggle with, but I trees were fo large, and the wood fo hard" and Iborn, that they met with great difficulty in clear- las much ground as yielded thein a hibfiftence. I by degrees things grew better ; fome of tlie wood Ucd fullic, a wood wanted by the dyers ; cotton lindigo agreed' well with the foil, and tobacco, 1 becoming fadiionablb in England, yielded tole- ^, Thcfe good appearances, with the ftorm kh fome time after began to gather in England, Kiraged many to go over ; and fo great was the fcafe of people in Barbadoes, that in 1650, after |igbeen fettled only 25 years, it contained 50,000 les, and a much greater number of negro and In- Iflaves; the latter they bafcly feized in the neigh- Bngiflands, and carried into ilavery ; which difho- jable conduct has rendered the Caribbee Indians Wilcable to \is ever iince. Tiieir cultivation of I loon rendered liiem extremely wealthy. The berof ilaves dill increafed ; and it is fupj)ofetl that 6/6 they anioiuited to ico.oGO, vvhicli, togellKT [50,000, niaice ijo, ceo fouls on this final! fpot, a |e (if population Uiiknown in Holland, or even sdiiiiijbittd parts I't China. Ic trade of ilirbailoes with Gicat-Rritain, &c. f>\s 400 ve.l'.is (if all burthens. The pnticipal sot exportation are aloes, cotton, ginger, fuijii, and n.'jlalies. In 1-^70 this exportation u Ited to 331,0001, to Great-Britain i j2o,oool. to North America ; and i i.oool. to the other iflands ; and their circulating cafh at home was aoo.oool. But this ifland has lately been much on the decline, which is attributed partly to the growth of the French fiigar- colonies, and partly to our own cftablilhments in the neighbourHig ifles. Their numbers arc now computed ! at ao,ooo whites, and 100,000 flaves. Their capital is Bridge Town, fituated in Carliile Bay; here the governor . refides, and has a falary of 5000I. per annum. Here is a college' founded and well endowed by Col. Coding- ' ton, a native of this ifland. Barbadoes has fuflfered' much by pedilcnce, hurricanes, and fires. On O6I0- ber 10, 1780, a dreadful hurricane caufed great devaf-- tation in this ifland, great numbers of the houfes were deftroyed, many damaged, a great number of pcr- fons were buried in the ruins of the buildings, and others driven into the fca, and pcriflied there. The church of England is the cllablilhed religion here ; the Ditfentcrs are very few. Here i.s, in general, a greater appearance of order and decency, and of a fettled people,, than in any other of the Weft-India illands. St. CHRISTOPHER'S. THIS ifland, fometimes, for brevity's fake, called St. Kitt's, is fituated in 62 deg. weft long, ind ijr deg. north lat. It is about twenty miles long, feven broad, aiid feventy-five in circumference. It owes its name ta Chriitopher Columbus, who firft difcovercd it for the Spaniards, who, not finding it to abound in the precious metal, abandoned it \ and, in 162C, it was fettled by the French and Englilh conjointly, but entirely ceded' to England by the treaty of Cftrecht. It contains about 7000 whites, and 36,000 negroes. Belides cotton,! ginger, and the tropical fruits, it generally produces as much fiigar as Barbadoes. Balfeterre is the moll confiderable town upon this ifland, and was formerly the capital of the French part : the other is called Sanily Point, and always belonged' to the Englilh. There i.s no harbour ; on the contrary-; the furf is continually beating on the Tandy fliore at the few places fit to land, which not only prevents the- building any quay or wharf, but renders the landing or (hipping o( g(>ods always inconvenient, arid very often dangerous. They have been, then lore, obliged to adopt a pariitular method to embark, or put the lieavy goods,, fiich as Irogllicads of I'ugar or rum, on board. For this pi;rpoff, tluy life a fmall boat of a peculiar coiiftriic- lion, called a wj/es ; this boat fets off from the fhip with fonic very adlive and expert rowers ; when they fee whai ilicv call a lull, 'liat is, an abatement in thl, and lay the fides of the ir.o.l-.s (jii tic Itiand, the hoglhead is rolled' into it, and ti.c Tame precautions are ufed to i-arry it to die Ihip. It is in tin- iiict.nvenieni and vry hazardous inumici' tliat tjic fu^urs are conveyed on boaiJ by fmgle ,, • hogihcads. d88 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. B*!!!!!^ hngflicads. Rum, cotton, an.^ other goods that will bear the water, are generally floated to the (hip both in going and coming. The public affairs at St. Chriftopher's are adnunif- tcrcd by a goveriu ., a council, and an alTembly chofcn from the nme parities into which the illand is divided, and which have each a large handfnme church. The illand of St. Chrillopher fuftaincd great damage by a violent hurricane, whC ;:onfiflcrab4e in the whojc Uiand. Many a' the inhabjiintsare Caribbcans, aud many here are alf«k fugitives frorn Barbadoes and the other iflafid*. Thp C9rl|)bj;ans were treated with fo much injiiflice and p^fbatrity, aft(;r this jiland came into poilkHion uf the £(>glilh« to whom it was cec^cd by the peace in 1763, Oia^ they greiUly co^^tribut^d towards enal^ling th^ .Ipceot;!] t^ ^t if'pf^ltipf} of it i»gaip ia 1779 ; But, by thp If H :; ■ :•: 1 '.fir r. .:. - ■■: : li "IWWTtTf'i TtitjO "»!'. ■ N' E V I S. THIS is ;io q[|or,e ^Ii^n a vaft mountain fifing %q a very confidsr/iUe Kqight. It is fitu^ted abqut ifour miles to the'i'outh 6f,^t,,Q|ir'^ttppl^er.'s. The foil is fruitf\il, ^d (he (UpIp coiXMT^odity fugar, wpich ^vcs all the pjurpofes 0/ ^poney. Here are foretimes violejit < '.,s 9i,nd b.V>ri!icanec, ar in ^\a other iflands, anij the air U even hpiter tha,n that of Barbadoes. Here are many remarkable jnfe£ls and reptile^!, par- ticularly the flying-tyger, the horn-fjy, arid .a Hind qf f^i^il called the fuldi'^r. The fea abqunds with a vafiety ^qf t;^celleiu ififti, as groqpers, rocknfUh, old wives, ca- vallits, weKlimer, mud-fi(h, wilks, cockles, lobftei;s, &rc. Land-crabs are very common here; they are fmailcr than fea-crabs, antl make little burrows, like rabbits, in tho woods, towards the tops of the moun- tains. The only venemous creatures are icorpions and centipedes. • On this iflaHijl there is plenty of afparagiis ; they have alfo a tijee called diddle-doo, which beats a lovely blof- fom of the fined yellow and fcarlet colours, and is efteemed a fuvereign remedy in fume difordcrs. The liquorice bufh runs wild along the (lope walls of com- mon fields, like l,he vipc. The btitt^r here is not good, ju\d ,their t)c;w ch^cfe far worfe. The fheep have nei- , thcr horns or wopl, but are clothed with fmooith hair, and generally full of fmall red or black fppts, refem- bling thofe of a fine fpaniel. They breed juyice a year, if not oftener, and generally bring two, tlii'ee, or four lambs at a tii^ic, and, vvhat is more extraordinary, -Tuckle them ail. The rams are of a pale ,red colour, ^ith a thick row, of long, ftraight. red hajr, hanging down from the lower jaw to the bread, a^far as the fore legs. The hogs, being fed with Indian corn, Spaniflt potatoes, and fugar-cane juice, are exceeding tv^ttt food, white, and lat \ as are the fowls and tur- kies, which are fed with the fame diet. The ground doves here are about the Aae of a lark, of a chocolate colour, {potted vt^ith a d^rk blue, their heads like that of a robin-red<:brea(l, ^md their eyes and legs of a rnqft pure red. Th(Fy havp excellent game CQcJks arjtl fierce ,Dull-dogs, t;)cf'iidcs large cyr-dogs, but no hounds or fpanids. Neyis vyjM foyntierfy piuch m«re Jigurilhil^g Jhan at 5 F ... prefent, si' R^H Mn RN III II lilii X 390 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM oi UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY ' nt, and, bcfbre the Revolution, contained 30,000 i'lnabitants. The jnvafion of the French about tliat •time, antJ fonic cpidcnnical difordtrs, have flranccly 'diminifhed the nntribcr to what they then were. Ilcre arc three toltrable roads or bays, on which arc as mun/ little towns, vii. Newcaftle, Littlcboroiigh on Moie- ton-Bay, and Charles-Town the capital, with a fort called C^eat Fort, that defends the anchoring-place. where the governor, council, and affembty, meet ; the lad is conipofed of five members for each of the three Iiariftics into which the ifland is divided. Here, as in bme of the other CaiHblMe^, if a white man kills a black, he cani.ot be tried for his life, for the murder; and all that he fuffers is a fine of 30I. currency to the mafter for the lofs nf his flave. If a negro llrikesa 'white man he is. punitlicd with the lofs of his hand ; and, if he flioula draw blood, with death. A negro cannot be evidence againft a white man. ' The inhabitants ot this place have three public an- nual fafts, to implore the divine proteftion againfl hur- ricanes; and, if none happen in July. Augull, or Sep- tember, they appoint a public thankfgiving in Odlober. The trade of Nevis conlifts ir. molalfcs, rum, and a prodigious quantity of lemons- This ifland, as well a: the following, was taken by the French in the year 1782, but rellorcd at the peace in 1783. This M93-. 13 mm. M 0>N T S E R R A T. fmall ifland was difcpvcrc«J by Columbus tn It li^s in it6 deg. <>,i mi n. north lat. and 62 dcg. weft long. It is twenty-five miles almoll fouih foiith-eaft from Nevis ; twenty weft fotith-weft from Antigua; forty north-weft from Guadalupe; and 240 from Barbadocs. It' is of an oyal figure ; about three leagues in length, the fame in breadth, and eighteen in compafs. The Spaniards gave it the name of Mont- ferrat from a ianfil'd refemblance k bore to a mountain of that name near Bdrctlona in Old Spain. ,It was fet-, tied in 1632 by Sir Thoins^-. W.irncr, and taken in the beginning oi' the reign of Chailes 11. by the French, who reftored it to England at ine peace of Breda. The firft fettlers were Irifhmtn, and the prefent inhabitants arc principally compofed cither of their defcendents, or of nativea of Ireluna. With refpeft to climate, foil, arid produce, they are much the fame as thofe of the other Eiiglilh CaT4bbce Idands. The nioiiiitains yield cedar*, the cyprcfs-treis, the iron-trcr, with other wooils and fome odoriferous^ Ihrubs. It i< well- watered anil IVnitfu) ; and the planters formerly raifed a grtat deul ot iritUgo. The furrounding feas produce (ome hidious'nv>nii?r^, particnlarly two/ which, from their rcniarkubk- bgriiiefs, as well as the; Bfiifunous quality of th-ir flefh, -are called' fea-devils. The lam.iniure, by fome called the fta-cow, is found in this iiland, and generally at the entrance of frcOi water 'ivcrs. it is a 1 amph According to the accounts \vrhr3 ibious animal, and livo.s' mo(llvon\ 3 age. ;ts Ik-lh isreckoned very wholcfomeliod " i.lted ; and th(;y are folarge, that.two or ihr« of? load a canoe. ' " Montfcrrat is governed by a lieutenant.6ov„„^ council, and an allembly of eight reprefenutives il for each of the four diftridls v\-hich divide the iflan'i T^here is not any harbour belonging to this jjl dnly' thtse roads, namely, at Plymouth, which? chJcf t^wn in the illind. Old Harbour, and Ker', Where thi^^Oiipping and laniling of goods is aiicn, with the fame inconveniences as in the ifland of Chriftophcr. This ifland, as well as the former, was taken b» French in the year 1782, but reftored at the ma B A R B U DA. pcactij 18 dee. 6 mil), north 1 It is THIS ifland Is fituated in and 61 deg. 35 min. weft long. It is about twq miles in length, and twelve in breadth. Theji(j Barbuda is not unfalutary ; and the foil isfertileeno to yield all the vegetable produdlions of the other \,, India iflands; but the inhabitants apply themrelvn] moft wholly to the breeding of cattle, andraifingp virions for. the neighbouring ifles. On theweftfiji the illand is a good well-fheltered road, clear fromn and fards. 1 nis ifland is the property of the Codrj ton family, and contains about 1500 inhabitant;, To the north of Barbuda are feveral fmall uninhabiij iflands. The moft remarkable of them liesatfixleaai diftance, and is about a league long. It confilkofi eminence, to which the Spanilh difcoverers, find fome refemblance to a hat, gave it the name of i brero, which it has always prtfervcd. To the weft of Barbuda and Sombrero, after hit crofled a channel of eight leagues, begin the Viigi] Islands. Thcfe take up a fpace, from call to well,| about twcnty-fouf leagues long, quite to the d. coaft of Porto Rico, with a breadth of about lii« leagues. They are compofed of a great nuraberofiJ| whofe oafts, rent throughout and TprinkieiJ with ti every where dangerous to navigators, are fimoiuj Ihipwrecks, and particularly of feveral galleons, pily for the trade and navigation of thefe illands, UK has plac^ed in the middle of rhem a large bafonoftlij or foilr leagues broad, and fix or ftven long, iheS that can be imagined, and in which ftiips mayaat landlcxked, and fheltcred from all winds. ThtB cancers called it the Virgins' Gangway; btJtii;« name is the Bay of Sir Francis Drake, whu lirll kib it in i,J8o,' when he n^ade his expedition ag3itJI| Domingo. One of thefc iflands is dafled the Tropic Keyt, I the aftonifliing quantity of Tropic birds 'which I IIIRICA.] NEWFOUNDLAND. 391 by a lieutenant-i Th«fe I''"''' "f^ ^'""" ^^^ '^^^ "* " pigeon, but Gand plump like a partridge, and very good to eat. L plumage Is quite white, except two or three fea- Ln tacli wing, which tre of a dear grey. Their ik, arc fliort, thick, and of a pale yellow. They eilongfeaiher, or rather ^uill, about feven inches I which comes out of their rump, and is all the Tihf fevcral others |the ocean, which arc fituated at the didance of fome I'.'fand miles from each 'ither. Our furvey of thcfc ;gin at the northern extremity, and the fird that II engage our attention, is NEWFOUNDLAND. ' ITHIS ifland is fituated to the eaft of the gulf of St. lurtnce, between 46 and ^2 deg. north lat. and be- |Kn53 "nd 59 deg. well long, of a triangular form. Id nearly as large as Ireland; being feparated from Ibiador, or New-Britain, by the ftreights of Belleifle ; Id from Canada, by the bay of St. Laurence. The Incipjl towns are Placeniia, Bonavifla, and St. John. iTheairon the coalls is thick and foggy, and there are wuent dorms of fnow and fleet. The wintt r is long, id often inteiifeiy cold ; the fummer is very hot, but llliort comimiance, and, as the foil in nioit parts is Iky and, barren, the vegetable produdiDns are but **. Itis, however, watered by feveral good river., I hath fome noble and capacious bays. The bell i^uce of this illand confills in a great variety of cx- cclltnl timber, which will afford an ample fupply for mails, yards, and all forts of timber, when thofe com- modities begin to grow fcarcc in our colonies. But Newfoimdiand is cUk&y valuable for the noble cod iilhcry on its coafia and the neighbouring banks. Great-Britain and North America, at the ioweft computation, annually employ three thoufand fail of fmall Ihips in this iifliery ; on board of which, and on fhore, to cure and pack the fifli, are upwards of to,ooo hands ; fo that this Hlhery is not only a valuable brunch of trade to the merchant, but a fource of livelihood to many thoufands of poor people, and a mod excellent nurfcry of feamen for the royal navy : at the fame time, it is computed that this filhery increafes the national dock 303,000!. annually, in gold and filver, remitted to us for the cod we fell in the northern kingdoms, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Levant. The plenty of cod, both on the great bank and the lefler ones, which lie to the eaft and fouth-ead of this ifland, is in- conceivable ; s.nd not only cod, but feveral other fpe- cies of filh, arc caught there in preat abundance; all of which are nearly in an equal pi ity along the Ihores of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New England, and the iflc of Cape Breton ; and very profitable fiilieries arc carried on upon all their coads, which makfts ample amends for the barrennefs of the foil, &c. The roaitv fiflicry is on the Great Bank, and the other banks about this ifland, as alfo along the coad. I'he Great Bank is a vad mountain under water, ex-< tending, in length, according to the mod accurate fea- charts, from the 4 id deg. of north lat. to 49 deg. 85 min. and, in breadth, from 4a deg. 30 min. to 51 deg, 30 min. of wed lon^. Its depth of water is from five to fixty fathoms. This bank is covered with a vaft quantity of ihells, and fevcral kinds of filh of all fizes, molt of which fcrve lor food to the cod-fi(h, whofe num- ber is immenfe. Great numbers of veifels have loaded here annually for two centuries, yet this vad confump' tiun has produced no very apparent diuiiiiution of their numbers. The Great Bank is about leo miles long, and about fifty over where broaded. It lies oflF the fouth-coad of Newfoundland. There are feveral other banks, but they are not confiderable enough to deferve particular notice. The Great Strand, or drying-place for fifli, which is about a league in extent, lies between two deep hills, one of which is feparated from the Strand by a fmall rivulet, which fjrms a kind of lake, called the Little Bay, abounding with falmon. The Great Strand may contain at once wherewithal to load fixty Ihips. There is another leder Strand for the ufc of the inhabitants, who fifli all along the coad. The fifhiiig fcafon is from Spring to Stpteipber. All the train oil that comes trom Newfoundland is drawn chiefly from the livers of the cod. The procefs in catching the fifh, preparing them, &c. is as follows : the cod is caught with a harpoon, the \ L 89« A HEW AND COVfPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPMy t!ie bell bait being a lillle i)(h cnllcU rap«1aii ; but, fur want of thin, they fixnetinicf maicc ofu ol t'lc ititeHines of the cmi itfelf. An foon i% the liflierman has caught « fifli with his line, he pulls nut its longtie, and givo the iilh tc> another man, whom thejr call the hchcader. This man, with a two-ctlged kni*"e, Kke » lancet, flits the M\ fWyin tft« vent to the throat, which he cuts acrofs to the hones cfthc neci: i he then lays d«vrn his knife, afnrff nils out thr liv«r, wh.ch lie drops into a kind of tray, through a little Sole matte on purpofe in the fcaf- ftild he works upon ; he then guts ft, and cuts oil' the head. This done, he deliveis the fifli to the next man, Vho fiands over-againfi him.* This nun, who is called tho flicer, takes hold of it by the tcft gvl', and relh its hack againtt a board, » font long, and two inches high ; he pricks it with 'he tlicing knilr; on the left f'dc of the ^ent, which m^ACS it ti-rn Dut tac left gill ; then he cuts the ribs, or great bon^s all along the vertebrae, iit»o»t half way down fionn the neck to the vent; he likcwife does the fame on the right fide ; then cuts aflant three joints ol the veitebrx throtigh to the fpinal marrow ; L'iftiy, he cuts all along the vertcbrcc and fpi- nal marrow, dividing theilt into two; and thus ends his operation. A third helper then takes this iilh, and, ^ith a kin ' if wo«den fpatiila, fcrapes all the blood #hat has njuuincd along the vcrtebr* that were not cut. When the cod is thus thoroughly cleaiifed (fometimei wa'hcd) he drops it into the hold, through a hole maile for that purpofe, and the fi.ltcr is there ready to receive it. This aliiftant crams as nrtuch fait as he can into the inner part of the hlh, lays it down, the tall end lovveft, rubs the (kin all over with fait, and even covers it with tnore fait ; then goes through the fame procefii with the red of the cod, which he he;jps up one upon another till the whole is laid up. The Hlh, thus falted and piled up in the hold, is never meddled with any more till it is bnMight home and unloaded for fale. The cod intended tor drying is caught and beheaded in the fame manner ; but tl>e operation of falting varies in fume few parti- culars. The Indians, or natives, of this ifland, are faid tobc a gentle, mild, traceable people, eafily gained by civility and good ufag<'. They paint their bodies, and, in •winter, arc clad in fkins and furs. Dirpiitcs were frequent for many years between France and Lngland : at h{\ the whole ifland was formally ceded to the Englifh by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713 ; but the French weru left at liberty to dry their nets and cure their 6ih on the northern coafls of the ifland ; and, by the treaty of 1763, they obtained liberty to jifti ia the gulf of St. Laurence, but with this limitation, that they Ihould not approach within three miles of any of the fhorcs belonging to the Englifh. The fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, lUuated to the foutliward of Newfoundland, were alfo ceded to the French for curing their filh ; but they engaged to ere6l no fbrtifi- cattoiib on thefe iP.auds, and to keep only fifty foldiers to eulurec tfac police, jn 1793, tliey were again taken by the Euglilh. during th« war with d>« L'tI public. * '""'l> The French, by the latn treaty, were toeni J filhcrie.s on the w:ih and v«trt coaJis of ihciU Jj the American' were aJl»wed due fame priviU(«»h!fiiJ as before tl.cir ittd«pend«nce. PUcemia. C,uQ St. John, arc the chief towni in Newfo«„duJ J in the winter, not above 1000 families renuinhw fniall fijuadron of men of war are lent oiu everVf to protetl the fiflieries and inhabitanii of this iid the naval commander on this flation isthe^yBri CAPE BRETON. THIS ifland is fituatcd between 45 and north lat. and between 61 ami 62 drg, wed Uv k! 100 miles long, and eighty broad. It it (ituatcd abt" leagues fouth-wefl from Newloundiand, andijft rated by the llrcight of Catifo from Nova Scoti: north coaft is high, and alinofl inacccffible; fcu, foiith coaft contains fcvcral excellent harbou's particularly that of Louifl)urg, one of the tiU America. The air is nearly the fame with that of Ni foundland ; the heat and cold alfo is very little dij em ; the foil in many places barren, but, in fume and rich, though it has never been properly culti'vi Horfes, black cattle, (heep, goats, hogs, and poil arc found in plenty on the ifland. but game is fc The partridges arc almoft as large as pheafamj, not unlike them in the colour of their leathers. . quantity of cod and other filh in the adjacent feaji moft incredible; whales, feals, porpoifes, &c. w quently fcen near the coafl. The vegetable prodiiai are apples, piilfe, wheat and other corn, flax and he Oaks of a prodigious fize, pines, afli, maple, plane afpin trees abound here. Coals ami limc-llonearcfo in almolt every pai t of the ifland. This ifland was fufl^rcd for many years ton, uninhabited: at la(l the French took poflTillionol ii 1714, built Louifburg, and fortitied it in thcllronj manner. It was taken by the Englilh in the year 111 but reftored to the Fronch by the treaty of Aix.lU pelle. It was again taken during tho la!l war bin and the fortifications of Louuburg totally dcmolil By the treaty of peace in 1763 it was ceded totkL Iilh, fo that the French have now no portorlhelut the relief of their trading (hips cither to or from Weft-Indies. There are feveral fmall illandsljii round Cape Breton, particularly thofe of St. Petet Madame, or Maurepas. St. J O H N ' s. THIS ifland lies very near Cape Breton amlNi Scotia, but has greatly the advantage of both in pi km S-] iitiiic hr,!,! fertlliiv of foil. It is 60 miles long, K' broad.' and liai many i\ne rivers. On T>lion I'fCapc r.reton, the inlwbifmts of this Jtlunting .<. ^°co. n.h,ni,tcd quietly .0 the n rmr aiui 10 the f a ution, than (hit part of this country s<. Inch lies iip')n tho batiU of the MidilTippi. Indigo is found in the grcatell plenty; an I it \^ faid thjt great quantities of cochimal are to be iret with heic; itlfu auietkyfts, tiirqiioifes, la|)is lazuli, and oihei precious Oones ; copper, quickfiiver, pit-co.d, andiron ore. The wild animals arc the fime as m the Caroltiiaa and Georgia; black cattle and llieep are toiind in vail plenty ; and horfes are fu numer>>iif, that a good faddle-horlu may be purcliafed in cxcliaiigo lor goods of 58. value prime colt, and fomflimo .or much lefs. The trade for furs, and various other branches, as likcwifu tiie ftllicries, might be rendered very protitablc. 'Ihe Apulachian mountains, fo often mentioned, are the molt conliderable ; thefo give rife to many of the noble rivers that run through the Fioiilas ; the principal of which are the Millillipui, the Ohio, ihe Coza or Couira, and the river St. John. The Millif- fippi, which the French call St. Louis, is one of the tineft rivers in the world, and fiippofed to run a coiirfo of 3000 miles, tree from (hoais and cataracts, and navigable within fixty leagues of its fource. Its nu- merous mouths, however, are in u manner ch.iakc-il up by fands, which deny acccfs ti. velFels of any loii- fiderable burthen ; and even the principal entiai>':e 14 faid to have no more than twelve feet water on the bar, but within it is 100 fathom deep. Tlio clianrel is cvery-where free from iliallows, ard the current gentle, except at a certair. feafoii of th? year, wh.n, like the Nile, it becomes e'f»r>.;mely r.:pid, and o /er- flows its banks. The print. ,jal bayj arc, St. Bar- nard's, Afceiifion, Mobille, Penfacoln, Dauphin, Jo- feph, Apalaxy, Spiritu Snndlo, and Charles Buy. The chief capes are. Cape Blanco, Samblcs, Aiiclore, St. Augultine, and Cape Florida, at the extremity of the pemnfula. Pearls, it is faid, are found upon the coalis. The moft confiderable Indian tribes here arc tlio Creeks, Cherokees, Choi^aws, Chickefavvs, aiul Natches. Their h.iir is long and black. I^ith Axes go naked, except a dcer-fkin roiiiul their wailt. The men have robull b.>dies, .ind finely proportioned limbs, Tlie woiTiCii are handfomc aiul ui.ll lliapcd ; and lu remarkably adiivc, that they will l\vim acrofs bro.id rivers with tlieir children on their backs, and climb with furpriling agility to the tops of the higliclt trt;cs. Ill religion, they arc bigotted idolaters; and the cruelty of the Spaniards has rendered Chriliiaiiity odious to them. Pcnfacola is the chief town in WrR-Morld cuftoms, which are peculiar to the original Indians of Florida, vre (hall pre(ent them to the reader. They ftain their (kin with the juice of plants, and have long black hair, which they have a method of twilling and binding upon the head, fo as to render it rather becoming The women, in general, have good (tatures, and are well made. The men, being (tout and well proportioned, make ufe of bows and airows with gnat dexterity. The (Irings of their bows arc made ot the finews ol ftags ; and they point the ends of their arrows with (harp Hones, or the teeth of (ilhes. In the managemenv and diftribution of their corn, which is accounted the common iJock of the public, their ccconomy is well worthy of notice. The crop, which is calculated to fervc only half the year, is cul- let'tiil into i;ianaiies aj)pointed for that piirpofe, and aftcr.vjids regularly diluered oi.t to every lamily, in prr.|)(iifioii 10 the ni.mbcr of perfons it conlains. The fi;ii i«, indeed, caj able <>( afturding inuch more coi.i itun ihey are able to condiine ; but they choofc to low no more than will ferve them for that term, retiring, lor Uiu re luinder of the year, into the rc- ceilcs of tl;t. forclts, where they build huts of palm Uccs, and live upon roots, wild fowl, and iilh. 'riic) 8 are very fond of the fle(h of alligator,, whicU ilrong muflcy fmell. Ihetr meat u dreiy ■ fmoke upon a gridiron made of Hicks, and wjie r for their common drink. '" The people are, •'» general, fatisfied with o>»;| but the chiefs are indulged with more, thou H children of only one of them fucceed to the li i! dignity. *"" The government of the original Floridas isi„H hands of many chiefs, who are called Caciques TJ are frequently at war with each other. In their like expeditions they carry with them honcv'! maize, and fometimes fi(h dried in the fun ' chief marches at the head, carries a bow inoneh and a bow and arrows in the other; his quiver had at his back ; and the reft follow tumultuoufly J the fame arms. In their warlike deliberations if? matter be of great moment, their prielh, rVi alfo a kind of phyiicians, are called in, and tlj opinions particularly alked. Then the cacique car round a Kind of liquor like our tea, made bvijitji fulion of the leaves of a certain tree. They celebrate the funeral of a deceafed cacis with great folemnity. They place upon histombj bowl out of which he was accuftomed to drink j ftick great numbers of arrows in the earih arni. him, bewailing his death for three days with faiw and loud lamentations. The generality of theoin off" their hair as a Angular teftimony ot their fo™ Their chieftains alfo fet (ire to, and confume, allil houfehold furniture, together with the hut that 1 longed to the deceafed, after which fome old wou are deputed, who every day, during the fpace of k a year, at morning, noon, and evening, benilL with dreadful bowlings, according to the pradicfd fome more civilized nations, and particularly tl ancient I'omans, who frequently hired women atil funerals of their relations and friends. CHAP.. XIX. NEW MEXICO, INCLUDING CALIFORNI.J Situation, Bkumiaries, Divijions, Qiir.r.te, Vqitahlt^ duce. Mints, Inhabitants, and Chi'fl'ivm. NEW MEXICO is fituatcd between 23311(1 deg. of north lat. and between 94 and 111 (leg. of vvcit long, being about 2000 mite it| length, and i6co in breadth. It is bounddi the north by unknown lands, on the finiihb;( Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, on the call I Liuiliana, and on the well by the South Sia, contains (ico.oco fqiiart miles. The divilions, tc| arc the following. Divisiosu •EOGRAPHY. (h ^ «f alligator,, wh^ oNhcb.andwaierJ letr He ^eral,fat.sfied without J :"• vv.tli more, thou.J them fucceedtothey e original Fioridas isi„i ) are called Caciques. t3 each other. In their 3 'rry with them honey, in oned m the fu„ '^ carries a bow in one U the other; his quiver hai t follow tumultuoufly J warlike deliberations if J lent, their priells, whc, \i, are called in, and tl* • Then the cacique cani iKe our tea, made bv the] irtain tree. ' , iieral of a deceafed cacij hey place upon his toitibl 'as accuftomedtodrink,iJ irrows in the earth arj for three days with faiy The generality of thema r teftimony ot their (mm fire to, andconfume.allil ther with the hut that i er which feme old vm lay, (luring thefpaceoflc 1, and evening, bewailL according to the praiHaJ ons, and particularly M quently hired women atiM iud liieiids. P.. XIX. -UDiNG CALIFORNI.il fions, Cinr.r.fe, Fe^tldli fit^ %nts, and Chiff Tsiuns. ituatcd between 23 aiiii(] and between 94 and in ig about 2000 miles eadth. It is bounded ( andi, on the fi)iithby( : Ocean, on the ealH ell by the South Sea, 1 miles. The divilioos, I Jo,ih juih-eaftdivifio"- Wdivifion OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. 397 SoBDivisioNS. Ch. Towns. • New Mexico proper. . . .Santa Fc. , . . Apliaiera ^t- Antonio. . Sonera Tuape. , J- -c^n . California, a Peuinfula. . St. Juan. W divi"*"' iThnair of 'his extcnfive country is in general clear L healthv. and «he climate very pleafant ; the fum- Ls though very war.n. are neither fultry nor un- tome.and the winters, though pretty iharp, far KSm.';ri°'b'autif..lly diverf.fied with plains l' lied with flowers, gentle eminences clothed witlu uiifiil trees of various kinds, fomc producing ex- ita, fruit, and interfcacd with rivers and llrcams ot f The foil in many places is exiiberanrly rich, ii the provinct<^ might be rendered one of the moll LhttuI' countries in America, or any other part of I world.' A great varii^ty both- of wild and tame Lais are found in this kingdom. Their vegetable Liiaions confift of plllachios, figs of different L.r« pompions, and water-melons ot a prodigious L Vrapes, &c. They have alfo a fpecies ot manna, L'g a juice which exudes from a particular fpecies f rofetree, and has all the fweetncfs of refined fugar, lorh without its whitcnefs. [in New Mexico are rich mines of gold and lilver, it their value cannot be afcertained j tiirquoifes, Lralds, and other precious fto-.ies are aifo found tre. The multitude and variey of fi(h with which le rivers are fupplied, is incredible : falmon, turbot, Lbel, fkate, mackerel, &c. alfo oyftcrs, cray-fifh, ^biters, and other exquiiite flicll-fif]!, abound-itr the jjlf of' California, which affords one of the richcd [tarl-fiflieries in the world ; excellent turtle are alfo Lght in theutmolt plenty on the coall of the Soiith- ka; and in the heart of the country there arc plains [fait quite firm, which, if the country fhould ever < inhabited by an indirftrious trading people, would Icofthe ulmoll fervice in curing the filh that are found ^thecnafts. ^ Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, in W. long. |c4. N lat. 36. Hands near the Riodel Norte, and Vit 130 Icagnes from the gulf. It is faid to be a intlfome, weU-built, rich town, and the feat of a lilhop, fuffragan of Mexico, as well as of the governor Ifthepvincc, who is fubor'i>.iate to the viceroy of T)ld Mexico. . California was firlt difcovcred by Hernando Cortez, le great conqueror of. Mexico; but Sir Francis Drake, kirlamous navigator, landed there, in 157H, and took BlTeilion of it, which was confirmed to him by the iiief king of the peninfula, who formally iiivelted linuvith liLs principality. Since that time, however, he Englilh luve never made any preteiilions to it, ^^Jiongh their right is undoubtedly preferable to that of p,vj;iovi,^Bie Spaniards. Tlic inhabitants and guviniment lierc do not materially differ from thofe of Old Mexico. Though the Spanifh fettlements here are at prefent coinparatively weak, yet they are increafmg every day, in proportion as new mines arc dilcovered. Ttie inhabitants arc chiefly Indians, whom the Spanifh millionaries have in jnany places brought over to Chriflianity, to a civilized life, and to raife corn and wine, which they now export pretty largely to New Spain. Thfe original Indiatvs who inhabit CaIiforr>ia are,. in general, well formed and robuff, of a healthy coun- tenance, but fwarthy complexion. Their habitations- are' wretched huts, built near the few (Iresms, wells, and ponds found in the country. As they are under the necelfity of frequent migrations in fearch of food, they eafily fhift their refidcnce, it requiring only the labour of a few hours to build a little habitation fitted for all their piirpofes ; and it is ufual with them, iti the feverity of winter, to live in fubterraneous caverns. Their furniture and property confills of implements for filhing, hunting, and war, in which molt of their lime is fpent. Their boats are only rafts ;• and iheir- arms are bows, arrows, and jagged clubs. The drcfs of the men is little more than a girdle round the waift, with a few ornaments about their hair. The women wear their hair loofe. They have irlfo a kind of cloak and petticoat, made of palm leaves ; fome wear fillets of neat net-work. Their arms are likewife frequently adorned with net-work, or firings of pearls in the forin of bracelets. The love of ornament prevails among the women inore than among the men.^ Their greatell ingenuity appears in their iiihing nets, which are made with admirable fkill, of various colours, and fiich diverfity of texture and workmanfliip, as cannot be defcribed. At the gathering in of the fruits of the ca.th, they have a high feflival, when they indulge thcinfelves in' feafting, dancing, and mirth. CHAP XX. OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN.. Situation, Extent, Bmn^arles, Divijions, Climates, Soel^ - Fegitable Pree/uiliotis, Rich Alines, Inhabitants, Trade. Tn I S country is fituated between the 83d and noth deg. of well long, and the 8th and 30tli dcg. of north lat. being 2,000 miles in length, and 60J in breadth, and contains 318,000 fqnare miles. It is bounded by New Mexico, or Granada, on the north; by the gulf of Mexico, on the north-cad; by Terra Firma, on the fouth-ealt ; by the Pacific Ocean, on the fouth-well, and is divided into tlie three Ibllowing audiences, \iz,. A II AuaiENCES. 39^ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY AuDIENCtS. L GALICIA... Provinces. Ch. Towns. 'Guadalajarra . . Gnadalajarra. Zacatecas Zacatecas. New Bifcay. . . St. Barbara. ^ Cinoloa Cinoloa. ICiiliacan ..... Culiacan. Charmetlan. . Charmcilan. LXalifco Xulifco. Mexico. n. MEXICO.... < f Mexico. "'\ Acapulco. Mcchoacan . . . Mechoacan. Panuco Tampice. Ti r 1 / TIafcala. llafcala ...< ■.r n .,, \ V era Cruz. Guaxaca Guaxaca. Tobafco Tobafco. Jiicatan Campeachy. Chiapa Cliiapa. ^Soconufco. Socoiiufco. •i*,.;; ';t.fef: /-Verapaz Vcrapaz. I Giiatimala....Giiatitnala. III. GUATIMALA< H«"duras Vatladolid. ^ Nicaragua.... Nicaragua. ' j Cofta Rica....Nicoya. '■"'"* •"' CVeragua Santa Fc. The gulfs or bays of Mexico, Campeaciiy, Vera Cniz, and Honduras, are on the north fea ; and the bays Micoya and Amapalla, Acapulco and Salinas, are in the Pacific Ocean. The capes in the Norih-St-a are, Cape Sardo, St. Martin, Coniiiduccda, Caroche, Honduras, Camercon. Graifas Dios ; and thofe in the South-Sea are, Cape Marques, Spiiito Sandlo, Corientcs, Gallero, Biatico, Burica, Pruereos, and Mala. Moft part of Mexico being (ituated within the torrid zone, the climate is very hot \ but this heat is in a great meafure allayed by the land and fea breezes, which blow alternately. The grcatcll heats are during the rnonths of February, March, and April, when the fun is fcldoin (haded by a cloud, and in many places the waters are entirely dried up. Towards the latter end uf April the rainy feafon comes on, and continues till the month of September, being always preceded by the molt dreadful tempclls of thunder, lightning, and winds, whirh the Spaniards term tornadoes. At this time, all ale ig the caftern coart, where the land is low and nurlhy, it is flooded, and always extremely iinv\ hokfome ; but on the weftern iidc, which lies higher, and in the inland parts, the air is more tem- perate and falutary. About the full and change of the moon, the winds in the gulf of Mexico, and the adjacent fens, blow flrongly from the north. Trade- winds pre\ail every where at a didance from land wiihin the tropic; and ncir the coaftin the Sou:h-Sea, they have the monfoons, or periodical Winds. 1^.^ ^J^"!. '^"^ '? '""ft places rich, f,, ' ihibii here. ° ^"' "' m and proper for culture, and were the mi, l- induftrious. all forts of graiti might be'"' No -ountry under heaven has a greater varjctv f iblc ^iroduftions than Mexico. Beridel-maiz t ^ grain, pine-apples, oranges, lemons, citrons' '?"'" cocoa-nuts, grow here i" thegreateilplent;2' feaion. This country alfo produces a gtea, Jj ot fugar, cfpecially towards the gulf of Mfvi^.^l the provinces of Guaxaca and Guatimala. TjieVliJ tree alfo flouriflies here, and furnifties the naiiv 1 thread for linen and cordage. Copal, aninics,,!'!! huca, carinica, liquid amber, guaiacum, chin/,! farfapanlla. and the lightwood-tree, are amonnJ productions of New Spain. The bays of Cam < and Honduras afford cedar trees and logwoj"!), the prodigious mines of gold and filver withwlS this part of North America abounds, was the ri inducement the Spaniards had to fcttie in it TU valuable produdions ure generally found in ihemouj tainous and barren parts of the country ; the r^if^A gold mines being in Veragua and New Granada uhl thofe of filver, which are much richer, as well as mo, numerous, are found in feveral parts, butinnontl much as the province of Mexico. Gold is difcovered either in the fand of rivers, natiw and in fmall grains, or it is dug out of tliee'atiliii the fame condition, in fmall pieces, alraoft M metallic, and of a tolerable purity ; or it is fwj like the ore of other metals, in an aggregate opaoj mafs in a mixture of earth, ffone, fuiphur.andoty metals: in this ftate it is of all colours, and null very little fhcw of the riches it contains. But J however found, whether native, or in what is calk the ore, is feldom or ever without a mixture of olin metals, which are mod commonly fiUer orcopptt When the ore is dug out of the mine, the mod ufui method is to break it to pieces in a mill ; the pol is then feparated as much as pollible from the impui mafs by rep"?ted walhings, and mixed with a quaiid of quickfiK^,, which has, of all other bodies, greatclt :..iradion to gold. This therefore iminel diately breaks the links whereby it was heldtoiki foriner earth, and adheres clofcly to this cnnjei fubffance. It is then put into a iroiigh, andarad ffream of wattr fufj'ercd to run upon it, uliichfccinii away, through a hole inade on piirpofc, the \\M earth leaves the gold and mrrcuiy, prcupitatidbvilj weight, at the bottom. This amalgaina, or pallu is put into a linen cloth, where it is fqiicczcdfoa to make part of the quickiilver fcparatc and runoiitl but to complete this fcparation entirely, it is nccelfaij to fufe the metal, and then all the niticiiry flits ( in fumes. Silver, the fecond metal in rank, is the firllincoi feqiience to the Spaniards, as their mines yield ( much greater quantity of it, than of gold, It isloiw ""vfefte*^ KERICA'J OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. 399 .u earth under Macut forms; the manner of '" it does not eirentully differ Jrom the procefs is croplpyeJ for g"]''* '^^'^"Sl* 'he method of rill Mexico, wiih the other provinces of Spanifh •a fupp'y '^^ whole world with lilver ; and it ■ r'j that the revenues of Mexico, proceeding from La nd filver only, amount to 24.000,000!. Iterling f V. Cochineal and cocoa are the next im- t articles to gold and filver ; the former is nfcd Teing, an^l ^"^" '" 'i^'^''*'^'"^ ^^ ^ fudorific and jV of 'he latter, chocolate is inade. This '"'isjlfofaid to produce filk and cotton in great iVnce, and to contain precjous ftones, jafpcr, olivry exqnilite marble, amber, and pearl. Tk inhabitants of New Spain are compofcd of bujus Indians, Negroes, and the feveral mixtures tLli. Thefe mixtures form various gradations, ji'h are carefully diilinguinicd from each other, Lfc every perfon expecls to be regarded in pro- Lion as a greater ihare of Spanilh blood runs in ■veins. The firll dillinflion arifing from the in- marriage of the Whites with the Negroes, is that i the Mulattoes, which is well known. Next to LfearetheTerccrones, produced from a White and lulatio: from the intermarriage with thcfe and the Ihiies.'arifes the Quarterones, who, though dill rer the former, are difgraccd with a tint of Negro The race defcendiiig from thefe and the Wlutcs rticQuinterones, who are only to be diftinguilhed Lnthc Spaniards by being of a fairer complexion. it fame gradations are formed m a contrary order, Meintermixture of the Mulattoes and the Negroes ; jjes which there are a thoufand others, fonie of lich are fcarceiy known even by the natives ihem- les, The Whites are either born in Old Spain, (are Creoles. Thofe who are native Spaniards are Jlly in offices or in trade. They poifefs the fame Iraflerand manners with the Spaniards of Europe ; J fame gravity of behaviour; the fame natural fa- liiy and good fcnfe ; the fame indolence, and a yet W fliare of pride and (latclinefs. The Creoles, are defccndents of the native Spaniards, but in the country, have little of that courage, inefs, and patience, which conftitute one of the parts of the charadcr of their anceflors, ire univerfally weak and effeminate. Refiding liantly in an enervating heat, furfeitcd with h, and giving up their whole time to loitering inaflive pleafures, they have nothing hold Imanly to fit them for making a figure in adive I and few of them have any talte for the fatis- Jions of a learned retirement : luxurious without ply or elegance, and expcnfivc with great parade ■ li'.ile convenience ; their general character is no Mhanagiave and fpecious inligiiificanci . They Itcmpciate in eating and drinking, and their whole Mi fceras to be amour and iutrigue, which they carry on in the old Spanidi taffe, by doing and faying extravagant things, by bad mulic, worfe poetry, and exceflive expences. The ladies are not diltinguiOied by their great chaftity, or domeflic virtues. Qne-fiftU of the while people are priells, monks, and nuns, of all orders, who enjoy iinmenfe revenues: but in general the clergy there are too ignorant to be able inliruHors by their preaching, and tooloofe and debauched in their own manners to inftrmSlby their example; fo that the people, over whom they have gic;it inllucnce, are liltlc the better for their numbers. The Indian';, whatever they were formerly, are now humble, di'je^led, timo- rous, and docile. Their numbers are llill confid'.Table, and they are treated by the Spaniards with the gteateil haughtintfs. The negroes who are imported from AlVica, like thofe of our colonies, arc ftubborn, hardy, of little tindt.ilandiiig, and fitted lor the grofs (lavery tliey endure. The civil government of Old Mexico is adminifiercd by tribunals, called audiences, confifting of a certain number of judges, divided into different chambers, which bear fome refemblance to the parliaments in France. At the head of the chief of thefe chambers the viceroy himfelf prefides when he thinks proper: his employ- ment is one ol the greateft for trull and power the Kinj^ of Spain has in his gift, and is perhaps the riclu ft f>;()>. vcrnment intrufled to any fubjed in the world ; but neither the viceroy, nor any other officer, is fiif- fered to hold his poll longer tban three years. ly this refpefl, as in all others relative to the Indies, the fpirtt of jealoufy influences all the regulations of the court of Spain, and is attended with this very bad effect, that every officer, from the highefl to the lowed, has the avidity which a new and lucrative polt infpircs; raven- ous, bccaufe his time is fliort, he oppreffes the people and dtfratids the crown ; another fuccccds him with the fame difpofitions ; and no man is ambitious to tllablilh any ufeful nmendment in his office, knowing that his fucceflbr will trample upon every regulation which is not fubfervient to his own interclls. A council for the Indies is eflablifhed in Old Spain, which confills of a governor, four fecretafies, twenty-two counfellors, and other officers. The mem- bers are generally chofen from the viceroys, and others who have been employed in America, and their deci- fion is final in matters relative to that country. There are fome troops kept in New Spain, aiid a good revenue appropriated for their maintenance, and for the fupport of the fortifications: but the foldicrs are few, ill clothed, ill paid, and worfe difciplined. Mexico, the capital city, (lands in the midlt of a great lake of its own name, in lat. 19 dcg. 40 min. about 170 miles weft of the gulf of Mexico. The flreets are llraight, and fo exa(Jlly difpofcd, that, from anv part of tiie town, the whole is vifible ; tiie public edifices are magniiicent. and the inhabitants arc com- puted at 3C0 oco. This city may be reckoned the cen- tre of conuuerce ni thefe jjarts ; for here t!ie principal mcrc!KUii$ I •400 A XEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY Diirvhants rcfijf, aiul the greatcft part of the biifinefs is nigotiatcil. Tlie tall- India goods from Acapulcu, ami tlie European from Vera Cniz, pafs through it. Hither all the gold and (ilvi-r come to be coined, here the king's fifth is dcpofited, and here are wrought all lliofc iitenlils and ornaments in plate which are every year font into Europe. Acapiilco Itanils in 17 deg. north lat. on a large and commodious bay of the Souih-Sea, about 1 to miles fouth-eaft from Mexico. 'Ihe town i« large, but ill built ; a part of it confids of warehoufes.' 'Jhe above defcribed are the inoft confulerable places : wc Hull only add to this article, that, on the fevcnth of June 1773, the city of Guatimala was f.vallovved up by an earthquake, when 8000 families inllanf'y pcrilhed. New Guatimala, which ftands at fome dillance, is well iidiabitcd. — The whole of the trade between Old Spain and the Sjjanilh American dominions, is by means o* ? Hect, lulled the llola, which is fitted out at Cadiz, and def- tined to La Vera Cruz. 'I'he Ihips are not permitted to break bulk, on any account, till they arrive there. When all tiie goods are landed and dilpofed of at La Vera Cruz, the fleet takes in the plate, precious Hones, cochineal, indigo, cocoa, tobacco, liiL^ar, and hides, which are the returns for Old Spain. From La Vera Cruz they fail to the Havannah, which is the place of their rendezvous, where they meet the galleons. 'I'hefe arc aiunhcr fleet, which carry on all the trade of Terra Flrma, by dnhagena; and of Peru, by Panama and Porto-Bcllo ; in the fame manner as the llota ferves for New Si)ain. When the flota arrives at the Havannah, and joins the galleons and regilter (hips, which aHemhle at the fame port tro;Tt all quarters, fome of the cleancit and bell failniJ v Mills are dilpalclnd to Old Spain, with advi.-c ot thecdotenti; of ihele feveraf Ikcts, as well as w ith treafure and goods of their own, that the court m.iy judge what ;ii'd, the veifel fitted out is feldom I'.l's than 600. 'I'his (hip and cargo are regiltercd at llic pretendt.-d burthen : it is renuirLd too, ihut a cctli- fitate be brout'Jit (rom the king's oflicer at the port t() which (he is buiiid, that (he lioes not exc ■■■d the lize at 'Ahich Ihe is rcgiltered ; ^11 this pall'es of coiirfe. Thcle are what they call rej^jller ihips, and by thefe ttie trade ol Spaniiii America lius been carried on lur many years pall. '1 hough this trade is carried on cntiicly thnnigh tl-c hands of the Sjianiards, and in the very heart ol iht'r dominijiis, yet they arc comparatively but fuiall j^aincrs pan I o(if by it; for, as they allow the Dutch, the En»llil, other commercial dates, to fiirnifh the eKd[ the cargo of the flota, fo the Spanilh inhjbijn-'"! Philippines, tainted with the fame inJolcJ! ruined their' hiiropcan ancertors, permit the P mrrchants to furniOi moll of the cargo „f,i,j , ,'' We are however told, that, notwithdandinKL-re . titles of gold and filver are run and conchy ''n than a.ooo.oco of filver marks, weighing licU " each, are entered yearly, out of which theycw,,,' 1 marks into pieces of eight, qnarter-pieces, ,i i?'] hall-pieces, the value ot the latter b^:\m abun 'J pence flerling. — ° ""' I'he facrifices of the ancient Mexicans w rious, and horrid beyond exprellion. In r,J 1 ■ vidims fufl-ercd death by having their breafis mJ fometiincs they were drowned in a lake ; foJiJ they died with hunger fhut up in caverns of ihe 2 tains ; and fcmictimes they fell in wliat wss calltdil gladiatorial! facrificc. ' 'i'he place for the performance of the commonl entice was the temple, in the upper area 01 J (lood the altar. The miniflers were the pricfts J chief of whom, on fuch occalunis, was clothed jJ red habit fringed witlr cotton. On his head he woJ crown of green and yellow feathers, ThcoiherJ nillers, which were five in number, were Jrcifdl habits of the fame tnake, but embroidered with blj and their bodies were dyed all over with thcfj colour. Thefc barbarous minillers carried the visl naked to the upper area of the temple, and kri pointed out to the by-flanders the idol to whom it facrificc was made, extended him upon the M Four priefts held his legs and arms, and another W his head firm with a wooden iiiltrument niadeij form of a coiled fcrpent, and put about his nd The body of the vidim lay arched, the brcalli belly being raifed up and totally prevented from mi ing. The inhuman chief pried then .ipproached, 1 with a cutting knife made of Hint dextaou;1»op the bread, and tore out the heart, which, while palpitating, he offered to the fun, .-Ynd aftenniJ threw it at the feet of the idol ; he then took iij and burnt it, and the allies were prefcrvcd asiji cioiis relic. If the idol was of hrge (ize aniltiol form, it was cudomary to introduce the hciit^ the victim into its .nouth with a golden f was ufual s Kb to anoint the lips of the the cornices of the door of the temple, with th; ti of the vidim. If the vi^hlim was a prifoner of 1 they fevered the head from the bodv, to prcfcneil Ikull. The body was carried by the oihccr, nrfniaj to whom the prilbner li.ivl belonged, to liisliniifi', oil boiled and ilrell'ed lor the eiiteiiauiinent of liislffirij If he was not a ()rifoner of war, but a lljve | chafed for facridce, the proprietor carried oifi botly from the altar for the fame purpofe. Then only the ler • Ethe principal facr.tice amon§ the ancient Mexi- .was that called by the Spaniards the Gladiato- This was an honourable death, and only pri- LjjUingiiifliedby their valour were permitted to r. i,, 'fhe prifoner was placed on a Aone in a Lruous part of the city, armed. with a fliield and a fc fttord, and tied by one foot. A Mexican officer, Ifoldier, better armed, mounted the (lone to combat II him.' If the prifoner was vanquifhed, he was car- Mbva prieft, dead or alive, to the ' ' ar of the com- Ibcrifices, where his bread was opened, and his Irt laken out, while the viaor was applauded and latdal with fome military honour. It the prifopcr iQuered fix different combatants, who fucccfilvely md him, he had his life and liberty granted, and llfmiiftd with honour to his native country. HISTORY OF MEXICO, jlHD CONQUBST OF XT. BY THE SJPANIARDS. PIEXICO was under the fole government of its jmonarehs, till the Spaniards, iind<;r the command [Fernatido Cortez, invaded and cpnquered it. This dition was undertaken with only 508 fool, fixtecn Ippers, and io8 feamen. Cortez, with his forces, M on the coall of the bay of Campeachy, and hav- [difperfed the natives with his artillery, marched to [ciiyofTobafco, which he feized upon. The next I the Indians alfembled an army of 40,000 men, with lich they attacked the Spaniards; but Cortez, at the Id of the horfe, attacking them in the flank, they re- Ed. We day after the battle, the cacique, orpriiice, fent fclemn embalfy to Cortez, to implore peace, attended ihaprefentof fuch fruits and provilions as his country Bided, together with jewels, plumes, and painted lion linen, and whatever he thought molt acceptable [the conquerors. The ambalfadois approached Cortez Ithey ufed to do their gods, with golden pads ur cen- \ in which they burnt aromatic gums, and other iu- jife: the cacique afterwards came in perfon, and ■de his fubmiilion, bringing him twenty bcaiitilu! {dim virgins, which he made Cortez a prtTcnt of. Be of thcfe, whom the general afterwards caufcd t.) 'baptized by the name of Donna Marina, fervca n, difting the whole expedition, in the double capa- of concubine and interpreter i for Uic was a native of Mexico, a female of ready wit, and un- derflood the cufloms of the country, and the language perfectly well ; and indeed to her merit and addrefs the Spaniards afcri be the fuccefs of their arms in a great mcafurc. When the cacique of Tobitfco came to make his fubmiilion, Cortez let him know, that he came from a powerful prince ; and that his principal view was *o make them aU happy in this world and the next, by making them fubjedls of the fame fove- reign, and converting them to the true religion. To this the frighted cacique anfwercd, that he and his people fhould think themfelves happy in obeying a king, whofe power and greatnefs appeared to fuch ad- vant.ige in the valour of his fubicdls : but as to the point of religion, he gave very little hopes of their coin^erfion. As Cortez was about to advance ftill further with his fleet on the Mexican coall, he was under the greatcit concern that he mult leave thofe people before he had fully inffrudled them in the Catliolic religion; and on Palm-Sunday, the day he appointed to embark his troops, he firlt caufcd an altar to be erefted in the open field, where he celebrated high mafs in the prefeiKc of the Indians, and all his troops marched in their ranks to the altar, with boughs or palms inahcir hands, to celebrate that feftivaJ : the procelllon feemed to excite in the natives the utmoff awe and reverence, infomuch that fomc of tiiem cried out, " This muff be a great God, that fuch brave men adore." Cortez failed to the port of St. John de Ulva, where he landed, and Doiina Marina aded as interpreter. When the general was informed that Montezuma, the Emperor of Mexico, had fent to know rhe reafon: of the Spaniards invading his country, he anfwercd am- biguoiifly, but ftill prcferved his dedgn of penetrating into the country. Montezuma, in all his mefl'ages, tried to prevent the Spaniards from coming to McyJ'ro, and Cortez as inllcxibly perfidcd in that intent, lie forefaw that the Mexicans would not beable to prevent his approaching Mexico, efpeclany as he was joined, about this time, by a cacique, or prince of the coun- try, named Zempoala, who ofTcreil to enter into an al- liance with Cortez againif Monle/.uma, whom he re- prefented as a cruel tyrant and opprelfor. The oacique furniflied him with 400 men to carry his baggage, and others to draw his artillery, there not being any beads in this part of the country lit to draw carriages, but every thing ol this kind was done by the flrength of men. The Spanii'h commander continuing his march b}** the lea-coad to Vera Cruz, was joined there by about, thirty caciques from tho mountains, who reinforced his troops with 100,000 men ; and fome parties of Euro^ pcuns, hearing o! the fuiLd's of Cortez, alfo voluntarily followed him ihithcr, and joined his troops : where- upon he became In confident, that he burnt all liis itiips, and having fortitted Vera Cruz, in which he left a fmall gairifon, he began his march dirciflly for the city of 5 1 Mexico, I i If i\ i i 403 A NEW ANt)C6Mi»LKfE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL ^-I^-OCRAPhy ffil %mm Mexico, being joined by the pco,)le of Tlafcala, a country of great extent, w ho offered to become fiibjcfts cff the King of Spain ; at whiv"h Monteiiima was fo alarmed, that he olfercd to pay the Spaniards an annual tribute, amnuntii^ to one naif of his revenues ; and, •when he found it in vain to oppofc the general's march, he thought tit u give hiin an invitation to his capita! ; but Cortez, who was determined to have the plunder of the capital city, pretended that the Mexicans were not linccre in tlicir uivitatinn, Ui:'' had entered into u confpiracy to furprifc the Spaniards, when they had •drawn ihcm into an anil)id'c;ule, and mall'acrc them ; and, therefore immcdiattly began hoftllities, and cut to pieces fonie thoufandr < J" Montezuma's fubjedls. The Spaniards, aiter this, continuing their march, were attended by feveral other caciques and lords of the country, who complained of the intolerable opprc(fions of Montexunia; telling Cortez, that they looked upon him as their deliverer, lent from heaven to redrain and punidi the injnltice and cruelty of tyrants : to whom he proniifed his protcdion, and drawmg near to Mexico, in order to lirike the greater terror into the natives, he ordered his Artillery and fmall aritis to be difcharged ; and caufed feveral Indians to be Act, that approached too near his quarters, while he lay encamped at Arrtc- tneca, on the borders of the Mexican lake. Here Prince Cacumatzin, the nephew of Montezuma, at- tended by the Mexican nobility, came to the general, and bid him welcome; aifuring him, tliet he would • jneet with a very kind and honourable deception from the emperor; but intimated, that there having been lately a great fcarcity of provilions in the city of Mexico, occafioned by unlcSfonablc weather, they could not accommodate them as they defired ; anci, therefore, entreated he would defer his entrance into that capital, if hs did not think fit entirely to decline going thither. But Cortez appearing determined to ailvance, the prince feemed to ncquiefce; and the preparations for the reception of the Spaniards vcrc continued. Arriving at Quitlavaca, a city fituatcd on an idand in the great lake, five or fix leagues from Mexico, Cortez had fomc apprchenfions that the Mexicans would break down the caufeway, and remove the bridges on it, which would have very much cmbarralTcd him, becaufc lie could neither iiave advanced or retired in that cafe, efpcciaily with his hnrfe and artillery. But the cacique of Quitlavaca, who appeared to be a friend of the Spaniards, very much encouraged the general, telling him, he had nothing to fear; that the prodigies in the heavens, the anfwers of the oracles, and the fame of the great ailions and furprifmg arms of the Spaniards, had perfedlly difpiritcd their emperor, and difpofcd him to fubniit to whatever the general (houkl impofc on him. Soon after, Corteit entered Mexico at the head of 450 Spaniards and 6000 TIafcalans ; when they were met by Montezuma himfcif, who was brought in a cliait uf b; aten gold, on the flioulders of his favourite .courtiers. I'hc conlorencc betweftn thb the gtncrul was ftoft, their fpecchrs wereRVi thcoccaiion, and thi emperor comniandedo' J princes, his relation, to condudt the ceiicraltr"t "'1 afligned for his relidencc, and then retu „ d !,n puluce. '""tohisoJ /.bout rioon, the Spaniards Were broiiPhtntt, houfe appointed for their reception, which w f'ei cious, as to cbntain all the Europeans jnd tv!l liarics: it had thick ftone walls, flanked with," ""■ the root of the palace was flat, and defend •dbT nicnts and brcalt work i infomuch that whJ T neral had planted hi. artillery, and placed lijslj It had very much the appfcaran^e of a fortrefs T 1 place Montezuma came the fame evening aiid ; ceivcd by Cortez in the principal fquare of the!?" and that monarch liaving entered the rootn offl and feated himfelf, ordered a chair for Corttl a fignal was made for hi^ courtiers to;ctiretoi wall: Whereupon the Spanifli officers did the fanl ! and Cortez bcmg about to bbgin his fpterh bv i interpreters. Montezuma prevented him, byfoini a's toiiows ; ' ^"^ " Illuarious and valiant ftranger! Before wd cidfe the important ineflagt the great ffiona'ch came from has given you in command, it is necdl fome allowance be made for what fame has re J us on cither fide. You may have been informed I feme, that I . '^^ through the different colours Ijifcwirle, and the deceit of the heart } that they Lf«ve credit to his rebellious fubjcas, or thofe L liatttred him ; bilt came in his prefence, allured the was a great prince, and a friend to reaifon ; but fatislicd, however, that he was a mortal, «s [' ihtmfeives were ! tliat the beads which obeyed n were not dser, but fierce and generous animals, lintJ to war, ind feemed to afpire after the fame try as their mailers. That their fire-arms were, Ld thfieffea of human induitry, and o»ved no- L to the fkill of the magician, whofe arts were abo- rted by the Spaniards." Cortn, having thus given fomc anfwer to the em- ir's fpcech, proceeded to inform him, " That he ■ne ambaltidor from the moll potent monarch under Ifiin, to defire his frendlhip and alliance : that there Lilt be a communication and intercourfe between Brrefpeflive dominions; and by that means, the riftins might have an opportunity of convincing D of their errors, and, inltead of blocks of wood [works of men's hands) inftrucl them to worrtiip I adore the true God, the Creator of the whole Iverfe. That this was the firft and principal thing liing his mafter commanded him to infill on, as jniolt likely means of ellablilhing a lalling amity ; It, being united 'n principles of religion, their al- Ice might become indilTolubie." The emperor replied, that " he accepted the alli- jpropofedby the King of Spain; but as to the Jfture concerning religion, he totally objed\ed to f atid making Cortez a rich prefent, returned to rpilacc. Tor fofne time, Cortez continued very intimate with mtezuma, often vifiting the Mexican court ; and I monarch frequently came to the Spanilh quarters, Jting prefcnts to the general, and to his officers and liers, exhibiting fhews and entertainments for their fcrlion. The Mexicans IHIl treated tlie Spaniards a rtfpeft that favoured of great humility and iliefcenfion. Montezuma fpoke of their king with greateil veneration. His nubility paid a profound icft to the Spanilh officers, and the people bowed "kiiec to the meanelt Spanilh foWier. Dtit an accident happened, wiiich vcty much lef- fened the elteem, or rather dread, the. Mexicans at firll entertained of thefc foreigners. It was this : One of the emperor's generals, levying the annual tax impofed on the vallal princes in that part of the coun- try, which lay in the neighbourhood of the Spanilh garrifon of Vera Crtiz, thefc caciques, who had thrown off tfieir fubje£^jon to the Mexican citipiro, and entered into an alliance with the Spaniards, ap- plied themfulvcs to John de EfcaUnte, governor of Vera Cruz, for proteflion ; wlio tliereupon inarched out of that fortrefs, with 40 Spaniards, and 3 ot ^000 confederate Indians, to their allilbncc ; and though he had the good fortune to defeat the Mexi- cat! general, yet one of the Spaniards was killed, and his head fent up to the court ; and the governor,. with ♦ivc or fix n ore of his garrifon, were mortally wounded. This news being brought to Cortez, gave him great unealinefs ; and the more, bccaiife he was infornied, by the confederate Indians, that the Mexicans were confflting how to drive him out of their territories, which they did not appreiiend to be impradicable fmcc the engagement near Vera ("!ruz. The Spanifh general, therefore, finding it impoirible to maintain liis authority ainong the In- dians any longer, without entering on fomc adtion that might give them frelh caufc of aftonifhment, and recover that reputation they feemed to have loft by that unfortunate accident, refolved to feize the perfoii of Montezuma, and bring hhn prifojier to his quarters ; and accordingly, at aii hour when tiie Spaniards were ufed to pay their court to that prince, Cortez, having given orders for his men to arra themfelves without noife, stud polFefs themfelves of all the avenues leading to the palace, in fmall parties, that no notice might be taken of it, went to the Mexican court, attended by feveral of his officers, and 30 foldiers, whofe rcfolmion he Could rely on, and being admitted to tlic emperor's prefence, he complained of the violation of the peace between them, by one of the Mexican generals falling upon his confederates, and aftcrwanis killing a Spaniard he had taken in cool blood. To which Montezuma anfwered, " That if any thing of that nature had been done, it was without his orders ; and he was ready to make fatisfadion for any injury that might liave been done undefigncdly, either to the Spaniard; or their allies." But Cortez gave him to underftand, that nothing would fatisfy them but his furrenderiiig himfelf into their hands, and refiding with them ia the palace affigned to the Spaniards for their quarters. Tliii infolcnt demand at firft aftoniftied Monte- zuma, who remained for fome time filent ; but re- covering from his fiirprife, he faid, that princes of his rank were not accuitomed to yield themfelves u^y t4) a prifon ; nor would his fubjet^s permit this, even if he fhould forget his dignity fo tar. Cortez anfv.'crcd, " If he would go along trith them voliin- IJ ■1 ' I' ■ f- t ' ■'; tt 404 A NEW ANo COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. /. tarily, ilicy were not afraid of any oppofition his fiib- je£ls (hoiild make ; and they would treat him with all the regard due to his dignity : he might coniinuu to cxcrciTe his authority as formerly, and no rcltraint (hould be put on his adions ; only, for their focurity, he inniled that the emperor Ihoujd rcfidu amoni; them." Montezuma, (liU refuling to put himfelf into their hands, was given to undcrltand, that if he •would not, thoy would carry him off by force, or murder him u they were oppofed ; wlicreupon he fubmitted to do what he found it was impollible to avoid , and gave ordtTs to his officers to prepare for his removal to >he Spanilh quarters, whither lie went j ?hfj ufu."' late, and voluntarily, to all appearance, f c.-.t ?' .. i(i wa" attended by a company of Spa- BJj-.if,, v.?M> furrounded his chair. ' r,).; iiKi<; monarch, as mull be eaflly fuppofed, was '■•I'lirr^i ■ .TV miferablc by this indignity ; and his fti^.its, : ■ ,. -'ting t!>eir emperor's hard fate, threw thenifelves uj ■ is feet, endeavouring to cafe him of the weight of his fetters; and though, when he recovered from his firft amazement, he began to ex- prefs fome impatience, yet, corredling himfelf, he acquiefced in his misfortunes, and waited the event, not without apprchenfions that there was a defign againil his life : but Cortez having feen his plan per- formed, by wliich he found he had flruck fuch a terror into the Mexicans, that little was to be feared from them, he returned to Montezuma's apartment, and ordered his fetters tn be taken off; and, as fome writers rijlate, he fell on his knees, and took them off with his own hands ; for which favour the em- peror embraced and thanked him. But, what is Itill moxi difficult to be believed, they allure us, that Cortez gave the emperor leave to return to his pa- lace, and that he relufed the offer out of regard to the Spaniards ; telling them, he knew very well that as foon as he was put out of their power, his fub- je£ls would prcfs him to take up arms againll them, to revenge the wrongs he had fuffered : nay, the Spa- nilh hiltorians politively affirm, that, notwithfland- ing all the injuries and indignities they had offered to Montezuma, he exprcired a more than ordinary friendlhip and regard for them, preferring their intcrcll to that of l:is own fuVijedls. The Spanilh hiflorian, V)iz Solif, relates, that Co. tez gave Montezuma leave to go whither he plcafed, which he feems to contradifl in a very few lines after- Wards : for he tells us, when that prince only dcfired to perform his devotiins in one of his temples, it was granted upon certain conditions, namely, that he fljould give his roj-al word to return to the Spanirti quarters again, and from that day abolilh human fa- critices ; and we make nt) doubt but tliey inlided on a third, viz. that he ihouUI take a guard of Sp.uiiards with him ; for they acknowledge that a body of Spaniards adually attended !um to the (i.mplt, which they could do with no other view Uun that of fc- curing their prifoner: though Dj «jiij f,„ ■ ,^ it was at the requell of Monieziimi that th ■ with him : nor did he ever go abroad with,"!"" Spanilh guard, or without afking leave of r , or ever lay one nir.ht out of their quarters |)""i, own conteffion; which they would have us V. purely to choice, and his affeflion to tho Sdi'' !J* who had p>it ich indignities upon him." The!''!?! that Cortez was now become his prime minii) | that ajl pods of honour or profit were (lifpofed of k him and his principal officers, who were court 1 1 the Mexican nobility, when they faw that no T or preferments could be had but by their in |)| which polfibly might be true; but furely it is?f more probable that Montezuma was iiitlucnccdm by his fears than his alfeaion lor the Li.vl And we may obferve from hence, that, with all iW| advantages, Cortez, and his Spaniards, might y eflablilhed their power upon fuch a foundation could not eaflly have been overthrown, withum flid a deluge of blood as they fpilt afterwards, ifCond had been as able a politician as he was a foldis[. if his benevolence and humanity lud cxceeded'hi cruelty and avarice. Cortez feems to have left fcarce any nManii tried for his fecurity and e(labli!hment butthep, cipal, namely, gaining the atFeftions of thelndiji and winning them over to his party, as well aj i the Chrillian religion, by ads of generofity and 1 neficence. He was fo careful of himfelf, that [ caufed fome brigantines to be built on the lake i Mexico, whereby he entirely commanded the | and the caufcways leading to the city; and it i, fame time he in-rreafed his reputation with the Ma. cans by the artful management of thofe veireisfj the Indians were, at this time, ignorant of then of fails and rudders. About this time, Don Diego Vclafques, govtra of Cuba, being informed th.^t Cortez hadmetwi, great fuccefs in Mexico, and was endeavouring i render himfelf independent of him, declared Jiiraj rebel, and fi^nt Pamphilio de Narvacz, with men, to reduce him, and take upon him the cot mand of the Spanifh forces in Mexico. Whertnpi Cortez leaving a garrif.m in the city of Mex:q and confining Montezuma there, marched to Narvacz hi.s rival, furprifed him in the night-tin made him prifoner,. and fo corrupted the offi-ent the troops that came over with Narvaez, by thtridl prclliits he made them, that they agreed to join CkJ tez. Thus reinforced, he returned to the ciiy i Mexico, again ; and now imagining iiimfclf powctfJ enough to fubduc that empire by force, uiik couitmg Montezuma or his fubjccls, he treated i monarch with great contempt. But foniv ofihcSpj nilh hiftorians obferve, that in this he coiiiniiltcd ^ very great error: for had the general, on liisretari^ with fuch an addition of forccf, eoJ td ing Ml tnumpu OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. I 1 „,„i treaty with that emperor ami his nnbilny, 1 Iduld have yielded to almort any tcrnis ; and he rvji^yg gained the dominion of that empire, lor rKiiieof Spain, his malkr, without any bh)odilu'd. lihewas too much elated with fuccefs to think of tfic mcafiires. On the contrary, he refolved to give I Mexicans ail manner of provocations, and even tdtied tliem dcfpcrate, tliat he might have a colour i ddlroy tliem, and feize all their polFelfions, whe- Lljndsor treafure. He found a garrifon of 80 faniatds able to repel the whole force of Mexico ; L lie did not doubt, now he faw himfelf at the Moi' Hoo Spanilh horfc and foot, with a muhi- £e of confederate Indians, he (hduld be able, by If^f to reduce the Mexicans, and make (laves of Cortez was near paying very dear for his pre- Mtion; for fending out a detachment of 400 Spa- ds and confederate Indians in fearch of the enemy, Ho were retired to the furtheft part of the city, they L fiirrounded, and in danger of having their rr,t,eat Itoff; and he himfelf, with the reft of his traaps, narrowly efcaped being ftarved, or cut in pieces j •the Mexicans, rendered brave by their dcfiair, L not afraid to attack Cortez in his quarters, Lgii defended by a nmnerous garrifon, and a train tariillcry; and when, at any time, he made a fally, ( found intrenchments in the ftreets, and the bridges jokendown, which rendered his cavalry, in a man- |r, ufelefs i and though he ufiially came off vido- Kis, he found he had committed a very great error in lutiing himfelf up in Mexico, from whence it was al- Bftimpoirible to make his retreat, and where he found afticableto fetch in provifions ; the enemy being filers of ail the caufeways that led to the town, and I all the boats upon the lake; fo that if his people ire not deltroyed by the continual attacks of the lemy, thty muft certainly, in a (hort time, be re- Iced by famine. In this diftrefs, Cortez thought fit Icndcavciir a reconciliation with Montezuma, and kkeurcot tile authority he dill retained among his IjtSs, to induce them to lay down their artiis, and jrmii he Spaniards to march out of Mexico, whicli, |»as prcfuraed, they would readily have come into, 111 they miglii get rid of a people fo much dreaded, Iwcllas haiciJ, by them. lAccoiiimgly, a parley being propofed an>I agreed I Moniczuiiu •lopeared on the battlements of the Bact, and fonie ot the Mexican nobility advancing hear what overtures he would make them, the laniards ttll us, their emperor made a fpccch to his IjcQs, wherein he greatly reprimands il them for ling up arms without his leave, though it was with jinttiiiKin to obtain the liberty of their prince, de- Iting that he was, in reality, under no manner of Tlraiiit, but remained with the Spaniards from choice ; ^t he thought himfelf obliged to Ihevv the Spaniards i favour, on account of the refpcit they had always 405 p;ii(l him, and out of duty to the prini-f thai ha I ff^nt ihcm , that their embairy being difpaiched, ho was about to diftiiifs ihefe foreigners fron his court, and defired his fubjcdls would lay down • eir arms, and not interrupt their march, and he ■";.' d readily par- don their having taking up arms; o *-i that ttfeft. This fpeech was but little rega.. •' by the Mexi- cans, who knew that whatever liieir einneror's words were, they were put into his mouth by the Spaniards, whofe prifoner he was, and tended only to procure them a fafe retreat ; and they v\ere fcnfible, if they loll the advantage they had, they mult never cxpc« fuch another opportunity of getting rid of thefe un- welcome gueffs. riicy had them now cooped up in this fortrcis, where no relief could be brought thein, and from whence it was fcarce pnllible f jr th-iin to retreat, if the Mexicans broke down the bridges and caufe - vs upon the lake, and made fuch ditches and trer f the ftreets, as the Spaniards themfelves had ♦ii igi lem ; but forefaw, it ever their enemies gc' )vcr lake again, they might not only receive r Uk 'eini >rcemcnts from Spain and their Indian 's, "t they muft engage them to great difadvan- I'gt V npir open country, having nothing to oppofe ;heir riori'j and artillery. The Mexicans refolved, l>erefore, not to confent to a ceflTation of arms, but (^•.^.d the overture with difdain, as being framed- only to give their mortal enemies an opportunity of efcaping out of their hands, and reinforcing them- felves to the deftruftion of their country ■■, and they were fo enraged at the overture, that they [hot at their emperor for making it to them, and mortally wounded him. The Spaniard, finding the Mexicans were no; t» be amufed with infidious propofals, from what hand foever they came ; that his provifions were almoft fpent, and that it would be impradicable to make his- retreat in the day-time ; refolved to attempt it in the dark night. Having divided the treafure, therefore, amongft Ms men, with which they were pretty well loaded, for it amounted to an immenfe fuin, he ilfued out of his quarters at midnight, the weather being extremely teinpeftuous, whereby his march was for fome time concealed ; but he had not advanced a mile upon the catifeway before he found htmfelf attacked on every lide by the Mexicans, both by land and wa- ter, the lake being filled with their canoes or boats; and as they had brokei> down the bridges, and cut the caufeways through in feveral places, the Spaniards were in great danger of being entirely cut off. Cor- tez, indefd, had forefeen this, and provided a porta- ble bridge to pafs the breaches in the caiifeway, which was of great life to him in feveral pUces : but the Indians fv)und means to dclhoy this bn.lge before t!iey were all paifcd over, ami their rcar-giiarcl, coniiitiiig of 2 or 30U Spaniards, and 1000 confederate Jmlians,, were cut in pieces. 'hey alfo loll their artillery, prifoners, baggage, and treafure, with 46 lioifcs. Cor- 5 ^ **a^. -Ktf 40(5 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. tez, liowcver, with the bed part of his force, broke through the Indians, and iTcapcd to tlic other lide of the lalce. Some impute this lofs n tlic avarice uf his foidiers, who were fo loaded wit!) gold and filvcr, that J.xsy conld fcarcc make ufu of their arms ; and jiDlli- bly there ma; bu lomc truth in it; but vvc believe every one wlio confidcrs his circumflaiiccs, muft be of opinion, that he was very fortunate in tfc-apiiii^ fo well. Had the rnemy provided a body of forces to oppofc him on tlic furtlier fide of the lake, he mult inevitably have pcrilhed ; but they did not cx- pc£l his faliying out fo fuddcnly, cfpccially in that tcinpcftuous leafon, and were not, therefore, provided to attack him. The Spjiiilh hill )rian endeavours to give us a par- ticular account of this adion, admires the valour and conduprehending he fliould be diftrefled here for WAnt 3 ■^^' ' '^ of proviiions, began his march again atmidnit;hi^ great filencc, in hopes t(» have got tiie (htt Jf iiJ enemy fo far, that he (houhl have rcjched iht TiJ calan territories before they could have ovatakjni, but, to his great furprife, being arrivcil on ti,8 " of a very high inountain, he difcovercd the « forces of the Mexicans, conlilling of aoo.ooj drawn up in battalia in the valley ut Qttmibi thr which it was ncn H'ary to pal's in his way to Tjl cala ; whereupon Cortez made only this ijior: uJ to his officers, " Wc mull either die or tonqiitij and finding an uncommon ardour in his fuMKuJ engage, he immediately led them on. I'hc n.;lit wait, for fome time, bloody anJolifinnj and Cortez, apprehending his UK-n would be wijij. out by the continual fupplies of frelh i'orus, wy the Indians poured in upon him, gave a furpiilii turn to the battle, by attacking the nnpcrial (bjj. carried by the Mexican general, who was liirroundtilll the nobility ; for having routed them, killed ilici neral, and taken the llaudard, the rcll of their irot turned their backs and fled, and were piitfiiai «iii incredible (laughter by the Spaniards and thtr 1 dian allies, who made thcmfelvcs ample amends kJ the fpoils of the enemy, for the trealurc they retiring from the city of Mexico. Cortez iicvfim it neceilary to cultivate a good underlbnding withii caciques and princes of the country, and totakeikt troops into his fervice ; and made himfelf malltrj fuch pods as might be of mod advantage to reducing the city of Mexico ; and as he conld noti proach it by land, but on the caufeways, hcbtiiliii brigantines and iloops, whereby he became mallaJ the navigation uf the lake, and then attacked d town by water as weli as on the land fide, liaiiij about looo Spaniards .in his army, and 200,000! dian allies, rle took the city by liorm on ihc i|| of Augud 1521. One hundred tlioiifan^Mexic perilhcd in the defence of the city ; and this conijjd was attended with the fiibmillion of molt of the nd bouring provinces, who c^nfented to acknowW themfelves the fubje£ls to the king uf Spain (the 110 eiiiperor Charles V.) The city of Mexico being thus reduced, CoK didributcd the phmder among his foidiers, refciiui only a fifth, with the mod remarkable ciirio,"iies,(i the king, which he fent to Spain by foineol cipal officers, together with an account ofhisctt qued, and the date of that coimtry, dcliring liisj jedy woidd confirm the magidr.ites he liad appoiiiJ to govern it, with the grants of the conquered Jami' and Indian Haves he had made, to his foidiers, Am the rich jewels Cortez fent to the cinpcror, itiiii there was a fine emerald, of a pyraiiiidal Iwni,! large as the palm of a man's hand at the biggditiii a noble fet of gold and (ilver vcHels; htd'Hf cad in gold and iilv.-r, viz. hearts, bird?, fillies, M and flowers; bracelets, rings, pendants, auJ > IF.OGRAPHY. larch again at midm^bLr • luvc got the ftjrt of ,1 lulil have rciclitd iht '[i y could have ovcrtaktnh' ', being arriveil un 1I15 t, he difcovered ihe ^1 conl'iilinj; of eqo.qjj „,, e viiljcy ot Otiimba, ih™ ' pals ill his way ty X)j nude only this Ihor: fw, .ill either die or coiKjutt m ardour in his fulJan cd tliem on. c time, bloody and ok',,, g his men would be w'^ plies of frelh torus, «( ipon hiin, gave a I'nrpii acking the imperial IbJ. ncral, who was liirrouiidal routed liicm, killed ihc lard, the relief tliein^ ed, and were piitfiitd . he Spaniards and thtir 1; Mufelvcs ample amends wi for the trcaliirc they loll Mexico. Curtcz no'.v ft, good undcrlbnding with he country, and to take iL and made himfelf millet )f moft advantage to him ico ; and as he could not ] the caufeways, hcbuih 'hereby he became maila ikc, and then attacked as on the land fide, b his army, and 200,000 c city by llorin on the 1 hundred thoitfanj Mexia f the city ; and this coni] imillion of molt of them twnfented to acknowl the king of Spain (ihei being thus reduced, Coi itnong his foldiers, rclenii oil remarkable ciirio.'iiss, I to Spain by foineof i'ith an account of his en lat country, dcliring hisa nagillr.'.tes he had appoiiiij ants of the conquered h ' nade, to his foldiers, Am :nt to the emperor, itislJ d, of a pyramidal form, m's hand at the bijjjell eiiJ| lilvcr vellels; ft\cril!liie| ?.. bealls, birdF, fillie-, fniiij rings, pendants, anil • ) be conceived ; but he had certainly alt the rcafnn in the woild to defirc that neither laws or lawyers Ihould be admitted there, havini; dctcrmine4 to treat the natives as flaves, imd fei^e both their pcr- fons and poU'ellions, and, indeed, to nfiirp an aibiliaiy dominion over both Spaniards and Indiaus iu the New World. SPANISH DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA. CHAP. XXI. fERRA FIRMA, or CASTILLA DEL ORO. Jtilhn, Boumlarift, Divifions, Bays, Uarhourt, Catts, \Cmli, Soil, yegtlaHe Produce, Auimals, Fijb, Na- \lkii, Cmnurce, and Govtrnment. ^HE province of Terra Firina is (Ituatcd between the equator and 12 dcg. north lat. and between jand82dtg. of \ve(l long, being about 1400 miles I length, and 700 in breadth. It is bounded on the kr'h by aprt of the Atlantic Ocean, called the |oiihS:a; on the fouth bv Peru and the country of Amazons; on the ealt bv Guiana; and on the iby Old Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. It is di- Ivided as in the following table : 0IV1S1ONS. Subdivisions. Chief Towns. Terra Firma.'l „ . „ ,, Proper, or 1^%'° Bello. IXirien J P»"^'"'»- -^Carthagena Carthagena. |orth Divifion^ St. Martha St. Martha. Rio de la Hache.Rio de la Hache Venezuela Venezuela. Comana .Comana. NevvAndalufia, . or Paria buth Divifion ' >St. Thomas. {New Granada . .Santa FedeBagota. Popayan Popayaii. iThe line which feparatcs Terra Fimia from the jngdom of New Spain, forms alfo the boundary be- pn North and South America. This boundary is 'vji acrtifs the illhmus of Darien, a few leagues rtie wtllward of I'ofto BcUo and Panama. It croflea the ifihmus in its narroweil part, which ii not here above fixty miles in breadth. The chief bavs in '^':rra Firma are thofc of Pa- nama and St. Michael, both in the South Sea. In the North Sea arc the bays of Porto BcUo, Sino, Car- thagena, Maracaiba, Guiara, and Curiaco, together witTi the gulfs of Darien, Vctiezucla, Triclto, and Paria. The principal harbours are thofc of Porto Bello and Carthagena. The capes mofl worthy of notice arc, Cape del Agua, de Vela, Conqnibacao, Cabcio, Blanco, (ia> lera. Three Points, Naflau, Sambles Point, Point Canoa, and Swart Point. The climate is neither plcafant nor healthy; the inhabitants, one part of the year, being fcorched by the moll intenfc and burning licat, and the other almod drowned with perpetual floods of rain, pour- ing from the (ky with fiich violence as if a general QfTuge was to enfue. In lb large a tr«£l of coimtry, the foil mufl necelTa- rily vary. Accordingly, in foine parts, it is a barreu fand, or drowned mangrove land, that will fearcc produce any kind of grain; in others, it yields Indian corn, balms, gums, and drugs, almoll all inanner of fruits, as well of Old as of New Spain, fiigar, to- bacco, Brazil wood, and fevcral kind of dyeing wood;.; a variety of precious Hones, particularly emeralds and fapphires; venifon, and other game. The plaiiiaiioiis ol cacao, or chocolate nuts, in the diftrid of Caiaf- cas, arc eAeemed the bell in America. The trees, moil remarkable for their diincnlions, arc, the cedar, the maria, and balfam-trec. The manchlncel tree i? very rem:>rkable ; it bears a fruit rcfembling au apple, but which, rndcr 'Siis fpecious appearance, contains the mod fubtli. poifon, againll winch common oil is found to U'.; the bell antidoK . Such is the malignity of this urt, that Hiould a neiSon only llcep under it, he would ind his body ni! ( -. ellcd, and racked witl) the fev'.rc.!J torturer. Tije luali^, from inllind alonc^ avoid it. The f '' « M : iTr a .- 1 •» * 4o8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. w. The mountains abound with tygers, and, according to fouic, with lions, and great numbers of other wild bealts. Among the animals peculiar to this country, the mod remarkable is the Sloth, or, as it is called by way of derilion, the Swift Peter. It bears fome refcmblance to an ordinary monkey in ihape and fize, but is of a moft wretched appearance, with its bare hams and feet, and its (kin all over corrugated. He Aaiids in no need of cither chain or hutch, never ftirring, unlefs compelled by hiuiger, and is faid to be feveral minutes in moving one of his legs, and blows do not make him mend his pace. When he moves, every effort is attended with furh plaintive and difagrce- ablc cries, as excites at once pity and difguli. J he whole defence of this wretched creature conlilh in this cry ; for on the firft hoflilc approach he naturally puts himfcif in motion, which is always accompanied with difgulUul howling, fo that his purfuer flies much more fpeedily in his turn, to be beyond the reach of the horrid noife he makes. This animal, when he finds no wild fruits on the ground, looks out with a great deal of pains for a tree well loaded, which he afcends with a great deal of uneafinefs, moving flowly, crying, and flopping by turns. Having at length mounted the tree, he plucks off all the fruit, and throws it on the ground, to fave himfelf fuch ano- ther troublefome journey, and rather than undergo the fatiguing labour of coming down again, he wraps himfelf together in a bunch, and with a fliriek drops to the ground. Other fpecies of monkeys are very numerous in thefe countries ; they keep together 20 or '^o in a herd, rambling over the woods, leaping from tree to tree, and if they meet with a fingle per- foil, he is in danger of being torn to pieces by them ; if not, they chatter, and make a frightful noife, throw- ing things at hiin ; they hang themfelves by the lil on the boughs, and feem to threaten hiiTi all the way he palTes, but they ufualiy fcainper away, when they fee two or three people together. Many of the ani- mals of North-America, alreaily defcribed, are found in tlijfe foutherr parts. The rivers, feas, and lakes, teem with fifh, and alfo with alligators ; and the bowels of the earth were once furniflied with the richtit treafures, now slmoil 3xhau(led. The fame may be faid of pearl fllieries jn the coaft, which are far from being fo piofitablc now as formerly. The natives of Terra Firma are hold and warlike, and as they have almoin unprognable and inacccliible fortrelFes, and bear an inveterate haticd to the Spa- liiards, they never nave been, and it is probable never will be, entirely fubdued. They have lank, coarfe, long black hair. Their natural complexion is a cop- per colour. The inhabitants are differently drelFcd, accoiding to the Spaiiilh lalhion. The inen wear a tairoik without folds, dtftending to the knees, a large cape, and ileeves open at both iides ; it has button- holes, and two rows of buttons, 'i he habits of the better fort are made of embroidered fluffs. The dicrafts wear a blue (luff, of the manuladlure of country, but in triake it differs not from the oi|! The Indians of diflindiion are fingular, in weaijiul kind of trowfers of white cotton, which dcfcm from the waift to the middle of the leg. Thcljiii wear the Faldelin, a fpecies of flays or rather iuina a Ihift whiih defcends only to the waift; a hay mail cnclofes the upper part of the body, confiding of J ell and a half of that f^uff; and their whole drcfsj ornamented with rich laces. The drefs of the lab ing >tomen is not diltinguifhable from that of i ladies, but by its inferior quality, the fafhion beiJ the fanrw. A mongrel, or Creole, is known m\ fuperiority of his habit and his ingenuity. Thej ■dian peafant wears a bay mantle i and the coaim native Indian, a piece of fackcloth fallened ovettl fhoiilders by two pins. The commerce of this country is chiefly cairiJ on from the ports of Panama, Carthagena, aiidPofl Bello, which are three of the mo(^ confiderableciii] in Spaniih America, and each containing feveral iIim fand inhabitants. Three annual fairs, for American, and European commodities are he! Among the natural merchandife of Terra Fira the pearls found on the coaft, particularly in the I of Panama, are not the Icaft conliderable, Anii] menfe number of negro flaves are employed infi ing for thefe, and their dexterity in this occupaiionil very furprifing. This kind of filhiiig is of greaia' vantage to the inhabitants of all the iflands in ii| bay, lince every one of thefe negro-divirs isi to deliver to his mader daily a certain iiuinben pearls. They are fometimes, however d'.'voiirfili| fifh, particularly the fharks. while they dive lot bottom, or are crutbed againlt the Ihelvesofi rocks. The government of Terra Firma is on tlie fa footing with that of Mexico. The governor of Port Bello, who always belongs to \Y.: army, is fuW natc to the nrtlident of Pananu, whuh is iheiijil tal town, whither all the treafures of gold andlihuT with other rich inerchandife from ail parts otPn and Chili, arc brought, and lodged in itore-lioiiia till they can be tranfported to Europe. CHAP. XXII. PERU. S'ttuatitn, Extent, Boundariet, Dlvl/isns, Climlijm Birds, yegctabU ProduiiionSy Inhabitants, SiiJM';''it- PER U is fituatcd between the 6cth and -ciliil of well long, and between the 6411.110 deg. of foulh lat. teing 500 miles in biciJih. GEOGRAPHY. ibroidered ftuffs. Theh- of the maiiufaaureofil differs not from the oty n are Angular, in weario,! ite cotton, which defcj ildle of the leg. The ill ies of flays or ratherj J lytoth.vvaift;ai,ayJ ♦ the body, confiftmgofJ _J»i and their whole drefs] :s. The drefs of the laU rtgui/hable from that of iH ■ quality, the faftion J or Creole, is known mi id his ingenuity. Thejj mantle i and the conimJ fackcloth faltenedoveitl country is chiefly catJ ama, Carthagena, andPoi, the moC. confideubleciii^ each containing fevmlt T annual fairs, for \k commodities are held b ■chandife of Terra Fitni coaft, particularly in the 1 leart conliderable. Anial flaves are employed int.. ^xterity in this occiipiiiMil nd of filhiiig is of greaii ts of all the iflands in lU hefe negro-divers is daily a certain numli«r"i times, however d^voiireiH ks. while they dive loi againft the iheivcs of i u. i°? nor:i leneili- It is bounded by Terra Firma on by "tiie Cordilleras on the eall ; by Chili lifouihi and by the Pacific Ocean on the weft Provinces. Chief Towns. biviiioss. lordiiiivif"""' yjledivifion .Quito Quito, Payta. . Lima, or Los Reyes . . Lima.Cufco, & Callao. didivifion- . .LosCharcos Potofi, Porco. ThePacific Ocean, or South Sea, borders on Peru. e urincipal bays and harbours are Payta Mala- ,0 Cuaiichaio, Cofma, Venncio, Guara, Ylo, Arica, 'Callao, the port-town to Lima. The rivers are, Lada, or Cagdaicira, Oronoque, Amazon, and Hate which rife in the Andes, as do likewife many Iherl which fall into the Pacific Ocean, between e equator and eight deg. fouth lat. The water Bon- of the rivers is as red as blood; others, in lieir courfe, turn whatever they touch, or pafs over, ptofione; and here are fountains of liquid matter, ailed Coppey, rcfembling pitch and tar, and ufed kr that purpofe by the feamen. Though this country is fituated within the torrid lone, it is not fo protligioufly hot as tropical countries general are, and in fome parts the cold is even iainlul. By the elevation of Peru above the furface [f the fea, or rather of the whole earth, the winds ire more fubtle, congelation more t^atural, and the (tat moderated. The (ky too, which is almolt con- antly covered with clouds, fltields them from the iireif rays of the fun ; but what is remarkable, it fcarcdy ever rains here, which defe£l: is fijpplied by a (uft, kindly dew that fails every night, and rtfrelhes [lie vegetable creation Itiflicicntly, fo as to produce in hiany places the greateft Jertility ; but near Quito Ihcy have fometinies very heavy rains, attended by Hrejiul Iforms of thunder and lightning ; earthquakes irc alfo frequent, and fometimes very deflrujjhve in [his country. The foil, in the inland parts of Perti, ind by the banks of rivers, is ufually very fertile, but ong the fea coafls it is a barren fand. Vail quantities of cattle were imported by the Spaniards into Peru, when they took poirellion of that :ountry ; thefe are now fo amazingly increaled, that |lliey run wild, and are hunted like game. There are few wild be«.1s, and thofe not very fierce or dangerous ; but the mod remarkable animals are the Peruvian Oieep, called lamas, and the vicunnas. The lama in jfevcral particulars refembles the camel, as in the Ihape of its neck, head, and fome other parts ; but has »o bunch, is much fmaller, and cloven-footed. Its upper jlip is cleft like that of a hare, through which, when hnraged, it fpits a kind of venomous J4jice, that in- jfiaines the part on which it falls. The wool with [which it is covered, is of different colours, but ufually Wown. Thefe animals are naturally docile, fo that 'he ladiaiis ufc them as beafts of burden, and they will carry any load under a hundred weight. Formerly they ufed to eat their flefh, and flill continue to n\ake that ufe of fuch as are paft their labour, elfotming it preferable to mutton. The vicunna rtft nibks liis lama in fliape, but is fmaller, and its wool fh irter and finer. It is brown all over the body except the belly, which is whitifh. In this creature is found the bc- zoar-flone, elleemed a fpecific againfl puifuns. The oioft remarkable birds found in Peru are the ceudors, and zumbadors or hummers. The cendor is prodigioully large and flrong, and in colour and ap- pearance refembles the bird caHed galinazo, and, like that, is exceedingly carnivorous, frequently feizing the lambs as they are feeding on the heath, and ilytng away with them. The flrcngth of this bird is fo great, that it will fometimes knock down with itc wing the man who approaches to kill it: their wings alfo ferve them as a Ihield, by which they ward m blows aimed at them. The zumbador, or hummer, is a bird peculiar to the mountainous deferts of Peru. They are feldom feen, though frequently heard, both by their iinging, and a (Irange humming made in the air by the rapidity of their flight, which, when neat, caufes a nuifc equal to that of a rocket. The infeiSs found in Peru are mufquitoes in prodigious numbers, miguas, and feveral others equally venomous : alfo a variety of beautiful butterflies ; and that valuable article in the commerce of this country, the cochineal, formerly fuppofed to be the fruit or feed of a plant, but is now proved to be an infeft.; as hereafter defcribed. The vegetable productions are, plenty of European coi', maize, cali'ava, and other roots; pine-apples, melons, grapes, from which the Peruvians make ex- cellent wine and brandy, guavoes, patola«, bananas, tamarinds, olives, and tigs ; feveral forts of gums and drugs, as farfaparilla', dragons blood, balfam of Tolu and Peru, fome rhubarb, iturax, and guaiacum. Among their foreft-trees the mofl valuable is that which yields the quinquina, or Jefuits "bark. It is about the iize of a common cherry-tree ; the leaves are round and indented, and it bears a long reddilh flower, from whence arifes a pod. containing a kernel refembling an almond ; but neither the kernel nor the fruit have the fame virtue as the bark, which is an efficacious medicine in intermitting fevers, and various other diforders. In the plains of Truxillo there is a tree which bears twenty or thirty flowers, all of them dif- ferent, and of divers colours, hanging together like a bunch of grapes. Another, called maguey, is of the utmoft life to the inhabitants, as it fupplies them with honey, vinegar, and drink. The ftalks and leaves are not only good to eat, but may be wrought like hemp i and from them they make a thread called pica. The wood is fit for covering hoiifes; the prickles or thorns, with which it abounds, ferves for needles, and the fruit has all the qualities of foap. Guinea or Cayenne pepper, is produced in the greatelt abundance in the vale of Arica, a dillriiA in the 5 L fouihern 410 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY m i fouihern parts, from whence they export it annually to tlie vahic of fix hundred thoufaiid crowns. That valuable article of the commerce of tl'-- coun- try, co.hineal, formerly fuppofcd to be the fruit or feed of fome particular plant, but now afcertained to be an infed ; it is bred on a pbnt called Opuntia, or Prickly Fear, which confills wholly of thick fuccu- lenl oval leaves joined end to end, and fpreadmg out on the lides in various ramifications. The flower is large, and the fruit refembles a fig ; this is full of a crimfon juice, and to this juice the cochineal owes its colour. When the rainy feafons come on, thofe who' cultivate this plant cut off the heads which abound moll with fuch infcfls as are not arrived at tiieir full growth, and preferve them very carefully from the weather and all other injuries. Thefe branches, though feparated from their parent ftock, preferve their juices for a long time, and this enables the infe£l not only to live till the rains are over, but to grow to its full li7.e, and be in readinefs to bring forth its young as foon as the inclemency of the fcafon is pafK When this time comes on, they are brought out, and placed upon the proper plants, difpofed in little nefis of feme molly fubllance. By the enlivening influence of the frefh air, they bring forth iri three or four days at furthcft, when the young, fcarce bigc^er than a mite, run about with wonderful celerity, i ud the whole piantai'on is immediately filled. What is lingular, this animal, fo lively in its infancy, quickly lofes all its a6livir) , and, attaching itfclf to the leait expofcd, and rroft fucculcnt, part of the leaf, clings tlicre without ever moving. It is alfo rcmark^.ble, that it does .lot, at lead in any vifible manner, injure the pla *, but ex- trails its nourilhment by means of its prob» ' i through the fine teguments of the leaves. Tin maif,'., of this fpecies of infe£l, differ greatly fron. (!)e le- malcs, iii.'.n which i ^ re fmaller. The males, in faft, arc of no value, ii . icm"' ■ Jily being gathered for uCe. The value of the. Jn ,3 tii .hy conlil's in the methnc" of killip'"' and dryi.ij; 'In: h.[- ». IT' e lirlt is, by dipping the L-iiket, in;* v.; \... icjrj^ gatlicrcd, into boiling water, and afterwards drykl^'^tm in the fun ; the Iccond, by drying them in ovens ; and the third, by drying them on cakes of maize, whit h are baked upon tiat (loncs. The lad is the word kind. One admirable quality of tliis drug is, that, though it belongs to the animal creation, it never decays. With- out any other care than having been put into a box, fume have been known to keep 60, and even an ic- years, an(ite ; whillt the Indians, in their nominal freedom, look with an envious difda-.. upjn the ilaveiy of the Negroes, which makes them their masters. Peru is governed by a v'^croy, who is abfolute ; but it being impollible for him to fuperintend the whole extent of his gov ^-... rent, he delegates a part of his authority to tne ""^verdl audiences and courts, eftablifhed at different places throughout his territories. The his or Y of PERU. THIS country was difcjvered by a Spaniard called ".!S in was entci- Valco Niimez de Baibao, nic no tained of conquering it, I'Jlthecori ..ilion of the war in Mexico, when the ixpfK^tio'i v :if, undertaken by three private perfons, \ 12. Pzaiio. Almagro, and Dii Luque ; the two firlt '•■■■. g ofncjrs, and the lall an ecclefiaiUc. It was luj ulated, that Pizarro fhould coiT nand the embarka;'n') , that Aliiiagro ihciild from til time rnfe and ierul hi;n recruits: and, that ; iique (liould remain at P,ir,ai.; ., and lay in .im- 1 iiion and provifions for the Support of tho cnter- ,iu..c: and they agreed t" dure the profits arifing by the expedition equally, after the .jinperor's fifth ihould dedudtcd. Pizarro met with many difficulties, in his lirft at- tempt, from the crofs winds and currents; thele, and le incellant rains that f-ll near the Equator, were luch difcouragements, that all his men forfook him, and rcturtied to Panamit, except fourteen ; but Al- magro joining him wiih fome recruits, tliefe two 'leroes determined to cotitinue ilitir cu'irfe to the fouthward, and having crolfed :lie bay of Panaiua, went on ihorc, expedling to have found a paliagc to Peru by land ; but the country being ovcrtiuweJ, or encumbered by locks, woods, and mountains, th',y wcris llfiiiii! pIpI 4ii AVr\V AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL OEOCRAPli^ 111 ■were obliged to r;turn on board again, and fctting fail to the fonthv ard, made fo little way, that they were two years in advancing to '.lie bay olGuiaqiiil. The fird conllderablc town they vifited there was the city of Tiimbez, to the cacique whereof Pizarro fent one of his orficers, to let him know they came as friends, and the cacique thereupon fent them all manner of refrefhments. Not having a fufficient body of troops to under- take fo important an expedition, he returned to Panama for reinforcements, taking vvitii him fome of the inhabitants, animals, and trcafures of Peru. Pi-' iarro then went to Spain, procured the emperor's commifTion, returned and took with him three of his brothers, and fet fail for Panama upon another ex- pedition, A. D. 1530. He had now with him 123 foldiers, and 37 horfes, with which he landed and began his depredations. The Indians fled " efore him, but many of his people dving, he fent 1. ■•ips back laden with plunder, to bring more recuits. Almagro joining him with reinforcements, they ad- vanced together, defeated a large body of Peruvians, took the town of Tumb /., with tmmenfe treafures which were heaped up in the temple of tlie Sim and the inca's palace, 'ihcy now ereded a fortrefs near the fea, and then ptirfiicd the inca or emperor Atabilipa. Finding that the Pcrirvians were engaged in a civil war among ihtmfelves, Pi/.arro took pains to foment their intciUne divilioiis. in order to prevent their uniting againit him. The cafe was, that Atabilipa, a prince of illegitimate birth, had depofed and confined the emperor Huafcar, and oppr.' """-d his friends. Thefe latti r applied to Piza.ro for al.;..ance to dethrone the ufurper. On the contrary Atabilipa made a fimilar application to the Spaniards for their friendfhip and coimtenaiice. Atabilipa and Pizarro, having ap- pointed TO interMCw, the Spaniards traiteroully at- tacked the Ind'.! IS during the conference ; and having flaughtcred nan), made the inca prifoner. Almagro, havlrg raifeci - confiderable body of forces at Panama, ariHcd at the t.ainp of Pizarro ioon after the llaughter of the Indians, and the imprifoninent of their emperor AtaL'ilipa. Pizarro went out to meet Almagro, congratulated h'i' arrival, received him nith all the marks of af- feftion and elleem imaginable, and offered to divide the fpoils with him, though it is evident they were, at that time, meditating each other's dcltru«5tion ; and it is faid, Pi/arro dirtributed :>s miuh gold and filver at this time among the Spmiih foldiers as amounted to 15,000,000!. lUiling. The foldiers being polTelfed of this prodigious wealth, fell into all manner of excelfes, railing the price of things to a very great rate, by offering any uims to gratify their appetite? or fancies. And now Pizarro thought it a proper time to fend over the fifth part of the treafure to the emperor, as he had ftipulatcd, and with it his brother Fcrdinando Pizairo, to folicU ior fuch rein- paitj forcements as might eaabiilh the dornlnirT" Spaniards in Peru, and to pi.-tition that hlv „ '■ might be extended Hill further to th CH Marlhal Almagro alfo employed his agents T fent to the court of Spain, with whft .v "f. application he had fent and carried tuinforc and fupplicd the general with ammimitica and" villons from time to time, to enable him t this conqiieft ; and to deiire that all that"' South AiiKrica which lay to the fomhwardi- lands granted to Pizarro, might be put uj! ^j government: and with thefe agents, fcni b" general and tlic marfhal, returned Ih-er'a! advcnifuli to the number of fifty or fixty, who havina oh- 30,oco or 40,000 ducats apiece for theirViAiJ fhares of the fpoils, were perfcflly fatisficd wii and chofe to enjoy what they had got, the ttiruin of their lives, in their own country, rathcrtlun, dergo mere hazards and difficulties to incicifet fortunes. In the mean time, Atabilipa, the royal mnoiK having offered Pizarro a prodigious treafure for I liberty, and adliially paid great part of it, was (lilL taincd, and at length being tried tipon what m called Article? of Impeachment, was mod unjadi put to death. Atauchi, the brother of this imicrtJ nate prince, having determined on revenge, fuyprifJ the Spaniards on their march to Cufco, killed fw and took others, Sancho de Cellar, who had drawnu the procefs againft the late inca, being among i latter. With thefe they retired, ftrangling Sancho 1 the very place where the emperor was put to dcithl but fuch of the Spaniards, as had been againl) M cruel meafure, they fellored to liberty. The pJ ruvians were ftill inclined to treat upon rcafomH terms; but the Spaniards infilled that they Ihouldm mpdiately renounce their religion, give up their coaji try, and refign their frecdoni. This broke off ili treaty, when Pizarro marched forward to the capial city of Cufco, where he arrived in the momhcll October 1532, the people having abandoned ikil city, and carried off the greatcft part of their traJ fure ; but (till the Spaniards found fo much left bt.l hind, that they were amazed at the heaps gf gold audi filver they met with there i but the reigning \m,\ Manco Capac, being about to affemble the wholel Peruvian nation againlt thefe invaders, Pizarro ilioijgfcll fit to treat with the inca and the Peruvians. He cvmI invited the emperor to return to his capital, iiil proclaimed him Inca. Thefe meafiires Pizarro lod! nimfelf under the neccflity of taking at this iim,| not only becatife he faw all the fouthern proviKoj of Peru affembling againft them, under the iial Manco Capac, but becaufc Rumminavi, QumqiiiJ and other Peruvian generals, had alfembled a ymj great anny in the northern provinces, and poiIeHj themfelvcs of Quito, which obliged him to lendij conlid«iable detachment of his forces ontkr the com- j u. cpel Pi arw .8nH''Almagro from thence ;_ at which news. hiilH^fi'i and perliaps feat pvifoners to Spain, ying ttiev (liould be difpoiroiled of all the fpoils =aaammssmmmmmm T"f Sebalii^n Belalcarar, to reintorcr the mrw ,„ St Michael's, and to make head againll rtmvian'cencrals in Quito. Belaicazar. tlierc- r Irching into Quito, made himfelf m?fter ot rlUiwl city, and was in a fair way of reducing '"3 whin advice wa. bronght that Don Pedro 'iLio was upon the coad ot Peru with a con- rie the government of Peru upon hitn, and expel '" .snd Almagro i , , -, . fe two advfiiturfrs were ^thunderltriick, appre- five an ai.coui>t <)f' their mtirdering the late inca y,ilipa, and inaHacring his people ; they continued- I cfore to cultivate a good iinderlbnding vath the iJans of the fouihcrn provinces, and treated the 1 and his fnbjedls is their friends and allies, r'ifinE to perform pHndually whatever they had r joa; knowing how great an advantage it mull to have the country in their intcreil, if they were blifcd to contend with Alvarado'for the polfcHion of They, however, at length found nicans to bribe t'lvarado from the coiuury, and to perfuadc tnoil of lis followers 10 enter into their fervice. Thefe adriitiona" forces rendered the adventurers lerv lormidable, when Almagro marched to Cufco ; I'izarro founded the city of Lima, and other places on the coaft. Pizarro now, according t- il;: ^iit cf the emperor, remained ]-., polfuflion of i'eru, |nd Almagro made an expedition into Chili. Al- ji5gro advanced as far as the province of Charcas, loo leagues to the fotithv.-ard of Cufco, without Lcting with any thing to obftruft his defigns, that [oiintrv being all under the dominifin Of the inca, and jmnlyinghim with provifions as he went ; but finding Chaitas^a wretched barren coui\try, and being ig- norant of the rich mines it contained, he refolved to Koceed further to the kingdon\ of Chili ; though, had Be known the invaluable mines of Potoli were fituated jn this barren coinitry, he would certainly have fct up lis rcll here, for in this mountain was afterwards |ound more fdver than any, or perhaps alt the coun- |iig they would inake him prifoner by force, if he did not voluntarily ftibmit to this conftncinent, dif- guifed his refentment, and immediately went to tl.e caftle. The Indians were far from taking this imprifon- ment of their emperor patiently, and only waited for a favourable conjiiniJbire to obtain his liberty; for b'erdi- nando Pizarro returning from Spain with his brother's new commifTton, and the patent for the title of mar- quis, brought fome orders with liirn that were not ac- ceptable to the marquis or his people ; particularly he informed them, that the emperor expeded thev Ihotild be accountable to him for all the treafuv. they had received as the ranfom of Atabilipa, his imperial inajelty alone bemg entitled to it, or at lead that they (hould raife him a good round fum, to be fent over to Spain in lieu of it ; birt the marquis and his'officcrs 5 M replied. iV'i m I ., H li\: ■ — A NF.W AVD rOMPI.KTE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY replied, iSis was niiilier rcafbnable or pcflible ; as tbey had hazarded tlicir lives, and n^adc a conqiiefl of the country at their own expence, without any charge 10 his imperial majefly, they ought to reap tlic fruits of their labour ; and belidc, that money had been long fince fpcnt in fupporting the conqueft, building towns, and planting colonies, to prefcrvc what they had gained, which would all redound to the honour and profit of his inajelly, who by that means was confirmed and ellabliihed in the (ovcreignty of vliat rich country. Fcrdinando hereupon dtfired his brother would con- fer on him the governnient of the capital city of Ciifco, and he did not doubt but he Hioiild foon have it in his power to raife a fum of money to gratify the court of Spain ; which tlic marquis confcnting to, his brother Ferdinando immediately repaired to his government of Cufco ; where obfcrving that feveral otlicers had been greatly enriched by jnefents Manco Inca had made them, in order to be kindly ufed, he applied himfelf alfo to the inca, giving him to im- derftand, that he would be rellored to his dominions, and all his demands granted, if he coidd priK'ure a confitkrable fum for the court of Spain ; and fniFered the inca to come out of the cadle to his palace in the city again, and to be treated with the honours of a fovereign prince. Whereupon the inca fent ex- prcfTes to feveral parts of his dominions, directing them to bring their ufual tribute of gold and filvcr plate, as the molt probable means of delivering him from the hands of the Spaniards. The treafuris were brought, but the Spaniards dill deceived him, when he delivered himfcif by the following flratagcm. He pretended, that in the valley of Yarico great riches were hid, particularly a ilatue of folid gold as big as life, but that none but himfelf could find out the place. Ferdinando Pizarro was deluded by this pretence, and fufFtred the inca to go to the valley with only a guard of Spaniards, from whom (as they did not fufpt(5i his defignj he made his efcape. Being at 'iberty, he raifed three powerful armies, one being de.'gned againfl Lima, the fecond to attack Cufco, ant; the iliird to cut off Almagro. The principal armv, under the inca himfelf, attacked Cufco with prtut fury, but were repulfcd with terrible (laughter. After cutting off Icvcral dctacluncnts of Spaniards, the fecond Peruvian army invefled Lima, which not being ahic to take, chey only blockaded ; but the third ainiy did not attack Almagro, who arriving before the walls )f Cufco, fummoned I'criiinando Pizarro to fur- render, who refilled ; but the place was betrayed to Almagro by fume of the gitrrifon, when the governor and another of the marquis of Pizarro 's brothers were made prifoners. I'he nvarquis of Pizarro, not hearing from his brothers, fent a ifronjj force to Cufco under the command of Don Alonzo du Alvarado. Peter de J^erina W4,i ciikrcd alfu to march with this detocU- ment as a private captain of a troop of horfe \, he was an older olliccr than Alvarado »nj'h!i great fervicc in thofc wars; which L iCu Lerma, that he. fmm tins tune, meduaud , ' „ of the cnterprife, as is fuppofed by the Sp,„i|l, ! : Alon/.o dc Alvarado continuing his march T iitmoU diligence, moll of the Indians that were L to carry his baggage, amounting to upwards of'"!! (lerifhcd in the firll part of the journey, cither hrf intolerable fatigue, being loaded and driven Cl I heir ilrength, or ilarved for want of food. Alni.igro, having received intelligence* that A! was advancing to the city, fent foine Spaniard quality to hini, to reprcfeni that Cufco belSj, his government, according to the divilion theciT made of Peru, between l>im and the marqu, Pizarrok and therefore advjfed him to rctirnoL'il again, till he and the marquis fhould adjiiftihci,"^ of their refpeaive governments : .but Alvarado J far from entertaining any pacific thoughts, that J made all the gentlemen prifoners that were fent treat with him. Whereupon Almagro took the j conftituting Don Orgonnez his lieutenant-general' having made a party of Alvarado's horfe prifuncri \ derdood hv them, that great part of , his troops'**- better afFedlcd to him, than they were to the Piurru! particularly, he iinderlfood that Peter de Lernia, wiii a great many of his friends, would defert AlJarad the firlt opportunity. He advanced therefore as M as the bridge of Abancay, on the other lidu wh«« Alvarado lay encamped, fo that there was noihlngii a fmall river that parted their forces ; they teraaJM quiet, however, without attempting to attack e other all day ; but in the niglit time, Orgonu- fording the river, at the head of Almagro's jiorjil put Alvarado's forces into great confufion ; andgivJ Peter de Lerma, and the red of their Iriciids.byiM means, an opportunity to join them, Alnjagro gjind an caiv vidory, ys'ith very little bloodihcd, makin Don Alonzo de Ajvarado his prifoiicr; wiihwhtu he returned in triumph to Cufco. After the buttle, Almagro marched with jooSpanijj horfe and font, and fome thoiifan.l Indians, ti)wat2 the valley of Chinca on the fca-coaff, t.ikingwiilihii|l his priftmer Ferdingndo Pizarro; but he kit Alona Pizarro and Alonzo de Alvarado prifoners in thcciii of Cufco. 'i'he marquis dc Pizarro, in the mean time, kariii no news from Alonzo, and i.nagining the Indiasl m^ght have poUcired thctnlelves uJ the palliis luilu mountains, and thereby tut off hi com;iv.iriK'aii!jn»ii|i| that t;cnenil, inarched in perfon at the ht^idol 3(x;(i ,|0O Spaniards, towards the njouiitains, to j^etinidJ ligcncc ; and after fome days march, recciied advict,! that the, LidiaLiS had raifed the fiege of Cufia: ilnil Almagro was reiunied from Chili, had polHiWiimJ felf of that capital, and made his bro;liers FcrJina aui Aiutizo prifoners ; und, that his uthcr bioiiwl .] H I I. 416 of a troop of horfe. ,1,, »"V "hich fodiffl "%""-. rncda„e?f; 'KcdbythcSpanifl,;:! "'^.Inn Alinagrotoojtihciiti nislieuienant-general' trade's horfe prifoncrs ui reat part of.his troops'wo. i they weretotiiePiiaJ • that Peter deLerm3,wi lids, would deferi Alvar* ! advanced therefore as I, . on the other fide whci« • that there was nothing!* their forces; they reraaia attempting to attack le night lime, Orgonnt, head of Almagro's l\M jreat confufion ; andgivJ red of their friends, by iB oin them, Almagrogaim • little bloodlhed, maliii^ liis prifoiier; wiihwhoi ufio. marchec". wiihjooSpanilj thotifand Indians, tDwaiiji fea-coaft, taking wiihtV zarro ; but he left AIock varado prifonm in ihecit in the mean time, li>:ari« iul iinagining the Indiai 1 elves of the pa;li:s inilv off hi commsinioaiionttiilil cifon at the ht;idol3oco it>.)UiUains, Id i;et,iaiclJ ays march, received ailvicJ d the liege of Ciifcn: k\ :n Chili, had pollLileJ liiati de ills bioihcrs FcrJinaiiiitl ■d, thut iiib otl|cr i Piarro was killed during the fiego of Cufco; J dav or two after he had news brought him of u!feat'of i'on Alonzo de Alvarado. Whereiipon f h iifiht fit '0 "='''■'-* '" Lima, and fortify hintifeJf 1 III! he Ihduld receive a reinforcement of troops, tch he txpedcd every day ; and to divert Ahmagro takim; ihe advantage of his prefent vveaknefs, .'„inAis brother to death, he difpatchcd feveral fcards of quality to attend hiiTi, and offer him any s he flioul'' '"'''* "P""' *" piocre his brother's Hiv Aliiiagr" ^^^5 willing to treat, and an inter- M with fiiily twelve horfemen oi a fide was agreed, Uith fo m\K^ treachery on Pizarro's (idc, that Al • 5,0 with great difficulty cfcapcd an ambufcadc laid j| length Pizarro, by various artifices, obtained the Uy o°his brothers, and tiien demanded not only Ifto but all the conquefts in Peru. Aimagrovery lurally rcic('^cd this unreafonable requilition, when lat immediately commenced between thofe rivals; Xiajro was defeated and taken prifoner, and Mc hmi: time the city of Cufco was loft. I'he Vittunate Almagro was afterwards cruelly put to L by his rival Pizarro ; but the latter did not long Ivive liim. being alFaflinated in his palace at Lima I a natural fon of Almagro. Thus untimely fell 1 two conquerors of Peru, by means of their own Iprocal enmity, of whom it is only necelFary to fay, t both were equally polFefTed of courage, fortitude, I temperance ; but both were equally ambitious I rapacious. Almagro was the moil generous, arro the moft politic ; the former polfelVed the \ noble fentiments, but the latter had the greateft Ktration. CHAP. XXIII. CHILI. Lte, Exitnt, BounJaries, Divi/icns, Climate, Animals, I Mi, Wc Chitf Citits, Commerce, and Exports. ^HIS country is fituated between ic and 37 dcg. fouth lat. and 50 and 7,5 dcg. well long, being but 1500 miles in length, and 1000 in breadth, and imlcd by Peru, on the north ; La Plata on the cad ; Jagonia, on the fouth ; and the Pacific Ocean, on I wei ivisiDNs. Provinces. Amies.. f^'"''P''*^P" > Ciiyo, or Cutio.. I the ihe.^ [the eaft fide itk Andes Ch. Towns. rSt. Jago. < Baldivia. ^. Imperial. St. John de Fruntiera. { The Pacific Ocean, on the well, is the only fcM that borders upon Chili. The- moft noted livers are, the Salado, or Salt River, Gacafco, Caq|iiimbo, Bohio, and the Baldivia ; thefc fall into the Pacific Ocean, and are fcarccly navigable but at their muuthx. The principal bays, or harbours, are, Caftro, Brewcr's- Havcn,^ La Meiicha, Copiajpo, Baldivia, CoquimUf*, Jata, Giivanadore, Voluparirii, Santa Maria, Con- ception. Thcclimate of "Chili, confidercd in general, is one of the moft delightful in the world, being a mediuin between the intenfe heals of the torrid, and the piercing colds of the frigid zone. Along the coaft of the Pacific Ocean, they enjoy a fine temperate air, and a clear fercne fky moll part of the year ; but fometimes the winds that blow from the mountains, in winter, are exceedingly fharp. Tljere are few places in this cxtenlive country where the foil is not exuberantly fertile, producing Indian aijd European corn, hemp, grapes, and other fruits ; fome medicinal plants, and the panqua, ufcd in tanning leather ; and were its natural advantages fecondcd by the in- duflry of the inhabitants. Chili would be the moft opulent kingdom of any in America. The animal prodinHions of Chili refemble thofe of Peru, but the latter has the preference. Their horfes and mules, particularly the foriner, are in great cfteem : horfes and alTes were originally carried hither from Spain, and are greatly improved. Here are prodigitWs numbers of fine oxen, goats, and fheep. Turkies, geefe, and all kinds of poultry and wild fowl, are alfo found in great numbers in this country. A vdry particular fpecies of bird is found in Chili, called difpertadore, or the awakener. It is about the fize of a middling fowl ; its plumage black and white, has a thick neck, the head rather large, cre£l, and beauti- fully adorned with a tuft of feathers ; its eyes are large, fharp, and lively ; its bill well proportioned, ftrong, and a little curved. On the fore-part of its wings are two fpur.«, about an inch in length, of a reddifh tindl towards the root, but their points re- femble thofe of a cock, being very hard and fharp. Thefc are the weapons it makes ufe of againft other birds, particularly thofe of prey. It has obtained the appellation of the awakener, from the notice it gives to its companions on the leaft appearance of danger. On hearing the noife of the approach of any creature, whether man or beaft, it immediately rifes from the ground, and miikes a loud chattering, not unlike that of a magpye, continuing the noife, and flying about in the air over the cbjefcl which caufed the alarm. This being underftood by every bird near, they take wing, and by that means avoid the impending danger. The original natives of Chili, or»the free Indians, have hitherto eluded ail attempts of the Spaniards to civilize and reduce them. However, about the year 1723, the miflionarics had formed feveral villages, nud flattered theinfelvcs that they fliould induce their converts to pradife w ,li' I 4i6 A NEW ANo C0MPIJ:TE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRaPUy. fl if-. praflife the precepts they had endeavoured to iucul- catc i but an infurrediun happening at that time, their innate favagcncfs rettirniiu, they abandoned the 1>riei(!], and joined their coutitrynien ; and there have ateiy been loinc turmidabic infurredions of tlie Chile- flans againft the Spaniaiids, which have greatly alarmed the Spanifli court. The Spaniards wkiount to abon^ go,9ca ; and the Indians, ncgrcics, and niulattocs, arc fuppofcd not to be fewer than (io.ooo. The cliief cities are St. J ago, Conception, and Bal- divia, or Valdlvia. St.Jago, the capital (>rCiiili,islilii.itedin 77 dfg. weft, long and 34 deg. foiilli lat. It H.inds at the welt foot of the Cordilleras, on the little river Mapocho. The town h about a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth. The ilrcctv aio all fpacioiis, paved, and ttraight. The hotil'cs are lotv, to prevent their being (kmotilhcd by the cinluiiukcs, to wh ch this place is lubici). Th.nt in July i;-]o laid tht- greatell part of It in ruins, and was liici ceded by an epidemical dil- , temper, which fwcpt away molt of thofe who had dcapcd the preceding calamity. Conception Hands on the fouth-weft Hiore of a beautiful bay, on a fniall declivity, having a little river running thiough it. 1 he honfcs are all cither of mud-walls or iinburnt bricks, but covered with :tiles» This city hilFcred, if polfibli.', more than St. . Jago, by the fame earlliquakc, fucceeded by .i dread- ,i\\i inundation from the lea, which, being followed by , Q^her violent (hoiks, dcmoliilied the whole city. f}(ildi\ia, or Valdivia, is (ituated on a river to which it gives its name. 'Ihis city is defended by four llrong caUles, mounting above ijo pieces of fine brafs cannon ; but they aie never properly fiipplied either with nun or ammunition. This is the chief port whereby the commerce is carried on between Cliili and Fern, and 10 lar^c (hips arc conllantly employed . in that trade. The foreign commerce of Chili is entirely con- ..fjncd to Peru, Panama, and (ume parts of Mexico.' Their articles of export to.thefe places are gold, cop- per, cattle, failed provilions, corn, laliow, grall'a, hides, tiried Hlh, neats tongues, hemp, Hax, cordage, cocoa- nuts, Dend leather tanned, Cordovan leather, wines, and fruits: in return for which, they receive iron, cloth, hats, bays, though not many of the latter, there being manufa^ures of the fanic kind in^Chili ; fugar, cacao, fweetmcats, pickles, tobacco, oil, ear- ihcn-ware, and all kinds of European goods, which .are brought to the port of Callao for falc. «;. The history of .CHILI. IN the hiftory of Pen:, we have already obferved, that Alm.ngro, who fell a viflim to the imperious cruelty rj Pizarro, attempted the conqueft of Chili, but was defeated in his delign by the Indians laying 1 fiegc to Cufco, which rendered hiiprdoicc ill that country. The conqucft of Cl.ili «„! fore ftifpendcd till the jrear 1,54,. when hdJ He penetrated to the valljy of m'™I ,umled th« city of St. Jago, ,„a g s defence. 1 he ChileHan!! »>„.\,j\ Valdivia was fent to tinilh the war which Al had begun. Hr —"'■•--»-' — •' "™ where he foun cartle for its d^^K^u^E. * "c «„iMieiians a'taclrciJ caUlc; but Valdivia, receiving reinforcements ( the viceroy of Peru, did all he could to fa J, conqncrts. But ildl it appears that he ^s (Irong enough to make any great progrcfs J Indians giving out that there were many L gold mines in a certain part of the coiintiv, rlt'l from St. Jago, drew a dtiachmejit of hisfon'v/ went in fearch i.f them) into an ainhnfui, ,|,|j] off every man of ihcm, extept thsir c(jii)manji,,, a negro, who cic:iped to St. Jugo by the luii their horfcs i where.ipon VaUiivia Ceiii tur m reinforcement of troops, to enable them lo a,lnJ a^ainll the Chilelians and built the town and uiilJ Coquimbo, or Screra, on a bay of iIib (ta, [^^u his communication with Peru. [ The civil wars between the Spaniards in pJ breaking our, Valdivia v\'as recalled, but ahcrwi returned to Chili with a large boily of veteran itm. The Spaniards now difagreeing among thfmltlvMT Chileli.ins took advantage of iheir bmik, and J Itroyed ilie garrifons of Copiapo and CiKimmbij, | molilhing, ut the fame time, the town> nud kiiiji tions. Valdivia, however, recovered wliai hel loll, rebuilt thofe towns, proceeded further fouilnj and erc6led the town of Conception. The foniSj tions here being fin.llietl, though under conliJni difficulties, Valtlivia determined to continue his i Itill further fouthw.nrd, when he founded thecitrl Imperial, four leagues ea(t of the Pacific Ocean,; 40 fouth of Conception. From hence he marcWl the mountams of Andes, i(> leajjues calloflmi* am' built the city of Villa Rica. The bravell nation of the Chilcfians, called An cans, had oppofed the Spaniards with the greaielifj ccf<, but had been at lall obliged to fiibniit; 1 this being one of the moll defirable countries in( Valdivia, in the dillribution of the land*, liadn fcrved this valley for himfclf; and being fcidibletl the natives were not to be kept under hut by | force, he erefted three calUes in this valley, and li garrifons in them, while he m.ii>-hcd further fai •ward. He built the town of Valdivia, where f| ing ftill richer mines, it is faid, he tniplovcd ^ofl Indians in working them, and Ipcnt fo mucliii in amafling wealth, th.it the Araiicans, talcing 1 vantage of his abfencc, engaged the whole coiinl in a confpiracy againll the Spaniards and chr''"' celebrated Caupolicau for their gene .d. Intelligence being received by Valdivia of llieii tended infurreiSlion, he returned in lome hallctoil valley of Arauca, where he foiuid 13 or q,o«H H I I. 4«7 niiives alTeml'''"' '" "■■"'» whom he charged wi«h 'hoife, a"'' obliged tlitin to relirc into th« wo(xfs 'jtncluf'ircsas otten as they appeared, but was not , 1 condition to difpt-rfc them entirely. They frc- Ltl» rallied, and attacked his troops ; and thus they Inutd to encounter him lor fcveral days in a fort fining light The Chiltfian general, obferving L |,is engaging *hc Spaniards with fuch niitnbcrs L occafwned conliillon among the people, thole in tfroiit frequently giving way to the Spanilh caValry, idifurdering ilif rell oJ his forces, before ever they |tteengage
  • ner of Valdivia's exe- cution. Some affirm that they poured melted gold down his throat, bidding him fatisfy himfelf witiv that metal he to viotentfy thirlled after. Others re- late, that one of the Indian caciques, not beuring to- hear it debated whether the deliroyer of their country fhould live or die, beat out his brains with a club, without afking the general's leave : and all the Spanilh writers agree, that they made trumpets and iiutes of his bones, and preferved his fkull as a memorial of that important vidtory, which they celebrated by fealt- ing ami dancing after their country manner j and in- (lituted public Iports and exercifes, fuch as running, wredling, and leaping, to be obferved annually in me- mory ot it ; and expeding the Spaniards would give them another vifif, they encamped in fome of theip mofl inaccelFible woods and mountains, and Caiipoli- can conitiluted Lautaro his lieutenant-gei cral, for the fervices he had doiie in the late battle, finding hitn every way qualified for that port. The Spaniards, however, attempted to recover their loilcs ; the war continued about 50 years, but the Chileliatis were moll genrally fuccefsful, and at length alinoft ex- pelled them from their country. The Dutch being informed of thefe particulars \n 164a, fent a fquadron of men of war imder the com- mand of Captain Brewer, with fome land forces on board, to make a fettlement at Chili. Th>s officer arrived on the coaft of Chili on the 30th oi April, 1643 ; and landing 50 foldiers on the 20th of May, they had a fmart engagement with a Spanilh party, whom they defeated, and fume Ctiilelians came on board, who gave the Hollanders hopes of fuccefs ; but Brewer, the Dutch commodore, dying, who pro- je6tcd the enterprise, and the natives growing jealous of the deligns of the Hollanders, and feeming ready- to join the Spaniards againft them, Hcrekerman, who fucceeded Brewer in tlie command of the fquadron, thought fit to return home without efFeding any thing, having firlt demolilhed a little fort they had ereded on the harbour ot Valdivia. An old Spaniard, who rcfided in the court of Eng— laod, havin" reprefented to King Charles llv ttut ttie 5 N ' Syaniatds r, t3 t!l I m% A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) {/ A '«' «?. f/. z ^ 7^> 1.0 ;f:«- IIM I.I 1.25 1^ iU 1 2.2 " lis lllllio 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V] <^ /} A '/ -(^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4^8.. A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Spaniards had been beaten out of itiolt of their fettle- Jtitnts on the coaft of Chill, and that it would be no difficult matter for the Englilh to poUefs themfclves of tliem, Sir John Narborough was fent, in 1669, with ;v man of war, called the Sweepllakes, of 36 guns, to view the coaft of Chili, and inquire into the fea- fiblenefs of planting colonies there : he. was accom- panied thither by the old Spaniard, named Don Carlo?. Sir Joiin palTed through the ttreights of Magellan, and not ronnd Cipe-Horn, as Brewer had done ; . nd arriving on the coall of Chili near Valdivia, Don Ca<-los was fet on (hore, and took the road to the fort of VaUlivia, which the Spaniards had rebuilt, bving then in poifefllon of the country, and Don Carlos was never heard of more. 1 he Spaniards permitted the Englilh to trade with their people for trifles at firlt, but would not fufFer them to have a com- munication with the Indians, and, at length, made one of the lieutenants and three Teamen prifoncrs, •whom they rtfufcd to releafe, and what became of them was i? "cr known. Sir John Narborough foon after returned hoine, having no authotity to commit holtilitics againll the Spaniards. In Q""" Ann's leign the defrgn of making fettlements here was re- lumed, but proved abortive. Thus the martial genius of the natives continually retarded the progrefs of foreigners, and has always been the caufe why the Spanilh fettlements here are fo difproportionate to the extent, lertility, and riches of the country. The free Indians are much more numerous than the Spaniards, who are computed at no more than 20,000. All the inhabitants of Chili, including Europeans, Meftizoes, Mulattoes, and Ne- groes, are reckoned at 150.000 only. Even the free Indians, it feems, now acknowledge the dominion of the King of Spain, and pay tribute to his governor ; but the fubjedted Indians belong entirely to the Spaniards, living among them, and ferving them ill the fame manner as the natives of Peru and Mexico. The greater part of Chili is ftill poiTelTed by the free Indians, who are rather allies than fubjefts of Spain, having, it is faid, in the laft treaty, confented to acknovs ledge the king of Spain for their lawful fuvereign, only upon condition that they were AifFered to continue under the protedion of their own laws and government ; an engagement which it will be h^jarilous for the Spaniards to break, however it may counteract their great dellgn of gaining entire pof- fcilion ol tlufe countries, and thereby repairing the conllant decjine of wealth and decay ot their precious metals in their other fettlements. The free Indians are governed by their own chiefs, whom the Spa- niards call caciques, who claim no authority, bcfides that of adminiltcring jullice, and commanding their tribes in times of war; having neither palaces, guards, revenue, or ajiy otUcr badges vi fovcreign authority, verted in them. CHAP. XaIV. PARAGUAY, OR LA PLATaI Siluaticn, tsfc Divifions, Caltk, Poultry, fViUAn Chi ff Towns, Provinces, and Commint. THIS country is fifiiated between the c^ih J 7,5th deg. of well long, and between 'the pJ and 37ih deg. of fouth lat. being 1500 mil-s J length, and 1000 in breadth. It is boumfcdbl Amazonia on the north ; by Brazil on thcfall^ J Patagonia 011 the fouth ; and by Peru and Chili the weft. Divisions. Provinces. ChiefTowvsJ xt rvA- T rE'"g""y AITumpt'on.! The eaft divifion J rarana St. Ann. I contains j Guaira .....CividadRtal,! LUragna Los Reyes. ' The fouth divifion /Tucuman St. Jago. contains \ Rio dc la .f^lata. . . .Buenos Ayn Befides horfes, mules, flieep, goats; hogs, poultrfj game, grain, fruits, &c. this country prodiices aiudJ mirable Jrug called by the name of the country, S^ ragiiay ; which is an excellent emetic, and of 'ii( might form a conliderabie article of commerce. Tbt forcits abound with wild beafts, and the rivers ai^ lakes, befides various kinds of filh, with crocodila alligators, &c. The mines contain gold, filver, copi per, iron, amethyfts, &c. To the weft of the gml river Paraguay, the country is barren, but to the caij where the Jcfuits have ereded a tctnporal and fpi.l ritual monarchy, it i^ fertile. The next confidcrablel river is that of Plate or La Plata, which rifes in Pcio,| and tails into the Atlantic Ocean. This country abounds with lakes, the chief o which are the Xaraya, ihe Caracoraes, and the Ve-i ronas The principal bay is that at the mouth of!lie| river La Plata, on which llands the capital city of Biit-f nos Ayres, hereafter mentioned ; and CapeSt.AntoiJuj at the entrance of that bay, is the only promontory, The cliinpte of Paraguay differs but little Iromik of Spain ; and the diftindions between the feafunsatcl much the fame. In winter, indeed, violent tv.injkilil of wind and rain are very frequent, accompanied wiihl fuch dreadful claps of thunder and lightning, as i1 the inhabitants, though ufed to their, with terror dl conllernation. In fiimmer, the excellive htaisjrel mitigated by gentle breezes, which conflanily bejin'l at eight or nii.e in the morning. 1 11 lliort, lo' iliei enjoyment ot life, efpecially with rcg.ird to the fall brity of the air, a liner country cannot Lc imagineil. Ndrjl C.Ki} i' :'. rA R A C U A Y, on I, A ' ^P L A T A. 4t9' ^ocs S'nellra Scnnora de Buenos =Ayres, the capital of y Kanils on a polnt'CaHcd Cape BlaiicH^ in ^4 ciiittVorad fmairTiVer froniiiig it. It has 'hi broadMlreets, and js of a conCiilcTablc extent, Lini! "*' kfs' thani^ooo houfcs, built mollly of H or brick. The river La Plata, is here fcvcn ' in brtiilih, and navigable for any (hip 60 lies above tiie toun, but 'n further, by renfon of aradl. TheSpaniartls bring hither, down the pjftof the troafures 6f Peni, and fhip thtm ioain, with vaft' quantities' of hides, cotroh, (tiitt's, its and other commodities of this country, and ■leliirns are very valuable. ' here are three other towns in Paraguay, called jnie (le Vicles, Corricnfcs, and Santa Fe ; but nei- iir of them mcritb a particular defcription. Wliat lias reiulend this province fo very remarkable, ejitraordinary fpecies of commonwealth which was liilkd 111 the intmor parts "by the labours of the tj, The fwindaiious of this remarkable republic .hid about the middle of the laft century, when fe lathers obiainedan uncontrolled liberty to prac- every expedient, within certain limits, for con- ng the Indians, and forming them into a body or lie. At the fame time the governors of the ad- itprovinces received ftrift orders not to interfere, ferany Spaniard to enter into this diftri£l with- a licence from the fathers. On the other hand, Jcfiiits agreed to pay a certain capitation tax in lurtiim to the number of their converts, and to fend ;ertain number to work in the mines, whenever they lid be wanted ; and the miflions became fufficicntly lulous to anfwer the demand. The terms being fettled (fays a modern author) jefuits applied themfelves with indefatigable induf- 10 fettle the country of which they had obtained a It. They began with gathering a few Indian fa- Ijes they had before converted, from the feveral ofihe country where they were fettled, and uni- ihem into a fmall townfliip : upon this, flight daiion they have erected a .fuperllruiliire which allonilhed the world. Wholly intent upon exe- ig thi; arduous undertaking, no' dilficultics could 110 dangers repref- their ardour. They vifitcd tribe otjhe Indians; they mollified tlie minds the moft favage nations ; they fixed the mofl ram- .g; they fubdued the jnollj averfe to government. lubdsof difperfed families embraced their reli- n, and fubiniited to tlielr.gov;ernmciU* By this ra- iiicreafe, thtir filbjafts amownted a ' few years ago lear 400,000 families. They lived in 'town.';, were liarly clotiied, pruflifed agriculture, carried on iii(acturcs ; and fome of thcmproleHed the polite ol mulic and painting. They were inltrudtcd in military art wiih the moll exad difciplinc, ,and IJ bring a force of f;\ty tlioufand iflen, well armed, the field, "In order to ciFcd thefe valuable piir- pofcs, the fathirs had from time to time brought ' over from Europe ftveral mechanics muficians, paiiit-'*^' crs, &c. '' ' ' , ' ,' " The whole country was divided into forty-revfa ' miflions or difUifls, over each of which a Jefiiit pie- fided in chief. He refuled in a large and commodious houfe,- called t'hePrefljytcry : adjnininc to this hdufc are the church and the magazines. No pcrfun under ' the jurifJi6lion of the fathers had any thing that could ' bejnftly called his own property. Each man's labour was ' allotted him in proportion to his firength, or to his ' fkill in the profeflion which he exercifid. The pro- duce was brought faithfully to the public mngazines, from whence he was again fupplicd with all things which the managers judged to be expedient for th; fiiflenance of himfelf or his family. All neceflfaries were diflribiited regularly twice a wvik ; and the ma-:' gazines always contained fucli a ilock of .provifions ■ and goods of every kind, as to anfwer not only the ordinary exigencies, but to provide againft a time of fcarcity, or for thofe whom accidents, age, or infir- mities, have rendered incapable of labour. Under the Jefuits, magiilrates or caciques were chofcn from among the Indians ; thefe regulate all matters refpet^- ing marriages, decide fiich diiferences as were too mi- nute for the attention of the father, and gave him re- gularly an exa£l account of the Hate of his diftri£V, and the merit and demerit of its inhabitants ; and according to this report thiy were rewarded or pu- niflied. Nothing could equal the obedience of the people of thefe miflions, except their contentment un- * der it. Far from murmuring that they ha\c only the necefTarics of life, by a labour which inight, in fome degree, procure them the conveniences of it, they 'thought themfelves a dilfinguifhed and favoured peo- ple in wanting thcrh ; and they believed their obe- dience a duty, which not only.feciircd their order and 'repofe in. this world, but the very belt means of in- furing their happinefs in the next. This was care- fully inculcated ; and the Indians under their juriF- di£tion were, by their inftru6fions, rendered an inno- • cent people, civilized without being corrupted. •'In order to preferve this innocenc and tranquil- lity, the Jefuits were extremely flrift in preferving their privilege in keeping all flrangers from among them. If any perfon happened cither through Eci-' dent, or in purfuing his journey, to enter the coun- try of the miflions, he was immediately carried to the Prelbytery, where he was treated with great hofpitality during his llay, but watched with rhe utmoft circum- fpcction. The coriofities of the place were fliewn him in company with the Jefuit ; but he was allowed no private converfation with any of the natives. In a realbnable time he was civilly difniifled, with a guard to condiid liim to the next dilfrii'^ without c\po!niC, where lie was treated in the fame manner till lie had palfed the limits of the country of the millions. Cau- tions cjually ftiirt, and ill the fame fpirit, ihey ob- Itrvi-d, dc, all the facred utenfils were gold and filver, and many of them adorned with eme- ralds and othfr precious ftones. Divine fervice was celebrated with the moll futemn fplendor : on one fide of the high altar were tribunes for the civil magif- trates \ and, on the other, the fame conveniences for military officers : the father himfelf officiated with the utmoft devotion. Their mufic, both vocal and tn- ilrumental, was far from being contemptible; and the Indians had a genius for mufic, which the fathers took care to cultivate." In the year 17^7, the court of Spain thought pro- per to make a cefliun of fome part of this territory to the crown of Partugal, in exchange for Santo Sacra- ment, and to make the Uragna the bounds of their pof- fcilions ; but the inhabitants refuted to comply with this divifion, or to fulfer thetnfelves to be transferred from one hand to another, like cittle, without their uwn confent. We were, however, infornaed, upon government authority, that the Indians aAually took lip arms ; but, notwithflanding the exaftnefs of their difcipline, they were ealiUr, and with confiderable flaughtcr, defeated by the European troops, who were fcnt to reduce them. And in 1767 the Jcfuits were fcnt out of America by order of the king, and their late fubjcfts were put upon the fame footing with the ic'i of the inhabitants 01 the country. PATAGONIA. SOME writers have defcribed Patagonia, at the fouthern extremity of America, as part of Chili : but as neither the Spaniards, nor any other European nation, have any colonics here, it is almoft unknown, and is generally reprefented as a barren, inhofpitable country. Some of the inhabitants are from fix to fe- -•en feet high^ but the greater part of them are of a moderate and common ftature. Some are mere fa- Vftges, and others cf a more gentle, humane difpofition. They live upon filh and game, and what the earth produces fpontaneoufly. Their huts are thatched, and, nettwirhllanding the rigour of the climate, they wear no other clothes tlian a mantle made of fcal-fkiu, or the fkin of fome bead, and that they throiiv off when they are in adion. Their complexions are tawny, their hair black, and they paint their faces and bodies with fevcral colours. I'hey are exceedingly hardy, brave, and active, making ufe of their arms, which are bows, and arrows headed with flints withi dexterity. In 5a deg. foulh lat. we th, ftJH MAOEttAH, havmg Piitagon.a on the north. S illands of 1 ERRA DEI FwBOo, or the Land p' on the fouth. Thef« flreights extend trom oA weft I to leagues, but the breadth in fome n falls fhort of one. They were fir(» difcovered uv Ml ecllan, or Magelhacns. a Portnguefs, {„ the d,^ Spain, who iiiiled through them in the year J and thereby difcovered a palfi^je from the Atljnttl the Pacific or Southern Ocean. In i6i6, tj it J a Dutchman, keeping to the fouthwwd of th flreights, difcovered in lat. 54, one-half of another ! fage, fince known by the name of Straights La Mu and this pafTage, which is pradlicable only in hnuary! February, and is called doubling Cape Horn fc been generally preferred by fucceeding navigator's, GUIANA in South America, extends from theeoJ tor to the eighth degree of north latitude, and is bousj by the river Oronoouc on the north, and the An zons, on the fouth, but is little known, except a i along the coafl, where the French at Cayennes t the Dutch at Surinam, have made fotne fettlemeu which, from the unhcalthitiefs of the climate, akn under the equator, and other caufcs, can hanllybee tended any confiderable wjqr back. The inhabiu of Guiana are either natives who are af a toi difh brown, or negroes and Europeans, or a miij progeny of thefe. This country abounds in rerpei of various kinds ; one lort, not venomom, intafoi fomctimes above 30 feet it) length, and three inciroa ference : it has a taper tail armed with two elm like thofe of a dunghill cock v fmall deer have found in their ilomach. AMAZONIA is bounded by Terra Firmai the north. La Plata on the foulh, firafil and the Jlj lantic Ocean on the eafl, and by Peru on the wd It is laoo miles in length, and 960 in breadth ; I this vaft extent of country is but little known, eice alonff the banks of the great river Amazons, aodi wards the Brafilian frontiers. The rivr of Amazoi is the largeft in the world. It rifes in the Cardilla and increafes in a mcft amazing manntr as it 1 ceeds towards the Atlantic, into which it diit bogues itfelf by 84 channels. It winds 5000 1 is fcveral miles broad, aad near 40 fathoms dn Many rivers fall into it, particularly the rivers Negt Xaux-, and Maranhon. No European nation I hitherto made any fettlement here : fome aRemm have indeed been made by the Spaniards and Pot gnefe, but always attended with vail difficulties, To tk few of the adventurers ever returned back; and t gold is found in the country, as was expe^ed. TwI ilticf^- HISPANIOLA, OR St. D'OMINGO. '■"■" '■ " '"^ ^ ' ' ' — ■ - - 4tt The SPANISH ISLANDS in AMERICA. CHAP. XXV. CUBA. L Situalhn, Fertile Soil, Produce, Towns, dm- mene, and ^''aluable Exports, ijtfS ifland extends in latitude from 20 deg. 20 min. to the tropic of Cancer, and from 75 deg, ^tfiin. well long. It lies 60 miles to the well of Li,i"o!a, 25 leagues to the north of Jamaica, 100 llcstothecall of Jucatan, and as many to the fouth Cape Florida, being about 700 miles in length, Inotabove 70 in breadth. A chain of hills, which ! through the middle of the ifland from eaft to id gives rife to feverai rivers, but their courfe is lortfrom thence into the fea, that fcarcc atiy of J jfg navigable. The land near the fea, being I'llie moil part level, is flooded in the rainy feafoii, L ihc fun is vertical. ITfe whole ifland is well watered, and agreeably tiiiiied with woods, lawns, and vallies. The foil is lable of producing, in the greatcft plenty, every in!; that grows in the other American iflands \ and iCiiba, commonly called the Havannah tobacco, is iticulaily thought to excel that of all th(? world ; i their fugar would equal their tobacco in goodnefs, J they hands to cultivate the canes. The other pro- Jfls are, ginger, long pepper, and other fpices ; caf- \ maltic, aloes, large cedars, and other odoriferous Its; oaks, pines, palm-trees, plenty of large vines, : cotton trees, plantains, bananas, ananas, guavas, Inons, cocoas, and two forts of fruit, called camilor Iguanavana; the firft like a china-crangc, and the hrlhaped like a heart, with a juice between fwect J acid. Therfe are feverai good harbours in the ind, which belong to the pnncipal towns, as that I %i Jago, facing Jamaica, advantagcoufly fituated, I (Irongly fortified, biit neither populous nor rich. The Havannah, the capital, on the north-wed M of the ifland, and fifty leagues from Cape An- liio, is a place of great Arength and importance, Wmingabout 2000 houfes, a great number of con- pts and churches, and about a6,ooo fuuls. To- jids the dofe of the war of 1756, this city, after a Ig and obllinate defence, furrcndered, with all its its and dependencies, to his Britannic majcily'sarms, Icapitulauon, on the 12th of Augnll 1762 ; but nas lored at the peace. The value of the cargo of the pleons, llota, and other (liips which rendezvous in September to take in proviliuiis and water. I previous to their return to Old Spain, is feldom lefs than 7,000,000 1. fterling. The other towns in the ifland, worth mentioning, are, St. Jago, which is much inferior to the Ha- vannah, and (lands at the bottom of a large bay, about two leagues from the fea, on tiic fouth fide of the ifland ; Santa Cruz, which has a tolerable harbour, and Hands about 163 miles ead of the Havannah ; Porto del Principe, Jituated on the coaft, about 300 miles fouth-ealt of the Havannah { and Baracoa, fituated iix\ the north-cad part bf the ifland, and hav- ing a fmall harbour. HISPANIOLA, OR St. DOMINGO. THIS ifland is pofleiRd in common by the Spa-, niards and French, but the far moll confiderable part is now in the hands of the French. The great Co-- lumbus difcovercd it in I-292, and caMcd it The Spanilh Ifland, a denomination it has preferved, under that of Hifpaniola, ever fince. It is iituated about 13 leagues to the eadof Cuba, between the 17th and 21ft deg. north lat. and the 67th and 74th of weft long. The face of the ifland prefents an agreeable variety of hill.<, vallies, woods, and rivers ; and the foil is allowed to be uncommonly fertile, producing fugar, indigo, cotton, maize, calfava-root, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, gin- ger, various kiiiJj of drugs and dyeing woods, pine- apples, banana^, grapes, oranges, lemons, citrons, to- ronias, limes, dates, and apricots: in the centre of the ifland are mountains well covered with cabbage- trees, elms, oaks, pines, acajou, and other large and lofty trees. Salt is found in plenty, and great quan- tities of ambergris. Mines of filver and gold have been difcovered, but they arc not worked^ Horfcs and herds of cattle are fo numerous in this illand, that they fupply the neighbouring colonics. There are alfo feverai kinds 01 fowl, and the coafts abound in filh, but are alfo infefted with alligators. The north- well parts,- which are in poflfellion of the French, confift of large fruitful plains, which produce the ar- ticles above-mentioned in great [jlenty. In Ihort, this is the pleafantcft and mod fruitful ifland in the Well- Indies, being every where diverfified with hills and vallies, woods and river!;. St. Domingo, the capital, is fituated on the fouth fide of the ifland, has a fpacious harbour, and is a large, well built cit/, inhabited by Europeans, Creoles, mulattocs, mcfliz,ots, and negroes, whole number is about 30,000. This mod ancient town in all the ^ O new 42 2 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPHY. new world was founded by Bartholomew Cohitnbiis, biuthui to ti J Admiral, in 1504, who called it Domingo in honour of his father Dominic, which ;i|>pcllation the French give to the whole ifland. Conception, twenty leagues north of St. Domingo, belonging to the Spaniards, is alfo a confiderdulc town. Cape Francois, the capital of the French divifion of the idand of '^t. Domingo, is fittiated on a cape on the north fide o, the ifland, at the edge of a large plain, twenty leagues long, ard about four broad, be- tween the fea and the mountains. There are few lands better watered, but there is not a river that will «dniit of a (loop above three miles. This fpace is cut through by ftraight roads, forty feet broad, con- ftantly lined with hedges of Icmon-trccs, intermixed with long avenues of lotty trees, which lead to plnn- tations producing a greater quantity of fiigar than any country in the world. The town, which is fituated in the moll if healthy place of this moft extenfive and beautiful plain, confids of twenty-nine (Iraight, nar- row, and dirty Hrccts, divided into 326 allotments, which comprehend 810 houfes. The governor's houfe, the barracks, and the king's magazine, are the only public buildings which attra£l the notice of the iidcred curious; but thofe that defjrve to be con- by the humane, are two hofpitals, called the houfes of Providence, founded for the Aipport of thofe Europeans who come nither without money or merchandize. The harbour is only a bay, open to the N. and E. winds, before which is a confiderable extent of fand- banks, retls, and rocks, by which it is (haltered from the fea. What is called the port, is in the bottom of the bay, about three quarters of a mile from the town; the W. point going in, which is high and fteep, is called Point Picolet. The town is fituated on the W. Hde, about two miles from Point Picolet, clofe to the water, ar,d near the moimtains ; lat. 19. 45 N. long. 72. 13 W. On the i8th of June 1793, the Civil Commiflioners, MclTfs. Sonthonax and Polverrcl, arrived at the Cape from Port-au-Prince: they immediately fufpendcd Monf. Galbau, the governor and commander of the troops at that place, and fcnt him on board; on the lath a number of mulattocs were encouraged by thefe gentlemen to come into the town, who, by unfair means, armed all the negroes belonging to the citi- zens, and encoiiryged them to alfiny wi,h aboSr Ko^ll '• '^vcn.y-fou,,. i";l rch has efcaped Se . 1 covered fo %s ij' S The government.ho,?3 cannon ftot. ^CZA J'ning in town. ' 1 ^us affair proceeded , J .and the Governor G I tful authority invade?^ ors from the /hip,,h„, lied the mulattoes, but tU '"°fn«gro« with arm, i Nevv-York,obfer»cs,SJJ >Js of plunder when he a ts had left their houfa , i the moft fertile part of J isonndunrywhicLayta pwards of thirty yc„;,'' •nfugar, indigo, tobacco,! Do.oool. annually, and tk been much exceeded byiU thetpfelvcs alfo contiiW iverand wealth of the Freiid igpolTefled of great trM(« ivilh their dollars in eschaM d commodities of tjicirfl fird «lifcovered by Columbh litants was computed to bej uch was the infernal era fo infamous a height ( 1 of the poor natives, thi nabitcd ; but having fomc good liurboiirs, is i'oimd eijtrcniely convenient Jorthc Engiifh cruifcrs to touch '' "ext day the CoinmJ fent out a boat to bring tiicm back. 'Jhc fwam throu^dt the furf, and got on board T feaman had fo thorouj^h a picfage of beinedro','. in the attempt to re.nch the boat, liiat, prdwinlr to focial intCTCourfe, he chofe to remain on the ' at all events. ' Having formed this refohition, he took an lU tionatc Itave of the people in the boat. A 1 fliipman, however, jult as they were aboiit to retl without him, taking one end of a rope in his hat J jumped into the Tea, and fwam through the futf to ilJ beach, where the poor infolated defpondent fat rum hating on his fitiiation. The young man remnn] flrated to him on the abfurdity of^the refoluj he had formed, and having mdde a running nw in the rope, fuddenly threw it over the faifor ml fixing it round his body, the people in the' bega'n to drJig hitn through the furf, and thus broi, him on board; though he had fwallowed fo grea'tl quantity of water on his palTage, that he was to il appearance dead ; but proper means being ufcd, |1 foon recovered, and was, no doubt, abundantly thanJ fnl for the friendly violence that had forctd hia from the dreary folitude which his fears had beioi courted. This ifland is by Capt. Carteret defcribed to lie igl 33 «l«g- 45 •"'"• fouth longitude, 80 deg. 46niin.wt8J from Greenwich. It is very high- and mountainoiiJ and, at a diftance, appears as one hill or rock, jtijl of a triangular form, and feven or eight leagucsigl circumference. Here is fuch plenty of fi(h, thatal boar, with a few hooks and lines, may prefently catdil as ranch as will fervc 100 people. Here are coal-filli,| cavilliers, cod, hallibut, i^nd cray-fi(h. Capt. CaneJ ret's crew caught a king-fiflier that weigiied eightj.! feven pounds, and was five feet and a half [onjl The fharks here were fo ravenous, that, in takiifl foundings, one of them fwallowed the lead, bfl which they hauled hina above water ; but he renndl his liberty by difgorging his prey. Seals are fo nuJ mcrous here, that Capt. Carteret fays, if many thou.! fands were killed in a night, they woiikl not beDiifcij the next morning. Tnefe animals yield excclleDt| train oil; and tMir hearts and plucks are very j food, having a tafle Tomething like thofe of a I Their flcins are covered with very fine fur. Thciel are many birds here, and fome very large hawUl Of the pintado bird, the cre)iK pf . tlic fwatlow uuglii I 700 in ope night. ' ::,;,".,a;(ii .w\ ^•] B I L. 415 a fcanun who could ^■^1. tlic violence of (Lfl '''«y ^;erc, ,hcrcf„r,"'J tlictn back. 'I'hc '^ and got on board; IZ I P'-'-'^^ge of being ,lro,; he boat, ,„n, p,,4 -hofe to remain on the ,7 folution, he took an J He m the boat. A - «hcy were about to teiurt end ot a rope in his I J ^vamthro.,ghthefu,f,ol fulateddefpondentfatniml I lie yoime man rj abfurdity ofthe refojj ng mide a running ngoS revv it overthcfailor.J y, the people in the b^ the furf, and thns bro J hehadfwallowedfogrca,/ paflage, that he was to 1 oper means being ufed, M 10 doubt, abundantly thanlJ cnce that had forced hii^ which his fears had bcfoi . Carteret defcribed to lie iiu ;itude, 8odcg. 46niin.wti| ^ery higlr and mounlainoinl ■s as one hill or rock. Iii,| feven or eight leagues ijl iich plenty of fifli, fb J d lines, may prefenilycjtdil •eopie. Here are coal-iy id cray-lifli. Capt.CarteJ •fi flier that weiglied eiglnj.! Ive feet and a halffonjl ravenocs, that, in talcii^l fwal lowed the lead, bfl ve water ; but he regandf is prey. Seals are fo 1 irterct fays, if many the., t, they would not bemilTelj e animals yield excdleitj s and plucks are very ga«i I hing like thofe ofaliojl ith very fine fur. Tkel fome very large ha«t!. rew.Qf.tiicfwaliuwuiigbi| llfit' ■ ■>.;,.. J,ojf !> ., , ,he I'oregi'iiig dcfcriptions of the Spaniih ,„ „...v..— and the Wefl-Iudics, a few 'Ton "he policy of the Spaniards with regard I*/, colonie* in the New World, may not be im- Happy would it have been for the natives, r'eTfur ihe Spaniards themfclves, h.id not South fc!L produced fuch amazing quantities of gold, luihe veins of that metal (till remained unknown 1 h biiwels of ihc mountains : the former would L hivcbecnfaciiticcd at the ftirine of avarice 1 tuelty nor ihe latter bartered their virtue, in- ill aiul' military charaaer, for inhumanity, in- We and eafe. No country in Europe receives ih vjft treafures as Spain, yet in no country in EoK is f«" 'o '"'*'*' money i »"''• Grange as it Iv appear, from the time the Indies fell into the Jj of Spain, the affairs of that monarchy have „ conlhntly aoing backward. The tveafurc which Kcd in annually from the New World, found them Idebl 10 every part of the Old ; for to the reft of L revenues they had forgot to add oeconomy ; a Bt revenue itfelf. and a fure fiipport of all others. lit Spaniards unhappily adopted no means of re- L/ their conquells but by extirpating the people ; Ifchemes for the advancement of trade ; no attempts the reformation uf abufes, which became formi- dable in proportion to the mifcliiefs they had fuflfcred by them ; fo that in government, there was tyranny i in religion, bigotry ; in trade, monopoly. The Spaniih nation have relied too much u\>»\\ their riches ; nnd the whole (late being moulded into a fyflem of cor^ ruptlon from the top to the bottom, things grew at lalt To bad, that the evils themfclves became a lpcci( a of remedies, and they felt fo fevcrtly the confequencei of their former condu£>, that they have for fome years pail turned their thoughts into a new and much better channel. They arc beginning to open the American trade to fome other ports in Spain befides Cadiz. They have made a dift'erencc, in point of duty, be- tween their own manufa£lures and thofe of foreigners. They arc, in ihort, opening their eyes to the true interctt of their country ; they are moving their hand, though (lowly, to promote it ; and m'^y in time, by perfevciancc, rife again, while others fliall fall, by adopting the abufes which brought them to the briuik uf ruin. At prefent, the politics of Spin^ with regard to America, Teem to be ; — to prelerve South-Ainerica* and particularly the navigation of the South-Seas, as much as pofliblc, to themfelves ; to deftroy ef- fcdually the ccmtraband trade ; and to encourage the export of their own manufadtures* PORTUGUESE AMERICA. CHAP. XXVI. B R L. «/«», Extmt, Boundaries, Divtjions, Climate, Soil, \Pnducf, jittimali. Lakes, River t, Fijh, Inhabitants, ytmis, Trade, and Exports. ^HIS country is fituated between the 3,5th and jilldeg. of weft long, and between the equator, 3j deg. of fouth lat. being about 700 miles in idth, and 2500 in length. It is bounded by the uth of the river Amazons and the Atlantic Ocean, the north \ by the fame Ocean, on the eaft ; by le mouth of the river Plata, on the fouth ; and by a kin of mountains, which divide it from Paraguay, I the well. Divisions. North divifion con- tains thecaptain- Hiips of. Vitf Middle divifion con- tains the captain' fliips of , South divifion con- tains the captain- ihips of 5P Provinces. Ch. Towns. 'Para Para, or Bclitn, Marignan St. Lewis. Petagiiez St. Luc. Rio Grande . . . .Tignares. Pay raba Payraba. Tamara ..Tamafa. ^Pernambuco . . .Clinda. Seregippe Seregippe. Bahai St. Salvador. ^ Ilheos ...Paya. I Porto Seguro. . Porto Seguro, i^SpiritoSandlo. .SpiritoSaniSto. TRio Janeiro.... St. Sebaftian. < St. Vincent.... St. Vincent. ' iDelRey St. Salvador. There i 1 m aBDyl iff hR f-m V| \r. ■: ^mI '^P| m i 1 jj y ' i '' 1 m ■, wt'-\ '• 1' wst \ ■» ■■.'. ' jr ■ s. '''' »'■ f'S i ffi^'fl 1 -nW W ^f' ,. mH± iS 't| i f ' ij •w t iif « iiS A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY The Pt.rtiigiicfc in America arc rcprircnt, rk moU jialiiKnm travcllcTS, as a people iioncH ?•' the mod cftenrinatc luxury, aiul pra^tifin, ,," (Ufpiratc crimes; of a ililltiMMine, livmw-,;, , per; ^^.?^Xii cnnverlation ; alfo lar.y, protui, ami crml Tl 1 poor and penurious in tiieir diet, not more.I'j 'Ihtro arc sKo fome fmall illunds on the cuall of I'ralil, where Ihips touch fumctimcs for provilions in llicir voyngc to liic Soiith-Sca ; particularly Fernando, St, Barbara, and St. Catharine's. I'hifu will be dc> l^ribod in ihiir proper place. The name Bralil wjs given to this country, bccaufe great qtiautitics of a wood of that n^mc were foiiuil iti it. The coall of Brafd is walhed by the Atlantic Ocean, rn the north ind north-calJ, upwards of 3000 miles, forming fcveral fine bays and hai hours ; viz. the har- bours of Perr.aiTibuco, All Sjiiits, I'orto Si'miro, the port and harbour of Rio Janeiro, of St. Vincent, of St. Salvador, on the north Ihore of the river I Rio Janeiro, in Jmiil, the Bay of All Sainid and laft to Fernambiicnj Abowt May or June thty J )f All Saints, andfetfaila 1 cargo little inleriorinn flota and gaileons: tkj. lur millions Ikriing; buii lie mines in Brafil, for U from Africa, efpccijily from their fcttlcrr 't at 'mbiqii*' ^■'^ qiiantiiicf of gold, together with * and iyoty, wnich goes into the amount of the 'of ili're arc no lefs than twelve hundred fail of large |5 condantly going to and returning from thele Ionics, i he ilavc-tradc, from the number of flavcs lly tnnfported from Africa to Brafil, alfo em- ,« a great number of fltips. In order to form fome idea adequate to the riches of Bralil fleet, it is nccelfary to obfcrvc, that the iiund mines are not ren'tcd at one-fifth part of their ..value; and that there i.s icinnied to Europe, in ^eprerimis (loncs, to at leafl the value of »3o,oool. |hii, with the fiigar, which is princrpally the cargo [the Ftrnambuco fleet, the tobacco, the hides, the Unable drugs fur m' :ine and manufadlurcs, may- uivince us of the importance of this trade, not only [Portugal, but to all the trading powers of Europe. [he returns to Brafil are not the fiftieth part of the Juce of Portugal : they coiifill of the woollen goods J all kinds from England, France, and Holland ; the [i^s and laces of Holland, France, and Germany ; ! filks of France and Italy ; oil from Spain ; lead, _, iron, cupper, and all forts of utenfils wrought in efe metals, from England, as likewife falt-fifli, beef, fi!t, and chcefe : wine, with fome fruits, is nearly I with which they are fupplicd from Portugal. The »liii in this trade are exceedingly large, yet few of ( Portuguefe merchants trade upon their own xks, but are geneially credited by the foreign ierclianti, whofe commodities they vend, cfpccially le Englifh. The Portuguefe, following the example of the laniards, have endeavoured to prevent all foreign bwe'rs from trading to their plantations ; but thefe ^ulations arc as little attended to in Portugal as in lain. The Portuguefe are properly nothing more Ian trullees and fadors, in which capacity tliey a£b litii a fidelity equal to that of the Spaniards ; though |is well known that, in moft other occurrences, this Ition is not remarkable for their fentiments of Mour. [ Some writers have rcprefented the Brafilians as very wage, devoid of all principles of religion, cruel in Jar, and cannibals, or devourcrs of fledi ; but thefe lories are generally looked upon as fi6lions of the prtugucfe» to jufti^ their cruel and inhuman treat- knt 0.'' them. They believe in certain invifible lings, the difpenfers of good and evil, the rewarders bd piinilhers of virtue and vice; and their notion |it|| lefjeit to a future lUlc is, that ajlter death they Hiall vifii their anccdor^, dwelling beyond the Andn ; but they have no temples. Their prirlli make ihcm believe, that if they bring thent otfering^, thofe in« vifible beings, who give them food and all the good things ihey enjoy, will profper their aftairt, but if they nested this, fume terrible misfortune will befall them, riiey have caciques who rule them in peace, and lead them in war. Their towns are without walls ; thttir mode of carrying on war is by ambiif- cades, and their weapons arc bows, arrows, woodua clubs, and fliioids for defence. The history of B R A S I L. AMERICUS VESPUSIO was the firft difcovcrcr of Brafil, in 1498. but the Portuguefe did not plant it till 1,549, >vheii they fettled at the bay of All Saints, and founded the city of St. Salvador, or St Saviour. The court of Spain, confidering ihe whole continent of South America as their property, gave them fome interruption at firfl ; but the aftair was at length ad- jured by treaty, and the Portuguefe were allowed tp poficl'sall the country lying between the two ijrcat rivers, Amazon and Plata, which they Hill enjoy, i'he French afterwards attempting to plant colonics on this coaft, were driven from thence by the Portuguefe, who re- mained .iihout a rival till 1580, when they were Itruck down by one of thofe incidents, which at one blow often decides the fate of kingdoms. Don Se- ballian, king of Portugal, loft his life in an ex- pedition againft the Moors in Barbary, by which event the Portuguefe loft their liberty, their kingdom being abforbed into that of Spain. Some time after, th'c Dutch becoming independent, firft attacked the Spanifh, and afterwards the Portuguefe American teriitories: they took almoft all the Tortreflls of the latter in the Eaft-Indies, and fome time after took feven of the captainfhips or provinces of Brafil; and would. have fubdued the whole country, had not their career- been ftopt by the archbifhop, at the head of his monks, and a few fcattered forces : however, about the year 1654, the Dutch were entirely driven oiK of Brafil ; but their Weft-India company, continuing their pre- tenfions) ftill purfucd the Portuguefe at Tea, till the latter agreed, in i66t, to pay the Dutch eight tons of gold to relinquilh their intereft in that country ; which was accepted.. The only iflandS on the coaft of Brafil, belonging ta the Portuguefe, which merit defcription, are thofe of Eernando de Norona, Barbara, and St. Catharine's. Eernanda de Norona lies in j deg. 50 min. fouth lat.and 30 deg. 35 inin- rveft long. It is only about twcmy miles in circumference, and almoft wholly infufccplible of tillage, for want of moifhire, iu- fomuch that from the fcarcity of water, the plaiits wither fil n^ ii 'i 4sB A M:'.W and COMPI.KTE SYSIEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. wither and die in their growth. Here are two liar- bniiri capable nfr^eivrng (hips of the grcateft bur- den« ana two fmall rorin arc ere^^ed on the call part. Tht French took potfellion of -thii ifland fooii after the PorttiiMiere fettled at Rrafil, but they were driven oiit in t;38, when the latter fent a colony thither. St. Baroara is a very fmall ifland fitiiatcd near the coaft of firaflli in 18 dc^. fix min. Auith \a\, and ^0 deg. 4 min. weft long, it 11 no more than 1.1 miles m circamferencc, but very fertile, and at the fame time very thinly inhabited : it has no harbour capable of receiving mips of any coo(idcrablc burden, and there- fore very lif.le frequented, St. Catharine's is fituated in 07 deg. 45 min. foiith :lat. and in 47 deg. ^8 min. well long. It is about .07 milei in length, and (ix in brcadih, and lies aboui 10 miles cafl of the coaft of Brafii. The foil is vtry luxttriant, producing fruits of nioft kiiuU fpnutancoully. The ground is covered with one cuntiniud forcll of ■trees, of a perpetual verdure. Fruits uiut vogifahlcs of alt cliniatcs thrive here, aliiiolV without lulihic, and are produced in tin- greatc(> plenty ; fo that there is no want of pinc-applcs, pr..ihci., apricoti,, grapL's, oranges, lemons, citrotis, melons, plantains, onions, and pcitocs. Here arc a fpccies of wild black cattle, refciiihling buffaloes i tiioiikeys, parrots, and phealantb. The liarbours and bays aic li.irtd with |)!tnty of ex- cellent filh, of various kinds. The water is cxtiemely l^ood, and found in various parts 01 tlic illantl. tint amidll all thefc bounties ot nature, thf. air is tar from being faliitary, owing to the woods and moun- tains, which prevent a free circulaxion, and to uthu ■caiifes. F R C H E >J C A P. XXVII. II A M E R I C A. BEFORE the war of 17,./), the French inado their poircdions in Nnth America, as ajipcars by 'the maps, to confid of almoft the whole coniinent ; and divided this val^ coimtry into two grc.r provinces, i •the northern of v.hich they called Canada (compre-j licnding a miuh greater extent than the Britifhpro-' vincc of that nilue, and in which a great part of the I provinces of New-York, New England, and Nova- Scotia, was included). They called the fouthern pro- J vince Louifiana, coii-.prifing therein a divifion of Caro- . liia. Thcfe unre;if'inablc claims, and the ineafures taken by the French to fiinport them, laid the foun-; dalion ot the war in 17,36, between Great- Britain andj that nation, the illiic of which has been already! noticed. Dot while the French were uling every means to increafc their infant colonies, and with the nioft flat'ering hopes forming vaft defigns of an ex- Icnfivc empir'.', one injudicious firp in politics loft a them the whole; and their imaginary i^ which had no exiflcnce but in ,|,e,r ,L, '"""" like fmoke. Having over-rated their nf.Lr. commenced hoftilitiei many years toofuon .'Jc confcquence was, they were l.irced to yield }„(' Britain all that fine counfy of Loi.inani. eift*,? the MifTilIippi ; but at the treaty of puce in ,j they were allowfunii.iris ; iii/;n(;r up there. arc livt; lul very jiroji-i Tir rtiiiciti.ius, wiicre the air is kaiilnl iiiiil the lu-ai* gr.atly niitigateii Dy liie fca brccitjl imt tlic iieiHii liavc nor yet exteiultd tliem fofarj tlnv miijr, ilmuijii they raifc here the fame com nu.ihtus wiuili thev have from the Wcll-Iudtailljiii and III no ineunriderablu quantity. 'I'hc lihind ol CAYtN.'.K, which the FrcnchU takfii poli'ellion ot, on this coall, lies at the niouil of the river of that ii.ini'-, .1111! is a'loiit 4,5niil;ii] circumference, it is very urn caithy, but tiaviii|jli)iii good harbours, they have fe\t;ial kiilcmtiits; I tort, which Hands at the bottom oi one of ihc hj boors, has no oilier lu(h water ihaii what k W from rain in large cilterns. The illaiid is, liowcii^] exircm. ly fertile in fiigar, colfte, tobacco, In; corn, plants, fruitii, and other nccelfaries of lilc. CHAP. XXVIII. FRENCH ISLANDS in AMERICAJ M A R T I N I C 0. THIS is the moft confidcrable of all the We* India illands belonging to the French. Ii i fituated about lao miles north-vvcit of BaMoe btlWK LinicA.J C U A n A I- 1' P E, St. L U C I A, Ac. 4it DS IN AMERICA] [NIC 0, fidcrablc of all the We* iig to the French. Ii i^ north-vvcil of Barbidoa, bciwaa i^lh dcg. of The inlund l»t. and in muun- *«ntheU<''»"'' F ' » j„j from 'liente arilc numcn n nvulct*, h 'n ih*'' •^""''^ *"*""** '^'' '*" *' ""'^'' "''"" uiJiliie the country. The foil is in general fer- L ana yield' '""g"''' «"'>■""• cotton, cottee, gmger, Unto iiKlig"' cocoa, aloei, plantains, and fuch L. ji we common in thcfo paitn. Its bayi and har- ire niimcrous, fafc, and commodioiii ; and fo L*ll loittfie'l. «'!»' ''"-'y '"' '"""" '""'' '*''* *^*-'*'""'="' I caitciiipn «>«■ «hc i!^"8''''' •" ««'"= '''e P'*"i *>"' [Uarot 1756. when tlic Britilh arms were every- Lciriiiinp>ii">'' this ilhiid fiirrendcrcd to thtm, liwis rellored 10 the crown ol France at the peace. IsariJ here, as in all the Wclt-India illands, the tLipal commodity, of whidi they export every year ible quantity. Martinico is the reltdcnce I il,j governor of the French illands in thcfc feas. L mod conliclerable places in the ifland are St. Lrc Port-Royali »'•'' ^ riiiity-Town. An ineffeflual i,mpi to take this illand was made by the Engliili n;93- GUADALUPE. THIS ifland is fttiiatcd in 16 deg. north lat. and oil dcg. weft long, about 30 leagues north of Mar- Leo, and aimoft the fatiie fouth of Antigua : it is tit 45 miles long, and 38 broad, and divided into Ml) parts by a finall arm of the fca, or rather a nar- kff channel, through which no fliipscan venture ; the Lbitants pafs it in a ferry-boat. It has a healthy Ir; jnd the foil is amazingly fertile, producing fugar, fc, cotton, inJlKO, ginger, ballard cinnamon, and Imiety of vegetables. I'his illand is in a flourifli- Lcondition; and its expotLS of fugar, which is of ID excellent quality, are almoft incredible, amounting, lis faid, to 100,000 hogfheads annually ; and it is [feried, that if the foil of Guaoalupe was as well tohivatcd as that of Barbadocs^ it would yield fugar Bough to fiipply all Eiiropc. Every attempt to re- bec this ifland proved ir.eireiStuali till the year 1759, kheii it was obliged to fubmit to the Englilh valour ; kt, like Martinico, it was, by the treaty of peace in l;63, given back to the French. Guacfalupe was fo by Co'umbus, from the rcfcmblance of its biiniains to thofe of that name in Spain. St. LUCIA, THIS ifland is about S!3 miles in length, and 12 II breadth; and fituated in 14 deg. north lat. and in ^idcg. weft long. 80 miles north- weft of fiarbadoes. : is dinilified with hills and valUes, well watered, and furnifhed with cxccllrnt harbours i (• that upoa the whole, it it cllccmed one of the beft iflaiMii among the Caribbcei. The land ii ricii, but 4itil« of it cleared. The woods yield excellent timber, an4 abound in wild fowl, as the furrounding Tea does in hth. The Lnglilh Hrll fettled on this illand in 1637^ F'rom thii tirnc they encountered with various mistor* tunes from the natives and French ; and by the De- finitive Treaty it was agreed on between the latter aii4 the Englilh, that this illand, together with .Dominica and St. Vincent, thoulJ remain neutral. But beftKa the war of 1756 broke out, the French began to fet- tle thcfe illands, which, by the treaty of peace, were yielded up to Great-Britain, and this ifland to France, The Englilh made tliumfclvcs mailers of it in 1778, but it was reltored to the F'rench by the fubfeciuent peace ; aod is now dec'arud a free part under certain rcllridliuni. B A O. THIS ifland lies in it deg. 15 min. north Ia(. and in 60 deg. 37 min. well long, being 40 leagues fouth by weft from Barbadocs, about 35 louth-ealf from St. Vincent, 40 call from Grenada, and between 30 and 40 from the Spanifli main. It is 3a miles in length, about 9 in breadth, and 70 in circumference ; fo that it is rather larger than Barbadocs, or, indeed, any of our Leeward Illands ; and near the north-weft ex- tremity lies a fmall ifland called Little Tobago, which is two miles in length, and one in breadth. The climate is tar more temperate than could be expelled in an illand that is but it deg. 10 mil), north from the equator ; for the force of the liin h diminilhcd by the fea breezes. The fpice and guih trees, with which it abounds, contribute to its lalu- briiy. Tobago has another favourable circumilance to recommencT it, namely, its lying out of the track of thofc hurricanes that often prove fo fatal to the other Well-India iflands. The north-weft extremity is mountainous, but the reft of the ifland agreeably diveiTificd with rillngs and fallings. The foil, in ge- neral, is a rich black mould, proper foi' producing, iti the greatcd plenty, whatever is raifed in other parfr of the Weft-Indies. There arc many fprings, toge- ther with commodious bays and creeks. But the va- luable t: es which grow here are, ]pcrhaps, its grcatcft riches ; for, befidcs the different kinds of wood that are found in the other Weft-India iflands, it is faid, that the true nutmeg-tree, and the cinnamon-trcc, with that which produces the real gum-copal, are found on this ifland. The fig-trees of Tobago are rcckonek equal to thofe of Spain and Portugal. Indian and Guinea corn, French beans, various kinds of pea;, the cofliou-applc; that is 'both meat and drink, an(l yields an excellent lamp-oil j the prickle-apple, ba- il £ Q nana. It ! : V ■. > t'l II 43P A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPKy nana, pomegranate, pine-apple, Tweet and bitter orange, lemons, fiigar, tobacco, indigo, ginger, far- fapariila. Temper viviim, citrons, vanellos, limes, giia- vas, plantains, tamarinds, grapes, cultard-apple, four- apple, papaw-apple, mjimmca-apple, yellow plum, cherries ; the cocoa-tree, that yields both meat, drink, and clothing ; mufk, cucumbers, water-melons, pumkins, gourds, potatoes, yams, carrots, turnips, parftiips, onions, calfada-root, natural balfam, iilk- gr'>fs, with five diiFcrent forts of pepper, the long, the cod, the bell, the round, and the Jamaica. As lor animals, here are wild hogs, pickarecs, which rcfemble a hog ; armadilloes ; guanoes, which are of the alligator kind ; Indian conies, badgers, horfes, cows, alles, (heep, deer, goats, and rabbits. No illand in ihe world, we are told, can boad Aich a va- riety of till>es, both (hell and others, particularly turtle aad mullets, of a molt delicious tade. Of the fea- thL-red fpecies ihere is alfo a great variety. Lallly, in different parts of the illaiwl are found green tar, foap earth, with many curious Ihclis, (tones, marcafitcs, and minerals. King Charles II. granted this ifland to the duke of Courland, under whole aufpice^ a colonv of Englilli, and another of Dutch, were fetilcd on ii : but their plantations were fo often ravaged by the Caribbecs of the neighbouring continent, that the Englilh aban- doned the place. The Dutch, however, continued in their fettlements, and had fuch an opinion of their value and importance, that thty long hipported thcm- felves with the moll obrtinate perfeverance againft all the attempts of the Engliffi and French. It was de- clared a neutral ifland by the treaty of Aix-la-Cha- pclle, in 1748 ; ceded to the Engliln by the treaty of 1763 i taken by the French in June 1781, and yielded to them by the late peace. It was taken by the £ng- lilh April «5, 1793. , ... ^,. ;*,= M A R I G A L A N T E. THIS ifland was difcovered by Columbus, in his feccnd voyage to America, in 1493, and received its appellation trom that of his (hip. it is (Ituated a> little to the fouth-caft of Guadalupe, about five leagues in length, and four \n breadth : it abounds in all the produclions of the other illands. A great many grot- toes are found here, abounding with large land crabs ; and the high rocks, that run along the eaflern (hore, being full of great holes, give (helter to valt numbers of tropical birds. There are feveral rivers and pomts of frclh water in the illand. The French began to fend colonies hither about the year i6.}7 ; and, be- fore the lad redu6\ion of it by the Britilh arms, it manufa'-.Uircd above one thoufaiul hogOicads of fugar annually. St. martin, St. BARTHOLOMpu AND deseada, THESE are three of the mofl inconii 'e«»,i •- I the Frcijph polfefs in thefe parts. "'''""'"I St. Martin lies a little to the north-wefi ,f . Bartholomew, and is of no confeonence wl!. ' St. Bartholomew is fit.tated abour S"' of St. Chriltopher's, and, ,h„3' ' " '«S formidable rocks, produces tobacr,. ".'""I^J north ^."l" „ ' i"""'"^" looacco and „>] with fome excellent woods, and lime-ftonc h J illand is now to be conlidered as bploncin,, "'' crown of Sweden, being ceded to- it hu !.■ "' 17H,/;. ^ '""ft I DiiSEAOA, which is a corruption of thewnrvit fiderada, or the Dellrable Ifland, was fo caZt Columbus, from being the firit land he diU ji hisfecond voyage to America. It is (ituated"'^ twenty miles north-cad of Guadalupe, and is Zl produce the bed cotton of any of the French wJ India iflands. "'' Though the French were among the Ud nj' who formed fettlements in. the Wed-Indies, ihcl made ample amends for the time tlieyhad'lod'h ji' vigour with which they purfued their undcrtakin"/ by that chain of judicious and admirabl- mafn whi'.h they ufcd in drawing from them every adv tage which the nature of the cliinte would adii and. in druggling with the difficiilii,:s which aliend infant fettlements, efpecially in the torrid zone As France is become fenlible that all the benefits her labours and acquifitions, as well as all the ri perity of her plantations, mu(V be derived from'^ attention with which they arc regarded at home' (hall therefore lay before our readers fome part of i| wife plan of condf it which this politic nation purfu in order to render her colonies (0 highly advant; to the mother country. The colonies were particularly under the care ai infpedlion of the council of commerce; a board « judicioufly condituled to anfwer all the pnrpolcsfc which it was defigned : for, to give it a proper ttj fpedl and authority, it is corn po fed of twdvcolil mod confiderable otliccrs of the crown; andihfn enable it to ji 'g'> perfcflly of the matters come before it, ihefe twelve are aflilled by ihc jJ puties of all the confiderable trading cities and louJ rn France, chofen out of the richtit and moll imJ ligcnt of their traders, and paid handfome falatiesfoJ their attendance at Paris, from the funds of iheirrij fpe(^ive cities. This coiiiuil fits once a week, Tli! deputies propofe plans for redrelfing every grievattJ in tfade ; ior raifing the branches that arc fallcinfj extending new ones ; for fiipponing the old; and, ij fine, for every thing that may improve the working! promote the vent ot ihcir iiumufat^lures, according bI il'.tiil '.VllKl GEOGRAPKY. H ,cA.] SURINAM, or DUTCH GUIANA. 43t ESEADA, ^ ^ tbemoftinconr,Jer,bleinJ efe parts. """iM t>le to the north.we(>„f J .s fHuated about .c^S - r s, and, tlioi.gh enrnm^ f . and lime-ftone" j t ceded t. it byS^;;", I corruption of the wonl knca. Itisrm,a,edr of Guadalupe, and is fsKi of any of the French Wej ivere among the Jaft „>.;, -.heWcft'lr:die,;e7; the time they had l«(lL Lirfued their undcrtajiif,-/ 3US and admirab): n"' ing from them every am >i the ciitnte would adn ^edifficulii,:s which atienii ally in the torrid zone. eniible that all the benefits ions, as well as all the ci > "'"ft' be derived from y arc regarded at home;, our readers fome part of ij :h this noli tic nation purfu onies fo highly advantai-ei meaU rticiilarly under thecareij of commerce; a boanlvtJ anfwcr nil the pnrpuksfj for, to give it a proper i i compofcd of twelve of ilJ i of the crown; and lb 1 iHly of the matters wM .elve are a (Tilled by the iJeJ able trading cities and tO',iiii the richell .ind moll inJ id paid handfome falatiesfoi froni^ the funds of their rej luil fits oiKc a week. Ths, ir redrclling every grievamJ ranches that arc l'alb;fJ fiipporting the ukl ; and, il may improve the workingorl uiaaufadures, according ul tliiiil I to **lighis ot the inftrudions of their conftitMcnts. '?EDawltchfuleye upon every article of com- ' and they not only propofe helps and improve- ■'« m itihemfelvc', but they hear the propofals of which .ire not difdainfully rejedted, nor ralhly 'a nor do they render the accefi to themfelves Cbv unwieldy aate. They do not difcourage *f ho apply, by admitting the vexatious praftice fte pcrquifites, and exaftions in their inferior of- They do not fuffcr form and methods to load Thirdcn that bufinefs they were folely intended to They fummon and examine thofe who are I^^S ,hc moll competent judges of the matter be- ■'■f them, and of every part oJ it, even the lowefl But though they examine thofe men, and Sruclion from their experience, they are not rinincdby their opinions. When they are fatis- oftlieufefulncfsof any regulation, they propofe the royal council, where their report is always •d with particular attention. An edid to enforce ■s accordingly, and it is executed with a punc- ijiitv which dillinguifhes their government, and ihich alone can render the wifefl regulations any ■ belter than ferious mockeries. '1 o the care of is body the plantations are particularly intrufled. That the colonies may have as little load as pofli- le and that the governor may have lefs temptation V up troublefome intrigues, or favour fa£lions in Bivcrnment, his falary is paid by the crown. His Itrouiltes are none ; and he is ftriftly forbidden to irry 0,1 any trade, or to have any plantations in the ImJsrr on the continent, or to have any intereft Irhilfocver in goods or lands within his government, Lpt the houfe he refides in, and a garden for his Lenience and recreation. All the other officers 5 Mid by the crown out of the revenues of France ; .£ lortiiications are built and repaired, and the fol- iersare paid out of the fame fund. pThe colonies pay hardly any taxes ; and when upon Lexiraordin.' y emergency taxes have been raifed, feyare very moderate; .>.^ even then, they who ne begun new plairtaiions ue exempted from them. duty upon the export of their produce at the bds, or at its import into France, is next to no- ling; in both places hardly making two percent, fhecoinmodities exported from France to the iflands by no diity.- ) Befidcs thofe above-mentioned, their regulations re- ieflini'thc judges of the admiralty, law-fuits, reco fry of debts, lenity fo fuch as have fuftertti by Lihqiiakes, hurricanes, or bad feafons, the peoplin;^ Icir colonies, number of whites to be employed by le planters, and, lallly, the management of negroes, knnot be fiiflicicntly admired ; and fonic of them wld, no doubt, be of great fervice, were they in- [oduccd into our fugar iflands, where fiiitablc re- Llaiions in many re^eds fcem to be loudly called CHAP. XXIX. DUTCH AMERICA. ] SURINAM, OR DUTCH GUIANA. THIS country is fituated between 5 and 7 deg. north lat. bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north ; by the French let.lements, on the eafl and fouth ; and by theSpanifli fettlements, on the welt : ex- tending loo miles along the coalt from the mouth of the river Oroncxiue, north, to the river Maroni, or French Guiana, fouth. Surinam is the mofl confidcable of all the Dutch colonies in Guiana ; the plantations extend 30 leagues above the mouth of this river, on which the town is built. The climate of this country is generally rec- koned unwholefome ; and a conliderable part of the coaft is low, and covered with water. The colony itfelf is in a lefs profperous condition than it was fome years fince, owing, among other caufes, to the wars the Dutch have been engaged in with their fugitive negroes, whom they have treated with great barba- rity, and v'ho are become fo numerous by their con- tinual increafe year after year, that they have formed a kind of colony in the woods, which are almofl im- penetrable, along the rivers of S fliort thick neck, fmall eyes and ears, fliort legs, and no tail ; and is covered with a iine fliort hair of a chefnut colour, in- termixed with white circular fpots, except imder the belly, where it is agreeably white. The flelh of this creature, being extremely delicate and tender, is pre- ferred by the Europeans who refide here to all other kinds of meat. There are in this country an im- inenfe number and variety of fnakes, which form one of its principal inconveniences. Some years ago a fnake was killed on a plantation that belonge J to Peter Amyatr, Efq. which was upwards of 33 feet in length, and three feet in circumference near the middle of the body : it had a broad head, large prominent eyes, and a very wide mouth, in which was a double row of teeth. The birds are very numerous here, and of various fpecies ; fome of them are fc remarkable for the beauty of their plumage, that feveral perfons in Guiana have employed themfelves advantag.roufly, with their Haves and dependents, in killing and pre- ferving fome of the molt curious fort for the cabinets of naturalifls in different parts of Europe. The torporific eel is found in the rivers of Guiana, which, when touc'ied cither by the hand, or by a rod of iron, gold, filver, copper, or by a iHck of forae particular kinds of hard American wood, communi- cates a fliock perfectly refcmbling that of cl«*ftricity. The infcds of this country are very numerous, fome of them venomous, and others dcltruclive ; but the beetles and butterflies are extremely beautiful. CHAP. XXX. DUTCH ISLANDS in AMERICA. *' St. EUSTATILS. or EUSTATIA. THIS ifland, fittiated between 17 and ag min. north lat. and 63 deg. 10 min, weft long, is only a mountain, riling out of the fca like a pyramid, and 1 almoft round. It is about ao miles indrrZ^ and is well cultivated. Befides tobacco trT tants have of late years raifed ,d exponeH quantities of fugar. They alfo breed hoes lu goats, and m»ft forts of poultry. The air is k, Tome, but it is {ubjtQ. to - rrible thunder-daos* quakes, and hurricanes; and there is a fc.'.^ tntti water. "'yi St. Euflatius is reckoned the ftrongeft of all Caribbee iflands, there being but one landin? 1 which is commanded by a fort, and may be ealif fended by a few irien. The Dutch took poffi of ;t m 1635 ; and lince the treaty of Ryfwjci,?' preferved it without interruption, till alter ho& were commenced by Great-Britain againft Hoi in 1781, when this ifland furrendered at difcreiin" Admiral Rodney, who was fent againft it with confiderable lar.d and fea force : but on the jiik Novetiiber, the fame year, it was retaken U French, corimatrded by the marquis de I'Lj whofe force confifted of only three frigates an ifc fmall craft, and about three hundred men. i>;ttt,| capture of St. Euftatius by the Englilh, jj al^ mentioned, the private property ot the'niijbii! was confifcated, with a degree of rigour vet/ unci inon among civilized nations, and entirely inco, fiftent with the humanity and generofity by wlij, the Britifli nation ufecl to becharafterifed, evenby rival neighbours. The leafon alligned for this traordinary conduft w«s, tlat the inhabitants of ii place had aflifled the Americans with warlike during her conteft with the mother country. CURASSOU, OR CURACOA. 5 THIS iflar.d is fitua'.ed about ten leagues fromtl coaflof Terra Fiaoa, n 12 deg. 14 min. notihljill tude. It I's about 30 miles in length, and 10 j] brr-adth. Ths cl'.mate i:, neither wholufoine or an able, nor the foii fruitful ; yet the illand is populoi and the induftry of t.ie irihabitants Aich, that it; duces a great deal of f^gar and tobacco. It is 1 fupplied with pvcvifi ins, and all otiicr commodiiid from Europe, and the other Dutch fettlcments, il which it carries on a very lucrative and cxtcnfitif contraband trade with the Spaniards in Terra Fin Let the Spanifli govcrn'vs prohibit this trade nevcrli fevercly, the Spaniards ihnd fo much in need 1 European comi^odities, that they will run all hazarll to obtain them : for thefe they pay in gold and filwl coined or in bars, cocoa, vanilla, jefuits bark, m\ neal, and other valuable articles. In times of pixtj the trade of this ifland is fuid to be annually m' jco,cool. to the Dutch, but the profit is Oillgiaio iu time of war, when it furnifhes ti,c contdint parties with arms and atnmunitimi to dellroj (» other. M n >oultry. The ,T' ^> ^"^ ^'«- is . s;i ^ the ftrongeft of ,|| , ='ng but one lai; fort, an ,, a 1 he Dutch took poirjj the reaty ofRyfj;;^Jj =at-Bma.n againft « H furrendered at difc^r i force: but^Hh::; "■;." «'as waken f /J 'he marquis de iQ ;e hundred men. y».,er3 V the Engliih, ,. a property ot the nh,;? peof ngoiirverMnco, tions and entirely iZ ' ""** generofity by wJ >echaraaerifed;eve„5 '^eafon affigned for tl„[, I'at the rnhabitantsofiM n<;ncans with warlike lb, e mother country. OR CURACOil s i about ten leagues from rt »2 t'^g- i^min. norihto. "'*=?'" ''^"gfh. andiojJ neither wholefome or am "et_ the illand is popub, habitants fuch, thatii, r and tobacco. It is U ana all other commodiiij ther Hntch fettlements, i] :ry lucrative and exieiil Spaniards in Terra Firn. prohibit this trade nevcfi inti To much in necii it they will run all hazan- they pay in gold and m vanilla, jefuits bark, cocij tides. In times of pa faid to be annually .foo, itit the profit is fiijlgraa liirnifhes ti.c contcndiM ununition to dellroy tj DANISH ISLANDS in AMERICA. IIEKICA.] ^ZijoTall the Dutch Annerican fettlements „inallv carried on by the Weft-India company ' ! prefent, inch (liips as go -..pon that trade, ''and a half per cent, for their licences: the ""*" iiowever, referve to thenif^lves ihe whole of '''■ carried on between Africa anc'. the American IfhKhiefiown and harbour is about three leagues he fouthealt end ot the ifland. The town, for if is one of the faired and fineft in America, and I "s every thing necefTary to render it commo- ,s"aDd agreeable, as far as the climate and foil "i^puich ftiips from Europe touch at this ifland intellieence, or pilots, and then proceed to the Jilh coafts for trade; which they force with a '^jhand, it being very difficult for the Spanilh alcoflxs to take thefe veirdsi for they are not J lloiit (hips, with a number of guns, but are ned with large crew? of chpfen feamen, deeply in- •Ittd in the fafcty of the veffel and the fucccfs of ie voyage- They have each a (hare in the cargo, of !nlue proportioned to the nation of the owner, fup- licdbyilie merchants upon credit, and at prime A This animates them with an uncommo:; cou- K and they fight bravely, becaufe every tnaii fights &nce of his own property. Befides this, there is lonftant intercourfe between this ifland and tb^ laiiilli toniinent. r Their other iflands are, Bonaire, Aruba, Sabc, and ii, Martin's. , • . , Bonaire and Aruba are chiefly confiderable for their Ituation near the coall of Terra Firma, which gives L inhabitants an opportuni., of carrying on a ibndertine trade with the Spanifh fettlements in Terra firma: thev may alfo be regarded as appendages to jCutaiibu, for which they are chiefly employed in tailing cattle and other provifions. Saba and St. iiariin'sare two fmall iflands, fituatcd about 13 miles lorth-welt of Eiiflatius, and arc too inconfiderable _o raerit particular defcription. They were both cap- liired by Admiral Rodney and General Vaughan, Ibout the time of the furrender of Euftatius, but the yrencli retook them afterwards. On the foiith fide of Bonaire is a good falt-pond, thither the Dutch floops come for fait, which is bc- Itome a confiderable commodity. CHAP. XXXI. DANISH ISLANDS in AMERICA. ^HE Danes have very little 'itcrcfl in America They have no fetflement on the contintnt, and buly two fmall iflauds lying in the Archipelago, 431 known b]j the name of the Weft-India iflands: thefe are St. Thomas, and St. Croix, or Santa Cruz. The illand of Sr. Thomas is fituated in the 64th deg. of weft long, and the 18th of north lat. It is the largeft of that chifter called the Virgin Iflands, being about 1,5 miles in circumference. It has an < v- celleiit hMbour, nearly furrounded by two prom' 1- tories, which defend the Ihips that lie within fronti almoft every wind. In the centre of the port i"! a very fmall fortrefs very indifferently fortified The foil is tolerably good, and every foot of it cultivated ;. the chief produdion being fugnr, of which the an- nual quantity is about 3000 hogfheads of 1000 weight each. The Brandenburghers have a confiderable fac- tory here ; but the principal perfons now belonging to it are French refugees, who fled thhher when the Proteftants were expelled from the French iflands. The inhabitants, who are very numerous, are fuppiied with moft of their provifions from Porto Rico. The principal town, called St. Thomas, confifts of one long itreet, at tlie end of which is the magazine, a large, magnificent, and convenient building, wherein there is room for ftores, flaves, and goods of all forts. This is the refidence of the governor, who is always a man of rank, and fonn acquires a large fortune, as do moft of the inhabitants, owing to the extenlive ■ and various kinds of trade carried on here. The Spaniards not only purchafe flaves. which the Danes bring hither from Africa, but likewife all forts of European gooils, of which there is always a confl- derabic ftock in the magazines, belonging principally to the. Dutch, Virho carry on an extenTive and advan- tageous commerce in the iiland of St. Thomas. In tce to awiregoveJ regulations already men.| 1 colonies in Ameriojl »m. In the iflands, ikcT ol'cy. and a right lural 'r two, on which todif.! ind diligence fwhichj«I tney have exerted t :les." ^.* * A NEW, A 1^ E W, COMPLETE. AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM O F [NIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. BOOK V. EURO E. INTRODUCTION. lUROPE, though by far the fmalled divlGon of the globe, is in many refpeiSU fuperior to the otlr^r J three, and that which particularly deferves our attention. It is fituated between the 36th and yzd degree Lth latitude, and between the 10th degree wed, and 6jth degree ead longitude, computed from the me-> tn of London; being 3000 miles in length from Cape St. Vincent in the wed, to the mouth of the river rin the north-eall ; and e^oo in breadth from north to fouth, from the North Cape in Norway to Capi* tha or Metapar in the Morea, the moft fouthern promontory in Europe. It is bounded on the north, ■he Frozen Ocean; on the eaft, by Afia; on the fouth, by the Mediterranean Sea, which divides it from Kca; and on the weft, by the Atlantic Ocean, which feparai^o it from America. This quarter of (he globe, though the lead extenfive, is be)ond comparifon the mofl happy and valuable of it, both with regard to religion, arts, learning, riches, and commerce. It juftly claims a pre- sence over the other parts, becauje the human mind hath here made the greated progrefs in whatfoevcr I and oruamental to mankind in general. The mildnnfs of the climates of moft parts of Europe; the llity of its foil, which produces every thing necelfary for the Aipport, and even luxury of human life ; the lulling (lati of the arts and fciencet ; and the nature of the feveral governments, which are far lefs defpouc, jfar more equitable than thofe of either Afia or Africa ; render this the moft deflrable quarter of the terra- jous globe for the refidence of a rational being. To thefe advantages we may add, that no part of it is Ltcd within the torrid, and but a fmall portion within the frigid zone ; and the difference 01 its face, or fety of its furface, by (ieas, rivers, mountains, &c. which are at once innumerable and beneficial, contribute Itly to its fuperiority. The prcfcnt inhabitants of the principal ftates of Europe are defcended from thofe multitudes of northern pie who deftroyed the Roman empire. Conftantine the Great had foine time before removed the feat of fire from Rome to Cunllantinopic, and this occafioned its fall. The Vifigolhs forced a palfage into Italy, led Rome in the year 400, and fettled in Italy, Langucdoc, and Spain. The provinces of Gaul kll ta llkieof the Franks and Burgundians, and Hill retain the name of their conquerors. About the fame timo iHiinnsfubdued Pannonia, and called it Hungary after their own name. The Britons, being expelled Bi their habitations by their foreign allies, crolfed the Severn, and took refuge in the lofty mountains of lies, the inhabitants of which principality are faid to be immediately defcended from the original natives tritain, and to retain their language in its purity. the languages of Europe arc derived from fix radical ones, namely, t. Latin, of v»Iiich the Italian, French, ISpanilh, are dialers. 2. Teutonic, from whence proceed the German, Dutch, Swedifh, Danifli, and I tongnes. 3. Sclavonian, which reigns in different dialedts in Poland, Mufcovy, Bohemia, and a great fol Turkey in Europe. 4. The Celtic, of which there are remaining dialeds in Wales, Irelnnd, the Ihlands of Scotland, Brittany in France, and Lapland. 5. Greek, of which feveral dialcdls are fijoken in [Morea, and the illands of the Levant. 6. Gothic, fome remains of which are prefcrvcd in the idaiids of 3 . the m f' "i! ' r if! Ill Vr 7.. ,,; i:''\;' rt /- /' ■ 4^ -1" / ///III •'""■'^ 436 A NEW /«Nn COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. -•— — ^ ■ — ..-■■. . — ' ■■ ■ m.' —. — r r r-.^x-.,^' tlie Baltic, ami «he fouthcrn parts ul' Sweden. To ihtfe we may add the languages Ijjokcn ii, 'Iy Little Tariary as European lan^jiiagcs. ''' Mull "I the E'lroiican tv' 'ifi'incnts are monarcMcal ; but many, if not all of them, arc chfckcd k.1 vnritty ul' htijp fj)ring;. \\ii;vl\ break their loice, and lol'tcii tlicir rigour. Out belidts niDnarchicil ih anlliMaiical -111 republican governments in Kiirope. Venice is an arillucratical (tate, where the gov -!'' it in tlie luiii U ol the nohles ; and Holland is a democracy, vr government of the people. Great I! r a govt rniiK lit of a very (iii;^ular kind, confiding of the three fpecies above-mentioned, and partakes of ii" bincRt-., while it rcjeds the inconvLiiieiKCs annexed to them. The other mixed goveriiintnisol I'li,' Pii'a.id, Swiilen, 6ic. arc coinpofed of two only of the funplc forms ; as will be explained in iluir 1)1^7,/',' 'I he Chri;inii religion is cllablilhed in every part of Europe, except the dillridls pollcirtij bv the J where the Mahometan tenets are profclTed. The ChrilUans are divided into « number of dift'cruiit fcft* J nuy be comprehended uiiilcr three general denominations; namely, 1. The Greek church } 2, popf' fl. I'rotellantifm : which lall is ag^An divided into Luthcranifm and Calvinifm, fo called Irom uj^] Calvin, the two eminent reformers of the i6ih century : but all their principles are founded upon the balls, lince they all acknowledge Clirill to be the Redeemer of mankind, and that the fcripturfs wtrewrm-i di\ine iiifpirntiun. The following TABLE contains the principal Kingdoms and Statcs.j)f Europe, their Urn Jkcadtli, Chief Cities, Diftances and Bearings from London, Difference of Time IrJ London, and their Religions. Kingdomi. Length c V . u s -3 a Z3 c (iroenland (ireenland Lapland . . Norway .. Denmark . Sweden... Rullia .... Poland-... :} Breadth. Uncertain. King of FruHia's Dominions { 1000 240 800 •500 700 f< >^1 r IS Germany Bohemia Holland Flanders France Spain Portugal Switzerland 'Popedom, or Ecclcfiafiical State Naples Piedmont Montferrat Milan , Parma , Modcna Mantua Venice Gt noa Tufcany Hungary D.inubian Provinces.. Little Tartary Greece 300 180 500 1100 680 Uncertain, fiomih continual fliijlua- tion in theatfiit- o( the ditrertni monarch!. 400 850 100 200 500 500 100 100 600 300 soo 600 700 300 260 240 280 140 40 48 65 47 '75 ibo «»5 300 600 400 120 120 98 22 70 37 39 27 95 '5 94 200 420 240 240 Chief Citiei. DiHance and Bear- ing from London. Bergen Copenhagen Stockholm Peterfburgh Warfaw SBerllu Vienna Pragtie Amiierdam Brulfels Paris Madrid Lilbon Bern Rome Naples Turin Cafal Milan Parma Modena Mantua Venice Genoa Florence Buda Conftantinople CafFa Alliens 540 N. 500 N.E. 750 N. E. 1140 N. E. 760 E. 540 E. 600 E. 600 E. 180 E. 180 S. E. 2 00 S. E. 800 S. 850 S. W. 420 S. E. 820 S. E, 870 S. E. Relixi igions, } Lutherans Greek Church Papills, Luth.&C Lutherans JcCalriii Papifts, Liith.&C Papiils Calviiiids iPapifts L'alvinifts and Fapi 780 S. E. 1320 S E. 1500 K. 1360 S. E. )>Papi(ls } Mahometans and Greek Church. eukopI FAIROPEAN ISLANDS, /vkd DANISH DOMINIONS. 437 — r- , Ii'pOPE contains the following principal ISLANDS, cxdufivc of the Britifli before mentioned. Iflands. i ihe Norll.ern Ocean . . I ccland r Zealand, Funen, Alfen, Falflcr, Langlaml,\ I Laland, Femeren, Mona, Bornholin.... J ,,,,c.i < Gothland, Aland, Rugcn kliic3«. . . A ^^^1^ ^^^^^ tUlcdom, Wollin Ivica Majorca Minorca I Corlica Sardinia < (.Sicily liiiiicor Gulf of Venice. Luliana, Corfu, Ccphalonia, Zant, Lcucadia. f Candia, Rhodes, Ncgropoiit, Leninos Ichipclago, and Levant I ncdos, Scyros, MityU ' .1 Patmos, Faros, Cerigo^ ^ ing part of ancient and ■eJitcrrancan Sea . )poiit, Lemnos, Tc-"^ Icne, Scio, Samos, I 0, Santorin, &c. be- [ id modern Greece . J ChicfTowns Skalholt. Ivica Majorca .... Port Mahon Ballia Cagliari.... Palermo . . . Subjcdl to ■| Denmark. Ditto. Sweden. Ruflia. Prullia. Spain. Ditto. Ditto. France. King of Sardinia. KingofTwoSicilies Venice. Turkey, ve judge it expedient to begin our defcription of Europe with an account of the dominions belonging IhisDanilh majefiy, being the moft northerly fiiuations, and divide them into four parts :• i. Eaft and jtit Greenland, Iceland, and the iflands in the Atlantic Ocean ; a. Norway ; 3. Denmark proper ; and, fThe Danilli territories in Germany. The following Table will exhibit, at «nc view, the dimenfions of |fe countries: -> The Dimenfions of the Danilli Dominions. ' Denmark. f North Jutland .. iDeninarlc proper. < South Jutland,"! ^ orSlefwick, / B • " i! CI ^ C3 [Zealand. } Funen Falder and Langland.. Femeren Alfen Mona I^Bornhoim .... In the North Seas, Iceland Illand Norway Danifh Lapland l/e(lphalia, Oldenburg . . . Luwtt baxony, Stormar Daniili Holftein. Total Square Miles. 9,600 2,115 1.935 768 220 50 54 39 160 3 »5 »4 20 435 28,5 62 52 5 S Breadth 98 63 60 3* 12 8 6 5 12 »«5 170 172 32 32 Chief Cities. Wyburg. Slefwick. Copenhagen, Odenfce. / Nikoping. \ Naxkaw. Borge. Sonderborgc. Stece. Roiicombv. Skalholt. ' '• Bergen. ■' Wardhuys. Oldenburg. GUukltadt. fN. Lat. 55— 4 1. \ E. Long. 12—50. 5 * T CHAP. Wf 1 i 438 A NEW AND COTVtPI.ETE SYSTEM or U?^IVERSAL GEOGRAPHY C II A r. I. W F, ST OR J-, !•: N L A N' D. Drfiriplian tf iht Ctuntry, Climate, Stil, ytgtiubit wul Animal PruiuStiins, i^i, WEST GRKENLANI). oil.mvife callodOI.I- Circcrilaiu), or (inn-nluiul, l)','j;iiis in /;(; (in; r,o mill, north lat. 'I'lic calU-rii co^ilt is rii|)|ii)l>..l lo extend a.s far nurlliwanl ;is S|)ii/,bcrj;cn, or I'-ult Giicii- laiid i ami the welkin \un Ik only rijuratid by a channel ol /\o milo in bri;itlth. '1 he weltirn IIhmc has been ilifcovcrti! higher than llic jcih ikg. dI noilh lat. The country ii txceciling mouiit.iint)ii> ; and the lTiount:iiiis arc |(» very liijili that thty iji:iy ba ilif- ccrned at fca at ihc dilbncc of ;^o leagues, 'I'he in- land mountains and liills arc perpctuaiiy covcicil vMih fnow ; l)iit the low lands oji thu lea lidu arc, in fimi- mcr, clothed with verdure. The coall is difficult of acccfs, un account of the great number of rocks w ith which the fiirronnding feas, and the mouths of the Greenland rivers, abound, independent of the vad mountains of floating ice which ikein to threaten wiili dellrii(ilii)n the adventurous navigator. The climate, from the moll fouthcrly part nf Greenland to tiie (i8ih dig. of north lat. is not Co fevere as might at hril be imagined. The fuDimir jnrludes the latter end of May, the \ .oic of June, July, and Aiignll, and half the month of September ; during which the we.ither is generally warm ; while the w'^ind blows calleriy the (kv is always fercne, but when it veers to the other points, (lorms aie fiirc to cnfuc. The feacoaft is generally infelled with unhcaltjiy and difagrteabie fugs, which are, however, fo fattening to the land, that the ihores arc covered with vtrduie ; but the inland mountains arc capped with fnow per- petually. The weather, to the northward of the 68th deg. is much more fevere, and the cold Co very inimfe, that even in the midll of fummcr the very (Irongell f'pirituous liquors will freeze clofc '.o the lire lide. The winter in this part continues from September to May, and fomctimcs June, during which time the fea is covered with vail mountains of ice. " Nothing (fays an eminent writer) can exhibit a more dreadful, and, at the fame time, a more dazzling appearance than thofc prodigious malTes of ice that furround the ^hole coaft in ditnrcnt forms of rocks, caliles, towers, and fpires, reflefling a variety of colours according to the nature of the concrete, and floating from place to place, as if the whole fcene was illulion, or enchant- ment ; fuch are the profpefts they yield in calm weather, but when the winds begin to blow, and the fea to fwcll in va(t fuccellive bilwws, the conflift of thofc congregated bodies of ice eiicuuntenng, dafliing, f ih :lii, craiking, burding. and ftiivrri,,^, i,„„ , . fr..gmcnt,. (ills ,he eye and car x.i,|;V::| aitiii.idiment. ""i ^'Ihiuuler and lightning f, M„rn (liduilMl,. Cnienl.iii.l, which, houxM.r, i. lulij' d to ir j n;unral ph nuimena, fu.li .is (Imoriim flan '" j particular the aurora bonalis, or iionlK,,; i 1 : fpiing of the year, and alioiit i|,e r. IS piianonvMion appears (o iiniveif.illy bn" the lace of the whole norlhern (ky, daiiuml and glaring with fiirh radiancy, a.n' to afforaW light whereby to read "'• I'here is no ni-hi at the fummcr foinicc.anil who relide here liave the plcjftire to fa- i'|;c f '' about the horizon all the twenty. fuiir li„iijs,''|"' the depth of winter they have but lii'je i,)n,|^| that planet, the nights beint; proportimiablylu,,,^ they I 11) fee to travel up and down the ouimrv.iy fotnetimes it is neither moon-lhine or llir-lirht 'ri tempcraiure of the air is not unuhulcfoinc i;,, cent the fciirvy, and the dilleni|ier of thcluiil,'j inh.ibitants know uvithing of many othir difcafcii, which other countries are plagued ; and thsfc njA infirmities are not fo much the ettliV of ihefxcei cold, as of the foggy weather, to which thiscoiim^i very much fiibject. l*'rom the bci;inning of Apnlf the end of July is the foggy ftufun ; and iMml time the fog daily decrralVs. But a'; in thcfiimin time they are troubled with fogs, f,, in i|,g wintcrfJ fon they are plagued with tiie vapuiir callij y finoke, which, when the cold is exctlhvc, lifisoutd the f'va, as the fmoke out of a chininty, and isauli as the groIlKl mill, efpeci.illy in bays, whtrc ; opening in the ice is fuiiiid. A wonderful harmony and contfpondcncc is i fervcd in Greenland between foiiiitaiiis and tlicuji fea: at fpring tides in new and lull mnon, HkniSj llrongeft ebbing is at fea, the hidden fdiintairs ( fprings of frefh water break out on the Ihorc, an, cover themfelves often in places where tliev mii|ii|i little expeded, cfpecially in winter, when the gmuiij is covered with ice and fnow ; yet there arc no iviit^ fprings ill thofe places at other times. In Greenland the hills are barren, and indcd frozen all the year ; the low lands arc tolerably liTHkj particularly towards the lea. A few oak trees aii found in the fouthern parts near the States PrnmniiioriJ In thefe particular parts the meadows arc rid grafs : turnips and coleworts are calily raiftd, andn.l cellently flavoured : underwood, which grnwstuaiiH height, it plentiful : birch, elm, and wiiloHsaierotI fcarcc, and juniper-berries grow in abundance. Tttl herb angelica grows wild, and is found in greitl profufion : it is endued with a ttirpentine fiavmir, dl yields an aromatic oil, which is cxirailKd by ilif<[ iillation. A pleafant and falutary kind of fcurvy-grafsgro«| in great plenty on the fhorcs, and the mountaiiiMinr I ilie [lon.] WEST GREENLAllD. 439 ■ ,nd crcrks arc covered widi wild iliymc. ■ ,i,, of gMf'' bcirinij ytllovv ilovvcm, ilic herb '"•I ai;il nuiiy otiar plants, hcibi, and veyc- !1 aii'.iiiiil ii» il""' (iiiintrv. The Iriiiis ol Grii'H- '''cl)ranil)l'-'-l)'"its, bil-DLrrii-i, LlMo-bcrtics, and 'fVrric*. U<^"i •' '•* '" '"■ •-'fVL'd, when aiiv "'"ijjul relative to the I'crlility ot Ciiccntantl, „,i; I'oiiihcrii parih arc only meant, lor in ihe !liOT parts no herbs and plants v^■ill grow. Kinmi m-'^''' "'''' |'"'<«'"*^''''' '" ^ Greenland : to the Lani "f the Dutch cohjiiv coiiper ore is found. t,lc on'C received a linni) ol' ore from a tdiliiiiltr, anil hinil'iil loiind talaniinc of a yellow uf lie likcvsile lent a eonliderablc {[nantity of l,m' l.nJ mixed with Vermillion llroaks to the Lii cniiipJiiy. who, by letter, rcqnelted him to Lit as inikh as podibic ol that commodity : he not, however, execute his commillion, as he iiitKralicr able to hnd the place where he (;ot fill Ipiiiicii ! it was, it feeiTis, one of the ill! among a great duller of illands, and the t\ he had fet up was blown down by a dorm, fibi he coiikl not trace out the fpot a fecund Rtd anil white rock cryftais arc the produce of this mfv; and a badard marble, of various colours, riay plentilid about the Danilli colony, which jknown by the name of Good Hope ; of the latter I natives make bowls, lamps, pots, and crucibles. Itfcasaml bays, belidcs a variety of beautiful OkIIs, jld great quantities of excellent coral. But one of igrwtdl natural curiofitics of this country is the ieltos or amianthus, which has the vulgar appcl- iuii 111 earth-ilax, and is a fibrous, flexible, and |ne;jl fubllance, compofed of Ihort anil abrupt Iniciiij. It is a (luny concrete, of the talcky kind, Ljh ilitFtring from talc in its external appc.irance. \h neither fo bright, fo fmooth, or fo undhious, is not compofed of leaves or plates, but ot long limtnts, like tiax. It has been fpun into cloth, fuimcd into paper, both of an incombudible lure, and not to be confnmed by hre. Some kinds kc tilaments that arc ri^id and brittle, and others jrc tluible. The firft cannot be fpun, or formed )cluth; the latter may, but not without dilficulty. kis mannfadiure appears to have been known to the kicnis, who, according to Pliny, wrapped the bodies I (lie dead in cloth made of earth-flax, to prefervc pir alhcs fcparate from thofc of the funeral pile, life to which fomeof the Tartarian chiefs dill apply s kind of cloth. jTiiis country is not infeded with any ravenous tmal, the great white bear excepted, which, how- V, vtry feldom appears near the Danilh colony. lie qujdtupedes of Cireenland are dogs, foxes, hares, tern dier. The dogs are large and rough, white •fpecklcd; and their cars Hand upright, which is Ipccuiiarity belonging to curs in general in all cold I ctimatci. Thefe dogs are timorous and diipid, do not hark, but make a mod difmal howling at times. In the northern parti they are rendered of infinite fcr- vicc, as the natives there yoke thein to Hedges, which. when heavy laden, ihcy are able to dr;:vv iip(m tho iic at the rat! of fcveiity miles a day. Ihifc poor iilelul aniiTia'i arc, however, very ill rewarded for their lervices, being left to provide for fhcmfelves, except when their owners happen to be fucccf^ftil in taking a great number of feals, at which timei iheir mailers gratify them with a meal, compofed of tho entrails and blood. The foxes appear of difTcrent colours, white, grey, and blueilli. They are neither fo hairy, or fo large, as lliofc of Denmark and Nor- way. Hares arc found in (jrcenland in great abun- dance : they arc of a white colour, very fat in fum- mer, and of an cxqiiifitc llavour. Kcin-dccr feed in great herds, and arc hunted all the fummcr by the natives, who are iifiially accompanied by their wives and children in tlicfc exciirrions, and in puifuit of their gainc will penetrate very far into the country. Lizards, ferpents, toads, newts, &c. arc iinknowa in Greenland ; but gnats fwarni, and arc exceedingly troublefome in the fummer tiinc. Here are vaQ numbers of partridges, which are white in winter, and grey in fummer ; as well as fparrows, linnets, fnow-birds, and ice-birds. A great many ravens hover about the huts of the Grccnlanders, a«, nc»r the habitations of ilicic people, the ground is ufually flrewtd with the otfals of feals, and other filb. Gr'-enlaiul likcv\ifo abounds witl> eagles and falcons of a prodigious Cue, and large fpukled owls. Htes, wafps, fjpidcrs, and dies, arc the infcv'ls of this country. The people, however, arc not plagued with beetles, ants, inice, or rats. The inhabitants are fond of the fcal, which con- tributes at once to their fudenance and convcniency. Tlicrc is fome difference in feals, but the moll re- markable fpecies is that called the Cap-mifs, which appellation it receives from the cap, or cawl, with which it covers its head occafionally. The head itfclf refembles that of a dog with cropped cars, his Inout in bearded like a cat, his eyes are large, and his teetli Iharp. His (kin is covered with a Ihort thick fur, which is white, black, brown, or tawny : he is web- footed, which is a great convenience to him in fwiin- ming ; and iie fcems to drag himfelf along, raif.er than walk. Seals are from five to eiiilit feet in length. The fat of this creature fiirnilhcs the Grjinlamlcrs with oil, the flefh with food, the Ikin with clothing,, and with coverings for their huts aiul boats. The Greenland feas abound alio with iiirbot, cod,, haddock, fcate, falmon, halibut, catfilh, roc-fiih, dents, whitings, bream, mufcles, crabs, flirimps, and other filh. Under the article of Ead or New Green- land, that aftoniihing creature the whale will be amply defcribed from I'oine late minute obfervations. The ' Kb ■ fHI ill --i i I \ 4Ra A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEftr.o a«.... ■■ i louth part oi' the iiland, another hoiifc, wliich he called -Sitlburg, that is, Starbiirg; there he kept fevcral in- flriimcnts, and l(Klgi;d futnc (Indents and fcrvaiits, who applied themrtivcs to foms particular Uudy. But Ura- nil^urg is now gone to decay; and tiie illaiid of Ilucn belongs now to the Swedes. 1 he chair in which Tytho Brahc ufed to fit, to tnakc his agronomical obfcrvations, is Hill prefcrve.1 in the r(>yal rnufenm, and held, by the Danes, in the liigiiefl veneration. '* TImis," fays a judicious tra- viller, in a letter to a friend, " it ever happens ! I need not remind you that the ailronomer himfelf was driven from his nutive country by fadlion and malevolence ; or that he ditd at Prague, in the court, and under the proteeTimark. The houfe is built on piles in a lake. The body of the caftic confifts of a very fair front, with two great wings. The chapel is well adorned, and covered with gilt copper. It has twelve filver Itatues of the apoiUcs ; and all the locks, bolts, &c. were filver, till it was plundered by the Swedes. The hall is adorned with paintings, and has the pi£lures of feveral of the kings of Deimiark, and of the royal family, as large as the life ; and a frame of paintings, which rtprefent 'he fea and land battles of the kings of Denmark. It is hung with rich tapellry of mdhair, reprefenting the aclions and battles of Chriftian IV. There is a gallery which leads from the caftic to the hall of audience, adorned with pidures, moft of which were bought in Italy. Here is a park ■about nine miles long, of a proportionable breadth, and intcrfperfed with pools and iitn ponds, with a mixture of green plods, hillocks, and fmall vallies. It was liocKcd with fallow-deer from England. There is a pretty flower garden behind the caftie, in the very lake ; in which, though it is exceeding deep, they have built a kind of terrace on piles that coft an hundred thou'and crowns. 1 l»e town of Rofhild. or Roflcild, lies at the bot- tom of the bay of Ifefiord, and is eighteen miles diftant from Coptnhagen to the weft. It was ficinerly the capital of Ocnmark, when the king rcfidcd there ; but fuice they have chofen Copenhagen for their rclidtnce, it has dwindled greatly in point of importance, and is much decayed with refpedt to wealth and commerce. Oi twenty-fcvcn churches, which formerly embellifhed this town, only two are now ftanding. It continues, Amonj the monuments of the Daoifli fove • 1 o» which arc exirenuly i.naKnihtent n,-!" ''*"''1 marble pillar, etedtd by qtfecn Mar« e*^' ' H to the whetftone frnt her by Albert Lb f c "I fliarpcn her needles, in derifion to herfcx ' R '*' led her relentment in fucha manner, thathe flff" vercly for his farcalm ; for h. w-stakennrir "!l queen, detained foven years in cuiiodv tT.! to relinouil], all his preienlions to 'hctr Sweden. *■'''* Here is a convent of L.itheran n„n, beio„„i„. beft families; but th:y are not oblicd tow 1 particular habit, or to be reftrided by the vn? m convents; but are permitted, if they think to quit the convent, and marry. I„ ,5.0 mous treaty of peace was here concluded b«, Denniark and bweden. The univeriity is i„ , clining condition; and, indeed, tbe whole tol! liibits evident marks of poverty and decay. Sora is fittiated on the banks of a laki about centre of Zealand, was formerly the foai of abbey, and has many pleafant fields and forefts„a To this place the academy of FrdericklLure v moved, arwl the foundations of the iiniverL augmented by Chriftian IV. Charles Giillavus I ot Sweden,; was educated here, and Kiaincd fn, veneration for the place, that when he imici 'u land, he would not fuffer hisfoldiers to entenhe tuil But the revenues of this feminary have been annej to the crown of Denmark, and the whole is joi decay. Abfalom, archbifliap of Lunden, once fm here an eftablilhment for the maintenance of who fliould write the hiftory of Denmark ; andtotjj foundation we owe the hiftory written by the cdcbrj Saxo Grammaticus. ., FuNEN is the next ifland to that of Zealand, ini!| fcaie of importance, among the feveral parts whic fo-ni the Danilh kingdom. It is bounded by 1 Greater Belt on the eaft, by the Lefler Belt on u weft, by the Baltic on the (outh, and by a little chii nel, which feparates it from the ifland of Samfe, ( the north. It is about 36 miles from eall to weft, j 30 from north to fouth. The country is fori : 1 agreeable, being finely divcrfificd with veiiant bL fhsidy woods, pleafant grqvcs, fruitful fields, richpjfl turcs, &c. The foil is good, well cultivated,! aflFords a great deal of grain, not only for home c fumption, but exportation. Great quantities of bl catjie, horfes, hogs, &c. are bred here. This ill la an appendage to the eldtft fons of «h kir Denmark, and xs ^eeiiled one of the richert gL._. mcnts belnwiging to that fovereignty. It contains fou., garrifoned towns, and 264 villages ; but the moftccnj Taistbr lies Mchitisfepari lis Zealand 'on t ncnoith-eail. liodth. Its fo ficnt ([Qin hence ilOr.D Am... r ~ "~" 1 ^,_.j^ HL.<::='i^^ I) N M R K. 483 I'ions »o Ihe croft Was I '^''- '''Mi ; '"^•■e concluded b '^' '"e whole town ty and decay " ^, •"> lake, ,^ ,f'?!dsandMs„, «/ the univeri*!,, Charles Gudavu;, e. and teiajpcd f„ */"=" he in»adtdz W'e« to enter tb,„, .«* «he whole is go, ^"nden.oncefiui "naintenance of 1 ^"'narkjandto '""enb^tlKttlck hat of Zealand, in, a : (cveral parts wkij t «s bounded b» 1 e lefler Belt on l and byalittlechij :'flandofSamfc,t rom eaft to weft, i country isfcrt ;» ' with veHant liiL ntful fields, rich pj3 well cultivated, 4 only for home foji t quantities of bkJ Ihcrc. Thisillai ""of th .kings I tlie richeli goicn }• It contains foi ; but ihc molt c i I J copi gats- s t(jwni Itf the capita! of the ifland, flands about its j is g capacious, well-built, plcafant town. ,'hc kings once relidcd, and the allembly of the ntttbdore the crown became hereditary, aijd Lreign abfolute. I'> a church here, whici is j ated to St. Canute, the body ul that prince was n „(ar a century aiul a half ago. It was depofited oppcr coffin, gilt, and adorned with precious The moll particular circumllancc relative to at prefeni, is, that the inhabitants brew the ibccr in tiie wllole kingdom. On the narrower part of the Greater Belt, between men and Zealand, lies Nyburg. This place has mde, the harbour is good, and the adjacent is fertile. The damages don? to, the forti- ations in the late wars with Sweden, are not yet «lily repaired. Embarkations for the ifland of [are made at tfiis town. fSohwenborg is an agreeable town, wtth a ct)r mo- 1 jiarboiir, iitnate on the foiith-eaft pan of the lid, From hence Charles Guftavus, in the year 8, began his march, over the ice, to the illands of Kie'eland, Zealand, and Falller. [Tlie fmall town of Woburg, or Fobitrg, is fitliate Di little gulf on the fouihern coafl of Funen, ovcr- the ifland of Arroe, and is about 10 miles (lant from Si;hwenborg to the weft. I In the duchy of Slciwick, on the fouth-wefi coaft fibis ifland, over-againd Haderfleben, lies Aflens. lis about 11 miles dillant from Odcnfee ro the fotith. biheycar 1535 ihe army of king Chridian III', com- nndeaby John Rantzaw, routed that commanded by tbiilibphcr, earl of Oldenburg, and' killed Guilavus archbifhop of Upfal. Rantiaw afterwards tvdied this town with the ground. 1 the weDcrn fliore of the ifland, lies Middlefar, n the LelTer Belt, hence alfo called Middlefar-Sound. I is 17 miles diftant from Alfens to the north-weft, id as many from Odenfee towards the fouth-weft. [is a fmall, but neat town, in a country abounding ijih ill the neccfTaries of life. It is the common lage from this ifland to Colding in Jutland; the t not being broader here than tne Thames is at ravefcnd. On the 13th of Jfanuary 1658, Charles Ailiavos, king of Sweden, led ' his army over the : to this place, routed the Danifli forces that op- fed him, and made himfelf mafter oi. the whole uid of ivunen. Faistsr lies to the north-eaft of L'aland, from bbichit is feparated by a narrow ftrcight. This ifland lasZealand'on the north; and the ifland of jMoon on Itie north-eaft. It is 20 miles in length, pnd eight in Mih, Its foil is very fruitful ; and much corn is from hence to Mecklenburg, and other parts of ■litadiiMliiiyi^iw^Wi^uUuiikk&^-Uut-aLl or Norre'Hcrrlt. It hasfcvenil towns; among which the chief are Nycoping, on the weftern coaft of the ifland, of wlitcli it is the capital. It is one ot* the moft pleafant and well-built towns in the whole king- dom, and ftylcd, by Dr. Heylin, the Naples of Den- mark. It has a llrong cattle, and a well frequented harbour. Siubcoping, in Latin, Siubcopia, feated on the north coaft, is a place of fome trade, being the ufual paflTage from Zealand into Germany. Arroe is fituated near the coaft of Funen, being eight miles in length, and two in breadth. It is ex- tremely fruitful in corn, and abounds in anifeed, with which the inhabitants give a flavour to their bread, and feafon their meat. In this ifland are plenty vf horfes and black cattle; and Tome woods, in which are abundance of hares. The whole ifland has btlt three pariflics, the moft conflderable of which is Kopin* or Kioping. The town belonging to it ftands on the fonthernmoft part of th» illand, and bears the fame name as the parifli. It has a trade on accouiU of its port, and is fituated at the bottom of the bay. Ealand is (Itiiated on the eaftward'of' Langcland,. and to the fouthward of Zealand,' from which it is feparated by a narrow ftreight^ called Grone Sound. From its lownefs, or flatnefs, it has the appellation of Laland, or Lowland. It is near 40 miles in lenfjth, and about 20 in breadth, where widcft. The foil is very fertile; fo that Copenhagen is fupplied from hence with great qiiantilies of corn, iMfides what the Dutch traders are' furnifticd with for exportation. This iflani'is vith all his power, but in vain ; for he was 'breed afterwards to fly into Germany, to avoid the eflfcds of the king's difpleafure. The Swedes have fre- quently laid this illand walle ; and in the war with Friiderifk II. they made themfclves mailers of it. May «7th, t66o. The moll confideribirr^ Sandwyck, on the northern coall R«.„J "^^ ' fouth-wellern ; Nex, on the eaftern; anS w i to the north of Nex, on the famecraf" SH here are fcveral villages. ' '*'"'« "M '^*a^y little illands furroond the «bBve.mc„,;J more confiderable ones ; but they arc cithc i bitcd. or of fo little imporiance, as not to bcH worthy of nonce by travellers, or of mention T eraphers. Some others are contiguous to ihem ' belong to the other provinces of Denmark • ih ' confiderable of which arc Samfoc and LelTa'w coaft of Jutland. *' ' Samsok, or Samsoi, isin the Baltic ?;„!,. ifrom the ceall of Jutland. It is near niS," l length, .three in breadth, fruitful, healthy ^2 \l fant. ^' '" i"« (Lessaw bdlongs to the diocefe of Aabur onnol to which.it lies, at about the dillance of 12 mileffV the (hore. It is furrounded by fand-hills, but two places where fliips may ride fafely « inch, on the north and eaft fides, and contains three fm •villages. Appertaining and contiguous to the ducW of Sli wick, are the following iflands, viz. t. Rom, which is in length fevcn, and inbre; four njiles, contains feveral fmall hamlets, and j| 4500 inhabitants. Towards the caftcrii parts the , turagc for cattle is excellent; and on tlie wcllernlii of the ifland arc feveral harbours, in which fmi velfels may ride in fafety. The greateft part of Manoe, formerly a conlidetal ifland, has been fwallowed up by the Tea. e. SvtT, fituated to the northward of Fora, is of a triangular fofm, the longeft fide being'j 14 miles in length. It is faiidy, barren, and in.. piuble \ vaA the people, who are a hardy, clowni race, are annually engaged in the whale lilhtries,.i the coafls of Icelaad, Greenland, r-\ Spitzher Earthen urns, containing human bou.s, alhes, have been found in the hills of t'..,s ifland, w further evinces that the ancient inhabitants bui their dead. 3. NoRTHSTRAND lies oppoflte to the \iMt and town of Hufum, and was, it is faid, feparat( from the continent by a violent ftorra. When it' came an ifland it was «^-»=>'rr''=-„ u u U lukrc^tnk fuch a violent ftorin here, that 'I'ie whole illaml was overflowed; when 1600, ,„urdi,w 10 others, 1900 perfons perilhed in the" '' 'Ihe next year another ilorm damaged the '""'very miidi- !'>'>'" »6i2 to 1618, there hap- jeveryyear fuch inundations, as occalioned pro- ilofo, and put the inhabitants to very great »„«• and particularly in 1615, when 300 perfons lin the waves. They were afterwards free for cars, and had time to repair their banks and but all their care and precautions proved in- fliial againft the florm that happened Odober the U ,501. At ten of the clock at night the whole fcni lay "'"'e'' water, above 6000 perfons were and, of all the inhabitants, there were jyiwothat faved their lives. The chnrciies, yHood on the rifing grounds, held out the florm Ld tnit fell down afterwards; and 28 windmills Ljc'arriedaway by the waves. The lofs of cattle fill forts was reckoned to amoimt to 50,000 heads; dlhe dykes were broke in 44 difl-'erent places. The loleillaiid continued thus overflowed, except a final! It of ground which ffood highc. than the reft. Since J time the inhabitants liavc laboured, with the IHance of fome Dutchmen, to regain part of the J they had lofl. r.AMR0N,orAmroen, is afmall illand to thenorth- Uof Norihlfrand, from which it is about feven. tilesdiftant. It is in the form of a crefcent, and is J confiderable for its oyfler filhery. I •, FoRA, or Foehr, lies towards the north -eafl of imion, and nearer the coaft of Slefwick, between jiortliilrandand Sylt. It belongs to the prefeilorfliip fTundcr, and is of an oval figure, about fix miles and fotir in breadth. It abounds in cattle I corn, has about 4200 inhabitants, and feveral illages. The inhabitants ftill preferve the language, ners, and drefs of the an lent Frifons, tnough liine of them fpeak the dialeft of Lower Saxony. Denmark is extremely well fituated for comme/ce ; harbours are well calculated for the reception Ihips of all burthens, and her mariners are very ipert in the navigation of the different parts of the ;{8n. The dominions of his Danifh majefty furnifli gieat variety of timber, and other materials for ip-building; and there are many produ£lions for portation in fome of his provinces. Befides fir, and kr timber, here are black cattle, horfes, butter, locktiih, tallow, hides, furs, train-oil, tar, pitch, id iron, which being the nsuiral produdl of the portation of oats is prohibited. Salt, wine, br:.ndy, and filk from Krancc, Portugal, and Italy, are the imports. The Danes have lately had a great inter- courfe with England, from whence tlu-y import broad-cloths, clocks, cabinet and lock-work, hard- ware, &c. Diit the coinmcrcial fpirit of the Danes appears in a very favourable light, when we confider their fettle- ments in the Eaft and Weff-Indics. A company for carrying on the former was eftablifhed at Copen- hagen in the year 1612, under the protection of Chrif- tian IV. About four years after the eftablilhment, four large (hips failed for the Eafl-Indies ; and the Danes made a fettlement at Tranqiiebar on the coall of Coromandel. Here they built a fort, which is reckoned the ftrongeft in the Indies. This colony foon increafed from the encouragement given by the Danes to the Indians, who, finding thcmfclvcs pro- tedled in thc;ir privileges, and permitted to carry on their trade without opprelfion, rtfortcd to Tranquebar in fuch numbers, that the commerce foon became very valuable, and the company reccivcti a yearly tribute of 10,000 rix-dollars. But not content with this increaling edablillimcrit, the Danes attempted, in the year 1620, to make a fettlcinent on the ifland of Ceylon, in order to acquire the fpice-trade, then monopolized by the Portuguefe This fchemc, how- ever, failed in the attempt, and the Danes having em- broiled themfelves with the Indian princes on the con- tinent, their fettlement at Tranquebar mull have been taken by the rajah of Tanjour, had pot Mr. Pitt, an Englilh Eafl-India governor, gcncroufly fent them aliiltance. After the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, when the wars in Europe were •nded, the Daiiilh Eall- India company found themfelves fo much in debt, that they publifhed propofals for a new fubfcriptioii for enlarging their ancient capital ftock, and for fitting out fliips to Tranquebar, Bengal, and China. The capital was confiderably enlarged for thefe purpofes by a fpirited fubfcription, which alarmed France and the maritime powers. The Dutch raifed a procefs againfl the projedls of Van Afperin, who, being a fiibjeft of the States, was condemned and executed in effigy. Every objeftion that could be Itartcd againlt the ac- complifhing of the fcheme, was publifhed in the newfpapers of Paris, London, and Amfterdam, with a view to difcourage people from engaging in the commerce. The miniilers of Great-Britain and Hol- land, who refided at the court of Denmark, were ordered to make remonftrances to his Danifh majefly againfl this new charter, which they apprehended would interfere with the Eaft-India trade of their fubjeds. The king prudently anfwered, that he was not reftrifled by any treaty whatever from fupportinc 4^6 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL Cvrsm .^.... tention to violate. After great difficulties the com- pany was cftablifhed, their CDinmerce extended, and they now carry on an advantageous trade to China, and the coall of Coromandcl. ^i'heir credit is cx- tenfive ; tlieir funds are confiderabie ; their warc- hoiifcs, magazine", yards, and dociis in complete order; and they fend annually two or three iliips richly laden to the Eall-Indics. Beiides the trade to the Ead Indies, the Danes have extended their comnK.ce to the VVdl-Indies, where they polfefs the illands of St. Thomas and St. Croix, and the fmall ifland of St. John, which are free ports, and celebrated for fmuggling; alfo the fort of Chrif- tianburg on the coafl of Guinea, and to Greenland. Within a (hort period of time, the Danilh merchants have opened new channels of trade, particularly with the Mediterranean ; the munbcr of (hips has been doublal, and the revenues of the kingdom increafed in proportion. Denmark is not famous for its antiquities, if we ex- cept tlie royal Muleuin at Copenhagen, which confills of a very nuineroiis colledUon of them. Befides ar- tificial Ikeletons, curious carving in ivory, models, clock-work, and a beautiful cabinet of ivory and ebony made by a Dutch artift who was blind, here are a great variety of allronomical, optical, and mathe- matical inrtrimicnts, wiiich are placed in the round tower at Copenhagen, fo contrived that a coach may drive to its top : a iet of incdals ancient and modern : and two famous u:>tique drinking velfels, one of gold, and the other of filvcr, and both in the form of a hunting horn. That of gold feems to be of Pagan manufadure, and from the raifed hieroglyphical figu.es on its ontfide, it was probably mide ufe of in religious ceremonies : it is about two feel nine inches long, weighs 102 ounces, contains two Lnglilh pints and a half, and was foimd in the diocefe ot Rippen, in the year 1739. The other, of filvcr, weighs about four poi»nds, and is termed Cornu Oldenburzicum ; which, they fay, v-s prefented to Otho I. duke of Oldenburg, by a gholi Some, however, are of opinion that this veird was made by order of Chriftiau I. king of Denmark, the fird of the Oldenburg race, who reigned in 1448. See before, p. 480. The conllitiition of Denmark was heretofore of the free Gothic original. The convention of the ilatcs, even including the rcprefentatives of the boors or peafants, tleded a king for his perfonal virtues, having a due regard to the fun of their late monarch, whom, however, they made no fcruple of fetting afide, if they 4leemed him unworthy of the royal dignity. They cnaded laws, conferred the great offices ol (late, debated all alfairs relative to commerce, peace, war, and alliances; and occafionally gave their ton- font to the inipolition of necellary taxes. The king tially; to command the army i„ ^^ „, encourage indullry, reiigum, arts and fcicnr-. 'J watch over the interells of his fubieas H Jj public revenue Irom the (late, but lived like ''^ nobleman from the produce of his own I* P demcfnes. Such was the conditiition of [) ' till the year 1660, when it underwent a traordinary revolution. At the cone !u Hon of the peace with Swed 1 ition refoiindcd with the elamour of mir(:rvj'^"iJ )ntent. There was nothinij left in th. Ju? 1 nati content. 1 here was nothing left in the publiTi lury to pay oft and dilband the army, which the, ( became infolent a.id licentious. The common and even the burghers, were exhauOed by th! cxpcnfive war: the clergy were iinfatisfiej will condition and want of importance, and the were become proud and tyrannical. When thcj allcmbled to deliberate and rcdrefs the grievancti the nation, thfi commons propofed that an c'qujl 1 lliould be laid upon all perfons without diilinft in proportion to their circnniilances. The noL pleaded their privilege of being exempted Iroml impolilioii. The burghers alleged, that as the 1 bihty engrolTed all the lands and riches inihekil dom, it was reafonable they Ihoiild bcir their (harel the common burthen; in confeqiience of this.violi difputes cnfued. At length a nobleman, named (M Craeg, (lood up, and in a tranfport of palfionioldl commons, that they neither underltood the priviJ of the nobility, who were always exempted tromfj impofitions, nor the condition of thcinfdvs, were no other than their Haves. Tirjs inglorious n., produced an immediate ferment in the alfanbly, j the hall rcfounded with murinirs and aiiercjiioi Naiifon, fpeaker of the commons, darting npini rage of indignation, fwore that the nobility Ijio] repent their having branded the commons wiih fj an opprobrious epithet. He had previouflyconceitf the defign with the bilhop of Copenhagen,, and J court was not ignorant of their intention. Thecleij and burghers breaking up in diforder, marched 1 the aufpices of thefe leaders to Brewcr's-Hali,wlK after much debate, they agreed to make a fob tender of their freedom and fervices to the king, t he might become abfolute monarch of the realm. ; fee the right ol hereditary fiicceilion eftabiift family. Next morning they marched in co.ipl«s,e burgher being paired with a clergymar, through flreets, which were filled with the populace, A fljouted a- th';y paiTed to the coiincilliiil, when nobles had reail-inbled. There Nanion, in a I harangue, igniiied the intention of the clergy j commons, dt.m;:nded ihc concurrence of the nobl and threatened that, in cafe of a r^fufal, they woi forthwith proceed with(Kij_iheiii_to_tlie_E3lKSi. ~ *\ r V M 49Y The others, entreaties, cun- .U^nce might not be precipitated. •deaf to their remonftrances and er ' their proceflion to the palace, where they were the prime minifter, who condiiftcd them to Tlicre the bilhop of Copen- I by tw P" kill of audience . in a flori'' fpccch, as deputy from the two ' Biade a folcmn tender to the icing of an ab- j'lnd hereditary dominion; aiFiiring his majedy, u„ might command their piirfes and arms, to aineafure fo necelfary to the welfare of liis He received them gracioufly, airented to the tS thanlied them for their z' al and confidence, jl jlFu'rcfl them they inight depend upon his royal ' and proteaion. Tlie city gates were imme- ' , D^t, that none of the fenators (honld efcape, Jauuo'n by which the nobles were fo greatly kiLdatedi «hat they; immediately (Ignified their jjjffs to concur with the ftep which the other lordcB had taken. Freparations were forthwith . for this ftrange inangiiration. Scaffolds were kfed in the ope" Ip^" before the caftle, and the djuand burghers received orders to appear in arms, Z their rcl'pei^^ive officers. On the lixtcenth day iOdober, in the year 1660, the king, queen, and „,| family, afccndcd an open theatre, and placing limfelves on chairs of (tate, under canopies of velvet, (lived in public the homage of all the. fenators, ibility. clergy, and commons, couched in an oath (allegiance compofed for the piirpofe. Thus the (opie, with a ram and defperate hand, from motives (revenge, fomented by an artful miniftry and am- liiioK clergy, refigned their liberty and independence, I idvefled their fovereign with a defpotic power rtr their lives and fortunes. Soon after this extraordinary revolution took place, lleliiiig of Denmark divefled the nobility of many of (privileges which they had before enjoyed ; thougij lie lok no method to relieve or reward thofe poor people fwhofr means he was invelted with the fovereign lower, but left them in the fame (late of flavery in they were before, ami in which they have rc- ained to the prefent age. When the revolution in the reign of Frederic III. lad been effefled, the king re-united in his perAm |ierigli:s of the fovereign power ; but as he could not ntKifeall by himfelf, he was obliged to intruft fome Mil of the executive power to his fubjadis. The fu- me court of judicature for the kingdoms of Den- i and Norway is holden in the royal palace at ipenhajjen, of which the king is the nominal preli- ffl. The German province;, have likewife their fu- tnbunil; which for the duchy of Holftein is widen at Giiickfladt, and for the duchy of Slefwick iiihetownof Slefwick. authority ; here likewife great changes or cffablilh- ments are propofed, and approved or rejefted by the king ; and in the council, or in the cabinet, he grants privileges, and decides upon the explication of laws, their extenfion, or their reftri£lion, and upon the iroft important affairs of the kingdom, according to his fovereign will and p'cafurc. Thi. kings of Denmark not only prefiile nominally in the fovereign court of juftice. but they have .1 throne eredled in it, towards which the lawyers al- ways aihlrefs their difcourfes in pleading, and the judges the fame in giving their opinion. The king is prefent every year at the opening of this court, and often gives the judges fuch inliru6iions as he thinks proper. The decifion of thofe judges is final in all civil a6lions; but no criminal fentence of a capital nature can be carried into execution till it is figned by the king. There are three courts in Denmark, and an ap, al in extraordinary cafes lies from the inferior to the luperior tribunal. As every man is permitted to plead his own caufe, a trial is attended with very little expcnce ; nor can any fuit be fufpendcd longer than 18 inonths. In Denmark, the judges are punifliable forany mif- demeanora they may be guilty of, and there are many excellent regulations for the due admitiilfiation of juftice ; but notwithflanding this, it is fo far from being diftributed in an equal anu impartial maimer,. that a poor man can fcarcely ever obtain juliice in this country againlf one of the nobility, or againlt one who is favoured by the court or by the chief inii.ifter.. If the laws are fo clearly in favour of the former,, that tire judges are afhained to decide agaiiift them,, the latter, through his influence with the miniller,, procures an order from the king to (fop all the law- proceedings, or a difpenfation from obferving par- ticular laws ; and thus every rule of equity being, perverted and fet alide, the lower clafs of fubje<3s are aggrieved and injured without any poilibility of redrefs. The code of laws at prefent eifabliflied in Denmark was pubiilhed by Chriltian V. founded upon the code of Valdemar, and all the other codes which have been fince pubiilhed, and is nearly the fame with that pub- iilhed in Norway. Thefe laws are contained in a quarto volume, drawn up in the language of ihf country, in fo plain and perfpicuous a manner, and' founded upon fuch unerring principles of juftice, that the moft ignorant may uiulerdand, and every im- partial perfon approve of them ; arni, if can led into, execution in an equitable manner, would be pro- dudfive of many beneiiciul etftdte to the people. But. as the king can change, alter, and dilpc-ale with ihe laws as he pleafes, and fiipport his miiiiiler:- in tluir A>rri-ntrA nnti v.mlatifin uf them, the peoule of Den- •488 A NEV/ AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOCRAPm, their liberties, and thereby eftabliihed abfuiute mo- narchy. The police is very drift in Denmark, hence higli- •way robberies, burglaries, coining, clipp-ng. &c. arc crimes fcarce ever heard of; ana to fpcak againll the ■jTOVcrnmcnt is fo itrongly proiiihi'''H, that none dare wag their tongues liccniioully in nolu>al matters, The common method of execution lure is bclicading and hanging : in fome cafes, as an aggravation of the puniihmen', 'he hand is chopped off before the otiicr part of the fcntencc is executed. The other prin- cipal modes of punilhtr.cnt arc branding in the face, wni|5ping, condemnation to t!.2 rafp-houfe, to houfes of corrcdion, and to public labour, and ''rf..iiu:i- tnent. The public executioner, though univerfally dcfpifed, is commonly rich, as he is not only well paid to deprive malcfaiSlors of life, but is the general contradlcr to empty all the privies, and remove from houfes, Oables, Ureets, &c. all kinds of iilih, and, in particular, dead cats, dogs. Sec. which no other Dane will touch upon any account whatever. The revenues of Denmark arife from crown lands, taxes, and duties, and thcfc arc extremely heavy. Wine, fait, tobacco, and provifions of all kinds arc taxed. M.irri;iges (a mod impolitic tax !) paper, cor. poration^, land, houfc-s, and pull money, alfo raife a confidcrable fum. The expences of fortilications are borne by the people ; and when the king's daughter is married, they pay about 100,000 rix-doUars towards •her portion. The tolls paid by (hangers arife chiefly from the paflage of their Ihips -through the Sound •intotht Baltic. The income of this toll is at prefent •much kfs than formerly. About the year 1640, it •produced 240,000 rix-dollars per anninn ; but flnce 1645 it has not yielded above 190,000 ; fome years not above 80,000; in 1691, it did not extend to full 70,000, and is now much lefs. This tax has more than once thrown the northern parts of Europe into a flame; having been difputed by the Englifh, Dutch, and Swedes, who deemed it arbitrary and unjuft, being originally only a voluntary contribution of the mer- chants towards the ex]>encc of light-houfes on the coaft ; but it was at length, by the treaty of 1720, between Sweden and Denmark, agreed to be paid by the former and other poweri. The toll is paid at Elfineur. The whole revenue of Denmark, including what is received at Elfmenr, amounts at prefent to above c.ooo.coo of rix-dollar."!, or i,ooB,oool. (lerling yearly. By a lift of the revenue taken in 1730, it then amounted only to 4.54,7001. Englilh money, which is lefs than half the fum it now produces. The military force of Denmark confifts in its rc- pular troops, militia, and navy. The greatclt part of the regular troops are foreigners, particularly Germans. '^I^Urt /•aii'jirv nnH Hra.tiii)c.'< with I'liih :'"\i\, as endeared ■"•c fiiveial attacks Lii "■!!'" coniidLva- j/miiiii iiiiic!!, iiiiiiic Miiiiieii matter oi v^dctiice and Nybiirt;, and, piirfiiing his vidleries, marched over the Great Belt, and bciiegcd Co|)cnha^cn itfclf. I'rcderic, however, dileiulcd his ca|'ii.ii with the grcatcit refo- Intion ; and Cronnviil, who then governed luigianil inidcr the title of l'rofe put hii aiiTiy in motion, tnadc him ri'iibiML;, and once more vci\n\ and U'ld. Kroileric bore i. 'lit u. an heroic finnniTs ajid coe. * • . •■ i\ hiai III his fubjecls. CI).. ■ •< l^l. upon the city, but was always ide lofs, and there fcemed no oincr wa_ 'xdnciiig it but by famine. In the mean time a (troiu, Dutch fleet arrived in the Haliic, and foon defeated and dif- iiirl'ed tl e Swedilh (hips which blocked up Copcn- lagcn by Tea. Animated by this alliltancc, the Danes ex "' Frederic IV. alcendtd the llironc on the ,bll his father, and, like his predeceliiir.s, nui .tainfti f pretenrions to the duuhy if Holiicm. K^ ^,1 , to Tonniiigcn, and w.)uld. piohably have" ij|('.. place, had not the Fiigiilh and Dutch tKcisLl him to ab.mdon the enicrprize. In the in 'an'] Charles XII. of Sweden, then only lixiccn v'arl age, landed in Zealand wi-hin eiglit miLs (ifCo/ hagcn, in order to make a diverfii^n in hivoiir ]\ brother in-law, the di;ke of Mohlein. Cluricsr fued the war wi.h that i..j)i,lity which cimitmiJn char.K^f.r, and wniiUi, hi al; I'r.'h.ihility, havt the capit.il ol D> 'inark.^ had ,' .t his Dani(h m,> agreed to the pea* e of 'Fraiciulahl, whir li was "roj in the tliik- 's fauuir. By aiioijier trc.iy, ciiUi with the States-General, Ciurles olilii-ci'l himfjfl fiirnilh a body of troops, who w.re To b; njjj the cedilh PjiiicTaiiia, ansJ upon Bremen, and totik I'u- city of Siadt. liml troops were totally detwuiiil at Gadcfbi:!'.!!, bv tl( Swedes, who laid his ♦;ivoiirite city of Alttnain ii)i Frederic had however foon after an opporiimiiKl revenging the alFront lie ii.-.ti received. \k inaJcliiiii felf mailer of great part uf Holltein. and obliged coinl Steinbock, the Swedilh general, to fiirrciidcr himftj prifoner, with all his troops. He piirlucd his \m ries with fnch fuccefs, that in liie year 1716 his aliid began to fiifpedt that he intended to ufurp the crowl of all Scandinavia. Charles now returned rrnin hi| exile, and carried on the war with great vigourani a tnoft embittered fpirit againll Kreiicric; but beini Ifillpd at th r,..r,^ »f |.-,M,lp-;.-Lll..U__L.._Brll:>..,.^ .1 N M A H K. Mh l,n hy which Frcdi-ric obtained the timhy KfTv ' Hi--di«-''l '" >730. '^•''^i"K '•'« crcuMi t<. '^ (•hMftian Frederic, or Chrilliai. VI, who made ^' L „|e of his power, than ihat of cultivaiiiig 'with all hi* nntjbboiirs, and in promoiini!; the /' ,• t liis fiilyci.- He abuiillRd a tjricvoiis Kv ollablilhcd by bis fatlicr, relating t.. the L I iviiu' brandy, and tobacco. He terniinated "* I lii,,i„i,. bfiw.cn tiic crown of Denmark and . Ji Hamburgh, by whicli lie obi.iincd (everal rIL„„ctllion.s II) favour of his people, belidts a Eofmarksof iilvrr. He inaituted a cuunrii T ade to examine all propufals tnr the cxienlion I tncmira^f mcnt of coninicrce : he ii. vital aiiills ft workmiii I'foi" foreign countries and eltaldilhed I iilaiiurcs at bis own expence: he maintained a MiblcUfft and army; and that ihefc might not W^^ to his fubjeas, he, Iroin time to time, Lliidcd fiibfidiary treanes with loreign powers, by Till his finances were always in a tloiirilliing condt- " In a word, he adcd on all occalions with ccpiai ^iiudeanddifcrttion, as a great king, a wife poli- L ami a |irince who had always at heart the iii- ^j^,'uf his people- He died in 1746, much rc- it'ial by his fiibjecls. Ifjjdjfic V. fon and fiiccelFor of Cliridian \ !• im- ,o,uliipon liis lather's plan, f.ir the happiiicfs of his l'ij; bm took no adlive part in the German war, iLinly a mediator between the coiuending powers; ybv Ins intervention the treaty of CloIUrfevtn was jiKliided between bis Royal Highnefs William, late lick el Cumberland, and the French general Rich- iju, He married the priiucfs Louifa, daughter to liiBrinrnic Majelty (noige H. by whom he had a In, his prefciii Djiiilh Mujedy : he afterwards, on le'jtaih ol his firll queen, married a daughter of the Lcot Bninl'vvick-Woltenbattle. He died in 1766, y was '"ucceeded by his fon, fchnllian VII. the prefent king of Denmark i .id lloiivav, L.L.I), and F. R.S. who was born Jan. lo, i;.i9; married, in 1766, to the princcfs Carolinc- llaiilJa, yoiingelt lifter of his prefent Britannic Ma- lilHiand has iHiie Frederic, prince ».royal of Den- lurk, born Jan. 28, 176;!; and Loi'iifa-Aiigiiila, born iDly/iiy/i- The reign of this young monarch Iptiicd aulpicioudy ; but was afterwards daikeiitd by lljial event, that occafioncd iniitli altonillunent to all iurope, and which is partly attributed to the intrigues J the qiicen-dowager, mother- in law to the prtlciit ling, who has a fon naineil Frederic, and whum liic Vcprefenied asdefirous of railing to the throne. She iollcircsa great deal of dilliniiilation ; and when the Jrinccfs Caroline-Matilda came to Copenhagen, l!ie Icceived her with all the appearance of friendlhip and '■"-"■in, acquainting her with all the king's faults, .u« r..,.„ •: 11: I .u_» iO.. u .-i.- ifettiun, ipiecn's cnnfidanle, whilll at the fame time, it is faid, llie |>laccd people about the young king, to keep him conllantly t-ngagcd in all kinds of riot or debauchery, to which (he knew ho was naiiirally too much ad- dicted : and it was at lcnt;th fo oidercd that a tniltrcfs was thrown in the king's v\uy, whom he was pcf- liiadi'il to keep in lii.s pnl.ice. V\ In 11 the king was upon his travel*, the qiiecn- ilowag.T iifetl fiequontly to vilit the young queen M.i- tilda ; and, under the mark of friendlhip and alflrtion, toUl her often of the deb.iiichcries ami i-xcelU-s wh.ch the king had fallen into in Holland, Kngland, anri France, and often perfiiadcd her not to live with him. ijiit as foon as the king returned, the ipicen repioacli- iiig him with his condud, though in a gentle manner, hi-; niotlur-in-Uw iimnediaiely took his part, and en- dtavoured to pjrfuadc the king to give no ear to her counlels, as it w.is picfumption in a queen of Den- mark to dircdl the king. (juetn Matilda now began * . ' .. )w aHiiincd tT> herfelf the part nhicli th ni.i n-dowagcr had been complimented wih, in tut n lagcment of public alFaiis. This ftui.;', the o'd qi n o the quick; her thoughts were now cnt'r "v occupied with ichcmes of revenge, " and who i: > Hand before envy ?" But her views of this kii. a; , reared the more difficult to carry into execution, becaiife the king had dilplaced fevcral of her friends who were about the court, who had been incrcaling the national debt in times of pro- found peace, and who were rioting on the fpoils of the public. However, Ihe at length found means to gratify her revenge in a very ample manner. We Ihall give the particulars ol this unfortunate affair in the words of an intelligent gentleman, who made very minute inquiries concerning it, of the moll cool and dilpallionate Danes, and wrote this iiariative in the city of Copenhagen. '• 1 have," fays this gentlemar, " made it my en- deavour, fince my arrival here, to gjin, iiie molt an- thentic and unprejudiced intelligence refpefling the late celebrated, and unhappy favourite count Strucnfee, and the late extraordinary revolution which expelled a qiiccn from her throne and kingdom, and brought the miniltcrs to the fcalFold. Sinicnfee had not any noble bloo.l in his veins, ix^r, confcqiiently, any hereditary and prefcriplive title to the immediate guidance ut" ati'.iits of Hate. F'ortune, and a train of peculiar clr- cumltanccs coinciding with his own talents and ad- ilrel's, feem to have drawn him from his native me- diocrity of condition, and placed him .in an elevated rank. He originally piaiHifed nhylic at Altcna, on the Klbc, and altcrwards attended the prefent king of I-« I. LJ .^.^^^^ : r- 1.1 ;i i I- k If. I !il i 49« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GLOGRAPHY equally the favourite ol both king and queen. }lc was invcdcd with the order ut St. Maiilil.i. inllitiitcd ti) hunoiir at her majclly, rrcatcii a cuiint, and p;)lli iRd unlimited minillcrial pcvcr^ his conJii£U in this dul- (ien and uncommon eminence, marksi a buld and dating mind, perhaps 1 niight 'Id, an cxpatukd and pa- triotic heart. Unavvtu by the picctr.JU.s tenure ol courtly jrcatncfs, and mure pcctiliarly of his own, he brgan a general rclorm. 1 he llaic lelt hini through all her inenib' rs ; the linanccs, clianicry, army, navy, nobles, peaCanl', all were reniibkc of liis iniUiencc. lie not only dictated, bin penned liis replies to every important qnelliun or difpati h ; and a petition, or a iciiemi: of public impoK and niitiiy, urcly waited two hours for an anfwcr. At prefi iit, I am told, you inuy be two months without receivin;; any. •• "The I ivil judicature of this capital was then vcdcd in 30 inagidratc«s. Striieiifec (ent a tnttlage to this tribunal, demamling to know tiic annual fulary ur peiiluui annexed to each member. Rather alarmed at tills ir.qiiiiy, they Tent an nnfsver, in which they dimi- nilheu their emoluments near two-thirds, and eltimatcd them at 1500, inftead of 4000 rix-dollars. The count then informed them, that his majclty had no further occalion fur their lervices ; but, in his royal rnunlticence and libera'ity, w.ns graciouily pleafed to continue to them the third part of their avowed in- comes as a proof of his fatislaclion with their cotidii6\. lie, at the fame time, coniUtiitcd another court cum- pofed only of fix perfons of integrity, to whom the iiime power was delegated. He proceeded to purge ^lic chancery and other bodies of me law. Then en- tering on the military (kpartment, he, at one Uroke, broke all the horfe-guards, and aftcrwardi the regiment «if Norwegian loot guards, the fincll corps in the fer- vice, aud who were not dilbanded without a liiort, but very daiigcroiis fedilion. Still proceeding in this falutary, but molt critical and perilous achievement, he ultimately began to attempt a diminution of the Hoblcs, and to fct the farmers and peafants at perfetl liberty : no wonder that he fell a vidim to fuch mca- fiires \ a/id that all parties joined in his dcllru6lion. Thcfc were his real crimes, and not that he was loo acceptable to the queen, which only formed a pretext. It was the miniiier, and not the man, who had be- come o'Mioxious. I do not pretend, in the lattrr ca- pacity, either to excufe, or condemn him ; but, as a politician, I rank hini with tltc Clarendons and Mores, whom tyranny, or public budnefs, and want of virtue, have brougiit, in almoit every age, to an untimely and ignoraiiiKHis exit, but to wlipfc memory impartial pof- terity have done ample julUce. Yet I mull avow, that though I cannot think Struenfce made a bail ufe, Jet he certainly made a violent and imprudent one oi is extendve power. He fcems, if one may judge auvcneu lumctcntiy to the example, whjh lurnilhcs of VVolfeys in former days, and of Ch in inodcrn times, who mod Utikiiigly tvmcc ih'' pery foundation ol politiral grandeur. Whmi even nrclled, only a (hort time bttore in, f. 1 withdraw Irom . ourt and paf. the Ddti u I moll ample fecurity for hit annual reinitin.ni of f ' hity, or even an hundred thoufand U\ux J happy lafe .nation detained him, in dcruneeVf „ warning, and referved him for the prifo,, j block. The qucen-dowager and prince KrtcJcrc only the feeble mlfrumcnts to produce thi,cjt,ii J as being, by their rank, immediately about iht J of the lovereij{n. thiiugh common report has 1 loudly ol the lormcr's intrigue, a.ul aitnbuttd „ her imaginary abilities. 'I he only mark of i or addrefs, they exhibited, was in prefervinga which deluded Struenfee, and the queen Mjulii, , the time of their being arrellcd. I have bccnaij that on the lall levcc-day preceding thu tvtw 1 count was habited with uncommon mugnificeDcc' j never received greater homage, or court fc«ilii» U the crowd, than when on the verge of ruin. 6«i night fixed for his feizure, there was a balpaiU malked ball, in tiic palace. The queen, alter dancij as ufual, one country dance with the king, «ve | hand to Stuicnfee during the reft of the cvcnii She retired about two in the morning, .ind was lowed by him and count Brandt. The niomtni now come ; the queen-dowager, and her fun piinj Frederic, haftened to the king's private chamij where he was already in bed. They kneeled doi belide him, and implored him, with tears andcxiK tulations, to favc himfelf and Denmark from impcii| ing dellrudlion, by arrelling thjfe whom they 1 the authors of it. It is laid the king wa: not uli| induced to ligii t!ie order, but did it with reludanl and hclitalion. At length tlieir entreaties prmild and he affixed his lign manual to the paper. Colo KoUer Banner .inltantly repaired to Strucnfce'saoL ment, which, as well as Brandt's, was in the paba they were both fei/,ed at nearly the fame inilant.ai as all defence was vain, hurried away iminediatclyj the citadel. When count Struenfee llepptd the coach, he faid, with a fmiJc, to tiie commandj " I believe you are not a little fiirprifcd at fee me brought here as a prifoncr." " No, jiidplej your excellence, replied the old officer bluntly, 1 not at all furprifed, but, on the contrary, havel expjfled you." It was live o'clock in themurt when count Rant/,aw came to the door of hern jelly's ante-chamber, and knocked for admit One of the women about the queen's pttfon ordered to waitc her, and give her information ihi Ihu was arretted : they then put her into diic of ilil kind's coaches, tlrove_herjlowat_to^ljh2eii];^ :'''/'• »"J of Cho3 '""'^""' •■"Ha,,, J1 !"• '" «l^- the paper. Coloij I to Strucnfec'sapi 's. was in the palju, the fame inllant, aal a«ay immediaicy iciiftc llepptd out/ > to tlie coniinaiidai le fiirprifd at fdJ " "No, and pica officer bluntly, | ; e contrary, havejo. clock in themurniij the door of liera kcd for admitiaiK, queen's ptrfon wi her information tl licr into imc of i LAP I. N n. Liar' «K. m , „rt,«iiioa wj. taken to prevent it; the niolt J lilly report! wiir circiilaitHi ami)ii(j tlic '"'*" ,'J'r( mlcr the llatc prifo/im uiiioiis; that llicy jpol pfi Ion into the king'i cofF'-u to ikltioy liim ; "^''mkn.icilio'l'-^ '•"■«= liiin incapable <>t kovcmi- * lend iheii)w;i^i'riiu(.'(:ii Juliana out ol ihc '!''.\i wella« lilt '"" I"'""-'-" Frfdetk-, und to r* '\|,|j|ila regent. 'I'o coiitirin ihi:rf cxfraoiili- ''*|"jf„niu(liiik"fy TcportJ, the king hiiTil'tlf, and Collier appear''' '" » "'•"^ i.0Ad\. and paraded il, h ihc IlitCi "f ''"•■ '•'')'• '" ""^^ liiinfclf unhurt, I iiekapc in the fnminer, but the whole country is covered with Ipow m winter. M. Manpertnis, who, with fevei.il oilier allrono- Itiers, was lent hither by order of tho kiny of Kraniir, to diicover the tiynrK oi th3 earth at the pol ir circle, has given the belt defcriptionol the climate ot litis coun- try. " In December, fays he, the fnow coritiniial'v falling, or ready to fall, tor the moll pan hid the (un the few moments l.c niiyht have a|i|Harel at iild-d.iv. In the month of January the cold \\as increai'cil 11 that extremity, that M. Reaumur's mcrrnrial ihtrmomc- t-r, which, at I'aris, iti the great froll of iy-q, it wa^; thought ftrungc to fee fall to tonrteen ili fortes below ili freev.ing point, was now got down to tlnity-ftven. '1 he fpiiits ot wine in the others was tro/cn. It we o]>cnci| the door of a warm room, the external air inlt.oiily con- verted all the vapour in it into fnow, v/hirlini^ it round ill white vortices. If we went abroad, we telt as if the increafc of cold. In ihii onnfry y,,., mn 1 1 pe.mie who have loll an arm or a lr^ hy tint ? cnl, , whu I, IS ,.l w.ys verv great. |„ ,„,,,„„„ j J," , loch Violent and fndden .legrec. a, .^ ,|„„.„ , ' fatal t.i thole who ai- fo imhapry », i„ be„J If ; and fomctimes there rile rmlacn ltin|,ti|, '/ th It are Hill nviri' dani'i'rnits. ' The winds Teem to blow from all qnartrnii nil. I drive about the (now with fiuh f,„. ,1,^ ',' roads are in a moment rindcrrd invilibic' Drf.iJ the liitijiion (da perfon fiifpnlld in the titl(|,b'w a dorm : hi< knowledge of the country, aiv| „' , mirk he mav have taken by the trees, ramiotivjiiii he is blinded by the fnow, and, il he aiirmpt,,„|i jj way home, i^ jrnerally lull. In ihiri, (liirinKthew'li, winter, the cold was fo txcellivc, tlut onih,.,||, April, at live m the morning, the thcrinnnK'i.r «,,j| leu to twenty divilions l)elow the point ot ircgJ though every aft«••'■ •■"il»f ' f*^* * plitiKiim 111)11 i\i tin'- '" 'I"' '"'^'* "' *" ''"■* ^*'""'''^* '" '^^'l^'novymttyday acnidoiiK-d, raiUd my .vl- ' I'DihcLiiiiluRrcai Ijuic «)r the Iky a|'|)i-jri.il ih fo liv'ly " "'*• 'I'*" ''"^ vvliole i;(iiilltll.itnin Von'lixil'"' •''' '' " ''•"' ''^''■'" '''IM""^ •" '''•'<"'• '• 111" »hith wj^at III" li^^''> '""" "i"*''^*'t ■'•'«' iliaiig- '* I,. glhcr colours. *M>lct and blur, fclllcil iiiId ;i '"'whcU lop II""*' » ''"''■ '" •''•^ l'""tli-vvcl> ()» ilif II Iknmoii liioiic bright, biU diil mil iii the Icall ^eit III ihiicoiiiitty, « Ill-re tlicrc arc lights (it' f> i,fliif(Tcntcoloiiri, 1 never law but two that w.r^: |/,i,jf,i,h arc taken lorprirancn ol fouic grcjt mif- „c Alter all, when people jia/c »t ihilc phtno- liwiihaiiiinphilnloplin; eye, it i« not fiirpniing it difiovtr ill lilt m 'he appt.ir.inic of urmius cngageil, ichjtiDlJ.aiHl a ihuufaiKl diIkt prodigies." .orihcmolt part, ihe foil «i ihis country is excecd- ibiil, being fo iiitcriuixtd with Hones, tli.it liaidly ',liil will grow in it; but in iomc olaccs it isi very 111 uwing lo 'l'»-' iiiiiibcr of niarlliis atui brookji ih'whiih itaboiuuls. 'I'he wliulc country i.s alfo lull Kxks and mountains. Thole called the Dolrine loiuuiiis, vvhiih fi'paratc Lapland from Norway, are a priHligious height; and ilic high winds that blmv ft,: i-rcuni all trtcs Irom taking mot. I'cncaih tin ! loiiiiijiii'i ari; large marllic- and extenlivcforiUs, w hue ;ft arc many trees though they Hand at a great dif- iice Irom caih other. At the bottom of ilic hills are (jfiM vallies, which are the moll futile parts of the iniry, being well watered by a great number of brooks iJ fprmg.'. Many ol itic rivers rife from the moimtains of Nor- IV, ami fall into llic Hothnian Giiiph. 'I'lu; chief of itito the Uma, Liila, Kiina, and 'i'orna. Tlie Uina urtiily liicrcalal by the waters th:it How into it from tivers Vendilwr ai.d 'Niallre. The Lnla and Kiina ,. biiih very coiiliderable, and arc fwtllcd, in their louife, by a great number of klfer ones. The torna tceivcs ;() rivets, one of wliicli is a Swcdilli mile in :aiiih, When the fiiovv nii •, all thcfe rivers over- iwihiir bank'; and the chii., part of them have llu- (ndous laiarails. Utlides the livers, here are alio liny lakes, which abound with various kinds of hlli, well as the rivers. Tliiiearcagrcatiiumbcrof trcesin the forclls of Lap- inil, amnngwhiih are th»;birih, pine, and lir. .Some |ariiel it alfo produce the fei vice-tree, willow, pop- ■-. ..i.u. ..,,1 .1... ^ 'I'l 1 r I r . . .1 N D. 4M mem m tnctr foou. I ncy navn iikcwiic iiiircreni kuiuk ol ('rail, hcith, and ftrn : but the ing'l plentiful, »■* well a^ iiKiil nfcliil vegci.ibtc, i« tii'j n.ufchti*, or inor*, of wtiiih ihcic .irc Icvrral fpc 1' s either adhering loirrefi orgrowiin»'('r; hill the lall of thcf': i> (he moil tifefiil to tht; na- tives, who, without them, couM not polUbly prcfervo their exillence; for ilufc animals not only an'ord ihcm food and garments, but alfo fiipply the place : three branches, one above atiothcc, vvhiih arc again fubdividcd into fmailcr ones, infomiich that no horned beall whatever has the like, cither lor bulk, branch«s, or weight. The lioriis arc of a lijrht colour, and there arc veins, or btood-vedels, running along them, under which there are furrows. When the beult runs he lays thefe horns upon his back ; but there arc two branches that always hang over his lorehead, and almoll cover his face. Moll ol thtTc ani- mals arc wild; but foine of them arc tame, and cxcccd"- ing fcrviceablc to the natives. I'hofc rein-deer which arc produced between a t.ime doe and a wild buck arc not only the largell, but by fsr the llrongeft. 'I'htfc animals arc o( intinife iilc to the Laplanders, for without fubjeding them to the Icalt cxpence, they fiipply them with almoll every iitcclVary of life. FroiM thefe creatures they are liiriiillied vvitfi milk and clicefe, as alfo flelh, which they lay up for winter llorc. The IkinsalForil caps, clothes, boots, Ihocs, bedding, thongs, and many other articles. The nerves and liiiews arc twilled into thread. Their bows and ar- rows are tipped with the bones, and their boxes inlaid with the lioiii, which is likewife formed ituo curious fpoons, toys, and utenfils. Thcfe create :cs av.' liKi-wifi; r...l .... K. .. ilic /.r /trill. itif t\r lllirt twit . L.nd. . ir Cri\i-rk iU\^ 454 A N'EW AM" COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY if^i ■ a'm one of tlicir pallimes coiilills in reciting verfes. Some- times a ni III and a wi)iTi;in take one another by the h:inil, and by tnrns (ing il;inzas, whicit is a kind o!" dialogue, and in which the company occalionally join in I'horiis. 'I'lic inhabitants of this illand live chiefly along the fea-coad; their inniibcr is computed at 60,000, which is by no means adequate to the extent of the country. It lias been much more populous in former times, but great numbers have been dcllroycd by contagious difeafes. "From the years 1402 to 1404, the plague carried off many thoufands : famine has alfo made dreadful havock among them : for though the Ice- landers cannot in general be faid to be in want of ncccHary fotid, yet the country has fevcral times been vifitcd by great famines, chiefly occafioncd by the Greenland floating ice; whicli, when it comes in great (quantities, prevents the gral's from growing, and puts an entire (lop to their fiihing. The fmail-pox has likcwifc been \ery latal here; for that difeafc dcllroyed 16,000 peifons in the years 1707 and 170S. Thefc people do not meafure time by the clock or hour, but take their obfcrvations from the fun, flats, fir tide, which lafl is always regular ; and parcel out the djy into different divifions, each of which has its particular ai'pellation ; viz. night, midnight, twilight, broad day, forenoon, noon, afternoon, evening, mid- evening. The Lutherafi is the only religion tolerated in Ice- land. The churches on the ea(l, foiith, and well quarters of the ifland arc fnbjed to the bifhop of Skaiholt, the capital of the ifland, and thofe of the jiorth quarter are under the jurifdi61ion of the bifliop of Hoolmn. The illand is divided into 189 parilhes, fjf which i«7 belong to the fee of Skalholt, and lixty- t'.vo to that ot Hoolum. All the miniflers are natives pon his Danifli majefty's protedlion ; and the revenues whicli the king draws froii this country, .ninoimts to about 30,000 crowns per dunum. They arifc chicily from taxes and dues, a yearly fiim paid by the company of merchants, fecularizcd abbey-lands, and other royal demefnes farmed out to the natives. The Faro or Ferro Islands are 24 in number, lying in a clufler in the northern ocean, between 61 and 63 deg. of north lat. and 6 and 8 dcg. of weft long, having She'land and the Orkneys oirthc fouth- eall, and Greenland and Iceland upon the north and north-well. The (pace of this cinder extends about 60 miles in length, and 40 in breadth, 300 miles t(i the vvelhvard of Norway. They arc fcparated from each other by deep and rapid channels ; are all indented by the fea, and furniflied with many inlets, creeks, and' harbours, which afford protection to filhcrmen, and trading vclllls, in bad weather. The iargefl of thefe illands, called Stromoe, is about 17 miles in length, and eight in breadth ; the red are much fmaller, and not inhabited. The revenues of Dciun.Trk ac- quire little addition from the trade and income of the inhabitants, who nlay be about 3000 or 40C0. CHAP. 1- !' ■!■«: 'ii' ''as?. H ;'il ! ■ mh fii- 456 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY fo exceedingly great, that barky is fown ,n^ c houfcd ill the Ihort (pace of f,x weds '' CHAP. III. NORWAY. Situation, Boundaries, Extent, Divijions, Animal and yegctnble Produ£lions, Toivns, i^c. THIS country is fituated towards the north-pole, Norvegia, Nordway, and Norway, fignifying the Northern Way. It lies between the 57th and y^A pctuofitv, it (hoots with great fvviftnels into the ocean, where U .produces vaft agitavion. The water-falls of the Nid and Sheen have be n diverted with infinite labour and expence, by canals and pairagt:s cot through rocks, and they are now of the utmoft convenience to the inhabitants for floaiing down their timber. Many of the lakes contain floating iilands, formed by the cohcfion of the roots of trees and Ihrubs in the foil, which, though thus feparatcd from the main laiul, bearlherbage and trees. Near Frcdt-rickftadt is a lake 300 flls in length, and about half as broad, foriiu-d by vhc fudden linking of the noble family feat of Lorjjc, 5'^ '^"^'tsmm^f'^'mmm^'^m 458 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CF.OGRAPm' I T Borge, into an abyfs one hundred fatlioms in depth. This accident, uhercby 14 pcrfons and 200 head oi cattle were killed, was occalioncd by the river Cilaa- man precipitating itfclf down a water-fall, near Sarp, and undermining the foundation of the hoiifc. The frcfli water of this country is very agreeable to the tallc, and remarkably faliibrious, but it is generally turbid, depofits a thick fcdimeut, ami is often im- pregnated with oker and particles of iron. Norway abounds in (quarries of excellent marble, of all colours : fome detached pieces of alabafter ; feveral kinds of fpar, chalk-ilone, ccment-llone, fand- llonc, mill-done, baking-ftone, ilatc, talc, fwine- ih>nc, the magnet, or loud-done, and the amianthus, or afljcftos, whofe delicate fibres are woven into cloth, which, when dirty or foiled, is cleanfed by being thrown into the fire, which has not the power of confuming it. In this country arc likcwife found amethyfls, agate, granates, beautiful cryftals, thunder- nones, eagle- iloncs, and pyrites or quartz.; but there are no flints. At prefcnt there are no gold mines worked in Nor- way, though formerly a (mall quantity, found in the dioccfe of Chriflianfand, was coined into ducats. Mines of filver have been difcovcred in feveral parts of the cou;itry, and there is now one working at Ko- iiingfburg, at the folc expcnce and account of his Danilh majefty, out of which a piece of j6o'lb weight being taken, is prefervcd as a curiofity in tiie Royal Mtifeum at Copenhagen. The cupper mines are worked with the greatdl fuccefs : the principal of thefe is at RoEaas,,aa hundred Englidx miles irom Dron- thcim, which yields annually about iiOQ (hip-loads of pure copper. Iron is dill in greater plenty, and the profit aiifingfiom this metal iscltimated at 300,000 rix-dollars yearly. A few minss of lead have lately been opened in the didri£t of Polcer, but no very confidcrable advantage has as yet been, derived from them. The minerals found in Norway arc vitriol, fulphur, alum, and fait. The animals found in Norway arc all natives of Denrturk, with an addition of many more. The wild beafts peculiar to- tliis country arc the elk, the rein-deer, the hare, the rabbit, the bear, the wolf, the lynx, the (ok, the glutton, the leming, the er- mine» the martin, and the beaver. The elk Ls a tall, aih-coloured animal, its (liape partaking at once of the horfe and the flag ;, it is harmlefs, and, in the winter, focial ; and the fle(h of it taftes like vcnifon. The rein-deer (which wc (hall defcribe more par- ticularly afterwards) is a fpecies of ftag. The hares are fmall, and are faid to live upon mice in the winter time, and to change their colour from brown to white. The Norwegian bears are (Irong and far gacious : they are remarkable (or not hurting chil- dren : they arc hunted by little dog.s ; and fomc pre- fer bear-hams to tliofe of Wedphalia. The Nor- wegian wolves are very> fierce, but at the (^meZl even of a cow or goat, unlcfs impelled by hunwrl natives are dexterous in digtjing traps for them.w J they are taken or killed. The lyi •''"'"" lynx, .1 ' • r 11 1 " "•" ■;"*» by foujf the goupes, is fmaller thao a wolf, but equally dj™ ous : they are a Ijpecies of cat, with claws iikel ot a tygcr. They often undermine Ihecp-folds v'3 they make dreadful havock. The fur of the'lym The foxes of No, make dr«.adful beautiful and valuable. very beautiful and valuable. The foxes ofN arc of different colours, white, red, and black" the (kin of the latter is the moll efteemed: tuewB and red faxas f>artake of the nature of that wily 1 mal in other countries ; they draw crabs aflioK | dipping their tails in the water, ".vhicb the crabs'! hold of. The glutton, in fliape and lizeof aturnj dog, with a long body, thick legs, (harp claws teeth ; his fur, which is variegated, is fo precij that he it (hot with blunt arrows, to preferve thei unhurt. This animal, which is fometiiLcs called erven, or*vielfras, is remarkably fierce and voracio and of fuch an infatiabic appetite, that he will 1 vour a carcafe larger than himfelf, and difburihenil flomach by fqueezing hin>felf between two ell (landing trees : and when he has overgorged hini with eating, he becomes an eafy prey to the hunttJ when taken, he has been even known to eat Honed mortar. The ermine is a little creature, very L fo remarkably cleanly, that, it is laid,he will raiherfij himfelf to be taken, than run through the lealiil to avoid his purfuers. The marten, or hiaren, {soil beautiful gloH'y brown, and the fur very valuable; refembles a great forell cat, is very fierce, and its b dangerous. There are moft of .he birds in this country cm mon to Europe, jby liis defcent, fall upon, and crufh him to death ; and jat oihers. the rope being cut afunder by the fharp jpointed flones, he is precipitated and dafhed in pieces (imong ihfi rocks. Ihe fanners in the northern dif. trifts train their dogs toallift them in bird catching, and thefe animals will take birds from holes almofl iii- accelfible. There is fcarcely a fifti to be named which K not found in tiie lakes, rivers, or feas of Norway, and the latter is the habitation of fevcral extraordinary monflers, a defcription of which we fhall add for the fatisfa£lion of the reader ; but (fiall firfl take notice of the prodigious fhoals of herrings which annually coins from under the ice at the north pole, where they breed, to the wcllern coalls of Norway. Thefe fifh are the prey of the whale, porpoife, fliark, &c. which piirfue them along fhore into inlets and creeks, where they may be taken up by pails. One of thefe (hoals ex- tends a conliderable way in length and breadth, and will reach from the bottom to the furface of the water, even in the depth of two hundred fathoms. Thefe fifh are in the greateft perfection from Chriftmas to Candlemas ; at which feafon the country people af- femble in multitudes on the fea-fliore with t.ieir boats, calks, fifhing-tackle, and fait. Three hundred boats, within the compafs of a mile, may meet with employ- ment for a whole month ; and frequently, at one lingle call, a fiflierinan will take more nfli than he can dif- pofe of. About the latitude of Iceland the herrings divide themfelves into three bodies ; one of which fup-> plies the wcftern ifles and coall of Scotland ; a fecond direfls its coutfe round the eaflern parts of Great- Bri- tain down the channel ; and the third enters the Baltic through the Sound. The cod filhery is another great fource of wealth to the Norwegians ; and this, toge- ther with the herring-fifhery, is computed to employ and maintain above 150,000$ people. The coafts of Norway abound in (hell fifh, among which are exceeding fine rock oyfters ; and on the wel^ fide of this country is found the pearl mufcle. There are feven different fpccies of whales found in the Norwegian feas, whither they follow the herrings and other fifh. The largeft of thefe refembles the cod, having fmall eyes, a dark marble flcin, and white belly. They meafure fevenfy feet in general from head to tail, fometimcs more, and the water, which they take in by infpiration, they fpout out again through two apertures or holes in the back part of the head. Their throats are exceedingly narrow in proportion to their fize ; their tails are placed horizontally, and un- der the (kin the ftefh is covered with fat two or three feet thick, which is called the blubbei;. The whales copulate like land animals, and the female brings forth one, and (bmetimes two at a birth, about nine or ten feet long. Befides fmall infc£ls, which float in my- riads upon the water,, they feed upon cod, herring, and divers other fifh, which they drive together in (hoals, and fwallow in fuch amazing numbers, that their bellies are diftended almoft to burfling, i.i which cafe they roar moft hidcoufly from pain. Numberlefs are the enemies which encounter the whale. Th» threihcr fallens on his back* and. beats hitn without inter— i *»W»«IIIB»fc ^'^'^'mimm--' 460 A NEW AND COMPLE-^E SYSTENf of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY where it had by fome means entaneled i.r.if , aenchof the putrified carcafc .vas fnrr„ll!"^' interniifnon ; while another, culled the faw-fiflj, fiir- iiiHicd with a (harp horn, ailaults him from below, and frequently rips open his beliy. The fpckhnggeren, a fpecies of porpoifc, having very long and Iharp feeth, bites and tears the fltfli from his body ; and, when he comes Aip to the furface, he is allaultcd by divers birds of prey. In the midft of thefe tortures he roars inoft dreadfully, and leaps fo as to raife himfelf per- j . nd^cular above the lea, and then plunges down again with fuch violence, that, if he happers to be in (hallow water, where there are rocks, he ufuuily fradurcs his IkuU, and comes floating up quite dead. A fpecies of fliark are found in thcfe fea:;, called haac-mx:en, ten fathoms in length, and its liver yields three caflis of train-oil. The tnella-flyndcr is flijped like a tuibot, but exceedingly broad. It is reported that a fifherman in ftriking at one of thefe filh happened to fall overboard, and fmk to the bot- ton), upon which the tuella-flynder immediately dived and fpread his enormous body over the man to prevent his rifing again ; and he muft have been inevitably drowned, though there was only between two and :hite fathom water, if his companions in the boat, w1k» faw all that palled, had not drove the fifli away with their boat-hooks. The rana-pifcatriA, or fea- devil, is about fix feet in length, and is fo called from its monl^rous appearance and voracity. The fea-fcorpion, found in the feas of Norway, is about four feet long, with a head larger than the whole body. The afpe6l of this animal is frightful : he has a widn moMth, mon/lrous javis, and his bite is faid to be poifonous. It is now a generally received opinion that the kra- kcn, or korven, and the fea-fnake or ferpent of the ocean, are no longer the fidiitious produ£lions of tra- vellers and authors, but that thefe monflers really exid in the feas of Norway. The firft of thefe is of the {)olypus kind, and fuppofed to be about a mile and a lalf ill circumference. In fummer, when the Nor- wegian fiftjermen find no more than twenty or thirty fathoms water, where the depth is ufually eighty or a hundred, they are certain that the kraKcn is below thtm, and if, by their lines, they perceive that he rifes, they row away with the greatcft expedition. As foon as part of the krakcn has attamed the furface of (he water, it has the appearance of a number of finall ifiands, interfperfed with fand batiks, covered with fea-wecds, and abounjjing with a great variety ol fmall filli. On his further emerging, a number of t)ellucid antennx rife upon his back, as large and as ligh as the malts of a moderate vefl'el^ by means of thtfe arms, or tentacula, he moves himfelf and ga- thers in his food, vvhith confifls of fmall fiflt. Having remained a fhort ticne in this fituatiot^, he i>cgin$ to iink again, and, though the motion is .very flow and gradual, it jrodiices a dangerous fwell ani' whirlpool in th-. water. In i()Ho, a young kraken pcrifhed air, . ^ the rocks and diSn in the paiilb^if Alilahung, grjat, putrineti carcalc .vas for fome L , that it rendered the channel impalTable ' In 1756, a fca-f..akc was (liot at by a mafoif ,«, wegian veilcl. The head of this monile, Jl monilcr refei„ J that of a horfe ; the mouth was very large andTl as were the eyes ; and a icng white tnanehunjij irom Its neck and floated upon the fea. Be|V j wti head, which this animal held about two feet ab furface of the water, they faw fcven or eight " him. about the didance of a fathom one from il and each about the fize of a hoglhead. ImmciiiJ upon its being fliot at, this fnake difappearcd thj it was undoubtedly wounded, as the water for f fpace was tinged with blood. * Egede, an author of veracity, fays, tliatonthtft itfelf lo high out of the water, that its head rcackL above the main-top-ma(t of the fliip : that it M long fliarp fnout, broad paws, and fpoiited mum a whale: that the body feemed to be covered\i3 fcales, the flcin was uneven and wrinkled, and U lower part was formed like a fnake. Though ii! impoilible to afcertain the exafft dimenfions of t frightful animal, yet from the teftimony of numbi who have feen it, it is natural to fuppofe, thai he in hundred fathoms in length, and the circumference of ki body as large as that of an hoglliead. His (kin, wljji he is faid to (hed annually, is fmooth and vatitJ like tortoifelhell, and his excrement, which Imii upon the furface of the water, is fo corrofive, tlijti the feamen touch it, their hands immediately bliitJ The Tailors fuppofe that this creature has anexfl#J fenfe of fmelling, from his avoiding a velfel whitJ has calior on board; for which reaion all maders ofl fliips provide themfelves with that drug, to ptevail being overfet or funk, the ferpent's ol^dory oenul being remarkably exquifite. I I'he mer-man and mer-maid, are likewife faid !i| refide in the Norwegian feas, and in 1719 one of tiitl males of this fpecies was found dead on a poioi land in Norland. This animal was of a dark gini colour, with a face refembling, in fome refpeSs, liatl of a man ; the month was large, the nofe fiat, tlic| forehead high ; the eyes were exceeding fmall, and ill bad neither chin nor ears. The arms, which wnl ikiKt and without joints or elbows, weref.ilteiiidii| the fides by a thin membrane, and terminated in 1 bcrs fomewkat like a human hand, having the t conncded by a membrane. The body tapered unol a iith's tail, like that of apnrpoife, which italwijtl Jcept under water, and tlie length exKnded totbtal fathoms. The mer-maid is formed in the fame man. I ner, except the difference of fex, which is diltinguiy I like tkit of the human race, and they havebre;llsil| which they fuck4e their young. Theie creatures haw I been feen in diffiirent parts of the North, andaietfl various iizes, from two feet to three fathom. I N O R W y. 46t ^^n«ard to the vegetable pioduflions, it w.l be ffir ntio obferve, that the cultivated parts ol Nor- l! icid plentiful crops of barky, oats, and rye ; but Pi ole country does not produce corn funicent to I half its inhabitants. Peas, buck- wheat, hemp, Fandhops. are propagated there, but not with any ,'. Jcerce of fi'cctfs. 7 ill wiihin thefc lew years r\T±egians imported their roots, cabbages, and f„,,|,er kitchen vegetable from England and Hol- |7 but by taking fome pains in the culture of Cir'own lands, they now have gardens which pro- r (hcfe falutary necclTaries of lile m as mncli per- Iflian as in ot\^eT northern countries. There are Lmbers of plants which grow wild ; and many of I Peculiar to the country. The meadows afTord Itniy of excellent pafture for flieep and cattle ; and Ln»the other kinds of grafs found there, is that Udbyilie botanills viola canina, defcribed below. riiere are many wild plants, the infufion of one of Ihich fome of the inhabitants drink in the manner of tj and deem it an admirable peroral. [As the fciirvy is a prevailing diforder in Norway, Life hath boiintifidly fupplied that country with a Lfufionofantifcorbutic herbs, fuch as angelica, rofe- lort, gentian, credes, trefoils, forrel, fcurvy-grafs, &c. |ut to counterbalance thefe conveniences, Norway lioiinds with many naufeous and poifonous herbs and llani', that are prejudicial both to men and cattle. IThat admirable grafs, called viola canina, which [rows here, was rendered particularly famous by having, 1 the year 1652, contributed, in a mod aftonilhing .tanner, to the prefervation of two Norway youths. he (lory of diis tranfadlion is as follows: I On the firll day of Aiiguft, in the faid year, two Loihers made an excurfion of about feven leagues fronj lieir father's houfe, to take their pleafure in hunting, iiooling, fifliing, &c. After having enjoyed the diver- Ion ot tilhing for (he fpace of four days, in the lake iif, they rowed, in a little (kiiF, to a very fmall ifland In the faid lake. While they ftaid here a fudden luall of wind occafioned the fkifF to break loofe, Jnd drive to the fliore, where their dog flood waiting ■or them. As neither of the youths could fvvim, they liw themfclves fuddenly abandoned to famine, on a lernlite ifland, and feqnelkred from all intercourfe Vith mankind. ^ Their firll care was to build a kind of hut, with Imal! ftones, that they might, in fome degree, be Irccned from the inclemency of the weather, To- Vards the clofe of the fecond day, tlieir appetites icing wheKed to the keeneft fenfc of hunger, they Indullrioufly fought fome vegetable food, and ven- lurcd to eat the viola canina, each to the amount If an ounc« twice a day; and this was all that they touldfind at one fearch. Their ftomachs were eafcd, Ihcir fpirifs refrclhed, and the acute pains which had Begun to feize their arms and Ihoulders immediately Ibatcd. Eleven days did they fubfitl on this vegetable, but it failed on the twelfth, and they were reduced to the brink of dcfpair; when they accidentally foimd a little fpot overgrown with forrel, which they con- fumed at one meal : neverthelefs it was re-produced in Icfs than twenty-four hours, and the devout young men, with tears of gratitude to heaven, owned it as an interpofition of Providence in their behalf. During the firll days of their fufFering they had called and beckoned to their dog, and iifed every pof- fible allurement to induce that animal to fw\reck rifes again, but in fragments fu fmall as I", /ctly to be didinguilhed for parts of a (hip. When the natural lury of this vortex is heightened by a dorm, it i& dangerous for a vetfel to venture within a league oi >(• Whales, and even land animals, in attempting td fwim from the coad to the ifland, have fometimes, liptwithdanding their utmod efforts and hideous beU Rowings, been abforbed in the vortex, and dedroyed. if biutcsare thus afl'cd^cd by the view of their ap- jiroaching danger, how mud it afl^e£l a whole fliip's crew with horror, wlicn, beholding thcmfelves on the brtpk oi inevitable deflrudtion, they cry out for that helji which they know caiu^ot be obtained > and fee be- fore them the dreadful abyfs in which thcv a^Tk be plunged, and dai];cd among the rocks « ih h!"' of the water. Bears, in their attempts to fwim i"" illand, to prey upon the (hecp, have (requcnilv ° neiiced the fame (ate. ^ v« rienced the fame fate. The inhabitants ol] Norway arc a middling kiM. people, between the (implicity ot the GrctnUnd , . the Icelanders, and the more polilhed manners ou Danes. In their perfons, the iiKn are wdl f J tall, androbud. The women are iikewifctaluJ good fhapes and comely (catiircs, and are rciiia'uj (air. Ihey are an honed, holpitable, and in,;„" people, but, at the fame time, ralh, quarrdfuim litigious. Every man is in fomc degree a foldier, and then thod ot deciding their quarrels, even among thfrf„ ers, is by fingle combat with their knives. Ther no nation where the nobility and menhanis live bsui than in Norway, but the lower clals fublill m j J frugal manner. Their common bread is made of cai meai, and, when that is fcarce, 'hey mixit wiihiki bark of the fir or elm tree, ground into powder oL which compofition they make halty pudding and fou] the latter being enriched with the addition ot a pickU herring, or failed mackerel. Filh, groufe, partndJ hares, red deer, and rein deer, form their fiiininerpiJ vilions, as the fle(h of cows, Iheep, and goals, picklej! fmoked, or dried, does their winter. Their cuinmou drink is a liquor made from four whey, which ihc.^ fyre, mixed with water; but, agaiiilt teilivalsaiidli lidays, they have always a referve of flrong ale, win* the ufe of which, at fuch times, they indulge iheinJ felves even to intoxication; and this excels, addciiiJ the natural warmth of their tempers feldom fails 2 produce bloodlhed, if not murder. They are reimrkl able for longevity, nothing being more common ib to fee a pealant of an hundred years of age followini his profefliun with alacrity and cheerfuliicfs; and, ioi the year 1733, four men, together with their wivo, danced before his Daiii(h Majelty at Frtdtriiklhil( whofe ages, when added together, excecddHooya Some few, by terap'rancc taught, approaching flow I'o diilant fate, by eafy jouroiei go ; Gently xhey lay them down, as evening Ihccp On ir.eir own woolly fleeces, foftly fleep. So noifelefs would I live, fuch death to find, Like timely fruit not (haken by the wind. But ripely dropping olFthe faplefs bough. And dying, nothing to myfelf would owe. Thus daily changing, with a duller talte f "" IciTciing joys, I by degrees would hafle; ill 11 quitting ground by unperceiv'd decay, And (leal ni) felf from life, and melt away. Some of thfl Norwegians, however, are fubjeatjl die I N O W Y. A6$ , epil':p'y< rheumatifm, catarrhs, Icprofy, gout, epi'TX' • ' ' ' '' '*l':f' wear jackets, girt round them with Ica- uL. ihofc ot the women being adorned with -belts,/"' ,...,, ■,„•!,,;, _,„. _n,4 h^nftU-r- isdflilvcr, ami their hair, caps, and handiier- ii'jre decorated with fmali plates, jin^s, and but- 'lit- OrctnUndets ned manners of ■" arc Well fn .^^^ e hkewifeta||'?'^B^Il"„'''.'i;ceptupo" particular occafions, never to- f 1«^. and''i"g;JJ' n. quarrclfuuie, ::f,hefi.meiiietal. ilthey can afforJ it and. if oiace is fupplicd bv brafs and tin. rhofe in I' '" likewifc wear filver chains round their necks. .hrboiis' but fuffer the wind, rain, and fnow. • int.. them, without receiving the lead injury in ;healih. In winter, thty wear buikins made of L I'no* flw'^^* ^ntl 'o"g '''^""S' w"** which they ai an amazing rate ; and it is faid, that a corps of «oian foldie'S. 'h"" accoutred, will outmarch the -ell horfcs. Their ufual diverfions are riding, .ffloe, Ikaiting, blowing tiie horn, or playing upon rtdf^uittar, and the violin, and in making verfes. hcirhoufes are in general made of the trunks of fir pine-ltee laid upon each other, and joined by mor- al the corners; fome have neither chimnies nor jows, but a fquare hole on the top, for admitting lijjlit, and letting out the fmoke. The church, ,lic edifices, and houfes of the people of fafhion, are lolllone. krtisatinfturc of Paganifm in their funeral ccre- its; they play on the violin at tlic head of the cof- and while the corpfe is carried to church, which jiendonein a boat'. In fome places, the mourners (the rude Irilh) alk the dead perfon why he died ; ^ilicrhi>wiru and neighbours were kind to him. and icf fiich qucllions, frequently kneeling down, and in? forgivenefs of the dcceafed, if they had ever Hided him. ^he NflrH'egians profefs the Lutheran religion. Itirchurch is governed by an archbilhop, who relides Droniheim, and four futfragans, whole fees are Ber- iStaffangcr, Hammer, and Chriftiana. They fpeak Tune language that is ufed in Denmark ; but their ?nal tongue is that of Iceland. heir commerce differs little from that of Denmark, ilch we Ihall particularise ill our defcription of that gdnm. Their exports amount annually to 100,000 [■dollars; and confill of wrought and unwrought ip, inin, lead, marble, mill-itones, cow-hides, ilkins, fox-lkins, feal-lkins, bcar-(kins, beavers, tins, ermines, malls, deal boards, timber, herrings, , ling, falinon, loblters, flounders, down, fsathers. Iter, tallow, train oil, juniper, and other berries, i,glaf<, tar, nut?, alum, vitriol, pot-a(hes, &c. The iimodities imported chiefly confill of luxurious arti- s, ana moll uf the necelfaries of life. WearealFiired, fiom the belt calculations, that Nor- ycanturnilhout 14,000 excellent feamen, and above ,cco brave foldicrs, for the ufe of their king The ipl annual revenue from Norway amounts to near >oool. and, till bis prefeut Majclly afccxided thj throne, the army, inOead of beini; cxpcnfive, added biidies it brought 'g < coiilulerably to his income, by the Tub him in from foreign potentates. The principal cities in Norway are Chrifliana, Ber- een, Chrillianfand, Konigfberg, Frederickfhall, Fre- derickliadt, and Drontheim. Chridiana, conlidered as the chief city of N to the north-ead. This was formt riy the capital, where the kin^^s rl Norway refided, a d the city had once ten> churches 46i A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOCRArHV Hi»<"»'3 i oitiirchcs and five convents ; but, at prcfcMif, llicrc are Only two cliiiri'hes, and a chapel belonging to the Itof- uiial. 1 he catJR'dral, a beaiititiil iinii^ttirc, was burnt in 1530, except the choir, which lUll remaini. It is fnrtihed nn the land lide, and its harbour is defended by Monkliolm fort, erefted on a rock furroundcd by the fca. There is a good Latin fchool, a million ("eminary, an orphan houfe, an inBrniary, and an hofpitul. It canics on a conliderable trade in timber, tilh, coarfe cloths, and copper from the neighbouring works at Meldal and Roraas. The ancient Norwegians were certainly a very brave «nd powerful people, nd the hardiefl fcamen in the world If we may believe their hillorie.s, they were no grangers to America long before it was difcovered by Columbus. M:iny cudoms of their ancellors are yet difcernibie in Ireland and the north of Scotlanil, where they made frequent dtfcents, and fomc fettlements, which are generally confounded with thofc of the Danes. When the two kingdoms of Denmark and Norway were nnittd under one monarch, by the marriage of Aquin, King of Norway, with Margaret, Queen of Denmark, in the year 1376, the people of both nations enjoyed conliderable privileges ; but, from the time that the Danilh government became abfolute, Norway has been governed by a viceroy, who prelides in the fu- preme court of judicature, and regulates his condiift according to the laws of Denmark. Since the imion, froin the moft turbulent, they arc become now the molt loyal fubjedts in Europe ; which we can ealily account for, from ihe barbarity and tyranny of their kings when ■a feparate people. We mufl refer to Denmark for further particulars relating to their hiftory, and (liall conchHc this part with the charafler of the peafantry of Norway, and a view of the prcfent Hate of the country, extracted from Mr. Coxe's Travels into Po- land, 6cc. " Ihe Norwegians, being the fame* race with the Danes, and fo long connected with them in religion and government, fpeak the fame language, with a ne- cclfary mixture of provincial exprcllions. VVilfe, a na- tive of Norway, informs us, that the gentry and inha- bitants of the principal towns, allowing for a few pro- vincial exprellions, fpeak purer Datnlh than is ufnal even in Dcnmaik, ni)t excepting Copenhagen ; that the inhabitants of the ealicrn confines bordering on Sweden naturally blend many Swedilh words; that, throiii;hout the whole coinitry, the general accent and cadenci.' is more analogous to the Swedilh than to the Daiiilli pronunciation: and that the inhabitants on tlie wellern coalfa, who have a more conllant com- munication with the Danes, partake lefs of this pecu- liarity. " The people of this country maintaifi their own army, which cimlills of e^.ogo infantry, and 6,0:0 ca- valry. The troops are much elfLX-med for their bravery, aiul, like the Swifs mountaineers, exceedingly attached to ilieir country. TJie horfes vvbicli fiippTy their ca- valry are fmall. but (Irong, aflivc, andh=rd.. r pealaiu (thofc excepted who inhabit the coaJV nc clalliid as failors) not born in a foldit vice at the af;o of lixteen. I'' m^le eHate, is b), birth a ^'Idie^, '^Jd^^M 'oin that vcaniii j attained the a.i-e of twenty-f.x, he isclalfdn *' militia. At r.A,«n,„.r,. L ........ • ''"'"mthe,, twentv-lix he enters into t!it „K still thirtvWix. at vvhlrK,../''"'! and continues t.M thirty. ,x, at which period "' his difclurge. 1 he militia take the U\ cv ? the iiionth ot June, and remain encamo-d ,k. month. f '"« " The Norwegian., are blefTed with a p,r,ic„l„^ called the Norway Law, compiled by Gmft'Iiil the command of Chrillian the 1-ifth, fhccS fj of his country. By this law, tiie paliadi„in „i m^,^ the pealants are free, a few only c>;ceptcd on am noble eltates near Frcduricklladt. But t|,. , -Zl this law extends itfelf even to thofe fcrfs, fo/ZI priclor can have more than one of thc'fc prinl edatcs ; and unlefs he poii'eires a title or ccriL L and reiides on his elfate, he lofes his privilege J] pealants are free. The benefits of the Norm, J arc fo vihble in its general cffech on the happi„tfJ in the appearance ot the peafants, thata travdie,, be blind who does not inllantly perceive thcdilfm between the free peafants of Norway aikiihcenll) valials of Denmark, though both living miderilieli government. " Many of the peafants pretend to be defcn from the ancient nobles, and fomecven fromtlitti line : they greatly pride themfclves upon this funp,^ defcent, and are careful not to ^ive their childral marriage but to their equals in birth and blood, _ " A curious cultom prevails in Norway, calWo right, or right of inheritance, by which the prooi of certain freehold eltates may re-pnrchafelme, which either he or any of his ancellors have fuld.ii vided he can prove the title of his family, M order to enforce his claim, his anrcliors orhc.ii have declared every tenth year, at the feliions, ihaii) lay claim to the ellate, but that they want ihoiktI redeem it; and if he, or his heirs, are able to obaJ fiillicient fum, then the poU'eiFor mult, on rtceivinjij money, give up the eltate to the odcls-man, bl reafon, the pealants, who are freeholders, kecpaiJ account of tiieir pedigree. " This ciiltoin is attended with advr'niagcs audi advantages. As to the advantages, it fixes iliti tions of the peafant on his native place, and lieimpKi with pleafiire thofe polFellions which are fo f cured to hitn : it increal'es the coiifcqiieiKcaiidcifiJ the induftry of his family. Oa the contrary, llieeM lofes its value when fold to another pcrfon, becaufe.J he potrctres only a precarious eltate, which he iraji obliged to refign, he is not inclined to improvtii lands, as if they were irrecoverably hi.s own. " The Norwegian peafants polfifs much Ipiiilj ftrc in their mariner, uie frank^ open, and undaunt Ipc, ir t f their p"nc'P» ;»v, (hook our .1 "fhc peafants It appfir to pond jifcthan any whi .sli, excepting [.I They weave ^ilic alfo a li'"^' Hh which the inci lone colour, with lions- Xbe women, Jirs, frequently: liicoat and a Ih |o,t, and a black Mis remarkably fde, this mode of lt,ell advantage. pi The common ^.d or failed fift, ; U meat, oat-brc: (cs about the fui illy made twice [jtd in preparing [nd iron plate, 1 led it out with a lie; (he then pla< tfide, thentiijnt jihis manner (lie Ln a quarter of a le woman, in oni hilly during a wl [nesoffcarcity, n [tiee, with their J lire, grind it t [tal, then bake it, dafordsbutlittt [" As a luxury, t I meat, fprinklcd Ic hung beef; all T oat-meal or bar jotc palatable, tl llled mackerel. Iituduced, but thi lunlry where the " Fabriciiis Itroi ■cmoiresand lich m, which yields iimmonly ufcd fo I" According to; Ikenby Mr. vVil ^ December and Bull ia April, C ^OCRAl'HY. Hi'iio'*'] N O R W A y. 4«5 ■ „rnlfnt ■ never fawning to their fupcriors, yet tr'l per rp"^ '« 'hofc a^ovc .hem. I'"1P Sincipal m.Klc of f^lutc is by ofTcrmg their Ti (I when we gave them or paid them a trifle, jZtl, in«cad ofrcturning thanks by words or by wfliook our hands with great frankticfs and cor- rt|,5 neafants here arc well clothed and well lodged, ' IJ: to poncfs more comforts and convciiicticies nicSan any which I have feen in the couifc of my C excepting in fome parts of Switzerland. TThev weave their ordinary cloth and linen ; they L alfo a kind of ttuff like a Scotch plaid. The h which tiie men nfc for their coats is pruuipally of U colour, with red button-holes, and white metal .rffie vtromcn, while employed in their houfchold ilrs frequently, as in Sweden, appear only with a icMt and a Ihift, with a colla reaching to the oat and a black falh tied round the wailh Their tn is remarkably fine; and, as ihcy are usually well L ihis mode of ditfs fcts off their fliapcs to the Lltjdvaniage. _ , , , r • -u u r w The common food of the peafant is milk, chccle, .JoflaltedfiO), and fometimes, but rarely, flclh or jmeat, oat-bread, called fladbrod, baked in fmall les about the fize and thicknefs of a pancake; it is Jy made twice a year. I obfcrved a woman em- Led in preparing it : having placed over the fire a ind iron plate, ihe took a handful of dough, and ilcditout with a rolling-pin to the fize of the iron lie; Ihe then placed it on the plate, and baked it on eflde, then turned it on the other with a fmall ftick. this manner (lie baked an aftonifhing number in lefs iniquarter of an hour; and I was informed that woman, in one day, can bake fulTicient for the iiily during a whole year. The peafants alfo, in lesoffcarcily, inix the bark of trees, ufually of the tree, with their oatmeal ; then dry this bark before I lire, grind it to powder, mix it with fome oat- :al, then bake it, and eat it like bread : it is bitterifli, J affords but little nourilhment. , " As a luxury, the peafants eat ffiarke, or thin flices [ meat, fprinkled with fait, and dried in the wind, kehimgbeef; alfo a foiijy*made like a hafty-pudding, oat-meal or barley-meal, and, in order to render it )rc palatable, they put in it a pickled herring or ,,tcd mackerel. The ufe of potatoes has been late'y |it(Kluced, but thcfc roots do not grow to any fize in a lualry where the fiiinmer is fo lliort. " Fabriciusdroii^'Jy recommends, intimes of fcarcity, lemolFesand lichcnF, and particularly tlie/zVAc/i ijlan- w, which yields a very nourilliing fullcnance, ind is immonly ufed for food in Iceland, " According to a feries of meteorological obfervations 'ien by Mr. Wilfe, paftor of Sydcborg, it fnows moft December and in the middle of January. It rains lull ia April, Odober, and Au^iiiU The cicareft weather is during the whole month of Manh, and from the middle of June to the middle of Julv. WiiuU are moft violent in the middle and latter end of April, May, and ()i.\ober. 'I'hc rtillcft fcafoti is in January ; from the Iciith of June to the eleventh of July, and in the middle of Augiilf, a circumflance very prolitable to the oai-harvcft, which of all corn is more cafily fubjcft to cad its ripe grain in w indy weather. If we compare the climate ot Norway with the climate of London, March at London is like April and \h". beginning of May in Norway ; and the March of Norway is our January. On account of the frctjuent fpring frods, feeds ought not to be fown in gardens before the twen- tieth of May ; and the frolts of the latter end ut Augult are no lcfsfptn,aregiv [decoaion of oak-lc Lasacu«f°f '"^^^ IpKdinthedecoaion rrjhe general ex pot 11,, dried filh, timber (lie, lilver, alum. Pi -(Celebrated mine Cue of 67,5001. ""'" « mine is near Arem I "Norway is «'"»"■'' j[ the bays fringed w me of which we ha ■It they appear like in Uall, that they appc C H DEN tlin, Extent, Bou Pefulttlun, Cities ""HIS kingdom, c _. per, is fituated b It, and 8 and 11 deg. Vli to fouth, near 2 .me par's, is only ab( It is bounded on the i (trac fea, and from S (1 the fouth by Germ jtll, by the German ptcat-Dritain. Itisd [la of Jutland, anciei Indtheillands at the e B the table. Thong lingdom of Denmark piely called by that n The air is not fo p 1 fome parts of G« lie fuuihward, being Jie fca, which fiirroun lapours alfo greatly 3 '.] D E N M R. 467 •TM I' ll HIT dTl l - ,mmoie of roofinff occadom fiteh a large con- „,,,.oflhc outward bark, that the bifch. which "fy would not fnpply « Aifficicnt qiianiity ; it is lore 'not iiniifnal to ilrip off" the outward bark [lit the tree ii Handing, ond, if peeled with care, it RhScr^afk of the birch is applied, like the «k of oaks, for tanning hides, (ifliing-tictJ, and Taili, ikichit rcnderi more durable. U This tree alfo fuppliw a kitid of wine by the fol- Linuprocefi: a hole h bored in the trunk, and the rjjilils into a flallc placed under it. The tree fuf- , little damage, if the hole is immediately clofed by Ifooden peg- The twigs ol" the birch, as well as the Ifa inii "(pen. arc given to liorfcs in fcarcity of fodder. Ucoflion of oak-leaves in beer is iifcd by the oea- L ,j a cure for the rhcumatifm, by applying a cloth Lfljinihedecodlion to the part afTcftcd. [vTlie general exports of Norway are tallow, butter, III, dried filh, limber and plank, horfes and horned itle, lilver, alum, Prulliaii blue, copper, of which le celebrated mine of Roraas vields annually to the L of 67,500!. and iron, of wnich the moll produc- le mine is near Arendal. \» Norway is remarkable for the number and beauty lite bays fringed with wood. Many of the lakes me of which we have dcfcribed above) arc fo large, J they appear like inlets of the fea ; and the bays uv [fnull.that they appear likes lakes." CHAP. III. D E N M R K. flmlm Extent, Boundarits, Climate, Sell, Produce, Pifulallott, Cltlts, Inhabitants, and Hi/lory. ■'HIS kingdom, commonly ftyled Denmark Pro- per, is fituated between 54 and 58 deg. of north k and 8 and 1 1 deg. of ead lung. Itextends, from ]onl) to fouih, near 240 miles; and the breadth, in me par's, is only about 24, and, in others, near 180. It is bounded on the north from Norway by the Scag- W fea, and from Sweden on the cafl by the Sound ; iihefouih by Germany and the Baltic ; and, on the reft, by the German Ocean, which feparates it from picat-Uritain. It is divided into two parts ; the penin- Lla of Jutland, anciently called Cimbria Cherfonefus, [nd ihe illands at the entrance of the Baltic, Ynentioned i the table. Though all thefc together conftitutc the lingdom of Denmark, yet not any one of them is fepa- piely called by that name. The air is not fo piercing cold in Denmark as it is n fome parts of Germany, fituated much further to kefouihward, being here tempered by 4hc vapours of wfca, which furrounds it in almolt every part. Thefe jiapQurs alU) greatly mitigate the heats of fumracr. 3 Spring and autumn are feafoni fcarcely knowa in Den- mark, on fccount of the fiidden trinfitions from cold to heat, and from heat to cold, which diflinguilh the cli- mate of this kingdom. In all the northern piovincesof Denmark the winteri arc very fcyere, fo that the inha- bitants often paft armi of the fea in Hedges upon tha ice ; and, during the winter, all their narhouri are frozen up. The foil, as in all other countries, is va- rious but principally confiftiof the fandy and clayey; the former abounds m the iflands, and the latter on the continent. The mountains, near their fummiti, are barren, but the valliet fertile. Jutland is one of the larged and moft fertile of all the provinces of this kingdom, produces abundance of all forts of grain and palturage, and iiakind of magazine for Norway on all occations. A great number offmall cattle are bred here, and afterwards tranfported into Holltcin, to be fed for the ufe of Hamburgh, Lubeck» and Amilerdam. This province is cvery-where inter- fncrfcd with hills, generally barren; and, on the ead lide, has tine woods of oak, fir, beech, and other trcei ; but, the well fide being lefs woody, the inhabitants are obliged to ufe turf and lieath for fuel. Ztcaland is, for the mod part, a fandy foil, but rather fertile in srain and paflurage, and agreeably variegated with woods and lakes of water. The climate is more temperate here, on account of the vapours from the fur- rounding fea, than it is in many more fouthcrly parts of Europe. In fome parts of the country there are large foreds, which produce excellent timber, and are full of game* Moll of the lakes abound with Hfh of a very delicate flavour. There are few rivers in Denmark ; the mod confiderablc is the Eyder, which rifes at the foot of a mountain near Segeberg, and falls into the fea at Ton- ningen. The Danes have an excellent breed of horfes, greatly efleemed for the faddle and carriage ; above ,5000 are fold annually out of the country, and of their horned cattle near 30,000. Befldes numbers of black cattle, they have fhecp, hoes, and other ufeful animals ; alfo plenty of poultry and wild fowl. In 1559, a Hinneration was made, by authority, of the number of people in his Danifh majeity's dominions of Denmark, Norway, Holtlein, the illands in the Baltic, and the counties of Oldcnburgh and Delmen- horfl, in Weftphalia, and foimd it to amount to 2,444,000, exclufivc of the Icelanders and Greenland- ers. But the nioft accurate account of the population is that made under the dire£lion of the famous Struenfec, by which Jutland numbered 358,1,36; Danifh Ice- land, 283,466; Funen, 143,988; Norway, 723,141} Illands of Ferro, 4,754; Iceland, 46,201; duchy of Slefvvick, 243,605; duchy of I loUlcui, 1341665 ;'OU denburgh, 62,854; Delmenhorfl, 16,217: in all, 2,017,027. Several of the finaller illands, included in the dillridl of Fionia, are omitted in this computation, which may add a few thoufands to it. Though -;f i ! 468. A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY Tho.igh the above number may feem difproportioned to his Danifh majefty's tlominions, yet, every thing confidercil, it is tar greater ihaii could have been ex- pecled from tiicir unculttvated ilaie. The nobles of Dciiiiiark formerly lived at their coimtry-feats with great magnificence and hofpitality, and polielild a de- gree of courage which approached to ferocity ; but by a continual ftries of tyranny and opprcMion, their national charadler is much changed, and from a brave, cnterprillng, and warlike people, they are become in- dolent, timid, and dull of apprchcnrion. .The cor- ruption and arbitrary proceedings of the Danilh ininidefs have greatly fhackled the trade of the coun- try; and her merchants are fo terrified by thedcfpotifm of her government, that, inftead of being rich and flourifliing, it is at prcfent one of the moll indigent and diftrefled flates in Europe. Thcfc circumflances prevent Denmark from being fo populous as it would otherwife be, if the adminillration of government were more mild and equitable, and if proper en- couragement were given to foreigners, and to thofe who engage in ufeful arts and .agriculture. The higher ranks of people value themfelves ex- tremely upon thofe titles and privileges which tliey derive from the crown, and are exceedingly fond of pomp and ihew. They endeavour to imitate the French in their manners, drel's, and even in their gal- lantry ; though they are naturally the very contrail of that nation. The lower clafs of people are as abfolute flavcs as the negroes in the fu^ar iflands, and Aibfift on much coarfcr proviflons. 1 hey have not the lead piece of furniture of any value in their houfes, except feather- beds, which are excellent in Denmark, from the amazing quantity of feathers annually colleiElcd. The warlike genius of the Danes fubfifts no longer : the common people arc timorous and difpirtted, nor do they poirefs that talent for mechanics and natural ingenuity, fo remarkable in other nations of the North. The Danes, like other northern nations, arc greatly given to intemjicrance, in eating, drinking, and oiher convivial entertainments. There was great reafon to hope, at the beginning of his prednt majclly's reign, that thefe and Feveral other villous cuitoms would have been reformed; but thcfc pleafmg exp/flations are now vanilhed, and the good of the people Icems to be forgotten. Thj Lutheran dodrine is tinivcrrally embraced through :»11 Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, fo that there is not another fsdl in thefe kingdoms. Denmark is divided into fix diccefes ; one in Zealand, one in l-'iinen, and four in Jutland: but the bilhups arc, properly fpeaking, no other than fuperintend.fiits of the church. Tiiey have no cathedrals, ecclelialtical courts, or temporalities. Their hullnefs is to infpe(S the doftrine a^id morals of the inferior clergy. 1 hey art onfy diilingiuihcd from other miuilters by their habit. The revenue of the bidioo of r amounts to about two thoiifaiid rix H,,li, ''^"'"l is the rieheft benefice in the kingdi'^V"'' are wholly dependent on the government. ,1, intermeddle, nor are employed or CDnfuli.r''"'' artairs: they "cvenhelefs have acquired 1: '? ' \ over the tninds of the common people, by whu. are greatly revered. Their churche., L tremely neat, and h-.ve organs in them Th without notes, and ii.veigh fbvcrcly aL-ainll .C"! of the great, whom .l^^cruple L^? JV:* fonally. The commonalty admire tlu-ir cour » ' the government connives at their prefmnpii„„^ (^ they conhiie themfelves to their cw., nro'„\ preaching. They are, generally fpeakin., :! good morals, exemplary lives, and fome emJi,L: Literature receives very htile encourugc,„eJ Denmark, which may be the principal caufu of , ' being- inorc cultivated there, thoiigl,. it ,„„„ ^ " leiFed. they begin now to make fume promifm i tempts 11) hiftory, poetry, and the drama. Thist, dom has formerly produced feveral men of emiJj efpecially inaftronomy and medicine, anion. wJ 1 ycho flrahe, Bornchias, and the Bartholines I done honour to their country : biu liiongl, the ii« verhty at Copenhagen has funds to the amoimi] 300,000 nx-dollars, for the gratuitous funportof, itudents, yet th- Dane? in general make najL figure m letter. . T^he language of Ehamarklil dialed of the Teutonic ; but High Dutch andFrenl arc fpoken at court, and the nobility have lately J great advances in the Englifli, which isnowpublii taught at Copenliagen, as a necellaFypartofediicaJ As they are great lovers of mufic, andencouwl drama, a company of EngJifli comedians occaiil vifit the capital, where they meet with a preiiy favo able reception. We fliall now proceed to defcribe thedivifions.citij pr.J towns of this country, with their rcfpeaivcfulx vifions and circumdances. Denmark, is divided into the four followingducliia 1. Jutland, properly fo called, or North Jutland, t 1 ne duchy of Slefwic, or South Jutland. 3, fU duchy of Holrtein ; and, 4. The D.inifli jllands, Jutland Prober, or North Jutland, is bouai on the fouth, by the diuhy of Slefwic; on the rt and well, by the German Ocean; and towai Isiiisc by the Baltic, the Categate, .ind the LelFcr Belt. This country is divided into four dinccfcs, viz. Rip,, to the fouth, Athufen to the call, Wybiirgtodiewdl and Aalburg to the north. Ripen diocefe is bounded, on the fouth, by thediithi of Slctwic , on the north, by the dioccl'es of/VhufeJ and VVyburg; and e.\tends call and welt from thi Baltic to the German Ocean. It cont.iins 30 pre> fedtorlhips, or bailiwicks, 282 parilhes, lorovalpalditt 1 00 nublemcn't) feats, and feven cities, which areas follow] RipJ E N M R K. 469 Q "^dollars, a„,i? <'"gdom. The J ''^<:(.ll^ulted il 7 cquircd great infc ^^"P «. by wh„,r. h"rehes are kep, j "'l<^">- TheyU '•^ ","' f" attack b' 'I*-" tlx^ir courage, J '"; prcfuinpiion, 2 pf c«rn proving! ™ lome eruditioa f 'e encouragement "^'palcaufcofiti' °"8''. it mud be cu e fume proraifinjl E drama. ThiskJ al men of eminej iicine, among »( the Bartholines, U bll. (hoiigl, ,1,5 1 Js to the amounif uitoiis fuppoftofi neral make nami ?e of Deiimatkijl gn Dutch and FfeJ >ility havelaielytij k'hich isnowpubliJ (laFypartofcducatiJ 'C, and encourage I omedrans occafionjj t with a pretty I'aKK If which, before it comes to this city, divides ' 'ti'to three branche*. the largeft of which runs north fide of the town 4 the middle '..ranch, L. , I ,|,e fmalieft. runs on the fouih of it ; 4he a fo on the fouth, bat at fome diftance : they will a little lower, and faU into the German three miles below, forming a commodious '"' This city is a6 miles diftint from Ton- "'towards the north, and 114 from Colding, to '""fth-wcft. It '" * place of confiderable trade : ' "■ Ij^uring paftures and fields produce abundance S and corn. Hither arc driven almoft all the A cattle from many parts of Jutland, which are Ihippcd off for foreign cotintrics, cfpecially for nlitnd' and their corn they CKport into the ncigh- 'couotries. Thefe articles 3%rd them very t profit. But the city is often expofed to im- it dangers from the tides flowing in with pro- , violence from the fea, fo that the water fomc- , comes into the very church-yard of the cathe- which ftands on a hill; and even during the mbic inundation that afflifted Jutland in the yetr Mi, the water rofe an ell high in the very cathedral. Ss town is ftrong by nature only, without mHch ,|aice from art. Towards the weft there is a caftle Iked wirh four bulwarks, after the old falhion, built Itbeyeaf 1150. The citizens hoiifes arc pretty well ill arid the inhabitaitts were formerly in belter cir- miancps than they ate now.; but they fufFercd very )ch during -the wars with Sweden, the city being I by the Swedes in 1164,5, but foon after recovered the Danes. Before the Reformation this was a fee, as it is now of a fuperintendant or Lu- m bilhop. The cathedral is a noble file, 'built [ith free-done, as well as its (leeplc, which i« fquarc, high, and covered with lead. This church is 1 within with feveral marble columns, and with I tombs of fome kings. There is another church idicatcd to St. Catharine. Here are alfo two .public nls for the education of youth in polite literature, il a college for divinity, in the court of ta(i 10 the e.ilt, 56 from Ripen, and St from Rmgcopin^, to the iionli. Holilebrovv, or Ilodfelbrnw, (lands about 11 miles from Lenv-ick to (he fomh-ealt, and 1:'. from Ring- coping to ilic north-eail. it is an inland town, but lies on a river whicli commiinicales with the German (Jv'ean bv a Inkc, into which the river falls. Aihuien dioccfe is the eallern part of Jutland, liavinj^ on the north the dioccfes of \\ yburg and Aallnn:^, on the v/ell and fouih that of Ripen, and o"n the ealt the Categate and Leller liult. It extends about 60 miles along the coail: of the Bahic, but is not much above 30 miles in breadili at tho vvidell l»art. li contains 31 prefeiflorlhips, or biiiliwicks, 304 parilhes, five callles, or forls, and eight cities, or walled towns, viz. 1, Arhufen, the capital of the diocefe. Hands at the mouth of the river Gude, which runs through it, and a little lower falls into the Cate- gate. It is 8B miles to the northward of Slefwick, and .\i north-eall of Ripen. The lltuation is pleafant, being furroimded with forefts fidl of game, paltures that are exceeding rich for the country, and fields which produce a coniiderable quantity of grain. The town itfelf is neat and agreeable, well furnilhcd with provifions and domeltic necelfaries from the neigh- bouring country, and with other commodities and luxuries from various countries, by the means of (hip- ping. The harbour is tolerable, and the cathedral church crcdled after a curious Uylc of archiledure, beautified and embellilhed with various monuinents of noblemen, prelates, &c. The bifliop's palace was rnce a magnificent llrudure, but is now fallen to de- cay. The city was made an epifcopal f c in the year 1014. and is now the fee of a fiipcrinteisdant. 2. Scanderburg, fix miles from Arhufen to the fouth- ■weft, is a good fortrefs, near the fpring of the river Gude. 3. ilorfens, 12 miles diilant from Arhufen to the fouth-weil, is a fmall city or town fituatcd on a little guH, which' ferves it inllead of a harbour, and faUs into the Baltic. 4. Randers is a very ancient city, fituated on the iivcr Gude, which, about 12 miles lower, falls into the Baltic, and thus affords this place a good conveniency for navigation. It is a place of great trade, and famous for the bell falmon in Jutland. The iieighbvUiriiig fields produce plenty of corn. ,5. libelllol is Icaied at the bottiim of a bay of the Categate, about 18 miles frotn Arhufen to the rorth-vvctl. 6. Grinaa Hands near the point or cape of a peninfula, which juts out into the Cate- aiid is feven miles diltant fiom kbelltot to the li is (Itkndi-d by a caitlc. 7. Mai i.igtr Hands the CouiU-fitk- of a larj^c bay ol the Categate, 16 gate. Iiorlli mile-; diftant from Arhufen to the north. 8 H or Hr!)ro. is a fmall town on the fame' bay' f,vV above Vlariager to the wert. '' " .Wyburg diocefe has that of Aalbnr^ on tht m, from which it is partly feparated by the Si] Limloid, Arhufen on .he-Ritr. This diocefe i.s about 70 miles long.M the foiith-we(l to the uttermolt point of Siilia;; ;-itfl in the north-eall ; but as it is of a tiiangnlar torin, iij breadth is not c(pi:il every-where, being but atjut^fl miles where broadelt. The north pait vi thisdi^«l(| which is cut off by the gulf (tor tiic city ofAaibcrJ D N NT A K. 47* the foiith-fide of it) is called Wenfufal, and °" authors Vaiidalia, whence fome apprehend it h feat (if til'-' Vaiulals. The inliabitanls are tlie /([ of tlie king of D2nmarlc's fiibjeOs. Tlic . is friiitfii!, and pretty well enriched by trade. KviJed into 13 bailiwicks, which contain 177 [;,. J ,00 catties, and the followfng cuies and L< ' I Aalbiirg, fo ca!l.fl iiitful place of this difirifl. This town is noted for [kind of univcrfity, which wasfirft a free-fchool only, linded by Chrillian the Third. 6. Seeby is a fmall Lport town on the eaftcrn (hore, 15 miles diftant m Schagcn, towards the foiith-welh • [Sleswick, or South Jutland, is an ancient jocliy dependent on the kingdom of Denmark ; for, liiheycar iiLiS, king Nicolas the Firft gave it to his Itphew Canute, the fon of Eric. Denniaik was af- Itwards deprived of it ; but, in the year 14^59, Chrif- Tjii i!ic Firit re united it to that kingdom. It is tout 86 miles in length, and 60 in breadth, being Undid by Jutland on the north, by the Baliic on the l>y the duchy of Holfleiii on the fouih, and by it Girnwn Ocean on the wed. It is watered by fe- |et,il llrtams, which render it exceeding fruiltiil in parts, and in general abounds in meadows and toiliirts, Till laiki-ii pans lie CMiliderably higher than p wcHern, aid in the latter ti:ere arc large plains, Ihiih priiiluce a great pknly of all forts of corn. the nobility here arc rich, and the common people pjsya great Ihare of independence. This duchy is lividcd into four circles, viz. Goltorp, Tonderon, Ficnfburg, and Hadeifl.ben. The pritcijal cities and towns are the folio-,. !i)g : 1. .S'.efwick, the capliul of , the whole duchy, which is fituated on a fmall arm of the fea, called the Sley, at the dillaiicj of about 3H miles f.-o.u Giuvk.ta It to ■ the north eail, and ab itoili Lemd-.n to the eail. ;Chriilianity was edablilhed here in the ninth century,. ^aiid the great church founded by Eric F?arii, in coii-^ 'jundion: with St. Anfchar, bilhop of llainburg ; and in the year 930, king Harold BLitand crofted an epif- k-opal'lec. Afterwards the Siiavonians invaded ihefe parts in the year 1065, dedroyed the church, and re- j llored the pagan niperllilions ; but foon after ihefe. ; foreigners w:!re expelled, Chrilli uiity was rellared, and 'the cathedral rebuilt. In tjie isext century; it bey came a place of great tr.i,de, and much frequented b/i inerchants from Great-Brltdin, Frartce, Spain, Flan- ders, &c. The foil, efpecially tov -ards the fouth and call, is not very fruitful ; biit the town is.fufficiently, fupplied with all necelfaries of life from the neigh- ibouring country, and the Sley affords abundance q£ i fifh. 'Fhcy brew beCr here, which is not very pala- i table; but they import , fome from abroad,, as well as. j wine, rwhich is pretty cheap. . ., Among the public buildings is a ducal palace, which they ihew to Itraiigers: it does not contain much that. I 1^ worthy of notice, except a library, which contains a few ancient manufcripts, .aud a cabient of rarities iii' itatural hiflory, which has fevural things that arc really, curious. In the gardens are fome water-works, and, many walks in the old taffe, which the poor people, of this country think great exertions of magnilicciicc. The principal church is ancient, and a very large fabric ;• it contains many moniuTienls ot the duca'l families, but none that will yield much ciitertuinment to a tra- veller. In the fuburbs there is:a.ctuuc!i dedicated to- St. Micliaal. Slefwick was formerly the fee of a Ro-. i-nan Catholic biihop, and is now that of a Protedant fuperintendant. A few miles diflant frorn Slefwick, to the fouth, are yet to be feen, in inany places, the ruins of the famous wall and trench which was built in ancient times by the Danilh kings, againlf the incurfions of the Saxons. It is thought 10 have been begun by Gotherick, or Gothofred, king of DciimaTk, to keep out the armies of the emperor Charles the Great, about the year 808 ; and afterwards improved by tjueera. Thyra, and other Danifli monarchs, and rendered lb llrong, as to be ellecmed impregnable by tiie coun- fellors of Henry, furnamed the Lion, duke of Saxony. This rampart was called Danewark, and, like H.i- driun's wall in England, is reported to have reached- from fea to fea, quite acrofs this neck of land. 2. Gottorp was the ancient feat and patrimony of the dukes of Holllein, the chief branch of which fa- mily, after the royal one, took from thence the title or fiirname of Gottorp. It is about lix miles iliftant from Slefwick to the fouth-well, and Hands on the Sley, I which. 11 ii 47* A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEMT of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY ^vhich almod furrounds it, and carries veflTels of fmall burthen to and from the Baltic. This place is, at the fame time, a fortrefs, and a noble palace, being accounted one of the fined feats in all thefe northern parts. The caftle ftands to the wed of the Sky, in the middle of a little lake, and is built in the form of an oblong fquare, fortified with four baftions of earth ; the bottom is paved with free-lloite, the cur- uins are long, and the fides (land north and fouth. You approach the caftle by a bri-ge, which joins it to the fouth Ihorc. It is commanded by a mo\intain that ftands north-ead of it, from whence the Danes annoy- ed the caftle in the year 1675, when the duke was treacheroufly furprifcd by the king of Denmark at Rentfburg. The duke, before his death, had de- figned to rebuild the caflle, but the front only is finiihed; if the whole had been completed, it would have been one of the fineft palaces in Europe. A rampart encompalTes the fird court, and the gate of the cadle is a fine blue done, as hard as marble, with a lantern over it that has S7 lights. On the north fide of the caftle there is a bridge of 900 paces over the lake ; and, at the end of the bridge, t walk, between two rows of trees, that lead to the garden, which is adorned with many fine water-works and cafcadc<«. On .he left there is a bafon, or fifh- pond, ioo paces Apiare, with rows of trees on all tides, except to the north ; there are, alfo, fine arbours on the fides of the pond ; and, in the middle, a Her- cules, of a mondfous (ize, rcprefented with his club, going to kill the Lcrnxan hydra. Out of every part the water plays. In every corner of the pond, there are datues which form cafcade«. On the north there is a parterre, in the form of a crefccnt, divided into fcvcrsi compartments, with niches roiuid, containing buds of many kings, and modern princes. The.e are alfo the reprcfentations of many fabulous animals, that throw water. At the end of the walk there is a fmall room, in which is to be feen a globe, made by the famous Tycho Brahe, fo contrived, that, by mechanifm, it reprefents his fyftem of the world. There is another admirable globe of copper, to feet and an half in diameter, with a fphcre, wherein the fun moves in the ecliptic, and all the heavenly bodies are carried round in cxad^ order, by means of certain wheels, which are turned about by water conve)^ed from the adjacent mountain. Before this houfe there is a level ground ,50 paces broad, and three times as long, divided into three parts : thofe on the (ides have fine parterres, and that in the middle has a great bafon ,n the centre, with water-works ; the next terrace is higher ; and the whole is enclofcd with green pales, as high as each terrace, with buds all round. VriiTi the highcd terrace there is the fined profpeft perhaps in the world, viz. tfie calllc in the front, in the middle of a lake ftirrunnded with a charming country, and a fine plain before it. On the left there if, a great orangery, or green-houfc, where they Jsecp 3 myrtles, pom(^ranai^^]^ Theparkisn^ble,^,bou,jg the Indian trees, exotics, in boxes. lid* miles in circumference, and full of^riiowT' dags. There is a toll-booth, or cuftom-houfe "i all toll IS paid for great numbers of black cat! pafs from Jutland into Germany ; this nrodiiccs'a'r liderable fum to the king of Denmark, fince infJ years, toll is paid for above 50,000 head of citilV * 3. Eckrenford dands on a little gulf of the iA which makes a "-"•'-"'""'"''=-— "^ *"" a confiderable that fliorc. It is about 82* miles diftaiit from S to the ead, and fix from Kiel towards the north 4. Chridianpreis, «he capital of a bailiwick of t™ name, which borders on the duchy of Holftcin isfj atcd on a |ulf of the Baltic, at the entrance of? haven of Kiel, and is commanded by a cadle (ka built in 1637, by Chrillian IV. king of Dciin' It is about five miles didant from Kiel to the no. and four from Eckrenford to the eaft. It hasabi 500 houfcs, and two gates, defended with(lrongwo{ The Eyder ferves for a ditch, and makes it in ceflible ; and where the river grows narrower ih, have built a crefcent in the water, withport-holesfj 16 pieces of cannon. T 5. Frederickftadt, thus called from its founder, Fri derick, duke of Holdein and Slefwick, who b'lilt j in the year 16a 1, peopled it with Hollanders,] granted them great privileges. He endeavoured u to fettle a filk trade there, and, for that purpofe, y an embafTy to Mffcovy and Perlia, which gave'occJ fion to Adam Olearius, fecretary to it, to publill account thereof in an excellent book of travels. ThJ town dands on the banks of the river Eyder, andj 24 miles didant from Slefwick towards the wcH, j 42 from Gluckdidt to tlic north. It is built afierij Dutch faOiion, and all religions are tolerated thci The town is fquare, and furrounded with a large c nal, planted with rows of trees. It is dividediDtil two parts by another canal, alfo with trees on M fides. The Lutheran church is built with brick;, 1 very neatly. 6. Tondcron is alfo fituatcd on the river EydtrJ 10 miles below Frederick dadt, and about 14 mm from the German Ocean. It is not an ancient tow but it has a good trade, which incre.ifcs daily, by mcul of its commodious harbour formed by the Fyder, was formerly well fortified, but the lurtificaiioiiswm demolilhcd in 1714 by the Danes, who, afici ali blockade, forced the town to fiirrender upon terms] This is the capital of the bailiwick uf Kyderdadt, im much frequented by the Dutch, who buy black caitlel here. 7. FIcnfburg, the capital of 4 didrid known by ikl faiuc name, as well as that of Angelcn, or £iigcliiiil| (the coujitry of the Angles, who invaded Soiiih Bri-j tain, and bedowcd upon it the appellation of £Myj| northward of^Slel-j fvici'J is lituated eight miles to the A i'<];\K-0:'IO JA'D £:'.M M XV R WH'/ A ^?i . ,h< eulf of Flens, formed by rh« BaUic ; [Tuhins fo commodirtus. thaflhips of great C ipo^e up, and lie loaded from the ware- hufttmi which is to mileS from Tontleron, and !' J nthegtiU'of Hover. >ias formerly fldiirilhmg im but' 'it is now greatly decayed ; its ruin J|l„(.jd from three capital caHfcS, war, irvunda- "' and conflagrations. ■ , ,■, . . I In Clolkr is an mconfiderable town, fltviated 1,^5 river Lohm-Beoke, about lo miles from the rHiiterllebcn is a 'arge fea-port town, by the 'f Hadtrlkben, which rnns into a narrow guH, 'tfiiiboffues itfeifinto the BaUic. The inha- l! carry on a tolerable trade by means ot the tibt are caught in great plenty, both in the lake I if "ximder, 12 miles to the wcflward of Hadcr- "' Va remarkable neat town, (ituated in a fertile OP the fouthern bank of the river Wydaw. ,- is a fmall ftmng lort, which the king keaps I excellent repair. The harbour, however, is M up a* prcftnt, and the town hath fcarcely J, j\pennde is fituatcd at the bottom of a gulf Jttie Baltic, ^0 '■"''<^* ""'"''^ "' Slefwick. It is de- Ljbv a tolerable citadel; but has, neverthelefs, been luentiy plundered in time of war Ji'i. Luxbiirg, or Glucklburg, "- '' BwirJ of Flenfburg, near the fame gulf, but on ofitelide. It is but a fmall town, yet has a and gives title to the dukes of HolHein- Icckfturg. The Duchy of Holstf.in, part of the king of bark's German dominions, lies on the north-ea(l : of the river Elbe, and is one of the richeft pro- i;c> in the dominions of that monarch. A tra- iler, who had accefs to the public records of the M-m of Denmark, and rt;ccivcd many curious iiiciilarsfrom ilie unfortunate prime miniltcr Count lu:nlee, thus dtfcribes this duchy : iTh'' great duchy of Holllein, which is all united iheDanilh dominicns at prefcnt, is fainous for its ■tpaftiires, and for producing excellent beef. (Jreat laniiiies of horned cattle are bought up in Jinland, liioihcr provinces of neninark, and broutiht here to 1 fattened: and their beef, befides what is u fed for ; coi:fumpiion of ILnnburg and Lidicrk is falted, lied, and exported ; the former to Holland, and the Itei lo all parts ol Lower Gerniiiiiy ; and, together Jitli an excellent breed of liorfey, of which great num- Ks are exported yearly, bring conliderable fiuus of Bncyintd die province, of the whole of which the «irt of Denmark has not hitherto found the means drain them ; fo that this province may jiidly be faid b be the richcd in the Danifh dominions. is four miles to the bounded on thft weft by the G nom the fouth-ea|k -by Kolfteiri is Ocean, on the eaft fcy th« Baltic,' on Mecklenburg, on the ' fouth-wefl by the river Elbe, and on' the fbuth \iy 'i\i^ tetVitrtry"of Hhm'b^ij-g.^'ahH by Lauenbtirg. It is •8b miK-s in length, '(9cyih breadth, where broadeft, and divided into Tirttrf princi^ pa! parts, or provinces, viz. HoUli/in Proper, V^ag-^ ria, StoriViar, and Ditmarfli. ' 1 . / This duchy is remarkably fertile, and contams- many rich marfli, pafture, and meadow lands. pykeS have been cut through the marlh lands at an immenfe expence, iu)t only to drain off the waters, which na- turally accumulate there, but to drain ofF fuch as are occafioned by the inundations both of thefea and rivers, which are frequent. Thefe, however, give fuch a richnefs to the foil of the marfhcs, that cattle are bred in great numbers, and fattened in thetn ; and vaft quantities of excellent butter and chcefe arc made of the milk. In fome parts of them they fow wheat, barley, peas, beans, rape-feed, &c. which thrive ex- ceedingly. Sheep are bred in the more fandy, heathy, and barren diflriiSs ; and woods and orchards abound in other parts. The beef, veal, mutton, lamb, and pork, arc all fat and palatable ; and the bell fea and river fi(h are caught in great plenty. The Holftein horfcs are exceeding beautiful, and, on that account,, are highly prized both in Deninaik and Germany. The principal people ufually farm out their cattle to a kind of bailiff, who runs all hazards, receives all profits, and allows the proprietor fo much per head for the whole: thus the gentry receive a certain' income without having any troi'blc, and the bailiflf" is fufficiently rewarded for his pains, as he ufually makes a fortune by the extra profits. In general, the country is plain and level, and w^r tered by the rivers Eyder, Stor, and Trave, with many rivulets, dykes, &c. An odd cnflom prevails here,. which is, to drain the lakes and ponds, at certain times, and fell the carp, lampreys, pike, perch, &c. whicii are found in them ; and then fome years after to fo\V' them with oats, or ufe them for padiire ; and after that to lay them under water, and breed fi(h in them again'. The honfes and churches are very neat ; for the people here, with rcfpeiSt to nicety, refcmblc the Hollanders. The durhy contains about 30 cities and towns, great and fmali, and 600 parilhes. Tlie clergy arc annually chofen, and removeable at pleafure. The people are riji,id Lutherans ; lb that they give but very little countenance to Calvinills, and are (hongly prejudiced' againit the Roman Catholics. With regard to their charader, in other refpeds, they are, in general, well made, finely featured, lair, Ihong, courageous, and fo celebrated ior their intey;rity, that the cxprcfTion Hol- (teinglaubc, or honejl Holjlcintr, is proverbial through- out Germany, Denmark, Arc. The principal citie.<, towns, i^:c. in Ilolftein, are, 1. Lubeck, an imperial city, and chief of the Hans Towns, is iituated at the conflux of fcveral rivers, (i D the V>\ y'i V V. J r 474 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY the largcd of which is the Tra\'«. li is la miles from | the Baltic, where it has a fine harbour, 25 miles north ' of Laucnhurg, 40 north-caO of Hamburg, and 117 fouth-weft of Copenhagen. It is a bifhopric un Jcr the archbifliop of Bremen, and was tranilated hither from Oldenburg in 1163. This is a government or republic within itfelf, with royal jurifdidlion, viz. to make and execute its own laws, as well in civil as in capital canfcs. From the confiflory tiiere lies an appeal to the fcnate of the city, which confiHs of four burgomatters, two fyndics, who arc civilians, and fixteeu common-council-men ; each of whom has his particular province, and they are all for life : but the common-council is only formed of law- yers and merchants, with an cxcluliun of mechanics, father and fon, or two brothers, cannot be in the re- gency at the fame time. The name of Lubeck is fuppofcd to be derived from Lob-cck, the German word for a point of land, which agrees with its fituation. It is an ancient place, and, as the Poles fay, was founded by one of their kings, who conquered this part of the kingdom ; but the Ger- mans afcribe its foundation to Codefchalk, one of the kings of the Vandals, in 1040. It has fuitained wars, both offenfivc and defenlivc, for feveral years, not only againd the dukes of Mecklenburg, but againft the king ot Sweden. It is faid to have been a conliderable city when taken in the year 1134, by Crito, a prince of Reugen, who deftroycd it; but it was rebuilt in the year 1140, by Adulph II. count of Hulftein, and then tirft endowed with the immunities of the city. In 1158 it was again reduced to a heap of ruins by fire, and was afterwards rcftored by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, in whofc time the collegiate church was founded. In 1164, the famous league of the Hans Towns was begun here; and their college is ftill kept, together with their records, and cominon (lock railed by contributions. In 1181 the emperor Frederick I. brought it under fubjcdliun to the empire ; but Henry the Lion retook it ; upon which it fell into the hands of Holftein, and afterwards of Denmark. The city hav- ing fuft'ercd greatly by fire, particularly in 1276, was rebuilt in the handfume manner now Iccn ; the fenatc )aving made au order that none of the houfes Hiuuld, for the future, be btiilt with timber, or covered with thatch. In 1350 it was almoli depopulated by the plague, which carried olf vail numbers of the inhabi- tants. At prcfent, ihh is a fine noble city, fpacious, and wcli fortified ; two miles in length, and more than one broad ; the (Ucets being flraight, uniform, and wjde. Many of the (Ireets have rows of lime-trees on the fidcs^ and a canal in the middle. The churches are magni- ficent, and p.bout twenty ot «hem have high fpites. The two ihief (Ircets leading from the cathedral, and the Miller's Gate, to the royal and calUe gate, being the hiijheft parts of the city, are inttifecled by others that defcend gradually oo each iide to the Ti»ye and Wagnitz rivers. ing ?uilt of brick, come^wiTh' ISj «M ••fculpture. Theri;PS\f ' heart of the city, which!,! ^ t. The largeft velTds hor^'l load at Travcrmund, a fort on the bay of I „k !"'" and adorned with fculpture. The rivepT" ''' (hips into the very heart #if tt,- ^;... . / >"«bti miles from the fea. (hips into the very heart of the city, which ?.' principal trade is to Riga, Revel, flarva, andP«l bure; and the magazmes and warehoiifes L jloclced with the produftions and commoditi«7fi land. France. Spain. Holland, the Ealt al,d wj dies, &c. The lortifications arc (hong vvdl f and kept in good repair. The ballions'are lofl! extenfive, the out-works numerous, and the hav fended bv feveral forts and raniparts. The? market-places are large, and well fiipplid ,T public buildings (lately, particularly tl.cfen;e.i arfenals, hofpitals, ft:c. All parts ot this city aief with water by pipes from a refervoir. St. Mary's church is the moft conlidcrabic in place, being a lolty edifice, (lauding in the midH ol city, and has a double ftceplc, 217 yards high, buii, 1304. The infide of it is profufely ornamented wl pillars, monuments, &c. but there are few of t which defcrve much notice. The great altar is » richly executed in marble, by Qiiillin, whocxecuM many at Antwerp ; and near it is a famous cl which is the moft remarkable objeft at Lubeck hibiting the ecliptic, zodiaC: equator, and iropi and the planets in their feveral courfijs; which fo minutely done, that the (lation of any of ih, is to be found at every hour of the day. It (hews i| regular v.iriations of the celeflial bodies, fm riHn», fetling, the eclipfes, fellivals. and other rcmarlai days; all which it will continue to fliewtilltlieyi 1875. Bcfides all this, there arc feveral automaioi and, annong others, a figure of our Saviour, wiihadi on its right hand, which opening at twelve at nt out come, in order of procellion, the emperor and , fcven elJeft delators, and, turning to the image, mi, a proloiind obeifance ; this the figure returns by awj ot his hand; after v\hich the whole group retires in |[ fame order, through a door on the Icit, and both da fhut diredtly. In the tower is aiiotlicr piece otiiuc, nery, the chimes, which play the hours wiihaplcift melody, and minute exadhicfs. Under them i; bell, on which is llruck the hour. This is pcrfn,™ by a figure of Time ; wiiilft a leller figure, rcprefc.iiii Mortality, and llanJing at the other Iide olthclx turns afidc his head at every llroke. Thiswctk, d its prefervalion, is furrouiidcd with a frame of«ii By the infcription it appears to have been aedcd 1405. Here is, among others, a very curious piece cjlli Death's Dance, which reprefents human beings in nations of life, from an emperor to the meamltpcrfi and from an old man to an infant, led round a circle fo many (keletons, (hewing that death fparcs ncii age or condition. Ml warm. tenor'-] "[TT^, i,Ufe, with ill* encompafs'd round ? r«idft our hop« fate ftrikes the fudden wound. To.d»r '•"= ft"'''""'" ''^''''' '''"*°"' **'"""' ^ T<,n.orrow death deftroys his airy fchemts. ,_ ^ ^^ . ^jjjy treiAire '" «hy cheH confinM ? i , f ^ Tkinic all *»« ""^""^ *''°" '""'^ ^^^""^ behind. The heir with fmiles (hall view the blazon'd herfc. And all riiy hoards with lavifh hands difperfe. Should certain fate th' impending blow delay, TTiyniirth will ficken, and thy bloom decay: •ria, feeble age will all thy nerves difarm ; jioBore thy blood its narrow channels «T,o:)ien would wi(h to ftretch this narrow fpan, To fuffer life beyond the date of man ? ! I nbeck cathedral is a building of very great arjti- 'J, being crefled in the year 1170, by duke Henry Lion anceftorof the prefent eleflor of Hanovei. Fheoccafion of building it is mentioned in an infcrip- . on one of the wails, viz. that 'Henry the Lion, Uj of Saxony, hunting in this part of the country, ithtallag, with a gold collar and crofs about its I on which was this infcription, Hjc me Cajar do- J,i/' » Csfar gave me this ;" containing the date of tyear, which was in the reign of Charlemagne : and L Juke, from furprife at this accident, cret'tcd this Ujjfal! for commemoration of it, on the fame fpot, Lendowcd it with a handfome revenue. In the top if the church is to be feen the figure of the flag. The next ftaple commodity to corn is beer, which is gheftimation, not only as a pleafant liquor, but medicine, when externally ajpplied to bruifes, (rounds, &c. Here are fevcral hofpitals, which are (tllfupported. Tiiere is one for ancient people of Joth fexes, which was once a cafUe, from whence the Ljensdrove out the DaniHi garrifon. St. Ann's is for Lhans, and other children of poor burghers, wlio are InltnifleJ in fome handicraft bulinefs ; and there is an Ipariment for the confinement of libertines and lunatics. There arc two other hofpitals for the reception of poor nveilers.where they are allowed three days refrenmient, Ld then fent forward with a pafs ; but fiich as happen lobefick, are provided with all ncccflarics till they rc- Itover (ir die. The richell foundation of this fort is St. Itorge's Cloyfter, which is chiefly for the maintenance Ifiich artiiiters as are grown old and pa(t their labour. iThtre is alfo St. Gertrude's hofpital, which is a pell- Tlioufe, There are, moreover, fevcral aIn\s-hoiires, Jendowcd by the merchants, for tlie maintenance of the ■widows of puor members ; belides fevcral little Itrects lothoufes for the widows of other poor citizens. Travemund, dependent on Lubcck, from wjience tt is but nine miles to the north-eall, and thirty-two well of Wifmcr, is a little town near the mouth of the jrivcrTrave. One of tiie counts of Holllcin fold it, in [1320, for 4000 marks to tlit Lubcckcrs, who fortilicd DEN M A VL K. 30 ttMA VM 475 it with four good baflions, ercdlcd a light-hoiifu to guide the Oiips at night, and commonly keep a garrifon Itere of 3 or 400 men, commanded by a ou ^hcrof Lubcck. who receives his orders from the burgomafters, and admits no perfons into tliB place without a piiTport. It was feized by the czar in 1617, in order to fecure tranfport.s for his troops ; but he was perfuaded to quit it. There is a peninfi-riover-againd it, about a quar- ter of a league in circumference, which belongs to the duchy of Mecklenburg. The river Trave rifcs out of a great lake, in the Jiirifdiflion of Segeberg y and, after a Icrpentine courfe from north to fuuth, by Segeberg and Oldello, turns (hort to the ca(}, waters the city of Lubcck, of which this tow:t is the port, and then falls into the Baltic. 3. Okltflo, or Odelfo, on the river Trave, feven miles fouih of Segeberg, eighteen weft of Lubeck, and thirty-one noith-eait of Hamburg, is a little old town, which was formerly a very flourifhing place, and the capital of this part ; but fuffered fo much by the neighbouring princes, who contended for this pro- vince, and by a duke of Brunfwick, who def^jyed its falt-works, to favour thofe of Lunenburg, that it is greatly decayed. 4. Travendal, on the fame river, within a mile of Segeberg, is onlv noted for fevcral treaties betwixt the king of Denmark and tho duke of Holftein in 1700, for adjiiiUng the duke's rights. 5. Lutin, or Utin, about fix teen miles from Lu- beck, has g'ven title of duke, and feat, to the younger fon of the (fuke of Holilein, ever fince the year i59f>. 6. l^loen is a town almoR furrounded by lakes : it is the capital of what is deemed a principality of the fame name. It has a palace, which ftands high, and commands a beautiful profpedl, and is adorned with pleafant gardens and a park. The neighbouring lakes and woods furnifli great quantities of Hfh and timber, upon the fale of which the inhabitants principally fublift. 7. Oldenburg, or Altcnburg, was once a very con- fiderablc town, but is now fallen to decay. It is lituatcd near the Baltic, twenty-fcvtn miles north of Lubeck, and gives name to a fmall dillrit^. In ancier.t times the Sclavonian kings kept their court here. 8. Lemden is a market-town on the confines of Slefwick, not far from the Eydcr. It is celebrated for its beer, vviiich is fcnt into many parts of the circumja- cent country, and even iranfported abroad. 9. Alcidorp, or MeUlorl, is a large town, flandii^ on a river or llreani, called the Mecle. It has fonu; trade, and three market-places round its churcii, diUlii* giiilhed by the names of tl\e north, foiith, and well mar- kets. Here is likijwife a public fciipol for the IhuK of the dallies and rhetoric. 10. Hcydc is a large but poor town, ten miles to the north of Meldrop. 11 Krempi is a fmall opt.: town, on a little river of the fiinc m I'.e. ^ _ 13. Glu;k[>adi, '\ I f I I i ij U H 476 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ok. UNIVERSAL CKOCRaPifv 19. Ghickllailt is fiinatcd on the norih iide of the Elbe, twcuty-lix milts louih- v:I'r ot liainbiirg. It is n nc;it well-built town, an (Irong as to be clecincd iiTiprcgnablc. The Danes lave aooo men in f^aiiiloM licri-, and (ome men of war in the harbour, which is vrry futcand (pjcioiis. ■Ileicthe CuJvinilti havo vL thiirth, the Roman Catholics a chiij-wl, diid thd Jcv.s a f) nagdgue; Tlie town wai IVxmdcd in id'ao/ vs!itn Chiilliati IV. kiiigot Dcrmiaik, oriltreil it to be called Glitck/hidt, wliicli \\r\\\\\ef. Fjitii'iiiti'-'l 'Avii. Thsic be- ing no fprings about i!ic towii, ilic inliabitants iilo rain- wattr, or that of the rivtr. 1 hole who are convided of ihctt receive this fcntcncc — todraw, (lining llJc, the «!ii!l-capfs belonging to the tov.n, to w'lich they aiu ihainid like iKivcs. I 13. Hiedciibcn:;, or Breilcnbiiri,:, i^ a vil!as;e on '\\<: Stor, dclcndcd by a calllc : it tjivis lumu to a Ujidlinp that has Ion:; been the propeity ot the anciunc and'telo.. brated lainily K Mizan. • • 1^. I'rimebiirg is a market-town on the Pinacc, thirteen miles from Hamburg, and fourtceiitrom Cihick- Itadt. It is (;n!y remaikabie lor j;iving name to a coun- ty which fell to the crown of Denmark by tiic death of i:s lall c(ini;t, in 16-jo. J,';. Altcna, a large and populous village; is joined bv a row of lioidts on the Kibe to Hanibiug. It had its name from the king of Dtntiv.nk, as it is faid, purely to banter the deputies oi Hamburg. The latter rc- inondrated to him againit bui'ding this town too near their city; and having frequcniiy obfervcd theieupon, in ihcir difcourfe to the king, " Dat isal te na," v.tiich, in I le language of this country, :s, " ]i is too near;" the king, taking particular notice of the three lalt inonofyl- lables, faid to the deputies, hecculd not excufe himlell if he did not go on witii the buildings; but that, to oblige them, he would call it by the name they had given it. It wris formerly a refuge, not (>n!y for infol- vent debtors, but even inalefai^lors. that caine from Hamburg; becaufe, although tiie ii'.habitai.ts, a tew hlhermen and faiiors, fubjed to the kii.got Denmark, depended entirely on the trade and buliiiefs ot that city, vet it was quite out of !)is jurildu'l!on. This place is noted for a treaty in ibS.), b-etwccn the king of Denmark and the duke of Holltein-Gottorp ; but much more for its calamity in 17 ip, when count Steinboch, the S\Ncdi(h general, having juit di.teated the king of IX'miiaik and hisarmy at G.idclnileh, came and burnt tliis town to the groiuul. llie realoiis pre- tended by the Swedes were, that magn/iiics of bread, beer, &c. were preparing here for the Mufco\ites and Saxons; and that it w:is partly in rtprifal tor the burn- ing of S^adcii, and oiler cruelties l-onimitted by the Danes and Mufcovites in tlie ductHes of JJien-.en and Pomcrania : but there was this difference as to Staden, I.Kit the Danes belieged it in form, and dellioyeJ it by their bombs lW«4«in-as, Steinboch was judged to ad the part of an incendiary. As foon as he appeared before A'.eiia, tie fent in a mclibge to advil'e the inhabitanti to retire with whit they co:ild carry olF f going to detlroy their town. The' 01 ■ out in ^bod)..and.,lalUng at, hisf^™*' ,50.000 nx-dol!ars to fave lin; tewn h ? c : iniidcd on scccao. viM< h .it ' ""' oiti rtil inba -111 n tiiuy .^.j . ->"iui with, and onlv delire,: tjrt.e 1,, m, fo u'"''^>'m the money; but the Cienjraf Would admit ? .5 I )iuat thepoor inhabitants ,vcre obiiwil T ' t!i. mothers with tlieir infatu, at thci " wall iheir aged and iiduiu j arcpts ' 'urn 01] othe.s groaning under loads of ho .fchuM l " all lamenting their fate with ilic fn.,lt Jan!,'?,,?' = 'i-he Swedes (H,od at the barriers witl /l^^S i. their batid. while .hey pallid. 13 t«^ were all gone our, entered the town, an I iV' all parts of it. which burnt s^ooo lu,,,C' d f''' liUL- magazui'-s, and the I'opiil, church Sa 1 men and women, belides iulants, nciiil,r,l"' dimes; but they fpared the Lutheran and c'l ' churches, with about 80 hotiles that lay nea.T Hambtjrg. Never was greater defobtion k i Hut what completed the ruin of this phce J raging of the plague at the fame time in h"' iulomiich that the Hamburgers were lured for-h own prelervation^to (hitt the gates ag,,inllt|,eiri ;relled neighbours, many of whom perilhed w and • — ' '^'^" ' ■■' - -'■ '» far want. I he king ot Denmark relieved them .•^ the necelhty ot .the times would permit 1 caulid them to be lupplied with niatcnala fo'r build.ing their t vn. Tlie building., at Altena are now better in app„ ance than thole of Hamburg ; the Itreetsarcdrai/hui regularly built, wide, and well paved. There is town-houfe eredled; and fever.d other public' bui ings fhew that the place is on a HouriihiiK-anjj, proving hand. The merchants hnufis are on t water tide, fo that fhips unload and load at thi doors. The king of Denmark m.-Jc it tiie llaple the Daulih Eait India company, which l,as beta very great iiDportance to ti.e 'town. This meafm was an admirable one; for Altcna, by imansof iitiiaiion, diitributes the India goods where noc town ill Denmark could: (he i'tiids l.iige qiianiiiii iiu<.' molt parts id" Germany, and herein ri\alst,„ Hamburgers, who are lorced to buy theirs of tiJi Dutch, in all fhefe points the iii!'a-elf of Uenmri has been very well conlulcred for this lal^ cenibtvl troni a n(.ble attention in their kin;^;s to promoil whatever has been molt for the intaelt ul ihcij fubjeds. Toler.ition i.s allowed here, which is denied at Ham burg, to ail Chrillian lids, of whom there is laiJtoL a greater variety at Altena tuan in any citvot EiircpcJ except Amiterdam. The CalviiuiU of ilollaiiJ aw' I'rance have bandfome churches, built alto^citieroj two iides of the lame court. T'lie Papiits", ilioujL tolerated, are not fo publicly countenanced as m I'rottlUiits. 16. Kitll I) E N M . 1 ■ , man of creat trade at the mouth of I'^-K ntin on Aay of tlie Daltic. and the I" ""•■ f Jl Holllcin, >7 miles cad of Rcnfburg, r'l n V nortl.-wc(t of J.i.beck. and 48 I'f '? mLw and Hands between hills oti an ^*^;\ 't S-re it fonns a lake. It has a good ««""' 11' frequented by lliips from Germany, *>''•. I -nd is populous and wealthy. r'/'.t town and harbour are defended by a canie , ""»L ,i,c lea warties its waHs ; and on the I'^'n n/ihe bay there is a delightful country, )". oiv 0.i the, left there is a fmall arm rFtl Jxd another delicate country adjoining to InSis a cardro facing the calUe, which is the , il whereby Kiel has commiinicatioM with thij V n onlv to the left of the calUe there is a row R K. 477 laniiionlyti) rSlLS'i'o'a'viTlage called Brunfwick. This lT whicli llanJs along the fea fide, is above 200 r" hroail and conliits of a terrace walk, levelled r L io„„dation of the calUe, from whence there I defcent to parterres full of all forts ot flowers, J adorned with a fountain and wildernefs j and this 5 , other parterres, from whence there is a fmall L to another terrace. It fufFered very conliderably f ' ,1,0 war between Sweden and Doumark. An rL was citabliihcd liere by the duke in 1665, L has had many learned profdfors. Ikisdividcd into the new and old towns, of which I former is the largcll and moft pleafaat, the ftrects L planted with rows of trees. The oU town, lichisafort of peninfula, is forufied by deep ditches ; II there arc fine walks of trees 011 the harbour. fctteisapalace facing the town, on the norUi-fide, It it is in very bad repair. Here arc feveral con- Jerablc buildings, particularly a large church and an jfpiial, which, before the Reformation, was a Fran- Ln mopaftery. . r rj 1 1 •. I In this tpwn, the trade is not fo, cpnliderable as it I,; in the time of duke Frederick, wiio fent an cm- yisrerliain 1633, to fettle a cohiinercp with that iinity. But it is much enriched by its yearly fair, Eji is kept for three weeks after Twelfth-d^y, and Lented by multitudes of all rai^ks, cfpecia'lly by B nobility and gentry of the dtichics of Slefwick and Jilcin, who meet every evening at a houle, where [ere is a variety of gaming i and vjqiy often parties arc (iJe lor fupper, which is; generally follbW|ed \vith a jII, Vail i'ums of money are ,herc negotiated ; and Lnicnts made of funis contraililtd beforehand, :is Lcliially as by an Amllcrdam banker upon the Ex- Ran"e ; infomuch that the man who, (joes not pre- Lve his credit at this fair, is looked- upon as a bank- Ipi, and fubjeiScd to.pu^lifllment, befides the fiandal. |u[iiig this lair Hamburg looks like a dtfcrr, bv'cpt^ifu Let)' body Imrties hither to pay their jents, to rcncvy )cir bfo, qr to jet out njop.ey, &c.>by whis'h jneaj>,s 'ctuwnj which at ^ipliicr jUtncs is Jbuji iiiconl/dtr;^!c, is fu full, that it is dilliciilt to get lodgings. The oli) town is feparated from the new one by a bridge, at the end whereof is a draw-bridge and gate, guarded. 17. Rcnfburg is fituatcd near flo miles weft of Kiel, and [\2 foutli-eult of Liindtn, being near the border:, of Slefwick. It is fmall, but well buill, and very llrottg, luv'ing modern built fortifications, a cupa.ioiifi inoirals on one fide, and a neat old caltle, with a roii;id tower, on the other. The town is furroundcd by the river Eyder, which forms two fmall lakes, that abound with hlh. It is divided iiitv) the old and new town. 18. Winter is a fmall town oiv a river of the fjinc name, fix miles from (jliK.klladt. . 19. Itzehoc is a fmall town on the river Stor, which is navigable from thence to the Elbe, 'i'he country from hence to Hamburg is remarkably pleafant, and exceeding fertile. The town is divided into the old and new, the latter of which is extremely well built. Here is a Lutheran nunnery for ladies of^ quality, but they do not make vows, or lie under thofe reftri^lions which are cullomary in Roman Catholic convents. 1% confdb of an abbefs r^nd 19 other ladies, and has t)ie advowfon of feveral c'.iurches annexed tc it. . ( (, To our di-fcriptiop of the continent of Denmark, wc fliall here aihl us illaiuls, which cpmprelicnd the prin- cipal parts and places in the Danilu dominions, be- caufe, collcdivcly conlidered, they are the feat of reg^l and legiilative government, contain the metropolis of the realm, the general archives of the nation, and are the fources whence flow the chief political, civil,, and ecclefiaftical decrees, ftatutes, &;c. They arc jikewife fo abfoliitely blended with, and nearly contiguous to» the otiier main parts of the nation, that it would.be impolliblc to defcribe Denmark as a kingdom, witl\» out taking tlicni into particular confideratioo. Bur, before we enter into a defcription of thefe parts of the Danifh, monarchy, it will be necclTary to premife.^ fcvy ob/ervations concerning the Baltic. •. ,, . 'Fl>>^ I'^^i "I" rather inland gulf, irtuatedrbctweaq Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and Ruilia, receives into its hi)f 1 1 i^ ^ i1 ( ■ iV > 478 A NEW AND COMPLF.TR SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY in./' fi Sj «* is low, and very fertile ; anvl its woods, forces, /tc. abound with game. The coall is indented with many gulls, hays, creeks, &c. which arc oi great com- meiciai ufc, as they affurd many ft-ciire harbours. The human thigh bone three feet tnrce inches T.n^ ; and two very large fcollop (hells, holding about three gal'ons each, and weighing 224 pounds apiece. Thefe were brought from the Ealt- Indies ; and, it is faid, the fi(h they belong to ig of fuch flrcngth, that if a man happens to get his arm or leg between the (hells when they open, it claps them together fo forcibly as to cut the limb clear otL In this colleflion a piece of marblb is preferved, which the Lutherans reckon a very .valuable curiofity, the natural veins of the (lone running in fuch a manner as to reprefent the exaft figure of a crucifix. Some,, indeed, have fufpedted the reprefentation to have beeri by art ; but, upon the niceft examination, it appears to be entirely the work of nature. Among the artificial curiofities there is a (kelctoa made of ivory,, two feet fix. inches high, in imitatioa of a human one ; &pd it is fo nicely formed and put to> ¥thcr, that it may be eafily taken for a natural one. here are likewife two crucifixes of ivory, and the whole hilbory of our Saviour's pallion, beautifully ex- prelfed in a piece of carved work. A fmall man of war 141 ivory, with filver guns, is a curiofity much ad- mired; as is alfo a watch made of ivory, with all its wheels and movements. Befides thefe, there are many other curiofities in ivory, ebony, box, amber, and other materials, which are kept for the fake of their elegant workmanfliip. There is likewife a common cherry- done, on the furface of which are engraved a so heads, but their foullncfs makes them appear imperfect and confufed'. In this royal' repofltory are fix golden fepulchral tirns, which were found in the ifland of Fuen in 1^85, by a peafant, as he was ploughing his land, and con- tained each of them fome alnes of a greyifh colour. The largell of them weighs two otinces and a half, and t^ ;>(her$ two ounces and a dram. They are ex- tremely \ti Vil. 4Ko A NKW A SD COMPLET't: SYSTEM op UNIVF.RSAI, r.KOCRAPHY grand apartment arc three filvcr lioni «i |„g5 (icinely iliin, jk^I each has three t\ng» of g(ild nbou.t itM iicrk, with I'cveral circleH curved upuii the uiitlide oif the urn, having uiic coiumon centre. This difcovery lunfiiins the accouniii ^iven by various writers, ihat it wai an ancient culium among tliu riurihern nations to burn their dead, and then bury t!ieir colluded alhci in golden urns. There is another fcputchral urn oi cryllal, oi a conical tigure, which has alfo m golden luta about it, and was tound near Bergen in Norway. There arc likcwifc in this colicdtioa fcveral vclfels of dift'ercDt lizcs, iomc of glafit, and others of earthy tvhich arc called lachrymal urns, or lachrymatories, being ufcd bf the ancient Rqii^ni to ci^tcji the tears of weeping friends« which werp aftecwartuiijii^tied with the aHicji of tlie dcccafcd. , '. I Wc (hall dgfv our ■ccoun'l of this celebrated mM< ieuip with a dcfcripiion of the paiiith and (Oldenburg horns, two curioilties which are greatly admired. The Uanilh hok-u is of pure gold». weighs an hundred ^nd two ounces and a half, is ^wo feet nine ^fichca long, and holds about two quart^ of wii^p meafurc. This horn was. accidentally. difcovert:d,.in the y;ca ;tt)39, by a country girl, in llie uiuccru /of Rip«n, ii iutlaiid, ai^d is undoubte^. ap4i Malu^ltlft ^uri-jfiiy. . . .^^n tfigenioiis traveller, in his defcrlption of t)i^ palace of ,R.ofenburg, in this ifland, fuys, i(was. Uru£)ed by oui* famous Inigo Jones, ai^d j[laiu|s in the micUilq of a large gaiden. It is fmal), aipd, ^t prcf cut, Vfiry little, ufcd by the king, or royal family ., 1 liti^-c is an air of antiquity in all tlic ap.-ntmetU'i, tapeilry.^and tutuiture, which is nut difplcaling. ^ud imprcili.s with refpcft. The grand fala, or dii)'r^'-ro{jin in. particu- lar, is in this (iyle. 'I'he hangings, which aicjijot iU- executed, rcfixifent the various aiiligiis by fcaand fapd, which Uivcrlified the ancieut laws be weciilhe ^weQc^ and Danes, who £eein always to h.ivc had tliR iamc livallhipaiul animofity which the Fr;nch'ai)d Englilfj are. diltingiiiOied for, aud which, it is pr(>bab}c, they ^viUcvcri ju fouu; degree, retai;;. 'Ai onc.'c^^ ]jj|f ijijs 7'a«. .J . * :■ ' -■■:■ who fcem, by the lerocity a,ul rudcucfs'r.*;!,* pcarance. dcligned to chaiaacri/., the..,.!..?' ?«" »"e pope, to citablilh a pub'jj feminary of learning in his pwn duniinion.s wheni univerlity of CopCnnagcn, W{>s accordingly founded i the year i.j.7^. But neither the fiiccellbrs qf this wjli ajid natnbiic "moiu(ch( or ^ven the clergyi hv ■ ^ v , • ^' ' " - iccouJdl Lio"'] D E N M K. i^i kuliiidible entleavoiiri with a proper degree for * vwy ii'«el''gcn« gentleman, who re- ed ihiicity. (»y^' , , _ , . , „e feveial huiulredj of ftudcnti in llie J!! (if Coi)e"l'»g«n *'*'° *'*" entered upon Zcnit which Cvcre m:. le by former king*. .Ilihe necclfaiics of life were very cheap, and lir »o""8 "Kii f oiild live decently npoii what fiJlhcm ; but now, as all thcfc wcclfarie. are , much dearer, and as few of thofc lludcnts „y pfivito fortune, many of llicin arc in the II niitety. I I'avc met with fevcraLyoiing men K!loart/. in the univcrfiiy, which might make "widefible figure in the world ; but fincc the new iwbility bear ibc fway here, ignorance and im- u coming the nearefl to their own charaacr, kitwi'fdedi wh'l'^ '"' ""'="'• modcny, and decency, mud with the grealdl contempt. Some time (he king had a French comedy cftabliftied at ^iihiten. '" 'l^*' ''8'^' "^ **'*''''' ^'^'^ decent peifon iidrnTiedg""" : but 1 was really allonilhcd to fee , lour yoiine men of gcniiii rcfufed admittance Ui» comedy becati'^L- they were (Indent* in the nni- in ihiiitgn 'hey «'«^re very decently drefled, and ifAiiedtobe admitted into the galleries; while plicci were filled with valets de chambre, and ,of that daft. No clafs of people arc held in ■ contempt, in this country, than the (hidenti of -uoiverfity. What encouragement, then, have men |«niii> to ftudy and ciiUivate the fcionccs ?'•• Ifillneur is fitiiattd about ao miles north of Copcn- n, on a neck or ftreight of the fea, called the id, and fiirrounded by walls. The cattle of Cro- jbwg, whifh defends EKineur, and the cattle of fcllinburg, oti the oppofite fhorc, command the com- urceof the Baltic; lor between thefc two forts all ilTels that trade into that fea mutt pafs ; fo that this tight is mod frequented of any in Europe, that of libnlnr excepted. The cattle of Cronenburg was ill by Frederick II. of frce-ftone, brought from ioihland. Every ttup that patl'es this ttreight mntt hkcfail at Cronenburg, and come to the town to mpound for the cuftomj under the penalty of for- Wthe vclTel and cargo. Elfineur was furroiinded ^iih vrails under the reign of Chriftian IV. and peopled lonly with Danes, but alfo with citizens from feve- iljations. The city fuffered very much whenCharles iullavus kitig of Sweden, befieged Cronenburg in ;8. It was taken by him, but reftorcd to the utesby the treaty of Copenhagen in 1660. This s the native place of the celebrated' John Ifaac Pon- a, though his: parents were of Haerlam in Hoi- He was dodor of phyfic, profeflbr in the iini- rfttyafHaittewyck, and hifionographer to the king |(fDcnnu»k, kndthe province oif Gelderland. Ctoncnburg cai^Je is i^ or ,^00 pa, 36 pounders each ; and 1 1 more of finaller lizc. The rampart is vaulted with free-ttonc. Frederick II. who built this cattle, fpcnt none but his own money in the building of it ; and declared, that if he ki.v.-w there was one (ingle ttone in it that cott his people a farthing, he would have it removed. The ilnforfii- natc queen Caroline Matilda was confined in this cattle. There is a little hunting-feat, or palace, about a quarter of a mile from Ellincur, to which the king reforts, for a few hours, in fummer. There is no- thing worthy of obfervation in the ttru£iiire itfelf ; but from the roof the profpeft is enchanting, as it com- mands the town of Ellineur, the cattle of Cronen- burg, the Sound, and the coali of Sweden, for a coi\> iiderable way. Oppofite Elfineur, lies the ifland of Huen, or Ween, remarkable only for the cattle of Uranibur; built by the famous Tycho Brahe. King Frederick I had etven him that illand for hii life, that he iniglit build an obfervatory there, with other buildings pro- per for his purpofe. The king gave him alfo a peu' fion of aooc golden crowns, a conlidcrable fief in Nor- way, and a prebend in the church of Rofchild. This ifland was perfedUy well fiiited to Tycho Brahe's da- lign ; for it is properly a hill, which rifes in the middle ot the fca, the top of which is flat and fmooth, and commands a prolpedl all over the coatt of Schonen, and the neighbouring country, affording thus a very ex- tenfive itorizon. Add to this, that the iky is here generally clear, there feldom arifmg any fogs. Tycho Brahe laid, towards the middle of ^e illand, the foun- dation of his cattle, which he named Uraniburg, that h to f:>y, the Town of Heaven ; and finilliea it in four years time. From the difpofition and conve- nience of tlic apartments, together with the engines and inttruments tor obfervations it contained, it was looked upon as a building that had nut its equal in the world. In the neighbourhood of it were lodgings for workmen of all kinds, inaintaincd at the expence of the mafler ; a printing-houfe, a paper-mill, forges for making of inttruments, laboratories for chymical cx- periments^ &c. 6 F Four y^ars aiitrt he b cnym >iiilt, in lUc foinb ...ai*',ti4ffei -48« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY ■ »<"^0 fouth part ot the ifland, another hoiifc, which he called -Sttlbiirg, that is, Starbiirg; there he kept fevcral in- ftriiincnts, and Imlgt-d lome ftiidents and fervants, who applied themfclvcs to fume particular (iudy. But Ura- iiil:urg is now gone to decay; and the illand of Huen belongs now to the Swedes. The chair in which Tytho Brahe ufed to fit, to tnakc his agronomical obfcrvation;;, is Hill preferved in the ri.yal mufeum, and held, by the Danes, in the liighefb veneration. '* Tims," fays a judicious tra* vtllcr, in a letter to a friend, " it evtr happens ! I need not remind yon that the allronomcr hinilelf was driven from his native country by fadlion and malevolence ; or that he ditd at Prague, in the court, and under the proteciidn, of the emperor Rodolphus, who ihel- tered this illuthiuns fugitive, and amjrdcd. him an afylum." Frcilerickiburg is a fmall town, twenty miles didant from Copenliagcn to the north-wcR, and eighteen from KHincur to the fcuith-welh It is conliderable only by the ftately cafllcat.d royal palace which (lands ntar it. That cadle was formeiiy but a fmall feat belonging to a private gentleman. King Frederick II. being charmed with its fituation, bought it of him, and began to enlarge it. His fon, Chriflian IV. finiflicd it. 1 his is the Vcrfaillcs of iX'Tiinark. The houfe is btiilt on piles in a lake. The body of the caftle confifts of a very fair front, with two great wings. The chapel is well adorned, and covered with gilt copper. It has twelve filver llatues of the apofUes ; and all the locks, bolts, &c. were filver, till it was plundered by the Swedes. The hall is adorned with paintings, and has the piilures of feveral of the kings of Deimiark, and of the royal family, as large as the life; and a frame of paintings, which rtprefcnt "he fca and land battles of the kings of Denmark. It is hung with rich tapedry of mohair, reprefenting the actions and battles of Chriftian IV. There is a gallery which leads from the cal)l« to the hall of audience, adorned with pidures, mod of which were bought in Italy. Here is a park about nine iniles long, of a proportionable breadth, and intcrfperfed with pools and filh ponds, with a mixt'jre of green ploJs, hillocks, and fmall vallies. It was liocked with fallow-deer from England. There is a pretty flower garden behind the caUie, in the very lake; in which, though it is exceeding deep, they have built a kind of terrace on piles that coll an hundred thoii'and crowns. 1 be town of Rofchild, or Roflcild, lies at the bot- tom of the bay of Ifefiord, and is eighteen miles dillant from Coptnliagen to the well. It was fdnnerly the capital of ncnmark, when the king rciidtd there ; but fuicc they have chofcn Copenhagen for their rtlldmce, It has dwintlled grtatly in point of importance, and is much decayed with rcfpedl to wealth and commerce. Ot twcnty-fcvcn churches, which formerly cmbellifhcd this town, only two are now (landing. It continues, iiowcvcr, to be the burial-place of the royal fattiiiy. Amon^ the monuments of the Danifl, fove„;, 1 of which are exiremtly inagnihtent. i\Jj!V'\ marble pillar, e^edcd by queen Mali^'^H to the whetftonc fcnt her by Albert ting f« ™ fljarpcn her needles, in derifjon to her fJ " d i* ted her refentment in fucha manner, that hS vercly for his farcalm ; for h. w.-s taken 1/"^ queen, detained fcven ytars in cullodv JnT to rehnquilh all his pretenlions to tL L Sweden. "''* Here is a convent of Lmheran r>„n» belo„.in. bcfl fainilics; but th:y are not obliged towLl particular habtt, or to be reftriaed by the vl? m convents; but are permitted, if they think ° to quit the convent, and marry. I„ j^.u ri mous treaty ot" peace was here conchided U Denmark and 6weden. The univeriity is i„ 1 climng condition; and. indeed. tUe whole ,oJ lubits evident marks of poverty and decay | Sora is fituated oh the banks of a laki about i centre of Zealand, was formerly the feat (if ! abbey, and has many pleafant fields and foreftsna To this place the acattemy of FrcdericklWwjsI moved, and the foundations of the univerL , augmented by Chrillian IV. Charles Gultavu! ti ol Sweden,: was educated here, and letaincd fuel veneration for the place, that when he inyaded zl land, he would not fuffer hisfoWiers to enter the-u' But the revenues of this feminary have been jdm'S to the crown of Denmark, and the whole is jontl decay. Abfaloin, archbifhop of Lunden, once fouw here aii eftablilhment for the maintenance of |||J who fliould write the hiftory of Denmark ; and toil foundation we owe the hiftory written by the wlebij Saxo Grammaticus. FuNEN is the next ifland to that of Zealand, inil fcale of importance, among the fcveral parts whic fo'm the Danilh kingdom. It is bounded by iM Greater Belt on the eaft, by the LcflTer Belt on tU weft, by the Baltic on the fouth, and by a little chiJ nel, which fcparates it from the illand of Samfe, c the north. It is about 36 miles from call to weft, 1 30 from north to foulh. The country is fert : i. agreeable, being finely divcrfificd with veiiant bill Ihsdy woods, pleafant grpvcs, fruitful fields, richpil tures, &:c. The foil is good, well cultivated, ail affords a great deal of grain, not only for home roJ fumption, but exportation. Great quantities of bisck cat;le, horfcs, hogs, &c. are bred here. Thisiliai ia an appendage to the eldeft fons of ih kings u Deiimaik, and j$ ^leeiiled one of the richell gi)ieii|.j uicnts bcloinging to that fovereignty. It contains Jouif garrifcmcd towns, and 264 villages; but the moll conj iideiabte. places, and the only ones, indeed, worihyt d«fcription,, are the following : Oi'cnfttl Che kings""" En«tbctore ''6 tcatedtoSt.CanuJ , copper cottin, i J, The moll pa Kb«rintl.ewHolc |0» the narrower pa Vn and' Zealand. U trade, the harb Cons in the late ^uglily repaired. lohnd are made at t ISdiffcnborg is an J ta harbour, imiaK L. From hence C-e began his marc C«land, Zealand, Be fmall town of Lj little gulf on th< ^i„ll the ifland lh„tftomSi;hwenb( Tin the duchy ol b 1[ this illand, over-a| [iiibout 11 miles d Lhe year 1535 ^hed Lded by John Rant ibHilopllcr, eail ot Itoll, archbilhop ol Llled this town wii [Ontheweftcrn flic roiheUiferBelt, he li Is 17 miles dillar id IS ntany from " Jt is a fmall, but ne [rith all the neccfla BiTage from this il L not being broat Tnvefend. On th ^illavus, king of Ice to this place, ro lofed him, and mai uid of I^unen. hisTiR lies to toitisfcparatcd Jkis Zealand on the ^ bkenorth-eall, It i Ittjdih. Its foil it jfcni from hence tc ■Germany. It is di' |tk fouth, or Synd( ^APHV. n,or^] DENMARK. 483 MirCi • Ftofce, ihe capital of the ifland, ftands about its and is • capacious, well-built, pleafant town. L kings once relidcd, and the alFembiy of the [ „( |x.*bre the crown became hereditary, atjji fovereign abfolnte. In a church here, whici is ji atcd to St. Canute, the body of that prince was n „ear a century and a half ago. It was depohtcd copper coffin, gilt, and adorned with precious s The moll particular circumdance relative to i wwn, at prefent, is, that the inhabitants brew the dllieef in tiie wllole kingdom. fOnlhe narrower part ol the Greater Belt, between Ln and' Zealand, lies Nyburg. This place has mdc, the harbour is good, and the adjacent wniiy is fefti'c- The damages don* to. thcforti- ations in the late wars with Sweden, are not yet < repaired. Embarkations for the ifland of atod are made at tfiis town. [Schivenborgis an agreeable town, wtfh a cbr nlo- liarbour, fittiate on the fouth-eaft pan of the U. From henre Charles Guftavus, in the year 0, bfgan his march, over the ioe, to the illands of CjiKland, Zealand, and FaKler. [The fmall town of Wobiirg, or Foburg, is fittiate pj ijitle gulf on the fouthern coafl of Funen, ovcr- jiinll the ifland of Arroe, and is about 10 miles llaiit from S<;hwenborg to the weft. [Inthediichv of Slcfwick, on the fiauth-weft coaft [ihis ifland, over-againft Haderflebcil, ties AITens. lis about It miles dillant from Odenfee fo the fotith. mheycar 1535 khe army of king Chriftian III', com- landed by John Rantzaw, routed that commanded by IhiiUdpher, earl of Oldenburg, and' killed Guftavus archbifhop of Upfal. Rant2aw afterwards jtciied this town with the ground. On the weftern fltore of the ifland, lies Middlefar. n the Leffer Belt, hence alfo called Middlefar-Sound. lis 1; miles diflant from AlFens to the north-weft, ui as many from Odenfee towards the fouth-weft. t is a fmali, but neat town, in a country abounding Irith all the neccflaries of life. It is the common Wage from this ifland to Colding in Jutland ; the xlt not being broader here than the 1 hames is at ravefend. On the 13th of January 1658, Charles lultavus, king of Sweden, led his army over the |ce to this place, routed the Danifti forces that op- ofcd him, and made himfelf mafter of. the whole ind of iWn. Faister lies fo the north-caft of Laland, from ch it is fcparatcd by a narrow ftreight. This illand lis Zealand on the north', and the ifland of Moon on Ike north-call. It is 20 miles in length, and eight in Ireadth. Its foil is very fruitful ; and much corn is m from hence to Mecklenburg, and other parts of jGtrmany. It is divided into two bailiwicks ; that of llbtfouth, Of Synder-Herrit ; ahd that of the north, or Norre-Herrit. It hasfcvenil towns ^ among which the chief are Nycoping, on the weftern coaft of the ifland, of which it is the capital. It is one ot* the moft pleafant and well-built towns in the whole king- dom, and ftyled, by Dr. Heylin, the Naples of Den- mark. It has a lirong cattle, and a well frequented harbour. Stubcoping, in Latin, Stubcopia, feated on the north coaft, is a place of fome trade, being the ufual palTage from Zealand into Germany. Arroe is fituated near the coaft of Funen, being eight miles in length, and two in breadth. It is ex- tremely fruitful in corn, and abounds in anifeed, with which the inhabitants give a flavour to their bread, and feafon their meat. In this ifland are plenty vf horfes and black cattle; and Tome woods, in which are abundance of hares. The whole ifland has tult three pariflics, the moft confiderable of which is Kopin, or Kioping. The town belonging to it ftands on the fonthernmnft part of ths iliand, and bears the fame name as the parifli. It has a trade on accouiu of its port, and is^ fituated at the bottom of the t>ay. Ealand is fituated on the eaftward 'of' Langcland, ■ and to the fouthward of Zealand,' from which it is feparated by a narrow ftreight^ called Grone Sound. From its lownefs, or flatneis, it has the appellation of Laland, or Lowlands It is near 40 miles in length, and abont 20 in breadth, where wideft. The foil is very fertile; fo that Copenhagen is fupplied from hence with gveat qiiantities of cornrixfides what the Dutch traders are' furnifticd With for exportation. This iflaniMs '»..s, alhes, I have been found in the hills of t'...s ifland, whij further evinces that the ancient inhabitaots bun their dead. 3. NoRTHSTRAND lies oppoflte to the 'wiliwicl and town of Hufum, and was, it is faid, fepante from the continent by a violent dorm. When it b( came an ifland it was ^buut 12 miles long, and fou^ broad, in fome places, and in others iefs. Its foilii very fruitful, and produced abundance of cornbefon the inundations we fliall mention hereafter. Itlu alfo very fat padurcs, where they fed exceeding gix cattle i and they ufed to fend daily to Hufum, anil other places, a prodigious number of flieep, fowis,! ducks, and geclr, and great quantities .of butter. Ill contained 21 or ea pariflies> and about 8000 inha^l bitantijl "•^*«A^ D N M R K. 485 ;but it has fuffefed prodigimifly at fcveral times ifatal inundations. In tiie year 1300 the little city I- . 1, with feveral chtirches and villages, were '^LAv the waves, which drowned alio great "i o?p/ople. as well as cattle. Ii 12 there arofc fuch a -violent ftorm here, that Vihe whole illand was overflowed; when 1600, °tUi« to others, 1900 perfons perilhed in the ' The next year another Itorm damaged the 1«' very much. From 1612 to i6i8, there hap- 1 every year fuch inundations, as occafioned pro- !* lolts, and put the inhabitants to very great ^' 5. and particularly in 1615, when 300 perfons I in the waves. They were afterwards free for nie years, anil had time to repair their banks and L. but all their care and precautions proved m- fliial againft the ftorm that happened Odober the ,5qi. At ten of the clock at night the whole J lay under water, above 6000 perfons were mJ, and, of nil the inhabitants, there were yiy j'500 that faved their lives. The churciies, fchftood on the rifing grounds, held out the dorm Ld biit fell down afterwards; and 28 windmills e carried away by the waves. The lofs of cattle fall forts was reckoned to amount to 50,000 heads; jithedykes were broke in 44 difl-crcnt places. The Jioleilliiiid continued thus overflowed, except a fmall L)t of ground which ffood highv. than the relt. Since L lime the inhabitants have laboured, with the lance of fome Dutchmen, to regain part of the J they had loft. [i.AMRoN,orAmroen, is a fmall ifland to thenorth- L of Northllrand, from which it is about feven. tiles didant. It is in the form of a crefcent, and is „ J confiderable for its oyfter filhery. :, foRA, or Foehr, lies towards the north-eafl of Imion, and nearer the coaft of Slefwick, between Kotthiirand and Sylt. It belongs to the prefeilorfhip jfTunder, and is of an oval figure, about fix miles f length, and four in breadth. It abounds in cattle I corn, has about 4200 inhabitants, and feveral liiiges. The inhabitants flill prcferve the language, nnners, and drefs of the ancient Frifons, though me of them fpeak the dialeft of Lower Saxony. I Denmark is extremely well lituated for comme/ce; ler harbours are well calculated for the reception ifHiips of all burthens, and her mariners are very apert in the navigation of the different parts of the 9n, The dominions of his Danifh majefty furnifli [great variety of timber, and other materials for mp-building; and there are many produ£lions for tonaiion in fome of his provinces. Befides fir, and kkr timber, here are black cattle, horfes, butter, |ock-fi(h, tallow, hides, furs, train-oil, tar, pitch, ^d iron, which being the nsHiral produdl of the tountry, are properly denominated exports ; thefe ena- lle Denmark to carry on a very profitable trade with Inince, Spain, and the Mediterranean ; but the ex- portation of oats is prohibited. Salt, wine, brundy, and filk froin France, Portugnl, and Italy, are the imports. The Danes have lately had a great inter- coiirfe with England, from whence they import broad-cloths, clocks, cabinet and lock-work, hard- ware, &c. But the commercial fpirit of the Danes appears in a very favourable light, when we confider their fettle- ments in the Eaft and Weff-Indics. A company for carrying on the former was eflablifhed at Copen- hagen in the year 1612, under the protedion of Chrif- tian IV. About four years after the eftablilliment, four large fhips failed for the Eaft-Indies ; and the Danes made a fettlement at Tranqucbar on the coafl of Coromandel. Here they built a fort, which is reckoned the (Irongeft in the Indies. This colony foon increafed from the encouragement given by the Danes to the Indians, wlu), finding themfelvcs pro- teftcd in thSir privileges, and permitted to carry on their trade without opprclfion, reforted to Tranqucbar in fuch numbers, that the commerce foon became very valuable, and the company reccivcil a yearly tribute of 10,000 rix-dollars. But not content with this increaling edabliflimcrit, the Danes attempted, in the year 1620, to inakc a fettlement on the ifland of Ceylon, in order to acquire the fpice-lrade, then monopolized by the Portuguefe This fcliemc, how- ever, failed in the attempt, and the Danes having em- broiled themfelves with the Indian princes on the con- tinent, their fettlement at Tranquebar muft have been taken by the rajah of Tanjour, had pot Mr. Pitt, an Englifh Eall-India governor, gcneroufly fent them aihltance. After the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, when the wars in Europe were •nded, the Danilh Eall- India company found themfelves fo much in debt, that they publifhed propofals for a new fubfcriptioii for enlarging their ancient capital flock, and for fitting out fliips to Tranqueb.v, Bengal, and China. The capital was confiderably enlarged for thefe purpofes by a fpirited fubfcription, which alarmed France and the maritime powers. The Dutch raifed a procefs againfl the projeds of Van Afperin, who, being a fubjed of the States, was condemned and executed in efligy. Every objedion that could be Itarted againft the ac- complifhing of the fcheme, was publifhed in the newfpapcrs of Paris, London, and Amflerdam, with a view to difcourage people from engaging in the cominerce. The miniiters of Great-Britain and Hol- land, who rcfided at the court of Denmark, were ordered to make remonflrances to his Danifh majefly againft this new charter, which they apprehendeJ would interfere with the Eaft-India trade of their fubjeds. The king prudently anfwered, that he was not rellrided by any treaty whatever from fupporting and extending the traffick of his fubjeds by every means in hi > power, provided he did not infringe the laws of nature and nations, which he had no in- 6 G tention t" li"i . ' U. ^6 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY tention to violate. After great difficulties the com- pany was eftablifhcd, their commerce extended, and they now carry on an advaniageous trade to China, ancl the coall of Coromandcl. Their credit is cx- teiifive ; tlieir funds are conliderable ; their ware- hoiifes, magazines, yards, and docks in complete order; and they fend aniuiaily two or three iliips richly laden to the Eall-Indies. Belides the trade to the Eall Indies, the Danes have extended their comnK.ce to the Well-Indies, where they polfefs the illands of St. Thomas and St. Croix, and the fmall ifland of St. John, which are free ports, and celebrated for fmuggling; alfo the fort of Chrif- tianburg on the coaft of Guinea, and to Greenland. Within a (hort period of time, the Danilh merchants have opened new channels of trade, particularly with the Mediterranean ; the number of (hips has been doublai, and the revenues of the kingdom increafed in proportion. Denmark is not famous for its antiquities, if we ex- cept the royi! Mureum at Copenhagen, which confids of a very numerous coliedlion of them. Befides ar- tificial ilceletons, curious carving in ivory, inodels, clock-work, and a beaiitifid cabinet of ivory and ebony made by a Dutch artift who was blind, here are a great variety of agronomical, optical, and mathe- matical indnmicnts, which are placed in the round tower at Copenhagen, fo contrived that a coach may d.ive to its top : a fct of inedals ancient and modern : and two famous .latique drinking velTels, one of gold, and the other of filvcr, and both in the form of a hunting horn. That of gold feems to be of Pagan manuiadure, and from the raifcd hieroglyphical figu.es cm its otitfide, it was probably imde ufc of in religious cereinonies : it is about two feet nine inches long, wciglts 102 ounces, contains two Luglilh pints and a half, and was found in the diocefe ol Rippen, in the year 173c). The other, of filvcr, weighs about four pounds, and is termed Cornu Oldenburzicum ; which, they fay, v-s prefented to Otho I. duke of Oldenburg, by a ghoi: Some, however, are of opinion that this velfel was made by order of Chriftiau I. king of Denmark, the fird of the Oldenburg race, who reikjned in 1448. See before, p. 480. The conilitution of Denmark was heretofore of the free Gothic original. The convention of the ilatcs, even including the rcprefentatives of the boors or ueafants, clecled a king for his perfonal virtues, having a due regard to the fon of their late monarch, whom, however, they made no fcruple of fctting alidc, it ihey ileemcd him unworthy of the royal dignity. They cnai^lfd laws, conferred the great offices ol Oate, dcbatui all alfairs relative to commerce, peace, war, and alliances ; and occalionnlly gave their con- font to the inipolition of necellary taxes. The king was ill reality no other than chief magiltrate, gcoera- Itllimo, and, as it were, prime minifler to his people. liis bufuicrs was to fee judicc admiiiiik-rcd impar- tially; to command the army in time nf , W.T ..-..J , ... .... ,„„„u u.c drmy in time of «„. sncoiirage indullry, religion, arts and fcienc« watch over the interells of his fubieAc u ?"^ '""I'j'^^s. Hch* public revenue from the (late, but lived like , nobleman Irom the produce of his own 1 N detnefnes. Such was the con(litmio7of U^ till the year 1660, when it underwent tratirdinary revolution. At the conclufion of the peace wi,h Sweden nation refoiindcd with the clamour of mifm jj content. There was nothing left in the publij , ury to pay oft and di(band the army, which (herd became inlolent and licentious. The common and even the burghers, were exhauded by theJ expenfive war: the clergy were unfatisfied „iih J condition and want of importance, and the nobil were become proud and tyrannical. When thceflJ aiFembled to deliberate and rcdrefs the grievanca the nation, the commons propofed that an equal L (liould be laid upon all pcrfons without diiLaJ in proportion to their c i re um fiances. The noU pleaded their privilege of being exempted (roJ impolition. The burghers alleged, that as the 1 bility cngrofiTed all the lands and riches in ihe kii dom, it was reafonable they (hoiild be.ir their fharcl the common burthen; in confequence ol this, vjoj difputes enfued. At length a nobleman, named()j Craeg. (lood up, and in a tranfport of palfiont commons, that they neither underftood the privilej of the nobility, who were always exempted tromfj impofiiions, nor the condition of thcmfclvs, 4 were no other than their Haves. TWs ingioriou; ij produced an immediate ferment in the aU'cmbly, i the hall rcfounded with muririirs and alterciiio Naiifon, fpeaker of the commons, ftarting npini rage of indignation, fwore that the nubility (hoj repent their having branded the commons wiili fj an opprobrious epithet. He had previouflyconteiif the defign with the bilhop of Copenhagen,. and 3 court was not ignorant of their intention. Thecleil and burghers breaking up in diforder, marched ud the aufpices of thefe leaders to Brewer's-Hall.wlK after much debate, they agreed to make a foltn tender of their freedom and Cervices to the king, ill lie might become abfolute monarch of the realm. J fee the right ol hereditary fucceilion ellabli(hedinl[ family. Next morning they marched in co.ipte.e burgher being paired with a clergymar, througlitl (Ireets, which were filled with the populace, w|| fliouted a-- th':y paifed to the council lull, wheicil nobles had re aii-mbled. There Nanion, in a fli^ harangue, igniiied the intention of the clergy ! commons, Jtmi.nded ihc concurrence of the iiotltj and threatened that, in cafe of a r;fufal, they to forthwith proceed without ihcui to the palace. TIJ nobles, coniouiidcd and abalhed, endeavoured to gii time: '!iey profcH'ed a delire of concurring with li Other itates, but deli.-'^d tiutt an allair of fuch iiilioi| confqn E N M A K. 487 Tii^nce might not be precipitated. The others, ■ deaf to their remonftranccs and entreaties, con- K t ir procellion to the palace, where they were I h the prime minifter, who conduaed them to *Q\ of audience. There the bilhop of Copen- ' in a <•""<* fpeech, as deputy from the two made a folemn tender to tlve king of an ab- ij« and hereditary dominion; afliiring his majefty, f . „iaht command their piirfes and arms, to rj, J meafure fo necelfary to the welfare of his \ fie received them gracloufly, afTcnted to the Ifal thanked them for their z' al and confidence, I ilFu'red them they might depend upon his royal . and proteftion. The city gates were imme- hldy DHit that none of the fenators (honld efcape. rjjju'ti'ort by which the nobles were fo greatly 'Ldattd, that they immediately (ignificd their Jinefs to concur with the (tep which the other to orders had taken. Preparations were forthwith Lje for this ftrange inauguration. Scaffolds were by in the open fpace before the caftle, and the joonjand burghers received orders to appear in arms, C their refpeiflive oflRcers. On the fixtcenth day lOiSober, in the year 1660, the king, queen, and y family, afcended an open theatre, and placing liufclves on chairs of ftate, under canopies of velvet, Ltived in public the homage of all the. fenators, lobiiiiy. clergy, and commons, couched in an oath itlkmnce compofed for the purpofe. Thus the (opie, with a rath and defperate hand, from motives f revenge, fomented by an artful miniftry and am- Locs clergy, reiigned their liberty and independence, id invcfted their fovereign with a defpotic power (tr their lives and fortunes. Soon after this extraordinary revolution took place, Ibe king of Denmark divefted the nobility of many of e privileges which they had before enjoyed ; though he ick no method to relieve or reward thofe poor people ywliolf means he was invelted with the fovereign io«r, biit left them in the fame (tate of flavery in wicli they were before, and in which they have re- mined to the prefent age. When the revolution in the reign of Frederic III. been efFefted, the king re-united in his perAm (le rights of the fovereign power ; but as he could not timife all by himfelf, he was obliged to intrufl fome Brt of the executive power to his fubjedls. The fu- rtme court of judicature for the kingdoms of Den- ark and Norway is holden in the royal palace at Copenlia};en, of which the king is the nominal prefi- fcni. Tile German provinces have likewife their fu- kreme tnbun4l ; which for the duchy of Holftein is olden at Glmkftadt, and for the duchy of Slefwick iihetownof Slefwick. The king for the mofl part decides matters of im- mance in his council, the members of which are Earned and difplaccd at his will. In this council the Ws we proiiofed, djfcufled, and receive tlw K>yal authority ; here likewife great changes or ef^ablifh- ments are propofed, and approved or rejefted by the king; and in the council, or in the cabinet, he grants privileges, and decides upon the explication of laws, their extenfion, or their reftri£lion, and upon the moft important affairs of the kingdom, according to his fovereign will and p'eafure. Tht, kings of Denmark not only prefide nominally in the fovereign court of juftice, but they have a throne eredled in it, towards which the lawyers al- ways aildrefs their difcourfes in pleading, and the judges the fame in giving their opinion. The king is prefent every year at the opening of this court, and often gives the judges fuch inHru6lions as he thinks proper. The dccifion of thofe judges is final in all civil aftions; but no criminal fentence of a capital nature can be carried into execution till it is figned by the king. There are three courts in Denmark, and an ap, al in extraordinary cafes lies from the inferior to the luperior tribunal. As every man is permitted to plead his own caufe, a trial is attended with very little expence; nor can any fuit be fufpendcd longer than 18 months. In Denmark, the judges are punifliable for any mif- demeanors they may be guilty of, and iliurc are many excellent regulations for the due admiiiilfration of juftice ; but notwithflanding this, it is fo far from being diftributed in an equal and impartial manner,. that a poor man can fcarccly ever obtain juliice in this country againlt one of the nobility, or againft one who is favoured by the court or by the chief miiiifler.. If the laws are fo clearly in favoui- of the former,, that the judges are aihamed to decide againft them,. the latter, through his influence with the minifter,, procures an order from the king to ftop all the law- procceding.s, or a difpfinfation from obferving par- ticular laws ; and thus every rule of equity being, perverted and fet alide, the lower clafs of fubjeds are aggrieved and injured without any poftibility of redrefs. The code of laws at prefent eftabliOied in Denmark was publifhed by Chriftian V. founded upon the code of Valdemar, and all the other codes which have been fince publilhed, and is nearly the fame with that pub- lifhed in Norway. Thefe laws are contained in a quarto volutne, drawn up in the language of the country, in fo plain and perfpicuoiis a manner, and- founded upon fuch unerring principles of juftice, that the moft ignorant may iiiuierftand, ?nd every im- partial perfon approve of thein ; ar,d, if carried into, execution in an equitable manner, would be pro- duiHive of many beneliciul efttdte to the people. But as the king can change, alter, and difp^Tile with the laws as he pleafes, and fupport his r.iimiU'rs in tluir difregard and violation of them, the people of Den- mark undergo a great degree of tyratmy and op- preflion, and have abundant rcafou to regret th^. tamcnefs and fervility with which they furrendcred' theic '■' ^^v'mmmm immfe^jds^ 488 A NEV7 and COMPLETE SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY Bc""'''^ -tlieir liberties, and thereby eftabiillied abfolute mo- narchy. The police is very ftri£l in Denmark, hence higli- •way robberies, burglaries, coining, clipp-ng, &c. are crimes fcarce cvrr heard of; and to fpcak againll the •jiovernment is fo (Irongly prohibi'^H, that none dare ■>vag their tongues liccntioufly in polii>al matters. The common method of execution ncre is beheading and hanging: in fome cafes, as an aggravation of the puniflimen', ♦he hand is chopped off before the other part of the fcntcnce is executed. The other prin- cipal modes of puuilhment arc branding in the face, wnijlping, condemnation to tlu; rafp-houfe, to houfes of corredion, and to public labour, and i'T^p.-iiun- tnent. The public executioner, though univerfally dcfpifcd, is commonly rich, as he is not only well paid to deprive malefactors of life, but is the general contradlcr to empty all the privies, and remove from houfes, ftables, llrcets, &c. all kinds of filth, and, in particular, dead cats, dogs, &:c. which no other Dane will touch upon any account whatever. The revenues of Denmark arife from crown lands, taxes, and duties, and thcfe are extremely heavy. Wine, fait, tobacco, and provifions of all kinds are taxed. Marriiigcs (a mod impolitic tax !) paper, cor- poration?, land, houfes, and poll money, alio raife a tonfiderable fum. The expences of fortifications are borne by the people ; and when the king's daughter is married, they pay about 100,000 rix-dollars towards •her portion. The tolls paid by Grangers arife chiefly from the paflage of their Ihips -through the Sound ■intotht Baltic. The income of this toll is at prefent •much lefs than formerly. About the year 1640, it •produced 240,000 rix-dollars per annum ; but fince 1645 it has not yielded above 190,000 ; fome years not above 80,000; in 1691, it did not extend to full 70,000, and is now much lefs. This tax has more than once thrown the northern parts of Europe into a flame; having been difputed by the Englifli, Dutch, and Swedes, who deemed it arbitrary and unjufl, being originally only a voluntary contribution of the mer- chants towards the expence of light-houfes on the coaft; but it was at length, by the treaty of 1720, between Sweden and Denmark, agreed to be paid by the former and other powers. The toll is paid at Elfineur. The whole revenue of Denmark, including what is received at Elfmciir, amounts at prefent to above e,ooo,coo of rix-dollar«, or i,oo2,oool. flerling yearly. By a lift of the revenue taken in 1730, it then amoimted only to 4.54,7001. Englifh money, which is lefs than half the fum it now produces. The military force of Denmark confifts in its rc- inilar troop^s. militia, and navy. The grcatclt part of the regular troops are foreigners, particularly Germans. The cavalry and dragoons are well mounted, and con- fift of eleven regiments ; and each regiment in four fquadrons, including the body guards. Three of thefe in Fun regiments arc quartered in Zealand, one three lu Jutland, and four in Holrtein Th ' r is compofed of fixteen regimc-iits 1 of wtlV?"*i duty .IS the king's guards. When the 2 H complete, each conhlfs of two battalions 3'^ battalion contains fix complies of 100 ear I .-.rtiUcry conlifts of three regiments, one of whiAl ftationcd in Denmark, another in Norw.. I third in Holftein. Tl- body of cngi„:;; 1 3 in.o three parts, each of which cotnprifes .J oflicers of various ranks. '"^ Since the late rcduftion of the Danilh fores ik numbers are, 10,000 cavalry and dragoons and ' infantry and artillery, which, with tlic 'militlf '" make up a body of 70.000 men. Every perfo,; .« cultivates or polFefTes 360 acres of land, isobli»ai find one man for the militia, and pay half tf 1 pence of a man towards a corps-de-refctve, toh' J bodied and called out only upon great emerancJ They receive no pay, but are regiltered ou tlL lilf, and cxercifed every Sunday. Though the Danilh army i. extremely biirdenfon to the nation, yet it colls little to the crown T part of the infantry lie in Norway, where thiyi upon the boors at free quarter ; and in Den„ij|| the peafantry are obliged to maintain ihccavalryl viiluals and lodging, and even to furnilh them ij money. I The prefent fleet of Denmark is compofed ofthitJ fix fhips of the line, and eighteen frigates; butimif of the fhips being old, and vvanting great repairs, I they can fend out twenty-five fhips upon the grtalJ emergency, this is thought the moll they can i This fleet is generally flationed at Copenhagen, who are the dock-yards, flore-houfes, and all the mateiiaL neccflary for the ufe of the marine. They M «6,coo regiftered Teamen, who cannot quit the kiiJ dcm without leav ;, nor ferye on board a mtrchaiil man wiihout perniiflion frotn the Admiralty; 4000a thefe are kept in conflant pay, and employed ioiU dock-yards; their pay, however, fcarccly amounts t nine fhillings a month, but then they have provilioii and lodgings allowed for themfelves and families, anj a fort of blue uniform, faced with different colours, i The Danifh men of war carry the fame comple^ ment of men, in proportion to their guns, as tli French fliips of war do; but they are much inferioii in point of conflru6lion, both to Englifh and Fieicl (hips of war; and, indeed, are far from being quJ to the Swedifh fhips. The three laft kings of Denmark, notwitl,,,.,.^.,., the degeneracy of their fubjeds in martial afain, were very refpe£lable princes, by the number and Jil' cipline of their troops. Frederic IV. eftablillied t marine academy for fifty young cadets, to be traind up to a thorough knowledge of naval afairs, and r be perfeAly taught navigation, gunnery, drawiiu fencing, hiltory, geography, geometry, in. and id trim ^ej, and the money iV would have Lre with any nm Lniand their hip fro the court belong ■ VIZ, that of the U, The badge of Voonble. is an clep U mth diamonds, an L,wornli"'«»'l^,^ Linllitutcd by Chr riuonferrcdonlyon jibe number of con itfovereign. The or KioMJblc. is much n it is loll in fable: ,aid, upon the nobh (ipaa white ribbon filioulder, from vvl ,fs and an embroiden munded with the i ipieiyandjuftice. A COMPENI Idenmark, I VERY little is km Janilh hillory. Even In" of Denmark is to°p!e whom tiicy co JHlicr, that it is impii! Ipttcifeidcaof thcold ft can difcover relat injdoms is, that the; ■ the ancient Scyt Irough all the norther 1 the 4th century, tl Danes, Norwegi: Jlotth were coinprehc ps on "he coails of : Romans to ifatioi mlei the command of iionicl. Theii' rav jucl and inhuman ; I boodanddcrolaiiun; fcligion could afford loi'e barbarian.s. T wlls of Normandy, Be par 1012 made a E N M R K. 4^9 ^^^Twaaicc to theory, they were annually to "■■"So Jin a frigate, and fuccelfively to per- h/ervices of common feamen, pilots, and of- ' R.t this noble inlHtution is now totally nc- "'•, ,j,he money appointed to fupport it is funk I Dockets; fo that except a few officers, who P"""' Vd in the Englifh and French ferviccs, [in« ««"''l ''»"'' ^ S^eat difficulty, in cafe of a 'luewiili any naval power, to find proper perfon? bti-aiid their fhips of war._ fSe co..rt belong two ancict orders of knight- U yt that of the elephant, and that of Danc- i! The badge of the former, which is the inoft nble is a" elephant furmountcd with a caftle tidi diamonds, and fufpended to a (ky-coloured 1 worn like the George in England. This order „ Jllitntcd by Chriftian I. at his fon s wedd.ng. 1 1, conferred only on perlons of the higheft quality ; ', ,u number of companions amount to 30 belides "f„feicn. The order of Daneburgh, though lefs tioiuJblf'! is much more ancient ; fo that the origin [it is loft in fable : it is beftowed, as an honorary iird upon the noblelTe of inferior rank, its infignia La white ribbon with red edges, worn over the [ft Siouldtr, from which depends a fmall diamond fs and an embroidered (lar on the bread of the coat, rounded with the motto Pi etate et justitia, tpiciyandjuftice. A Compendious History of IdENMARK, NORWAY. &c. the to- VERY little is known of the early periods of the iljihiliory Even the name of the firit Chriftian lin't of Denmark is uncertain ; and thofe mk whom tliey commanded were fo hlcin jtther, that it is impodible for the reader to conceive fprccife idea of the old vScandinavian hiitory. All that can difcover relative to the inhabitants of thefe iD«iloras is, that they appear to have been colonics the ancient Scythians, who fpread themfelves krough all the northern and weftern pans of Europe. 1 the 4th century, the Saxons, a name under which t Danes, Norwegians, and other nations of the llonh were comprehended, committed dreadful ra- its on "he coaits of Britain and Gaul, and obliged Romans to (lation their '"orces along the coafts, iJeiihe command of an otficer called Comes Littori.s ixoiici, Theii' ravages, like their manners, were (uel and inhimiaii ; thtir tratks were markeil with yood^nddcfolation; and neitncr .igc, innocence, nor kligion could afford protection i'rom the ivvordi of ol'e barbarians. They formed lettlcments oa ihe tails of Normandy, Ireland, and Scotland ; and in {kc year 1012 nude u conqueft df lutglatid. < Few very intereftin| events in Denmark preceded the year 1387, when Margaret II. afcended the throne. That princels married Aquin, king of Norway, by which the two kingdoms oecamc united. Aquin died foon after ; but Margaret, partly by addrcfs, and partly by the right (he had obtained by her marriage, formed a treaty, anno 1397, by which (he was acknowledged fovereign of Denmark, Norw'ay, and Sweden. This treaty is generally known by the name of the tinion of Calmar. Margaret, whofe foul was formed for great- nefs, fwayed the fceptrc of thcfc kingdoms with ho- nour to herfelf, and advantage to her country. Her friendihip was courted by moft of the European powers, fo that hiftorians have juftly ftylcd her the Semiramis of the North. But, like all other fub- lunary greatnefs, it was fleeting and tranlcnt. The fucceifors of Margaret were far inferior to ner in abi- lities ; and the union of Calmar was foon deftroyed. The Swedes rebelled, and placed Guftavus Vafa on the throne of his anceliors. Norway, however, ftiH continued united to Denmark, nor has there been any rebellion in that kingdom iince the union. In the year 1448, tht,- crown of Denmark pafled to Chriftian, count of Oldenburgh, from whom the prefent royal family is defcended. in 1513, Chrif- tian II. one of the molt complete tyrants th.it mo- dern times have produced, mounted the throne of Denmark; and having married the lifter of the em- peror Charles V. he gave a full proof of his innate cruelty. Being driven out of Sweden for the bloody malTacres he com.nitted there, the Danes rebelled againft him likewife ; and he fled, with his wife and children, into the Netherlands. Frederic, duke of Holftein, was iinanimoufly called to the throne, on the depofition of his cruel nephew : he openly em- braced the opinions of Luther ; and about the year 1^536, the proteftant religion was ellablilhed by that wile and politic prince, Chriftian III. He was op- pofcd ill the Reformation by his bilhops, and therefore fcized on the lands and re enues of the church, an- nexing them to his own. Chriftian iV. of Dcnihark, though very brave in his own perfon, wanted the abilities proper tor the command of an army. He was chofen head of the proteftant league formed in 1629, againlt the houfe of Aiiltria ; bu' was foiled in every attempt, and even in danger of kiling his own dominions; when he was fucceeded in the command of the army by the cele- brated Cjuftavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, under whofc command the proteftant forces acq^uired im- mortal honour. Frederic HI. who fucceeded his father Chiiftian IV. in iC^y, declared war againft the Swedes, at tht inftigation of the Dutch. This precipitate coiidudl had nearly proved fatal to Denmark. Charles took ihe t^irtrcfs of Frederickftadt by ftorm; ajid in the Aiccceding winter, ifc^iS, marched his army over the ice to' tile iiland of i'une'.i, vvhcie lie furprifed the WW ^ f:\iW ii Daiiilk I—"" '^iWBWiii iV- 490 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY almoft Grangers to military (lifciplincT^ZTr? fcatcd at the decifive battle of £andfcron„ nf'f Daiiilh forces, mailc himdH tnalkr of Odcnfce and Nybiirg, and, purfuing his vi6\©rics, marched over the Great Belt, and bcliegcd Copenhagen itfclf. Frederic, however, defended his capital with the grcatcit refo- Iiition ; and Cromwell, who then governed England tinder the title of I'rotertor, intcrpoling, the peace of Rofchild was concluded, by which Frederic ceded the provinces uf Hall.ind, Hloking, and Sconia, the illarul of Bornholin, and Baluis and DroHtlaiin in Norway. F'redcric was verv ileliroun of eliicling thcfe fcvcre terms, and pollponcd thi- fnrrcnder of the places (tipulated in the treaty fo long, that Charles pnt hi:i army in motion, made irnnl"'f milter of Cro- reiibing, and once more veiled '" cnha.3;cn by lea and land. Frederic bore . i ■ (.times with fucli an heroic firmncfs ajid coi. •.. v n i.vnd, as emleared hiai (o his fubjeiils. Cli...'"» ivir'. feveral attacks tipon the city, belt was always . ■•■•ilild ^it'" conliilera- ible iofs, and there fccnu'd no other wa 'tdntiug it but by famine. In the mean time a Uront, Dutch fleet arrived in the Baltic, and foon defeated and dif- Jurfed tic iJwedilli rtiips which blocked up Copen- lagcri by lea. Animated by this alliltance, the Danes exerted all their power, and Charles was obliged to raifc the l;ege. *l"he forttnie of war was now entirely changed in favotir of Frederic, who was adliially making preparations for invading the territories of the enemy : but before he was ready to carry his plan into cxectiiion, an Jinglilh (leet arrived, and the Dutch were obliged to retire. Charles was now enabled to renew the liege of the capital i but by the mediation of France and England, a jieace was concluded at Copenhagen, by which Charles agreed to reltorc the ifland (>f Bornholm ; and Frederic to cede the iflands of Riigen, Blcking, llalland, and Sclioncn, to the Swedes. The magnanimous behaviour of Frederic, during this deftruflivc war, fo endeared him to his fnbjecis, that on the nobles refufing to lubjev^ their ellatcs to the payment cf an equal tax pnipufed by the com- mons to be levied on all perfons whatever, they made the king .i tender of their liberties, and the govern- ment of Denmark became arbitrary in the manner we have already mentioned. Chridian V. who afcended the throne of Denmark in 1670, was at firlt very fiiccefdul in his war againll the Swedes; he recovered feveral places in Schonen, that had been wreltcd from him, and obliged the duke of Holftein Goitorp to renounce all the advantages he had acquired by the treaty ot Rofcliild. While he was piirliiing his vidlories with amazing fiiccefs, for- tune forfook his (fandard, and his army was totally defeated in the bloody battle of Lnnden, by Charles XI. Chrilhan, however, determined to perfevere, iiotwith- Handing the dreadful misfortune he had AifFered. He raifcd a new army, and led his forces once more againfl the cnetiiy. But he had loll the veteran part oi his forces, and iiis troops, new to the field, and ... -- "andfcroon. pk' was now m no condition of fadno ih^ '"" his allies having abandoned a cai.fe w! cs'?'' ' as d-jfperate, he was obliged, i,, ,« ' '' i a treaty of peace on the terms prefcribcd f K. 1 he love of glory, however, would not J % t.an to abandon his military projedls; and W J pable ot carrying on the operations of war, ,1 he became a liiblidiary ally lo Lewis XIV 1 1 threatened Europe with llavcry. Ti;ls treai " "1I French monarch enabled hini to nurftc il/^fu'l he had formed againll HoKlein, H.t.nb.irH , , i northern powers; but before any thin.' oi ';.,. 1 could be etlcv'^ed, Chriliian, an.r a vail 1 H treating and iigliling with the Hollami,,/™"' burghers, and other northern powiis, eiidij in the year 161)9. Frederic IV. afcended the throne ontlicdcai'l his father, and, like his predeceliors, mai itaineii pretenfions to the duehy cf .Holliein. H^ |jjj J to Tonningen, and would, piohably have laicnl place, had not the Englilh and Dutch (itcis 1,3 him to abandon the enierprize. In thciira 'J Charles XII. of Sweden, then only (ixtetn "vca'j age, landed in Zealand wiMiin tiffin mik."; ofr, hagen, in order to make a diverfioii in favour uf| brother in-law, the duke of Holitein. ClurJes, fued the war wiih that i.ii)i.lity which comtmj, charadfvr, and \v Danilh maitl agreed to the peme of Trjyciidahl, which was "rtal iii_ the diikc's favour. By aiKiihcr trcniv, mlm with the States-General, Ciiarlcs ohiigec'l tiiiiifjf] fiirnilh a body of troops, wlio wjre to be paij | the contederaics ; and afterwards did jrnat I'^nj againll the FVench in the war betweui the a'licsJ L.Miis XIV. ' This, however, did not prevent Frederic fro:n benj continually engaged in difpntes with the Swcdwaiii taking the advantage of the musfortiines oi Ciiarll he made a defcent on S.edilh Poinerania, ansl'] upon Bremen, and tot)k the city of j>iadt. jjutl triM)ps were totally def.aitd at Gadcfbiir.h, bv tM Swedes, who laid his h'voiitite city oi' Alttna inaihj Frederic had however 'bon after an opponimim revenging the alFront he i/.d received. He inaile liiii felf malter of great part of Holitein, and obliged coiuj Stcinbock, the Swedilh general, to lurrcnder himfti prifoner, with ail iiis troops. He piitliied iiis vifioj ries with fnch fuccefs, that in the year 1716 his ailitl began to fulpedl that he intended to nfurp the crnwl of all Scandinavia. Charles now returned hum V* exile, and carried on the war with great vigouranL a mofl embittered fpirit again!! h'r?cieric ; but beinj killed at th (iege of Frede.-icklhall, his Britannic ma jefty offered his mediation for a p;ace, which frdtrij durft not refufe. Accordingly a treaty was concli ' N M R K. 49t hy which rredfric obtained the dmliy iStorkno" ' ^^^-^^^ ■^^ ,^^^0^, leaving the crown to _ kholm, '^'''^'ctiftianVVdcric. or'Chrillian^Vl. who made life of his power, than liiat ot cultivating ,ith all his neighbours, and in promoting the f f liis fiihjcciy He aboiillied a grievous Klw eltablilhcd by his father, relating to the n line, bramiy. a.ul tobacco. He tern,inated I (liimi'c between the crown of Denmark and f ol Hamburgh, bv which he obtained feveral : !>' „i,ccllions in favour of his neople, belides a toKI her i ""of marks of iilver. He inllituted a council \ the icing examine all propofals for the cxteniion jf coninitrce : he invited anills jwrkmcii Liilaaurcs at trade, to tncoiiragement ot conmitrce Voin foreign countries, and edablillied his own expence : he maintained a ^^^^,, nd army ; and that thcfe might not wSme "' 'i''^ fiibjeds, he, from time to time, ■jiidcd fublidiary treaties with foreign powers, by ' liis finances were always in a Hoiirilhing condi- Ina word, he afltd on all occaiions with ecpial Ji'tiideanddifcrctioM, as a great king, a wife poli- -ili, and a I'rince who had always at heart the in- ^j.i of his people. He died in 1746, much re- L,.,rtl by his fiibjeds. Vdcric V. fon and fiiccelTor of Chridian VI. im- „uliipon his lather'.s plan, for the happincfs of his (I but took no adlive part in the German war, ki,-- (inly a mediator between the contending powers; Kv his iiitefvention the treaty of Ciorter-feven was jccliided between his Royal Highnefs William, late [Itkc of Cumberland, and the French general Rich- L He married the princefs Louifa, daughter to lisbriiirnic Majerty Giorge H. by whom he had a ji,, his prefciit Djiiilh Majefly : he afterwards, on [it'jcaih of his tirll queen, married a daughter of the Mcol Bninfwick-VVolfenbattle. He died in 1766, [jcl wsl'ucccedcd by his fon, CImliian VII. the prefent king of Denmark L.id (lotiiav, L.L.D. and F. R.S. who was born Jan. In 17.19; ni*"'"'' '" ^7^^> 'o the princefs Carolinc- jilaiilda, youngell lifter of his prefent Britannic Ma- aiid has illiie Frederic, prince ^.ro'yal of Den- Lk, born Jan. 28, 1768 ; and Louifa-Aiiguila, born (nlyy, 1771. The reign of this young nionarrh KiitJ aiifpiciouny ; but was afterwards darkeiuil by lliial event, that occalioncd much aiionilliment to all ope, and which is partly attributed to the intrigues If ihe qiiccn-dowager, mother- in law to the pri.iLiit linj, who has a fon named Frederic, and whom liie srcprcfented as defirous of railing to the throne. She oMtsa great deal of dillimulaiion ; and when the ■linccfs Caroline-Matilda came to Copenhagen, l!ie ]cctived her with all the appearance of friendlhip and ffetlion, acquainting her with all the king's faults, kd at the fame time telling her, that ihe would take ■very opportunity, as a mother, lo allill her in reclaim- icghim. By this coiidutf, fhc became the young ipieen's coiilidanic, whillt at the fame time, it is Paid, Die placed people about the young king, to keep hiiu conllantly engaged in all kinds of riot or debauchery, to which (he knew he was naturally too much ad- didled : and it was at length fo ordered that a midrcfs was thrown in the king's way, wijoin he was pef- I'ujded to keep in his [mlace, VVIicn the king was upon his travels, the qiiccn- dovvager ufed frequently to vilit the young queen Ma- tilda ; and, under the mark of friendlhip and aifedioti, ' ' 'e" ' ~ her often of the deb.iiieheries and excelTcs which had fallen into in Holland, England, antl France, and often perfuaded her not to live with him. But as foon as the king returned, the queen reproach- ing him with his condudl, though in a gentle manner, his mother-in-law immediately took his part, and en- deavoured to perfuade the king to give no ear to her counl'els, as it was piefumptioii in a queen of Den- mark to dirc6l the king. Queen Matilda now began t .' wer the dcfigns of the queen-dowager, and aftei .nrd. Jved upon very good terms with tSc king, A 11 '1, ! I,.. 1 ■ "''^^^^^'^'^'^^WllWPIflPP^^ 49a A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY pofft-irrd the powers nt plealiii);, fmce he became equally the favourite of both king and queen. He was inveflcd with the order of St. Matildu, inlUtutcd in honour of her majedy, created a count, and polIllRd unlimited minillcrial power; his conduiE). in this fnd- den and uncomntun eminence, marks a bold and dating mind, perhaps 1 miglit -Id, an expanded and pa- triotic heart. Unawcu by the piccnrious tenure of courtly j^rcatncTs, and more peculiarly of his own, he began a general reform. Tiic (late felt him through all her membfrs ; the fmanccs, ciiancery, army, navy, nubius, pcafants all were fenliblc of his inilucnce. lie not only didlated, but penned his replies to every iniportant quedion or difpatch ; and a petition, or a fcliemc of public impoit and utility, vjrcly waited two hours for an anfwcr. At prcfcnt, 1 am told, you may be two months without receiving any. •• TliL > ivil judicature of this capital was then vcflcd in 30 magi Urates. Struenfcc lint a mcHage to this tribunal, demanding to know the annual falary or peiilioii annexed to each member. Rather alarmed at thi> uiquuy, they Tent an .inf^ver, in which they dimi- nilheu their emoluments near two-thirds, and eltimatcd them at 1500, inflead of 4000 ri\-dollars. The count then informed them, that his majclty had no further occalion for their ferviccs ; but, in his royal munlticence and libcra'iiy, w.-js gracioully pleafcd to continue to them the third part of their avowed in- comes as a proof of his faiislacHon with their condiid. l^Ic, at the fame time, conditutcd another court com- pofed. only of fix perfuns of integrity, to whom the ijime power was delegated. He proceeded to purge ^)ie chancery and other bodies of tne law. Then en- tering on the military department, he, at one llroke, broke all the horfe-giiards, and afterwards the regiment of Norwegian foot guards, the fined corps in the fer- vice, and who were not dilbanded without a ihort, but very dangerous fedition. Still proceeding in this falutary, but molt critical and perilous achievement, he ultimately began to attempt a diminution of the Hoblcs, and to fet the farmers and peafants at perfect liberty: no wonder that he fell a vitlim to fuch mea- fnres ; and that all parties joined in his dcllruiSlion. Thefe were his real crimes, and not that he was too acceptable to the queen, which only formed a pretext. It was the minider, and not the man, who had be- come o'^noxious. I do not pretend, in the lattrr ca- pacity, either to excufe, or condemn him ; but, as a politician, I rank him with tl>e Clarendons and Mores, whom tyranny, or public bufintfs, and want of virtue, have brougiit, in almod every age, to an untimely and ignominious exit, but to wlipfc memory impartial pof- terity have done ample judice. Yet I mud avow, that though I cannot think Struenfce made a bad ufe,^ yet he certainly made a violent and imprudent one of liis extenfive power. He fcems, if one may jiidgc by Ins adlions, to have been intoxicated with royal ta- yimr, atid {ucli ai:cuaiulated honours ^ and uul to have adverted fulTiciently to the exainples vvhlrK ^.■^ furnilhes of Wolfeys in former day,, and of Ch f in modern times, who mod drikingly evince th pery foundation of political grandeur. When h even prelfed, only a (hort time before his f , withdraw from court and paf, the Belts, 'Ji? mod ample fecurity for his annual remitincnt fifty, or even an hundred thoufand dollars happy fafimation detained him, in defianceVf. id referved him for the prifon wariung, an block. The quecn-dowager and prince Fredctx' only the feeble mltruments to produce this catalt as being, by their rank, immediately about the 'il of the fovereign. though common report Ins ?j|i loudly of the lormer's intrigue, and attributed i her imaginary abilities. The only mark of um or addrefs, they exhibited, was in prefervinga feci which deluded Struenfee, and the queen Maiildj the time of their being arretted. I have bcenalfui that on the lad levee-day preceding this event coimt was habited with uncommon magnifictnce' never received greater homage, or court fervility, d] the crowd, than when on the verge of ruin. Oni I put, I night fixed for his feizure, there^was a bah malked ball, in the palace. The queen, after danciJ as ufual, one country dance with the king, pvel hand to Stiuenfec during the red of the cvcnii She retired about two in the morning, and wa f] lowed by him and count Brandt. The moment 1 now come ; the quecn-dowager, and her fon niini Frederic, hadened to the king's private charali where he was already in bed. They kneeled i^ befide him, and implored hiin, with tears and expe tulations, to favc himfelf and Denmark fromiirpeil ing dedrudlion, by airelting thjfe whom they cilll the authors of it. It is faid the king wis mm induced to lign the order, but did it with reluilanl and helitation. At length their entreaties prcvaili and he affixed his lign manual to the paper. ColonI Koller Banner .indantly repaired to Struenfcc's aoi ment, which, as well as Brandt's, was in the palacJ they were both fciied at nearly the fame inllant, aJ as all defence was vain, hurried away immediatclyj the citadel. When count Struenfee Hepped oiii( the coach, he faid, with a fmile, to ihecominani!) •• I believe you are not a little Airprifed at feeiJ me brought here as a prifoncr." " No, andpla your excellence, replied the old ofHccr bluntly, 1 ; not at all furprifed, but, on the contrary, havel expj£led you." It was hve o'clock in themurniiJ when count Rantzaw came to the door of her ma jelly's ante-chamber, and knucked for adniiiianc( One of the women about the queen's perfon wi ordered to walte her, and give her information iha (he was arretted : they then put her into one of ilJ king's coaches, ilrove her tbwn to Eliineiir, amllliij her up in the cadle of Cronenbtirg — Mean wjiilj they drcftded aii infurrediun iu Copenhagen ; eveij oulitii LAP L N D. 49!} „.„ Drtcautioi. ^as taken to prevent it; the mod (1 lilly repof'* ^^''^''^ circiilaitil among the ""'"" '"rtnili-T the llatf priloncrs otiions; that they „,„ poifon Mito the kn.gN cttce to dcllioy him ; V inlfii'l^'l to declare h.m incapable o» govern- niciid ihetliiwiiger-qiiccn Juliana out of the well as hiT l\)n prince Frederic, and to To confirm thcfe extraordi- V„ Manilla regent. ""jj^jniradiaory reports, the king himleil, and iVroibtr. appt'af^;' td in a date coach, and paraded T^7llrJets of the city, to (Lew himCelf unhurt, '*^lefcape). She died there, of a malignattt fever, on Mav aged !<3 years and 10 months. In ty'io, nis i)anil1| Niajelty aiccded to the armed neutrality propofed b)r the eniprcfs of RuDia. He appears at prereiil to hivo ' fiich a debility of tindcrllaiiding, as to difqualify hiin for the proper management nf public affairs. On tne i6th of April 1784, another revolution took place in Denmark. Fhe queeii-dowager's friends were removed, a new council iormed under the aufpices of the prince royal, fome of tlje former old members re- llored to the cabinet, and no regard is to be paid for ihe future to any indrument, unicfs figned by the king, and counterligned by his royal higlincfs prince Frederic, his fon, heir apparent to the throne of Denmark. CHAP. V. LAPLAND. Extent, Boundarits, Divijions, Suhdivifums, Climate, Suit, Mountains, Rivers, forejls, ye^etablts, Animal and Mineral Protluilitnst Uc. THIS country is divided into fix provinces, viz. t. AngermanlamULapmarki 2. Uma-Lapmark; r^, Pitha-Lapmark ; 4. Luia-Lapmark; 5. Turi)u-Lap> mark; and 6. Kima-Lapmark. The firft of thefe provinces is the mod fouthern, and contains only one town of any confequcncc, which is called Aofaiko, and fituatcd about 300 miles didanit from Stockholm. The fccond province, which adjoins to the former, contains two little villages, viz. Loifby and Semisjorfie. The third province, which is lituated between the Norwegian mountains, contains four unimportant vil- lages, viz. Sitonia, Arieplogs, Locklari, and Arivit> zerfs. The fourth province, which adjoins to the latter, contains three little villages, viz. Jackmolh, Torpajour, and SirkeHiicht. The filth province, which is the mod nortlern of Svve, \i """"•^'•''''^'I'f^miimmm.. 494 A MEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOORaphy prefcilnref , viz. that of the fca-coafl inwircJs the nortli, called Moiirniaiikdi L'poric, Jeilhoi Lc|u>ric, ;wul Ci-I- lamorefkoi Lcporic. But »s the tiioll C(in("nlfr..lilc ami beft-peoplcd divifinn of tli'n lonniry b(.li)in{H lo tJic Swedes, vc Ihall therefore bcjjiii with u tld'crijuion of it. Swediflj Lapland is botindcd on the nfl by RiifTinii Lapland ; on the well by a riilj;<: of nHiintiins th it I.j- far.ttc it frcin Norway; on ilic norili liy D.inilh Lap- ind; and on the foiith by {Jothnia, Aiu'irinani.j, and Scpterland. Itsgrcattfl extent, from talt to wcU, is abont 360 miles; in breadth it extends from (y, deg. ,T) niin. to 69 deg. of north latitude. It is divided into lix provinces, or dillridLs, tl.c liainc^ ul wliicii, as above noticed, arc the follouini;; viz. Ang>.rnunland-han- irark, Uma-Lapmaik, l*itli.i-l,apmark, Lula-Lupmark, Torno-Lapmaik, and Kinu-Lapmark. Kai h of thefc provincis rcccnes its name from the chief river that waters it; they are aqain fubilivided into fnialler dillrids railed biars, and thefc contain a cer- tain nuiTibcr of families, called by the Swedes reckars. Every rcckar, or fan)ily, is allowed a conliderable trncl of land, with fored', lakes, and brooks, for the main- tifnance of their families and cattle; but their lands are notcnclofcd, fo that the projicrty of one is often con- verted to the life of others. In general, Lapland is (Ituatcd fo near the pole, that the fun neither fets in fiitniner, or rifes in winter. In the latter feafon, the cold is fo intcufe, that none of the natives are able to bear it. '1 he mnit rapid risers are then frozen up, and the ice is two or three, ami fnnie- times four or five feet thick. In fiimnier the weather is as fnltry as it is cold in winter ; for atitnmn and fpring are unknown in this climate, The-exredivc heat, however, is (lualified by the vapours that rife from the fea, and by the fnow that contimics all the fiimmer on the tops of the iTKKintains, and in ditches that aie ihei- tcrcd from the fun. It feidoin rains in the fnmmcr, but the whole country is covered with fnow in winter. M. Maupertiiis, who, with fever.il oiher altrono- mers, was lent hither by order of the king of France, to difcover the figure oi tha earth at ihe polir circle, has given the bcltdefcriptionof the diinate ot this coun- try. " In December, fays he, tiie fnow continually falling, or rcaiiy to fall, lor the moll part iiid the fun the few moments he might have apptare;! at tnid-duy. In the month of January the cold was increafed to th.it extremity, that M. Reaumur's mercurial thtrmome- trr, v\liich, at Paris, in the gieat fnid of f^oq, it wa« thought ftrangc to fee fall to totirteen iltgrtes btlow ilii frecv.ing point, was now got down to tliirty-ftvcn. 'I he fpirits ot wine in the others was Irozen. if we opened the door of a warm room, the external air infhuitly con- verted all the vapour in it into fnow, v/liirlini^ it round in white vortices. If we went abroad, we felt as if the air was tearing our breafts in pieces; and the cracking of ilie wood, of wliich tlic houfes are built, as if fpiit by the violence of the froll, contimnlly ahraifd uu-reafc ''f '■"lii fufprdl d in the licli|,\',t a llorm : his knowledge of the country, ami J„ mark he mav have taken by the trees, cannot avjilh he IS blinded by the fnow. and, if hr attempts tolii,, way home, is i;.-nerally loll. In (hi)rt, during tlicw' winter, the coU) was fo txcellive, that on the, ik April, at live in the morning, the thennoiiK'ia wa,i Icn to twenty divilions below ihe point of ir«jli though every afternoon it rofe Uvo or throe tin above it ; a ditFerenre in the height not much Icfsn that which the grealelt heat and fold felt at ParJMi ally produce in that inllnimcnt. Tims in 24 hoim had all the variety felt in the temperate zones Imi compafs of a whole year." Hut though in winter the nights are very cold, loi and tedious, yet thofe inconveniences are, inl'dn'iei, gree, obviated by the ferenity of the fliy, the brijjiini of the moon and (lars, and the refulgent lightofthe rora borcalis, which is rtfle6\ed IViiin the whiiefutl of the earth covered with fnow; from all which fiKhl light is produced, that the inhabitants are enabled lodij charge their ordinary ocnipntions. The abon; vii ter, in fpeaking of thefe noe'liirnal light*, fays, " T days arc no fooner doled than fires ot a thoufand I: and colours light up the (ky, as if dedgntd to cnmi fate for the abfence of the fun. ThkL- fires have here, as in more fouthtrn climates, any conltanifiii tion. Though aluminous arch is often feen lixedii wards the north, they I'cem more frequently to polft the whole extent of the hemifphere, Soiiu't!i,-,i.s ih begin in the form of a great fcarf of bright light, wii its extremities upon the horizon, which, vviihanwio reffnililiiifT that of a liihing-nct, glides foftly up ihcllii prefervin;^, in this inot'.on, a dire(rlion nearly perperdi cular to the meridian; and molt commonly atiirtliti preludes, all the liglu; unite at the zenith, am' lormtl top of A crown. Arcs, like thofe fecii in France tiwa: the north, arc here frequently fituatcd towards ihifjiiil and often tovVards b.)th the north aitd loiith at onct Their funimitsapj)roach each other; ilicdill.itiocolihei extreinities v,idens tov/ards tlv; hori/tm. llmcff f(MTie of t!ie oppofne nics, whofe funuiiits alir.;'il iiini at the zeiiilh ; and both the one and the other h.. ; (piently feveral concentric arcs beyond it. Thtirti are all pl.t i.d in the direflionof the nieriilian, ihoui with a little declination to the well; which 1 iliJ m hnd to be conltant, and wliicli is fuuietimes in: N D. 495 iHk! tndlefs to ni'-iiticn all the ililKcrcnt ligiirei (i»ffliM« ,• , ^,ni ,|,e varicHis motions with Their niDtiiin is moll coiti' , ' ,1,^, ot 4 |air of coloiiis waved in tlic air, r;^ ,hcy arc agna'«='l •"fttiimes they li"o a part of the Iky with fcailct. ' k ,ii.lit«iitli of ncccmbir 1 law a phciiomiiioii rUilTcrcnt lints of tlx-ir liglus give them the a).- , I foniaiv; vail llrcamiis ot chai>f;cahh- talfi-- llClilT f i'''d that, in the midll of M ihc wonilirs lo yfl wli'now e\try day accudomcd, raiRd my ad- 'r„i|ici;>iith' a great fpacc of the Iky appi-and ""I'lth fo hvely a red, that the whole coiiltcli.ition I riookcd as if it iud been dipped iu blood. This J, ttliich was at hi(l iixcd, fooii moved, ;iiid thaiig- iiiooihcr colours, violet and blue, fettled into a whole top Hood a little to the foiilh-wea of the "V Tiicnioon thoiic bright, but did not in the leall tt\i III thiscoiiiitry, where there arc lights of fo Mirs, I never faw but two that were ictit' inf oil ;'anii (fiTcnt coll ,„„ finli arc taken for pre Pages of fome great mil- '7 Afierall, «hcn people ga/o at ihtfc phcno- mwiih an iinphilofopliic eye, it is not fiirpriling it difiover in tlnm the appearance «t armi«s engaged, Lhiiiots.amlathonrand other prodigies." for the molt parr, the foil of this country is cxcccd- liii, being fo intermixed with (lones, that hardly liitiin'gwill grow in it; but in fame olaccs it is very L] owing to the iiiiir.ber of marfliis and brooks ylihiili itaboumls. 'l"he whole country is alfo lull ([(vks and inoiintains. Thole called the Dofrine louiuins, which fcparate Lapland from Norway, arc a pwligious height; aiul the high winds that blow ■cfrevtm all trees irom taking root. JVneath tlnlc fcouiiuiiis are i;irge marllie'^ and extcnlivefoiells, where l:rean many trciis, though ihty Hand at a great dif- mcc Irom each other. At tl'.e bottom of the hills are iltifani vail its, which are the iimll ferlile parts of the )unit)', being well watered by a great number of brooks i fptiiigs. 1 Many of the rivers rife from the mountains of Nor- IV, aiiJ tall into the Boihnian Giilph. The chief of itfearc the Uma, Lida, Riina, and 'I'orna. The Uma Lweatly incrcalod by the waters that tlow into it from : rivers Vend: lor ai.d Skialfre. 'I'lic Liila and Rima |re hath very confiderahle, and are fwxlled, in their tourfc, by a great number of klfer ones. The torna feceivcs29 rivers, one of wtiich is a Swcdith mile in liradih. When the fnow nitJt,;, all thefc rivers over- lowihiir banks and the clii part of thtin have flu- lendoDs calaradts. Uefides ti,. rivers, hero are alfo Itany lakes, which abound with various kinds of hlli, swell as the rivers. Thctcarca great number of treesiii the forcds of Lap- (miI, among which are ihebinh, pine, and lir. .Some baitu'l it alfo produce the (tiviie-tree, willow, pop- lar, dJcr, and the cornei I. They have fcyeral forts of klani!; but the molt iifefu! are the angelica and forrci, 'jith arc greatly eftctracd by the iiativc^j who ufc them in their food. They have likewife tlilFerent kiiulK (if fjrafs, heath, and fern : but the mo'l plentiful, »•* well as hioit iifefiil vcget.ible, is tli'j iholchus, or ino(«, of which there are Icvcral fpccii ^, either adhering toireex, or growing on the furface of the earth. The rein-deer is aInioH wholly fultained by this vrg'tible, which, in- ileed, he prefers to all others, and without whiih hu cannot fiililill. The natives not only ufe it as r"'"?.;e for their (uiilc, but boil it in broth as a cordial aiiJ K'dora- tive. I {ere arc alfo great ()iiantities of berries, fuch as black currants; the Norwjgian mulberry, wliich grows upon acreiping plant, and is much elleemcd as an an- tifcorbuiic ; ralberrics, cranberries, and bilberiies. Jii- niper-bcrrries arc alfo very plentiful, and fomc of the trees grow to a conlidcrahle height. Among the animals of this country arc rtagt, bear'', wolves, foxes of fcvcral colours, fijuirrel«, ermines, maiteiif, hares, glittens, beavers, otters, elks, and rein- deer; but the lalt of thef-; is the moll ufefiil to the na- tives, who, without thein, could not pollibly prcferve their exigence; for thefc animals not only art'ord dicni food and garments, but alio fupply the place of lorfes, and travel in thofe parts where ilic latter animals ., ^ lUl be entirely ufelefs. The rein-deer is a kind by the hands of the hunter, who would run the inoll imminent danger nf u V%"'*'il Thefe people celebrate the k£^ " '^^' jer -'^ •■ ■ villing drav a bca r wl great rejoicings. The carcafc is drawn m.k " or nut of the viaor. by a rein-deer vJi^^^' account, is afterwards kept a whole «?'""' doing any work. The bear is furroundl L a nun;ber of men, women, and children, v,??' particular fong of triumph, in which ,h ' u !['". vanquilhcd enemy for having allo^ved himfe , overcome, wnhout doing any mifehief ,« '1 queroi : after t ns they addrefs themfdvcs t, pl dcncc acknowledging the lingular benefits h * ceivc Irom his h.nving created beafts for their i entlowcd them with Itrength and courage to ll and overcome them. The conqueror is fal,„ !/, the women, and is feafted by the men of ihe ■ 1 1 tor three lucceHivc days ; befidcs which, he is I after didinguifbed from the red. by having ll wrought with tin ware round his cap. ™ Nuptial ceremonies among ihc Laplanders are v(< remarkable and ludicrous. When a young man! made choice of a female, he employs fome IricndsJ mediators with the girl's parents ; and thcfe b-iil provided v.-ith fome bottles of brandy, the fuitorj companies them to the hut of his intended faiU in-law, who invites the tntdiators to enur: butij fiiitor is left without, until the liquur be drank, aJ the propofal difculfed. After this he is called in', aj entertained with fuch fare as the hut affords, I without feeing his midrefs, who, on this occafio'ii, obliged to retire. The fuitor having at bgth od tained leave to make his addrelfes to the girl in perfol he goes home, puts on his bell attire, and then n turns to the hut, when his midrefs appears, and li falutes her with a kifs; after which hepiofentsli with the tongue of ^ rein-deer, a piece of beavcrl flelli, or fome other kind of provifion. Thegirii firft declines the offer, it being made in the prefencj of her relations ; but at the fame time flic makcsl lignal to the lover to f:)llow her into the fields, wherl the accepts the prefcnts. Thus encouraged, he bed permillion of her to \ct him deep with her in i hut; if Ihe contents, Ihe keeps the prefcnts; biitij not, (he throws them with contempt on the eroiind. 1 When the lovers are agreed, the youth is^permitia to vilit his midrefs as ofien as he thinks proper; bul every vimt^ he comes he mud purchafe this pnafnn with a fredi bottle of branily, a perqiiifitefo agreeaWJ to the I'ather, that he often poltpones ihe celebraioJ of the t'liptiais for two or three years. At leiigta tM ceremony is perf>)rmcd at the nmrcd chnrch, byihJ pried of tiie parifh ; but even after iliis, the hulbanl is obliged to fervc his fat!)cr-in-la\v a whoic yeari at t!ic expiration of which he retires to his owa habitation with ins wife, and then receives prefcniJ Irjiil t^RAPHV. ■e^rope.] N D. 499 il his relations and friends. From this time ilcrs liis wife from the company of all tlrangers [ h''"male fcx, and watches over her condudl with u i?!*! jphnd, as foon as a child is born, it is wafhed I with'fiiow or cold water, except the head, L Tniuft not be touched with water till after the Ihas been baptized. The woman does not re- I (-liild-beii above four or five days, and in u ' , is generally quite recovered. She then carries -hid to be baptized ; but before (he can reach I ince of the prieft, flie is often obliged to fe large forelts, mountains, lakes, and wide f *" ed walk's of fnow. Tiie infant is faftencd in a yueil piice of wood, flretched naked on a bed of i!mofs covered with the flcin of a young rein-deer, I J lliine by '"■" '*"P^ *" ^^^ ^^'^^ °' ''^"^ mother, it always fuckles her own child. At home this 1 1 crajl" is hung to the roof of the hut, and the liJ is' lull"! to lleep by fwinging it from one fide to Ik other. When the children grow up, their parents t( very careful in teaching thorn mod kinds of work ; r iliey have a great averlion to fchools. Thq. boys, L their infancy, are taught to pradife the bow ; fsA they are not allowed to break their fad till they Le hit the mark. The girls are early initiated in Ihebulincfs peculiar to females. There are no phylicians among the Laplanders ; lerhave they, indeed, occafion for any, not being ibjcfl to tliofe diftempers common in other countries. The dilorder they are moll fubjed to is fore eyes, Lccalloncd by the fmoke of their huts, and the fire which they are almolt continually cxpofed. They ; fometimes afflifted with rheumatic pains, and the iniTV' and a few are fubje£l to the vertigo and H«ilexy. To cure all inward difordcrs they ufe a Jiinkinade with the root of a certain fpecies of mofs, mich they call jerlh; and when that cannot be pro- piircd, they boil the ihlk of angel'ca in the milk of hin-deer. When they feel a pain in any part of the ^y, they take a kind of inufliroom, which grows Ipon the birch-tree like a cake, and having fet hre to I, apply it, burning hot, to the part afF':ded ; and Ijiii produces a blilter, which is fuppofed to draw off pie peccant humour. They have no other plallers lot wounds but the rofin which drops from fir-trees. Mm they have any limb frozen, they put a red- lotitoninto a cheefe made of rein-decr'.s milk, and trilh the fat that drops from it, like a kind of oil, Ilicy rub the part atfcdcd, which is almolt inftaiitly pired by tliat means. When a native of this country is fuppofed to be on lis dtaih-bed, fuch Iricnds as arc ailvocates for the Chiiliian religion, give him Chriltian exhortation. But thufe who ! .ive no great zeal for the Chrillian ^ligion, I'o lake the dying prrfon, and think of ! 11^ but the funeral entcri.iinment. As foon as (liic bitjih is out o; the body, iijolt of the company leave the hut, being of opinion they thai] receive fomc injury from the fpirit or gho(}, which they be- lieve remains with the corpfe, and takes all opp'ir- tiiuities of doing mifchicf to the living. The d<:- ccafed is wrapped up in linen or woollen, according to his circitmitances, and depoiitcd in a cotTin by ;i perfon felefteJ for tha> purpofe ; but this oiiicc ho will not perform till he receives a conlecratcd brais ring, which is placed on his left arm, and which ho imagines fecures him againft receiving any injury from the ghofl of the deceaf ' peifon. The Laplanders, before they embraced thcChrilliaa religion, ufed to bury their dead in the firll place they happened to think of, which they dill do when they are very far from any church. Many of them alfo prc- ferye the rites of hcathenifli fuperlUtion ; for with the body they put in the collin an axe, a flint and iteel, a flalk of brandy, fome dried filh, and venifon. With the axe the dcccafed is fuppofed to hew down the bulhes or boughs that may obflrucl him in the other world; the fteel and flint are to fiirnifh hiin with a light, ihould he find himfelf in the dark; and the provilion is for him to fubfift on during his journey thither. Previous to the body being carried to the place of interment, the friends of the deceafed kindle a fire of fir boughs near the coffin, and exprefs their forrow in te.irs and lamentations. They walk in procellioii feveral times round the body, demanding, in a whi- ning tone, the reafon of his leaving them on earth. They afk whether he was out of humour with his wife? whether he was in want of meat, drink, clothing, or other necelfaries and whether lie had not fucceeded in h'i"ting or fifhing ? Thefe, and other fuch interrogatories, arc intermingled with groans and lideous bowlings; and between them the prielt fprinkles the corpfe and the mourners alternately with holy water. After thefe ceremonies are over, the body is conveyed to the place of interment, in a Hedge drawn b.y a rein-deer, and followed by the friends and relations, who ihew their concern for the lofs of the deceafed, by drelling themfelves in the word garments they have, and keeping a continual howl during the procedion. As foon as the ceremony is over, the people retire ; and the dedge, with the clothes which belonged to the deceafed, are left as the Priell's perqnifite. Tliree days after the funeral, the relations and friends of the deceafed are invited to an cntertaiiiincnr, where they eat the flclh of the rcin-decr which con- veyed the corpfe to the grave. The animal being made a facrifice to the manes of the deceafed, ths bones of it are collc£led together, put into a baflcet, and interred with great ceremony. The effects of the deceafed arc divided between the brothers and iidcrs, the former having two-thirds, and the latter one; but the Kinds, la!;es, and rivers, are held jointly by all the children uf both iV^xcs, a.cofdin^r to the divifjon '1 :!. Ui' k i I I 1^1 ■ i :Uic ■» 111 ■i life: 506 A NEW AIM* COMPLETE SYSTEVf of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, divillon made by Charles IX. of Sweden, when he alligncd to each lamily a certain traA of land for their fupport. The Lapland language is a1togetl.»r barbarous, and vaiies in itittcrent parts of the country, according to the correfpondcncc which the natives inaititain with The different nations ; fuch as Norwegians, Swedes, Fin- landers, and Rullians. The greater part of them are totally ignorant of letters ; and the fame may be faid alfi) of arts, except fiich as neceflity has taught fiiem to make ufe of for their own prefervation and convenience. With refpefl to religion, Chrlftianity was firft fiip- pofcd to have been introduced into Lapland about the year 1300. However, no material progrefs was made in the eftabli(hment of it till the laft century, when midionaries were fent for that purpofe from Norway, Sweden, and RufTia. Several churches were built in different parts of the country, and fupplied with minilk-rs from Sweden and Rullia. Guftavus Adol- phiis founded two fchools, one in the province of Pitha, and the other in that of Ulma, for inftrufting the children of the Laplanders in the Chrillian re- ligion and in letters. He alftx ordered feveral pious bocks to be tranflated (rcwn the Swedilh into the Lapland language ; Inch as the catechifm, with fon i prayers, and the manual, containing the Pfalms ol David, ilie Proverbs of S.'lomou, &c. That they iniglil be encouraged to fend their children to fchool, an annual revenue was allotted for the maintenance ©f the f>.holar.s. Hence Lapland produced fonic preachers, which greatly promoted the knowledge of Chridianiiy in that country ; tor, heretofore, their clergy having betn S^vedes, whofe language the people did not undirlland, it could not be rcalonably I'uppofcd that they fliould profit much by : i ut flruclions. Since that time, however, many lu ; -n- termixcd idolatry with ttie pure protcllion of Clirif ( llanity, and, from local Luiloins, their p •"'.ular fo'id- I nefs fur omen«, particular times and ..-afon>, - ) ; tinguilhtd by the names of black and white days, &c. retain many of their former fuperfHtions. 1 tuy have fome notion of the dodlrine of the tranfniigratioti of fouls ; for they not ottly refpcft the inanes of their departed relations and triends, but dttad them as being mifchievous, till they imagine the fpirits of the dead have re-animated other bodies. 1 hey l>e- Keve there arc fairies that wander about among the rock!", moimtains, rivers, and lakes, and give them alfo a lliarc of their devotion. They own ©nc Supreme Being, whom they arm w'th thunderbolts ; they make tlie rainbow hi:, bow, MVi have the fame notion of him that the old f*.i;^ans hai i>. '^-n Jupiter. They have another fnbordiiiafe deity, •) '.-.Moiu lu y acknowledge tlicy owe all the blelfingi if life, and never lail to worlhip him. The i\'u is ?."o'!;'- of their divinities, b( 'aufc ol iiis In- Ji.iw.Kt cj li ••. bodies of men and b . alts. I'hey have '*??'" .*"* ""=*g*' confecrated to -each of their , Their idols are cithsr the trunks of uJ, }J^m carved, or of ftone. One of thefc is prefS !? royal cabinet of antiquaries at Upfal All 1! women are excluded froitt wordiip. Th-. w ,1 idol with the heart's blood of the facrificc • ,?? they cannot .reach the top of a tnountain conli to Storjunkar, one of their deities, theydinall.„. the blood of the facrifice, throw it J^Z^l^^^S tain, and conclude their devotion by that aft Thefe people were formerly deetaed'great "ma Vic;,m and the credulous fuppofed them to be ^lighlilY^i;,| in divination. So exceHively credulous, indeed, thele poor Laplanders, and lb prepofteroiiny aitjclh, to their conjurors, that they implicitly follow Z dirciSions. If thefe pretended wizards t'll ihn that on fuch a day they Jhall take plentv of fiiU game, they will not fail to go :.:i;t that day, and j there is moft commonly abundi; . ; of boih in 1 country, they ufually verify the prediflion, byccmini home loaded whenever they go out in fearch of mu And if the wizards mark au'nher day as unfo'^nja they infallibly make it fo, by nn going abroad in quJ of any. ' ^ Diherent governors, or prefr.'l .. deputed, by ;i three poweis to whom L ^jilaiid i" now fiibjecVi prefide over their refpeiliv- dirtrt ■■. The LaplaiiJd however, had kings of ihcir ow.j tul the year 187J when the Swedes co-i mil Kim L -ninark ; in each, of which courts there •■; a prefrf .\!n, ietermines all caiifes. They admin 'let juilic^ id •! king'.' name, and if) ';.u p^-efence of ihe prid ^liig to the dilliift. Such of the Laplander.^, as I've near the mnuniaini which part Norway from Swedi;n, 'rnde with theial habitants of thofe countries. Othef^ who are ail greater diflance from thofe inountain<:, fade onlvwiti the Svvedes ; and they who are ft tuated towards J north and ealK trade with ihc Ruffians jnd i'mhn The comnioilitie.< they receive from thole laiiunsaiJ ii\-doliars, Woollen itutfs, linen, copper, tin, HoiirJ fait, hide<, needles, knives, fpiritiious liqu's vf tlpccially tobacco, of which they are extnii.i . fonilj 'i hey give, in return, nin-ileer M\d iith, of ttu liiitj of wliuh they take fiich l.irge (jiiantilies I'ljiiliti (lock whole refrrvoirs with them, and pit 'Jmn alKrJ wards inti; barrels, which they carry 10 th; mm boiiring countries ; namely, the nonh of Bothnia, ani Wliiic Kiillia. They all.) trade in tine ermines, ilid fl-;ins ot feveral wild beads, dried pikts, and chtefi made v( the milL of thcur iciu-dccr. r Fonntilf ■■.. r •' : 1 "ili ,x m .:i-jpr> IJ'^ >f^L. ■■.r° •'|iiii»W»ii''i|!il||!|||i|i'.^g '^*Vr" ho?i ■] ^V !•: D V. 501 the tribute paid bv tlic Laplanders, con- of wild beadb ; but now they coiifilt in form"'); ' '" .lln "rein-deer, and in fkiiis, either dreircd [3IP coin, »^»" ' , ^. j^ , ^ Mt'of "land polTtircd by each head of a family. w . n..i.,i (-iitirc territories, or territories the owner is obliged to pay in coin, to the crown of .,uin iifc'i Of "^^' ' ^' ^'''^ Droportionable to .'largcft are flylcd ,, full tribute; and J., iffo rix-nollar?, . Tiicy who polfcfs a ?erritory, or land ol Ifa'iribute, pay only one rix-dollar. But as it Los very often, that many of them have no rix- Bto tky arc a'lowcd to give (kins of foxes or Lis inftead of coin. Filty frinirrcl Ikins, or one f, |].||,^ yyith a pair of ihocs, after the falhion of Lnd are valued at one rix-dollar : befides which, kljieadofa family is obliged to give yearly a litefox'sftin. or a pair of ihocs; and if he cannot ure tiiofe things, he mull give half a pound of J pikes. Par' "f ^^^^^ '^''^ ^""^ employed for epaintcnarceof the priefls who live in that country, jinilrucl the Laplanders, The inhabitants of the ier i'MSls of Lapland trade much in the fome tamlilics ; and pay the revenues in a limilar man- £■ 10 the rcfpeftive flates, under whole particular >nion ihey are. , , , ITlie Laplanders have neither caRlea, bulwarky, garrifons, for the defence of their country ; jcr indeed is there occafion for any, its frightful iMtl forming a more efFe6liial barrier than all the Itiilications of art garrifoncd by innumerable armies (veteran foldicrs ; the judges have no military to like their decrees, the people having a re- markable averfion to wnt, and, we believe, are never employed in any army. With refped to the fecurity of their property, few difputes happen. CHAP. VI. SWEDEN. Situation, Dimrnftons, Province!, Cities, Climate, Sail, Produce, Mountains, Inhabitants, Religion, i^c, THIS country is fltuated between 56 and 69 deg. north lat. and between 10 and 30 deg. ea(t long, being 800 miles in length, and 500 in breadth ; and is bounded, on the foQth, by the Baltic, the Sound, and the Categate, or Scaggerac ; by Danifh or Norwegian Lapland, on the north ; by Mufcovy, on the ealt ; and by the impalliible mountains of Norway, on the well. Such a vad trad of country may naturally be fuppofed to contain a great number of inhabitants ; but thefe bear a very fmall pro- portion to the extent of Sweden, great part of it being rendered uninhabiuble by feas, lakes, moun- tains, and marfhes. It is divided into feven parts or provinces ; viz. Sweden, properly fo called, bounded by Norway and the gulf of Bothnia, Gothland, Livonia, Ingria, Finland, Swedifh Lap- land, and the Swed'li iflands. But it is necelTary to ob^'^rve, that Liv '.a and Ingria, though reckoned as part of Sweden, belong now t» the Ruilians, having been conquered by I'etei fhe Great, and ceded by poilcrior treaties. The following are the Dinicnfions of the Kingdom of Sweden : Places, Sivciien Proper Gothland Schoncn Lapland, and Weft Bothnia Suediih Finland, and Eafl Dothnia Gothland I Oclandl Upper "I Pomerina F , Sasonyj Rugcn I .., Total Length 342 853 77 420 «o 84 47 84 Breadth 194 ibo 340 22,5 23 9 24 £1 Kjuare Miles, } 47,900 2,5.575 2,960 76,000 73'00o 1,000 560 1,320 228,715 Capital Cities. Stockholm, Calmar, Lunden. Torne, Uma. Abo, Cajanburg. Wifby. Barkholm. Stralfund. Bcrgcii. i SivtDEN Proper contains the following provinces; Wmly, L'plandia, Siidcrmania, Wtftmania, Nericia, 'A'ilricia, Hclllngia, Dalecarlia, McdelpeJia, Anger- mania, jcmptin. Gothlar.d contains Eaft Gothland, Wert Gothland, iSmlaiul, Wcrmcland, Dalia, Sclionen, Blcking, |llal!a;ring and autiunii arc not known : the lun is fo txccllivcly hot in finTiincr, as fometinus to lit forells en (ire ; and the winter is fo iiitenlely coM, iliat the iiofcs and extremities of the inhahitanis aro Ircqiu-ntiy inoiiiliLiI ; and in fiich cafes, tiie belt reninly that has hcen Ibinid out, is, rubbing the part aftedeil with fnow : they endeavour to mitigate llic levcrity ol the weatlier, by llovcs and warm furs. The loii is mncli the fu' j with that oi Denmark, and fome parts of Norway, ^jOncralJy very bad, but in fonie vailies furpriiingly fertile, 'file Swedes, till of late jears, had not indullry enough to remedy the or.c, «)r improve the other Hut fince the days ot Charles XII. they have been at incredible pains to corndl the native barrennefs of their country, by creeling col- leges of agriculture, and in fome places with great fuccefs. I'lie peafatits now follow the agriculture of France and England ; and fome late accounts fay, that they raife alniott as inticli grain as maintain the natives. In fiimmcr, a beautiful verdure, inter- fperfed with Bowers, overfpreads the fields ; currants, ftrawberrics, ralberries, with other fmall fruits, arc prinluccd fpontaneoiilly. Great plenty of pot-herbs and roots are reared in the kitchen-gardens. Iii dry fcafons, melons are brought to great perfedlion, and the orchards abound with cherri-'s of different kinds, and of excellent flavour. Apples, pears, and plums are pretty fcarce here , and the common people know, as yet, little of the cultivation of apricotj, peaches, nectarines, pineapples, and the like high-flavoured fruits. The mountains in Sweden are numerous, huge, and Jioary ; tlie princ ipal among them are the Dofrinc, %vliich bigiii about Jeniptland, and extend near four hundred Lnglith miles north. Tlie face of the country is in a great meafnre overfprcari by valt forells of fir, pine, alder, juniper, beech, birch, and fome oak. Thefc trees grow foilofi. together, and fucli a number of thole that fall are h.ft to rot, that in many places the woods are entirely impalfabie. The tiiT^ber is in general as good as that ot Norwa)'. Their feas arc the Baltic and the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, which are arms of the Baltic; and on the well of Sweden arc the Caiegatc fea, and the Sound, a Ibeight about four miles over, which divides Sweden from Denmark. Thefe feas have no tides, and are ufu- aliy frozen up four months in the year; nor are they fo fait as ihc ocean, never mixing with it, becaufe a current fets always out of the Baltic fea into the ocean. This kingdom is watered l)y many navigable rivers, aiuutig which are the Lihl», iuruea, and Kitna j but tlie chief of ihcin is the Uma, which '^ »"amcn;;j J minv others. llu- lakes in Sweden are «f prodij^i jui emt,,, dc|) 'i, and are travcrfi'd by the inhabiiants in boii the lumiuer, and lledgivs in the winter. Tlim,,. '" the principal ot tbelu are thi Vellcr, the Wcninr the Ivlacler. In the lakc:i, aiiJ along t'.ic fci-coall i'l'* are innumerable illands, ol vvhi.ih lix tlioii|'ainli,rc';r,k biied, but the rell are cither bare rocks, orfinallii] covered with wood. Sweden has fcvtral mines of (liver, many of codmJ and vail numbers of iron. The P"iii-'iiul of ihtU the great (ilvcr mine, into which wiHkniciiarcletJo*! ill balkets to the firll lloor, wliicli is 10,5 Uihorasunl dur ground : the roul there is as high as a cluirch, fimj ported by vail arches of oak ; thence the de'fccmi's b| i.ulJers, or bu kets, to the lowcll mine, abovejofJ tlioms. They have no records fo ancient asihclij difcovery cither of this or tliL great copper mine, whici mult needs have been the work of many jg.js. Thco feldom yields above four per cent, aiul requires m pains to refine It. They arc alfo at t chargceiwj, ter-mill to drain the mines, and have me bciietit ilijo, thcr to draw up the ore. This mine (omitrly prwluitj between 20,000 and 30,000 of fine lilvcr crowns, aiinu. ally, and the king had a privilege in is favour,. being allowed to purchafc whatever quantity he thouglij proper of it, and to pay one fourth lets than theintnnf value. A late traveller infoims lis, that tin, inineis,jt prefent, much diminifhed in vuiue, by haungbeenfJ greatly exhaulled. However, it may not be impropnJ in this place, todefcribe the metal called fijvcr, and il nature of the various ores from which it is produced, Silver is a noble and perfeft metal, of awhite(]iiiiii»| colour, fonorous and dudile, but not fo perfefl as golil It is fometimes found in fmall malfcs of many differentl (hapcs, but inolt commonly like filaments and fcales Jul feveral forts of (tones and moulds, and in many fomii(| land. I The Vifrcan filvcr is of an irregular form, vtiyl weighty, and may be ealily flatted with a hammer, tiiil it is not much harder than lead, and is muchofilie| fV.mc colour; for which reafon it is otten iiiiilakcnful lead. It melts prefenily, and foon grows reil-hot, condfts of fulphur and pure (ilver, and above itiral quarters of it is (ilver. The horny (ilver ore is \ii\ tranfparent, and of a deeper yellow or brown coloiiJ according as it conlifls of larger or (mailer lump?. I'J looks like rolin, and is of an irregular Ihapc. Wbl carefully examined, it appears to confilt of very tbl plates. It is not very weighty or hard, font maybea-r lily ground, and when bre>iight fiuideiily to the lire, it I crackles, burfts, and exhales a fulpluiroiis I'mell, ar •504 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. dered into the bowels of Koppnrbcrg, as I defccnded from gallery to gallery, foinctiines by Udders, and fome- ttmes by ftairs, my aftonifhme.it increafed at every ftcp. At fird I went down by zigzag ftairs, tolerably commo- dious, iiitoaLrge cavity, about 300 feet deep, and aooc faces in circumference. At the extremity of the cave Caw; in a corner, a hut built of wood, fix or feven feet in height, at the door of which flood two figures half naked, and as black as ink. I took th?m for the fages of Pluto. Each had a lighted torch in his hand, n this hut, is one of tiie entries into the fubterraneous regions, and it is the tnoll commodious of the four which communicated with the cave. I and my fervant >Vere immediately prcfeiited with a black drefs, a pre- caution that is generally taken to prefeive the clothes of the inqnilltivc from being (polled in the narrow paf- feges of the galleries. This mournful apparel, together V'iih a prayer uttered by tny guides, imploring the di- vine aid, that we might cfcapc unhurt from thefe re- gions, intimidated my forvant, who was a young Frieze, in fuch a manner, that he ..ould fcarccly fubmit to be drcifed en Scaramouche, much lefs defcend into the mine. «• Paffing at one time through alleys propped up by timber, at another, under aults that fupport^d them- fclves, we came to immeiife large halls, the Height or extremities of which could not be reached by the feeble lights that we carried. In fome of thefe are forges, where the different tools ufed in working the mines are made and repaired. It was here fo excelfively hot, that the workmen were entirely naked. (Jther halls fcrved either for mLgazines of gunpowder, or cordage, and other utenfiJs necelfary for their operations. Thefe communicate by means of the galleries, and thefe gal- leries communicate with each other by ladders or ileps. There are alfo apertures made fiom the upper furface, in a perpendicular line to the loweft gallery, without any interruption. Thefe fcrve at once to convey frcfli air, and for the paifage of any burdens, which, being placed in large veifcls, are moved upward and down- ward by means of puUics, that are in continual motion during the whole time of labour. The pullies are kept in motion by horfes on the top of the mo«intain. The velTels are attached to chains of iron, commtm ropes being fubjccl to fpeedy erolion by tiie vitriolic vapours which alctnd from the inines. The irons themfelvcs vill not endure for a long fpacc of time, and therefore ropes of cows hair, or of hogs bridles, are often made to fupply their place. The apertures are not only con- venient for the piirpofcs above mentioned, and give vtnt to a peltilentisi atmofphcre; but co-operatint^ with the heat proceeding fron) the forge, and other phyfiral v-aiifcs, they excite, even in the deeped parts, fuch ex- cellive draughts ol air, that they refeinble the moll vio- tiit luuiicancs. The roofs that arc not fiipj)oit':d by nrt, affjrc), in many places, a very (ingtilar appearance. The vitriol dillillin;^ through the rocks, cryltallizes on their furface, and lonns ^jrifrns of different figures. Thefe are fufpended from a thoufand places, ten tw 1 twenty feet in length, and of a molt beaimfi'i J ' The reflexion of the light from their various \mU^ and from the minerals that furround the walls " duces an efFeta more eafy to be conceived il.,'„'*i'''l fcribed. "'" H " In one of the jpaflTages, upwards of feven hundred feet below the furface of tho earth, the vitriol i< ';r f folved, and it is pumped out of the mine by meansffl a curious hydraulic machine. The water which fprina I up at this depth very copiouily, is fet in motion bj horfes, dilfolves the vitriol, and conveys it intoarefe I voir, which contains a quantity of old iron. Twcntv I four of thefe horfes have ftables in the gallery, thriJ mangers being cut out of the rock. This workconti.] nues night and dav, horfes and men being rcli;vcj| every fix hours. Thefe animals are hoifted up throu"!!! the openings once in a year, to undergo a general tjt view. Curiofity induced me to defcend to about eltvtil himdred feet under the earth, to the lowell Mllcrvl where the principal explofion is made. Notwithftindl ing the exceHive cold of this place, the men who wciif occupied in cleaving the rock, were not only nakedj but in profufe fweats. The obfcurity of thefe reioml the didant fires fpreading a vifible gloom, naW mtiil dark as the minerals which they work, fiirronnded bfl the fparks that fly from their hammers; the horrid noifcl of their labour, and of the wheels of the hydraulic ma.! chines, joined with the tremendous figures which wl met, froin time to time, with lighted torches in thcitl hands, made me doubt whether I was not rdlviil Tartarus. ' I " Having at length arrived at a kind of hall, tlie| roofs of which were fupported by pillars hewn out c the rock, and furrounded with feats of the fame naturtj my guides defired me to repofe myfelf, and liitentJ fome mulic that would amufe me. On my inqiiirml of what kind, they anfwered it w^.- the lioife whidij proceeded from blowing up the rocks, to facilitate ikkl labour. I confented, on condition that they (houUre-l main with me. They readily agreed, as this was tbtl only place totally free from danger. Oncof themwentl out for a moment to give the neceffary dirci3ioiis,aiid| returning, fat by my fide. After v/aiting aboiita(|iiir-| ter of an hour, trcinbling with cold, and my p.iiiinctl exhauflfd, I threatened to renounce the mulic, ii ;kf| were not more expeditious. While 1 was fpc5k;iii;,i!K| cxp^olion began. My ears had hitherto been lltaiijrij ' to the like. The whole extent of tlicfc fulitirraiiBisI regions, as far as our light could reach, wasiiiiiaiMl ilhnniiiatcrl, and we were immediately left in ntill darltnefs, for the prelfure of the air hud cxlin^iriUl our torches. This obfcurity was ot\ly interriipiall'yjj new ex;>lonon on tliL right and left, acconip3iiitil!vii!i| fudden tl lOics of light. Kcltf)cs redcublcd tlicilrnbl with thundering noife. The vaults llemcd tofplliowl our hi.-ad'--, the ground trembled, atiil (uir feats niclc(i| under us. The lecoUcclioa that we wcrtckvciuK- m OPE.] W E D E N. £9'5 l/i«dand tliirty-lix feet under the furface of the earth; I T licli'i *' ^^"y repeated flafh, of our miidcs, and of I 'felii dreflcd in rablcHiuc; the fall of the rocks that I . re detached by the cxplofion ; and the fmok.- of the Ipowder, n'ill plend my apology (hould 1 candidly \ oJth that I felt all the foufK which I had, flood ereft. iThis conceit continued about half an hour, and fud- Idcnlvceafmgi left us in profound filence; which, to- Lther with the obfcuriiy of the place, and the fulFo- latingftcam of the gunpowder, rather increafed than Liminilhed the horror. This operation is repeated every Iday at noon." • Iron mines and forges are In great numbers, efpe- I jjjjiy towards the mountainous parts, where they have Ithe conveniency of water-falls to turn their mills. IFromthefe, bcfides fupplying the country, there is I jjly exported, iron to the value of near 300,000! but lot late years the number of thefe forges has been fo Iniuch increafed, that each endeavouring to underfell lothers, the price has been much lowered. Since the Iprohibition of foreign manufadlures, in exchange for Iwhi.h iron was plentifully taken off, it is grown fo \ik~.v, 'hat it is found neceffary to leflen the number of "cs. Neither has that contrivance had the tffeA in- Iten^cd, but, on the contrary, many more are like to 1 of themfcives, becaufe they cannot work but with llofs; in which cafe, many thoufands of poor people, Iffiiure livelihood depends upon thofe forges and mines, Ivill be reduced to a ftarving condition. Iron is an ignoble metal, remarkable for its hardnefs. Iliisofa whitilh livid colour when poliflied, but before lihititisblackilh. When it is cleanfed it is called (leel. ■The ore of common iron is of no certain form, but imol) commonly of a rudy colour. There is alfo an lore which is very heavy, and of a red bluifli colour Ivhcn broken. It is very rich in the bed kind of iron, [and iifually yields, at the firft melting, from fixty to |(ighty pounds out of an hundred weight. There is lalfo a ftngular kind of iron ore, of a yellowifh colour, [though (ometimcs grey, and fometimes of a kind of Ifemitranfparent white. It will yield, when melted, labout thirty pounds of iron out of an hundred weight. When iron is melted, it is formed into large maltes, Uhich ate long and thick, and commonly called pigs. iThere are melted over again, and (Hrred with an iron irod, in order to render them malleable. While they ■are yet red hot, they arc placed under hammers, and by lihat means the heterogeneous particles are forced away [by the repeated ftrokes. One fort of iron differs greatly I from another, but that which is toughed is bed, and [that which is mod brittle is word of ail. However, all Jfortsof iron are of the fame nature, and they are only Imoreor lefs tough, in proportion to the earthy, vitri- lolic, andfulphurous particles mixed therewith. Iron [being often melted and cleanfed, is turned intofteel; though, in fome cafes, little labour is required for that j^urpofe, and in others a great deal. When iron is very I good, they melt it in a furnace, and throw in gradually a mixture of equal parts of an alkalous fait, and filiiiE» of lead, with the rafpings of oxcs horns; thci. ',ey iiir the melted metal, and at length place it on th; .invil, where they beat it into rods. A late traveller gives the following remarkable de- fcription of his defcent into the mines of Danmora. " We lay, fays he, at a pretty village, called Oftar- by, and went ab'-ut three miles the next tiiorfiing to fee the mines of Danmora They arc celebrated for producing the fined iron ore in Europe, the iron of which is exported into every country, and coaftitutes one of the mod important fourccs of the national wealth and royal revenues of Sweden. The ore is not dug as in the mines of tin or coal which we have in England, but is torn up by powder. This operation is performed every day at noon, and is one of the mod tremendous and awful it is podible to conceive. Wc arrived at the mouth of the great mine (which is near half an Englifh mile in circumference in time to be prefei»t at it. Soon after twelve the fird explofion be- gan i I cannot compare it to any thing fo aptly as fiib- tcrraneous thunder, or rather vollies of artillery dif- charged under ground. The dones are thrown up by the violence of the powder to a vaft height above the furface of the earth ; and the cone u (lion is fo great as to fhake the furrounding earth, or rock, on every fide. I felt a pleafure mixed with terror, as I hung over this vail and giddy hollow, to the bottom o'i which the eye in vain attempts to penetrate. As foon as the cxplu- fions were finilhed, I determined, liowevcr, to defcend into the mine. Thej-c is no way to do this but in a large deep bucket, capable of containing three perfons, and fadened to chains by a rope. The infpe£lor, at whofu houfe I had ilept the preceding night, took no liKle pains to diiTuade me from the refolution, and aflTured me that not only the rope, or chains, fometimes broke, but that the fnow and ice, which lodged on the fides of the mines, frequently tumbled in, and dedroyed the workmen ; nor could he warrant my abfolute jecurity from one or both of thefe accidents. Finding, how- ever, that I was deaf to all his remondrances, he proo vidcd me a clean bucket, and put two men into 't to accompany me. I wrapped myfelf, therefore, in my great coat,*and dcpped into the bucket. The two men followed, and we were let down. I am not adiamed to own, that when I found myfelf thus fiifpended between heaven and earth by a rope, and looked down into the deep and dark abyfs below me, to which 1 could fee no termination, I muddered with appreheniion, and half repented my curiofity. This was, however, only a mo- mentary fcnfation, as before I had defcended an luiii- dred feet, I looked round on the fccne with very tole- rable compofure. I was near nine minutes before I reached the bottom, it being 80 fathoms, or 480 feet. The view of the mine, when I fct my foot to the earth, was awful and fublime in the highed degree. Whether terror or pleafure formed the predominant feeling, as I looked at it, is hard to fay. The light of the day w^s 6 M very 1506 A NFAV AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. BtKoi^] '■•very faintly ailmittcd into tlicfe fiibtcrraneous cavt-rns. In many places it was abfoliitely loft, and flambeaux fuppliecl its place. I faw beams of wood acrofs ffMne parts, from one fide of the rock ti. the other, where the miners fat employed in boring holes for the admif- fion of powder, with as much unctmcern as I could have I'elt in any ordinary place, though tlie Icaft dizzinefs, or even a failure in prekrving their equilibrium, mnfl have made them lofc their feat, and dalh them to pieces agaiuft the nigged furfacc of die rock beneath. The fragments torn up by the cxplofion, previous to my delccnt, lay in vail heaps on all fides, and the whole fccne was calculated to infpire a gloomy admiration in the beholder. A confinement for life in thtfe horrible iron dungeons, mult furely, of all punilhments which human invention lijs devifed^ be one of the moft ter- rible. I remained three quarters of an hour in thcfc gloomy and frightful caverns, and travcrfcd every part of them which was accelfibte, conducted by my guides. The weather above was very warm, but here the ice covered the whole furface of the ground, and I found myfclf furrounded with the colds of the moft rigorous winter, amid darknefs and caves of iron. In one of thefe, which runs a confiderable way under the rock, were eight wretches warming themfelves round a char- coal fire, and eating the little fcanty fubfiftencp pro- duced from their miierable occupation. They rofe with furprife at feeing (o uncxpedled a gueft among them ; and I was not a little pleafed to dry my feet at their fire, which were wet with treading on the melted ice. There are no kfs than 1300 of thefe men conftantly employed in the mines, and their pay is only a com- mon dollar, of three-pence Englifh, a d.^y. They were firft opened about 1580, under the reign of John the Third, but have been conflanrly worked only fince the time of Chriftina. After having gratified iny curiofity ^ with a fiili view of thef: fubterraneous apartments, I made the fignal for being drawn up, and can moft fe- rioully aftirm, I felt fo little terror while re-afcending» compared with that of being let down, that I am con- ' vinced, in five or fix times more, I fhould have been Eerfeflly indifTcrent to it, and could have folved a pro- Icm in mathematics, or compofcd a fonnet to my mif- «rcfs, in the bucket, without any degree of fright or ' apprehcnfion. S) ftrong is the cffeft of cuftom on the ' human mind, and fo contemptible dues danger or hor- rorbccomc, when familiarized by continual repetition!" Speaking of the manner in which the peafants ma- nufaflurc the iron, the fame writer fays, " I have vifi- ted fix or fevcn forges on my journey, each of which conftantly employs from four to fourteen hundred workmen, only in iron. Wherever there is a country feat, you may be certain to f;;e one of thefe fabrics, and no Cyclons were ever more dextrous in working their matiiials. I have feen them ftand clofe to, and ham- mer, in their coarfe frock of linen, a bar of ore, the heat and rclulgence of which were almoft infupportablc (o tnc i4 to ieet diftance, aikd with the fpnrks of which they are covercJ from head to foot. I had theDlTl of viewing the whole procefs ufed to reduce th into iron, and muft own it is very curious. Th '« roaft it in the open air for a confiderable timc'^afJ which it is thrown into a furnace, and, v/henr'jn J to fulion, is poured into a mould of fand aboatil yards in length, Thefe pigs, as they are then denol natcd, are next put into a forge heated to a prodisio, degree. They break off a large piece with pril! when red hot, and this is beat to a lelTer fiw 1 hammers. It is put again into the fire, and from thew entirely finiflied, by being laid tinder an itnmenftt gine refcmbling a hatnmer, which is turned by wata and flattens the rude piece into a bar. Nothinjcd exceed the dexterity ot the men who condiift this J eluding part of the operation, as the eye is their fol guide, and it requires an exquifite nicety ami preciHooi It is certainly a moft happy circumftance that SHedd abounds with thefe emplt)ymcnts for her peafants, liU from the ungrateful Joil and inclement latitude, ilj muft otherwiTe perifti by mifery and famine." The animals in Sweden arc elks, bears, wolves deer hares, foxes, wild cats, fquirrcis, &c. and thefe i« hunted either for th»"ir flefh, flcins, or furs, the Swedill huntfmen ufing guns,, and being in general excella markftticn. The Swedifli fquirrel is fomewhat thicker tUi weafel, but not quite fo long. He is of a reddilh ( lour on the upper part of the head and back, butoij rile belly is white. The tail is long and biilhy, whidl being turned over his back, is futficient to Ihade ill whence the Latin name/ciurrts, which fignifies a lliadel This animal fits upon his backlidc when he fdsl faying hold of the provifion with his fore feet, andpui.l ting it into his tnoufii. He lives upon nuts and acorml of all kinds, but is moft fond of hazel nuts, which litl gathers in the proper feafon, and hoards up agaiil winter. Squirrels are generally to be met withupoiij trees, where they build their nefts, and bring iipitieirl young. They can leap very readily from bonjl) lol bough, and fometimcs from tree to tree, at which tijiel they life their tails inftcad of wings, forit is ofgreaj help in keeping them from finking. Poultry of various kinds are reared in Sweden, Ofl game there is picnry, both of hnd and wa;trlo»l,,j particularly partridges, and a bird called llie yerpct, which refembks a partridge. The orra is a fowl of the fize of a hen, and ihele. der is very near as big as a turkey. In winter ihe | Swedifli fportfmen air 'ife themfelves with killing blidf- birds, thrulhes, and fydenfwaiis, the latter bung bcaiiii- fill birds, fuinptuoully arrayed in gorgeous pinnes, which are finely tipt with fcarlet : they are about ilit fize of fieldfares, and their flefh is of a moll esqiiiliie | flavour, F"igeons are fcarce, on account of the ^icat number of voracious birds which delhoy them, The eagle is the moft remarkable bird of prey. TC bird is of a large li^e, very ftrong, and tau never \t tJQXli [Binedlike the ■it is much rd Ifultiire. The eagle f loin?, and roolt bch places as at Itvtr, as bird.s, rnter plenty re lis fumctimes m (onveniencc of tnbs, tortoifcs, llikc. They " tbtir own fpccie Uack not only iter, fiieep, and Ijeiison the mt ijhell trees, fo ]ii feet in diam the hair of foxes liiis, tokecpthc [iitrally lays two, iiiichts rhcm in jaie fupplies he mes are produce Itbievons, and d lilcs round ther lidgcs alive to of warm b ivail themfelves < ic eaglets in the 15 it home for t 'The vulture di Ibk turned inn mtinuing ftraig is much more la, hich tbc eagle \ )on live birds, kct them \ and i piieir way . The hawk ha ■of the tail, whic iThebcak is pa: jre of a pale gr hrgc, Iharp, and ^hite, llrcaked piidhcad are bn Rup: the tail is iiinning acrofs Bellow colour. rinlanJ, which blaic of iilver or ffrench infcripti tnglilh, implies |he latter, were ' Le Dut: de ( ihiis tranllatcd : K The kite' is i kujoi^-] S TV E D N. 5 ^^ ^'^^^ ^^ "*''^' animals, are found in iHCiter plenty ''"""'* *''^ habitations of men, the eagie lis fumctimes induced to fremitnt tKofe places for the Iconveniencc of its prey. They live much on filh, Imbs, tortoifts, wild ducks, poultry, pigeons, and the llike. They have been known not to fpare even Itheir own fpccics, when prclFed with hunger. They laiiacknot only lambs and young goats, but fometimes mu licep, anJ even horned cattle. They build their Ijtlts'on the molt inaccefliblc parts of rocks, and the lliichell trees, fome of which have been found near ht feel in diameter. They are ufuali/ lined with Ithehairof fi»ccs, wool, or the fur of hares and rab- Ibiis, 10 keep tiic eggs warm, of which the female gs- ■ Iwrallytays two, or fometimes three at a time, and latches them in thirty days, during which time the Ule fiipplies her with food. As fuon as the yoinig Les are produced, the old become remarkably mif- Itliitvoii?, and deitroy Iambs and poultry for fevcral miles round them. They often bring hares and par- lidgcs alive to their young, to regale them with the tlilh of warm blood. The. coimtry folks fometimes ^vail tliemfclves of thefe provifions, by taking it from ilic eaglets in the abfence of the old ones, and carry- bi;iiliomc for their own ufe. The vulture differs from the eagle in not having its Ib^ turned immediately crooked from the rout, it Itontinuing ftraight to the length of two inches. It Bsmuch more hiy than the eagle, and fond of carrion, Whtlic eagle will not touch. However, they prey ma live birds, hares, kids, fawns, &c. if they can Jget them; and if not, eat any fillh that comci in jiheir way. 1 The hawk has wings fo long as to reach to the end Jof the tail, which refeinbles that of a fparrow-liawk. ■The beak is partly blue and partly yellow; the feet Jteof a pale gretii ; the toes are ilcnder ; the talons lirgc, lliarp, and darkilh ; the bread, belly, and thighs, white, (Ircaked with black ; the neck, back, wings, kdlicad are brown, and' the latter is flatiilh at the iup: the tail is of a light brown, with black lines kunning acrpfs it ; and the legs and feet are of a hdlow colour. S^ime years ago a- hawk was killed in p'inland, which had a plate o( gold on one leg, and a Waic of iilver on the other. On the I'onner was th'S French infcription : " Je fiiis an iioi;*' which, in Englilh, implies, " I belong to tlie King;" and, (.n Ihe latter, were thefe words in the fame Iangu;igc,: r Le Due de Chevrctife me garde ;'" which- iiiay be |hus tranllutcd : " The Duke of Chevreufe kecir; ne" ' Ihckileis Jiftingitiihcd fro.*!! all oiIkt wpacious birds by having a forked tail. inches long, from the head to the tip of the tail, when tl'.c neck is itraight ; but when the wings are ex It is iifually about 28 ip o the tended, it meafures, from extremity toextremiiy, 64 inches, or better. The head is of an alh colour, the neck red, the back brown, and the wings are diverll- fied with red, black, and white. The beak is black, the tongiie thick, the Icgs^ and^ feet yellow, and the talons of a f^blc hue. h has always bsett famous for its rapacity, and is often mentioned by: ttve atKien(s>- Thus the fpreading kifc; . That fmells the flaughter'd vi£tim from Flies at a diftance, if the priefis are Aai fails around, and keeps it in her sm on- high, V nigh, y M cje." J Ovid,. The fcas' of Swedtn; as' well as the rivers, abound^ ■•. (h a great variety of fifh, particiHarly falmon, perch, pike, (treamling, trout, tench, eels, feals, &c. Pikes are fo abundant that' vaft qnantitics- are failed and dried for fale ; and great munbers of flreamlings (which is a delicious filh, fmaller than a pilchar, or pilchard) are pickled and barrelled, both for home confumption and exportation. The train-oil, ex- tra alfo mills for pileing, and for boring Indltjtnping; and of late they have built many fliips rfale. About the middle of the 17th century, by Die allillance of the Dutch and Flemings, they fet up Ifflie maniiraiihires of glafs, flarch, tin, woollen, filk, jap, leather-drcding, and faw-mills : bookfelling was It that time unknown in Sweden. They have fiuce lad fugar-baking, tobacco-plantations, and manufac- tes of fail-cloth, cotton, fuftian, and other ituffs ; If linen, alum, and brimflone ; paper-inills and gun- lofliler-mills. About the year 1752 the Swedes had greatly in- Ttafeil their exports, and diminiilied their imports, Lit part of which arrive, or are fent off in Swcdilh the Swedes having now a kind of navigation- Ifti like that of the EngliJh ; but the madnefs and jtaloiiries of ihe Swedilli government have blarted thcfc Jiomiling appearances. Among their curiofities and antiquities are the foU bwing: A lew leagues from Gottenburg is a hideous [rKipice, down which a dreadful cataratSt runs with tch impetuoiity into a deep bed of water, that large tails and other bodies of timber, which are precipi- ked, difappear, fomc being half an hour, and others Biich longer, before they are recovered. Several hun- ircd fathoms of line have been ufed in endeavouring I find the bottom of this bed, but it has never yet leen difcovercd. [n various parts of Sweden a (lone I foiind, of a yellow-colour, intermixed with ftreaks [ white, which give it the appearance of a compo- lion of gold and fiiver. This ftone yields fulphur, inn, vitriol, and minium. In the fouthcrn parts of Cuihland is a remarkable flimy lake, which has the bcominon pr(/perty of fingeing every thing that is Irown into it. I The Swedes have no artificial curiofities to boaft of; jut they pretend to be in pollcfliou of a mauufcript bpyof the tranflation of the Gofpel into Gothic, the |ork of a bilhop 1300 years ago. Two clocks, one Upfal, and the other at Lunden, are elleemed by lera pieces of curious workmanlhip : that at Lunden lews the remarkable motions of the heavenly bodies, liih ail fellivals, both fixed and moveable. jMany changes have happened in the government of Veden. At the deceafe of Charles XII. who go- as an abfolute prince in Sweden, his filler, Ulrica Elconora, afcendcd the throne, and, knowing; how iinweary the defpotifm of Charles had rendered his fubjeils, the rirll aHion of her reign wa<;, to ilTue a proclamation, declaring licr intention of abolifhing and renouncing, for herfelf and fiiccelFor?, all abfolute power and dominion, and of tc-clliib I idling the old form of Kovernmcnt. The ftates of Sweden being affem- bled, in the year 1719, flje made a declaration that (lie would accept the crown on no other condition than that of eledlion ; which refolution was fo agreeable to the ftates, that they immediately exerted the power (ho had given them, by unanimoully choofing her for their fovercign ; and foon after her hulband, the landgrave of HelTc-Cailll, was allbciated with her in the go- vernment. Tills condefcenfion of the queen has been jiillly blamed for the unbounded length to which (he carried it ; for the dates now acquired more ample privileges than they had ever before enjoyed ; and at the fame time tkc power of the king of Sweden was fo limited, that he could fcarcely be called by that name, being cramped in every exercifc of govern- ment, and even in the education of his own children. The great officers of the kingdom were appointed by the diet of the dates ; and all employments of any value, ecclefiadical, civil, or military, were conferred by the king only," with the approbation of the fenate. The cdate?; were formed of deputies from the four or- ders, nobility, clergy, burghers, and pcafaiits. The reprefentatives of the nobility, which included the gentry, amounted to above 1000, thofe of the clergy, to 200, the burghers to about 150, and the peafants to 230. Each order fat in its own houfe, and had its own fpeaker ; and each chofe a fecret committee for the dii'patch of bulincfs. The fixed time for convok- ing the dates was once in three years, in the month of January, and the fefTion was appointed to continue three months; but it might break up fooner, if all the orders confented to the fcparation. The immediate bufinefs of the ftates was, to regulate every thing of importance relating to the conliitution, and to take cognizance of every circumllance in which the welfare and advantage of the community was in- tcredcd. The affairs of the public, when the ftates were not fitting, were managed by the king and fenate, which, in faa, was a committee of the dates, but chofen in a particular manner ; the nobility, or upper houfc, appointed 24 deputies, the clergy 12, and the burghers 12 ; thefe chofe three pcrfons, to be prefented to the king, that he might fill the vacant feat with one of the three. The peafants had no vote in eledling a fenator. Almoft all the executive power was lodged in the I'enate, which confided of 14 members, be- fides the chief governors of the provinces, the pre- fident of thd chancery, and the grand marlhal. Du- ring the re.cefs of the ftates, thofe fcnators formed the king's prfvy-council ; but he had no more than a cafting vote in their deliberations. Appeals lay to 6 N them hi m 5to A NKW AND COMPLKTE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPHy. r ■ ^ tlicm from courts of jiulicatiirc, but eacli fciutor was accountable to the (tatcs for his coiiiluft. Upon the whole, in confcauence of this arraiigc- mtiit, the government of Sweden niiyht be callcil re- publican, for ihc king's poMg^fi was inferior to tliat of a rtailthoider. The TcnatcJ|h*vcn authority to im- pofe on the king a fub-coifmittce of tlicir number, who were to attend upon his perfon, and to be a check upon all his proceeding', to the very management of his family. Appeals were to be made to them from the different courts of judicature; and one half of the fenate was conllantly employed in the rcvifion of fcntences, the adminiilration of julUce, and the regu- lation of foreign affairs ; while the other half was oc- cupied with matters of IciJl importance. Each fenator, however, was refponlibic to the diet for his condiidl relative to every aifair in \v!iioh his advice or vote was given. We (hall only add. that though nothing could be more plaullble than the vviiole plan of their dirtribiitivc powers, yet nothing was lefs pratSlicabie ; iiiafmtich as their ollicers and minillers, under the notion of making them checks upon one another, were multiplied to an inconvenient degree ; and by the tedious forms through which the bufinefs of go- vernment murt ncceffarily pals, it was greatly re- tarded, if not rendered altogether incffefliial. But a lother 'extraordinary chaise has lately taken place, which we (liall here give fome account of. By the new f(;rni of government, cllablif])ed in 1772, the king is impowered to allVmblc and feparate the fiates hcnevcr he pleafes ; he is alfo to have the whole 'al of the army, navy, finances, and all civil 'a iiliiary employments ; and though by this new '" l!..ii the king dots not openly claim an autho- rity to impofe taxes on all occafions, yet fu; h as already fubfift arc to be perpetual ; and in cafes of ingent ncccHity, he may impofe fome, till the dates «an be convened : but even thcfe circumlbnccs depend wholly on his will and plcafnrc, as likcvvife the Aib- iedl of their deliberations when aifemblcd ; fo that it may be plainly perceived that fuch a governinent as this very nearly rcfcmbles the moll abfolutc monarchy. The Swedes, ho"\c\er, notwithllanding the great power veiled in the fovertign, are ftill anuifed with fome (liglu appearances of a legal and limited govern- ment : for in the new fyllcni, which conlids of 57 articles, a fcnatc is appointed, conliding of 17 mem- bers, including the great olficers of the crown, and the governor of Fomtrania, who are retjuired to give their advice in all affairs of Itatr, when required by the king. On this occafion, if the (jucftions agitated are of great iuifortancc, and their unanimous opinions Ihould be contrary to that of the king, he is required to toUow their advice ; though it cannot be cafily ima- gined that r(» many great oHicers of the crown (hould decide againll the king: but in every other cafe the fovertign is to hear their opinions, and afterwards adl as b<: pleafes. There arc fouie other reiliaints on the regal power in the prcfent new fom, but thd are inconhdcrable, and overbalanced by the linl authority and influence. M In Sweden, the common method of exccuiio ' beheading and hanging. Malefadlors arc never"' to death, cx.cept for very atrocious crimts, fuj Ireafon, murder, adultrtJT, houfe-brcaking, highy,!] robbery, or repeated thefts. Other crimes, inji, which in foinc cotmtries are conlidercd as capital " chieHy punilhed by whipping. condemnation lolivdiM bread and water, imprifonmcnt and hard labour, eii|! for life, or for a dated time, according to tlie'njiuJ of the offence. For murder, the hand of the \ minal is firfl ciiopped off, and he is then bcliai and quartered ; women, after being beheaded, ir,'i« of being quartered, arc burned. Criminals of thenv biliiy or gentry are ufually (hot to death. Nocapitalp nilhment is inflidled before the king conlirms ;hc|{ii, tencc. Every prifoner is at liberty to ptiijuu iIk king within a month after the trial. The pctjij™ cither comdains of unjuft condemnation, aiidinfucU a cafe demands a revcrfal of the fentencej or clfi prays for pardon, or mitigation of piinllhlnent, the reign of the prefent king, criminals were WAwi, to extort confetlion ; but in 1773 'I's Swediih Mj. jelly aboli (lied this cruel and abfurd pradlice. Dutlil arc pimilhed with the utmoll rigour ; for if ipctfoo. receives an affront, he is to coinplain to his natiorai court, wlicn the recantation of the offending nam I and begging pardon in public, are generally awanwl as a fulHcient reparation of honour. I Titles to ellates in Sweden are rendered pcrfeillyl fecurc by the regillers of fales, mortgages, ar.dalieiij.I tions, kept by every tribmial. Ellates defcciidbyiB.r heritance in equal portions to the children, of whiclil portions a fon inherits tv\o, and a daughter one. It is noil in the power of a parent to alter tins difpufiiion, unitfil a child proves vicious or difobedient, and eveniiiiliA cafes, he inidl lirfl obtain a judicial fentcnce; butliel may bequeath one-tenth of his acquired cllatc to hi»l favourite child, whenever he pleafes. If a man dies,! whofe edate is incimxbered with debts, the heir is al- 1 lowed three mr)nths to inquire into the circumllancK) of the deccafed ; at the expiration of which, if iiciit.f dints accepting the inheiitance, the law bccoracsncitl heir, and always adininiltcrs. The cities and principal towns in Swdcn, m worthy of notice, arc as follow ; Stockholm, the capital of this kingdom, flandsi miles iiorth-eaft from Copenhagen, 224 fromCftitn-l burg, 34'2 from Wybuig, 387 wed from Pcterlbiirgli,j 465 from VVarfaw, 660 north from Vienna, S|:lfifl| Paris, and 790 north-call from Ivondor, ; it isliiiiai(d| on a duller of fmall illands ; the iKiufes being buil upon piles. If we include the two fiibiirbs, cue which Hands on the peninfiila of I'oreii, andiheoihctj in Athundria, the town is as ' irge and as populoiisa I Briltol. The iflaiid on which the greatcll pan of i^^ m .W-, ' El,I>OPE.] S W E D N. 6»» ~.-, 'ns in Sweden, . fljnds, is furroumleil by two branchci of a river, Ltrontwi'h g'"' rapidity out of the lake Maclcr; lover each of thcfe arms there is a wooden bridge. ITbeprofpea from the city is very beaulifui, owing I iiij lalic being in view on one hand, and tiie fea on Ithj Oilier. . . /• • L •t.f 1 I The callle or palace is a fpacious binWing, but de- Jlituie both of lalleand niajj;ni(kcncc. It is not only Ithe rtlidciK^c of the royal family, but likewife of the Leaicr part of tliu oificers belonging to the houfe- Tjl It aifi) contains tlic national or fupreinc court W jiiitice, the colleges of war, chancery, treafury, and biimcr«i a chapel, armory,' library, and otlice for the Ulic records. This, together with all other public liiildings in the kingdom, aie roofed with copper. b'hc palace of the nobility in which this order fits, lliifing ihe fellion of the diet, is an elegant building, idorneil on the ontfide with marble (latues and co- lumns, and on the infidc with paintings and fculp- ic, This, topciher with three other palaces, Hand itlic banks of the lake, and arc built on the fame model, fo as to compofe one uniform piece of archi- Wuie. The bank, created at the cxpcnce of the £iy, is a noble edifice ; and, w ith feveral other fump- \m buildings belonging to the nobility, exhibits a tn fplcndid appearance. The hotifes of the burghers L generally built of brick in the city ; but in the Iburbs they arc commonly of timber, and therefore Cry fiibjedl to conflagrations. Thefe houfes are fre- Lently framed in Finland, according to the plan and Imenliqns prefcribed ; they are then conveyed in Lees to Stockholm by water, and eredted on the in- \m fpot by the carpenters. Thefe houfes, if kept proper repair, will lall about thirty years, and are illeemed warmer and more healthy than thofe of lone or brick. The number of houfe-kecpers, who toy taxes, are 60,000. The city is divided ii.to twelve wards, to prevent a [eneral defolation by fire ; to each of thcfe there is a lader and four aliiflants, who immediately repair to lie place where the fire breaks out ; and all porters ind labourers are obliged to range themCelves under jiemafterof the ward to which they belong. A cen- incl is maintained in the Iteeplc of every church, to Ithe bell on the firll appearance of fire, and a watch iitroles the (Irccts during night, to alarm and give aflilt- ncc to the inhabitants. ; The government of. this city is in the hatids of the Jteat (tadtholder, who is alfo a privy counfcUor. He Its once a week in the town-houfe, and preliiles in the pllege of execution, ailiftcd by an under fladtholder, nd a bailiff of the caiUe. Next to him are the four iirgomafters ; one for juftice, another for trade, the lird for the polity of^ the city, and the fourth has ke infpc£)ion over all public and private buildings, and [tlermines fiich cafes as arifc on that account. With Bern the counftllors of the city always (it, and give Icir voles, the majority of which decides. Their number U uncertain, but iifually about twenty, moiU/ merchants and fliop-keepers, or fiich as have ferved the king in foine inferior, employment. Bcfides their fa- lary, they have an i HMaun ity from fuch impofiiions as are laid on the inhaflHik to fuppoit the government of the city ; which f|||^all its olHcers and fervants, maintains a guard of'gioo men, and defrays the cliarge of all public buildings and repairs. Tu I'npport this cxpcnce, befides a duty belonging to the city, of goods imported and exported ^which is about ft)iir per cent, of the cuitums paid to the king, and amounts to about 5000I. per ann.) the magiltrates impofe a yearly tax upon the burghers, in which they are alfifled by a com- mon-council of forty-eight, which chufes its own mem- bers, and meet every fpring, to proportion the payments for the enfuing year. On the traders they ufually im- pofe forty, fifty, or fixty pounds flerling; upon others of a meaner condition, as ihoe-makers, taylors, &c. five or fix pounds ; and on no hoiifekeeper lefs than fifteen (hillings \ beficles quartering the guards, inferior of- ficers, and fervants of the court, with other leller charges; which, all together, would be thought a great burden, even in richer countries : neither is it other- wife elleemed by the inhabitants of this city, who can fcarce be kept in heart by the privileges they enjoy, as well in cudoms, as in the trade of the place, which mull needs pafi through their hands ; for the natives of other parts of the kingdom, as all foreigners are obligetV to deal only with the burghers (except thofe of the gentry, who make iron) have not the privilege to fell it immediately to Grangers. This city is, in a manner, the flaple of Sweden ; to which molt of the goods of their own growth, as iron^ copper, wire, pitch, tar, mads, deals, &c. are brougho to be exported. The greatelt part of the commodities imported from abroad come to this port, where there is a haven capable to receive 1000 fail of fliips, and a- bridge or quay near an Englilh mile long, to which the greatelt Vf ll'els may lie with their broadfides. The onl) inconvenience is, that it is ten miles from the fea, the- river very crooked, and no tides. It opens into the- Baltic, but is of dangerous accefs, by icafon of the rocks. Within it is one of tlic molt commodious har- bours in Europe ; for lljips of the largelt lize lie clofe to the quay, where they are fo fecure from the wind, that they need neither anchors or cables to hold them. Its entrance is defended by two forts. Upfal (lands on the banks of the river Sal, or Sala,. which falls into the lake of Ekolen, and is forty-two- miles diltant from Stockholm towards the north-weft. It is a very ancient city, formerly the capital of the- north, and the feat of the king. It is divided into- two pajrts by the river, which is here pretty large, and fo hard frozen up in February, that a fair is yearly kept there upon the ice in that month. The town is large, but without any conliderable fortifications, lierc is to be fecn the finell church in the whole kingdom, namely,. the cathedral. It is covered with copper, aud adorned with 51S A M:J\ 1.^1) COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. with ffvcral tombs, cfpecially thofe of the kings. In the cliujiel, behind the altar, Hands the inoniimcnt uf King Gullavns in niarb^-, between the Ibities uf his two wives, who lie alfo buried here. In another cha- j'cl is till; tomb of kini; John's »ifc, who wa.t mother to Si^ifniund III. king uf^flj^nd : it is nf white marble. Above the city, r^PV^Iteep hill, there is a beautiful culile, which i.s fortified. It is very large, built after the Italian manner, and has a noble profpcdl over the city, which it commands, and over the whole country. Uplul was, at firft, a bifliop's fee, hut afterwards coii\erted into an archbidiopric by pi^pe Alexander III. at the rc(}uclt of King Charles, fuccen'or to St. Erick. Stephen, who dicii in the year 11^8, was the fifll archbifliop of this fee; and John Magnus, who, at the reformation, relnlcti to admit the Lutheran confellion, and removed to Rome, was the tifty-fixth. Since his time, there have been only Protcdant archbiflio|is, who do not live with the fame poinp and mugniticcnce as the Roman Catholic prelates iifed to do \ for the latter never appeared in public without a retinue of 4 or ^oo people on horfeback. The univerfity of Unfal confifts of a chancellor, who is always a great minilter of flute; a vice-chancellor, always the archbidiop ; and a redlur, chofbn out of the profclFors, of which there are about twenty, that have each 120I. a ycarfalary. The ordinary number of (fu- dents is about 7 or 80b, fifty of which arc maintained by the king, and fome few others were formerly by pcrfuns of quality: the rcfl, that cannot fubfilt of thcmfelvcs, fpcnd the vacation in gathering the chari- ties of thediocefe they belong to, which is commonly given them in corn, butter, dried fifli, or fielh, &c. upon which they fubllH at the univerfity the reft of the ifear. They do not live collegiately, but in private loufes ; wear no gowns, nor pbferve any other difci- plinc than their own nccellity or difpofitions lead thein to. The city of Upfal boafls the rcfidencc of the cele- brated Linnxus, who was the head of the univerfity, and whofe fume in natural hillory is as great as that of Charles XI I. for his vidlories. This great man, who was of a focial commimicativc difpoiiiion, always re- ceived flrangcrs with the greateft politenefs, aVd was happy in folving any quclHons in the line of his bota- nical profeiTion, which they might propoimd. To him wc arc indebted for an account of the SwediHi turnip, a root of ineftimable value in this country. He fays, the farmers had it originally from Lapland. It fpread by degrees through the northern parts of the kingdom, and was found of more ufe than all the other winter plants put together. The great property of it is refilling the Iharpelt and moft continual frofts known in the country. Befides this, cattle arc remarkably fond of them, and will thrive on them better than on any other winter plant. One of the gieatcU advantages ot the culture of this root, is its being as good a preparation for corn as re I a fallow of mere ploughing, which is an obitfl oi' r 1 nitc importance. '' '""i Gottenhnrg was rrefled in the year i6o7,duH„, J ign of Charles IX. whofe fnccellors imIiiWii j,* ,1 many extraordinary privileges, in confeqiicnceoft it is become a plaec of ctmliileraMc commerce Danes, in the year if)^, exerted their iitmoft dij"? vours for the dcllrudlion of this city, but th^ p,^"il ineffedlual ; and it is at prefcnt one of the flrongcrtir ritime towns in the kingdom. At Skarcn, abnm Jhi miles to the north-well of Gottenburg, was the fat Jf the ancient kings of Sweden. The ruins o! the pj|j | are ftill to be feen ; and, if any judgment nuv be forirtdl from the walls and other remains ui the llniclnre tl appears to have been a very (lately edifice. Neart'li'il palace, (lands the inountain Kcndaculle, rcmarkablsful Its height and fe.tility; for it is covered withamtl variety of trees, flirubs, herbs, atid plants, alTatdiiiJ at once a beaiitiful profpeft, and food ami (licitcnojl va(l number of birds that frequent«it in fuinmcr. Norkoping, the chief town of Ea(t Gothland Pronfr, (lands about fevenly-(ive miles to the fomhwarJ rfl Stockholm, on the bank ofallrcam which runs from I the lake Velter to the gulf of Brawiken. The towniil large, populous, and hath confidcrabie commerce. I Calmar, capital of the dillridl of Stnaland, isaverri conliderable city. It is (ituated i6'o miles to the fouili.! ward of Stockholm, and built upon a (Ireight of ibjl Baltic, called Caimar Siind, which is fitiiatcdnnMiiiel to the illc of Oeland. It is divided into the Old and I New Town. Old Calmar is famous by a deed cue. [ cuted there in the year 139;}, by which the ihrttl northern crowns of Sweden, Norway, and Dinimrt,! were fettled on the head of Queen Margaret. Thisiil called in hifJory the union ot Calmar. Eric, Marn-f ret's fuccciror, founded thirteen prebends here, >ni| gave a decree, by which he ptit the church of Calms I among the collegiate ones. After the divifion ofiktl crowns, which the fatal union of Calmar had uiiiltif,| this city became a frontier town, with regard to iIk I Danes, VNho were in pofreflion of Sehonen. It will often taken, retaken, and plundered ; and, tocompletel its ruin, it was burnt down to the ground in the joil 1,547; nothing efrapcd the fire but the churcli, and I about threefcofc houfcs. Soon after this niisforiiint, [ the new city was built at a mufquet Ihot's dillancefroiii| the old town, in a little ifland called Orarnholni.[ This new city is large, tlie llreets are broad and ilrai'ht, j and the hoiifts vvell built, but the to^vn is notpupul The new fortifications confifl only )f thick wails builtl with large pebble (tones taken out of the fsa, anJjj few ramparts built only with fand, and therefore fnp- 1 ported by another wall, which the fea fiirronndsaWl on all fides, except the gate. The (ituationofihisciirl renders it very flrong, all the avenues foit bcinglull marlhes, or cut ofFby water from the fea, whichabcuniii I here with rocks, between which there are, asitwrnj fo many abylFes, that it is impofliblc to approach i!k I p!»l IlIKO"] SWEDEN. 8^1 Ifljce either in boitts, on |fcfca-fjdcthereii»lonjji on horfcback, or on foot. On ihefca-Ufle mere •• • ."njj mole buiU wjtii flone, along tbich boats and fhips ride feciirc. This mole is dc- fcndcil by » foff^'s "'''^'' Grimflcar, built at about fifty •accj from ifi on » '"<='' furroundcd by the fca, and ibere a garrifon is conftantly kept. Behind the Old .Town (lands the caftie, which is ot vcrv dilficult accefs, Ling on one fide the fea, which is full of rocks, and, on the other, good ramparts, large baftions, and ditches fgll of water. This city is at prefent the refidence of fuperintendant for the ^vernment of the clergy, who honoured with a place in the public confiftory of the iingJom. This is a town of good trade, and the paflage j,i,m Sweden into Germany. Abo, the capital of Finland Proper, is fitiiated on the iihnic gulf 4t the mouth of the riycr Aurojoki, op- Ipofiie to the iOc of Aland. This is faid to be a wretched Ljiil of a barbaro'is provincr. The honfcs are almoft Lllofwood, and the archiepifcop' ' jalace is conjpofed ^ no better materials, ai)d is pi.. .tied red. Here is, however, an univerflty, which was founded and en- Idowed by the celebrated queen Chridina. I Wilbyi o>^ Wifburg, the chief place of Gothland, or boifiia Infula, is fituated on the weftern coaft of the U. It is built on the declivity of a rock near the [fca (bore, is furrounded with a llrong wall, and de- jcnded by a pretty ftrong caftle, eredled near the har- Lir, where the governor of the ifland ufnally refides. [This was formerly a conliderable city, but is now very much decayed. Carlfcrona, the capital of the province of Blekingen, Ld the refidence of the governor, is fituated on the /bore of the Baltic, and built on a large rock, which forms an ifland. CharlrsXl. by whom it was founded, [lionoured it with his name, and gave it the privilege of [being a (laple town, that is, a town having a magazine, crrcpofiiory for goods. To arrive at it, one muft pafs two other iflands, which are joined to the continent by large bridges. On thefe two iflands there are two fub- iirbs, which are pretty extenfivc, but as they are in- Ihibitcd only by the lower clafles of people, they are ill-built and dirty- This, however, is not the cafe with the town itfelf, which is well built, though the [greater part of the houfes arc of wood. Several of .them conlid of three (lories, ornamented with fculp- tureand culonadcs, and fo neatly painted, that they exhibit a very handfome appearance. Great pains arc leikwed upon the cmbeiiilhnient of this place, and no cxpence is fpared to render it in time one of the [freiiicll towns in Sweden. A church, built at one of jis extremities, towards the dock-yard, will contri- :fcutc much to ornament it, as well as the fquarc, in the itcmrc ot which it i.v crcdkd. This fquare is very exten- fivc, and, according to the plan laid down, will be bor- dered by fevcral beautiful edifices. •' Whilft I was at Carlfcrona (fays a late traveller) workmen were (till employed in levelling it, and during my (lay there, I oticn heard explofions, occafioned by their blowing up lilie rocks, which rendered it rugged and uneven. The fame operation was performed in diflferent fticcts, where the rock rofe in many placti into points difa- f|reeable to the light, which were inconvenient for oot travellers, and prevented the ufe of carriages. Fevy of the (Ireet* are pavta, and m you tread upon the bare rock, walking here is extremely fatigiiin^. Tho inhabitants of Carlfcrona pretend that Blekmgen is the mod beautiful province in the whole kingdom. I am not, however, entirely of the fame opinion ; for towards Smoland it appears to be very mountainous, but towards Scandia tne country becomes level, exhi- bits every mark of fertility, and is covered with beau- tiful trees, and among others the oak. I faw alfo fcveral flourilhing eflatcs belonging tu diflferent pro- prietors, ornamented with manfions, which at a dif- tance feem to br: fo many caflles. Thefe houfes for the moft part are built of wood, and have a magni- ficent afpedt. This province maintains no land ful- dicrs, but is obliged to furnifh a regiment of marines. " The marine militia, difpcrfed throughout different parts of Sweden, amount to about 13,000 men, of whom no more than a thoufand are employed in the time of peace, or when they are not exercifed. The garrifoit of Carlfcrona cunK s of about fixtcen hundred men, di- vided into three companies. As 1 was furnifhcd with two letters of recommendation, one to Mr. Pylgardt, a rich merchant, who was honoured with the title of patron of tire mines ; and the other to rear-admiral Chapman, dire£lor of the dock-vnrd, I was received by both thefe gentlemen in the politeft manner. Hav- ing fignified to the latter, that I had come to Carl- fcrona partly with a view to fee the works at the dock- yard, and the new dock, which I had heard fo much celebrated, he promifcd to procure me admillion to them next morning, and in the mean time permitted me to examine the plans of them drawn by himfelf. Rear-admiral Chapman is a gentleman as much va- lued for his perfonal qualities as for his abilities, which raifod him to his prefent flation. He is much re- fpedled, and the Swedes entertain a high opinion of him, and particularly with regard to his (Icill in con- (Irucling Inips. He has invented a new form for thcs IuiIIh, and it is alfcrted, that all ved'cls built after his model, are inlinitely better failers than others. He has written a treatife On naval aliairs, which is held in' great eflimation. " Next day he was fo obliging as to fend an officer to mc, who had fervcd in Holland under Mr. Dcdcl, and who beflowed the highell praifes on his old cap- tain, whofe cliaxaftcr and abilities lie greatly extolled— The olFicer who, by admiral Nort-Aiiker's permidJDn, condiK^ecl mc to the dock, and the port of Stockholm, . had alfo been in the Dutch fervice, and had failed in the Zephyr, under the command of Mr. Van Oycn. It (liewed a very polite attention in thefe two admirals^, to procure me gnides, who had ferved an apprenticc- llilp in our republic, and who fpoke Dutch. '* They coiulucled me to the port, which is capacious, very commodious, and furrounded by docks. VtlFcIs 6 O out. '614 A NEW AKD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. oul-of commiflion arc moored here clofe to a long bridur, which affords one the pleaCure ut° walking acruTs the whole Hcvt. I counted here twenty vcirds, comprehending (1ii|)!i of the line and frieatcs, among which I faw one of loo gunsi one of ij6, one of U4, two of 74, and fevcral from 50 to 60. I faw nine Vcirds whith hsd been conftrtJiScd in the coiirfc of four years. Five of ihcfc nine were entirely iininicii, and fitting out \ the other lour were launchctf, but not rijjgcil. There were fcveral others on the (Idcki), cicher begim or having their inlidc timbers put ttigcihcr. One in particular wa.< pointed out to me, nil the parts of which having been prepared before- hand, was conllru^cd in the fpuoe of fix weeks. The plan for renewing the .Swediili navy was forined fevcral years ago ; part of 178a was employed in procuring and preparing the materials, and in 1^83 vcffcls began to be built. It is intended to continue to conllrud four (liips anjuially, until the navy (hall be put on a rcfpii^ablc footing. To defray the cxpcncc incinrcd by the execution of this plan, the king has fiifpctulcd the half of the works at the new dock, until the navy Ihall he in that Hate which is driircd. I faw every thing relating to the docks, and my conduftor was fo polite as to point out to mc what was princi- pally worthy of notice. The moll perfc£l order fccnu to prevail licre. After this wc went to fee the new dock, of which I formed a very high idea, from what I liad heard ; but I confcfs that what I faw far furpaHcd my expcif^ation. This is a work worthy of the ancient Ronians : workmen have been em- ployed on it for twenty-nine years, and a confidcra- bic length of time will Hill be neceflary before it can be hnilhed. At the entrance t'f the dock there is a bafon cut out in th: folid rock, about 50 feet in depth, and fo large that four men of war inay be loaded or unloaded together along its quays, which are built of cut Done. From this bafon each vellel may enter its lodge by means of large fluices, and canals of commiinication. Twenty of thcfc lodges arc deilincd lor lliips of the line, and ten for frigates. " One of thefe lodges, with its canal and iliiicc, is entirely finilhcd. The bottoni of it is cut out in the rock, and the fides are built of cut (lone, joined to- f Ether with Pozzolane, which is a kind of cement, ruught from Italy at a very great expence. The bottom of it is Ihaped like the keel of a velfcl. Along each lide of the UMJge there arc two rows of fteps, which ferve for fupporting beams and fcaffolding when the veflel is dry^ and has need of being repaired. The walls winch fupport the roof are of cut (lone, joined with the fame kind of cement as before. Thefe walls, which are at leall twenty feet in thicknefs to the •top, where they mufl be on a level with the upper deck «f thevelTel, feparate the different lodges. At that height they arc converted into platforms, which com- municate with the interior ^art of the lodge, by means of large arched windows. Thcfc plattorms are in- tended to receive the gum of each vcirel, whiflJ be conveyed in or taken out through thi-'f- «,! \^ conjlruacd in fiich a manner m to be ou^ncil ", iil according to circuinflanccs. The r.nt is uf J If covered on the o ^^''^" ^'^ coiUidcr that all this m cut out Jihcioiiil rtick, wc arc obliged to confcfs, that our LotLsaf nothing in comparifon of thefe, which, per- upi, are iiol equalled by any in Kiiropc. « The entrance of the port of Carlicrona is cafy on xniintof its great depth, and it is fo large as to bu tipiblc of containing an hundred (liips of the line. Ji ij Icfended by two very (Irong forts, well tnounted iriihiriillcry, which arc fo planted, that when lired, i|,(lr ihot crofs each other. Thcfe forts, the one [illcd A'»wiry/ijA». or the Kine's I (land, and the other nininiji^iir, or the Queen's Rock, arc fituated upon xbiiiilie lea, and could link any (hip which might jtmpi topal"' vvithout tlitir permillion. " I faw in the harbour a fmull fquadron of (ix fliips. Lining from 60 to 70 cnns each, and three fri^ait-s, litady to I'iil. This Apiadron afforded cxercile for Dccoiiidibires of the politicians. Some believed that was ilcftincd for the fcrvice of the EmprcCs ol llii, whilll others pretended that it would be cm- lloycd by the Dutch. All thefc conjedliires were, Uwr, proved to be falie, for it afterwards appeared JiitihisHect was intcmled only for a na^al review, hkh tuuk place in the prcfcnce of his niajedy, in " The failors belonging to the garrifon of Carlfcro- jaie employed in different works in the dock-yard, khdiiliey are not obliged to be on board their veirels. he greater part of the officers arc men of great cx- Iciicnce, anil inuft naturally be fo, lincc, if they willi It promotion, or to' be held in any ellir.iation, they loll travel, and fcrve for foine tirnc in foreign covui- |ics, and particularly in thofc ftates which are carry- Igon war. This, doubtlefs, is an excellent regit- Itinii, and mull tend greatly to procure good naval i.ers (u Sweden. I quitted Carlfcrona, delighted |iili the town, and its inhabitants, as well as with I the works, which I greatly admired. I "Three miles tiicnce I Hopped at a large village called Uiineby, liliiated in BIckingcn, halfway between Carl- jrona and Carl Ihani, which is celebrated for its mar- kt.jnd which appeared to me to be in a very fiourilh- ; condition. At the dillaiKC of hall' a league from lis place, the little river of Aune forms a very fingu- tcjlaraft through rocks, which exhibit nothing but Ivallation and ruin. The water precipitates itfelf bc- teentwo enormous fragments ot rock, which appear 1 have once formed only one mafs, and which at Itfcnt arc at the diUmcc of twenty or thirty feet jom caih other. They ftand cxaftly parallel, aiul jtmtobe 40 or 50 feet in height. The one is as flvex in the interior part as the other is concave, la third of Ids lize lies upon the top of them, hich forms a moll lingular -bridge. The roaJ pailcs over it, and appears truly awful, on account ol nt litiiation, and the horrible nolle occalioned by the efforts of the river, which throws itfelf with great violence through the vacuity formed by thcfe three malfes. Dclow the catara£l arc found imincnio IIk'Im'S of rock, aroimd which the water in fome pl.ieign commerce, though lying mar the fca, are called l.inj-towns. A third kind arc termed mine-towns, as belonging tittiio niinc-diilridh. The revenues of Sweden formerly amounted to a million Uerling ncr antnim, ariliug liom crown-lands, poll-money, tytnes, lilver, copper, and iron-mines ; but liiK-e the unfortunate wars of Cliarlcs XII. and that which was afterwards eng»ged in with RiiHia, they have been greatly reduceil. Livonia, Bremen, Verdun, and other places this kingdom was llripped of, contained about 78,000 fqiiarc miles. H^-r gold and (ilver fpccic, in a former reign, arol'c chietiy from the king's (Jerman dominions. The payments tiiat arc made in copper, which is here the chief medium of commerce, is extremely inconvenient, fome of thofc pieces being as large as tiles ; and a cart or wheel- barrow isoftwMi required to carry home a moderate fum. The current coin of Sweden conlills of gold ducats, and eight-mark pieces of filver, valued at 5;. 2>d upon the page but warlike inhabitants of Da>^carlia to op- lofe the defpotic proceedings of the tyrant. The jitcmpt fuccecded ; and Gultavus was fcatcd on the Btone of his anceftors. The late matfacre had freed lafa from thofe proud and haughty nobles, who had (long prevented the ellablifhing any regular govern- bent in Sweden : and though the dangerous power of p clergy flill fubiiltcd, yet the opinions of Luther, h then began to prevail in the North, together the credit they had already acquired among the wedes, gave the yorng king an opportunity of hanging the religion of his country ; and he ac- jirdingly eftablKhed the Reformation in 1544. A pillar monarchical government was thus founded on le ruins of a CJotliic arillocracy, blended with a re- pious tyranny. Tiie advantages of the change were »r, vifible; arts and manufactures were eltablilhed improved ^ letters and polite learning were in- m his piirpofe. He notwithdanding found means to place his ion Sigifmund on the throne of Poland in 1587. This event filled him v\ ith hopes of his being able to com* plcte his former fcheme ; but he found fo many dif- ficulties to encounter, that he died before it was ac-. complilhed, in 1^92. On the death of John, his brother Charles, who was a zealous Proteftant, was chofen adminillrator of Sweden. Sigifmund could not be- hold this advancement of Charles without envy ; and endeavoured to deprive hi;ii of the honours conferred upon him, but without effed. Exafperated at the pra£lices of Sigifmund, the ftates of Sweden excliid-d him and his family from the throne, and placed the crown upon the head of Charles. Sigifnmnd, who was not only a powerful prince himfcit, but alfo at the head of a ilrong party both in Sweden and Ruflia, rendered the reign of Charles very troublefome and uneafy. The Danes, hoping to profit by thefc dif- orders, invaded Sweden ; but their progrefs was foon checked by Guftavus Adolphus, heir apparent to tKj crown, then only a youth. Confounded at meeting with a very different reception iiom what they ex- pe£led, the Danes rjturiied to tlieir own country, leaving behind them fuffiiient marks of their cruelty. But this defeat did nor rcllore peace to Sweden : Sigifmund continued his pra6licesi and Charles, after a troublefome reign of eigfitcen years, expired, leavins; the crown to his Ion, who had g'-vcn fuch early proois of his abilities. Gudavus Adidphus, though only in his i8th year when he afcended the iltfOJie in lOii, wa? declared of 6 P age ■It!:; ! t. !l d ■ t ■ 5t8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYST'EM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. age bv the fenate, and immediately applied himfelf to free his country from the troubles whh which it was furrounded. He found himfelf, at this early period of life, engai^d in a war with all his ncighbou's; liis finances low, and his army undifciplined. -{ut all thefe difcouragin|; circumdanccs did not intimi- date Gtiftavus ; he uirmounted every difficulty, and would have made himfelf mafter of the Riillian em- pire, had not the love of independency, the ruling padion of that people, rendered his fcheme abortive. A peace was concluded between the Swedes and the Rulfians in 1617, under the mediation of James I. of England, by which Guftavns recovered Livonia, with ^ur towns in the prefedlure of Novogorod, and received a large fum oi money for reimburling the charges of the war. The princes of the houfc of Auftria. jealous of the rifing genius of Gudavus, fupportcd Sigifmund, his fworn enemy. The Swedilh prince had now fur- mounted mod of the difficulties which attended him at his accelHon to the throne. His finances were in a more flourifhine condition; his army confilled of war- like and the belt difciplined troops in Europe ; he had himfelf fecn a great deal of military fervice, and was aililled by the counfel and advice cf La Gardie, one of the bed generals, and wifed datefmen in Europe. With all thefe advantages Adolphus was not to be intimidated by the power of Sigiimimd, though adided by the forces of Aiidria. He attacked and defeated the Polilh army, and formed the fiege of Dantzic, which mud have fallen into his hands, had not a fudden rife of the Vidula obliged him to abandon the enterprize. - The Protedants of Germany had for fome time formed a coni'ederacy in fupport of their religion ; but their army, under the command of Chridian IV. 'king of Denmirk, had been hitherto unfirccefsful. The fame of Gudavus pointed him out as the mod proper perfon to command the confederate forces ; and experience foon convinced the protedant princes, that they had not made an improper choice : the mod rapid ferics of victories attended the dandard of Giif- taviis. He took Riga, over-run all Livonia, was viftorious in Poland, drove the Germans out of IVfeck- lenburg, defeated and killed the famous count Tilly, the Audrian general, till then thought invincible, and over-ran all tranconia. The houfe of Auitria now trembled for its greatnefs. Wallendein, aiKUher general of great reputation, was fent to command the Audrian army, and a dreadful battle enfued at Lutzen, where Gudavus was again vivoreineler| nal fidelity to his fervice. Gudavus cnbraced hin ana they returned together to Stockholm, whemlij king himfelf, in the prefence of a'l his courtia related what had paded between him and Scato. This prince, like Scipio, porfued .ludy and iheji amidd his military fatigues. Kc v-ould fomeiiu Eleafantly fay, " t will (hew Grotiut the difin etweei. theory and practice, ami hov^ eafyitia prcfcribe rules, but how difficult to bring them Jul nvftice." As he expofed himft If to g.'tat dii during the fiege of Riga, he was advifedtoben careful of himfelf: "Kings (anlwercd he, frail feldom die in battles or fieges." While he was befieging Ingolddat, his horfe> fliot under him by a cannon ball : an officer ham fled to his adidance, the king faid very coolly," have nicely efcaped, but it is plain the pear iss yet ripe." On another oc^afion, his chancellor 1 fetching him not to expofe his life to fuch danp the king anfwered him a little hallily, " You 1 always too cold in aftairs, and (lop me in mycatw.1 " If is true. Sire, (replied the chancellor) lamcoMl but were I not fometimcs to temper your firenii my ice, you would have long fince been confumci' The allies of Gudavus lamented his death; I the mean joy of his enemies, and particularly of 1 iipaoiai' I £u»o». ] S W E cad an additional luftre on the zfhei of Philip IV. had even the ineannefs to be Iwefent »t a tragedy, or rather a burlcfque farce/called iiThe Death of the King of Sweden," the repre- fentationsof which lafted twelve days Chriftina, the daughter and fiiccelFor of Gtiftavus, I was only fix years of age when her father was killed ; L|,( the great chancellor Oxenftiern, at onceacon- Ifninmate politician and general, who had the care of I ker education, held the reins of government with fuch I j„ij£iice and difcretion, that the peace of Weflphalia, Iwhich eftablilhed a new fyftcm in Europe, was in a Ljnner di£bited by the queen of Sweden. Nor «lid loxenltiern negleft the young princcfs conmiitted to his care; ftie received a noble education, and gave Ifiifficient proofs of her abliity to govern a powerful hinedom. She was fond of learning, and invited Des ICariK, Salniafius, and other celebrated perfons to her Icourt; exprelTed a great regard for Grotius; and was linexct'ilent judge of the polite arts, but not a liberal jpatron'fs. She had not fat long on the Swedifli Ijliror.', before her fine genius took an uncommon, liiJiiiieed a fantaftical turn ; flic embraced theRomifti Llioon, and knowing that her fubjefls would not Ifufet any perfon of that perfuafion to fit quietly on Rjie throne of Sweden, Ihe refigncd her crown to her I'coufin, Charles Guftavus, fon to the duke of Deux- Ponts, and retired to Rome, where ftie died. Charles X. who afcended the Swedifli throne in the Iwar 1659, on the refignstion of Chriflina, was very Ifuccefsful in his wars againfl the Poles ; he even re- IcciYed from them an oath of allegiance, biit had no Ifooner left their country, than they renoui ed it, un- ffillingf perhaps, to forfeit their charafter of incon- Kancy. Wfc have' already mentioned the fuccefs of [this monarch in his war againft the Danes, and of Tiis marching his army over the ice to beliege Copen- iijgen. He died of a fever in the year 1660, leaving lis crown to his fon, Charles XI. who was only in his fifth year when his fetherdied; which rendered it neceflary for thofe who IVere intnifted with the government of the kingdom [during his minority, to conclude a peace with all the biropean powers, though attended with the lofs of killand of Bornholm, and Drontheim in Norway, irhich were ceded to the Danes. The Swedifli forces vm however in a very reljpe£lable condition, fo that, Ihoiigh the guardians of^ Charles did not think it prudent to carry on expenfive wars, the kingdom had neat weight in the affairs of Europe. When the Soungprinc; came of age, he concluded a fi'bfidiary jrtaty with Louis XIV. but foon after perceiving Ihat the French mcr.arcn had formed a Icheme of Bnivetfal monarchy, he abandoned his connr 'ilions, hd joined in an alliance with England and Holland, lir rendering the ambitions intentions of that prince Ibortive. Happy had it been for him, had he fiil- llled his engagements with the maritime powers ; N. 5*9 but he afterwards joined with France, was totally de« featcd at Felim-Bellin, and a powerful confederacy was formed againft him. The eledor of Bninden- burgh made himfelf mafter of Swedifli Pomeranist* the oifltop of Munfler over-ran the duchies of Bremen and Verdun, and the Danes took Wifmar, and feveral places in Schonen. Charles was however afterward: vidlorious, and recovered by the treaty of St. Ger^ main's all he had loft, a few places in Germany only excepted. Determined to render iiis army flill more formidable, and himfelf dcfpotic, inftead of culti- vating the arts of peace for the good of his country, he impoveridied and enflaved his people: the ftates loft all their power, and Sweden was reduced to the fame condition as Denmark. But this was not ef- fc£ied without great injuilice, and the mod arbitrary ftretch of power. The inhabitants of Livonia prefented a petition to the king, in which they pointed out, in the (Irongcft colours, the iinjult proceedings of the parliament. This was, however, 10 far from procuring them the redrefs they expcdlcd, that they were confidered as traitors to their country. The celebrated Patkul, whofe great talents enabled him to place the im- poveriflied flate of his country, and the unjuft pro- ceedings of the government, in the mofl forcible point of light, was marked out for a facrifice to defpotic vengeance ; but he fortunately made his cfcape. Charles however was not to be diverted from his purpofe by petitions : he faw, unmoved, the miferies of his people, and determined to perf^vere in his arbitrary meafures, though founded on cruelty and injufticc. He fuccceded ; and became one of the mofl powerful princes in Europe. He did not indeed long enjoy his arbitrary government : he died in 1697, a few years after he had tntmpLd on the liberties 6f hH country, and was fucceeded by Charles XII. bis fon, who was a minor when he afcended the Swedifli throne. His age of majority had been fixed by the will of his father to eighteen ; but by the intrigues of count Piper, it was let afidc for a more early date. The youth of Charles, on his afcending to the thrcn'*, encouraged the kings of Denmark and Poland, and the czar of Mufcovy, to form a powerful confederacy againfl him ; but he nobly nppofed all their efforts, and landing in Zealand laid fiege to Copenhagen. Reduced to extremity, the king of Denmark was obliged to fign the peace of Travendahl, by which the duke of Holflein was re-cflabliflied in his dominions. In the mean time Peter the Great, Czar of Mof- covy, was ravaging Ingi^ at the head of loo.aoo men, and had formed the liv.g;eof Narva. The Swedilh army did not exceed 20,f^oo men, and lay at a great d i fiance from Narva ; but the impatience of Charles was fo great, that he marciied dire^ly, at the head of four thoufand horfe, and an equal number of foot, to attack the Ruflian army. Peter had polkd 29,000 oien yS- S«o A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. men at a league's diftance from the town, in tU.' road through which it was necclfary for Charles to pafs ; and at double that dillance 30,003 more, and before them an advanced guard of Hve thoufand. Chailes wras obliged to force his way through thefe three de- tachments before, he could aflhult the grand army, lying in a camp before Riga, fortihed with a rampart and double ditch. The intrepidity of Charles furmounted all thefe difficulties : without giving the Kuflians time to know the number of his forces, he attacked all their poils fuccelfively. The advanced guard, imagining that the whole Swedilh army was advancing, fled imme- diately at his approach. Terrified at the iliglit of their countrymen, the troops occupying the lecoud pod fled alio in confuflon ; and thofe of the third ibllovved their exainple. Charles loft no time, but purfuing the fugitives as clofe as poflible, attacked and routed the grand Ruflian army, leaving near ao,ooo of the enemy dead on the held of battle. Terrified at the name of a prince, who, at the head of fuch a handful of men, was able to defeat (b numerous an army, the Rallians afcribed his fuccefs to magic ; and accordingly addrelTed their prayers to Si. Nicolas, to proteS them againft the horrid crew of forcerers, combined together to dellroy their country. After defeating the czar's army, Charles marched into Saxony, where he performed aftions equal at lead to thofe of the great Guftavus Adolphus ; he dethroned Auguilus, king of Poland, and placed the crown on the head of Staniflaus. His prodigious fuccefs rendered his name terrible to all the princes of Europe, and his friendfhip was courted by the moft refpedable powers. His conduct however was often fo imprudent, and his Aubbornnefs and implacable 4lirpofition fo dcftruftive of all peace, that he can only be confldered in the light of an illuftrious madman. The cruel and ignominious death to which he put the brave count Patkul, will be an eternal (tain on his memory, which all his vidlories can never ob- literate. > After his fuccefs in Poland, he formed the romantic defign of dethroning Peter the Great, and accordingly marched his army into Ruflia, and beficged the town of Pultowa. The czar's army had now fcen a great deal of fervice, were inured to difcipline and hard- ships, and commanded by able and intrepid generals : it IS therefore no wonder that Charles here fuffcred a revcrfe of fortune ; his brave army was totally ruined, and he himfelf, with a few followers, obliged to take refuge among the Turks at Bender. Here he fefided till the Mahometans found it necelfary for their affairs for him to withdraw. He however rsfufcd to comply with repeated requeds for that purpofe, and even attempted to defend himfelf with three hundred men, againlt an army of 30,000 Turks, an a£iion which proves him to have been worfe than frantic. Even this reveKe of fortune coiild not cure bitn of his military frenzy ; for after his return to his . I dominions he profecuted his revenge againd Den ?l with the utmolt fury, till he was killed in thetren I at the fiege of Frederidhall, in Norway. T^ij ''I happened in 1718, when he was only thirtv-fi»! J of age. On the death of Charles X II . his fi(l„ I Ulrica Eleonora afcended the Swedilh throne, W I have already fecn in what manner the Swedes re!| covered their liberty, and given the fubftance of tU capitulation f.gned by the queen and her hulband.wlienl they entered on the exercife of the government! Sh I immediately made a peace with all the belligertn! powers combined againlt Sweden; though this could not be cffeded without confiderable farrifices m2\ by Ulrica. ^j But the influence of the French cour; in Sweden I in confequencc of their fubfidies and intrigues hgi'l uccalioned coniiderable fadions in that kinc^m.' In] 1738, a moll powerful party appeared in^thedietiJ favour of French mcafurcs. The perfonswhocom-I pofed it, went under the denomination oi Hals, Tliel objeflt they held out to the nation, was, the recovti*| of fome of the dominions yielded to RuHii' aijl confequently the fyltem they were to proceeduMii,| was, to hreak with that power, and conneil thtra.! felves wall, France. The party direflly oppofed |J them was headed by count Horn, and thofe who I contributed to eltablilh the new form of governnitinl which was fettled after the death of Charles XII. I Their obje£l was peace, and promoting the domdlicl welfare of the nation : the fyllem, therefore, whidij they adopted, was, to maintain a clofe correfpondace] and friendthip with Ruflia, and to avoid all further | connedtioii with France : thefe were (lyled the CitiA There was befidcs a third party, called the//M/iw| Capt, compofed of perfons who were as yet undcl termined to which of* the other two they would jM themfelves. Thefe parties long continued ; but tht I French party generally prevailed, greatly to the detri- 1 meat of the real intereil of the kingdom : duringthtl lafl war, for inftance, with the king of Prullia, tbtj crown of Sweden, for the fake of a fniall fubiidy from I F'rance, was forced to contract a debt of 3,500,000!. which has fmcc t>ccn conliderably augmented, fo that I this detrt now amounts to near live millions. Some I efforts were employed by the Englifh court to leOu or dei>roy the French influence in Sweden, and for forae time they were fucccfsful : but the Hat party! again acquired the afccndancy. Thefe parties, huw. I ever, are now abulilhed, in confequence of the laic I king of *>weden having made ihat total change intlx government, which we fhall prcfcntly givcananple account of. At the death of Ulricn, who left no ilTue, tlieSwds ele£led the prince of Hoiilcin Eutin, birtiopof LubecU who afcended the throne in 17^1. Buthefutficientlyfdti the weight of the Swedilh crown, and after a tIOul)!^ I fomc rei^n of twenty years, occalioned by the pet- 1 fttUll IfCROPE.] S W E D N. 5«i 1 ufurpa'io"* of the fenate, paid the debt of nature "'fljjyjfy 1771, and was fucccedcil by his foil "r lUviis III- "' Holftein Gottorp, who was about tv-five y"fs °^ '8^ when he was proclaimed 1."'" of Sweden : with an underftandiiig much cul- f^ed he had a graceful and commanding clo- 'at\d an infinuating addrefs. At the tune of death, he was at Paris, from whence he moft gracious terms to the fenate, re- [Utiun. (father's fljte in the molt gracious atedly afluring them, that he defigned to govern Icconling to the laws. Not long after which, an inordinary diet was convened to regulate the affairs ^tlic government, and to fettle the form of the flnation-oath. , • r • c On the 28th of March 1772, bemg fome time after lisarrival in Sweden, his majefty folemnly figned and Lore to obferve twenty-four articles, relative to his liure adtniniftration of government ; among which reit the following : " The king promifes, before ^ to fupport the government of the kingdom as Ken'ellablilned; to maintain the rights and liberties fthe dates, the liberties and fecurity of all his fub- Js to reign with gentlenefs and equity according to liielaws of the kingdom, and to prcfervc the form of rigency as was edablilhed in the year 1720, and ionformable to the prefent aft of capitulatien. — In Uiifequence of the declaration of the Itates, the king yi regard every perfon, who fhall openly or fecrctly iitempt to introduce abfolute fovereignty, as a traitor I his country, and an enemy of the kingdom ; and Ibat before any perfon can take polfelTion of an jipioyment, he Ihall be required to take an oath Itfpefling this matter. — The king promifes to follow L regiiiaiions of the year 1720, with regard to the lairs of the cabinet and fenate, which were always jJK direfled by a majority of votes ; and that he will bcr do any thing therein without, and much lefs lontrary to their advice — And in order that the coun- |i! of fbte may be fatisfadorily convinced of the lightnefs of his majeity's defigns, and of his fincere Jtve for the good of his people, he declares them to Le entirely difengaged from their oath of fidelity, cafe he wilfully adls contrary to his coronation »th, and t» the capit^ilation And laflly, the king Ihieatens any perfon with his highefl difpleafure, kIio (liall be fo inconfidcrate as to propufu to him a rattr degree of power and fplendor than is herein iiarkcd out, as his maje^y delircs only to be the mcrful defender of his fubjefls againft any cii- Iroachments which may be made upon their lawful liberties, und tu gain the atfcdion of his faithful and ]o\al fubjcds." NoiwithlUiiding the king had taken thefc fulemn fcths, to ri;le according to the then clbblilhed form ki government, and accepted the crowu upon thtfe Joiulitions, it was not long before he formed a plan govern as he thought proper, regarding ihefe oalhs Inly as matters of ceremony j and he made life of every art, the mofl profound diflimulation, and the utmolt de\tcrity and addrefs, in order to render this hazard- ous enterprife fuccefsful. At his firft arrival at Stockholm, he adopted every method which might increafc his popularity. He gave regular audience three times in the week, to all that prcfented themfelves. He became eafy of accefs to all his fubjedls of whatever rank, liftened to them with courtefy, and entered into the minuteft detail* of their complaints; and by appearing, in various re- fpeQs, to interefl himfelf in their welfare and hap- pinefs, was regarded and beloved as the common father of his people, who, in the warmth of their gratitude, did not confider that fuch an extraordinary condudl in their prince, tempered with fo much con- dcfcenfion, might poffibly flow from flnifter motives, or ambitious views, inftead of principles of the purell benevolence. While the king laboured, by thefe means, to render himfelf generally popular, he alfo endeavoured to per- fuade the leading rnen, that he was inviolably attached to the conititution, that he was perfeftly fatisfied with the fliare of power allotted to him, and declared, on every occafion, that he confidered it as his greateft glory to be the firfl citizen of a free people. He feemed intent only on banifhing corruption, and pro- moting union : diiciaimed being of any party but that of the nation at large, and engaged to pay the moll implicit obedience to whatever ihould be enafled by the diet. Though thefe profefljons charmed great numbers into fecurity, they at the fame time caufed fufpicions in the breafts of a few, who, rather, thought his majefty promifed too much to be in earneft. In the mean time there happened fome contentions be- tween the ditferent orders of the people ; and no methods were left untried to foment their jealoulies. On the 19th of Atiguft 1772, when Gullavus found his fcheme ripe for execution, having taken proper meafures for bringing a confiderable number of otficers and foldiers over to his interelt, all the military force of Stockholm being at his devotion, he planted grena- diers, with fixed bayonets, at the door of the council chamber, in which the fenate were airembled, and made all the members of it prifoners: and that no intelligence of tiie tranfadion, in which the king was engaged, might be conveyed to any other part of the kingdom till the fcheme was completed, cannon were drawn from the arfenal, and planted at the palace, the bridges, and at all the avenues leading to the town. All communication with the country was cut otF, no one being allowed to leave the city with- out a pallport from the king. Some oi the fcnators were then confined in fcparate apartments in the palace. Tiie remainder ot tliis day was employed • by the king in vifiting dilFereat quarters of the town, in order to rcrcivc oalhs of fidelity to him iVom the inagillrates, colleges,' and city militia. 'I'he next day, oaths were tendered to the people in 6 (^ • , - , general. I* 5a« A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. general, to whom he aiWrtH'cd a fpeech, which he con- cluded by declaring that his only intention was to re- ftore tranquillity to his native coiiniry, by fiipprcning licentioiifncfs, ovirtiiriiing the arilh)cratic torin rtf go- vernment, and reltoririg the ancient laws of Swtukn, fiich as they wire beiiMC 1680. " 1 renounce now," fjid he, " as I have already done, all idta of the ab- horred abfolute power, or what is called fmereigiity, eltceming it Hill, as heretofore, my greatcll glory to be the (ird citizen among a truly f- people." After thefe aniiranccs on the part of his majeuy, heralds were fent iiuo the ditFerent tjuartcrs of the town, to proclaim or- d.is for an alUmbly of the dates the following day. This proclamation contained a threat, that if any u.ember of the ilate ihoidd without juft caufe ab- fLtit himfelf, he (liould be confidcrcd and treated as a tr.uior. On the 21ft of Angiift, in the morning, a large de- f;\(.hnient of guards was ordered to take polIeHion of the fquare where the hotife of nobles ftands. Troops were alfo ordered to inveft the palace on all fides, and cur.non were planted in the court oppofite the hall >licre the fbtes were to meet. By the king's command, the feveral orders of the flate were here compelled to allcmble, and thefe military preparations were declared to be made in order to allilt their deliberations. The king being featcd on li's throne, furrounded by his guards, and a numerous band of oficers, after hav- ing addrcircd a fpeech to the Itates, caulVd the plan oi a new form of goveriunent to be read by a fccretary, and offered it to the ftates for their acceptance, who thought proper to comply with what was required of them. '1 he mavihal of the diet, and the fpeakers of the othei or- ders, then figned tlw form of government, and the fiatcs took the oath which the king had diiSlated to them. This tranfadion, which had been planned with great fagacity and judgment, conduced with fecrecy, and eifccled by eloquence, concluded in a manner no lefs extraordinary : the king drew a book of pfalms from his pocket, and, tailing off his crown, began to Cng Te Deum, in which the whole alfembly joined : the fenate took a new oath of allegiance to tlic prince, who gave them to underlland that he if tended in fix years tiine again to convene an alfembly of the Hates. Thus this gnat revolution was completed, and tran- quillity rcllorcd, without any bioodllitd; very lew per- fons were imprifuucd, and that only for a lliort time ; nor did any of them experience, in the fmallclt degree, a diminution of the royal favour, on acc- the revolution plainly evinced tiiat the fceils of dilfcnlion had taken deep root in ihcmitiJi even ol tliofc who fwayed the higlicd oiliccs of ilis Hate, la this diet, which met in 1778, the king si- - tlMlipli^ RAPHY. he externally courtedl oy whatever was poj profcirior.stherUl "n$. andafFcatdiol ;«» 'he republic, hel 11 that wore even thej I'Ps hepronounctdl mdhimfelf tomain-l 720, Ins heart niuJ «ne intended perjurv 1 itented fpiiits mm] rafter in the nation;! great worth and po! I reuuous of its oppo.! otic powerisnotlefjl ire. A Handing armjj I Giiftaviis could prt.j 'cx to levy exorbitantj on, have been apruil France were, thcicj I ; he became of M. I t, and the connexioij nces of France bt. detail of the publicl Jpright adminiitKtionj of the late monarch] il oeconomy and im.! the necelTitous kln;,k ikcd anxioudy round] g wants, and it is ail iOns in favour of ih« I were very amply re. nnexion whichaiicr.l vus and the court oil t is probable thatbj power, whofe view ( polTelFon of Swc. ilted hisforcciiuliel itT influence, hewa;| ean time had bckeU ry fiiuaiifiercd aitjy not pollibly have t!ic foDieihing ilillmml under the intii:cnce| t of railing his i'.anJ- fo ord(.'l'piitifin,aad of banditti, matcli- rutli the riling li'xi< . nobility was parti- ;ind the very fin! of plainly evinced ihjt ip root intiicmiiJs glicil olliccs of IM 1778, the king St. tciiipliil WED the rian |ei)RO''''- ]_ , I Bted to re-eftablifli the ancient clafTcs among I ISifh n"hlf5, vr«. the high nobility, the cqt.clTri I' , jnJ the gentry. Each clafs was to vote ftparatcly, I da'severy qneilion was to be decided by the majority I f ilic ciallis, that is, by the union of any two, the king IJ itercd hiinCt;!*" that a majority in the fiiperior clailcs I llil be eallly obtained, and that i- this manner the I oDlewoiild be abufed with the (hew of reprefcntation, I Mcthe fiibflantial power remained in his own hands. Ill this expcflation, however, the views of the fovereign ■'^jjjjifappointed. The higher orders, who felt more and Imorelhcirownconrsqiience, provcduntra(5table; a id the liowerhoufe. who Taw themfelves degraded by tuis ar- Inneement, cntrred into a (late of implacable oppolition. I A mot'"" by Mr. Hummelkein to afcertain and li- Imit the royal prerogative put a fiidden termination to ■the diet. The rcgiitcrs, &c. were fcalcd up, and have Ivtrlince remained unopened in the royal clofet. Nei- Jtherwisthe diet which airembled in 1786 more fatif- Haaory to the views of Gultavus. Moft of the meafures nropofed by the king (the main objedt of which, it Lrbe confelfed, was to replenifh his exhaufled trea- ftrv) were rcjefted ; and to obtain one point, the efta- lliihmentof granaries under hts infpeftion, he was ob- igedtorelinqiiidi a prerogative which was attached to Ihe crown by the old conftitution from the reign of Gulbvus Adolphiis, that when the orders of the diet lould be divided on any qiiellion, ihe determination julJ be referred to the king. This diet broke up with Leqiiivocal fymptoms of dillatisfadion, and with irui- Jld recriminations between the king and its leading intmbcrs. After fuch experience of their rcfraflory conduft, it jfurprifing the king (hould have been averfe to the af- fembling of the Hates at the cornmenccment of the late tar. The revolt of the army at Frederickftadt, and the Jiirgentwant of fupplies, compelled him however to af- lemLlc a diet again in 1789. The difcontcnts which lad prevailed in the former fellions feemed to increafe In this. Some popular laws were notwithftanding fcalTedi in particular, the privileges which the nobility lad before cxclufively enjoyed, were by a law of this ■ict extended to all fettled inhabitants of the kingdom. [This circumllance, and the attention which was paid b)'the king to the inferior orders of citizens, probably Inabled him, with the concurrence of the people, when ^lie difpntcs inrrtafed, to imprilbn the leaders of the ifaffciled nobles, among whom were the barons De- lecr, Miclean, Stiurnhold, counts Hum, Fcrfcn, and prahe, kc. The vicc-mar(hal colonel Liljehorn obfcrvcd a very jiarJed condiid, but was generally confidcrcd as ill llfetied to the meafures of the court. Several young lentlemen of fpirit, among whom were counts Rib- ling, Delagardie, and Stenbock, religned their places; %t ladies defcrted the drawing-rooms and aircmblics ; lie places of public amufemcnt were clufcd for want l( a rciutt of company. In the cud, a kind of compro- N. 523 mife took place. The prifoners were fet at liberty, and the king obtained his objedl with refpcft to fupplies, &c. and coficliidcd the diet by abolilhing the power of the fenate, which was a further ftcp to arbitrary power, and cxtrtmcly obnoxious to the nobility. Though Gurtavus miifl necelFarily have been ren- dered averfc to thefe aircinblics, his necdlities in the beginning of 1792 compelled him once more to fuin- mon a diet, but every precaution was employed to ren- der it as little injurious as polTible to his ufurped autho- rity. The proclamation for alL-mbling the diet was ilTued only three weeks previous to its meeting, fo that the eledtions were made in halk', and the patriotic fiarty had no time to make any arrangements with re- pedl to their choice- of reprcfcntatives. Inftead of ant-mblingin the capital, the (fates were ordered to meet at GelHe, a folitary fituation on the Bothnic Gulf, aiid 70 miles from Stockhohn. The diet during the whole of its deliberations was furrounded by mercenary troops. Thus the expeflations of the public were com- pletely frullrated. No reform was eiFcAcd, nor was there any cenfure palfed upon the king for the manifeit infradion of both the old and new conflitiitions, in entering into war without the confcnt of the ftates. In his great objedt. however, Guftavus found himfclf in fome meafure difappointcd ; the diet were ftiil too parfimonious to fatisfy either his neceditics or his wifhes, and he was obliged to refl contented with only a part of his demand. The diet was difTulved on the 24th of Februiiry 1792. Notwithftandi 1^, the dilFatisfadlion which the con- (hidl of Gultavus had excited was thus prevented from burfling into an open flame, (till the evil was not era- dicated, and the (word of faflion impended over his cfevoted head. Not only the nobles, but the people were averfc to the crufade againft France. The coun- try was already fufticiently cxhaulted of its population and its induftry ; the finances were miferably deranged; immenfe loans had been negociatcd; and the people fuffered equally from opprefllvc taxes, and a depreciated paper currency. Perhaps private and perfonal ofFencei might co-operate with public grievances, to arm againft Guftavns that formidable conlpiracy which was planned" even under his roof, and might halten the cataltropha which we have now to record. Immediately on the difTolution of the diet at Gcffle, bis mujtfly returned to Stockholm, where he probably flattereil himfelf that his addrefs and affability would dilJlpate the chagrin which his conduft at Gcfllc had produced. On the 16th of March, as he was preparing to attend a mafqueradc at the opera-houfe, he received the following anonymous letter: " Sire, '*-'^' «- "■ '"^'•"- '"•' ?'~ "''-' «• Deign to liften to the advice of a man, who, nei- ther being attached to your fcr\ ice, nor deliroiis of your favour,. iffl w ' i b, 1 1 11 mm Mi 1 i^fflfflp 1 || H 524 A NEW AND COMPLEtE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAI.. GEOGRAPHY. favour, flatters not your crimes, but is dcfirous of ad- verting the ilaiigcr with wiiicli your litu is menaced. •' l)c allured, that a plot is formed to alTafTinate yon. Thofc who have entered into it, are furious at being fi)ilcd lad week, by the balls being countermanded. Tlicy have rtfolved to execute their fcheme this day. Remain at iiome ; avoid halls during tlic prcfcnr ycai ; thus the fanaticifin of criminality will be fufFered lo evaporate. Avoid the road to Haga (the king's country rcfidence) ; in fine, be upon your guard for at lead a mon^li. " Do not endeavour to difcovcr the author of this letter; the damnable project againll your life is come to his knowledge by accident; be alFurcd, however, that hu has not any interell whatever in furewarninig you of your intended fate. •' If your mercenary troops had made ufc of any violence againll the citizens at Gcffle, the author of this letter would have fought againll you fword in hand ; but deteds alTaflination." On reading the note, the king, it is faid, was ob- fcrved to turn pale. He alFeflcd, however, to hear it with contempt, and. to conlider it as an infult to his courage, to attempt to deter him from enjoying his evening's entertainment. It was further remarked, that it was late before he entered the ball room ; but after fome time he fat down in a box with the comptc D'Ef- fcn, and obferved that he was not deceived in his con- tempt for the letter, fince had there been any dclign Bgainft his life, no time could be more favourable than that .noment. He i.cn mingled, without apprehenfion, among the crowd ; and jnit as he was preparing to re- tire, in company with the Prullian ambaflador, he was furroiinded by fevcral perfons in mafks, one of whom iired a pidol at the baik of the king, and lodged the contents in his body. A fcene of dreadful confufion immediately enlucd. The confpirators, amidft the ge- neral tumult and alarm, had time to retire to other parts of the room, but one of them had previoully dropped his piltols and a dagger clofe by the wounded king. A general order was given to all the company to unmalk, and the doors were immediately clofed, but no perfon appeared with any particular diflinguilhing m-arks of guilt. The king was immediately conveyed to his apartment, and the furgeon, after cxtra(fling a ball and fonie Hugs, gave favourable hopes pf his majelly's re- covery. The 17th was a day of apprehenfion and terror. The Swedilh guards were all under arms ; patroles and piikets were ordered to travcrfe the firects of Stock- holm both night and day ; and the houfcs of the citi- zens were to be (hut alter eight in the evening. Suf- picions imnu-diattly fell upon fuch of the nobles as had been notorious for their oppoliiion to the meafurcs of the court. The anonymous letter v\as traced up to colonel Iviljehorn, m;ijor in the kmg's guards, and he was im- mediately apprehended, i3ut the nioll fucccfbful clue th . fetmed to offer was, in confcqucnce of tht p lorn, and lieutenant Ehrenjwerd were alfo to be be- * leaded. All thefe confpirators were degraded from the bk of nobles, and their property declared to be con- pfcated. Major Hartmanldorf was to forfeit his rank 1 the army, and to be imprifoned for one year. En- pftrom was to fuffer perpetual imprifonment, and aron Pechlin and fecretary Lilledrahle to be impri- bncd during pleafure. Four others, accufed of being teerntd in the confpiracy, were pardoned, and fome ^ere acquitted. During the king's illnefs, and particularly after he fas made acquainted with the certainty of his ap- kmaching tlill'olution, Guftavus continued to difplay ^at unlhaken courage which he had manifcfted on every occafion during his life. A fout t jjo mibl to fouih: thclsl depended upon, [ g entirely il)ai)>| he Tartars, and [ inacceffibtebjiij ecomprchenittj (tretchingfro[i>| Kamtfchjibl orfh, from ik | itude, where it I Turiicy, Gtot- Great Tattry, I gions in Alia. e uioit autheD' govcrnraenis, Livunia, and { from Sweden; tht I |j«»Of«'l ♦» IWIKH ll Greek Chul ConqncT. fr Sweden ft 1700. Seized from Tarkiin 1; lussrAN 1 Mufcovy, T Kilmuc Ta The Subdivif kolTKEKN PS 1 1. Lapland. It. Simoieda. 3. Bcllamanei 14. Mefccn. [j, Divina. 16. Syrianes. It, Permia. 15. Rubeiiinflci L Belacfvda. [middle FR( Rezan, or II. Belozero. t. Wologda. I3. jerazlaf. L. T\v('( r. Ij. Moftow. 16. Bdguiod. ^. tjry ^'^ t Il«««'»'l R U I A. 8«7 litw Criin««i or Crim Ttrttrv, anciently th« Taurica IcherfoneriM. > pcninrula in the Euxine Sea. formerly Lftt wihcTurkt, but added in the year 1783 to L. Ruffian empire, with the ifle of 1 am«n, and part kf Cuban; by ilie ceflion of which la(t the Rufliani I* fjjd to have (fained above a million of fubjcAa; lllfo the duchy ofCoiirland in Poland, of which the Dicrtfjof Riiffia haa now the entire difpofal. Be RuHian empire, in its moft extenflve fenfe, in- cluding all the acquiPitions in Tartary, now known bv the name of Siberia, with the provinces above fpeciHed, is nearly equal in its dimcniiona to all the red of Eu- rope, and greater than the Roman empire in the zenith of its power, or the empire of Darius lubduvd by Alex- ander, or both put together. The prnperdivilims of Rudia in Europe, with its acquifitions from Sweden in the prefcnt century, will be found in the following tabic t Places. lUSSIAN EMPiat IN iU»OPE. rRuflia, or Mufc. I Belgorod Greek Church < Don Colfacs . . . Ukraine ColTacs (.Lapland Conquer, from fRuf. Finland .. Sweden fince< Livonia 1700. Lingria Se,iejlfromthe>c,in,^Tart.... IVSSrAN EMPIItB' IN ASIA. Mufcovy, Tartary, and. Siberia . . Kalmuc Tartar^ Total Length Breadth Square Miles. Chief Ciiies. t.i6o 1.050 784-650 Moscow. 375 •85 70,900 Waronetz. 400 ago 57,000 Panchina. 330 305 4,5.000 Kiow. 405 970 78,000 Kala. 8"o t8o 41.310 Wyburg. ai8 H5 «».5«5 Riga. »75 90 9,100 Petersburg». 160 i I't^t 8,aoo Kafa. 3r«50 ».50O 1 a,aoo,ooo Toboincy, a,ioo 730 850,000 Ailr^chanr 4.161,68 c The SubdlviGoo of Ruflia into Provinces is as Col- Icws: koiTHEJlN PSOVINCES. I, Lapland. 1 1, Simoieda. 1 3, Bellamancnlkey« L. Mcfcen. Ij. Divina. 16. Syrianes. I?, Perniia. |«, Rubeniniki. L Belacfcda. [middle provinces. Rczan, or Porcflaf. |i. Bclozero. ' Wologda. I3. jjrazlaf. \{. TwHr. Mofcow. I(). Bdguiod. BASTE RN PROVINCES! 17. Bulaar; 18. Kafiin. 19. Tfchercnrif?!. so. Little Novogfod. 81. Don CulFacks. WESTERN PROVINCES. S2. Great Novogrod. ag. Ruflian Finland. 24. Kexholm. 2j. Kaleriu. s6. Incria. SOUTHERN PROVINCES. Livonia. Smolenlko. Zerni^of. Secfik. Ukranic, or country of the Old Collacs. The following nations, as comprehended in this vad empire, have been enumerated by Mr. Tookc, chaplain' to the Britiih ladory at Peteriburgh, who has lately publiQicd an account of RulTta, viz. The Mongols, Kalmucs, Tartars, Samoiedes, Of- tiacs, Burattians, Jakutans, TunguflaH% Voguls, Lap- landers, Finns, Lettonians, Etonians, LleiFs, Ingrians^. Ifcheriiniircs, T-fchouwafches, Mordvines, Votiaks,. Terptyaircis, . Tartars of Kafan and Ofenbury, Tar- tars ot Tobollk* Tartars of Toinlkt - Ntigayan Tartars, . Tartars of the Ob, Ifchoiilym- Tartars, Katfchintz Tartars, Teleutes, Abinzes, Biryoullcs^ Kurilians,' Kiilim andToulibcrt Tartars, Vcrgho Tomflcoi Tar- tars, Sayan Tartars, Touralinzcs, Bongharians, Bafih- kirians, M^Ufcheraiks, Barabinzes, Kirkguilions, ikl- tiriaiis, Yakuutcs, and Kamtfchedales, amounting,', all together, to thirty-three lutions, belides various others; but fome of thcfe are not confiderable enf)iigh to be ranked as nations, but lliould rather bo dciiurai-- nateddidind tribes. The names of Ruflia and Mufcovy, by which this • empire is arbitrarily called, are probably owing to the ancient inhabitan's^ the Rulli er JBorulIi, and the river. Mufca,. hi Hi| ■ 528 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ov UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ii' ' m Mofca, upon whicli the ancient capital Mofcow was built. It liaili likcuifc been called White Riilfia, on account of the fnow with which it is covered the greated part of ihc year, but at preftnt it is ufually .dillinguilhtd by tlie name Rullia, the Rulfias, or Great ■Ruirin. The climate of tliis vafl empire varies accovdin?; to the difterencc of iliuation. In the foiithern parts of Miifcovy tile longed day docs not exceed iih'.icn hours and a halt ; whereas in the moll northern, (he iun in fummcr is fccn for two months continually above the horizon. Notwithflandlnf^ tlicfe different climates, the air is in general cvcctiiing cold in winter, and by the feverity of if many pcrlons arc deprived of their limbs, and frequently of their lives, particularly to- var''s the north, where the ground is covered three parts of tie year with ice and fnow. In this feafon, which bc<;ins about the latter end of Angnft, and con- tinues till the month of May, the rivers are frozen to the depth of four, and fometimcs five feet ; water fpvinkkcl upwards with the hand, will freeze before it reaches to the ground ; birds 'dying in th'' air will olten fall down and die ; and it is no uncommon thing for travellers to be frozen to death in their Hedges. When tiie RulTians go out, ihey are clothed i\) wartnly that they almoil biil defiance to froll and fnow ; and it is obfervable tluit th? wind is feldom vio- lent in the winter ; but when there is much wii;d, the cold is exceedingly piercing. Tlie method of warming the houles in Rtiffia is by an oven conrtrmited with fe- veral flues ; and the country abounds with wood, which is the common fuel. Thefe ovens ferve alio ^br the ordinary people to drefs their food, and confume but a moderate quantity of wood, and the heat may be in- creafed or diminilhed at pleaftirc. The heats of fum- nier aie iii fome provinces as fcorching as the colds t' winter are rigorous; on which account the qtiick- iiefs of vegetation is pretty much the fame here as has been defcribcd in Sweden and Denmark. The Rullians derive one advantage from the feverity of their diiiiate, which is, the preferving provilions by the frolt. Good houfewiv^s, as foon as the froft lets in fitr tlie winter, about the end of Gflober, kill their poultry, and keep them in tubs packed up with a layer of fnow between fhem, and then take them out for ufe as occaflon requires: by which means they fave the nourifliment of the animal for fe vera 1 months. Veal frozen at Archangel, and brought to Peterfburgh, is edecmed the finelt they have, nor can it be diltin- guidied at the taMe from what is frefli killed, being equally juicy. The markets in Peterdiurgh are by this means fupplied in winter with all manner of pro- viiions, at a much cheaper rate than would otherwife be podible ; and it is not a little curious to fee the vad doiksof whole hogs, flieep, f-'h, and other animals, wliich are piled up in the iDarkcts for falc. The me- thod "t ihawing frozen provifions in RuHia, is by immersing them in cold water: for when the opera- tion of thawing them is efFedled by heat, it ft-em ) occafion a violent fermentation : but when prwl li by cold water, the ice fecms to be attrafted om ohb I body, and forms a tranfparent incrudation niiind 'I If u cabbage, when thoroughly frozen, be lliawcdbjl hre or hot water, it becomes fo rancid and llronitli I it c.innot be eaten ; but if it be thawed by coM^,/ I it i- ws IVclli as if jud gathered out of the garden 'l With rcfpcft to the U-1 of Ruflia, it is raihcrmoiJ various than the climate. The fouthcrn provinces nr I diice wticat, hurley, rye, oats, peas, I.crbs, wiih ,.j.j rious kinds of fruit ; and all tliefe with a veectation'l fo uncommonly expeditious, that corn is freuiitnii,! reaped in two months after it begins to appear abJi the furfacc of the ground. This is attributed to ij fnow, wiiich not only enriches and ircUows the land but cheiidios and (lielters the produce of ii, andniafe it take deeper root. ■ The fowing time, in many part?, mud followilej harved immediately; becaufe the fummer nodaltinJ above three months, there can be no fowing ader J frod is begun. But in more moderate climes theywil not fow till April or May, and their reaping tJiMi comes in Augud, and fometimcs in July. Asformj,! niirc, they have no need of any, the fnow fiipnjvii). that in every refpedl. Befides grain and fruit of'ia. rious forts, the country protluces plenty of rhubark flax, hemp, good padure for cattle, honey, wax, fc, The aflonilhing quantity of mufhrooms product' fpontaneoufly in Rullia are a great blelTing and rdit[' to the poor, while at the fame time they are deemtd delicacies at the tables of the rich ana luxurious, Jtl has been known, that above a tlioufand waggon loads of mudirooms have been annually fold atMof. cow. Agriculture was but little underdood in this coiintifl till the time of Peter the Great, who brought his fuii. jcdis in fome meafure better acquainted with it. Tin principal articles in a Rudian farm are wax and honej,! which fometimes produce to the peafant a compettncv;! as he fells the wax and fome of the honey, andmaktsl a domedic drink of the red. This drinic isakindofj metheglin extremely ftrong, and very palatable. The Riidian method of forming bee-hives is as follows: the peafant cuts down a tree, faws the trunk into many p.irts, hollows the pieces, then dops up theextrcui. ties, and bores fmall holes into the body fortheail- mittancc of the bees ; then the bee-hive is made, aiid the honey fecured from all the attacks of the bear, wko is exceedingly fond of it, and tries a variety of a- periments and dratagems, to make himfclf mallerof the fvveet treafure. The rye here fervcs not only for bread, but a fpiriiuoiis liquor is cxtraded from it, which the Rd lians prefer to brandy. Ruliia is in general a flat, level country, except i> wards the north, where the mountains are ahiwll in- numerable, remarkably high, and of proJigiou* exie* 111 ECROPE =.] R U A. 529 irftood in this counttyl 1 of piodigiou* cMeiit.1 li the orovince of Vogiilezi is a ridge, or chain, ll"ll I Zimnopoias, or the Girdle of the Earth, and r fed to be the Montes Riphaci of the ancients. STheweftern fide of the Dnieper comes in part of and between the Black L' Carpatliian mo'intams ; f „() the Cafpian, Mount Caucafus borders a range r jIj plains extending to the fea of Oral. From "J j]jL|i to the north part of France, by the road tf Dantzick, Hamburgh, and Amitcrdam, we fcarcelv f perceive the finalleft hill ; and from Peterfburgh to Pekiiii there is hardly a mountain to be fcen on Jeroad through Independent Tartary. Forerts and woods abound in this empire, and pro- hicc iir trees of vailous kinds, oak, beech, alder, tniner and many other forts of inferior woods and I L.\vhereby the inhabitants are enabled to build , comfortable houfes, and at the fame time are Lplied with fuel at a very eafy rate, which, in fo Idadiinate, may juftly be efteemed an infinite blef- Their fir-trees are of the utmoft advantage ; it {ing from thcfe they extrafl the tar and pitch ; the ,ocefs is 'as follows: a circular floor of clay is pre- ired declining a little towards the centre, from [hence a pipe of wood is laid ; the upper part of lis pipe IS even wUh the floor, and extends ten feet ;yond tiic circumference : under the end of this pipe ic earth is dug away, and barrels placed to receive le tar as it runs upon the flioor, upon which is placed lirge pile of fir-wood, boughs, and branches, fur- mled with a wall of earth. The whole is covered ith earth and turf, except a fmall opening at the I, where the fire is firft kindled ; and when that bc- is to barn fiercely, this hole is likewife clofed with th, to prevent any flame. By means of this vio- it heat, which is tempered at pleafure, by thrufting Hick through the earthen walls, and letting in the ir, the tar is forced dov/n upon the floor, and runs irough the wooden pipe into the barrels. Pitch is iihing more than tar boiled to a proper confiftency. omthe yellow mountain pine is extracted the com- lon turpentine, and from that the oil of turpentine extradtcd by diflillation ; the firft running of which, ing finer :ind more volatile, is ufually called fpirits turpentine. The fediment left in the ftill is the mon rofin, which, if taken out before it is drawn high, is termed the yellow rofin. but, if left to ijporate to a greater degree, becomes black rofin. he Riillians likewife cxtradl frankinccnfe from a iciesof fir and pine. The rivers iit Ruflia are very confidcrable, and oiig the lirft of them is placed the Wolga, which, fter traverfing the grcalcd part of Mufcovy, and wind- igacomfc ol above two thoufand Engliih miles, falls III! ihc Cafpian Sea. The fourcc of this famous Kcr is the lake of Uranow, near the city of Rzeva iodimtrllci, on the frontiers of Lithuania. The Wol- Ixjjins to be navigable about iix miles below its iia. Along its banks ?re found tiuflics and wild afparagus, of a inoft delicious fi-ivour, and the only oaks which are produced in Mufcovy. The Oby, formed by the jundion of tho Tobal and the Irtis, in the fixty-fifth degree of northern lati- tude, runs northward into the Frozen Ocean, oppofitc to Nova Zembla, and is the boundary between Europe and Afia. The Don, or Tanais, divides the moft caftern parts of this empire from Afia. It has its fourcc in the Rezan, and in its courfe towards the eaft approaches fo near the Wolga, that the czar, Peter I. attempted to cut a communication between them. The river then runs towards the fotith-weft, receives a great number of other riversi waters feveral cities, forms many beautiful iflands, and at lad difcharges itfelf into the Palus Maiotis, at the fortrefs of Afoph, about four hundred miles from its rife. The Dwina rifiis in the province of Wologda, and, after running a northerly courfe, falls into the While Sea below Archangel. The Nieper, formerly known by the name of the Borillhenes, rifes in the province of Mofcow, nms through Poland, re-enters Mufcovy, pafTes Kiof, wa- ters the Ukraine, and, after a fouiherly courfe through Tartary, falls into the Euxine Sea at Oczakow. The other rivers of Ruflia are the Mologago, Mofco, Kiomo, Ocka, Samar, Dwina, and feveral lefs remarkable. Some of the lakes in Ruflia extend above forty leagues in length. The lake Ladoga, on the borders of Finland, is formed by four rivers, the principal of which are the Voxen, or Coreb, the Fai', which flows into it *"'-om the lake of ( nega, and the Vol- chova, which tails into it from the iouth. It has a communication by a channel with the Gulf of Fin- land. The lake Onega is likewife fituated on the borders of Finland, and filled by a confiderable num- ber of rivers. This lake is forty leagues in length, and eighteen in breadth. Th^ other (.o.-.f-derablc lakc^ are Brela-Ozera, Ivva-Noferocarp-apol, both which give their names to two different provinces ; and Honnet, in the neighbourhood of the Great Novogorod. The wild beads in this country are much the fame as thofe already defcribed in Lapland, Norway, Swe- den, iVc. fuch as rein-deer, foxes, martins, hares, bears, ermines, fables, and fqi-.irrels. The lynx, fa- mous for its piercing eye, is a native of this empire ; it makes a prey of every creature it can mafler, and is faid to he produced chiefly in the fir-' e forefts. In the fouthern provinces are bred black cattle, camels, fmall horfes, goats, fhcep, &c. Their cows and flieep, as well as their horfes, are fmall: the czar Peter en- couraged a breed of large horfes for war, and car- riaG;es. The whole ctnpire abounds with poultry, wild fowl, game, birds of prey. Sic. moft of which have been already defcribed. The dirt'ercnt parts of this vaft country are plcnti- 6 S lullv !N [it ' I m m iM W iNitr Us*' lilHi u ■t ■ mM fii fv.j 'M^ ^ 53C A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ii fully fupplied wiih various kinds of filh, by means of the Northern Ocean, Baltic, Gulf of Finland, White Sua, liiack Sea, Cafpian Sea, and innumerable lakes, rivers, riviiletr, &c. Thefc produce immenfe quanti- ties of falmon, trout, pike, fturgcon, and beluga: the latter refemblcs « Ourgeon, and is often called the large fturgcon ; it is from 12 to 15 feet in length, and weighs from 9 to 16 and 18 hundred weight ; its flcfli is white and delicious. Of the roe of the ftur- geon and the beluga tho Ruflians make the famous caviare, fo much eliecmed for its richnefs and tiavour, that it is often fcnt in prefents to crowned heads. In cutting up the beluga's, they often find a fort of ftone, which is concealed in that mafs of glandu- lar flefli which covers the pofterior part of the dorfal fpitie, fupply'.ng the place of a kidney in filh. The inflaiit it is taken from the fi(h, it is foft and moid, but quickly hardens in the ..'ir. Its fizc is that of a hen's egg, fhape fomctimcs oval and foir.etimcs flat- ted, and commonly fells for a ruble ; it holds a confi- derable rank, tiiougli with little merit, among the do- meftic remedies oi the Ruflians, who fcrape it, and, mixed with water, give it in difficult labours, in the difeafcs of children, and in other diforders. This ftone is fuppofed by ProfelTor Pallas to belong to the genitals of the filh. The fummer's heat hatches Innumerable infefls in the fand, moralfes, forefls, &c. and they are indeed very troublefone throughout the whole empire. Some are like thofc before defcribed in the nortliern coun- tries of Europe which we have already conddered i and others are fo imperfc6l as not to have received a name, or at leaft not to hav^ been ailigned to any par- ticular fpecics. In Ruflia, mines ^nd minerals are as plentiful as in Scandinavia ; and the people are daily improving in working them. Mountains of rich iron ore are found in fomc places, moft of which produce the load-flore, and yield from ^o to 70 per cent. Rich filver and ropper mines are found on the confines of Siberia, i^ere is alfo lead ore, which contains a fmall quan- \:ty of filver. The green lead-ore is very rare ; but, when found, it is variegated with a yellowifh green colour, and is femi-tranfparent. The population of this vaft empire has been greatly mifcalculated by feveral authors ; fince nothing can be imorc injudicious, or remote from truth, than thofe accounts which make the whole of it not to exceed, at tno(k, feven millions. It is not a little furprifing that writers (hould remain fu lon^ under this millake, when we confider the very num' jous armies the fovereigns of Rufi[ia have brought into the field, and the long and bloody wars they have maintained in Europe and Afia. But the public has been at length undeceived in this matter, hy a lift, taken in 1747. by Mr. Voltaire, of all the malts who paid the capitation or poll-tax, and which amount to (),6j^6, ^qo. Boys and old men are included in this number ; but girls and womcu arc not reckoned, nor boys born between the maltin one rcgiftcr of the lands and another. Now ir*.! only reckon triple the number of heads fubjedl t'otjal tion, including women and girls, we fhall find nc»| twenty millions of fouls. There may be added |J this account 350,000 foldiers, aud boo,coo nobiliij and clergy ; as alfo (the fame writer obfervcs) the ii^l habitants of the conquered countries, namely, Livoiia.| Efihenia, Ingria, Carelia, and a part of Finland' tSI Ukraine, and the Don Colfacs, the Kalir.ucs.'ajidl the other Tartars. The Samoiedes, the Lapla'ndail the Oftiacs, and all the idolatrous people of Sibtiia.1 a country of greater extent than China, are not in.! ludcd in this lift: the new regifler in 1764 contiijjj 8,500,000 fubjefl to the poll-tax. 1 A late ingenious writer, refident fome time in Rulkl has favoured us with the following eflimate, whitj fets the matter 'n a clear point of view. He ihail informs usj that Of the lower clafs of people paying the capitation tax, the whole number amounts to... j8,ooowo| Conquered provinces i,2oo,ooo| Noble families foiocoj Clergy ,k,oo,I Military 360,0001 Civil ^ go/jcol Ukraine, Siberia, CofTacs, &c 3jo,o5jI .. . .._.: ,. 2o,ioo,cool To this calculation, we may reafonably fupporeikl the acqutfitions of the Crimea and part of Cuban Tit.l tary muft have added near a million more, fothatilii| lubjeds cf this cxtenfive empire may beelliaatedtti 21,000,000. When we confider that her Imperial Majcltyno*! pofTelfes many of the countries former'^ inhabited bf I thofe prodigious fwarms of barbarians wlio ovenli[er| the Roman empire, there will be fufficientrearuntol believe, not only that her dominions mud have \m\ formerly better peopled than at prefent, but that evcil twenty-four millions are a thin popu'atioii forthelii-l menfc trail of coimtry imdcr her government, 'lliil like decreafe in the inhabitants of foine utiterparisofj the globe may probabl> arife from the fame iiawnl| caofcs ; and it is highly probable that the vail qiim-j titles of ftrong and fpirituous liquors, confumedbyil»| inhabitants of the North, which are univctfally al- lowed to De unfriendly to health and gtncraiiun, to«j gether with the introdudlion of the fmall-pfMaml vt-l uereal difeafe among them, muft have greatly KiDiii'f buted to the depopulation of thofe countries. The inhabitants of Ruftia are in general well-milfi hardy, vigorous, and impatient of labour, el|)cci)llfl in the field: the common foldiers, from a priiuiplv m| fupcrltition, are taught to definfc life, and b) m ■.lis Ei'RO"-] U A. 53t neans are brought to ftand their ground, and keep llieir ranks, perhaps equal to any troops in the world. «r|,j complexions of the people differ little from ihofe of the Englifli or Scots: but the women, who are tenenlly fair, comely, and well-fhaped, think that an Sdition of red heightens their beauty. Their eye- foht feems to be defedlive, occafioned, probably, by it fnoiv, which is before th»ir eyes for a long time «f the year. The Ruffians, before the days of Peter the Great, verethemofl part uncivilized, defpicable, and*much iddi^ed to drunkenncfs : 4000 brandy- (liops have been (ten in Mofcow. The common people, and alfo the boyars or nobles, had contracted a conllant habit of indolence and intoxication ; in confequence d which, the mod fliocking objefts of mifery'and barbarity jrefented thcmfelves in the Greets, while the court of Mofcow exceeded all others in fplendour and pomp. JThe czar and grandees, drefTed after the moft fuperb Afiatic manner, exceeded every idea that can be con- ceived of modern grandeur; nothing but gold and pre- cious ftones were to be feen in the robes of the czar ukI his courtiers. Thefe, and all other luxuries, were furoiihed by Italians, Germans, and all other foreign- When the czar Peter afccnded the throne, the bulk [of his fubjedls appeared to him little better than beafts lof burden deflined to fupport the magnificence of the Icourt. Struck with the impropriety ot the ancient cuf- jtoins in thefe refpeds, he obliged his great men to lay jalide their long robes, and drefs in a plainer mode, like [other Europeans, and even ordered the laity to cut off Itheir beards, befides making other improvements in llarning and the arts, which we ihall take notice of Ikicafter. The RufHans, before the time above mentioned, Ibad hardly a (hip upon their coaRs: they had no con- Iveniences for travelling, no pavements in their ilreets, inopublic places of diverfion, and entertained a fovereign I contempt for all improvements of the mind; but at Iprefcnt a French or Englith gentleman may live as Icomturtabiy and agreeably in Kuira, as in mofl other Iparis ot Europe. Since the acceffion of the prefent cm- Jprefs, their polite allemblies have been put under pro- Iper regulations, and few of the ancient irregularities Iprevail. But notwithftanding the fcvtrity of Peter, and jtbe prudence of fucceeding governments, many barba- rous ufages and cxcelVes are not yet fiippreilcd. I The nuptial ctrcmonies of the Rullians are peculiar [to themfdvcs, and formerly coi»fifted of foiiie very Iviliimfical rites many of which are now difiifed. When Ilk p,ircnts are agreed upon a match, though the par- ities pithaps have never feen each other, the bride is ex- |aa-iii>d Itark naked by a certain number of females, who arc to corrca, if polTible, any deled thty find in herperfon. Aft. r the priift has tied the nuptial knot, il-c bride is led home, with abundance of coarfe, and indetd indecent ceremonies, which are wearing off even amongfl the loweft ranks; and the barbarous treatment of wives by their hulbands, which extended even to fcourging or even broiling them to dcuiii, is either guarded againfl by the laws of the country, or by par- ticular flipulations in the marriage contradi. But, not- withftanding the rigorous treatment which married women are ftill fubjeft to," they are faid to be in gene- ral loofe in their behaviour, and far from fhy of their favours, and will even bear their hufbands company in their drunken debauches, which may in fome meafure juflify thefe for the brutifli jcaloufy they arc commonly addi^ed to : and fo little gallantry, or even decency, is ufed towards the fair fcx in this whole country, that no refpe6l is paid to them, though they arc even of qua- lity. The only chance they have in wedlock is, from the kindnefs of^ their parents, who take care to bind the hufband under fome fort of penalty, to ufe them well and kindly, ta feed them with wholefome food, and to forbear all unreafonabis corre£lion and ill treatment. But all thefe precautions often prove ineffeftual, fo that it is not without reafon that they crown the bride, on her wedding day, with a garland of wormwood, to put her in mind of the bitternefs that attends the mar- riage-ftate, and the bridegroom with one of hops, to intimate to him the fruitfiilnefs of it ; which is there paid fo much regard to, that he may divorce her, and Ihut her up, for the very fault of her not bearing hiin any children. A very ingenious writer has left upon record a whimflcal and entertaining accoimt of the fame cere- mony. "In 1713 the princefs Natalia, only filler to the reigning czar, by the fame mother, ordered preparations to be made for a grand wedding, for two of her dwarfs, who were to be married,. On this occafion feveral fmall coaches were made, and little Shetland horfcs provided to draw them. All the dwarfs in the kingdom were fummoned to celebrate the nuptials, to the number of ninety-three. They went in grand proceflion through all the ftreets of Mofcow. Before them went a large open waggon, drawn by fix horfcs, with kettle-drums, frcnch-horns, and hautboys. Then followed the mar- (hall and his attendants, two and two, on horfeback. Then the -bridegroom and bride, in a coach and fix, at- tended by the brideman and maid, who fat before them in the coach. They were followed by fifteen fn\all coaches, each drawn by fix Shetland horfes, and each containing four dwarfs. " It was furprifing to fee fuch a number of little crea- tures in one company together, efpecially as they were furnifhed with an equipage conformable to their fta- ture. Two troops of dragoons attended the proceflion, to keep off the mob, and many perfons of fafhion were iavitcd to the wedding, who attended in their coaches to the church where the fmall couple were married. From thence the proceflion returned in order to the princefs's palace, where a grand entertainment was provided for the company. Two long tables were co* vered on each fide of a long hall, where t.^e company of ,1 ' .i."'i. Ui \i\ i H 1 1 h i'lil'i Ui ? S3« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. of dwarfs dined together. The princefs, with her two nieces, were at the trouble tiiemfclves to fee them all fcated, and well attended, before they fat down to their own tabic. At night tlie princelfcs, attended by the nobility, condnflcd the married couple to bed in grand flatc; alter which ceremony the dwarf company had a large room allotted them to make merry among them- I'elves. The entertainment concluded with a grand bail." It may not be improper to add, in this place, an ac- count of the courtihips and marriages of the natives of Kamtfchatka, a part of the Riiilian dominions, as given by a pcrfon who relided among them. When a Kamtlchatdale inclines to marry, lie looks aboiit for a bride in fome of the neighbouring villages, feldom in Iiis own; and when he hnds one to his mind, he dif- covers his inclination to the parents, defiring that lie may have the liberty of ferving them for fome time: this pcrmiHion he calily obtains, and during iiis fervire lie fliews an inicommon zeal, in order to fatisfy them of what he can do. After having thus ferved, he delires liberty to feize his bride ; and if he happens to pleafc the parents, his bride, and her relations, this is pre- fently granted; but if they difapprovc of it, they give him fome fmall reward for his fervices, and he departs. It fometimcs happens that thefe bridegrooms, without difcovering anything of their intentions, engage them- felves in fervice in fome ftrange village; and though every one fufpefls their defign, yet no notice is taken of them till cither he or his friends declare it. When a bridegroom obtains the liberty of feizing his bride, he fecks every opportunity of finding her alone, or in the company of a few people; for during this time all the women in the village are obliged to protcdl her : bcfides , flie has two or three diirerent coats, and is fwaddled round with firti-nets and llraps, lb that (he has little more motion than a (tatue. If the bridegroom happens to find her alone, or in company with but few, he throws himfelf upon htr, and begins to tear off hercloaths, nets, and ftraps ; for to itrip the bride naked, feems to conllitufe the ceremony of mar- riage. This is not always an eafy talk; for though (he hcrfclf makes fmall rcfillancc (and indeed (liecanmake but little) yet, if there happen to be many women near, th. y all fall upon the bridegroom without any mercy, beating him, dragging him by the hair, fcratch- iii[ gable canal is alfo cut between ihc Wolga ami ihel Don, in oriler to convey provilloiir and maitrialsiol Azoph. The dillance of thisLommiinicationiiaboutl 140 Ruflian miles, by way of two fiiiall rivers, hikI called the Laffa, which falls into the Don; ami ikel other the Camilhinlka, which falls into the \V''s3.l Tkltl Euro"-] U S I A. 535. Tktf^ two rivers arc made navigable by means of . |j, jnd (liiice)!, and a canal of near four Ruflian I Is is cut tliriiiijjh the neck of land betwten thefc |m„ fiiull dreams. Peter employed two artilts at jjlf^ffnitimc* to perform this work ; but they having fjilcJ in the execution, it has been iince completed by The religion cftabliflied in RiilTia is that of the Greek church mingled with feveral nincrftitioiis rites jf their own. They deny the pope's (upremacy, and «ili not worlhip images ; hut their churches abound in (iftures of faints, whom they look upon as mediators Iciween thein and God. They obiervc a nimiber of filband leiits, living half the year very abftcmionfly — jn inftitution extremely convenient for their foil and climate. They have many peculiar notions with regard tjihrfacrameiit of the 1 rinity. Tiiey adminillerbap- lifmbv plunging the child three times into the water, jnd give it the facramcnt of the Lord's fupper in one fpccic, fri'in the time of its birth till it ttains the age offcven viars, after which it receives it in both kinds. Ifiperf'm on his death-bed does not receive the eii- clijriltanJ extreme imcflion, the bofly is ilenied Chril- llim burial; and when a body is dcpoliicd in its cotlin, Itky always place with it a luncheon of bread, a pair loflliocs, a fevv pieces of money, together with a ccr- Itificate, figucd by the parilh prieli, diredted to St. Ni- Idiolis, who is one of their great patrons. Their prielts, |«lio depend for fiililillcnce upon the benevolence of liyrrtiitks, are diltintMiillied by the name of papa, or (fcher, 3!.(1 each j)riell is allowed to marry one wiifnan ; Ibut if lite (lie«, he miUt pafs the remainder of his life linoelibjcy. The bilhops are not allowed to marry at all. Fdore the reign of {-"eter the Great, every perfon in Riillij, co'ivicU'd of being a heretic, was burnt; but |ro«all feels are tolerated throughout the country. This prince declared himfelf head of the church ; Imil prcl'ervcd the fubordinations of metropolitans, lirchbilliops, and bifhops: after ellablifliing this great licformation, he left his clergy in full poUelTion of all [their idle ceremonies; nor did he CTit olFthe beards of [his clergy; that impolitic aft was refervcd for the late [emperor, and greatly contributed to his fatal cataf- [trophe. The conquered provinces retain the life of their own [religion; and, fo great is the extent of this empire, I many of its fiibjedts arc Mahometans : but in Siberia lard iheunciiilivated provinces they are chiefly Pagans. [ The language chieHy fpokcnin Rullia, is a mixture [ofihePolilh and Sclavoninn ; but the chrgy make ul'e Jot" modern Greek. The Rullian alphabet bears a great [adinity to the Greek, and conlills of thirty-fix letters. ■ Wiih relpeft to learning and learned men, it is but [very lately that the Rullians have emerged from the Igroirel! ignorance ; for fo far was learning from beirg [known among them, that the nobility themfdves were [tntirely illiterate, and it was with di'lirulty fooic ot the clergy read the prayers. The elForts to civili/e them, began by a fmall glimmering, like the (irft day- break, under c/ar Iwan, in the middle of the i6lb century. This became more confpicnotis under Alexiua \fichaelowitz. But in all probability this darknef» would have continued much longer, for they hait nei- ther univerfity nor fchool for the inftriiflion of youth, if that great genius Peter I. had not appeared amongft them, and, by his indefatigable endeavours, in fome de- gree difpelled thofe clouds of ignorance and error ia which they were ftill involved. For this purpofe he invited foreigners into his dominions, encouraged the liberal arts and fciences, obliged the nobility lo fend their fons to more civilized countries for their improve- ment, and indituted academies and femiiiaries in Mof- cow and Petcrfburg. The efFefl of thefc excellent meafures ;.rc now vifible to the whole world, by the daily prcgrefs the Ruflians make in literature ; the papers exhibited by them at their avjademicai meetings, particularly thofe relative to aftronomy, tJie mathe- matics, and natural philofophy, have been received with applaufc by the literati of Europe; and, at ihrt late opening of the commillion for a new code of laws, the fpecches pronounced by the bilhop ot Tures, the metropolitan of Novogorod, the vice ch.iiicellor, and the marflial, are nervous, elegant, and e jifical : fo that in all probability the arts and fciences will make as great a figure in Rulfia as in any other part of Kiirope. An univerfity has, within thefc few years been founded in Molcow by M. de Sliorealow, high eliam- berlaia to the emprtfs Klizabeth, daughter of Peter the (ircat. In the lame city are three colleges founded by Peter: the firll for clalflcal learning and philofophy, the fecond for mathematics, and the third for naviga- tion and allronomy. There arc alio two academies in Peterfburg, one on the plan of the Royal Society, and the other for inlhuding youth in navigation, allro- nomy, &c. The government of RufTIa is entirely defpotic ; and here, as in all other arbitrary monarchies, the laws, as well as the lives and properties of the fubjeds, de- pend wholly on the will of the fovereigii. Tlicfe, if males, were called czars; if females, czarinas; but at prcfent the imperial title is alfumed. The people arc no lefs (laves than formerly, but much <>i' the power of the nobility is fwallowcd up in the greai im- portance and authority of the crown. The fovereign appoints vaivods, or governors of provinces, and be- llows all offices of coiifc(]uence, whether ecclclialVical, civil, or military. The czar Peter introduced the title* of count and prince of the empire, and inllituted an ■ order of knighthood in honour of St. Andrew, ihii pa- tron of Ruilia, dillinguiihcd by a blue ribbon :ind a ftar. Here ftate prifoners are, in general, privately fei/ed, partially adjudged, and fecretly difpat. lied, or lent into baiiillnnent to Siberia, of which the foUmving is a rin^iilar incident, as related by a cluraclii ol enii- ncncif, »H ■: if!" ■ ; :r '\i s . i 536 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ni-ncc, who rcfided many years in RiifHa. *■ I was not long in Riga (fays that ^err«>n) when I rcccivtid the folh)wing intelligence from guuU authority. One Dr. Fomlcrholfl, a German, was, a lew years before iiiy arrival, pliylician to the army. He was laid lo be a man of learning, but ut no great tbrclight. Hup* pcning to receive an aitrunt from unc of ihu great men of the court, who was in favour with the cnii>rcfs, the ddd^or retorted feverely, and rendered him very ridi- culous. The courtier had the addreli: to get thedodor fent to Siberia in the fuiluwing manner: (3ne day, as the dudor was attending the iield-marlhal, who was iick, a captain of the guards arrived with exprclfcs from St. Peterfbury, and demajided immediate au- dience. He was introduced, and whifpercd fomcthing in the held- marlhal's c.ir, who denrcd the dodor to amufo himfelf in the great hall till he hud iinilhed fome bulincfs with the I'lTicer. When that was dune, the dudor was again called upon ; and when he had given the iicld-marlhal his advice about fomc difurdcr which he at that time laboured under, and was going to retire, the count delircd him to coir.e to dinner, as he might need his further alliiiance ; and, at the fame time, advifed the captain of the guards to dine, telling him he was not able to lit at tTie table himfcif, but the vice-governor, prince Dolgoruki, who was prefent, M'ould bear him company. This was agreed to. At dinner the captain told the vice-governor, that a rela- tion of his, in his way to the army, was fuddenly taken ill, and obliged to remain in a houfe didant three or four vcrds from the city ; and that therefore he'defired him to appoint an able phyfician to attend him, for which he would be amply rewarded. The deputy-governor pointed to Dr. Fon-'crhoUl, as phy- lician to the army, and one of the aoleft profelfors in Riga ; and, at the fame time, politely delired him to vilit the ollicer. The dodor agreed, and was giving diredions to his fervants to get nis coach ready, when the prince told him that was ncxdlcfs, as his coach was large enough to carry them all to fuch an in- conliderable diltancc. After dinner, when they had arrived at the houfe where they pretended the patient was, and had taken a few.glaires ui wine, the dodoi delired to fee him, but was anfwercd, that he was a Ibtc prifoner by order of the cabinet; and .therefore they advifed him to make no reiiitance, but get mto a travelling waggon ready at the door; telling him, at the fame time, that if he offered the lead reliliance, he would be bound (alt with ro[v:8, and might be very cruelly treated, on the way, by the foldiers who were appointed to convey him to his place of dcftination. Thus this man was conveyed to Siberia, and there long immured, or kept in a hole in the wall, with only a fmaii flit through which he received his provifms. It fcems he had fome money abnut him wlicn he was ar- redcd ; but the captain took nothing from him except his fvvord. The f, on tiie vv;iy, robbed hlin of his watch ; but he concealed iroiu them what liitlc mo- ney h« hkd. Forufecing that his money could maintain him long, and pcrliiaded that he could "^ I long fublill upon the poor provilions allowed to fu? priloners, he atfedcd to be a fortune-teller; j^d a priltd the foldiers, who kept guard upon him of if* I dclign, oli'erinjj them the half of what he got byh' | art. The foldiers, being acquainted with many ol th' fuperllitious inhabitants, told the dodor every ,;; concerning them before they came to him, whichh!| repeated to them, whereby his fame, as a vyjfe oin fpread far, and he acquired the means of liipport.* Having neither books or company to amul'c him ji! [ this miferablc filuation, he got a few hens, and diverttd hiinfelf with feeding them. He gave their tmA black colour ; and wrote upon them with a pin, ft, HHgeluiklUk Doiijor Fondnrijjl. Ungeliicklick fignifes unfortunate. Thefe eggs he fold to the iiihabitaniiaj charms. They knew not the mcining of ilie writinaj but thought it rendered the eggs more vuliuble. After he had been many months thus confined, it happened that the governor's lady put u^ in this village, in hci way from Rullia to Siberia, and wanted eggs, amonii other things, for dinner. The holtefs told her th« there was, in the place, a prifoner, a very wifcmu I who fold extraordinary eggs. She defircd to fee them* f and, as (he iindcrllood the German language, was fui. prifel to fee written upon them the name of the very I phyfician who, a few years before, had recovered her 1 from a very dangerous fever. She went to the hole,! fpokc to the dudtor ; then applied to her hufband, and{ caufed his fituation to be made much eafieriand, as Ihe was a great favourite with the emprefs, wrote to her majcrty, and reprefcnted his undeferved misfor- ] tune fo pathetically, that the governor received ders lo liberate him, and fend him, at her cxpcncc, I to Mofcow." A gentleman who travelled over the greatcft part of this empire, has given us the following new aid concife defcription oi the Ruflians, ami the arbitrary government under which they live : •« The valour and prowefs, which the Rudlanshavc difcovercd in the late war with the Turks, have ten- 1 dered them the obicd of univcrfal attention. It ' therefore be no difagreeablc amufement for the poblic to fee their civil and military chara.^er briefly dif. played. " In Turkey the fultan puts out the ejcsofhiij relations, becaufe he cannot bear any brothernear liic throne. In Rullia the fovereign is fiippofed to have no relations. No pcrfon is allowed to keep any loia llamped with the image of a depofed prince; not mull any one pafs the palace without pulling off liis j hat, or IcHting down the glalles, if he is in a c.irriige. If you write the fovcreiga's name in fmall characltrs ill a letter, you are liable to fevcre punilhment, Ini room upwards of thirty feet fquare, in whiJi ttins were but three Frenchmen, one of them alkd whc ihcr the prince Iwan was, or was not, Ihll alive. Tiie F.aopr.l R U S I A. 537 infu'cr *;i«. I'l-" '" 'io'lii n^l'Dily lalkal of tliat nncc. Wlifii tlic cmprcCs Lli/.abttli was at the c.\x \ death, n<"'^ '"'f'^ niukc the Icall iiuiniry coii- jujj lier heal ill ! i»'*''t when her death was miivcr- fallv known, all thought it ilangerous to make it the fubifl "' foiiverfatioii. Every Riiilian lias a right to (V ill piililii'y''"' '^'''''"'' *"■' I ilcciare you are guilty If ircifon ill wonl? and athons ; and then every by- Jandei is obliged to allill in apprehending the a«> ity. In any country, where the lealt degree of freeilom prevails, men Avould fooiier die than be guilty of fuch an unnatural adlion as the chil- dren of this Rullian." The executive part of the government of Ruflia is veiled in the fovereign council of chancery, which is chictiy compofed of the third clafs of the nobility, and dividi-d into fix departments, in which are feparatcly conlidered, foreign affairs, war, finances, public ac- counts, civil proceffes brought by appeal, and criminal cauIVs brought by appeal. 'Ihe determination of the two laft mentioned, for- merly depended upon the ctjuity of the jtidge. In i6.j7 a code, or body of laws, was ordered to be compiled by the wifeil men in the empire, which was accordingly done, in one volume in folio, entitled, Sa- (i ii biutia "! rJ.'i I I 1. m -\\ .\\\\ Y ■■; ■ ■! ' t- ■r 'Vv H \\\ i|i 1^ 1 h '^V: 538 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. brona Uioficitia, that is to fay, Univcrfal ami General Right ; and by this the jmlgcs were to regulate their fcnicncei. Tnere is this great and fmgiilar advantage Iti the courts of judicature of this couiiiry, that they »rc iiciihtr expcnfivc or tedious; for a law-fuit is be- gun and dtttrmintd in the r\)iC\: of fix or fcvcn wctks : iicveitheicfs ihey arc cxtreiiicly vctia). All the poafatit.4 and hufhandnien arc Haves, cither diretSlIy to ihc I'ovtrcign, lo the boyars or lords, to mjo- nalltrlcs, or to fomc «it tl\c gentry ; and the greater outnbiT any of theni linth, tlic richer lie is elteein- cd. Thel'e are tiniiloytd by tlicin in whatever v^'ork or bufincfs they think fit ; and this is one rea- Ton wiiy they n^'cii to appear iiiuro dull and un- traceable than they, perhaps, naturally ar': ; becaufe, if any of them betrays a greater vivacity or dexterity «han the rcH, lie is l\n\- to have more buliiicfs and trou- ble upon his Lands, without any proportionable reward or Liicourni»tinent. It is lifiial fir the fovereigns to reward fotne of the ferviccs done to them by any nobles «r udicers, with a iiiiinl>(.'r of thofc villains ; and as there is an account of their niiinbcr in all provinces, in iorty days two or three hundred thuufand of them may be railed, by fumiuoniiig each mailer to funiilh fuch a quota. At prefent, the fyftem of civil laws enabliflied in Riiilia is very iinpcrfecl, and, in many relpects, bar- barous and uiijull ; being an alFembiage ot laws and icgiilations drawn from ihofc of molt Hates in Europe, ill-digctted, and, in many iiillanccs, not at all adapted to the genius of the Ruliian nation. lint (he prtfent emprefs has, indeed, made a noble attempt to give her fiibjtv^s a new code of laws. In order to this, fhe af- fembled the dates of the kingdom in the year 1768, and prefented them with inllrudioiis for their proceed- ings, accordint; to her ideas of dillribiitive jullice. Ihefe indnidlions do the highell honour to her great capacity, and place both her political and perfonal vir- tues in the fairell point of light. The coi'e has fince been drawn up, but was not then piiblilhed. Very pleaf- ing ideas, have, however, been tornicd with regard to the rcilitudc of its precepts ; and it has accordingly been for fomc time expetiieil wiili impatience. The conllitiition of RufTia iliffers little from that of Other arbitrary empires. There is, indeed, a fcnate, compofed of the mod refpeflable perfons in the king- dom ; and the czarina treats the inllitution with the highefl regard and deference, fubmits the grcateft con- cerns of her empire lo their ili.iil)crations, but at the fame time this parlianunt can be cunlidcred in no other light than the privy-council. They never prcfumc to ranvafs any ol the mcafiires of g(jvernnient, or even to jjive their fovereign ad\ ice, iinkls it be commanded. The ancient nobility of RiilHa conliftLd of three de- grees, kne/cs, boyars, and vaiv-nis. The knczcs were fovertig;is in their own ei'lates, till their exor- bitant power was lediiced by the c^al.'. The boyars were the fccp d dcj^rce oi nubility i and the vaivuds were the governors of provinces. Peter thr f" fuffcred thcfc dilUnftions to continue; but ih 1 I emprcflcs, ocrcciving that thcfc titles too often vivcd the ideas of their ancient and definitive no ^'^H thought it prudent to introduce the titles of cniinr i^B' princes, in conformity to the cullom of other t,,,,,' '" I nations. an. The RulTian coin at prefent confifts of c„|j j rubles, half rubles, quarter rubles, grivcncrs or ' |«topccks copecks of lilvxr, five copecks, two copeck half and quarter ditto. 1 he ducat is worth two nibl and the ruble is, in value, about 4s. 6d. ilerlinw n 'l half and quarter rubles arc exprellivc of their value. A grivencr is the tenth part of a ruble and*" copeck is an hundredth part of the fame. ' * The pound weight in Rullia is cxadly the famta our pound apothecaries weight : 40 pounds nuke 1 pood ; 40 poods a bcrkwitz ; 63 poods a tort, The liquid meafures are as follow: H cnillus M t vedro, 1 half vedro i (lackan ; a llackans i anchor' 6 anchors 1 hog, which is exadlly the fame as an hi lilli hoglliead. °' The |)rincipal meafure of extenfion is the verll which is 3,500 feet, and 104 verlls ni.ike a degree; ni the RuHians reckon diltaiucs by vcrfls, as the EnBliil do by miles. * It is impolTibie lo afccrtain the revenue of a kin». dom where the monarch has the difpofal of the for! tunes of all his fubjedls, which is the cafe in Ruilii." It has, however, been computed at about three mil- lions llerling annually, but then it mull be obfcrvcii that the intnnlic value of money is at kail three tiaitj greater in the empire than in England. If we addtj the above cakulation the vafl exertions for promoimj indullry, made by the fuccelfors of Fttcr the Great efpecially her prefent Imperial Majelly, the revenue mull have conliderably increafed, and can fcarcelybej reckoned at lefs than 30,000,000 of rubies, oriiearlix milli(ms Iferling annually The fovereign monopolizcj all the belt furs, the mi' cs. minerals, and trade b land to the Ea(l-Iiulies: ai. mc tobacco, brandy, wine, mead, beer, and other I.quors, together with ihetj. verns, inns, public houfes, baths, and Iwcalinj'-liiiLifcs, are farmed out by him; bdides wliieh, the'cuiuiiii upon merchandize, the impolls upon cum, and ihe toll exadled from cities, towns, and villages, areveiy confiderable. He poirelfes demefncs to a ary^reat value^inherits the efledls of all thofe whodic inidlitt, or under accufation of capital crimes, and dtiives 1 duty from all law-fuits. In fliort, accorJiiijj to ihc increafe of commerce, or the will of, the cut, ihert- venues of Rullia arc more or kfs confiderjblo. Pcitf the Great even feiztd the church lauds, but they wo afterwards rcltorcd. \Vc apprehend that the following is tIient:1rfiTcoin. putation that can be given of the diiFereiit kritsuhii conllitute the revenue of Rullia; vi/. cipiution tix, 8,500,000 lublcs j Other la.\es and duties, 7,ooc,o"i ilie thftinp'*'''*" from Ihc c'"g I iDct of ihc m liqiion, ^'C"" I imnuniint;. in I iht (leliuoii. y Lf|,tH to that a hj "le profit |olli:c, and 01 |(ublinn, bdide Jcjpilil I'f ever Jnneniics of ttie |bi5nii)». bees, 1 I fjinc monies al jclitn ncccllary i Ifrom the fk'rgy Tlic rev( niie Jberctkoiiol very litiM inaintainci Mifs in Gcrina If"' of the mom t! IP that they rt Frmce or Aufli |lo pant them an Wearetoldby tit tribute paid b jties in money, jfniblcs, each linjT, This ince iwip.uin 339.50: linicc. The o JtliJcs the paymi Ip/cfent majelly, 1 ■IE at lealt equal Htr court is eleg Ltcndants fplcndi Kpences of flats Kiriiing, the im dfcovcrii's, coft I l&vuurable circum at little or fiwn country, fiil km by the com krnal valuation. Imoiints to thirty Itives only five nil luniier is a ruble a ■ounil with provifi were ihey rclide. The chief citie: lowing : The C7.ar, Peter j|"| a communicati jici by means of tl Irove the commen pake himfelf mafh Id in the bi'giuninj prupcan maritiuK u s I A. 539 Boa-aau r; . -jprcfs'iown cHatcs, with other dominionii taken Ice of the mines, i, , 500,000 ; monopoly ot thdillca r loO 4.000.000; monopoly of (alt, 1,800,000; uniini'. in the whole, to a8,8oo millions of rubles. ir jjfiii'eiicy of the fum total here fct down, with ficft t" '''*' "'"'^' mentioned, may be calily fiipplied \V\i Pf"*'' "''"'8 ^'""^ (l.imp-papcr, pateiit.i, poll- 'l ami other articles omitted in the general cal,, lliii'on, bcCules one per cent. exa£led on the ycarlj oiiil "f '^^"y '^"'"^" merchant. The pccimiar/ eiiucs !; '1: 510 A XKW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, the ni.iin plan. While tlie foitieis was going on, the city bi.)^;iii gijiliially to he built. He obliged many of the nohilii) , mcrcliants, and tradefmcn, to go and live there, ai:d trade in fuch commodities as they were ordereil. Provilions being foarte, and conveniencies wanting, the place, at lirlf, was not at all agreeable to jicrloiib of ilidiniilioi!, who had in Mofiow large build- ings, and feats in the country, with fWh-ponds, gar- dens, anti other rural elegancies : however, he little regarded the complaints of ihofc who only confidered their own cafe. The boyars ( nobility j brought great retinues with them ; and merchants and Ihopkcepers fjon fomul their accoimt in feiiimg here. Many Swedes, Fin'anders, and Livonians, horn towns neaily tlcpopulated by the wars, continued here. Artilicers, mechanics, and leanien, were invited hither, to encou- rage fliipping ; who, having worked out the time agreed ';n for the czar, were hired by the boyars ; and alio built fur themfehcs, and fettled ; each man being allowed to pitch en the fpot he liked. In one year 30,000 hiufes were erc£led, and, in two or three more, double the number, which doubtlefs are very much in- crealed ilnce. Some, indeed, but chiefly ir the llabo- das, or iubuibs, are mean, and may be taken to pieces in two or thiee iioms, and fet up elfewhere. To budd this town, that of Nienfchr.ns (a (Irong fort on the Nicva, not far from Noteburg) was demolilhed for ti:e inatcrials, and the inhabitants removed hither. As he intended to remove the trade of Archangel to Pet:rfburg, in 1713 he made 1000 families come frnm Mofcow, and ottered great advantages to all foreigners inat fiiould fettle there ; and ordered that all gonds iifnally fent to Archangel, to be (old, &c. toftranger.s, Ihould be fent hither, and the duties to be in every refpcdl the fame. But the cominerce, &c. were not entirely removed till fome years after. In 1714 it was ordered that all houfes Ihould be built of brick, and tiled. The citadel is a long and irregular hexagon, with fix baftions parallel to each other, except the two iniddlemoll, one of which, oppofite to Carelia, has two orilliins or blinds ; that ovcr-againfl tl;e river none ; each of the four others one. Iney were all, at firll, but earth and turf; but, in 1710, the czar rclolved to Slave them all lined with Itrong v.alls. ThofeonCa- icl'a fide were hnillied in his life-time; and the work has been carried on and completed by his fuccelfors. The wall is- thirty feet high to the parapet, and the f.KCS are all lined with lanje iron and brals guns-. On the flanks, which are pretty (hort, are two rows of cazeniattes, gnc above the other, arched o\er, and covered wi'h ...ams and turf, bomb-proi ''. The cur- tain on the ri^l: of this citadtl's gates has oik of the fined roval diip'jnf.irics in Europe, both fur the great quantity o.' drugs and mcdicmts, and the large nuinluT of bcautiiul porcelane vcn"els from China and Japan, which it contains, 'ihis cil;!d!.l has two g-ite;; ; one adoiiiLd with llutuct, particularly St. Tcttr with his two emMematic keys, and on its infidc the bS, i of Rulha, with the globe and the fceptre in •''' tjilciisj and^^ below is thp figure of the Rnnia,', 5'"' ""' «li,::,J Nicholas. Before that gate is a ravelin, fn is a bridge, with two draw-bridges over an ^tiRis an river. In this place gallies and Imall flieltercd from bad weather. Thv academy elbblilhed by Peter tlic Great ji iniiltipliciiy of profellors in molt I'cienccs \\ belles leltres, who have liberal falaries. Tl'eb||i| is a fuperb pile, containing two (lories, will, 3 u '"' ful cupola in the middle, and an obftrvatory, u" is a good library, and all manner of natural jii'd Ji' cial curiofitics. " In one of the galleries (f ciiriou' obferver) in a cafe, is the fkiii of a Y^ "" In another cale is his lkcKt( ^ '''■'^f.diiini riiis has been thctaiiuim; >n< and a pail tanned and ftutfed ever law ^ of breeches made of his wife's Ikin, a'li) drcllcil' ''?!!! leather was like bufF. On the bottom, or pavcine] rtands the Ikin of an Englifh chelimt horic, iii,/ faddled, and bridled, and btilidc it the lkcknoii> tJii the Great ufed to ride this horfe. Here J faw ifni, of the unfortunate Mifs Hamilton, a SwcdiOi bil, I,'' loft it for havhg murdered her child unlawf,:!lv'!!;(,,| ten; and tiiis is the <>idy murder of that kiiidli',| heard of in Ruliia. This lady was maid of hoiiaiir 1 the emprefs Catherine. It is faid Peter went anj li, her executed. He wept much, but could not prcj upon himfelf to pardon her. He caufed lierlieaJt,)' capped and injeded. The forehead is almoll compVi The face is the beautifulleft my eyes ever beheld. Tii dura mater, and brain, are all preferved in their n;, lural fituation. This is kept in I'pirits in a large mij veirel." ^ '^ Belides the above here are depofited {»rcat quaniit;^ of earths, foflils, ftones, ores, natural metals, rals, Ihells, molTes, corals, &c. In one room is ( fi)^urc of Peter the Great in wax-work, as large aitU life, lie fits in an elbow chair crofs-leggcd, drelliiiiii a blue fuit of clothes, white ftockiiigs, and has 1 hanger by his fide. He has lliort black hair, hisliea^ covered ; and the figure is furrt)unded by niailieniaticij philofophical, and mechanical iiillninient.s, Peter the Cire.i' alii) furnicd rcgiilatinns for tl« management of this feminary. Tlnfe referred ioiW profellors, the (Indents, the ri*l"po-.!i'urs Lcndiicivell the intereil of the inltiiution in general. Peterf1)urg is atna/iiigly incrcallii in il/e wiiliiiitk| (ixty years. At the dealli of Peter the (Jrcat, it not contain 8o,oco inhabitants ; and imw tlieRiiili alfert that there are ^500,000; but this is ikenifd il exaggeration. It covers a very great extent of 'anl and water. The (Ircits are f ime "t liicm vcrv In af long, and with cinal.s in the in.iKlle of ilicni; affl others are planted in the Oi/lJi filhion. 'liiei are immenlely large. l"lie palaces of the ncbilil exceed ill lize thole of mult cities. That of ti,e era >CRAPHY. ts infidc the W.i. \^ ^ the fceptrc mnul •re of tlieRunianSaina I ravelin, from w|,(..J :lgcsovi;ranaimofty and fmall vtiftis w y Peter the Great ha,, moll icienccs, and tlv falaries. The bu,ld,„j Itoncs, with a beauj J an oblciN atory. Hf, icrof natural ;iiid anifj the galleries (fays, thuikia(.ral'r,r,d;m,J( s been the talli,!inian| 1 his llcek-mn, ar.dapjJ Ikin, a'llodrelkd. Til le bottom, or pavemenj 1 chtlnnt liorlc, llmfd) ic it tlic Ikcleioii; j^ettj ■'e. Here I f^nvihtliei ton, a Swediflilaily^^'i, r chilli unlawt;:!iv'li;!,o| irder of that kind 1 cvej y vyas maidofhonuurtl laid Peter went and lij ch, but could not pre He caufed her head loi :head is almoll coraplptj y eyes ever beheld. TIk 1 preferved in their u n I'pirits ill alargecr)1lJ pofited f rest qiianiitiej natural metals, iiiim :. In one room is 1 x-vvork, as large as lU :rofs-leggcd, drclWii (lockings, and Im | rt black hair, hishej inded by nuihcmaiicil riuiieiits, cd rcn;ulatinns for llli Tlufe referred totli -l"|i^>:;l;ve Icienccs, M patticti'urs eoiidiicivell general. ■lAlA in ri« wiiliinlLtl l^ter the Great, ild and niiw the kiiiliad but this isiliemtdj| :ry grc.u extent oC'M ■nie '•'( thcni vcrybiaJ middle of them; anf h f.ilhion. 'Ihe hmifti lalaces of tlic ncbili tits. That ul tlie eia lis" Peter, who created every thing. But the prcfcnt Iwprd'f, v>ho has thrown tlie fpirit of that great I c J5 jn amazing ftrii^lure. But thcfe are rather l!!!atthan beautiful. The fize is all that ftrikes ; and \\ buildings are iluck fo thick with ornaments, that Cre is hardly any fuch thing as judging of their pro- I t'ons. The Italian architcdure is mixed with the ICch, 'and the whole forms very inelegant piles, in I hich'triic tal(e is totally facrificed to a proftifion of I ament. But if the eye does not fcrutinize into ihe Itorate parts of the buildings, but takes only the Ifcets at large, the city may be fuirly pronounced a |,tP' fine one. . . ., , , I Among the public buildings there are many ex- llBinely worthy the attention of a traveller, particularly Itk dock yards, the naval magazines, the arfcnal, fonii- Lery, admiralty, &c. without infilling on the imperial Kalace, the catliedtal, or many churches. In the docks IL continually employ a great number of carpenters. IThey build here all forts of veirels, from iliips e>f 120 Ijiinsdown to boats ; and the number on the flocks at la time is conlidcrablc. After the death of Peter the ICitat the marine was negledled, infomuch that the mprel's's naval llrcngth was not computed to be a " part of what that great monarch poirclTcd ; and Itewas owing to a want of trade, which can alone linike leamen ; iinlcfs when in the hands of fuch a man fpirii monarcn into all the dcparlmcnts of the flate, has jtvived it wonderfully ; fo that, at prefcnt, the Rtiflians liive a formidable navy. There is fcaicely any thing at Peterfburg more dc- irvini' notice than the foundery. The iron is brought fcom 1(exholin by watery and the number of cannon y mortars that are call here is very great ; alio cannon Ll!s, and ail forts of military implements in wliich iron siifed; which are made here at as fmall an cxpencc as I Sweden, or any other part of the world. The Iftiii! is always we'll ftorcd with them ; and tlicrc arc quantities made on a private account for cx- wii^iicn, forming a very conliderabie braiieli of com- jccicc. Tlic grand market-place is on the foutlicmmfill part lihfcitv, with many waichoiifcs, to dcpoiit all kind.v bfconimoditics and ineri.h.indizc, botli donicltic and ■utcign, for faic. It is a large fijuarc, with four en- lies, and a r.;iice of lh;)j>s on each ilde, both within |i'.d wiihoiit, v.itli covered gaiieries, to fecure thofe |(ho frequent it tro;n the rain. Woor,e:i and linen manufa;Slaries were fet up here, Fvshicii tlie latter is brought to great ruieclion, as we liayobfcrve by the linen of late imported from thence. Hctc IS paitici.larly a worklioulc, where an old Uiiich ^cnian has eighty young nymphs under her care-, who 5ie might, \, ah a whip, hew to handle the fpaming- rhu'l; and ftvcral regulations arc made tor improvii^i; ilamations of liemp and tiax. Paper-m.lls and Hdc-niilis have alfo been creded, with luborato- p for guiiocry and ^irc-woIks ; and other places for I A. 64* preparing falt-petre and brimrtone. Rope-yards, like thofe in England and Holland, for making of cables and tackling for the navy, are alio fet up here. A printing-huufc is eflablifhed, and news-papers nro now as regularly printed as in other countries of Kii- ropc. Several iifeful books have been iranflated out' of the High Dutch, and printed; the government en- couraging their fubje£ls to inquire into the flate of the world abroad, inflead of keeping them in ignorance, according to their ancient maxims. As to their lilk and woollen manufadlurcs, they have not been able hitherto to biing them to any degree of perfection. At a little diftancc from Peierfburg is a noble feminary for educating females only, founded by the late empiels Elizabeth. The building is capacious and grand. Children of dillindlion are kept feparate from thofe cif an inferior rank ; and the whole contains between 700 and 800 femalei. Near the Nicva is a fmall palace, built by the prefent Emprefs, and called The Hermitaoe. When her majefly relides in this building, fhc is in retreat, and there is no drawing-room or court. Tlicfc apart- ments are very elegant, and furnifhed *\iili great lalle. There are two galleries or paintings, which ha\c been lately piirchalcd, at an inimcnfe cxpencc, in Italy. The crown, in the palace itfclf, is pciliajis ilic richcd in Europe. It is ftiapcd like a bonnet, and totally covered with diamonds. Jn the fceptrc is the celebrated one purchafed by prince (JrlofF for ,';oo,&co rubles, (112,500!.) and prcfented by iiim to his lovcrcioii millrefs. It far exceeds Pitt's diamond in lizc, and is not inferior in water. Lapidaries declaim it ihe moll beautiful and rare ever broiiglii from Golconda. One of the noblell monuments of the gratitude and venera- tion iiniverfally paid to Peter I. is that w liich the em-. prefs Catherine II. has ordered to be creeled : it is an eqiicilrian ilatuc-, in which pr>. ..dlion the actilt has united the greatcit liinplicity with trueft fiiblimiry of conception. No other llatiiary, w hether ancient or modern, ga\e him the delign, which is lingular in iis kind, and af a fire at no time nt tlie ^lay excepi ii)»( dinner ready, fo that the view is never but jtiluft times obllriidfed by the fmoke. Upon the tnp ofili tower there are three bells, I think the ieall of wiiici is larger than the larijeft \i\ Londc>ii. Under ihctjw JECROPE.l U I A. 543 rial palace. a larpe Gothic (lone ■ il-e ancient unpen " ■ a All tlicfi which I have mentioned, anil all k impcr'^' '''"'^''■''" ^'■'^''>'^^'''' ^"'^ (lilTcrcnt courts of • !l -c are in tint part of the city called the Crimline, r.Vis liirroiintlcd Iiv a high brick wall, faid to be 1 hill 209° P'"^^*^ '" '^"''' ""'-■'■^■"<^'-'- ' Tliis quarter is called Citaignrod from Catai, the I 'ent and Knilian name of China, becaufe the chief "thandizes fold in it come from that country : fo unhe name implies the fame as the Chincfe city. ThcCzargorod, or ducal city, contains, am(ing other Lildin2S, the great arfenal, and is watered by the Kjjii',vhich runs through it, and thence tlows into tliedit^h that fiirrounds the middle city. The quarter called Skorodom, or Sconidiim, is chiefly rhab'tcd by timber-mongers and carpenters, who HI hiiiiies ready made, 'i'hefe houfes are moveable, I fo'd very cheap, and in great nimi hers : and, indeed, conMering the frequent fires that happen in i. is city, mine eiilier to drtinkenncfs, a reigning vice here, or toihencgleil of puttmg out the ca.idles, which they llht vO l;"Tie favourite faint, in their houfes and cfambers, they have need of fuch a large market to pjir ti) 0:1 'liofe occafions. It is called Scorodum, viiich, in the Rulliun language, lignifies done in hallo, jiiuding to the ipeedy railing of the mud wall that jlirroiinds it. ^ , , , , The Strclitze-Slabnda, formerly the quirter of the (dfers, i>r guards, flands on the eall p. id fouth-eall fjcnf the Cataigorod and the caltle ; and is itfelf fiir- pM and fcrtined with wooden ramparts, and divided fri)m tlie red by the river Mofcow; for which leif-n it is ililed a flaboda, or fiibntb. Thon£ih tiie houfes of tlic ])ei p'e in common arc poor l,uts, thofe of the nnbiiity and opideiit, are luic fabricks ot brick and (h)nc i m-lt d litem having, oi<. Iidc bjck part, large courts ai.J gardens, which arc f-jci'.us, in ample r;rd(.i-, :ir,.l (uninindeil with high rJ lining wails. Tl.c llrcets are not paved with iloiics liui boan'cd v .th thi. k lir planks. Cluiril.es ..lid ihapcli' hLrc, m liidmg thole that be- loiw to nionalh-'. , arr cnn.j-iited to annnint to above 1:00. Some ! I ilietn are \ .ry large and Ibtely ; that, part'cu';aly, which i? 'u\ the Cnniliiie, or gritnd im- peril palaio, is a vail, ancient building : on the right li,V' of ihc altar is i!ic c.ar's thn-nc, and on the lelt \h: of tlic patriarch; and in tlie btnly of the church iiano.s a ihandtler ot immeriie weight and value. 'J'he vtrv ifv.tl, and otlier c(-ltly oir-.aiueiits, that enrich a fiih.nof the Virgin Mary here, arc valued at half a iiaweijiht (if gold; belidcs a vail ntimber nf chalices fxcspatins, liatuts, and ether (.huicli ntenlilstif gold aiil lilver, iincly wrought, and enriched with precious !li!i«;a vail iitimber ol other pricllly vcfhncnis of P'aivaliip, and an inuntnfc quaiuily ol donati'iis and p;i lulls (itFi red to the relics o| thr*e eminent RtifTian lar.is, wliith arc here interred. So that the tiealure of this clinich is deemed ttjual lo that of .my church ill Hiirope, The fuperb church of Sabo.ir is 90 feet in leneth hath a ftately dome, fiipported by four large p liars, and is, though in the ancient (lyle, maguificinf with u and without. That of St. Michael is the repoltory of the d'-ad czars, and of" all the royal family of the mak'! fex. The bodies of the princelfes of the blood at", in- terred in the Ifately abbey of the nuns, calle 1 I'zudotf Monallir, in the fame calllc, and near the chinch above menti'ined. The tombs of the princes \vh ) never reigned, are in a fepnrate chajijl. The palls with whicli their colIins are covered avc fuperb. Tholi, of the czars, efpecially, arc of the fined velvet, a'lJ have either a maify or embroidered golden crucifix upon them, of curious workmanfliip, and enriched with vaii: variety of collly ornanicnts, efpecially inrcriptioiis, which are mollly done with pearls and other precious rtones. Monafterics of men and women are here numerous ; and, in general, next to the p.daces and noblemen's houfes, lome of the beff edifices in the city; tlie foun- ders of them having ipared no cofl to adorn them with curious arcliitedurc, paintings, gardens, and every thing that is convenient and beautirul. Tiicrc is one called Dewitze Monallir, about a mile out of the city, in which the ambitious princefs S'jphia, who had con- certed fo many plots againit her brother the czar Peter I. was at length conhned, and ended her days. It is fituated on a Ipacions plain, and hath 300 nuns belong- ing to it, who lead a very regular life, and uevt;r Itir out of their limits, as fome others are permitted to do. Thefe are only allowed, on holidays, to walk on the terraces round their gardens, which arc raifed to a con- venient height for them to enjoy the profpedl of th;i adjacent plain. Of the monaflery, cliurch of Jcrufalem, i^;c. a late traveller gives the following account: "The church, hilhops, prieds houfes, is;c. arc all enclofcd with high brick \valls ; the w;'.!!, forming one lide of the hiihop's palace, is bniit on a beamilul detached liill ; having on the call, north, and weff, the fine.'l lawns in the world, through w'lich (f'lidcs 4 noble river. In the piam, upon the banks ot t!ie river, itands the builder's romantic houfe, all built of f'.onc. Jt is quite alone, three llorics in height, in every one of which are four rooms, except the ground itory, where are his kitchen, liore.rocui, and a room ir his attendants. Tlie area of each of thcfb rooms is but about eigh or at nuilt but nine, feet fquarc. In e\cry one is a fmall flove, Hib bediftad is of flonc, as are liis bed and pillow ; his chairs arc of tlic famr materials. Evevy llory of his houfe is vaulted ; and it is flat on the roof, for the con- Vf.iiicncy of takuig a view of the country. It has but one entry, and every room receives light from one window of the leall iizc. The builder was a hcrmitj and a ieligi<^us dcxcrec. The hoipital is not largo, but Will ])ro\ided with every nccellary hut mcJijine, prayeis being (in their opinicti) futflcient to cute all diieafts wluch yj-pear in tiiis holy p!.i..c. At the well end IKIi Wim Hi m ■ ;i':i 1} }••]( t:t it'i! ii' -m't 544 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVFRSAT. GEOGRAPHY. ftid of the cliiircti is a tnofl cnpacious c.ipola. Tlie tinme is very inngtiirtccnt and liig'i, witl'. a {'allcry W'hicli inrroiimis it iiciir ilio tup. The windows arc larpf, iiiul it is well lighicil. The walls are ail hiiiig roiiiHl with variiiiis pidliires of the faints, very richly aJ;iriicd witli lilver, gold, pearls, and precious llt)nes ; and the altar is very grand, and adorned with various jiieces of curious woiknianfliip. 'Jhe late czar Peter I. ioiinded here tliree colleges, wliii.li he took care to fill up with men well verfed in arts and foienccs, and all kinds of literature, lor the piililliini; (;f the next generation. The firft is for Juinianity, rhetoric, and philofophy ; the fecoiul for matiiLiTuitics ; and the third for navigation, allronomy, and other fciences ("ubRrvicnt to them. In all thele, youth arc kept luider Uriel diCcipline, and have, at the liinie time, all due encouragement to excel in their )el|)edtiv£ ihidies. To thefc the fame prince added a ililpini'liry, which h not only one ol tlie lineft llruc- tiircs in A'lofcow, but one of the bed furniflied with all forts of medicines, drug?, ^'c. in Euroj)e. It is put imder the care of fome Germans, who are allowed the bJi m.'.llers in that art, though the moll flovenly in tlu'ir compofifion?, never (hidying to pleafe the eye or t:ille in their prcfcripiions, as we do In England, but nauleate their patients by the inelegance ot their drugs, which could not poflibly be taken by 'he people of any other country. This difpcnfary hath a yearly revenue of ao.oco rubles, to renew their materia r.edica; and furnilhes not only all the army, but l:kewife all t!:c principal cities in the empire wiUi lucdicines. Wc cannot omit to mention, in tliis place, the found- ling hofpital, founded by the emprefs Catherine II. fiippcrtcd by voluntary contributions, well endowed, ;uul conducUd by very judicious regulations. It is a {^rand pile of building, and contained 3000 foundlings iume few years ago ; but their number is, in ail prij- bability, now nuich incrcaied. The chiklren are taken preat care of, and, at the age '^f fourteen, have the liberty of choofing unv particu'ar branch of trad" ■ and f;)r that purpofe tliere art dirfcrent /pecies of manufac- tures edablidied in the hofpital. When tliev have gene through a cntain npprenticelhip, they are allowed the I'btrtv of felting up fir themlclves. A fu.n of money is beitowed upon each foundling ; and they :ne pei- iriitted to carry on trade in any jiart of the Ruilian (uipire. 1 his is a great prixilige in Riilifa, w!.cr»j the peafants are ll;;ves and cannot leave their villages without the permilliDn of their mafkrs. The courts of judicature, cultorn hotife, and other oflices, arc generally large, and built of Itune, and rc- Kmble g-ioN, and, imiccd, arc fut^h in fonic feiife ; l:.i\ing apai ments f.ir dcbt'jrs, as well as criminals, V. !io .iiu !%ept there ch.iined up. Juliice i"-, in general, a.hninillered with fome Ifriclnefs and feverlty ; but the pei)[)Ic here being naturally hr/.y, and given to drinking, iJie wh le city fwarnis with boggart aad v.igaboiids, and inolHy of fuch a fturdy breed, that it is daiio deny them alms. This makes it very lir/"T"" walk .he Itreets in the night , for they tVeq.emfc'' corners, with a (hort truncheon, o'r bkulneon l"1 hands, which they throw at the heads of ''""■'" with fuch dexterity, that they feldom fail of k,, T tiKim down, after which they rob and miiri 1"' and go ofF. Thefc difallers have happencir,,, '? quently on holidays, and cfpccially during the -j r When a perfon was found murdered, thevcam' Tfi body to a certain place, where it lay expofd h ' two; and, if it was not owned, ic was fjun? '' deep large pit, made to ferve on all fuch on-,("°*' On the Whitfuntide holiU-tys fome prielts come S, to fay mafs for their fouls. """I Murders were formerly fo frequent hi Mofcow ,' I few nights paired without fome People being foimd.ul m the Itreets in the morning. The villains w^ntin'l I parties, and flew before they robbed, 'fhis tlieydidSI fo little fear, that they often performed it before I perfon's own door; and the terror of thefc rufllans\' fo great, that none of the neighbours dared affil) •>"' unhappy vidim, for fear of being butchered themfthel or, at leaft, having their houfes burnt. This ob!iJ| people, who had occalion to be in the ftrcetsiniy night, to go in companies together, or have a lufficieJi guard of fervants on horfeback to attend them. Tl I weapon iifed by thefe ruffians was called i kC\ which was a long ftick, with a round knob at'ortl end, and made heavy with iron, with which they llrucjrl a man dead at one Itroke ; and if any onecfd-tnl hanpcned to be taken, a good fum of money, from! the gang they belonged to, would fcncrail'v them ofi". ^ ^ The highways were alfo much infeftcd by thefel rajltonies, as they were called, which made'itvcrri dangerous travelling in any part of Rudla; fo; jCJ had their fpics in the towns, who informed ihcra ivheaj any perfon was to kl out on a journey, and howibl were to be attended. According to this informafinntbl prepared themf-lvcs for an atta':k, and way-laid tlitul in lorne wood through which they were to pa,';. The writer of this accjuiit was infornitdbyaffentlc-l man (f rank and veracity, that the czar himieifld been attacked in his younger day?, in the fullnvinfl manner. Going upon a vilit one evening, atttndul by) tt\'c) fervants, tlie one riding bLfore, and the other I (landing behind the lledtx', uj- raiiic a llcdje wiihl e'glit rafb(jiiics in it, and were jtill giiinf^ to I'jlltiihisj fledge to theirs with a grappling iron, vvliich thLVCi)in.[ monly ufcd on thele occalions ; but the r/ar being ilieni young, flout, and vigorous, got up and fti/.d one ufl the rubbers by the hair of the liL'ad, imlled him cut ofj their Hedge, and keeping his hold, drove out cf ikir| reach, dragging the teliow along w.ili „iin tiii reached the lioule of the uobleni.in he intciiJeil to viilt,j winch he entered all in a fwcut, Hill holding the Icilowj by tlie hair. WliMJ 'J , R U ch infcftcd by thefe KyROPe • ,l•^,., tlie ruffian uiulerftooJ it was the c/.ar tlicy ed |«!* ,,', i,eine put I" tl>c torture. To this liis majeity r' f t-d on comlition that he difcovcred the rell of I ■ na'but this he would not do, without a promife Ijlf Ifc an'^ ^ rev/ard, which was alio granted him ; s A. 545 I ■ When tlie ruffian underltood it was the c/.ar tlicj I inickei, he fliook and trembled, faying, if they I Jl wn who he was, they woidd not have meddled I Jlewe'iit with a detachinent of (bldiers to the ren- Ij! (US of his companions, and, coming to the houfe, r" Vj to them to open the door. On hearing his I they direflly opened iJ ■■, l"o that the foidiers ruthed l*^d feizcJ ""^ ""'y '''* '^^*^" accomplices,' but Itwn others of the fanie gang, who were foon after 1 executed, except the informer. At another time the czar was attacked on his way Moli:ow to Novogorod, whon he was attended by llifervants only. Going from Tever he was {topped la ftrong party of rafbonies, on which he imme- 7„,iv lumped out of his Qedge with a fword drawn in ji'and, and a cocked piftoT in the other, and told tin he was the czar, aflcing them what they wanted ? They replied they were poor fellows, reduced to great j. jnj as he was their lord and mafter, he was the r 'jft perfon to relieve them. He told them he had Mmoney about him ; to which they anfwered, if he y they would take none from him ; but defired that \Tyiaa\i give them a written order to the gcwernor of Novogorod, for what fum he pleafed to bcftow upon them; bagging that it might be fuch as would relieve Ithan from their ftraits. iTie czar tlien alked thf . • ,000 rubles would be fMfficient ; and on their favi.,^ ji would, he wrote an order for that fum, payable at Ifwht; for which they difpatched one of their number, X'vcry foon returned with the money. Thev then oblieed the cza» to return to Tever, and to pledge his Lyal word not to profecute, or even inquire after ihern; promifing to amend their lives, and become Ud fubjefts for the future. Inftead of proceeding to lovogorod, the czar returned back to Mofcow. The city of Mofcow is much decayed from its mient grandeur and opulence, fince the building of tlutnf Peterfburg. However, it is full of inhabitants ; atJall kinds of ptftvifions arc brought to it in great plenty, and fold very cheap ; fifli being the only dear food, which is occafioned both by the number of in- [liibitants, the four lents, and other fafts, that are ob- fentd by tlic Ruilians. This cheapnefs hath fo far jioweted the price of land all about the country, that the nobility and gentry are great fufFerers by it, their tellates being reduced to little more than one-third of jwhat they formerly brought in, when the city was in its fiuurilhing ftate. The canal, made by the order land dircflion of the late Peter the Great, to open a |comiiiunication between this metropolis and his new- built and favourite city of Peterfburg, and, by that iineans, to the Baltic and German Ocean, is a great and noble work, which hath been iofan time finiihedi at an immcnfe charge and labour, running between two cities, wliich, in a direft line, ftand near go leagues afunder. It begins at Peterfburg. on the river Niewa, or Nieva, which empties itfelf into the gulf of Fin- land, and going up that river quite to the lake of Ladoga, crolFes it at the fouth end, and enters into the WoltofF, another river, which flows thither from the province of Novogorod. From the capital of th&t province begins what is properly called the artificial canal, which, palling through the territories of Brog- nitz, Chrcftitz, Chilolova, Witfchna-Volofcha, ToiC- chock, the province of Twere, and the diftri6t of Kiln, reaches, at length, the city of Mofcow, and en- riches it by the vafl quantities of merchandize that are brought to and from that capital. There is a very confiderable manufaiSlurc at Mof- cow of various hemp fabricks, particularly fail-cloth a .^ fheeting, which employs fome thoufands of looms, ana many thoufands of people. The hemp is moll of it brought from the Ukraine. There are alfo great numbers of confiderable merchants here, who carry on a very extenfivc commerce with all parts of the em- pire ; for there is water-carriage from hence to the Black and Cafpian Seas, and with but few interrup- tions to the Baltic alfo, which are circumllaiices that make it the centre of a very great commerce. This city is much better iituated for the metropolis of the empire than Peterfburg. It is alinoft in the centre of the inoft cultivated parts of it ; communi- cating, in the manner above mentioned, with the three inland feas, not at a great diftance from the moft im- portant province of the empire, the Ukraine ; open to the fouthern territories on the Black Sea ; and, by means of the rivers Wolga and Don, commanding an in- land navigation of ]prodigious extent. Its vicinity alfo to the countries which muft always be the feat of an/ wars with the Turks, the enemies moft to be attended to of all thofe with whom the Ruflians wage war, upon the whole made it infinitely a better fituation foi tbr. feat of government than that of Peterfburg, which is at the very extremity of the empire, and poneiTing few of thefe advantages. Founding that city, and making it the feat of foreign commerce and naval power, was an admirable exertion of genius ; but the feat of government, in our opinion, fhould always have been at Mofcow. It is almofl impcflible to make an exadt eftimate of the prefent dimenfions and population of Mofcow. Voltaire fays, when he wrote, that it was twenty miles in circumference, and the inhabitants amounted tu ^00,000. Rica, the capital of Livonia, is a very confiderable city, (landing on a large plain on the wedern bank of the river Dwina, about fix miles above the place where it difcharges itfelf into the Baltic, at the f;ult of Riga, being lao miles to the fouthward of Revel. Tnis town was formerly poffeffed by the Teutonic Order, and the erand-mallcr refided here : it ^I'tcfwards cn- , ■ . 6 Y • • ■ ' gaged i'> . 1 :!n mm m til .• ; (.■ ti A 54^ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPi^y. gaged in the Har^caiic confederacy ; and for many years continued a free town, under th*^ protftHion of the G.-rman emperors. In tlie (ixttenth century tl)c iiihabitants unanimoiifly embraced the religion of Lu- ther, expelled the Roman Catholic clerey, and fcized upon their eftates. Since that period Riga has been feveral times reduced, and alternately fii'«jcifl to the Mufcovitcs, the Poles, a; id the Swedes. In tl.c month of July 1710, it IS finally taken by the Rullians, attcr they ji.id reduci ! it to a heap of rubbilh, and (till continues under their dominion. The city i» rebuilt, and is rnore bcaulifiil than ii was before i it is large, coinmotliou.-, and carries on a very conlidcrablc trade in corn, h'.mp, flax, pittli tar, planks, hirs. Ruffian leather, and pot alhcs. Thcle articles are cxclianged for the commodities of more fouthcrn rountries. '1 he harbour is guarded by the fort of Diinaniander-Schans, bnilt about fix miles below the city, nc;ir the mouth ot the river Dwina. The town is well fortified with walls, baftions, a large and deep folFc, a flrong caltle on the river, in which the governor rcfides, and a fortrels oppollte to the town on llie other lidc of the river. WoLOODA, fituated on both fides of a river of the fame name, is a iurgt and poptdous city, inhabited by a rich trading peopi?. This is the pafs through which all commodities mtifl be conveyed to and from Archangel ; and here are a number of magazines and Ifores, kept by the merchants of England, Holland, and other nations. The city is furrounded with a fubflantial (lone wall, and defended by a fortrefs (o f!i()ng, that in litres of danger the czars fend hither their mod valuable effeiHs for fafety. Wologda flands about feveniy-five leagues to the northward oiMofcow, and is one of the inolt ancient archiepil'copal fees in all Ruflia. The ftrcets are open and regular, the houfes veil built, and the markets plentifully furni(hed with all kinds of merchandize. 1 hey are divided into four q>Martcrs, in one is fold the flefh, in another the wood, in the third the furs, and in the fourth the cloths. The cathedral, called Saboor, is a very noble /Iruflure; it has five cupolas covered with tin, and furmoimted wi.h ctolFes finely gilt. There are twenty churches in this city, built of (lone, and forty-three of timber; there are likewife three nunneries, in each of which is an elegant (lone chapel. The river, which is broad and navigable, contributes greatly to the traffic of the, city. ' ', NbvoGOROD Veliki, called by tnfe Dutch New- gaftenj is fituated on the banks of the Wolohowa; it is a large, populous, and well fortified city ; but the houfes aie mean, and all built of timber, and the town-walls arc compofcd of the fame materials. It is very evident from the ruins of towers, (leeples, and old yrsWi, without the circuit of the prefent city, that it was once much more mae;ni(icent 'and extenlive. It fuifeieil greatly from the arnis of f¥le Rudians, Poles, and tthvr n^tioiU. In the ye.;? >477' jubft Bafilius Grotfden made himfelf marter of Novoonrod ^1 afterwards went there in perfon, and pillaped thV 1 from whence he is faid to have carried to M f"'^'l many hundred waggons loaded with gold and fl I precious (tones, rich Huffs, and other valuable l''l ikewife removed the principal inhabitantsto ivlT '* and peopled Novogorod with Ruffians '^ Since '■ beci xiiel (iibjed to the czar of Mufcovy, its trade a^-' *■ have been greatly dimiuilhcd. It is howemffilu I fee of an ichbilhop, and carries on a fnnn,L u trade. Th.' cathedral, dedicated to St. Sonh' • 1 n..i,:.a,..A...„ The cattle is fiti;"'"' 'on the elegant Gothic truilur" oppofite fide of the ""'vtr, and near it is thcarchicnf 1 copal p-ilace, and a monaftery dedicated to St A thony of Padua. Belides thefe there are near j himdred churches, and feventy monafterics in 1' city, which is about two leagues in circumference Abchanoel, bv the Ruffians called Arcflania I fituated on the eaft fide of the Dwina, about'flrl leagues above tlie place where that river falls i„,o J While Sea. The city extends about two miles in! length, is rich, populous, and built in the modem] talle. It is a metropolitan fee, and (lands betwecal the fixty-fourth and fixty-fifth degrees of north lad tude. Archangel is indebted to the Englifh for i,,'i great .vealth and importance, by whom it was dif ] covert! in 15 j-^. Richard Chancellor, mailer of one' of the (hips (itica out under the command of Sir Hu»|il Willoughby, who had received a commillion to go fn I quell of the north-eitl paflTage to China, was feparatedl from the reft of the fleet, and obliged by diltrefsofl veather to put into the bay of St. Nicholas, on the White Sea. The czar I wan Bafilowitz, beingjn. fbrmed of hiS arrival, invited him to his court, where I he was hofpitably entertained, and ihe czari'ndui«td| the Englilh with a free trade -'n his dominions. The I houfes of Archangel are moftly of wood, but well I contrived ; the finelt edifice is a large town-houfe, built I of fquare (tones after the Italian manner : it is divided I into three parts; one of thefe confifls of fourlarttl commodious apartments, for the accommafation of I merchants, flranjgcrs as well as natives ; here they arc I permitted to refule with their merchanHije till the month of Oilober, when all the foreign (hips fetfad for their refpedive countries to which they belong,! The (Ireets are paved fo extremely bad with brokeal pieces of timber and rubbilh, that it is dangerous to | walk along them, except when they are rendered I fraooth and equal by the fnow that falls, and freezes | in the winter. Cazan or Cazanum, the capital of a ducHyofih; fame name, (lands in the latitude of fifty-lix degrtts I fifty-four minutes, on the river Cafanka, in the midft of a fpacious and fruitful plain. It is a large and populous city, the feat of a Ruffian metropolitan, ahotintfing vrith a great number of churches, monaf- terit-s, and fpires, which afiurd a magnificent ptofpeftj both from the land, and from the vclfels that are con. tiuualljf i)f Novogorod- }A 'nJ pillaged the'ci,„ j prr.ed to Mofcol; >'"h gold and lii Jl otiier valuables • \A habitants to Mofco^ 1 '"^. Since i; btcne IS however dill , I,, 5 on a confiderable to St. Sophia, is,, Itleisfituatedon-iiel ■aritisthearcliiepif.' edicated to St. AnJi there are near an] monafterics in this n circumference. 1 called Archania, is I Dwina, about (ixj >at river falls into the| about two itiilcs ill Juilt in the modernl and (lands betwetal egrees of north lati.j tne Englidi for i„| f whom it was dif.! cellor, mailer of one >minand nf Sir Hugh i^commiffion to go V 3hina, was fcparattd )bliged by diltrefsof St. Nicholas, ontiiel Bafilowitz, being in. S to his court, where l id the czar indulged I |his dominions. The | of wood, but well I jge town-houfe, built j jnanner:. itisdivideil mfifts of four large 1 accomraodition of ttives; here they are lejchanHiie till tk[ toreijgn ftiips fet fail | which they belong, :Iy bad withbrokml it it is dangerous to they are rendered It falls, and freeus ( |tal ofa duchy of il;; of fifty-lix dcgfcts I (afanka, in the i ' It is a large and I liidiaa metropolitan, :)( churches, monaf- 1 liagnificent ptofpcftj 1 vclFels that are con. tiuuail; lEuRor •] U I A. 547 I, ,1 fgiiing up and down the Volga, into which I'l. Cafanka nils abont four tniles below the city. Itv houfes in general, as well as the ramparts and I arc built of wood. The caMIe, however, is l"*S with Hone walls, fiirroundcd by the river, I k h forms a formidable foire, well llored with ar- K and ammunition, feciired by a ftrong garrifon If RiifTian foldiers, tmder the command of its own r.„l independent of the governor of the city. Ke confluence of the Cafanka and the Volga Ijlre is a l*""?^ commodious dock foi building ftiips U thervetrds of confiderable burthen, to carry on Ccommcrceof the Volga and the Cafpian fea. RUSSIAN LAPLAND. WE have already prefented our readers with a 1 defcription of Lapland, as to the country, in- Eiunts, cuftoms, manners, &c. and have obferved, ut it is divided into three diftinft fovereignties, mcly, thol^ of Denmark, Sweden, and Ruflia ; it ,nains for "S, under the laft article, to give a par- iiiiar account of that part wliich is diftinguifhcd by ht appellation of Ruflian Lapland. Xhis country is bounded, on the north, by the iHoithem Ocean, on the eaft and fouth, by the White Sb' and on the weft, by Danifli Lapland. It is further Jjided into three parts, according to their (ituation. lone is called Leporia MourcmanfVoi, or Maritime ooria ; Terrfkoi, or Inland Lcpoiia ; and BeHa- ,^refkoi Leporia. The whole territory of Lep^na Mouremanlkoi is iiren, woody, and mountainous ; the air is extremely old; the inhabitants rude and ignorant ; and, in leral, the country is much like the Swcdifli and inilh Lapland, formerly fpoken of. Mofl of the Is, cities, and towns, itand on the feafl-coafls. only obfervation worthy of mentioning con- jning any of them is, that there are, i>: fome of itm, ancient monafteries ; and that the rivers con- mus abound with filh, and particularly falmon. Tcrrflcoi Leporia, or the inland part of RulTian land,. is almoft furrounded with the fea, and is the 1 that makes the gulf of the White Sea. It is no woody and barren than the reft ; and the chief bwu in It is Warfiea, fituated im the fouth coaft, wer-againft Archangel. Bdlamourellcoi leporia lies at the bottom of the lOve-mentioned gulf, called the White Sea, and, li';e rell, is cold, barren, and thir.iy inhabited. The ithief town is Soma, fituated at the very entrance iitto ibeRuillan Lapland, on the White Sea. The natives of RulTian Lapland are of a middling bture; they have generaUy a flattifh face, fallen peeks, dark grey eyes, thin beard, brown luir. pc well built, ftraight, and of a yellowifh com- blexion, occafiuaed by the weather, the fmoke of their habitations, and their habitual filtliinefs. Their manner of life renders them hardy, agile, and fupple ; but, at the fame time, they are much inclined to lazi- nefs. They have plain common fenfe, are peaceablci obedient to their fnperiors, not given to. theft, not fickle, and cheerful in company ; but miftruftful, cheats in commerce, proud of their country and con- ftitutiun, and have fo high a notion of it and tliem- felves, that, when removed from the place of their nativity, they fometimes die with longing to return. Their women are Ihort, compbifant, cnaftc, often well made, and extremely nervous ; which is alfo ob- fervable among the men, though not fo frequently. It often happens, that a Lapland woman will faint away, or even fall into a fit of frenzy, on a fpark of fire flying towards her, an unexpected noifc, or the fudden fight of an uncommon objed, though in its own na- ture not in the leaft alarming. During thefe paroxyfms of terror, they deal about blows with the lirft thing that prefents itfelf ; but, on coming to thcmfelvcs, are utterly ignorant of all that has palled. This probably arifes from their amazing credulity in fupcrnatural agents. Notwithftanding the introdu£lion of Chriftianity, the Laplanders have prcferved the manners of the Nom.ldes, fo th^t agriculture profpers not rrmch among them. They divide themfelvcs into Lapland-fifticrs, and I,ap- land-mountaineers. The former always make their habitations on the brink, or in the neighbourhood of fome lake, whence they draw their fubliftcnce. The' others feek their firpport upon the mountains and their environs, with their rein-cfcer, more or lefs numerons^ according to the feufon, and are almoft always ambu- latory. They are excellent and very induftrious hcrdf- men, and are rich, in comparifon of the Lapland- filhers. Thefe laft are alfo called Laplanders of the woods ; becaufe in fummer they dwell upon the borders of the lakes, and in winter in the foreft ; they live by fifhing and hunting, and chooCe their fituation by hs convenience for either. They do not travel much on foot, as the greater part of them have fome rein-deer, and they are aflive and expert in the chace. The in- troduction of fire-arms has almoft entirely aboliflied the ufe of the bow and arrow. The men, befides looking after their rein-deer, the fiftiery, and the chace, employ themfelves in the con- ftruflion of their canoes, which are fmall, light, and compadt. They alfo make fledges, to which they give I. J form of a canoe, harnefs for the rein-deer, all forts of utenlils in wood, as cups, bowls, and fuch like, which are fometimes prettily carved, and ornamented with bones, brafs, oi horn. It is alfo the man's bufinefs to look after the kitchen, in which the womca never interfere. The em^lovment of the women confifts in making nets for the firfiery, in drying filh and meat, in milking the rein-deer, in making cheefe, and in tanning hides. They prepare the oerves of tlie rcin-dcer in tiich ai manncr» r;! 54» A N2\V AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. manner, as to make tlicm (Itvc as thread ; and they draw brnfs-wirc by the help of the horns of the rein- tlfcr pierced, inrtead of a drawing iron. They em- broider their clotlscs, which tlicy, make llicmfelvet, (tvith bral's wire, lilver, Iham gold, or wool, which tliev have the art of dyeing in all colours. Thefe people live in huts in the form of tents. The carcafc of the hut is compofed of poles Ouck in the ground, and bent up at too in fucn a manner as to compofe a vault aimotl round. A hut is about four or five fathom in diameter, and not much above one in height. They cover them according to the feafun and the means of the poflelfor ; fome with briars, bark of birch, and linen ; others with turf, coarfe cloth, felt, or the old (kins of rein-deer. The door is of felt, made like two curtains, which open afunder. A lijttle place iurroinidcd with Hones is made in the middle of the hut for the fire, over which a chain is fufpended to bang the kettle upon. Round the fire they lay boughs 'of fir. which they cover with (kins, felt, and the like. They are not able to (land upright in their huts, but conllantly fit upon their heels round the fire. At night, they lie down quite naked ; and, to feparate the apartments, they place upright (licks at fmall didances. They cover themfelves with their clothes, or lie upon them, and in winter they put their feet into a fur bag. Their houfehold furniture confifts of iron or copper kettles, wooden cups very neatly cut, bowls, fpoons, and fomctimes tin, or even filver bafons, to which may be added the implements of fi(hing and hunting. That they may not be obliged to carry all thefe things with them in their excurfions, they build in the forefts, at certain diibnces, little huts made like pigeon-houfes, and placed upon a poft, which is the trunk of a tree cut off at about the height of a fathom from the root. In thefe elevated huts they keep their goods and pro- vifions, and they are never plundered, though they are never (hut. They ufe no kind of linen in their drefs. The men wear clofe breeches, reaching down to their (hoes, which arc made of ^manned (kin, pointed, turned up before, and, in winter, they put a little hay in them. Their doublet is made to fit their (hape, and open at the bread. Over this they wear a clofe coat with narrow (lecvcs, wh (kirts reach down to the knees, and which is fa(i' d round them by a leather girdle, ornamented with p. ites of tin or brafs. To this girdle they tie tiieir knives, their inflruments for getting fire, their pipes, and the reft of their fmoking apparatus. Tlieir clotlies arc made of fur, leather, or cloth ; the clofe coat, of cloth or leather, is always bordered with fur, or bindings of cloth of difllerent colours. Their caps are edged with fur, pointed at top, and the four (earns adorned with lifts of a different colour from that of the cap. The (kins of rats are generally II fed for Jie borders of the caps of the R«(Iun Lap- landers. The woinen wear breeches, (hoes, doublets .J clofe coats, m the fame manner as ;^» men • but k!j girdle, at which they carry likewife the impltmc 3 hnoking tobacco, is commonly einhroidered 11 brafs wire. 1. heir clofe coat has a collar, which cnl up a htde higher than that of the men. Bclid«,£j they wear kerchiefs, and little aprons, made of R rl painted cloth, rings on their (ingcrs, and ear.,! 5 to which they fometiines hang chains of niver Jc^ pafs two or three times round the neck The often drellid in caps, folded after the manner of ,!j bans. 1 hey wear alfo caps of the (hape of the |J7 but all are ornamented with the em broidery of Kri wire, or at leaft with lift of different colours, ,vhTh1 in their opinion, make an eltgant appearance The greateft part of the food of the Laplanders i,i the rein-deer; tl-.- chace and the fi(hery lurni|i, J reft Among th.ir game, the wild rein-deerisv, I uleful, ai.d in plenty ; but the flefti of the bearisihJJ inoft delicate meat. They eat every kind of fi(h ^^1 the fea-dog, as well as all forts of wild animals „!| excepting l>irds of prey, and carnivorous an,,',,, I 1 heir winter provifions confift of fle(h and dried fiii the open air, both of which they eat raw, without ami fort of dre(nng. They put the milk of the m4>^ mto the ftomachs of that animal, and fo let it fr«ai The cold alfo prefcrves their provilions, which conil of all (orts of wild-fruits, myrtle-berries, gooreberriol and a kind of cranberries, which grow in the inoftl m the forefts. In the winter, when they want to ufj their frozen milk, they chop off pieces with a hatchj A fort of fweet milk, curdled, and reuining all itil cream, is one of the greateft dainties of a La)iaiider I Their common drink is water, fomctimes mixed Wl milk, and they alfo make broths and (i(h foups;biit| brandy, which is very fcarce with them, is the hiWI article of their luxury. I The moft confiderable branch of their commerce ii| the traffic they carry on with the Norwegians. Thii| trade was formerly carried on in the way of baiterJ but coin is now more current among them. Tiie| balance is always in favour of the Laplanders; be-f caufe they can furnilb more merchandize in IkinsindL furs, than they buy flour, oatmeal, cloth, knivB,! hatchets, and other utenfils and hardware goakl Hence it is that they commonly pay their taxes inl current coin, though they might pay them in Ikinsaidl furs, if they chofe it. i Whenever they are inclined to eat, the heart of the! family fprcads a mat on the ground, for they ntverj lay their meat on the bare ground. IVIen and wofflegl fquat round this mat, which is covered with dilk; I and every Laplander always carries about him ahif^l a fpoon, and a little up to drink out of. Eachbl their portion feparate! given them, that no perfbnj may be injured ; (br they arc great eaters. BefofeinJJ after the meal, they make a (hort prayer; and,asfoeiil as they have done eatins, each gives the other his hand. I Thty EUROPR.] U S I A. 519 carnivorous aninuli Thcv btiry in the earth all tlie money they have not Ij^moliaie occadon for, as well as their plate, and I lij,t,vcr they think of value ; nor even at the point Lfdtath Ho they declare the fpot where it is hidden, linia'iniiig that they Hull want it in the other world. Ibv Wfc means, the bed part of their property is en- ItiBly i"'^' ^^*"y "* '''*^'' children die by the hardy Imanncr in which they are brought up ; but fuch as |w»ivc arc generally robuft and alert. What may Iconiribiite much to the ftrciigth of their tm..1itution is liheir l'*i"8 '■'^'^ ^'""^ care, their temperance, and con- Itinual cxercife; yet, alter all, it is very rare that any |o( them live to be far advanc-tl in years. I Stcrilityi among the Lapland women, is a fort of litproach. They arc generally delivered without dif- IjJJiltyj the hu/band allilts at the labour, and affords I Ills wife the nece'' ry help. Without this pradlice Ithcy would ofte' oc diRreifcd, as the inhabitants arc Ificquently at d i a diftance from one another as to Iprecliiiie the aid of any woman. Their cradle, formed Ijutof wood, is fmall, light, and made in the Ihape Ml Ihutde, or nf a canoe pointed at two of the cx- Itrcmities. Into tnis the child is put, quite naked, upon faofs, and is covered with a piece of fur fallened to Le cradle by a piece of firing. The Laplanders fuf- IpjnJ thefe cradles in their huts, or, if the feafon pcr- [tiit, to the branch of a tree; but the women carry llhtm at their backs when they go a journey. The father prefents his new-born fon with a female iian-deer, on which he makes fome figure as a dif- liiaive mark. This mark becomes afterwards the [pioper and peculiar fignature of the new citizen ; and [ill the produce of tTiis female rein-deer is the im- hiienable property of the child, and makes no part of IiIk family poifeflion. On the child's cutting its firft Itooth, the father, if he be rich, or in eafy circum- llluices, gives him a fecond rcin-dper. In general, the llithers beftow an extravagant fondnefs on their chil- IdKnithe confenuence of which is, in Lapland, as [well as every where elfe, that thefe too mdulgent [parents find themfelves, if not hated by their children, [too frequendy abandoned by them in that period of [life, when they fliould have mod to exped from their Ijratitudc and duty. [ The marriages of the children are dire£led by the [fuicy of the parents, and in this they have no other [view than intereft. Hence the molt contemptible jwman may make a gcxxl match, if (he poUels but [fomt property. A young man is not permitted to [marry until he be able to take and kill a rein-deer ; ijnd in fome provinces, they manage the contraft of Imatriage with all the formality ot a bargain, wlicn [thepretenfions on both fides frequently rile very high Jon the firlt propofal. They reckon Icverallv whatever Ithe young man is to give in order to obtain his fair-one, Iwhich mod commonly confids of rein-deer, or different ikiniis of Ikins. Thcwedding is celebrated at the bride's houfe; fhe is dicired in the befl manner, and appears before the giieils with her head quite imcovcrcd, wliich, at tlier times, is never the cuflom with either wdnun or maidens. The fealf is a kind of mcls, to whitli each of the guefls bring meat and drink. I'hcir divcrfion at weddings, and other merry-makings, is the pnmc of tbx and goofe, a kind of draughts, with thirteen men, twelve reprefentinggeefc, and the thirtcertth a fox. They wreftle, and jump over a Uick held horizontally, and are fond ofgiving grotefque accounts of dirtereiit ad- ventures. Ttiey likevvife dance and (ing, or rather howl in difagrceabic meafiires. The new-mairied people li»'e with the woman's relations for the iirit year, ai the end of which they retire to a l.ut of their own. Thefe people bury their dead without coflins, in fome cantons with their clothf mi, in others quite naked. The Pagan Laplanders iheir inoft famous hunters near the places con( vcd tr facrifice. Formerly their cullom was, lu tnrow the body into the ground naked, and without ceremony ; afterwards to fmroniul the fpot with ftones, and to pile others upon it. 1 hey generally pl.ice a Hedge with its bottom upwards upon the grave, and fome eatables and pieces of furniture near it. The rich give ii>ine little relrcflimcnt to the funeial attendants ; but the generality ot |)cople do not obferve that cudoni. All the Swedilh and Norwegian, as well as the greater nuinber of tl>e Rullian Laplanders, \)c:\r the name of Chrillians ; but their religion is full of iii- perilition, and a compound of'Chrillian and Pagan ceremonies. The he:ithens flill acknowledge, as tlieir ancellors heretofore did, an univerfal God. fJe'Mes him they admit of inferior divinities, good and bad, gods and goddeffes. Thefe deities, as they imagine, dwell and rule in heaven, and take to themfelves at death fuch as have conduced themfelves well through life. Other gods inhabit the air, fuch as the fun ; and their celebrated Thor, who rules the thunder. They have other divinities, who diredl the ftorms, and tcr- reltrial deities, who preiidc over hunting, Maderakko is a goddefs, who, with her three daughters, dircdl every thing relating to women. Jabine Akko, or the mother of the dead, has her abode on the fiirface of the earth, and takes care of departed fouls till the final docifion of their dooin. They have their infernal and mi'levolent gods, who dwell in the centre of the earth, wh^re they place their hell ; and alfo evil d.i;n]ons, who have their habitations in the waters. They are afraid of fiery goblins and fpedres, fatyrs or lixnions of the woods, and malevolent fairies of the lakes. There is, however, a gre"'. difference in matters of faith ; onf^ man believes in all thel'c dlviniiirs, while another aJinits r. larger llock, and fuiaie reduce their nuiiiber conliderably. Inilead of temples, they have confecratcd moun- tains, and have lakes and rivers that are facrcd. There arc alfo confecrated trees, on which iigiircs are carved, ,| 6 Z and h p^fi t •!, ^/^o A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. anil aionnil tlRin arc little fcaftoUlings, for the of- Icfiii^s, Irom thrt-c f() five lect high. Lvcn the Chrif- tiaii LapLiiidcrs have I'o niiicli veneration for tliefe plavt-s that tliey never approach tiicin without making fonie oHvrini;; nor will tiicy, upon any account, hunt «ir make their habitation in the nci(;hbourho(Kl of them. II re arc to be fctn mir-fliapcn iilols of wood and (lone, or carved out of roots o( trees. 'I'he iU)ne idols arc • TKily found near lakes and rivers, and confift «)t a grc.it heap of (tones, (haped and piled up in the inoll ul.i.iifical tnar.ficr. While they are filhiiiy in ili-fe holy uatcrs, tlicy arc forbidden, among other things, to (peak, to have a dog v^ith thcu., or to be alliifcd bv women. Ill cal'cs of (ickncf)!, of unfruitful marriages, in times ol' epidemical dilcafcs among the rein deer, and other tctnpofal advcrlities, they make their o(fcrings, always confulting a magician, to which of the gods they Diall facrificc, what ottering they (hall make, in "wh.it place they (hall dcpofit it, and many more par- ticulars. For this purpofc, the magician makes life C)i his m.ngical drum, which is a box of an oval (hapc, covertd on one fide with a (kin, and furnillicd on the other ride with fcveral ftriiiys and pieces of iron, to rattle and make u noif:. Strange tiguicr>, intended to rcprtf. nt the heavenly bodies, Inch as beads and birds, arc drawn on tlie (kin. The foictrcr puts a ring upon his drum, beats on it with his druni-llick, which is made of the rnoffy horn of a rein-deer ; and, according to the (igiiie on which the vibration of the (kin caufes the ring to fall, he anfwcrs all lid. Ill oilier iiuiiM I m ciiiiatriei the ice and fnow is obfcrvcd to melt r ii fooner on the fca-coall!. than in the inland parts, I ki here it proves the reverfc ; and the fea, which beats I Jl;„jl mountains of it of a prodigious h'.ijd\t, hath fo I nflwinin"' it. that it fecms fo hang in tlic air, anddif- I overs luch monltrous chafmi, as cannot be beheld .iihout horror. ... Nova Zinihla. lo far as our anthor had an oppor- I •„. ,„ view it, breeds fume forts of wild creatures, '- [i, 5 Ij^ge white bears, foxes, fome finall creatures like rabbits, larger than rats, large penguins, fic. The (KMuin is of the lizc of a goofe, and the feathers are fomewlia' like hairs, and of an alh colour. The wings iirevcry (liort in proportion to the body ; the bill is Lbk, and the legs are of a bright crecn. They keep I in the water all the d.iy, where they feed upon filh. As iliev cannot fly, they cannot lliini their enemies, except by leaping alo"P> which they do pretty well by tin, help oftheir lliort wings. However, this bird is adlive upon tli( water, and feems to be very fkilliil in catching its l^\ VVlun the fun begins to fet, they retire to the rocks near the fea, where they continue till morning,' It which time they arc eafily taken. They build their jtlls upon the rocks, on the crag^^ points, to which llielc birds can get up very eafily. Their eggs are very. Ijood, but the fleih has a difagrceable tifliy talte, and is jtvct eaten but in cafes of great nereflity. It is wor- thy of remark, that the bird penguin, which is not onlycommon to thefe northern parts, but likcwife in fcveral countries of North America, is every wh^rc known by the fame name, with little or no variation ; jndihat the word penguin, in the Celtic, and in our prtfcnt Wcllh, lignifies a white head, as that bird a6lu- illy hath. This, together with fome great alTinity which is found in many of the radical words and pro- per names, ufed by thofe diftant regions, confirms a (uiious conjeilurc of the authors of the Univerfal iHillory, which is, that the defcendents of Corner, the leldellfon of Japhet, were not only the fird peoplers of Europe, even in its remotcll parts, but have preferved their ancient language more tlian any other nation we jinow of, except the Ciiinefe. The fouthern part of this country has been fincc found to be inhabited by a fcpiat, fwarlhy fort of pcopk-, nho clothe theinrdvcs with feal-ikins, or with the ikin ofthebird penguin, with the fcatliers cmtward. They live iip)n what game or tilh they catch ; they wor(hip the fun and moon, and have fome little vvooilcn idols, in human lliape, but monllrouliy carved, or rather Botched. A variety of romantic talcs, and manifeft abfurdi- ties, having been publifhed by many of tlie Dutch voyages, tliefc, together with the ridiculous relations «f Ferdinand Meude/, and Pinto, and the improbable ftoriesof Sir John Mandeville, gave rife to a witty and ingenires fatiie, written by the celebrated Sir Richard jStde, and piihlilhed in the Tatler, as if from a mami- Ifciipt of Sir John Mandeville. Thcfccne being founded in Nova Zembla, the hiimcnir being admirable, and the fatire pointed againll all travelh is and voyagers who attempt to impofc upon the public, we Hull make an extradl from it without further apology. Sir John Mandeville is fiippofod to bo the narrator, and to relate as follows: " We were feparated by a rtorm, in the latitude of 7;), iiifomuch that only the (Tiip in whi'.'h I f.iikd, with a Dutch and Freiu h vef- fel, got fafe into a creek of Nova '/oinbla. We landed in order to n^fit our velRls, and Itorc ourfelves with proviiions. The crew of each vellel made ihemfelves a cabin of turf and wood at fome dillance from eatli other, to fence themfelvcs againlt the inclemencies of the weather, which was fcvcrc beyond imagination. Wc foon obfervcd, that, in talking to one another, we lufl feveral of our words, and could not heat" one ano- ther at above two yards diltance, and that too when we fat very near the tire. After much perplexity, 1 found that our \v<>rtls froze in the air, before they could reach the ears of the pt rfon to whom they were ipoken. I was foon confirmed in the conjediire, when, upon the increaib of the cold, the whole company grew dumb, or rather deaf; for every man was lenfible, as wc afterwards foiuul, that ho fpuke as well as ever ; but the founds no fof)iier took air, than they wcrecondcnfed and loll. It was now a mifcrable fpc£tacle, to fee us gaping and nodding at one aiioiher, every man talking, and 110 man heanl. One might obferve a feaman that could hail a (hip at a league's diliuuce, bei koning with his hanil, flruining with his lungs, and tearing his throat, but all in vain. " We continued here three weeks in this difmal pligtit. At length, upon a turn of wind, the air about us began to thaw. Our cabin was immediately filled with a dry clattering found, which I afterwards found to be the crackling of confonants that broi^e above our heads, and were often mixed with a gentle hilling, which I imputed to the letter S that occurs fo frequently in the Engliih tongue. I foon after felt a breeze of whifpers ruthing by my ear; for thofe being of a foft and gentle fubdance, immediately liquified in the warm wind that blew acrofs our cabin. Thefe were foon followed by fyllables and (hort words, and at length by entire feiitenccs, that melted fooner or later, as they were mor<^ or lefs congealed ; fo that we now heard every thirg that had been fpoken during the whole three vseeks that wc had been filent, if I may ufe that expredion. It was 1 ow very early in the morning, and yet, to my fi:rprife, I heard fomebody fay, " Sir John, it is midnight, and time for the fliip's crew to go to bed." This I knew to be the pilot's voice; and, upon recolleding myfelf, I concluded, that he had fpoken thefe words to me fome days before, thoi'gh 1 could not hear them till the prefent thaw. My reader will ealily imagine how the whole crew was amazed, to hear every man talking, and fee no man open his mouth. In the midll of this great furprife we were all in, wc heard a volley of oa.^s and curies, lailing for a long ^:; 1 i 1 1 a m «5' A NFAV a ■ -r >N0 COMPLETE SYSTEM o? UMn F.RSAL GEOGRAPHY. long wliilc, and lUtirfil in a very luarfc voice, which I knew hilongiil to the hoailwain, who was a very cho- leric Icllou , and iiad taken his opportunity ot curling and fweaiiiig at nir, Mhii) lie tlion^ln I cuuld not hear him; for 1 had (cvcral limes given him the lUappado on that arcurnt, wliuh I did not tail to repeat lor tliefc his pious l(ililij(|uies wiien 1 got liim on lliipboard. " I mull not umit the names ot leviral bcauticH in Wapping, uiiich wc heard every now-aml-then in the midit ot a long ligh that accompanied tliem, a% Dear Kale! I'lctty Mrs. Peg^y! When thai! I l«;c my Sue again? J his bctravcd levcral amours which had been concealed till that time, and fiirninied us with a great ileal of mirth in our return to Lngland. " VVlien this contulion ot voices was pretty well over, though I was alraid to offer at fpeaking, as tear- ing I Ihould not be heard, I purnoled a viiit to the Dutch cabin, which lay about a mile turthcr ii^ in the country. My crew were extremely rejoiced to find they had again recovered their hearing, though every man uttered his voice with the fame apprehenfions that i had done, •• And, try'd h'u tongue, his filence foftly broke." •' At about half a mile's dilfance from our cabin, we heard the groanings of a bear, which at tirit ttart'ed us ; but, upon our inquiry, wc were intormed by fomo of our company that he was dead, and now lay in fait, having been killed upon the very foot about a fortnight before, in the time of the froft. Not far from the fame place, we were likcwiSi; entertained with fomc polthu- mous Iharls and barkings of a fox." Very few of the Ruflian Tartars are tall; but they arc for the molt part Itraight and well-made, have fmall faces, freth complexions, and a fprightl;' and agreeable air. They are haughty and jealous of their honour, but of a very moderate capacity. They are fober and frugal, Ikillul at mechanical trades, and fond of neatnefs. The Tartarian women arc of a whole- fome comjilcxion, rather than handtbme, and of a good coiiltitutioti ; from their earlieft infancy they are ac- cullomcd to labour, retirement, modclly, and fubinif- iion. The Tartars of Kafan take great care of the education of their children. They habituate their youth to labour, fobiiety, and a Itrift obfervance of the man- ners of their ancellors. They are taught to read and write, are inltru£ted in the Arabic tongue, and the principles of their religion. Every little village has its ciiapel, fchool, prielt, and fchool-mafler ; bHt fome of tlie prielis and tchool-mafkrs are not much fkilled in ihe Arabic language. The buH Tartarian academies in the RulTian em- pire are thofc of Kafan, Toboltki, and Aflracan, which are uudf;r the direction of the gagoons or higlv-prietls. .Small collcdlions of hillorical anecdotes in manufcripts arc pretty trcquently fouHd in the huts of the boors ; I and their merchants, bcfulcs what ihcfc Tmlc i,],, contain, are pr.iiy well aci|uaintc.l with the liiil,!|"! their own people, that of the cirL'iiitijacent lUtei ll With tlic antiquities of cacli. Thofc pciloimvi,',,*'! dtliroiis (it making a nrogitls in theology, n:tailj'1 A'lvis into iIk- fcliools of Bukhaiia, vvlijcli arc m cwmplfte tlian the relt. In Kafan, Orenburg, and oilar govcrnnifnn, lu Tartar citi/ens carry on cmnnicrce, cxcrcill.' fj(, T trades, and have foinc nunut:i('torics,' Tli.ir niaim J ot de.iling is chicHy by way of barter : coin is Pjoih feiii among them, and they have no lulls ot tx.i '.'^i 1 licy are not in general very cniiT'-.jiini, ; i,,, J means of many partners and elerk.^, they Canyon , great deal of btilincfs, which is rendertj \t;ry I i.rjiivJ by their parlimonious method of living. At K.il.mili 1 prepare lor fale what ilic Lnglilh caU'Moroccdluihi-l i he villages inhabited by the Kafan Tariarsc,«|i prchend from lO to lOO farms. Thcle villages i»ti at tirll comjiofed of troops of wandering IlitpherdiJ hut being moreclofcly united by fucceliive pi.nnlaiiunj thev were nnder the ncccllity of cultivating tit ,an||J and ereddng fixed habitations. They ncvcT leaR liieJ fields fallow, for which rcafon they iifc iiKire mannri than the Rullians. They beftow muth hiliouroniy cultivation of bees, and reap great profit from liiis pari of rural occonomy. There are tanners, llioc-nukm fmiths, carpenters, taylors, and dyers, in moilofihi villages. '1 he laborious females make, thread from hemp of their own cultivation: they likcwifc fpiDj and make cloth from the fleece of their Hocks. Thefe Tartars have, for the molt part, only fud moveables as arc abfolutely necellitry for common ufe] their kitchen and tabic furniture conlilts butcffeJ articles, which may be alfo laid of their utenlils A agriculture and mechanics. They commonly mikJ four meals a day, at which their bench ferves them foi table and chairs ; for on this they place themfdvei round the dillies, each perfon fitting on his heels, afici the Eaflern manner. At the beginning and rod of ill their meals they make abliitioii.s, and fay prayers. Liitel mofl of the Mahometan Tartars, they arc very poliiJ both to each other and to liraiigers. Old men, vm have maintained good characters, are held in great veJ neration among them, and a grey beard always comJ mands refpedl. Their old men are the arhiira'jrs inj all difputes ; prcfcrencTc and precedence is always givenii them, and thefe people are Ibnd of alking their advictJ Before we give an account of the people inhabiiini the relt of caftern and welicrn Mul'covy or Ridi: it may be proper to remark, that the prefent fiibjcSd of the Riillian empire, in its molt extenlive fenfc, are! the defcendents of many diftcrent people, and inhabia prodigious trafl* of country; fo that it is nononded that among them we find a vail variety of charaftca and manners ; and the great reformations introJiiced of late years, as well as the difcoveries made, Mhichl render former account* little to be depended upon.r Wrf Eimn"'] u s r govcrnmtnn, ili, I't^ cxcrcilo foii-ijl ,, jy j,|f,i oliffrvc, that the mien and charaiU-r o( '-j-j,,,,, III Kafaii, above dcfirib'-d, anj ot thoCc Ii'ivriltVn^n ihr'ii. arc very iinifiniii, and may IVrvc f ,l,e(h.iralliilltic marks of all the Mahometan Tar- Of Utc V(■lr^ Kullian cr)lonies have been cftablKhcd • ihc kiiii','"!" "* Jilt"-'''''' and province ot Daiiria, '",1,1,11 ill.it |Hiiod were inhabited only by Tartars, "ho lived ill "i'^^"> i""''-T dillinft govtrnmciifs, aiul Ll'icil their liihitatioiis occalionally. Mull of thtni, hoYicvir, lonl'Uimd to the iiiiloms of the RiiHian mil-rants I'^i'' thcmfclves hoiifcs, iearicd to till their iroimJ, aiHlii"\v pay on annual tribute of furs to the (i.mn.' Hut thtrc are other Tartars wlio Hill live in Jit< ami rcriiCc to acknowledge obedience to the munirch "t liiiflia- B<>«l' Mes of the river Wolga Kc inhabited hy the Zcretiiiircs and Mordiiars, an in- Lftnlive pcdple, who employ themlelvcs in agricidtnrc, ind pay taxes like the other fiibjcfls of RuHia. From Kalantoilietii'nliersol Siberia, the country is peopled i^,l,(,|jalkirs, a powerfid nation, who have had foine priviltges granted them by ihoRullians, of which they ircvery leiuuotis. kafan and Alhacan were origi- pallv kirigliims belonging to the Tartars, and (till toniaiit a great number of tliofe people ; but they are noiftifftred to rcfide in the cities which the RuHians hive built there. A large trad of land extending from ilic boundaries belonging to the Bafkirs as tar as Allraian, and the frontiers of the Ufbccks, is frc- oiiiniid by the wandering Kalmucks, who live in tenis wliicli according to the feafon, or for convenience tf liibl'illence tor thtinfclvcs and cattle, ihcy remove at plcifiirc. Thife people receive annual prefents (riimihecntwn, of cloth, money, and arms, in return y ffhich they are obliged to ferve in the RuHian army fiiliDiil.i'ay. The Coiracks, who have lately made fo confidcrable J figure in the military tranfaflions of Europe, arc diilinguilhed into three tribes, known by the places Are ihey made the fird fettlements ; though all of the fame nation fpeak the fame language, profefs the iinje religion, and live under the fame form of govern- ratnt. They were originally Polilh peafants, who, being formed into a militia, were pofted in the Uk- ninc, to oppofe the incurfions of the Tartars ; but Wing themfelves opprclled by their own lords, they totiieJ their arms againit them. In the firft engage- ment they were defeated, and feveral of them fled to the banks of the Don or Tanais, at that time entirely iniahabiteil, where they cftablitlied a colony. In 1637, they were joined by a confidcrable number of their countrymen, and foon after attacked and reduced ihctownof Afoph ; but on the approach of thcTurkith ^my, were obliged to abandon that place, having fir(l reduced it to aihcs. Their next flop was, to put them- felves under the protedion of the Kuflians, and built a town, which they called Circaflcy, on an ifiand in the Don. Their fettlemcnt extended itfelf with furpriling S I A. 5r,\ XT'! jfLi'i-'iiijaiii 1 rii-^mrmT T* '"" — -■— — '*^^***""* i"'**** '** rapidity ; thirty-nine towns, litiiatrd on both fulcs the river, Iroin Kjbna to Aloph, being liuilf, and peopled by them, iji a few year.>. 'I'liey enjny tli(!ir ttwn law* anil iiillonis, being exempt limn trilniie; neither do tiiey furnilh recruits, but, when fumnioned by the czar, arc obliged to appear in arms at their own cxpcncc. Though their country is fniitiiil, they low very little eorii, I'librifling ehieliy on lUlIi, lilli, .ind f^lli(^ ; and their wealth conlills m »:Ul!r, horfes, iMinels, .- mcdaries. 'I'hey furpafs tin: Riillians in the nea'iKl's ' of their drefs and hoiil'es, profefs the (ii'cek religion, and delight in war. Their number is far from beinj{ ID conliderablc as formerly ; for, in the reign of I'etcr the (iriat, thinking thrnifelvcs opprtlled, tliey revolt- ed, and were not witliont the utmull dilliculty reduced again to obedience. In tlie contell many of their towns were burned, and the inhabitants mallacred wilh-.- out dillinflion of ag^ or fex. The internal government of the ColTacks is military and democratic. The captains and oflicers of the nation choofe a chief, termed Metnuii, who always refides at Circalka, and holds l.is authority during life ; but he mull firll be confirmed by the czar. His power ' extends over the other towns of the nation, each of which is formed into a commonwealth, governed by its own hctman, who is chofen annually, and is ac- coimtablc to the chief hetinan, at Circalka. Th( Coifacks of the Ukraine are much more nti- mero! ih.in the Don Coifacks, and enjoy an extent of laiiil for feveral hundred miles, between the rivers Nicpcrand Don. They did n3t revolt from the Poles till the year t6ij.\ ; but at prelent their country is populous and well cultivated, abounding with fortified towns, and large villages neatly built ot wood. This tribe likewife complained that their liberties were encroached upon in the reign of the czar Peter, and he being at that time engaged in war with Charles X ' ' they, together with their netman Mazcppa, joined that monarch, but with very little fuccefs ; for during their revolt their town of Bathurin was burned, and fix thoufand of the inhabitants deflroyed. The third tribe of thefe people is dininguidicd by the name of the Zaparovian ColFacks, who, alter their revolt from Poland, feillcd about the falls of the river Nifpcr, or Boryftenes. Three thoufand of thcfe joined Mazeppa, after he was abandoned by his own people, and engaged with him in the fcrvicc of Swe- den ; but they were moftof them cut to pieces. The Finns come originally from Afia, and very nearly rcfemblc the Laplanders, but are more civilized and better informed. They inhabit towns and villages, make fomc progrefs in the arts and fcienccs, protefs the tenets of Luther, and, in their compitation of time, ufe the Chriftian xra. Thefe people carry on commerce, and are employed in mod of the comtnon trades. The peafants chiefly attend upon agriculture, hunting, and mhing. They are great eaters, ma':idg five meals a day, and drink brandy to excels. Tin; 7 A Rullian i. Ik m >v:^':u 554 A NKW and complete SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. iRul?i:in government lias continued to tlicm the eiijoy- nunl ot ilie privileges wliicli tlicy formerly hut! iiiKitr the crown of Sweden ; lo that ihcy pollcfs a conlidcr- al'lc degree of freedom. liie V'otiaks, or Viatkis, arc defccndcd from the Finns, ;indihie;]y inhabit the province of Viatki, in the government of Kafan : they wore formerly iinJor the protei^lion of thoTailars; but, fincc their fubjedlion to Knllia, have preferred the quiet and fecurity which agricukuvc afl-'ords, to the wandering life of herdfmeii and (hcpherds. Thcfe people are middle-fizcd, and in general red-haired : in their manners, they are honcft, peaceable, and hofpitable ; but arc additSled to fuper- iiition, and very credulous. In rural cKConomy, they are alfuluous, ncgle^ling neither the culture of bees, lior the chace ; in the latter, they ufe indifferently the bow or firc-artri-s. Many of them employ their Icifure hours in inaking all forts of turnery, fuch as cups, fpoons, and Ihuttles ; and others varniflj all kinds of bowls and cups. Tiie women fpcnd their time in fevving, making linen, coarfe cloths, and ornaments of embroidery. Some of the Votiaks are Chri(ti&'.', but a great part of them are heathens and idolaters ; li.ough even thefc believe the doflrinc of a future iuie of rewards and pimifliments. Their town has little or nothing in it worth notice, except its being a bifhop's fee, and having a ftout calile to defend it againd the incurlions of the Schcremilie Tartars that iiifell thofc parts. The Ofliocs arc one of the mod numerous nations in Siberia, and are likewife fprung from the Finns. Before tiicy were fubjeded to Rullia, they were go- verned by their own princes, whofe defccndcnts are (till r.puted noble. Thefe people divide themfelvcs into diiferent (locks or tribes, andchoofc their chiefs from nniong the progeny of their ancient rulers. Thefe i'liperintcnd the 'payment of the taxes, and prefervc peace and good order. They are extremely ignorant, and entirely unacquainted with the ufe of letters or figures, ajid, like the other Finni(h nations, can only reckon as far as ten. A lingular cuPom 3ir.t)ng them is, that the daughter-in-law never untovers her face in the prefcnce of her father-in-law; nor is the fon-in- lavv allowed to appear before the niother-in-Iaw till his wife has had a child. 'Fhe greatell part of them are idolaters ; and one of their flrange notions is, that bears, after death, enjoy a happincfi. equal to that which ihey cxpcdl for tliemfclvcs ; and are Co (ixed in the belief of this, that whenever they kill one of thefe animals, they ling fongs over him, in which they allc tiis pardon for the injury he has received at their hanils: they alio han^ up his ;kin, to which they (hew many civilities, anu addrefs with many fine compliments, in order to avert his vengeance from them in the world of fpirits. It appears, indeed, that among all the Pagan nations of the north an I tiorth-ealt, bears are in great cttiinaticn. Tlic Vogouls, or Vogu'i/i, differ fo much from all their neighbours round about, that they have been f pofed to be of Tartaric extradlion, but without "''" nrobability ; iince all the Tartars, either of Sih^"^ Kafan, or Aftracan, arc all Mahometans; vvh"'*' thtfe Vogulizi arc heathens, and rtftmble' tno(l"^"i their religion and cuftoms, the Siberian Pagans ' i | they are more civilized. They are rather beuT J middle flaturc, have generally black hair, and a fcam I beard. They are ot a gay difpolition, honeft, JaboJ rious, and acute ; but floveiily and lick:,', and inclincJI to be very paffionatc. Their women are well-mad I robuft, civil, and laborious. They are unacduainilll with the ufe of letters, as well as foine of their kind- J nations : they do not reckon their time by ycarj though they mark the months, and name them after! the various revolutions of nature which theyobfeifJ in their forefts. ' They acknowledge a Supreme Being, the creatori and prcferver of all things ; and facritice to himoncel a year, at the end of fummer, in one of the nearcftl forefts, fbmc of the beft cattle they are mailers ofi one of each fort ; but can give no reafon for their fd doing, but that their fathers did fo before them, Thefl believe a future life of rewards and punilhmeiits bud will not bear being told that there ar*^ any devil's a, malevolent fpirits, alleging, that they have no inftancei- among them of any fuch. They go drelfed mucJ like the Ruffian peafants, and bury the dead in thtiif beft clothes, together with fome n uiey. AsthcreiJ little corn comes to perfedlion in uieir country, tM live chieHy upon the milk of their cattle, andM game as they kil'. They marry as many wives as theji can maintain, which they buy of their parents, bun they are very fcrupulous of marrying within the foJ bidden degrees of conlanguinity. 1 They have neither cities or towns, btit villages maiie| up of huts, of a conic figure, with a hearth in tha middle, and a hole at the top, to let the fmokeoutl which lK)le, however, they cover with a thintranfpaJ rent p'cce of ice, to let fome light into their huts, as foon as their fuel i.- Liurnt to a coal. When a womn, is near the end of her pregnancy, (he is obliged logJ into a private hut reared on purpofe for her, and lo live in it feparate from her hufband, and all mairini(K nial intercourfe. 'i ne men go a Ihuoting of clksi fallow deer, and other game : they live qiiiei under ihej Rullian government, and pay their tribute in llins arJf furs, which are fent into the public refmlitoryatSibcriaJ Their cou itry reaches from bi dej. 30 min. loainiollj 63 deg. of north latitude. The Schouvaches, or Trchouvvari.hes, live on th banks of the VVolga, in the governments of Ka(jn,| Orenburg, and Nifchnei-Novogorod. ThiTe pciifieT never dwell in towns, but alfemlile in finill uilagcs,! andchoofetheforells for their habitation!!. Oneofikiij marriage ceremonies is, that on the vnddingnighitliJ bride is obliged to pull off her luilbaiid's bmiis, \VV arc told by a late writer, tiut among the Tlchuuivafctie.'- R U S huftantl is mafter of the lioiilb ; he orders every LhimC'^lf; and it is the duty of the wife to pay • fitobedisnce tg his orders: by this cullom, many MtAic broils arc prevented, and family quarrels very iTommon. They arc very fond of hunting, and pro- I for that piirpofefcrew barrel mulkets, which they Lefer to ilie bow. I The Kiigiiif'^''^* in their air and deportment, refem- A. ^■i ' ' Ihltlie Tartars of Kafan. They dwell always in I iible huts, wandering about their deferts in fearch if'alliirage for 'h^"" Ao^s *f"l herds, which conftitute hhi'rchiet occupation. In fummer, they traverfe the Lrlliern deferts, and the fouthern parts in winter. Thcv follow hunting and fifliing, but are entirely unac- I aiiitcd with agriculture. Their ftock of cattle, which lllfills of horfcs, camels, cows, goats, and Ihccp, fpply them both with food and raiment. Their icJeis are very ferviceable to them, aa in all Uieir jiiMatioii they carry their huts and furniture, to the ■gilt of 900 pounds. With refpedl to their perfons, ihcXirguifians have a Iharp but not a fierce look, and their eyes are finaller than thofe of the Kafan Tartars. The decoration of their horfes takes up almofl as much (jBcas that of their perfons. The great and wealthy 'vepcrfeflly in the fame manner as the reft of the people, and are diilinguilhed only by the numerous Mn that accompanies them in the cavalcades, and the mantity of huts which furround their quarters, inha- liicd by their wives, children, and flaves. They are ml eaters, and fmoke tobacco to excefs. Men, vtomeii, and children all fmoke and take fnulF: they leep the latter in little iiorns faflcncd to their girdles. in their Jifpolitions, they are affable and high-fpiritcd, ind have good natural fcnfe ; but are voluptuous, and liind of their cafe. TheTiingiifians are a more numerous people than joy that inhabit Siberia. They are of a middle fize, nellmade, - ' have an agreeable afpe£t. Their fight and hearing are aina2ingly acute and delicate ; but tkeirfmclling and feeling are greatly inferior to ours. They have excellent capacities, learn foreign languages witheafe, are alert on horfeback, good hunters, and dexterous at the bow. They are acquainted with al- Doft every tree and ftone they have met with in the courfe of their travels, and can even dcfcribe a fpa^ce of fome hundreds of miles by the (hape and form of the trees and (tones they have noticed, and can teach others to piirfiic the fame courfe by fuch dcfcriptions. Theyalfodifiover the trails of the game by the com- ptcliion of the grafs or niofs they have paiTed over. The Kalnvicks are a numerous tribe, inhabiting a idigiousdtrcrt which lies between the rivers Don and Volga, They are for the moft part raw-boned and llout, have reddilh and yellowilh-brown complexions, iflat\ifagc, thick lips, a fmall nofe, and Ihort chin. The V, omen are (haped like the men, have a wholc- fome white and red in their faces, and are lively, [jgteeiililc, and iuduIUious. Tlic fole profcllicn ainoug thein is the breeding of cattle; they piicfue hunting as an amufement ; live in tents, or yoiirts of felt, which they call gar, and the Rulliaiis kibitka, and in many refpedlsrefembieKirguifians. Their clothing is alttr the .saltern manner, and they drefs their heads exadlly iiku tlieChinefe; fome of their women wear a large golden ring in their noftrils. They are great eaters, but can endure want for a long time without complaint. Their principal food is animals tame and wild, and even their chiefs will feed upon cattle that have died of age or dillempers, though it flink ever fo much ; fo that the flefli market in every herd hath the appearance and fcent of a lay-ftall of carrion : they cat likewife the roots and plants which grow in the deferts. Botii fexcs fmoke continually. As their courfes are regu- lated by neceflity, they keep to the north in the fum- mer, and to the fouthern deferts in the winter. They flecp upon felt or carpeting, and cover themfelvcs with the fame. They are charaderized as a rough kind of people, but are lefs bafe and dilFolute than they are reprefented to be. Their attachment to their chiefs or mafters is very great ; but their adive fpirit, together with their iinprovideiice and careleflTnefs, render them thievifh and dirty. In their robberies, they prefer llra- tagem to violence, and are feldom known to commit murder, from their belief in the nodurnal wandering of dead men's fpirits. Their code is very favourable to females, to whom they never impute any crime. A rape and adultery is puniflied with a muliSl of nine' herd of cattle. They afFeft to profefs the Chlnefe religion, but know very little of its principles. They are fiiperftitious about good and bad days ; and have written laws which are founded on reafon, cuftom,. and the will of the prince. Their fpeech is a mon- grel dialed with many Tartarian words ; but their jeligious books ate in the Tangut or Tibotan. The Kamtfchadales live in villages confiding of a few fmall houfes, and fituated in general near fome river. When a village becomes too populous, they feparate, and form another. They have a. lively imagination, a firong memory, and a great genius for imitation. Be- fore they were prevailed iipoiv to embrace the Chrilliau religion, they believed the mortality of the foul: they are, however, fuperftitious to extravagance, and ex- tremely fingular and capricious in the different enjoy- ments of life, particularly their convivial cnter'.aiiv- mcnts. Their chief employments are hunting andi fifliing; they are very expert at the latter, and well' acquainted with the p.iopci feafiins for it : their nets are made of the ftamma of nettles. The chace fur- nilhcs them with fables, foxes, and other game. When . they are not engagctl in hunting and fifhing, they fi)mctiincs employ themfclves in building huts, form- ing wooden utenfils, cutting wood for fuel and buildingv. and making bows and arrows. They pafs much of, their time in abfolute idlcnefs. Poverty gives then* : no concern ; and, ns liiey are naturally extremely , iuduknt, nothing but the calls of hunger can drive thettt. 'mi mI 1f if! I.'!, ,.f (? .1 ■ 556 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPlfY. them to the chace. They cat and drink a great deal ; • but as what they eat is always cold, their teeth are very fine. Dogs arc their only domelHc animals ; and they put a high value upon them. Some of them travel in fmall carriages drawn by dogs; and a complete .Kanitrchadaljan equipage, dogs, harnefs, and all, colts in that country 4I. los. or near 20, rubles. Kamif- chatka is now confidered as the mofi horrid place of exile in the vaft empire of Ruflia, and here fomc of the greateft criminals are fent. In this wide and forlorn region, that was fo long unknown to Europe, fomc new mines have bcen'lately difcovi^nd, which, upon their firft opening, have yielded 45,000 pounds of fine filver, and which is faid to have been obtained with little difficulty or expence. The manners of the Siberians were formerly fo barbarous, that Peter the Great thought he could not intirft a feverer punilhmcnt upon his capital enemies (he Swedes, than by baniJliing them to Siberia. The efFedl was, that the Swedilh otiicers and foldicrs introduced ufages and manufaflures into the country, and thereby acquired a comfortable living, belides contributing in fome de- gree to the civilization of the natives. The curiofitics to be found in RufTia, by rcafon of its recent civilization, can afford no great entertain- n.ent to the reader. This country can, however, .produce many ffupendoiis monuments of the genius and public fpirit of her fovereigns ; among which are the canals (already defcribed) made by Peter theOreat, for the benefit of commerce. Siberia abounds with old fepulchrcs of an unknown nation, whofc inrtrii- nients and arms were all made of copper. In the .mufeum at Pctcrfburg, there is a rhinoceros dug up on the banks of the river Valuis, with' the fkin and liair upon it nerfe(^. Befides the great bell at Muf- covy, of which an account is given in our defcription of that city, a late writer mentions another there, founded in czar Boris's time, 19 feet high, 23 in diameter, 6.\ in circumference, and two in thicknefs, that weighed 336,000 lb. The building of Pctcrf- burg, and raifuig it on a fudden from a few lifhing huts 10 be a popidous and rich city, is perhaps a curiofity hardly to be paralleled in the creAion of the Egyptian pyramids. The fame may be faid of the fortrcfs of Cronlladt, which, with the city, employed lor fome years 300,000 men in laying its foundations and driving piles, night and day; a work which no monarch in Europe, Peter excepted, could have exe- cuted. What is more wonderful, he drew the plans of all his undertakings, raifcd a formidable navy, and wrought with alliduity as a common labourer in all his amazing works. The HISTORY of RUSSIA. THERE is no doubt but fome of the moft nc- gledlcd parts of this country were early peopled, and i)VOl exrciidcl poflibly much richer than at prefent ; but the f counts we have of this northern nation are f* " velopcd in fable and fiilitious relations, th t "j hardly poHible to form a confifteat narrative L 'V on trntiv, before the introdudion of Cluiltianitv k the tenth century, when Ollia. a Rullian princefs baptized at Conllantinople, and called Helen, h' ' aniple however was not generally followed till th"'" 9B7, when Volodimer her grandfoi,, having fl? an alliance with Batrl, emperor of Conllantinmle triarch Photius, fo famous for his amaztns uriidi't''' his difputes with the Roman church, ant) iiij, ,j^\Ti tunes, fent proper perfons to baptize tl>e RHfii.m ,,,1,", and add that part of the world to his patriarchal'-' In the year 1450, John or Iwan Ea(ilide« jm of courage and intrepidity, afcended the Ruflian throiwJ delivered his country from the yoke ottli.; Tartars increafed his territories by the acqnifition of N, gorod, and the city of Mofcow. He even exttim, his conquefts into Finland, which has fa otten b" the fource of wars between RulFia and Swcikn. h'ii faid that this emperor brought back from Molcow tin hundred cart loads of ^old, filver, and precious Hones but we have already oblerved that the hiltory of (he'll rude times abound with fiHions. John Bafilides, his grandfon, who mounted theRufJ fian throne in 1540, purfued the It.iis of h:- nredfl cefTor, and cleared his country from the incunii'i,, the wandering Tartars : he fubdiied the kingdmso Kifan and Aitracan, in Ada, and annexed thun lol his dominions, but could not maintain his ground oj the fide of Finland; his forces were alwjjsdeftad by the regular troops of Sweden. John Balilides II. who died in 1584, kft twofoii! the one named Fedor, or Theodore, the other DcmcJ trills. Fedor fucceeded his father, and Demetrius wai confined to a village called Uglis, with the czarina, his mother. The rude manners of the Rullian court had not yet adopted the policy of the Turkilh fulians] in facrificing the princes of the blood to the fecuriil of the throne. Boris-Godonow, the prime miniilcfj whofe filler was married to Fedor, perfuaded his mafJ ter that he could never reign quietly unlefs he imi| tatcd the Mahometan court, in aflatjinating his brc ther. Fedot* liftened to his advice, and an officer was difpatched to execute his inhuman rcfolution. Tttj officer at his return to court declared that hehadpul Demetrius to death, and demanded the rewa.d that hii been promifcd him for this fanguinary fervice; bul Boris, inftead of 3 reward, put him to death, inorda to fupprcfs every polfible proof of the murder, It wai reported, that Boris-Godonow, fome time after poij foned the czar Fedor ; but though he was Crongly fufpe£led of the crime, yet it did not prevent his 1 ccnding the throne. This event happened in IJ97. About the fame time there appeared in Lithuania, youn^ man, who pretended to be prince UcmetriusJ aflerttng that he had cfcapcd from the hands of thr aM EORO't-] U a; 537 liflillin. Several who had feen him at his mother's Ikoufe ine'f him again by particular marks. He per- Ifftl/refembled the prince; he fliewed the crofs fet ["Ijjli'jjjmonds which had been tied about the neck i f Demetrius. The palatine of Sandomir acknovv- tJjpd iiitn immediately for the fon of John Bafilides, dfor the lawful czar. The diet of Poland made a Wetnn inquiry int<5 the proofs of his royal extraftion, in) finding them abundantly fufficient, furnifhed him with in army to drive out the ufurper, and recover the tlironeof hisanceflors. In tlie mean time, however, DemetriOs was treated jnRufliaas an impoftor, and even as a magician. The Mufcovites coiild not believe that Demetrius, who was fiipported by the Poles, a catholic nation, and who had Jo icfuits in his council, could be their king. So little did the boyars queftion his being an impodor, that, fflon the death of the czar Boris, they made no diffi- culty of placing his fon, then only fifteen years of age, (s the Ruffian throne. During thefe tranfaftions Demetrius was on his march into Ruflia, at the head of a Polifli army : and jll thofe who were dlflatisfied with the government, felared in his favour. A Ruffian general advancing within figlu of Demetrius's army, cried out, " He is tkt only lawful heir of the empire," and immediately Ijoined his (landard with the forces under his command. lyiie revolution was fudden and complete, and Deme- tiitis was no longer a magician. The inhabitants of Mofcow ran to the palace, and dragged the mother jnii fon of Boiis to prifon. Demetrius was unani- inoully proclaimed czar ; and it was given out, that both young Boris and his mother had killed themfelves in confinement. Probably they were put to death by Demetrius. This event happened in 1605. The widow of John Balilides, mother of the real or pretended Demetrius, had been long fince baniflied to the northern parts of Ruflia ; and the new czar now fent a magnificent carriage to bring her to Mofcow .- Hewenthimfelf part of the way to meet her; they embraced each other with tranfports and tears of joy, in the preience of a prodigious multitude of people, fothst none doubted but Demetrius was the lawful emperor. In 1606, he married the daughter of riie platine of Sandomir, his firft . proteftor, and this brought on his ruin. Shocked at feeing a catholic etnprefs, a court compofed of foreigners, and, above all, a church ereflcd for the jefuits, the people no longer confidered Demetrius as a Ruffian, the fon of John Bafilides, and determined to drive him from the throne. . Accordingly, in the midft of the entertainments at the marriage of the czar, a boyar, whofe name was Zuiki, put himfelf at the head of a number of con- fpirators, and entering tiie palace with a fword in one iiand, and a crofs in the other, cut the Polifli guards in pieces, hurried Demetrius to prifon, and loaded him with chains. He was fuon aitci: confronted with the dowager czarina, who hadfo folemnly acknowledged him for her fon. The clergy obliged her to fw^ar upon the crofs, and to declare whether Demetrius was or was not her fon. Accordingly fhe affirmed, that the czar was nut her child ; that the real Det^etrius was murdered in his infancy; that fhe had only followed the example of the whole nation in acknowledgirig the new czar, and to be revenged for the blood of her font upon a family of affaffins. Demetrius was now faid to have been originally nothing more than a peafant named Grifka Utropoya, who had for fome time lived as a jnonk in a Ruffian convent, But however that be, Zufki killed him with his own hand, and tuuk his place on the throne in the year 1606. The reft of the boyars however wRo had before bcett Zulki's equal, but now his fubjeds, could not behold his exaltation with patience. They afferted that the late czar w*as not an impoftor, but the real Demetrius, and that the murderer was unworthy of the throne. The name of Demetrius now became dear to tlie Ruffians ; and the chancellor of the murdered czar declared, that hei was fo far from being dead, that he would foon recover of his Wounds, and appear again at the head of his loyal fubjedls. Accordingly, the chancellor traverfcd every part of Mufcovy, with a young man in a litter, whom he called Demetrius, and treated as a fovereign. At the very name of Demetrius the people flew to arms ; they fought feveral batfles in his favour, without feeing him ; but the chancellor's party having been defeated, the fecond Demetrius difappeared. The people how- ever were fo fond of this name, that a third Demetrius foon after arof? in Poland. This man was more for- tunate than the reft. He was fupported by Sigifmund, king of Poland, and laid fiege to Mofcow, wheie Zufici refided. The tyrant was fhut up in his capital, but he had ftill the widow of the firft Demetrius, ani the palatine of Sandomir, her father, in his power. The third Demetrius demanded the princefs his wife. Zufki delivered up both the father and the daughter, hoping, perhaps, to foften the king of Poland, or flat- tering himfelf that the palatine's daughter would dif- own nim. He was however miftaken ; the widow c)f the firft, declared this third Demetrius to be her real hufband ; the palatine fwore that this was his fon-in- law, and the people made no doubt but it was trile. The boyars, divided between Zufki and the iinpoilor, would acknowledge neither. They depofcJ Zuiki, and fhut him up in a convent, where he finiflied his days ; and Demetrius was afTaffinatcH at a public enter- tainment by a gang of Tartars, in the year 1610. The throne of Rulfia being thus vacant, the boyars offered it to prince Uladiflans, fon to Sigifmiiml, king of Poland. But before he had finiihed the nccelTary preparations for his journey to Mofcow, a fourtix Demetrius ftartcd up, and claimed the crown of RuHia. This impoftor pretended that God had conllamly pte- ferved him, though he had been allkllinated at Uglis 7IJ by 558 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. by the orders of the tyrant Boris, at Mofcow by the ufiirper Zulki, and alterwarils by the Tartars. This flory, however improbable, was countenanced by many of the people ; it was confidercd as a miracle, and as fuch it was believed. The town of Plefkoii acknow- ledged him as czar; and there, for a few years, he fixed his rcfidence. During this interval, the Rudians repenting they had called in the Poles, drove them b.iLk to their own kingdom, and S'gifmund renounced all hopes of feeing his fon Ladifluus placed on the Kuflian throne. In the midil of thefc diflurbances, Michael Fedcrowitz, the fon of the patriarch Fedor Romanow, or Philaretes, was made czar, at the age of fevcntecn, by tho- great influence of his father. All Rullia acknowledged him for its fovercign, and the city of Plelkuu delivered up to liim the fourth Deme- trius, who was hanged upon a gibbet. A fifth Demetrius however rtill remained. He was the fon of the firft of that name, by the daughter of ilie palatine of Sandomir. His mother removed him from Mofcow, when ilie went to meet the third Demetrius, and pretended to acknowledge him for her real hufband. She afterwards retired with this child into the country of the ColTacks ; and he was always ronfidered, and j>robably really wa"!, the giandPin of John Ratilidcs. But Mich.iel Federowitz was no foontr ftated on tht R>'lli?n throne, than he obliged the CoifdcLs io deliver up the nic.Uer and child, who were bcih drowned. It worild hardly be expelled that a (ixth Demetrius fhould appear ; but this was really the cafe. During the reign of Michael Federowitz, fomc young men bathing with a Colfack of their own age, they took notice of certain Ruflian charaderson his back, pricked with a needle ; and, on a more careful examination, found them to be, " Demetrius, f;>n to the czar Demetrius." This perfon was immediately fuppofcd to be the prince whom the czar Federowitz had caufed to be drowned : a miracle had been wrought in his favour; and he was treated as the czar's Ton at the court of Uladiflaus, in order to excite freHi didurbances in RufiTa. The untimely death of his protcdor, how- ever, bjaded all his hopes; he retired to Sweden, and afterwards to Holllcin. Untortunately for him, the tltikc of HoHUin having fent an cmbally into Rullla in iirUer to open a communication for a filk trade witli Perfia ; biit failing in the attemp^ and having con- ijyc^cd conlulerable debts at Mofcow, the duke of Hcjldtin, in orikrto dif.harge thefc incumbrances, un- ^I'ntroi.lly dclivticd up Demetrius, who was quartered alive. Tlitfe kind of impoflures fuHicicntly difpby the ilcfpic^ible Hate of ignorance in which the Riillians wuc lilt II inimtifed. But the time was now arrived V. Ii';n that empire began to know its own power, and to (iipporl thai independence which was on the point •mi btiiig extiiigiiilh<:d. It Ikis been already obferved, that the Ruffians had 3 offered their crown to Uladiflaus. This offer w ried by Philaretes ; and during his (lay at ihe p?3 court, his fon was raifed to the throne. Exaf J at the behaviour of the boyars, Sigifmund cnmS Philaretes to prilon : but being afterwards rtci for fome Polilh prifoners, he held tlje reins of ^""^d mcnt for his foil, with great prudence and dilc^V i If a government of this kind appears ftrange to'ih 1 acquainted only with the legiflative powers of modi times, the marriage of Michael, which was theJ thod then in ufe, will appear (till more uncommJ though pradlifed for feveral centuries in Ruffia ] The czar having declared his intention to num moll of the celebrated beauties in his dominions u-? fent for to court, and entertained in a very clep manner. The czar faw them often, the weddin/l was fixed, andthe neceffary preparations for the Qm nity was finilhcd, before it was known on whuinS happy lot had fallen. On the morning when iM nuptial ceremony was to be performed, the fortuii lady was prcfented with a wedding-robe and a cay of magnificent jewels ; the other candidates alforeccivJ valuable prefents, and were fent to their refcedJ places of abode. The name of the lady's father w| pleafed Michael was Strefehmen, and he was piouel ing his own little farm when the czar's chamberljiJ inlormed him that his daughter was placed upon t3 RuiTian throne. On the death of Michael Romanzoil which happened in 164^, his fon Alexis Michadowjl then in his fcventeenth year, afcendcd the throne. HI married in the fame manner as his father^ and chol the mod amiable amon§ the beauties prefented 1 him. The tranquillity of his reign was didurbed boil by bloody and furious commotions and foreign wars He recovered the Ukraine, together with Smolenlki and Kio' ;, though he was unfortunate in his wal againft the Swedes. He was not, however, fowhoj taken up with wars and military tranfaflions, but !» found leifuie to draw up a code of laws, which, thoiiri imperfcil, fuflicienily proved that he had formed apJ per idea of legiflation and diftributive juftice. He cull tivated a polite corrcfpondence with mofl of the powei] of Europe, introduced manufaflures of filk andbil into his dominions, and peopled the banks of ihif Volga and Kama with Lithuanian, Polilh, and Tarn] families taken in his wars. Before his time all prifon] ers became the (laves of ihofe into whofc hands ihej fell; Alexis made them hufbandmcn. Their lahouJ enriched his country, and many of the Rudians foil lowed their example. Other (1 hemes equally advani tageous to his people were formed by this great princu but before they could bs carried into execution, ibll put a p'Jiiod 10 his life. He died fuddcnly 111 ilid bcgiitiii;!^; of the year idy'y riie deaih of this great prince was a dreadful blo\{ tv) tlic R;.iliai) empire; coiituiion oiice more prevalledJ and the bluud o( innocent pcrfons again llainal tlia (trccts of M jfcow. Alexis left tluce fons and fit! ilauglitei-sf U 9 S JEUROfg'] ^ tdaiehtersi the f""* ^"^ Fsdor or Theodore, I wan I lohn, and Peter ; the lall was by a fecond marriage. IfcBond'thc daughters one only deferves attention in I Aehifory of Riilfia. Her name was Sophia, a princefs ISniousfor her talents, and ftill more for her ambition liid intriguf Alexis, dreading the confequences of ISJing the Riiflians, fo prone to rebellion, without liprincc upon the throne, had caufed Theodore, his ItlSeil fon, to be acknowledged emperor •fome time [before his death. Theodore accordingly took polTellion of the govern- [«ntonthe deceafe of his father, without the lead Lpofition. He was a prince of a weak and fickly mriitution, but thefe infirmities had no cfFcft upon Lt vigour of his mind. He formed feveral fchemes Ifcfihegood of his people; but the war in which he [fas engaged againft the Turks, , or rather the Crim iTirtars, which continued during his whole reign, pre- iBOted hira from carrying them into execution. Theo- ] dote foon perceiving that the crown of Rullia was a Lithcnloo heavy for a perfon of his weak conftitu- \m, and that his brother I wan, who was aimoft blind land dumb, was ftill lefs able to fupport it, he nomi- (jated Peter, his fecond brother, then only ten years of f agt, as his fucceffor to the throne. I Peter had already given many indications of extra- [wdinary abilities, but his youth rendered him incapable Ufholding the reins of government ; and the ambitious [Sophia, perceiving her brother Theodore could not [bng fupport the fatigues of royalty, determined, if iMllible,. to afcend the Ruffian throne, at leaflto fway I the fceptrc during the minority of Peter. Accordingly ||ii£ formed a flrong party among the Strelitzos, or (ianding forces of Ruffia, by bribes and promifes, and I immediately on the death of Theodore convened a [meeting of the princelTcs of the blood, the generals of llliearray, the boyars, the patriarch, the bilhops, and jc'cn the principal merchants. In this alFcmbly (he (upatiated on the injullice of appointing Peter fuccefTor liothethrone in-oppofuion to the natural right of his I brother Iwan ; that the talents of the latter for govern- [mtntwere far from being contemi)tible; and that Peter I was too young to hold tiie reins of government. I Thefe rtprcfentations produced the dcfircd effedl ; lidreadfiil fedition was raifed by the Strclitzes : many [of the nobles, who were thought to favour Peter, were Imairactcd wiih circumflances of cruelty fliocking to kmanity; and Mofcow again experienced all the horrors of anarchy and conliifion. But at lafl the fword of alTallination was flicathcd, and Iwan and Pcitrdeciaicd joint fovcreigns of Ruflia, though Sophia [ acquired the whole power, and was, in every thing but I title, the czarina of the empire. Her bull was liriick [ upon the coin, (he prelldcd in the council, flie planned andfignd ail expeditions, and her will became the 1 law ot Rullia. Soon after Iwan was placed on the throne, he niar- [ ricd a young lady called Soltikoff; but during the A. 659 rejoicings that followed his efpoufals, the Strelitzcs fomented a dangerous fedition on accoimt of fome religious difputes. The inftirredion did not however long continue, but foon after broke out with much greater violence, under the influence of a popular nobleman, to revenge himfelf on Sophia for her ingra- titude, who had totally negle£)ed his interell, though it was principally to him that Hie owed her elevation. He, however, thought proper to conceal his real mo- tives under the mafk of religion i a pretence which cannot fail of roufing an ignorant bigotted people to the moft flagrant a6ls of injufticc and cruelty. Sophia, aware of the confequences that might pro- bably attend this popular infurredtion, retired with her two brothers and the other branches of the royal family, to the monaftery of the Trinity, fltiiated about twelve leagues from Peterfburg. This monaftery, which be- longs to the monks of St. Bafil, is furrounded with large ditches, and flrong ramparts mounted with a numerous artillery. In this- place of fafety Sophia entered into a negotiation with the leader of the rebels ; and, under pretence of grat>ting him his own terms, . (he prevailed upon him to repair to a certain town in the neighbourhood in order to fign the treaty. Deceived by the artifices of Sophia, the nobleman, attended by one of his fans, and thirty-feven of the officers of the Strelitzes, repaired to the place, where they vere all immediately feized and beheaded. This rebellion however convinced Sophia, that (he wanted power to fway the fceptre ot Ruffia conformable to her own will, and therefore determined to marry the prince Galitzin, a man of fehfe, fpirit,. .•»nd fome learning. She had already placed him at the head of the army, made him prime minifler, and keeper of. the feals. "Peter, who was now in his eighteenth year, being alarmed at the partiality of Sophia for Galitzin, deter- mined to aflcrt his right to the crown. Iwan and . Sophia were at Mofcow when this ref61ution was taken v, but Peter had retired to the convent of the Trinity, where he decfared that a confpiracy was formed againft his life. He was immediately joined by the Strelitzes, and many of the inoft powerful nobility ; upon which he marched diredly for Mof- cow, and Sophia, with her brother Iwan, were, obliged to retire to the monaftcry df the Trinity. All the confpirators were punifhed with a feverity common in that country, except Galitzin, who was ftrippcd of his immenfc fortune, and banifhed into Siberia. His fentence was very curious, it was as follows : " Thou- art commanded by the moft clement czar to repair to Kaiga, a town under the pole, and there to continue the remainder of thy days. His majcfty, out of his extreme goodnefs, allows thee thrcupeiice per day for thy fubfrnence." The princefs Sophia was confined to a monaftery in Rullia ; a punilhment fufficient to a woman of her ambition. Nor had Iwan any other lliare in the government, except that of having his- !i.^ fl til uams 5^0 A NEW AKD COMPLETE SYStENf of tNlVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. name in the public a£ts. He led a priViite life at Mof- cow, and died in i6g6. On Peter's acceflion to the throne, he aflbciated himfelf with foreigneri, and laboured afTidtioudy to improve his education, which had been greatly neglect- ed through the ambition of his fifter. He was, even from his infancy, fond of the arts, and fhocked at the rude manners and ignorance of his fubjeCls. His favourite Le Fort, a Piwlmontefe, encouraged this dif-^ Eofltiun ; and at the fame time raifed and exercifed a ody of 12,000 men, amone whom he introduced the French and German exercife, in order to render them capable of oppoHng the infoknce of thu Strelitzes ; while general Gordon, a Scotchman, difcipiined the csar's own regiment, conftfting of 5000 foreigners. This great prince, after providing for the internal peace of ° his dominions, began his travels into foreign p -ts, as an attendant on nis own ambafladors. His adventures in Holland and England are at once too numerous ^nd too well known to be repeated here. By working as a common fhipwright in the yards of Deptford and Saardam. he completed himfelf in (hip- building and navigation ; and prevailed on feveral very ingenious men to fettle in Ruma, in order to introduce the arts into his empire. At the fame time he pro- cured a great number of manufadlurers from Germany to remove to Mo(bow, and other cities, in order to carry on their refpeflive trades, to the great advantage of his fubjedls. The forces difcipiined by Le Fort and Gordon were foon in a condition of crufliing all infurre£tions and feditiuns, and even of exterminating the two feeble rcginicnts of Strelitzes. Peter, in the mean time, preferred men of ability only ; he paid no regard to nobility or fortune ; merit alone was the paifport to his favour; and poffelTed of merit, no miin however poor or depreflfed, ever applied in vain. Rs himfelf rofe gradually through every rank and fervice both in the fleet and army ; and the many defeats he received from Charles XII. ferved only to extend the rphere of his ambition. After the fatal battle of Narva, the czar was Co far from abandoning himfelf to defpair, that when advice arrived of this alarming misfortune, he only faid to his officers, '« I expefted to be defeated by the Swedes, and (hall podibly be again defeated; but they will, in time, teach us to be conquerors." He was not deceived ; the battles he loft added expe- rience to his courage ; and Charles, in his turn, was Toon after totally defeated at Pultowa. The military and naval triumphs which readily fucceeded one ano- ther, after that decifive viiSlory, are far from forming the chief glories of Peter's reign. His afliduous appli- cation to the improvement of commerce, arts, and fciences, by which his people were enriched and civi- lixed, place him'in a more dlrtinguifhed point of iiglit; even among the few priiuvs whg have laboured for the benefit of mankind, and whufc names will be men- tioned with gratitude by pofterity. Always intent on the civiiizatiou and tiappiacfs of his people, aud knowmg that the life of any perfon is too (horr d completmg fo i.oble a defign, he married a « Lithuanian Woman, called Catherine, who had b!2 betrotheu to a Swcdifli foldier ; becaufe, after a M coll -Citation, He found her poirefled of a fuul ca t^ of (.xccutine his plans, atid aflifting his counfels The wifeft and moft fortunate princes are, howen not exempt il'rom misfortunes. Peter experienced 1 of the ihirpeft of this kind in the undiitiful bchavioi of his fon i who not only married without his m parent's content, but was alfo guilty of ingm pradices againft his perfon and government. I^, tried, and condemned to death; but died in prirJ "before his fentence was carried into execution. after the death of his fon, he caufed Catherine to I crowned with all the pompous ceremonies ufcd byily Grecian princes while theeaftern empire fubfifted J to be recognized as his fucceflbr. He died on the'iM of January 1725. Catherine, who afcrjidcd the Ruffian throne on thL death of the czar, governed that great empire by ihl fame principles on which it had been founded' jnf during her whole reign was refpefted, both by I own fubjeSs and all the ' powers of Europe, as 1 worthy fucceflbr of Peter the Great. She did nM however, long enjoy this high dignity ; for (he paidtS debt of nature in 1727, after a (hort but glorious reiri Peter II. grandfon of Peter the Great, then aniil afcended the throne on the death of Catlierine. Tlil reign, though (hort, was attended with many domelli revolutions ; but the moft remarkable was the difgtjL and exile of prince MenziIrofF, the principal favoiiriJ in the two lail reigns, and efteemed the ncheft fubjtJ in Europe. He was a perfon of boundieis ambitim and had formed a defign of marrying his daughter 1 the czar. Poftibly he might have fucceeded, had k not, by an a6l of infolcncc, incurred the difpleafuret the emperor, who difgraced and banilhed him iDll Siberia. He died of the fmall-pox on the nineteuif of January 1730. . J The Rulfian fenate, upon the death of Peter IB notwithftanding the defpotifm of Peter and his wifi) ventufed to fet afidc the fucceflion, as it had bn cftabii(hed by the emprcfs Catherine. According ll the will of that princefs, the fon of her cldcft daughl ter, Anne Petrovvna, duchefs of Holllein, ought tJ have been called to the throne ; but he being at tin time not more than two years old, it was thoiigL prudent, in order to avoid fo tedious a minority, tf Elace Anne Iwanowna, duchefs of Courland, on t!i^ Lutfian throne, contrary to all the rules of fuccd for (he was tlic fccond daughter of the emperor livaiJ and her eldcft filkr, the duchefs of Mecklenburg, wJ then alive. Her reign was however at once profptrl ous and glorious. She indeed accepted of the cronf under limitations ; but (he foon cancelled them a| and banilhed the nobles who had iinpofcd thenmiw her. She aiadc choice of grave and wife pcrfonsfi Eaof r..] R U S I A. 561 •am Iktrminifte", and gave the command of her army to llli and experienced generals. By purfuing thefc wife I tbods. (lie was enabled to govern her empire with I nutation, and to maint;.ric, and has fince i'waycd the fceptre of that va(t empire under the title of Catherine II. This princefs always purfued a very different condiitSt. She fludied the Ruflian language, alliduoiilly complied with the cuftoms and manners which prevailed in that empire, and expreffcd, on all occafions, a remarkable zeal for the Greek church. By this inethod fhe obtained fo great an influence over the minds of the RulTians, that it was no diflicult talk to bring about a revolution v!iit h placed her on the throne. 1 he moll remarkable «lome(lic tranfaflion of her reign hitherto, is the death of prince Ivvan, fon to the princefs of Mecklenburgh, and, while in his cradle, emperor of Rullia. He lolt his life in an 11-concerted confpiracy, formed by a fevA privaie officer; to place him on the throne. Rutlia has always confidered the internal quiet of Poland as a capital objcft; and this induced her imperial majelly to lake a principal part with regard to the eledion of the prefsnt prince to the throne, and to fecure th». /ights which the treaty of Oliva had given to the Dilfidents, or the Greek and Proteflant fubjcds of Poland. This gave great umbrage to the Roman- Catholic Poles; and the Rudtan troops IHll continuing in their country, firft occafioned a civil war, and after- wards the forming of the moll dreadful confederacies, which have rendered Poland a fcene of Haughter and devaluation. The conduit of RufTia refpefling Poland wave fo much offence to the Ottoman court, that the grand lignor fcnt Obrelkoif, the Rulfian miniftcr, to the prifun of the feven towers, declared war againft RulTia, and marched a very nuitierous army to the confines of Rudia and Poland, whereupon hollilities foon com- niencenced between thcfe rival and mighty einpires. In the months of February and March t/Oj, Crim Gucray, khan of the Tartars, at the head of a great bhaJ from the fortrefs at length forced them from ,hei,k trenches. The Turks endeavoured to cover their kl treat, by detaching a large body of cavalry ,. Jjl the right wing of tTie Rufhan army; but tiiey had , hf a v\-arm reception from the artillery, that 'hey foo J tired in great diforder. General StofFdn and pri"'] Do gorucTci were then ordered to purfuc the fug. !? at the head of eight battalions; which they didfoeJ I tually, that they followed them into the fuburbs J Choczim, arid their piirfuit was at length only ft„ ° | by the palifadoes of the fortrefs. The town >vasV ■jller fet on fire by rod-hot balls ; and a great numbero"f| j.'ws and Chriflians took refuge m the Ruffian caJ It might have beenexpefled. from thefe fuccclTes thai Choczim would have immediately fallen intothtLl of the Ruflians: but this was not the cafe, for prjnc I Gallitzin thought proper to retire from the plwe and! repafs the NiefFer: his rcafons were, that Choczim «a| garrifoned by 18,000 men well provided with artillery that feveral bodies of Turkifl) troops appeared in ]{ neighbourhood ; that the country was fo wafted tL the army could not be fupplied with provifions' and that, not having fu.Ticient artillery along with him he chofe for the prefrnt to fufpend his defign of bclicgin» the place. * » During thefe operations between the Ruffians and Turks on the fide of Europe,.the Tartar Aliatic nations in the different interefts of thefe ^ >wers, extended tk' rage of war into another quarter of .:» globe. A bloody engagement was fought, on the 9th of May, betwceJ the Kalmucks and thofe Tartars that inhabit the banks of the Cuban, lying between the Black and theCafpian feas. This engagement continued from two in the af.j ternoon till fim-fet ; when the Kalmucks, afliKed by fome Ruflian officers, with a detachment of dragoons and Coffacks, and two pieces of cannon, obiained a complete viitory, having made a great llaughter of the enemy, as the Kalmucks gave no quarter. The Euro- pean Tartars, on the other hand, penetrated imo the^ Ruffian Ukraine, on the fide of Backmuth, where ihey committed great ravages. A very obflinate battle was foitght, on the 13th ol July, between a confiderable Turkilh army and ik Ruflians under prince Gallitzin, near Choczim, la' which the Turks were defeated. The Ruffians imme- diately invefted the town ; but the garrifon being nu- meroiis, made frequent fallies, and was greatly llrengdi. ened by reinforcements from the grand vizier's camp, who was now confiderably advanced on this fide the; Danube. Several aflions enfucd, and prince Gallitzin was at length obliged to retreat from before Choczim, and again repafs the Nieffcr. The Ruffians arc fup- pofed to have lolt 20,000 men by the fiege of Chocziral and the adlions confequent to it. The grai;ci vizier,! who had the management of this war, hadatieil wiikl that prudence which it has been thought would havcl proved fatal to the defigns of the Ruffians, irthefamel condu£l had been afterwards purfued : but ihe army he j 1 ' commandid:| RAPHY. :d them from their] ed to cover their n^a jf cavalry tn atUckU i but fheyhadluchf ', that 'hey foon re-1 SlofFcln and prince] purfue the fugilvM,] lich they did foch-c!! into the fuburbs ofl tjcngthonlyflor.pcjl The town was foonl ind a great number ofl in tlic Ruffian camp.l 1 thefe fuccclTes, thai} 'fallen into the handsl the cafe, for prince! : from the pkcc, ani|| re, thatChoczimwajj jvided with artillery j| )ops appeared in ,lie| ■ was fo wafted ibitl with provifions; jinil y along with him, hel IS defign of belieginjl een the Rudians anjj rartar Aiiatic nations,! , ^wers, extended ikj f .:e globe. A bloody! 9th ol May, belwcenl that inhabit the banks! ilack and the Carpianl :d from two in the afJ al mucks, adilted by! hment of dragoons! cannon, obtained a! [great ilaughter of the| quarter. TheEiiro-l , penetrated into the] iacknuith, where they] light, on the 13th oil Vrkilh army and the! near Choczim, ial The Ruffians imme.! Ic garrifon Leing nu-l was greatly llrcngth- gratul vizier's camp,j kcd on this fide tiiel and prince Gallitzinj Irom before Choczim, iriic Ruffians arc fup- ]the fiegc of Chocziinl The grar,d vizier,! war, had ailed wiihl _ thought would have] iRulfians, if the famf I lied : but the army liel cominaii(iid:| jnded was extremely licentious, and his caution IJIm fjd the janilfarics ; (o that in confeqncncc of ;heir Hiours, and the weaknefs of the counfcis that pre- 'Tj at the Ottoman court, he at length became a fa- "jj„. 2nd Moldovani Ali Pacha, who polTcired more IraP '''*" conduft, was appointed to fucceed him in liccomnianJof'hcarmy. ■rr||jj^„ljian general Romanzow, during thefe tranf- IftionSi coinmiited great devallations upon the Turks If iiij borders of Bender and Oczakow, where he plun- IStrcd and burnt fevcral towns and villages, defeated a Turkilh detachment, and carried off a great booty of Iflitle. The Tartars alfo committed great ravages in IPdand, where they almoft totally dcftroyed the palali- Inite of Brucklaw, befidcs doing much mifchief in other ■ In the beginning of September, the Rudian army pjjfedagaii: on the banks of the Niefter, in order to tfciidthe palfage of that river againft the Turks, whofe ^yjarmy, under the command of the new viiier, Iwas ported on the oppofitc fliore. The two armies be- jtLis fituated, on the 3d of September, 8000 Turks, „. ig entirely of janilFaries and fpahis, tlie two moft ttkbraicd corps of the braved and bed difciplined Turkilh hurfe and foot, pafled the river in the night, jind at break of day attacked a body of Ruffians who ktrc encamped on tnis fide. Prince Repnin, who was |»W near the fpot, marched immediately to the relief lathis corps, and attacked the Turks at the head of Hit regiments with fixed bayonets. The engagement s furious and bloody ; but at length the Turks were liven back, and purfued to the river, which they endea- Lrcd to pafs in the utmofi difordcr and confufion ; lute 4000 of their number being either killed or ounded in this ill-judged attempt. This misfortune was not fufHcicnt to convince the izicr, who was rafli and obflinate, of the dangi?r of mding detachments acrofs a great river, in the lace of nowerfiil enemy, without a communication with the lain army, or the leaft probability of fupport. Hav- ngtheretorc laid three bridges over the Nicrter, the "urkilh army, without making nfe of any flratagem or eption, began to pafs the river in the face of the my. Prince Gallitziii, having perceived this motion lyinthe morning of the gxh of September, imme- liateiy attacked thole troops that had croifcd the river in the night; who confequently could neither choofc isirground, nor have time to extend or form tliem- :](cs properly where they were. Notwithdandiiig lefe great difadvanf ages, the engagement was very fc- ere, and continued from fcven in the morning till noon. The Turks fought with great obllinacy ; but they were It length totally defeated, and obliged to rcpafs the iver with confiderable lofs, and in the greatefl diforder ind conlufion. It was computed that about 60,000 urks crolTed the river before and during the time of R engagement. Prince Gallitzin charged at the head livecolumns of infantry, with fixed baj-onets, who I A. 563 deftroyed the flower of the Turkilh cavalry. The lofs of the Turks, in this battle, is faid to have amounted tu 7000 uien killed upon the fpot, befides wounded and prifoners, and a great number who were drowned. Though the illcondudl of the vizier had greatly con- tributed to this capital misfortune, yet this coniidera- tion did not deter liim from engaging in another opera- tion of the (iime nature. He now laid but one bridge over the river, which he had the precaution to cover with large batteries of cannon, and prepared to pafs- over with the whole army. Accordingly, on the 17th of September, 8000 ianilTaries, and 4000 regular ca- valry, the flower of the whole Ottoman army, palTed over with a large train of artillery ; and the rell of the army were in motion to follow, when a fudden and ex- traordinary fwell of the waters of the Niefter carried away and totally deftroyed the bridge. The Rudian* lod no time in making ufe cf this great ^nd uncxpedlcd advantage. A mod defperate engagement enfued, ir.- which the daughter of the Turks v/as prodigious. Net only the field of battle, but the rivtr, over which fome few hundreds of Turks made their efoape by fwim- ming, was for feveral mil^s covered with dead bodies. The Ruflians took 64 pieces of cannon, and above 150 colours and horfe-tails. The Turks immediately broke up their camp, and abandoned the drong fortrcfs of Choczim, with all its (lores and numerous artillery, and retired tumultuoudy towards the Danube. Priucte Gallitzin placed a garrifon of four regiments in the fortrefs of Choczim, and foon after refigned the com- mand of the army to general Romanzow, and returned to Peterfburg, covered with laurels. The Turks were much exafperated at the ill conduit of iheir com- mander ; and it was computed that they loft 28,000 of their bed and braved troops w ithin little more than a fortnig'iit; and that 40,000 more abandoned the army^ and totally deferted, in the tumultuous retreat to the Danube. The war continued to be carried on fuccefsfuMy by the Ruflians, who over-ran the great province of Mol- davia ; while general Elmpt toik pollcflion of the ca- pital city of Jally without oppo(itif)n : and as the Greeks ill this province had always fecretly favoured the Ruf- fians, they now took this opportunity of their fuccefs^ and the abfence of the Turks, to doclare tliemfclvcs openly. The Greek inhabitants of Moldavia, and af- terwards thofe of Waliachia, alfo acknowledged the emprefs of Riiiria as their fovercign, and took oaths of fidelity to her. On the 18th of July 1770, general Romanzow de- feated a Turkilh army nearthcLarga: theTurksare faid to have amounted to 80,000 hien, and were commanded by the khan of the Crimea ; and, on the cd of Augulf, the fame general obiuiiied a l{ill greater vidlory over another army of the 'I'urks, coinmaiidtd by a new grand vizier. This army, though very numerous, was totally defeated ; above 7000 Turks arc faid to have been killed on the field of battle, and that the roads to the Danube were 5«{ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOORAPIIY. were covered with dead bodies. T'icrc fell into the hands of the Rulfians fonu- thourund cnrriages laden with provillons, i.j3 pieccj of cannon, and a vail quan- tity of amniiinitifin. The Rulfians not only carried on ihcwar fucccfsfiilly againfl the Turks by laml ; for the cmprefs fcnt a coiili- dcrabic fleet of men of war, RiifT^an-btiilt, intotiic Mc- diterranran, toadl againd the Turks on that fide i, yiid, by means of this fleet, the Ruliians fprcad ruin and dc- foiation through the open ilands of the Archipelago, and the neighbouring acfenccitfs coaHs of Gtcccc and Alia ; in which attempt they were greatly aflilled by the i'nglifh. The war continued for fomc time to be carried on between the Ruliians and Turks, hotit by land and Tea, to the advantage of the for icr. Some attempts wcii, however, at Icngtii made to negotiate a peace ; but it was a lone time before matters could be accommoilatcd between theij great conteiu'ing powers; hollilities were repeated, fufpendcd, and afterwards renewed : but at lallapcacc was concluded, highly honourable and be- neficial to the Ruliians, and by which they obtained the liberty of a free navigation over the Black Sea, anJ a free trade with all the ports of the Ottoman empin;. For an ample account of the naval tranfadlinns during this war, we inuft refer our roaccrs to the concluding };art of the hiftory of the Turks, which doles the dc- cription of that nation. The war with the Turks was not quite concluded, when a rebellion broke out in Ruflia, which gave much alarm t6 the :onrt of Peterfburg. A collac, whofe name was PugaifchcfF, took upon him to perfonate the late unfci lunate emperor Peter III. He appeared in the kingdom of ivafan, and pretended that he made his efcape through an extraordinary interpofition of Provi- dence, from the murderers who were employed to alfaf- fmate him ; and that the report of his death was only a fidion invented by the court. Ht is faid to have greatly Kfembled the late emperor in his perfon ; which cir- cumdance induced him to engage in this qnterprife. As he pofTelFed abilities and addrefs, his followers foon became vpry numerous ; and he at length found him- Iclf fo powerful, and his followers being armed and provided with artillery, that \\a flood fcvcral engage- ments with able Ruffian generals, at the head of large bodies of troops, and committed great ravages in the country : but he was at laft totally defeated and taken prifoner; and, being brought to Mofcow in an iron cage, he was, on the aifl of January 1775, beheaded in that city. Notwithflanding th': very unfavourable circumflanccs thp cmprefs of RulTia was fubjcd to, on her taking pof- fclTion of the government of that ex tenfive empire, it is on all fides allowed that flie has, from the commencement ol her reign, continued to govern with iliHinguiflied re- putation and ability. She has endeavoured greatly to extend the commerce of her fubjeds ; and, as far as the extreme dcfpotifm of the RuJian government would permit, has giVL-n great entouragcment to loarniiig,„i the arts and fcicncts. Many beneficial and iinn'ri r'-gidation.> have been made by her in ihc imerini ,', ,1*"' of her valt empire; one of which is, the abi)!lti,l'''f| the ufc of toitiirc; bcliJes adopting an excdicit l for the reformation of prifons. But oni; of die nv!i! remarkable tian'-i^iUons of her reign, is her ellaljln] ment of an armed ncijtraliiy, for the protedion.)t''||'"| commerce of nations not at war, from any attacks "I infulls from belli^cren. powers. In 1780, hci iimcrl'!|| majefly invitol to it th pcwjrs not at war; an'j tk I kings of Sweden and Denmark and ihcStates-GcneJl accordinr;ly acceded to it the fame vear. In the year 1790, the flames of vvar again broke out 1 in which the RuHianf and Djres unitd ihcir rorcnl againll the Swedes, whole bravery was greatly i'j'iializeill a«;ninlt the enemy, particularly at fea, under the co.i. duel of the duke of Siidcrmania. The king of Swcdtiil alfo attacked the Rnihan fleet in the road of Revel or I the 13th of May ; in this engagement the Ruliians had eleven Ih'.ps of the line and five frigates, wliich.Herel fjpportet. by the guns of the works and fcvcral batteries' I notwithflanding which, the Ruliians revived miiclil damage, and had it not been for a Iform, diirin^whi-lil the wind changecl, and the Swedifh Ihipsciuld'nutafc their lower-deck guns, and tnany of then coiilil notj keep their place in the line, the Rudian Ikct miillbol been ruined. I The Swedes alfo, in the fame month, entered ilie| Ruffian territories, and poircffed themfcWes ofavryi ftrong port called Karnaukoflcy, on the borders of t!ie| lake Saima, wliere the Rulfians, with 10,000 men,! made an attempt to diflodge them. The Swedes with' I flood their afTault, and repulfed the RiilIiaMs, whoaitl faid to have left near 2000 men on the field. I After various fuccefs in the courfe of this war, the I contending parties feemed difpofed for peace. Thefamtl motives wliich, for a feries of ycarS|,«Jiad rendered Guf.f tavus the devoted inllrum^t of Ffjift'e; the fame mo.) lives which had induced httri to'facrl.fice the jives of hit I people in the prefent contelt, might b6 employed to I convert him from the enemy into ihe ally of KulfBil on the 14th of Augiill f/^jo, therefore, 'a cdnvemion I was figned between the courts of Rullia and S.veden,! and was ratified in lix days after. The ba.'i'i of ihtl convention was, a general treaty of peace and a;iiiiy,j an alliance of the ftri6lcfl nature, and an agreement tiutl the boundaries of their rcfpedive territories fhouldre-l main the faine as confirmed by the treaties of Abo and I Nyfladt. Thus, at the clofe of the year 1790, the] emprcfs had the fatisfadion to fee her conquclls noj longer bounded by the courfe of the Danii'^e. After fcvcral airlions between the Imperiulifts (Imcej confederates in the war with Rullia) and the I'urks, in] which the emperor's troops were for the moll part vic- torious, an engagement took place, in Sept 1790, iiearl Tobak in Belfiirabia, between prince Rcpnin am' Haf- 1 fun Ali| late caoitaii pacha, in which, his men helm ftiu(k tc»o?«-] U (1 ,ck with panic and alarm, obliged him to a prccipi- eircat. Th? Ruflians made ihemfelves mallen of 'f'Tii/ ;ih camp, and HalFan was obliged to retire r, f "d as far as Ifmaii. About the fame time, an Ifl on was fought between the van-guard of the army f nrincc Potcmkin and a body of Turks, at Can- f hail war Bender, in which the Ruffians obtained the The lafl aft of this brotraded campaign, which was interrupted even by the fevcrity of winter, how Ih foever it might conuibute to the advantage, .cr- ttiilvdid not redound to the honour, of Rullia; and «m«s, that, whatever fteps may have been taken by Ipfcfent or other fovereigns of this empire to produce iforccil civilization, both the monatchsand the people i f Rulila are ftill barbarians. The reader will eafily Itrceive that what enfued on the taking of Ifniail is al- Uedto in this refleaion. The progrefs ol the Ruffians. Ling the whole of the war, was mdeed marked with blooil and cruelty ; but all their former executions were jxceedcdby the hoiror of their proceedings at Ifmaii. I lat place' had been fortified during the war, and. pre- vious to the fiege, had been reinforced by ih-: i'ower of ItlijTurkiiharmy. 0niht22dot December 1790. the town was taken by llorm by general Suwarow ; and it is faid that the fL and the capture did not colt the Ruffians Icfs than iccoo men The molt fhocking part of th- tranfac- I ,j(|'„is, that the garrifoB (whofe bravery merited, and 1 irould have received from a generous Joe, the highed lionours) was mafliicred in cold blood by the mercilels Rullians, to the amount of, by their own account, up- wards of 30,000 men ; and the place was given up to the unreftrained fury of the brutal foldicry. The molt horrid outrages were perpetrated on tftt dcfencelefF in- habitants, and the condud of the conquerors relemblcd more that ol' a horde of cannibals than of a civilized pplc. After this bloody fcenc, the Ruffians went iiuo winter quarters; the vizier retired towards Con- ftantiaople, and, on his return, fell a I'acrifice to the tangtiiiftry policy which has long difgraced the Ottoman COUnfelj. tn rr The campaign of 1791 opened, on the part of Ruffia, with the taking of MaCi,in, on the 4tli of April, by prince Gallitzin ; and ia a fubfeqwcnt victory on the ijth, by the fame general, in the neighbourhood of Brailow, when the Turks loft not k-fs than 4000 men, and upwards of . 100 officers, befidcs many pieces of cannon. On the 14th, the Ruffian arms experienced achcck, by which they lolt about 700 men, and weie obliged to relinquilh the intention of belieging iJrailow. Ill the month of June, 13,000 Turks were defeated by a party of cavalry under general kutufow. On the 3J of July the fbrtrefs of Anape was taken by general Giidowitlch, and the garrifon, to the amount of 6goo meii, made prifoners. This event was followed, on the Qih of the fame month, by a fignal vidory which prince Rcpnyi obtaixied near Macziu over -a lady of S I A. 70,000, the flowci of the Turkilh army. The Otto- mans left upwardi of jooo dead upon tl.e field of bat- tle, and loll 'heir eniire camp, equipage, colours, and thirty pieces of cannon. The Ruffians arc faid tn have loft only 150 msu killed, and between two and 300 wounded. While the war was thus vigoroudy carried on, and the arms of the emprcfs being aliiioft every where fuc- cefsful, the Porte was difpofcd to treat of peace. The negotiation, after being ibme time protraded, was at length opened on the 1 ith of Auguff 171) i. when peaco was concluded between the czarina and the Porte upon ih '.fe terms : that Ruffia (hould confine her views to the poffeflion of Oczakow. with the dillrid extending from the Bog to the Niefter. and even then providing lor the free navigation of the latter river. Thefu conditions, if we confider the ill fuccefs of the war. cannot be ac- counted very difadvantageous to the Porte, who has loft a fortrefs more ufeful for the purpofe of annoying Ruf- fia. than for defending their own territories ; but cer- tainly of confiderable importance to Ruffia, wiio, by this ceffion. has fccured to herf '•'the peaceable enjoy- ment of the Crimea. Add to this, that prace was pro- bably, at this period, the more defirable to Rullia, from an event which, while it enlarged the fcale of human happinefs and liberty, certainly was calculated to countenance, in no fmall degree, the unwarrantable ufurpations of that ambitious power. Cathcriiic II. the piefent emprefs of all the Ruffias, princefs of Anhalt-Zorblt, wasborn in May 1729, and afcended the throne in 1762. She was married to her late hufband. while duke of Holftein-Gottorp. in 1745.1 by whom fhe has iffiie Paul Petrowitz, great duke of Ruffia, born in 1754. who has been twice married, and has had two Ions, Alexander and Conltantine. and a daughter, named Alcxandrina Pawleona, by his prefent duchefs the princefs of VVirtemburg. ■i C II A P. VIII. ISLANDS OF SCOTLAND. Situation, r..\tcnt, C'dmnte, Inhabitants, Animal and I'tgC' table Pndttdims, Cutiiftlies, Ui:. BEFORE \vc proceed to the defcriptlon of the ancient kingdom of Scotland, we (liall treat of the illands belonging to it. anil, to avoid prolixity, com- prehend tlieni under one head. They conliit of three ciulkrs, thofe of Shetland, Orkney, and the Hebrides or VVeflern I lies. Shhtiano Islands lie north-cafl of the Orcades, or Orkney Iflands, between 60 and 61 d;g. of iioriii lat. and are part of the filing ol Orkney. The Orcades lie north ot Dungfliy-Ilcad, between jy and 60 deg. of north hit. divided from the cumincnt by a tem- 7 I) pefliious 666 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ov UNIVERSAL GEOCRAPirv. f)eftiiousnii-i^l)tcallf(l IVntland Frith, twcnly-foiir miles nrig tmd twelve broad. The Hebrides, or VVcdern IllaiiJs arc very iiiimeruuii, and fomc ut' them lurgc, liltiaied between 55 and ,59 dfg|. of north lat. thcfo lie fcattered in the Dcuculcdonian fca, lu the north- well of Scotland. The air of thefe illands is fuiiitar^, but kern and ricrcing, except in I'nmmcr, when 11 is very fercnc. )nring the months of June and July, the inhabitants can fee to read at midnight ; but then (hey are fiibjedl to a winter of eight months, in which feafon they arc involved in darlcncfs, llorms, and fogs. In fummcr their fea it covered with filhing-vellcls belonging to iliffcrent nations, who rcfort thither to catch herrings, with which their coall abounds ; but from OiSlobcr to May, they are deprived of every communication with other coimtrics ; and not a linglc Ihip ii fecn on their coall. The foil is in general rocky and fandy, and confequcnily barren in many plaies. Many of the Shetland illands (which arc forty-fix in ininibcr) arc iminliabiicd, Mainland is the largelt, being itxty miles in length, and twenty in breadth. Larwick is the principal town, and contains 300 families; the whole number of families in the idand not exceeding 500. Skalloway is another town, where may be fecn the remains of a calHc, and it is the feat of a pref- bytery. The Dutch begin at Midfummcr to fim for herrings on the coall of this illarul, and their filhing- fcafon lads fix months. The Shetlanders derive a great advantage from this filhcry. A great traffic is carried on between thefe illlnders and the people of Hamburg and Hrcmen, who take in return for brandy, fpiccs, ice. th.'ir live Hock, hofe, and mittens. The Orknlv Islands arc about thirty in nimibcr but mod of them unpeopled ; the largtll is railed Pomona, being thirty-three miles in length, and nine in breadth, in fome places. It contaiiiii nine parilli churches, and has four excellent harbours. The cathedral of Kirkwall, the capital of the Orkneys, is a line Gothic building, dedicated to Sr. Magiuis, but now converted into a parilh church. Its roof is fiipported by fourteen pillars on each fide, and its fit.eple, in which is a good ring of bells, by four large pillars. The three gates of tlie church arc chequered with red and white poliflicd Hones, cmbolTcd and elegantly flowered. Mull, one of the. Hebrides, is twenty-four miles long, and in fomc places almofl as broad. It coni.^ins two parilh churchcj, and a callle, called Duert, which is the chief j^lace in the ifland. The other priucipul vellern illands are Lewis, or Harris, both which forn one illand, \\ hich belongs to the fhire of Rofs, and is 100 miles in length, and thirteen or fourteen in breadth ; its chief town is Stornvay. Sky, belonging to the (liire of Inverncfs, is forty miles long, and thirty broad in fum^ places ; fr^ittul, and well peopled BuiE, about ten miles long, and three or four «hfa, of Hi prince rf j royal burgh; and the iiUi, I "I Bute. broad, is fainotis for containing the callle of Ro which cave the title of duke to the eUlcIl funs of 7' kinirs of Scotland ; as it now does to iIr pnnr/! Wales. RoTiiSAY is likcwifc a of Bute and Arrnn form the mire Ila and Jura are part of Argvltihirc, and con,,,. together 370 fqiiarc miles, but they have in thim iw retriarkable towns. North Ulst contains an excellent harbour, caiy Lochmaddy, famous for herring- lilhing. Many other of the Hebrides illands are of final! j^ portancc cither to the public or the propricitin, thounb I by the very improvcable filhcries upon their coa(ls,i|J not unlikely they may in future times be of grcji'con. fcqiience to both. JdNA was once famous for being the feat and fane I tuary of ancient leaning, and the biirying.placc of many kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway. St. Kilda, or Hipr, is the reinoicll of a||tlie| north-well illands, and very ditficult of acccfs: itcon-l tains about thirty-five families. The inhabitants of Shetland were originally emi. grants from Norway, to which for many ycarsiliev| paid a tribute called Schet, from whence their nciJ fettlcmcnt derived the name of Schctland. Rut f„iiK| centuries ago thefe illands were ceded to the knmotj Scotland, for a valuable conddcration, and have nctl fince been annexed to the Scottilh crown, ami, wnhrij illes of Orkney, form a (hire The Shetlanders ar; in general fimple, honeft, religious, hofpiialilc, hii.j mane, and commonly live to a great age. Thnfeuhi)! pollbfs ellates, are of Scotch cxtra^;tion, and li\c in I as great eltgince as the gentry ol ihar kingj,.m: biit| the poorer fort of people fiiblill chielly upwi f which fiipplies them with light as well .is bod ; they make an oil of it, which they burn in lampij during the continuance of their long winter; wkn, having no wo(xl, they make fires of turf, peat, and heath. Their common drink is hiitter-milk mixed I with water and whey ; which laitfr, by a'.pcculiul method of fermentation, acrpiirt.s a viiioui'qujjitv,! when they barrel it for ufe. [ The people who inhabit the lefTer ifles fiiblill upon I the eggs and f elh of fea-fowl, the firll of which ihtyl obtain at the imminent hazard of their lives, cliinbingl up the rocks to the nells, or being lowered duwntol them by ropes, over dreailfiil precipices. Thefo illanders, in general, enjoy an excellent ftate of hcaiili, and, when attacked by any difeafe, ftiiium employ ij phylician. They aie fubjic'l to the iVuny. whicM they cure vith the cochlcaria or fiiirvy-gral\, and! their fovcreign remedy for the jaundice is powder of| fnail-lhells. [ .The inhabitants of the Hebridirs are dcfccndcd from j the fame ancellors with thofe who live in the fligli- lands of Scotland, to whofe ciilbiiis they tntirtlyj conform; but are much more limplc a-nd indultrious, | Tkyj RAPHY. 1' I 'iiiifc.. r SCOTLAND. 567 ■mi ll I II TITTM >e cadlc of Rothf,, :hc cklcll fon« of ,|;j Jcs to tilt prince )| I iireh; andthciiUmlJ )t Uiitc. j^lclhire, and com,,,, 1 hey have in them i» ^client harbour, calltd lihing. inds arc of final! im. e proprietors, thoiiiih, ipon their coalls,ii„ mcs be of great con- ing the feat and fane. the biirying-placc uf| and Norway. ! reinotclt of 9II the I lilt of accefs; it con. I were originally cmi. for many years thty m whence their nciJ chetland. Bm fi.mc] ceded to the kiii^ofl iration, ami havcncd H crown, ami, will) r'i The Shctlaniiers ar; 1 ^'ioiis, hofpiialile, hii.l reat age Thofcwhul iictioi), ami liic in that kingJ.Hii: but chielly upnn li'i, as well as food; 1 , they burn in lamps ong winter; wkii,! of turf, peat, anJ I hiitter-milk mixtdl attjir, by a'ptculiirl s a vinous quality, ifTer ifles fnb I upon! tird of which thty I their lives, climbiiigl ing lowered duwn to I precipices. Thelo| ellent ftateofhoal ufe, ftlilom employ a I to the fciirvy, which j or fcnivy-grafs, and I aiiniiice ii ponder o(| ?s are defccmlcd froml vho live in the High-j iiltoiiis ihey entirely j mplca-ndindiiliriiius.! They I |ll,„ are in i;eiKMl Hiong, vigorous and healthy. hh iDCii "'■'■■ '"'"' "^ tobacco to exccfs, and ni.iLc 'I'lif j( in all the diflVrcnt way» of chewing, I'lnoak- and fmirt'. They (oinetimcs cat tlilli, but their "^'ifnminon lotM cotilill* of oalrncal, clucfc, butter, limit cominon Lik, and vvlu y The better I'ort of people liu: very mfflforiahly. but the poor dwell in wretched labiiis L|(()f loofeltones and mud, and thatched with Uraw. fli.. niriltions within arc no other than a kind of IThe pat""""*' Iknile. pla''*-'*^"' ^'''' *-'^y' ""* '''^'^ ''*^''" "'-■'''"^•' I |ifiii'ith«'f windows, nor any other chimney, than a II le in the centre of the roof, immediately under I hiih is » hearth nude of Hone, whereon they burn llood. p"'> "■■ ""''• Around this hearth the family Lin the 'lay <''"°' *""' '''^ *' "igbN during the winter. I.|i),jf„riher end of the fame houfc, the cattle arc lllilled, ami «''e children, calves, and pigs, frequently llrp all together ; for thefc people arc exceedingly Itiily JIkI '" ''*''* ''""'""lefs in themfelves and habi- lljiiiiiis may be imputed that inveterate itch with Ifhich they are To generally infected. The aitaclitnent Idf ihel'e illandcTs to their chieftains is remarkably lllwig. notwiihilanding great pains have been taken Ibv the legillatiirc of Great-Britain to overcome coii- Laions fii dangerous to government. Both fexes arc Incccdingly fund of dancing to their own mulic, and Ike men arc very expert and agile in all the excrcifcs of With regard to that remarkable mantology, or gift Iff pruphecy, which diftinguifhes the inhabitants of the IHibtiiles under the name of fecond fight, we (lull itiiiier undertake to difprovc, nor can wc readily liliiiit the reality of the inllances produced on the fub- Xhougli the adepts in thele vilions pretend that Lv have certain revelations, or rather piefentations, Itiiiier really or typiially, which fwiin before their eyes. Id certain events that are to happen in the compafs 1( nventy-foiir or forty-eight liours ; yet it does not Lpr, from the belt inloriiution, that any two of Life adepts agree as to the manner and forms of thofe rtvelatiDiis, or that they have any fixed method for Jiiiarpreling their typical appearances. The truth litems to be, that thole illaiulers, by indulging tlictn- i!vcs ill lazy habits, aciiuire vilionary ideas, and over- |h(at their imaginations, till they are prefented with jfc phantalnis which they millake (or fatidical or Ipitiphctic manifcliations. They inllantly begin to Ipronhefy ; and it would be abl'urd to fuppofi-, tliat laaiiJll many thoufainls of pitdic'Uons, ftmie did nut happen to be liilliiled ; aiul ilulV, beiiiy well anilkd, {Ik- a I'aiu^lion to tlu: wliolc. In llioit, the i.iliacy of Ithele pre'cmlcd piophccies has been fu often iLinoii- Itlrauil, that ihcy are at prcicnt lidiculed by nuny of Itht ciu.'.inon people. The illands nf Oikiicy, wliiih were originally peopled from Norwjy, were formerly fomctimes fub- Ijtct to the Norwegians, and at others to the Scots, Iju.t auhe chance of war dctcriitined ; but at Icngtli thiy were entirely ceded to Alexander, king of Scot" land, by MagikUs, king of Norway, for the fuin o^ 4Cao marks Tierling, aitd an annual acknowledgment of too more. The gcnteelcr fort of people in thcfc inand,s artf exceedingly polite, hofpit.ible, frugal, fat;acious, tu- cumfpecf, and religious; conforming themfelves en- tirely to the tnunuers of the Scots, fioiii whom they arc III general defcended. The common people, par- ticularly the mariners, are bold, aiilive, dextrotiy, hardy, and inured to fatituc even from their infancy. They arc exceedingly adventurous, both in fifhing, and in climbing the rocks for the eg»s and down ot fea-ibwi. Their common food is lalltilh, which fubjcdls them to feverc attacks of the fcurvy. In mull diforders they make ufc of plants, but being ex- ceedingly fuperditioiis, they put great faith in charnn and amulets. Thefc people, like the Shctlander.i, arc remarkable for longevity. The poiiulation of thcfe three divlfions of illands cannot be given with certainty. They are rcprellnted by credible hillorians as having been much bi.tter peopled about 400 years ago, than they are at prel'cnt t for the Hebrides themfelves were often known to fend iQ.ooo fighting men into the field, without prejudice to their agriculture : it is faid, their numbers do not now exceed 48,000. The religion profelFed in the Hebrides is chiefly Prefbytcrian, as cllablillied in the church of Scotland ; but I'opery and ignorance (lill prevail among fomc of the iilaiiders ; whiKl they arc extremely additSled to fuperlfitious practices and cuf- toms. 'rhc language of the inhabitants of the He- brides fcems to De a coinpound of the Danilh, Nor- >vegian, and that of other northern people, but in no degree approaches to the purity of the Celtic, com- monly called Erfc, which has been the received, though erroneous opinion, of many learned men. Iron, tin, lead, and filver inincs ; marl, ilate, frec- flonc, and even quarries of marble, have been fcund upon thele illands ; alfo talc, cryllals, and numbcri of curious pebbles ; and they are not dcftitute of fine frell) water, nor of lakes and rivulets that abound with excellent trout. The prefcnt face of the foil is bare, and unornamented with trees, except a few that are reared in gardens; but experience daily (hews, that, if the foil of the northern and weflern illands was, till of late barren, cold, and uncomfortable, it muff have been ov\'ing to its want of improvement by cultivation ; for Inch fpofs as are now cultivatid, produce corn, vi-gctables, and garden -ftulf, more than Aiflicii-nt f>'r the inhabitants; and even fruit-trees are now iironght to niaiiiniy. Many of thefc illands have b-jen the li.ibitations of the Druids, whofs temples arc itiH villble in moll of them ; and thofe temples were fur- rounded with groves, though little or no timber noY grows ill the neighbourhood. The Humps of (oniiei lues however, are difcerniblc, as arc many vc!HgL's oi graJideur, even lincc the admillion of the Chrittiao religion ; 568 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. religion ; which prove the decreafe of th^ riches, power, and population of ihe inhabitants. The trade and commodities of thcfe iflands are in their infamy. Their llaple commodities confilt ot fiflj, efpecially herrings, which are the bell in the world, and, when properly cured, are fuperior even to thoL of the Dutch. They carry on likewifc a con- fjderablc trade in down and feathers ; and their wool, which they manufafture into coarfe cloths, ftockings, and a variegated ilurf" called tartan, and the linen nianufadiires, make no fmall progrcfs in thefe iflands. 'J'hcy carry their black cattle alive to the adjacent parts of Scotlar J, where they arc difpofed of in fale or barter, as are large quantities of their miittoji, which they fait in the hide. From the Orkneys, they annually export, befides cattle, Ikins of feals, otters, lambs, and rabbits ; alfo corn, butter, tallow, fait, down, feathers, writing quills, and hams; to which we may add, wool and IlufFs, the only manufadure they have. Moil of the birds and fillies coinmon to the northern countries are to be found h^re ; belides which, here is a fpecies of falcon or hawk, of a more docile nature than any that are to be found clfewhere. The Shet- land illands are famous for a fmall breed of horfes, which are exceedingly adive, ilrong, and hardy, and frequently feen in the llrects of London, yoked to the fplcndid carriages of the curious or wealthy. The Orkneys bear plentiful crops of barley, and oats will come to pcrftdion. In thefe iflands are alfo, befides a great variety of cattle, all kinds of domeltic animals, anil poultry. Plenty of red deer, partridges, growfe, heath-cock, and plover, are found on the heaths and commons ; and the waters abound in duck, teal, and widgeon. 'I"he fea, belides whales, feals, and otters, furnilhes the inhabitants with cod, ling, ttitk, herrings, crabs, oyflers, remarkable large mufcles and cockles. The racks are covered with eagles, hauks, kites, wild gcefe, folan gecfe, barnacles, lipes, and other fpecies of wild fowl. The artificial curiofities confifl chiefly in the remains of Druidical monuments, ancient i .llles, and chinxhes. The firrt are fom.l in many of the iflands; but the moft remarkable is fmiated near the village of Claf- firnifs in the illund rf Lewis. This monument con- fills of thirty pytamidical Hones (landing upright, about (ix or feveii ket high above the fin face of tlie ground ; forming a kind of avenue eight feet w ide, leading to a f'rcle of twelve iloncs of the fame dimeniions, and one in the centre. 'I'he central Hone is thirteen feet high, and lliaped like the riiddi r of a fliip. (3n the tall, fuuth, and well (ii.li.-s ot' this circle, aie four (tones fimUar to ihofe which tcnnpc'fc the circle ami avenue, firming three right lines, or rays, ilfuing from the body ol the circle. This is fupjiofed to have been a Diuid temple, .-\iid the iiihabi'anis have a tradition that the thief Druid (lood by the large Hone in the centre, and fiaiangucd the audience. 2 • The ancient fortifications are principally tliofe ■> a by the Danes, and confift of watch-towers b' and a great number of caves, or caverns,' j-"^°"-J which are capacious, and almolt impregnable. """^ A great variety of ecclefiaftical antiquities, "conm of the ruins of churches, convents, and other ftrufl' dedicated to religion, are found in many of Trii iflands ; but the mod remarkable arc thofe on Iq J St. Columb-kill. According to ancient traditio^'d Columba firft landed in this illand from Ireland j after converting the Pifts by his preachin-* the Crh tian religion, the king beftowed this illand on hi J as a mark of his gratitude for the eminent fervice hi had done his country. But however that be it J certain that he ereded in that ifland two church ! and two monafteries, and inlUtuted a feminary whfhi foon became famous for learning and fanftitv, u the remains of a icient literature were cultivated a'" prefcrved, when it 'Vas almoH obliterated in other paL of Europe, by a deluge of ignorance and fiiperftiiioj bigotry. Thefe foundations were richly endowed [ the kings of Scotland, and lords of the ides- Uj became the relidence of the bifliop of the ilk's.anjj on account of its Aippofed fandlity, was cliolen the burial place for' kings, heroes, and ccclelialtiaa perfons. The church of St. Mary is built in the form of i crofs, and in the Gothic (tyle of architedlure. QiJ each (ide of the choir arc two chapels, adorned an entrance with large pillars carved in bali'o-relicvojj the (teeple, doors, and windows, are decorated witlJ curious fretwork : the altar is large, magni(icent, anJ coinpofcd of fine poli(hed marble. Several abbots ard interred within the church, and among thelc, Mac] Ilikenich, whofe flatiie of black marble, asbiga.sty life, is placed over his tomb, in an epifcopal haiirl with his mitre and crofier. Behind the church ard the ruins of a cloifter, library, and hall. Atthewei end of the church is a fmall cell, where we Imd tJ tomb of St. Columba, but without any infcriniiofiJ Near it (lands the crofs ov St. Martin, aneniircpicca of porpliyry, eight feet high, placed on a pedellal, anl exhibiting on the eaft fide the figure of a tree, anl on the wed a large crucifix. On the fonth iide ol the chii/ch of St. Ouran is the ccmctry, where tW kings and chieftains lie buried under (hrii,cs. Here are three vaults ditlinguilhcd by infcriptimis, now noil legible. In that on the right hand, four kings oi Iieland lie interred: in that on the left, eight Ungl of Norway ; and in the middlemoH, foriy-ciglit kingij of Scotland. r In a gloomy v.nlley belonging to I fjy, one nfihd weHern iflands, is a kind of hcriniiagc, ciitnntofaf H 1 hardly to, m ail idea moro magnificent than fuch a fjiacc, fujpoficd on each fide by riinges of columns, and roofed liy the bottoms of thofe which have becr> bi*i»ken off in order to form it; between the angles of which, a yellow ftalagmitio matter has exuded, which C\:ms to define the angles precifely, and at the fame time vary the colour, with a great deal of elegance ; and, to render it ftill more agreeable, the whole is lighted from without ; fo that the furtheft extremity is very plainly feen from without, and the air within being agitated by the flux and reflux of the tide, is pcrfcdiiy dry and wholefome, free entirely from the damp of vapours with which natural caverns generally abound." The length of this wonderful cave, from the arch without, is 371 feet; from the pitch of the arch, 250 ; breadth at the mouth, 53 ; height of the arch at the mouth 117; at the end, 70; height of an outfide pillar, 39 ; of one at the N. W. corner, ,54 ; depth of the Water at the mouth, 18 ; at the bottom, nine feet. On the weft fide of the ifland of Pabbay, a ftrcam running down the face of a rock petrifies into a white hard fubftance, .of which the natives make ex- cellent lime. For an accouitt of learning, learned men, and hiftory, the reader is referred to the enfuing defcription of Scotland. . . C H A P. IX. SCOTLAND. ; Situation, Boundaries, Divijiont, Climate, Ri-oers, (Je, Product,, Population, Inhabitants, Cujioms, Cities, Fijh- tries, (Je. SCOTLAND, or North Britain, is firuatci between 54 and 59 deg. of north lat. and between I and 6 deg. of weft long. It is about 300 miles in length, 150 in breadth, and contains an area of 27,79.4^ fquare miles; being bounded on the north by the Dfeu- Caledonian Ocean, on the foiith by England, on the eaft by the German Ocean, and on the weit by the Irifli. Sea. This country is termed, by the Italians, Scotra; by the Spahiards, Efcotia ; by the French, Efcofle » and Scotland, by the Scots, Germans, and Englifh. The word Scot is a corruption of Scuyth, or Scy- thian, the Scots having defcended from the inhabi- tants of that immenfe country called Scythia by the ancients. Scotland is divided into two parts, fcparatcd by the Frith of Forth ; Edinburgh is the capital of the foiithera divilion, and Aberdeen the chief town of the northern. The northern contains fifteen counties, and the foiith* ern eighteen, and thefe counties arc lubdividtd as follow : 7 E » SaiiESi 1 ■ ImH iHJ^H 'H ImH ^Hl^^H i^ii mh|^ H^Hn 1 H MB (' i'JI ; \\ ' ^ hi M.i > t $70 A NEW AND C0M7l'£TE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ShIK£S. 1. Edinburgh ..,.. a. Ha(ldi"j"-'i 3. Merfe, anciently Berwick 4 SHERiFFooMs&othcr Subdivisions. Chibf Towns. Mid-Lothian | E'lj^bu^hj; Muffelburgh, Leith. ,„J Eaft-J.othian Tiie Merches and B?!!:;: 5- b. f Lauderdule orough / '^'j;;;''*^'^' ^'"^^'^''^^' ^^'^^^^' '""^ E"f- 1 Jerfburgh Svlkirk Ettrick Forcft SeH;irk. Roxbc Dunbar, Haddington, Berwick. Dtinfe and Lauder. Kclfo, am »n(i Norihl Peebles 'i .veedale ,.. Peebles. 7. Lanerk Clydefdale { ^'.'hfHen""""*""' ^'"'*' ''^ ^^ 8. Dumfries Nithfdale, Annandale Dumtries, Annan. 9. Wigtown Galloway, W. Part Wigtown, Stranraer, and WhitchotJ 10. Kirkcudbright Galloway, E. Part Kirkcudbright. I A- Kyle, Carrick. and Cunningham { ^•£«^a;l:r„n;t^^^^^^^ Dumbarton Lenox Dumbarton. Caithnefs 1 Bute, Arran, Caithnefs Rothfay, Wick, Thurfo. Renfrew Renfrew..... /Renfrew, Paifley, Greenock, and Port.| Stirling Stirling Stirling and Falkirk. Linlithgow Weft-Lothian f Linlithgow BUrroughftonnefs, d| * \ Queen s- Ferry, f Argyle, Cowval, Knapdale, Kintire, and"l ,T>-"AV,^i- J Lorn, with part ot the W. Ifles, par I lnverary,DunftafFnage,Killenmor,aiidl 10. /\rgyie < ,ij.„,3^|y ifla, Jura. Mull, Wift, IV f Campbel-Town. | y.j '. I. riff, Col, and Lifmorc.... *• t f Athol. Gowrv, Breadalbane, Monteith," Perth II. 12. 14. 16. »7- >9 20. 21, C Aberdeen •I^k'*- \ bogie 22. 23- 26. e8. 3a. 32. 33- Nairne, and Cromarty S.rathern,Stort»ount.Glen(heild.and y"J^' f"""' Dumblain. BUir, airf| Raynork J "'"^^^^'^• Kincardin Mearns Bervie, Stonhive, and Kincardin, n • /- • • J c. .u rOld Aberdeen, New Aberdeen, Fn. Buchan, Gar.och, and Strath-J „,hurgh. Peterhead. Kintore"stS ^ bogie, inverary, and OldMeldnira,! Inverncfs / Aird, Strathglafs, Sky, Harris, Bade-/ InverntTs, Inverlochy, FortAuguiloi)] ^^ noch, Locnaber, and Glcnmorifon . . ^ and Bofbaw. 'v:"'f^^i > Weftern Part of Murray and Cromarty Nairne, Cromarty. f St. Andrew's, Cowper, Falkland,Kiil[-| PC -p./. J aldy, Innerkythen, Ely, Burnt. *^"^ *^"^ S in^nd, Dumfermlinc. Dyfart, An. (Iruther, and Abcrdour. E- r T- f » / Montrofe, Forfar, Dundee, Arbroalli ^°'^^' Forfar, Angus | BkMh. fBamff, Strathdovern, Pcyne, Eury,'1 Bamff < Balveny, Stfathawin, and part of VBamfFand Cullen. I, Buchan - J Sutherland Strathnaver and Sutherland Strathy and Dornock. Clacmannan, and 1 mr fCulrofs, Clacmannan, Alloa, and KinJ Kinrofs }'— ^'fe part | ^^^^^ r Eafter and Wcftcr Rofs, Ifle of Lewis,"! n r J Lochbroom, Lochcarren, Ardmean- I Tainc, Dingwall, Fortrofe, Rofamai«j ivois. < ^^^^ Redcaftle, Ferrintofh, Strath- T kie, and New Kclfo. ■'' L peffer, and Ferrindonald J Elgin Murray and Strathfpcy Elgin and Forres. Orkney Ides of Orkney and Shetland Kirkwall, Skalloway. a AmountmfJ lEullOPE •;i S C O.T LA N D. 57< jn^Lanerk, andRiul aer, and WhitehornJ lutublain, Blair, udl Amouniingi in all, to thirty-three fliires, which Ichoof'' reprefentitives to fit in the parliament ot Icitat-Britain : Bute and Caithnefs, Nairne and Cro- lr«?'Vi Clackmannan and Kinrofs, choofe alternately. I jume iTKxlern writers, with ief' geograpliical accu- Ljy, divided Scotland into Highlands and Lowlands ; Inn account of the diftercnt habits, manners, and ciif- ItMs, of the inhabitants of each ; but the divifion above 1; en«as the ancient national one. • Each of the fifteen royal boroughs choofesone r. ,yre- Ipnutivf- Thefe are, t. Ediitbiirgh; 2. Kirkwall, Vick, Dorr"Hk, Dingwall, and Tayne ; 3. Fortrofc, llniernefs, Nairne, and Forres; 4. Elgin, CuUen, Jimff, liiverary, and Kin tore ; 5. Aberdeen, Bcrvie, Hontrofe, Aberbrothe, and Brechin ; 6. Forfar, Perth, hindee, Cowper, and St. Andrew's; 7. Crail, Kil- ttnw, Anflriither Ea(f and Weft, and Piittnweem ; r)yfart, Kirkaldy, Kingliorn, and Burnt-lfland ; , innerkythcn, Dumfennline, Qiieen's-Ferry, Cul- itfs, and Stirling ; 10. Glafgow, Renfrew, Ruther- Itltn, and Dumbarton; 11. Haddington, Dunbar, liotth Berwick, Lauder, and Jedburgh; 12. Selkirk, PeEbb, Linlithgow, and- Lanerk ; 13. Dunnfries, Sincjiiebar, Annan, Lochmaben, and Kirkcudbright ; f^. Wigtown, New Galloway, Stranraer, and White- lorn; 15. Air, Irvin, Rothfay, CampbeUTown, and Inverary. The parliament of Great-Britaio, in 1775, appointed iitfollowing proportion of militia lo be raifed in eac h lire, VIZ. Edinburgh 429; Haddington 121; Merfe 114; Roxboroiigh .'65; Selkirk ig ; Peebles 42; ^nerk 388; Dumfries 188; Wigtown 190; Kirk- idbnght 100; Air 280; Dumbarton 66; Bute 34; Caithnefs 105; Rrnfrcw ip6; Stirling 76; Linlith- W80; Argyle 314; Perth 570; Kincardine 109; :rdeeii55j; Invernefs 282 ; Nairne 27 ; Cromarty 1^; Fife 387; Forfar 3''.6 ; I3amfF 182; Sutherland a; Clacmannaii 31 ; Kinrofs 23 ; Rofs 20i ; Elgin Lji Orkney 183: making, in the whole, 5978. ' The air of^ Scotland is more ttmperate than could be ftjiefled in fo northerly a climate This arifes partly torn the variety of its hills, vallics, rivers, and lakes; lutliiil more, as in England, from the vicinity of the Ml which aifords thod- warm breezes that not only fctien the natural keenncfs of the air, but, by keeping p perpetual agitation, render it pure and healthful, M prevent thofe epidemical dillempers which prevail "thcr countries. In the northern parts, day-light, at fe'-ntr, lafts eighteen hours and five minutes ; Ntheday and night in winter are in the fame p.opor- P"!' The foil in Scotland varies, as it commonly does "tvery other country ; liic Lowlands are rich, and Wy want proper culture to pioduce good crops of ptand other grain ; but the finer particles of earth, mmly worked down from the mountains, and dc- fiwin the vallies, afford ihcm a vegetative nouiith- N capable of carrying the ftrongeft plants to pertec- i ilwngh many vegetables antl honulan produc- tions do not come fo foon to perfc£lion here as in Eng" land. The water naturally depends on the cjuality o the foil over which it pafies ; but it is for the moll par very falutary ; and, of late years, fome mineral fprings have been difcovered in this country. The Uplands yield excellent pafture, but there arc in them extenl'ivu trails of barren heath. Scotland, though it enjoys many large and long tradli of ground, fit for all the piirpofes of agriculture, is in general very mountainous ; from ead to wed it is di- vided by a chain of thcfe, known by the name of Grants-Bain, or the Grampian-Hills ; and there is ano- ther chain called Pentland-FLills, which run through Lothian, and join the mountains of Tweedale. A third dilfinguifhed by the name of Lammer-Muir, ri- fing near the eaftern coaft, runs wcdward through the Merfe; and, befides thefe, there are a prodigious num- ber of detached hills and mountains, remarkable for their ftupendous height and declivity. This country abounds with rivers, lakes, rivultts, and fountains ; the names of the principal rivers are the Tweed, the Forth, the Clyde, the Fay, and tha Spey. The Tweed takes its rife on th= borders of Annandale, which ferves as a bound.iry between Scot- land and England ; and, after a ferpentine courfc of great length, difcharges itfelf into the fea at Berwick. The Forth rifes in Monteith, near Callcndar, pa'les by Stirling, and, after a coiufe of twenty five leagues, runs into the arm of the fea called the Frith of Forth,, which divides the coall of Lothian from Fife. The Clyde takes its rife from Errick-Hill, in the fliiie of Lanerk, traverfes the fhirc of Clyflefdale, wafhes the city of Glafgow, widens in its palT.ige to the caflic of Dumbarton, and forms the Frith of Clyde adjoiiiing to the Irifli lea. The 'Fay derives its fource from Loeh- Tay in Breailalhane, and, after a foutli-call courfe, dif- charges itfelf into the fea below Dundee. The Spey iifues from a lake of the fame name in Badenoch, and, running a north-eafterly courfc, falls into the German Ocean near Aberdour. Befides thefe capital 'ivcrs, there are a ni.iT;ber of fmaller flreams, that arc very deep, and contribute greatly to the beauty and advantage of the kingdom. The lakes in Scotland are almoft innumerable, the inhabitants fometimes giving the name of lake, or loch, to an arm of the fea; which is 'l.ecafe of Loch Fyn, famous for its excellent herrings, it being fixty miles long and four broad. Loch An, Loch Lomond, and Loch Tay, prefent us with the moll beautiful fcenes, and their banks, like thofe of many others, are ndonied with woods. Near ]>oc):nefs, on the top of a hill, two miles in perpendicular height, is n lake ot froth water, about 180 feet in length, unt.ahoinahic, anil rwnarkable for never having been known to freeze; whereas Loch Anwyn, or Green Lake, vvhi 1\ is not above feventeeii miles didant from it, is perpetually covered with ice. The Loch of Spinic, near ilgln, is frccjuentcd by laig? flights of fwans and cygnets, which arc fometimes fii 672 fc — ■:■ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ■ T niiintTous as to caiifc a fudJcn darkncfs in the air. Their londiiefs for this f|joi is, with great appearance orrcafoii, attributed to their feeding on tiie plant Olo- rina, wiiich grows in this lake, and rifcs above tlie water with a long (haight llalk, bearing a cinder of feeds at the top. The coalts of Scotland are, in many parts, indented wiiii large, bojil, and navigable bays, or arms of the Tea ; ai the bay of Glcnincc and Wigtown-Hay ; alfo the tiolway Bay oi Frith, whic. fcparatcs S.;otland from England, on the wed ; the I'Vith of foith, Mur- Tixy, Cromarty, Dornock, &c. There is great reaf(»,:i to believe that Scotland was for- merly over-run with timber j for, in every part of it, large trees are frequently dug up, and great logs of wood are found in the ikcpcll moraHes, as w as hu- man bodies; ' ' which it appears, that tin., itrt being impregnated with turpentine, have a p ,. quality. Very litib tin.iber grows in their forelts \C:V''k pines. The Scots o.ik, which grows in the High; IS cdcemcd very good ; imt its dillance from any vvavci- carriagc, renders that valuable article of very little be- nefit either to the nation or the owners. Fir-trees grow in great perfeillion alaiod all over Scotland, and form beautiliil plantations. By the fmall pieces of folid gold wHich are often fo\iiul in brooks alter a great torrent, we aic induced t.) believe the accoimis wliich hidorians give us of the gold mines in Scotland. At the nuptials of James V. with a daughter of J'^ranc.?, covered ililhes filled with coins of S:ots gold, were p>jefcnted to the guells by way of dcfert : and, in the time of that monarch, the mines of Ciawfurd-Moor were worked by Gerinans, under t!ic ilirci'lion of one Cornelius, their chief. But the civil w.jrs, which happened in the reign of Mary, queen of S;ois, obliged thcfe people to abandon their works, whi. h have nuvcr lince been refumcd. The lead mines in Scotland, of which there arc fe- veral, produce great quantities of iilver: fome copper mines have been difcovered near Kdinburgh; and no country boads of greater plenty of iron ore, both in mines ami doncs. The cad, we(t, and northern parts of the country produce exceeding good coal, of wliich large quantities are cxpuricd : ami, where there is a deficiency of this firing, the inhabitants fiipply its place by burning turf and peat. In many parts, however, they arc redticed to the greared diftrefs lor fuel, being obliged to burn cow-dung, which they carefully dry aiul depofit for that purp )fe. Lime- done and free-flone are found here in great plenty, which, added to the exceeding low price ol labour, enables the people to ereft very elegant hijufes. Aluin mines have been difcovered lately in U.iinfflhire. In many part"; of ScoUand are found variegated peb- bles, cryda!, and fevcr^l other tratifjjarcnt (tones, which, when poll iliul, are proper for feals.fnurt' boxes, ear- rings, ■duA older toys ; an! in Lanerkfhire, orClydefdale, large ^icLCS of ia^iis lazuli are fici^uently dug up. The country abounds in flint, talc, fca-(hells, full^^ and potters-day Here are vail numbers of fnuH n of a particular fpecics, which the inhabitants call"'!! arrow heads, and to which they are Ihidiotis toafl' fupernaiural origin and ufe, and, at this period f difficult to deteriTiine what they originally were', hi the moll natural fuppolition is, that they arc thefl J heads of the arrows, ufed by the Caledoniaas and J cicnt Scots. '* Various improvements in hnfbandry, havebtenlitl made in Scotland; fo that the Lowlands produce' riety of grain, fruits, and herbs, viz. wheat, ouh oats, rye, flax, hcinp, and hay ; apples, pears, clierrii "hims, llrawbcrries, radjerries, goofeberrics, and cm •ans; peaches, nedlarines, apricots, ami, fomeiin • ven |.,rapcs, are brought to perfieftion here, though foear'.y as in England; all forts of kitchen roots fi I 's, and greens, particularly the Scots kail, or col \, .t. The trees and (hrubs natural to this counti art. ■ oak, fir, birch, poplar, alder, willow, cjdi hazlt, / iountain-a(h, crab tiec, j,uniper, liavvthot floe, and dog-rofe. The heaths are covered withfurn broom, fern, the bramble-berry, cianbcrry, wildftiai berries, and the niyrtillis, the fruit of which is callJ bilberries. The (ea-coad produces a variety of m plants, particularly the alga-marina, ditife, or which is a mod wholefome nutritive weed. Salmon, trout, jack, and eels, are found in plenty in the rivers in Scotland; and the fea fuppljl them with every fpecies of falt-water filh. Ollii years, focielies have been erected for the improvtrntJ of fiiheries in that nation, and they are at prey brought to fuch a degree of perfedlion as falls very liitlj fliort of tJie Dutch tnemfelves : their falmon, inputi cular, is of infinite advantage to them, as they can cuif it, and fend it much earlier to the Levant andfouihcii markets than the Englilh or Iri(hcan,.andconre(jueDtl] find a quicker fale for it. We fliall give a more pailif cular account of thefe fiiheries under a proper head, There arc no animals in Scotland which are mitll be found in England. The Highlands axe wellOockcj with red deer and roe-bucks, but their flefh is not com parable to Englilh venifon ; they have alfo hares, iibj bits, foxes, wild cats, and badgers; and the hills il general are covered with black cattle and (hcep. Pienij of game i.i 4ikewife found there, particularly growll and hcathcock, which is a mod delicious l.M. Tw| remarkable birds, called the capperkaily .md tletj'r can, are inhabitants of the Highlands. The ca iperbilj is about the fi'/.e of a turkey, and eilecmcd a ^rcat dtlj cac\. The tarinacan is a iptcics of phcafant, anJteeil upo'n the tender tops of the lir and pine braiichci, fron whicii il-.j fijih contracts a t'irpi.iuiue flavuui, vtiy agree able both to the palate and itomach. The hories in Scotland are exceedingly fmall. Foil merly their kings and i.ubiiity endtavouicJ, by bpoil i I '.g a larger fpecies. of that iit-tul xiimal, tonKiiiiihr breed J but they were found, i-y repeated tiiils, to M hcRt'PE-] S C O T I, A N D. &73 eilecme(la^,rcat(ltlj {both in fize and fpiiit. Th'- Lowlandcrs, at this maice ul'c of a breed wMvii came originally from Nj computation has ever been made of the number of ubiiaiits ill Scotland that can be depended ujwn. It is »rjlly laid that they amount to a million and a half j Jtthireis great reafon to think they ai-p far more nu- !L)us. By tlie records of the army, the only ones that rZfent bear the leaft appearance of probability, the Lf of loldiers furniflied by Scotland in the American ifcre 80,000 men, and, confidering the number of grants which daily leave that nation, we may from ie Kafonably conclude, that the inhabitants mud ally exceed the numoer afcertained'; abov? 60,000 ttebecn raifcd in the iflands and Highlands j fo that it ipiobable they amount to near two millions and a half. [Scots are in general brave, but pa/fionate and vin- jfe; but, at the (ame time, fober, indudrious, cir- jSxSt, and eafily conform to any llation in life. In itir perfons, the commonalty arc ulually raw-boned, Bd-fsaturcd, lank, and mufcular ; having long vifages, jrcdhair; they aredean-limbed, and can endure in- jfiblc fatigues.. Thoib in a higher fphere, both men Jwomen, are no ways inferior to their fouthern neigh- mis, but the Scots have all ope diftinguifhing feature, J. high cheek-bones. [ No people pique thcmfelves more upon defcent than jScots, and this family pride is nourilhed in them from tncration to generation. * The ridiculous family pride, which is perhaps not yet Ltirclyextinguiflicd in Scotland, was owing to the feudal iitutions which prevailed there in all their horrors of 1 and barbarity. Their family differences, efpecially Bong the Highlanders, familiarized them to blood and johter; and the death of an enemy, howfoever effefted, s always a matter of triumph. Thefe pafllons did not ilneign in the breafts of the common people, but were tthofized and cheriflied by their chieftains, many of ihomwere men who had fccn the world, were converfant (die courts of Europe, makers of polite literature, and niablc in all the duties of civil and focial life. Their kings, excepting fome of them, who wer« endowed with aordinary virtues, were confidered in little other light I commanders of their army in time of war: for, in Itiiiie of peace, their civil authority had fo little weight, liiiteyery clan or family, even in the moft civilized parts [Scotland, looked upon its own chieftain as the Ibve- Kign, Thefe ideas were confirmed even by the laws, liAich gave thole petty tyrants a power of life and death injioii their own eltates ; and execution generally followed linfour-and-twenty hours after the party was apprehended. iThe pride which thofe chieftains had of outvying e;'.ch lodierin the numbers of their followers, created perpetual linimofities, which fcldom or never ended without hlood- 1) fo t'lat the common people, whofe belt qualifica- jtionwas a blind devotion to the will of their mailer, and itheaggrandifement of his name, lived in a ftate of conti- liuul hoftility. The late Archibald, duke of Argyle, was the firft chieftain we have heard of, who had the patriotifm to attempt to reform his dependents, and to divert them of thole barbarous ideas. His example has been followed by others ; and it is highly probable that the Highlanders will be reconciled to all the milder habits of fociety in a very few years. For an idea of the ex- treme caution and fecrecy with which their mobs are managed, and the fidelity and attachment of the High- landers to the Stuart family, we need only refer the reader to the affair of captain Porteous in the beginning of the reign of George II. in the former cafe ; and, in the latter, to the defeat of the young pretender at Cullodeni The ertates of Scotland, like thofe of England, being generally confined to the elder branch, the younger fons arc obliged to feek that fubfirtence abroad, which the narrow bounds of their country will not afford them at home. Great numbers of them are in the land and fea fervlce, and prove an honour to both. Education being exceedingly cheap in Scotland, there are few of the inha- bitants, let their ftation be what it will, but hav<; re- ceived fome learning"; and many of them, being "i ."-nt fcholars, are thereby qualified for the different pu "jfliii of phyficians, furgeons, apothecaries, mcrchiMts, ' i fchool-maltcrs ; in which capacities they ar -her... with in rnDit parts of the globo, and, hap]i' foi them, they afliniilate with the greatcil eale and ( .«.a..m . ■ tlie manners of the people among whom they ari .ert ,. There arc many parts of Scotland where the inhabi- tants live entirely by palture, and among ": a''" found numbers who have a natural tafte for poei .t d mufic. The Scotch airs are foft, lively, and beautifully fimple. For fome time it was fuppofcd that this nation was in- debted to the famous Rizzio for a reformation in its mu- fic ; but it has long been proved that the Scotch mufic is original, and that the fincft pailfs of it wis compofed long before Riz'/.io was born. The Septs generally enjoy a great (hare of iiealth, the immediate cfl^dt of a falubrious air and temperate diet. Their common food is oatmeal, which they fometimes make into -^ kind of flummery, termed by them fowens ; milk, cheefe, and a fpecies of foup-meagre, compofed of greens, roots, oatmeal, and butter. They very feldom eat butcher's meat, but every family, in toleraMe en • cumftances, kills a cow at Martinmais, which is pickled down, as we do pork, and ufed occafionally in broth, or boiled with greens. Many of the Scots diflies arc pecu- liar to the country, viz. the haggice, which is the lights, liver, and fuetofahog, orflieep, hafhed, feafoned, and boiled in the animal's flomach, fo that, when it is ferved to table, it has the appearance of a full-blown bagpipe. The hodge-podge, a rich foup, compofed of beef, mutton, veal, lamb, and fowl, ftewed rice or barley, green peas, lettuce, cabbage, turnips, and onions: to all thefe ingredients they fometimes add alheep's head and feet, the wool of wliith is llnged off fniooth with a red-hot iron. Fifh in fauce, which is a kind of fotip made with haddocks, or other fifh, the head being ihiffcd with forced meat. Chicken broth, which is made very rich with eggs, and has the 7 F appearance g it for- ward, in pre;vjrtion as their attention increafes, fo that at lall til? whole face is concealed; perhaps to exclude every external objecl, that thcii devotion may not be interrupted. In the county of Brcadalbanc, many wear, when in full drefs, a great plaited Itocking, of an enormous length, called oflcn i but, in other rcfpe>^s, they are drcflcd like t!ie v.'oincn in England of the fame rank. The ancient arms of the Highlanders were the Lo- chabsr axe, now only ufcd by the town-guard of Edin- burgh, the broad fword, and target. With the laft they covered tlisinJ'clves, with the firil reached their enemy duftry now riling among them. 6dW8 and ml? '"j ufcd in war as late as the middle of t^c \m\ ' The dirk was a fpecics of dagger Ituck in the M^a by the ancient Caledonians. ' ^^'* The ancient (ports of the Highlanders, fucliasard hunting, fowling, and filhing, are now for the molt dilufcd. I hole retained are the throwine the n r Hone, or ilone of (hcngth, which occalions aft!! emulation who can throw a heavy flone thefutlJ 'I'hrowing the penny-flonc is fimilar to our roit 1 Ihinty, or the (triking a ball of wood,y)r of haif u game is played between two parties on a larirc turnilhcd with clubs ; whoever ftrikcs it firir,,,' own goal wins the match. The amufcmcnts bvL fire-fides were, the telling of tales, the wildeft and^ cxtravaKant imaginable. Mulic was another: inhT times, the harp, covered with leather and (iruns wire, was th<5 favourite inlfrumcnt, butishardlyk at prefciiL Bagpipes are fuppofed to have bceiiint, duced by the Danes ; the oldeft are played with mouth ; the other, played with the fingers only i, Inlh original: the firlt fuited the genius of this warfc peojjle, roufed their courage to battle, aLirmed tW when lecure, and colle^ed them when (tattered Thi inltrument is become fcarce fince the abolition of I power of the chieftains, and the more induftrious turnd the common people. Vocal mufic was greatly invw among them, and their longs were chieHy in praife' their ancient heroes. They have (tiil fragments of ijn (tory of Kingal, and others, which they fing as thei iJ along, or when employed in the field. ' Some very fingular' cuftoms attend the courtftiip o, the Highlanders. After privately obtaining the confc] of the (air, he formally demands her of her (ather. 1 lover and his friends afiemblc on a hill allotted Jortm purpoie in every parifli, and one of them is difpatchedn obtain permiffion to wait on the daui;htcr: if he isfw cefsful, he is again (ent to invite the father and hiUjicml to afcend the hill, and partake of a calk of whifki, ivliid is never forgot : the lover advances, takes hi's futm father-in-law by the hand, and, having plighted histrol the (air one is delivered up to him. During the trarriat, ceremony, great care is taken that no dogs pafs betwcei thorn, and particular attention is paid to the leaving tl«, bridegroom's (hoe without buckle o.-^ latchet, tiprevtnl witches from depriving him, on the nuptial night, ofil power of loofening the virgin zone. As a tell, no'inanjl years ago, a fingular cultom prevailed in the Wellen Idands the morning after a wedding: a bafket was fal eiied with a cord round the neck of the bridegroom, L the female part of the compan;/, wl o iinmcdiutelv fi:J it with (tones, till the poor man was in danger oi b M (trangled, if his bride did not take compalfion f M and cut the cord with a knife given htr to ufe ft m; re' tioa. But fuch had been the tenderncfs of the Ctic .1 iia «■■: Vi iBIlC't'] SCOTLAND. 57.5 fpoufes, that there never wa* an iiiKance of their liMleclingthe immediate relief of their good man. lon the (!«"'' °'* Highlander,thecorp(c being ftretched I abotrdt »"** covered with a coarfe linen wrai)pcr, the wLm lay on the brcail t)f the dcceafed a wooden difti, Ifflioinin? a fmali quantity of lalt and earth, in feparate lurcels, The earth is an emblem of the corruptible bodjr ; IStfalti an emblem of the immortal fpirit. All fire is iji,„iJj(l,cil while a corpfe is kept } and it is reckoned fo ninous (o' a dog or cat to paCs over it, that the poor uinalis killed without mercy. Another cell. mony ufed at funerals, is what they call [latewaJte- The evening after the death of any per- the relations and'fric/ids of the deceafed meet at the juif atteiiJcd by a bagpipe, or a fiddle. The ncarcft ifkin opens a melancholy ball, dancing and crying vio- /nilyatthe lame time i and this continues till day-light, feth the moll unfeemly frolics among the younger part if the company. If the curpfc remains unburied for two his ** '*'"* ^''^^ '^"^ renewed. The coranich, or ling at funerals, is ftill in ufe in fome places. The nirsire generally in favour of the deceafed, or a recital if the valiant deeds of his anceAors. Chrillianity was planted in Scotland long before Auf- nthe monk eftablilhed the pope's authority. When the Irformatioii ws fettled there by the preaching; of John »x, his brAren naturally imagined that tney (hould tceed to thcRvenues of the Romith clergy. But the jbility took cire to monopolize all the church livings, eiting very little for the miniflcrs. Since that time eir rtipcnas have been conflderably augmented. None 1 exceeds 150I. a year, but few fall Ihort of 60I. inoneof ^ol. [ihePrefbyterian government in Scotland, which took keafter the reformation of Popery, has llill continued, ibtingthe form pf ecclefiallical government molV agree- ! to the genius and inclination of the people of that B»(iom. When James VT. fuccecded to the crown of it is well known that during his reign, and «of his fuccefTors of the family ot Stuart, defigns ttt formed of altering the conllitution of our civil go- nment, aiid rendering our kings more abfolute. '1 he ibliflimtnt of epiicopacy i 1 Scotland was thought to be fpoint proper, in order tu facilitate the execution of : dcfigns, Epiicopacy was accordingly cltablilhed, dcniiunued to be the government of the church till the nfolationi when fuch dcfigns fublifting no longer, Jjvterian government was reftnred to Scotland. In 0, it was eftablillied by a<£t of parliament; and was (iwirds lecured by an exprcls article in the treaty of I between the two kingdoms of Eiiglajid and Scot- lAmong the minifters of Scotland there fubfifis a equality; that is, no niinilter, conliclcred as I individual, has an authoritative jurifdidtion over litber. Jurifdiction is eompctcnt for them only Kn they act in a colledivebody, or as a court of judi- ire, and then there is a lubordination ef one court to another, or inferior and fupcrior coiiits. 'I'iic conrts enabliflied by law are the four following, viz. ch'irrh feflions, prefbyteries, provincial fymxls, and, above all, a national or general alfembly. A church fellion ix comnofeil of the miniller of the parifh and certain difcrcct laytiien, who are tliofen and ordained for the exercife of difcipline, and are called ciders. The number of thcfe eUkrs varies according to the extent of the parilh. Two of them, togttlur with the miniller, are necellary, in order to hold a legal meeting. The miniller always prclides in thcfe meet- ings, and is called moderator ; but has no other antliority than what belongs to the prxfes of .nny other court. The clitirch fellion is appointed fur infpcc'ling tiie mo- rals of the parifhioners, and inanamng the funds appro- priated for the maintenance of the poor within their boimds. When a perfon is convided of any inllance of immoral condudl, or of what is inconlillent with the Chrillian profellion, the church ftllion inllidls foineec- clefiallical cenfure, fuch as giving him an admonition, or rebuke : or, if the crime be of a grofs and public nature, they appoint him to profefs his repentance in face of the whole congregation, in order to make fatis- fadion for the public offence. The highell degree of church cenfure is excommunication, which is feldom inflidled but for contumacy, or for fome very atrocious crime obllinately pcrfifttd in. In former times there were certain civil pains and penalties, which followed upon a fentence of excommunication ; but, by a Britifh llatnfe, thefe were happily abolilhed. The church of Scotland addrelfes its cenfiircs only to the confciences of men : and as they cannot, by the method of perfiiafion, reclaim offenders, they think it inconfiftent with the fpirit of true religion to have recoiirfe to compnlfive methods, fuch as temporal pains and penalties. Any perfon who thinks himfelf aggrieved by the church feflion, is permitted to feek redrefs, by entering an appeal to the prelbytcry, which is the next fuperior court. In like maimer he may appeal from the pref- bytery to the provincial fynod, and from the fynod to the alFcmbly, whofe fentence is final in all ecclefiaftical matters. A prcfbytery confiUs of the minifters within a certain diftritl, and alfi) of one ruling elder from each church fellion within the diftridt. In fettling the boundaries of a preftjytery, a regard was paid to the (ituation of the country. Where the country is populous and cham- paign, there are inftances of thirty ininillcrs, and as many elders, being joined in one prcfbytery. In moun- tainous countries, where travelling is more difficult, there are only fcven or eight miniilers, and in fome places fewer, in a prcfljytcry. The number of prefby- teries is computed to be about feventy. Preftjyteries review the procedure of church feffions, and judge in references and appeals that are brought be- fore them. They take trials of candidates for the mi- nillry ; and if, upon fuch trial, they find them duly qualified, they licenfc them to preach, but not to difpenfe the f l' t ■ m .' il s;*"' A NKW ANu C(»Mri,F/rE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOGRAIMIY. tilt) |jcr;iinunt.i. Snih liccnliatc.t are called probation- en. It is nut (omnuiii tor the chiird) ol ScotUnd to oidaii) ur ionlcr Imly oriiors on inch liccntiatc.i, (ill tlicy are |ir( tented to tonic vacant kirk, and thereby ac* rjoire a rij;ht to a hcncliic. It is the privilege ol prill) terics to judge their own ini'iiiiicrii, :ii U-nd in the lirlt '(illaiice. '1 hey may be judged tor lurtly, that is, tor preaching or piiblilhiiig Jodlrincs that arc contrary to the niiblic llaiidard iin- pofcd by ad ol parliament and allenibly ; or for any inDance of immoral rondinft ; prolVctitions for herety wt re formerly more frequent than they arft at prcfcnt : but happily a more liberal fpirit has gained ground ainonu; the clergy of Scotland. They think more freely than thry did ol old, and, coiifeqiicnlly, a fpirit of in- quiry and moderation Iconis to be on the growing hand i (o that prr>rccntions tor herefy are become more rare, and urc generally looked upon as invidious. Some fen- tiblc men among the clergy ot S> otiaiid look upon fub- fcriptions to certain articles and creeds of human C'.;m- fiofition as a grievance, from which they would wil- iiigly be relieved. Pretbyteries arc more feverc in their ccnfures upon tlieir members tor any indance ot immoral condudl. If the perfon be convidlcd, they fufpend him from the ex- erciie of his minillcrial otlicc for a limited timci but, if the crime be of a heinous nature, they depofe, or deprive him of his clerical chara£)er, fo that ne is no longer a miniltcr of the church of Scotland ; but for- feits his title to his bcnehce, and other privileges of the eliablidied church. Mowever, if the perfon thinks hiinfelf inj.ired by the fenteiice of the prcftytery, he may appeal to the provincial fynod, within whofc jurif- didion his prelhytcry lies ; and from the fynod he may appeal to the national ali'embly. Preniytcrics generally hold their meetings every month, except in remote countries, and have a power of adjourning themfelves to whatever time or place within their di(lri6l they may think proper. They choofc their own przfes or mode- rator, who mufl be a minitler of their own prefbytery. The ruling elders, who fit in the prefbytery, miift be changed every half year, unlefs they arc rcchofen by their refpcflive church feflions. The next fuperior courts to prefbytery arc provincial fynods ; thcfe are compofed of the feveral preibytcries within the province, and of a ruling elder from each church fclfion. The ancient diocefes of the Scottilh bifhops are, in general, the boundaries of a fynod. Moll of the fynods in Scotland meet twice every year, namely, in the months of April and Oflobcr, and at every meeting they choofc their pncfes, or moderator, who muft be a clergyman of their own number. They review the proccedingsof the preibytcries, and judge in appeals, references, and cotnplaints, brought before them from the inferior courts ; and, fhould a prefbytery be found negligent in executing any of the ecclefi^ical laws againd tticir meinbers, or any other perfon wittxin their jurifdidion, the fynod have power to call them to account, and ccnfurc them a^ they fee caufe. Thcfiiprcme court in eccleliallical matter, i. d,, ncral aiFembly, from whofe fentcnce there ii no,,, ^I'l Ai they have a powtr ot making laws and un-JS'* ccrning the dilcipline and government of thi icj '■'U'Ck, and the public fervice of religion, the king »lwjv,fc a commillioner to rcprefent hii royal perlon, ,|,j,'"' thing mav be enadcd incontillent with iht b'wsol tl (late. 'Die perfon who rc|)refent» the king is n^^'J. Come Scotch nobleman, whom hU majcfiy nommii annually fome time lu"f>rc the meeting of the aiitij and is allowed a fiiitiihlc falary for defraying ihc/' pences of this honourable office. He is prcKnui'i the meetings of thcalfembly, and at a!l thtinltb,' anddcliberuiion*. After thealleinbly isconllmitcJ prcfciits his commillion, and delivers his riRtch. A when they have tiiiifhed their biilineCs, vviiuh ili' commonly do in twelve deys, he adjourns ihcailembl! and appoints both the time and place of tlicirnextn nual mceiwic, which is generally at Edinburgh in tli month of May. The general afTembly is compofed of miniftersini ruling ciders, chofen annually from cadi prcfbyim j, Scotland. As the number of minillers ami ildcis prcfliytcry varies, fo the number of reprel-niativcs have a proportion to the number of ininiilerj and tldti that compoff .he prefbytery. This proportion istiji by laws and regulations for that pmpofe. Each royi borough, and univerfity in Scotland, has alfo ihc nn,,, lege of fending a ruling elde: to the general alli:rr,bly but all cledlions mufl be made forty days at leaitbefui the meeting. Their jurifdidlion is either coniiuiii or judicial. By the former they have the puwcr making ecclcfiaftical laws, by the latter they judge n appeals brought before them by the fubonlinatecouiti and their fentcnce is decifiveand final. Onepariid which employs a confiderablc part of their attention, the fettling of vacant parithos. The common pe( of Scotland are greatly prejudiced againll the la*! ■ patrimony. Hence, when a patron ptcfents a caiidii to a vacant parilh, the inhabitants frequently mi great oppofition to the prefentec, and appeal fromiij inferior courts to the general all'enibly. Thatbod/ii not now much difpofcd to indulge the parilhionersil their unreafonable oppofition to prefentees. On llf other hand, they are unwilling to fettle the prcfenleeii oppofition to the people, who refufe to fubmit to hi miniflry; bccaufe, in this cafe, his labour amongthn mull be ufclefs and inefFedlual. The affcmbly, tfitn fore, generally delay dieir fcntenc" till they have ufeda their endeavonrb to reconcile the parifhioners toihepi^ fcntee ; but, if their attempts prove unfucccfsful, ib< proceed to fettle the prefentee puifiiant to the a3( parliament concerning patronage. Upon the wliolf,| appears that, in the government of the church of Scol land, there is an annual reprefenlalion of the liityl well as the clergy ; a great fecurity to the formcrag; the ufurpations of the latter. The buiinefs of every mutiftcr in a parilh isi to p Ifl's""-] s r o T r, A N n. 'm ml at all their ilebiia I mrcliK"'"" w()r(lii|), anil to prtaoh to his lloik in the o( his country, every Suniiay, \\\\\ on other Ipnn f iu*lin>ry occalion.s appointeii by tlie liiiirch. Tlicy tUife examine the paniliioncrs ui.imaily. They go ,1,5 (liftlwit towns anil village* of the parilhcs; , injncalv «nil familiar manner, convcrfe with |f ' u„iheclli:ntial pomti ol religion; nuking trial their knowledge by putting miclUons to them on ^fehearfs. The adults, as well as the children, arc ttiKhifedi and the iiiinidcr endeavours, by every *„f of perfiialion, to make up quarrels that may happened among them, and reconcile th-. urn"' , , . I • .■ Afociely was incorporated by patent, in the reign ot «n Anne, lor credina fchools in North-Britain and VVeltern IlleJ ; which was afterwards cdablilhcd by S of parliament, ami a fund appropriated for carrying Meligninti) execution: his prefcnt majcdy contributes (oool. per ann. to this fund. It has, however, been iiifllioncd, whether that lettered education, which ren- ts ihe Scots refpcflable among loreigticis, and is of leutmoll ffrvice to many of the natives, may not, the whole, be of prejudice to the country, by jniributing, in fomc meafure, to deprive it of that lafsof men who are bell fitted for forming and exc- iiinc the great plans of coinmcrcc and agriculture for .^benefit of the public. The promoting a (imilar 'iiliivition is at ttfent very moderately excrci fed : fincethcRt^ hition Ihtyliave been firm adherents to civil liberty, and the loiifeof Hanover; and adlcd with remarkable intr ni- llity during the rebellion in 1745. They drefs wiiliout Klerical robes , hut fomc of them appear in the pulpit In gowns and bands, after the Geneva form. They pake no ufe of let forms in worfhip, but are not brohibiied that of the Lord's prayer. The rents of jkbilhops, fince the abolition of epifccpacy, arc paid io the king, who commonly appropriate? them to pious piirpofci. The revenue:! of the Pnlliytciian clergy liavc been much mended if late yeart, and if the prefeiit expenlive mode of living coiiiinues it? .Scotland, it is thought they will be llill more aug- mented. The fpirit of the I'rc(byteri.ins in Scotland was for- merly (it a rii;iil, intolerant, and perfecuiing nature ; but at prefcnt it is mild and geiitlr, and tlio fcrmons and oilier theological writings of many of the modern Scotch divines are equally diltingnlhed by good fenfu and moderation ; but this moderation has been too oitcn interrupted by the fanatics not only of lay fcccders but even of regular minifters. Thele arc very nu- merous in the Lowlands. They maintain their own preachers ; and though Icarccly any two congregations agree with each other either in principle or prav^lice, yet we do not know that they are difpofed to Hy in the face of flic civil power. In Ihort, on account of the great abiifes of patronajv-s, by which many parties have unworthy or iiic;ip.ible miiii;t'i^ iiiiiiDfid upon them, as is ilie c:ife in iMigland, tlu'fc fiiccellions nny be (lienitd allowed, and even jiiltitied. Learning has lloinilhiul in Scotlaml for \\oo years pad. The poems of Oflian fiilficicntly (hew that tlic iniifes were no Kiangcrs there in the nmll remote ages. St. Fatritk, the celebrated apodle of Ireland, was a native of this kingdom, which became, for fomc time, a refuge for the learned ; efpecially the little illand of Jona, called St. Coliimb-Kill. The pure Latin ilylc of Buchanan is a futficicnt proof that the iliidy of languages was cultivated in his time; and his writings are to this day the moll clallical of all modern produc- tions. But the dedrudion of theSootiilh monuments of learning and antiquities has rendered their early annals very iinperfed, and in many refpeds fabulous. Among the modern writers, wc may rank Napier of Monhidoii; the inventor of logarithms; a difcovery, which, in point of ingenuity and life, may vie with any that has been mftdc in modern times. Kcil^ in his mathematical works, to the clearnefs of his reafoning, has added the colouring of a poet. Gregory is, of all writers on adronomy, allowed to be one of the mod perfect and elegant. Maclauriii, the companion and friend of Sir ll'aac Newton, was endowed with all that precilioii and force of mind, which rendered him peculiarly fitted for bringing down the ideas of that great man to the level of ordinary capacities, and lor dirt'iiling that light through the world, which Newton had confined within the fphere of the learned. His treatife on Fluxions is regarded by the bed judges in Kiirope as the cleared account of the mod refined and fubtli: fpeculations on which the human mind ever exerted itl'elf with fuccels. Maclaurin alfo piirfned this new career, and the late Dr. Simfon was a geome- trician no lefs famous than the former, for havii:,;^ didingiiifhcd himfelf in the furc but almod defcrtcd tracl of antiquity, of which his illudration of th.i ancient geometry is a convincing prooL To ihcfj mc 7 G may 1 II { :: 11 Mi' B !t. |H , «. ' • H iifl * i ■■■ ^ " ' * i m ii '1 578 A NEW Asr, COMPLETE SYSTKM oi UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. I ir.ay aJi!, in mcili -inc ]iarti'iil;irly, tlic names o.' Pit- cairn, AiJiitliiiDt, Monro, SincllK.', Whytt, ami (Ulicrs, who (IcCcrvc a diitii gnilhcil icat among tlic liicraii of Kiiropc. The Scois liavc been e(|iialiy i'ucccfsriil in t iiltivaling thi; HlI'.c;: Lciircs. Forcigiitrs wlio inltabit warmer climates, and fiinpofc tlie northern nations incapable of tendernel's and feeling, arc alhinilhcd at the potiic genius and delicate fenlibility of Thomlun. Nor has learning declined lincc tlic death of thcfe aiitliors : Sco'land can now boaft of aiitliors, efpeciaily with ri'.; ud ti) hillorical ciuiipolition, whofe labours will be handed down to polterity with applaiifc, and lefledl hononr on their cnuntry. There are four uni\crrnic,s in Scotland, viz. St. Andrew's, founded in i.jii; Glalgow, in i.],54 ; Aberdeen, in 1477 ; and that of Edinburgh ; in each of which are a certain number of profeiliirs in various Lranches of literature, moral and natural philofophy, niathemaiics, allronomy, (iivinity, ^c. Kdinburgh, the c:ipiial of Scotland, is built on the edges and declivity of a vail floping rock, of a great height at the upper'extremity, and the lidcs declining very tall and Ucep into the plain. The view of the hoiifes at a didance (hikes the traveller with wonder j their own loitinefs added to tlieir almoll aerial fitnation, gives them an afpedl of magnificence not to be equalled in anv other part of (jreal-Hritain. Thcfe conlpicii- ous buildings, which form the upper part of the high- Jhect, are of (lone, and make a handfoine appearance: ihcy are generally fix or fevcn (lories high in front; hut, by reafon of the declivity of the hill, much higher backward ; one in particular, called Babel, has twelve or thirteen (hjries, I'lvcry lioiife has a common llair- cafc, and every flory is inhabited by a fcparatc family. The inconvenience of this particidar (trutSlnre need not be mentioned -, notwithdanding the utmod atten- tjon, in the article oi clcanlinefs, is in general obferved. The common complaint of the (Irects of Edinburgh is now removed by the vigilance of the magidrates, and their (everity againft any .hat ortend in a grofs degree; the Itreeti arc cleaned early every morning. This unfortunate fpccies of architedture owed its rile to nccclhty. 1 he turbulence of the tiir.cs in which it was in vng le, induced every perfoB to get as near as podible to the protection of the cadlc ; hence the iioufes wen crowdeil together, and, as it were, piled upon one another, merely on the principle of fecurity. '1 he liigh-drtet is, in fomc places, eighty feet broad, well paved, and extends a mile in Icngtii, from the cadlc to the palace of IIolvtood-1 loufe ; but the beauty of it was greatlv injured by Luckenbooth-Row and the guapl-houfe, \\hich Hood in the middle of it. This cuy is reckoned to contain upwards of Oo.coo ("oids. The cadlc is ancient, built on the fummit of a rock, and inacccllible on all tides except win re it joins the city. A condderable train of ariillerv is kept in this t'ortrcfs, together \\ ith a large magazine of arms and ammunition. The regalia vi Scotland arc alio d.polited iicre, tinder the tnoll folemn legal inftruments oft! ' never being removed. They p.re fully dcfcribed""' thefe writings, but never fliewii to any bodu c , .1,;^ f„-»„..r.. ;,. „ .,„,.. I :c..i .1:.. .,-,.■' .-*• rnim this fortrefs is a very beautiful, diverfiKed, and fm,,. H profpcft. On the fouth and call are the meadows public walks, Herrioi's hofpital, part of the t) °' ovcrdiadowed by the dupcndous rocks called Arthi'""] Seat and Salilbury's-Craigs, the Pentland-Hills iti few miles didance, and, at a dill greater, tliofe fl Muirfoat, whole fummits and fides are covered wV I fmooth verdant turf. On the north is a full view' f the Frith of Forth, from Queen's- Ferry to its imuih with its fouthern banks covered with towns and v'l lages, and terminated by a range of bijis bi.rderinL- In I the Highlands, at forty or fifty miles didance. The refervoir of water, brought from the Pemland Hills, for fupplying the city, is fiiuated inCadle-Sirceil and dcferves notice. It holds near 230 tons of waie ' which is conveyed to feveral conduits difpofed at prowr didances in the principal dreets. ^ ' The Parliament-Clofe is a fmall fquare fituated on I the fouth fide of the High-Street. It is a noble quadrangle, in the centre ot which is a fine equeKriaJ llatue of Charles H. The parliament-houfe is well! proportioned, and now occupied by the courts ofl juilice. Here is the advocates library, founded bySirl George Mackenzie, and now ''ontains above tliinyl thoufand volumes, befides manufciHpts. j The Exchange is a liandfomc mo'l«rn buildin", biitf of very little ufe, the merchants of Edinburgh cho'aiini; to meet and tranfad their bufinefs in the openftrcei expoled to all weathers, rather th;'.,i transfer it to the Exchange, though creeled for that verv pnrpofe. One part ot this building is the Ciidom-ilmile. The old cathedral, now called the Ntw-Churcli, is an ancient Gothic druclure, and divided into four places of worlhip: in one the loids of feiiion atteaJ] but there is no organ in this or any other of the Scoicli chiirches ; a defcdt the more furprifing, as in the Dutch] churchci, as well as in the great church of Geneva, where the fame religion is e(labli(hed, tlie pfajmod) is accompanied with an organ. [ 'Fhe palace of Holyrood-Houfc, fitu.nted at the end of Cannongate-Street, was originally an abbey, foimdtd by David I. in the year iii;8. It contains a vait number of very fine apartments ; thole calH liii;] king's arc in great diforder; the rtll are elcgaiii, aiidj occupied by feveral of the nobiliiy. The gallery u filled with colod'al portraits of the kings of Scotland down to the Revolution. The church or chapel of Holyrood-Iu';ife, a beau- tiful piece of Gothic architcdlurc, i'- now in riiins ; the roof having lallen in, by a inolt Icandalous neglcfi, notwithdanding money had been granted by the jo- vernment (or prclerving it entire;. Ileiicath liicii.iii^l lie the bodies of James II. and Jaincs V. H:iirv Darnly, and feveral other perfons of diliiniflion. IkrrLOt's-Hofpital is a tine ancient building, founded m .George Herri U that mon lo.*e. It«»s j,„(.eandeduca tfcensand trat 0onottheii rbich are well h leir fcenes ot in The college liDivcrfity. is a r la,.iesVI.and_b jgillrates, wiio| ^e^har.cellor. L the town, at perfon, except tn Sievwcarnohab profeH'ors ot ditt fciires: t'.e fch Ldical art, are kreisanexcellt little, and a mul The Royal In Uce, capable o( (0, operations is | cil room elegant. On the north f Lliich is planned I magnificent ad Itfpecially thofe in H| elegant, built |il«; inconvenience play.houfe is (itua Uie amufement laie conncfted to Ilk centre arch of The city of Ed jirbai'.iSsa dcs niially chofen fror piiy, or incorpoi lour'tcen, choofes jfoiond of the tov 'jotthcredfe in f [lilt city ws'.ch, ai ing fmall cc (ompsnies, and w Ltith, wluih r though two mile toi«n, and in a ve iioibing rtmarkal ikpler, which is w. There are fevt gfntiv in the ei Dalkeiih-Hoiife, 1 Ntwbotllc, the ft llcpton-Houl'e, I nsmc. JROPF..] SCOTLAND. 579 toree Herriot, jeweller to James VI. who fol- F? . .i:-t monarcli to London, and made a large |, J u was built by Liigo Jones, for the mainte- and education of poor children belonging to the I nsand traders of Edinburgh, and is under the Kon of the mpgilbates of that city. The gardens, ■•h hare well laid out, were formerly the refort of ■ k av and there the Scotch comic poets often laid I'ffcenes of intrigue. ■ The college, which enjoys the privileges oi an I ■crfity. is ^ '"^'''" ^l''"*^"''*^' '* ^^^^ founded by V"'* Yj' 3[,(i by hiin put under the diredion of the Urates, who have the power of chancellor and '''^' haiicellor. The ftudents, who are difpcrfed all ■*^hetown, are about llx hundred in number; no ■Son except the principal, refiding in the college : iLwear no habit, nor are they fubjcd to any regula- I 's sj in other univerfuies. There are twenty-two dors of different fciences, mod of whom read lUires: t'.e fchools relating to every branch of the Idical art. are reckoned equal to any in Europe. iHre is an excellent library founded by one Clement iLitile, and a mufei-m given by Sir Andrew Balfour. The Royal Infirmary is a fpacious and handfome ■dlilice, capable of containing aco patients. The room Ifor operations is particularly convenient, and thecoun- Ifilrooin elegant. I On the north fide of the city lies the New Town, Lbidiis planned with great judgment, and will prove la uiagniiicent addition to Edinburgh. The houlcs, Itfpccially thofe in St. Andrcw's-Square, are remarka- Ijlytlenant, built in tlio modern llyle, and free from lilie inconveniences attending the old city. The new play.houfe is (ituated here, and other buildings for tlic Ipolite aniiifements of the age. Tlicfc improvements iBCConneiSed to the city by a very beautiful bridge, ike centre arch of which is ninety feet high. I The city of Edinburgh is governed by ii lord provoll, ifour bailiSs, a dean of the guild, and a treafurcr, an- niially chofcn from the common-council. Every C(.ni- my, or incorporated trade, of wiiich there are hciv ilourtcen, chool'cs its own deacon. The lord provolt is Lionel of the town-guard, a military inllitiition found Mwhcretlfe m his liiajelly's dominions. They form the city wiitch, and patiolc the iticets; arc ulefiil in qutllini' fmall commotions; arc di\ided into three Itompanies, and wear an uniform. Leiih, wliih may be called the port of Edinburgh, jlho'igh two miles dillance, on the Fritii, is a large Jiown, and in a very tlourilhing condition. It contains Inoihing remarkable, being liirty and ill built, txc.'pt lihepicr, which is very fine, and now a vvtil-lVeciiienltd I Willi. There are fcveral fmc feats of the nobility and Igenlry in the environs of Edinburgh, purlii ul.nrly lUalkeiih-Hoiife, belonging to the duke of Beaiicleugh ; JNcwbotllc, liie Hat oi the martpiis of Lothian ; .ukI I Hopton-Hourc, belonging to tnc nobleiiun ot ilut Thefe feats, particularly the two former, arc adorned with fine colledtions of portrait* of eminent perfons, by manerly hands. And at Roflyn, in the neighbour- hood of Dalkeith-Houfe, is a beautiful and entire chapel of Gothic architecture, reckoned one of the molt curious pieces of woikmanfhip in Europe. It was founded in the year i4.)o, by William St. Clair, prince of Orkney and duke of Oldenburg. Glafgow, in the Ihire of Lanerk, is (itnatcd about 30 miles from Edinburgh, on the defcent of a gei 'le eminence, and the adjacent plain extending to the banks of the river Clyde, over which there is a bridge of feven arches. The chief part of this city is laid out upon a regular plan, the ftreets crofling each other at right angles. The houfes, which arc lofty, arc built of hewn ftone, and, near the crofs, or market- place, fupported upon arched pillars, which form a commodious piazza before the fliops, and give an air of grandeur to the buildings. The itrcets are (li.iiglit, fpacious, well paved, and clean ; and the whole city is adorned with a great number of public edifices, among which are the cathedral, and five or fix other elegant churches, the Tolbooth, town-hall, and feveral hof- pitals. The cathedral, which flands in the hii>heft part of the city, is a va(l pile of Gothic building, dedicated to St. Mungo, or Kentigern, v.Iio, in the lixth ceiiturv, was biihop of Glafgow, and lies buried in this cluircli. This cathedral is ornamented with two Ipircs, one of which, riling from a fqp .re tower in the middle of the crofs, is fiirprilingly liigli and bciutijiil. In the otiieri there is a bell of vult dimcnlions, which, \ilien tolled, iliakes the wlnde fiibric. At prcfent this noble pile is divided into three (cparatc churches, where divine lervice is performed every Sunday. The other churches are all (lately bu'ldings, and Ic-.nie of them creeled on the bell models of iuchiteclurc. ■ The iinivcrlity of Glafgow forms one of its grcateft ornanicnis. Every branch of learning is t;ii;glu by iis own fcparate regent, or profeftor, who not onh gi\es general leiihires, but alio attends allidiioully to tiie buiiiiels of his dais, where lie explain*:, impoles talks, and exaiiiir.es his pupils. Anmiailv ali the indi\i(luals uftach chifs umlergo a public examination, in prelencc of all the regents; vlien, if found properly epialiiicd, after a certain i'.iiiding they arc^ admitted to t!ie deiMcc of mailer of arts. Great numbers of learned ineu lni\c been educated in this iini\erlitv, wliicli niav ccr- laiidy be deemed the moll flouiilhiiig in Scotland. 'I'iif prDlelfors, while in tl.e cxercile (f their funciicuis, wear black gowns with oiieu lleevcs ; and the (Indents arc all diiliuguiriied by red or fcatlct oin\iis, withotit which thoy are not iill^wcd to appear in public. The rcdor of this iiuivcr'.lty, -who is .dways a perfon of nobility, or diilingtiilhed fortune, is elected annualK-. The edifice itfelf conlills of an outward and inner fqiuire, with a lofty'tower, and, towards the citv, a front ol lie.vn Itone. It was built ul the e.\[ieiK.e ol William 'ruiiil/idl. ' ith r i \y\^\ ?'-i Pi ' 'S f liEih l« »t f: ' I s '? II u ; : il,. I,' i i ,li-: 580 A NEW ANn COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. '4 '7 , ' 1 t 'riiriibiill, bifhop of Glaleow. The inner quadrargle, lijfides the divinity hall, the old library, and the com- niDn hall, which are large and fpations, contains a great number of comnioiiious apartments for the lludents. The faculty have lately built an elegant library, whith is tjlerably well fiirninied with books, nianufcripts, and fome Hones with Roman infcriptions, brought from the wall of Antonintis. Moll of the regents relide in an elegant row of houfes, a little detached from the college, behind which there is a pleafant garden laid out in walks for the benelit of all the memccrs of the univerfity. Adjoining to this is a botanical garden, well lupplied with (imples, clalfed alphabetically in their different tribes. The town-houfe, which was built by the citizens of Glafgow, is a very magnificent edifice : and, in the iheet oppofitc to it, itands an equellrian (tatue of king Wdiiam III. Adjoining to the town-lioufe is the Tolboorh, or public jail, which is a venerable Gothic building. The vvork-houfe and infirinary of Glafgow^, arc buik with elcgmt Tmnplicity ; and the inltittition is foimded upon fo excellent a plan, coiuludled with fo much prudence, and proves (uch an effedual provifion lor the poor, that there is not a beggar to be feen within the precinds of the city. The luimber of in- habitants in Glafgow liavc been computed at 50,000; and, befkles its churches, contains eight or ten meeting- houfes, forfcdlaries of various denominations. Aberdeen, the capital of Aberdeenfhire, is fituated in the county of M.ir, about eighty miles north of Edinburgh, and contains two towns, Old and New Aberdeen. Old Aberdeen, which w^as fortncrly the feat of a bilhop, and now that of a prc)l)ytery, is a jiiiall, ill-built, and inconfidcrable town. There is cathedral dedicated to St. Madias, the greater part of which was built by bilhop Elpliinftone, in the year 1,500. The church is of hewn Hone, with a lofty flecple, terminating in an imperial crown, wiih a round globe of llone and two gilt crofies. Adjoining to tl'.e churcli a lihiary is crcdcd, furnifhed with a vaiujhle colleilion of books : but Old Aberdeen is cli'cfiy remarkable for a college, founded bv Janus IV. New Aberdeen is the (hire town, and tlioiigh almoll joined to the (Jld, by ineaus of a long village, has no dependence on it. It is a neat, popiilotis, and flou- riliiing city, adori;ed with three churches ; feveral cpik'j'al nieeiiiig-hnufus, holpitals, a fine wharf, a » iill.im-hoiife, and many other (lately edTices, built ol hewn Hone. 1 he (Ireits arc Ipaiimis and well paxid ; the ]!ri\.ite iKiurcs loftv, well finiflud, and pro\ided ■with gardens and orchards, which, by biing thus inter- mingled with the buildir.gs, give it at a dillance the ;:pf)fai.iii"e oi a city b'.i'lt in a wood. 'I he iTincip.il public edifice in N( w Aberdeen is the I o!l,'<^e, whiili was ori<;inallv a 1' laii "ifcan iniiiiallery, <')Uiine bridge of (even arches, built over the riw! Dee, at the expence of bilhop Gavin Dunbar ; a brid I over the Don, confiding of one Gothic arch'; tliecfl thedral, dedicated to St. Nicholas; an alms-huule; and! three hofpitals. ' I St. Antlrcw's, in Fifefhire, was formedy a mnftl magnificent ar.d flourifhing city, and celebrated fori being the burial place of St. Andrew, the tutelar fainti of Scotland. But at prefent its only boall is M polfeHion of the oldelt univerfity in that kingdom. It| was founded, and endowed with many ample privilcucs I by bifhop Wardlaw. At prelent it conlilfs of thtJ Colleges, vi/,. St. S.ilvator, St. Leonard, ami St. Mary,] The firft was built by bifhop Kennedy, gramlfon iJ king Robert III. about the middle of the Hitccntli ceJ tiiry, ard this prelate endowed his foundation wiihl revenues fiilficient ti) maintain four profeifors of philo.! fophy, a doiflor, a bachelor and licentiate of divim;)] together with eight poor fcholars. There are ilute'l filver maces belonging to this college as ancient as ihj foundation ; one of which, weighing feventeen pounds,! is gilt and curioully chafed. This building was repaiitdl and augmented hv Dr. Skene, one of the principals oB the college, who likewife founded a library, which bJ liberal donatiotiS ioon iiicrealed : and a fund was ella.f blillied by th.e earl of Caiiils for the maintenance of jl protelFor of jihilofophy. 1 St. Leonard's College was foiuukd b) James Hep-L burn, prior of St. Andrew''-, before the Reformaiion,! and altervvards endowed by the earl of Lenox. Itl confifis of a principal, four profeifors of philofuphv,! and eight poor Rholjrs, who arc niaintainc' upon iliel foundation. Sir James Scot afterwards tllaMilhfd il go(;d lalary for a profeilbr of philolo|iliy, anJ madel conliderable additions to the libraiy, which in a lliortl time was augmented by ;. great collection of b*ks| becpieathed to it by SirJoh'i Wedderbiirn, dodorofj phylic ; and it now contains the muniilaipt of fji rdiiii'sj Scoti Chronic >n. Tl.i- (tudents of this colleoe, wlwj .ire nioi-e miirierous than in the other two colleges, llioutl aniaiallv with bows for the prize of a liKcr arrow. I St. Mary's, or New College, was foiiiideil bv thel famous cardinal arclibifhop James Bc.ilnii, who wajj allaliiiiutcd by Norman Leily. It conlills of two pio-l teliors, d odors in divinity, and a prolcllor of ma^lic-j maiirs. licri. the lludents of the other colleges h,i palled throiigli a courf- ol jihilolojiliy, n;av beptniiiriJl to finifli their education. An oblcrvatary is credciiinj iiiel kjllOPS SCOTLAND. 581 liege garden by Mr. Gregory, the mathematical ^Tfor who. allilted by a public contribution, lur- !!^'j it with proper inllriimtnts. According to the LIS of this college, the reilor, who is chofcnannii- u'^'miilt be one ot the three principals. The ftudtnt^ 'jll the three colleges are diftinguiihed by wearing I The principal fortifications in Scotland are the caftles if Edinburgh, Stirling, and Diinbarton, befides which ■ Port William. Fort George, and Fort Augiiftus; tneiiherof thele is capable of fuftaining a regular Ertbyan enemy furnifhcd with a proper train of ar- Klrv They ferve a? piaces of arms, and to bridle the lliabitants of the country, on any infurrcftion ; for Lch piirpofes they are kept in fufficient repair, and jvCfiirnilhed withgarrifons. Stirline. ^^'•'^ ''^ caftle, may be confidered as a mi- Lure of Edinburgh, being built on the ridge of a 11 or rock, riling out of a plain, with the caiUe fitu- r J J, ,he upptr end. Within the walls of the for- Lfs was the palace of feveral of the Scottifh kings, a Lare building, ornamented on three Jides with pil- V,j jeUing on grotefque figures projefling from the Jfall and on the top of each pillar is a ftatue, feem- iLlythe work of fancy. Near it is the old parliament- loufei a vail room, 120 feet long, very lofty, and had ^rmerly a gallery running round it. A confiderable Ibaitery of cannon commands the bridge, and in this, Ijildtd to its advantageous Utuation, its^ principal llkength confiits. I Dunbartoii-Caftle is fituated a little to the fouthward Icfilie town, on a double-pointed rock of a ftupendous Iheieht, riling in a flrange manner out of the fands, and Itoiallv detached from all other objeds. On one of the Ifniimiits are the ruins of an old light-houfc, and on lllieother, a magazine of powder: in the hollrw be- (tweenthem is a large well of excellent water, fourteen Ifeeldeep. The fides of the rocks are immenfe precipices, (and often overhang, except on the iide where the go- Iranor's houfe Ibnds, which is defended by ramparts jmoiinted with a few cannon, and garrifoncd by inva- ilids. Fort William was erefted in king William's reign, iMthe (iteofa fmall fortrefs, Liiilt by general Monk, litis a triangular work, has two ba(tions,and is capable Icf admitting a garrifon of eight hundred men. It lies Icna narrow arm of the fea, called Loch-Ycll, which [lansfome miles higher up the country, where, making la bend to the north, it extends weftward 24 miles, to- jwrdsthe ille of Mull. Futt George is a finall but fFrong and regular for- lircfi, built lince the rebellion in 17^5, as a place of arm^. The barracks are very handfomc, and form fe- veral regidar and good ftrecls; but, lincc the happy jdiangc that has taken place among the Highlanders, |isalmi)lldercrlL'd. Ion Augi;lli)s is a fmall for'relV, fituated on a plain |atilieliuilof Lough-Nifs, between the ^vt•r^ T.iarf and Oich. It confifl;s of four balUons, and barracks for 100 men. With rcfpedt to the fortifications though they were formerly thought places of great fhcngth, ytt it is af- firmed by competent judges, thit they could not hold out 48 hours, if befiegcd by regular troops with prcipcr artillery ; owing perhaps to the confidence the ancient Scots placed in their own valour, rather than to caftles, for the defence of their country — a rnaxim, which has been deemed more heroical than prtident, as they have often experienced. The rivers of Scotland are navigable ^ a very con- fiderable diftance from their mouths, and moft of the trading towns are fituated on their banks, near enough to the oiJean to enjoy the benefit of navigation; but there is no art ufed in any of the rivers in that king- dom ; they flow on in their natural channels, ai^djoiii their parent waters in the ocean. By the navigable ca- nal cut between the Friths of Forth and Clyde, under the direction of tfie ingenious Mr. Smeaton, the goods imported by the fea-port towns on one fide of the kingdom are carried at a very fmall cxpence to thofe on the other ; and the advantages of both fituations are, by means of this canal, fhared in common by both parts of it. Roman antiquities are found in gre.'.t numbers in various parts of Scotland ; but the mofl remarkable now remaining, is the prefenture, or wall, originally marked out by Agricola, and fin'rtied by Antoninus Pius. Agricola erefted a chain of forts, and Antoninus connedled them w'th ti.rf walls guarded by moimds and ditches, fome parts of which are flill vilible. This wall extended from Carron upon the Frith of Forth, to Dunglas upon the Frith of Clyde, fomcthi. ^ more than 37 Englilh miles in length. The foundatioi^was flone, and it had conduits which at once kept it dry, and fupplied the ditch which accompanies it with wa- ter. The thicknefs of the wall, which inclined to- wards the north, and was, as much as pollible, carried along the brows of the eminences, was about four yards. We learn from the infcriptions on this wall, v/hich are ftill extant, that the whole of the legion called Secunda Augufia, and the vexillations of the twentieth and the fixth legions, were employed incom- pleting this pretenture, which, according to the fame infcriptions, extended 39,726 paces. It was built while Antoninus Pius was the third time conful. The coun- try people call this work Graham's-Dyke, from a tra- dition that a Scottifli warrior of that name v.as the firlt that broke over it. Near the iron founderies, on an eminence above the river Carron, flood that celebrated antiquity, called Arthur's Oven, which the ingenious Mr. Gordon fup- i)()fcs to have been a fmall chapel, a rcpolltoiy for the ioman infignia ur (lainlanls. Buchanan fuppol"i:s it to have been a Roman temple, and dedicated to the j.v)d Terminus. There is no rcafoii r<) doubt of its being a Roman work ; but by whom it v\as cicded, is not 7 H certainly '^■•i',.i I'll " ■iff I ii r !■ ' 1 ii ' t H '' £,82 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Ccitainly known, though it is generally imputed to Aj;iic<)Ia. It was built in the ionn of the Panihcon at Rome, or tlie lioinc of St Paul's at London. It was t\vcntv-t\%o fctt in luight, and its external cirtiimfe- rcncc at the bale eighiv-cight tcet, and was, upon the whole, one of the mo t complete Roman antiquities in the world: but, to the moitification of every curious traveller, this inatchlcfs edifice is now no more. In the year 1742 its barbarous owner, a Gothic knight, caiilld it to be demoliflied, in order to make a mill-dam with the mall-rials, which in Icfs than a year the Nai- ades, in rcfentinent for the facrilege, came Uown in a Hood, and entirely fwept away. The coins, urns, uicnfil.^, infcriptions, and other remains c. the Romans in Scotland, arc very nume- rous ; inany of them were foiuul at a great dillance to the northward of the wall. Roman caiups are alfo found in various parts ; but the mod pcrfedl piece of military antiquity is that called the catnp of Agricola, at Ar- doch in Perthlhire, near the foot of the Grampian hills. It is generally thought to have been the camp occupied by Agricola before he fought the bloody battle, fo finely cLfcribcd by Tacitus, witk the Calcdo- liiaii king Galgacus, who was totally defeated. No kfs il'.an five rows of ditches, and lix rainp.uts, arc ftiU vi- iiblc on the fouth fide ; and of the four gates which led into the area, three of them are ilill plain and dif- tind. Hiflorical monuments of various kinds are foiuid in feveral parts of this kingdom, credlcd by the Scot.s themfelves to preftrve the nicniory of fome remarkable aclion or event. At a place called Aberlcmno, near Brechin, are four or five ancient obelilks, called the Danifh Stones of Aberleinno, ha\ing been eredted in commemoration of the defeat of that people by the Scots. They are adorned with bas-reliefs of men on horfeback, and many emblematic tigures and hierogly- phics, now imintelligible, and executed by the rude nand of fome untaught artift. Hut one of the moU ftately monuments of this kind is a llone near the town of F<)rtrofe in Murray. It rifcs about twenty-three feet in height above the groiuul, and is faid to bt- no lefs than twelve or fifteen below the furface ; fo that the whole height is, at leall, thirty-five fect, and its breadth near five. It is one lingle and entire lione, adorned with a great variety of figures in rtlitvo, fome of them ilill dillind and vifible; but the injury done by the weather has obfeured thofe towards the upper part. This moniuucnt has by fome antiquaries been attributed to the Danes, and by others to the Scots ; but on what occafion, or to comnumorate what event, it was created, is luikitown. Druidical monuments are alfo found in different parts of Sotland, bu' .. -ne of them equal fo Stonc- henge on Salifbury-*^"..')- h''reaf";r defcribcd. IJtIides theie there is a very rer^. ilal ,. b.'rrow lii Perthlhire, thought to have been forme I ay tiie a..' cut Britons, ^ut when, or on what occajii-r, is not known. It irds, and is called by the inhabitants Ternav I a contradion of " terra: navis," the fhin of Tl be columnar rocks, fituated between thp 1, T I i caltle of F>.nbar. may be -koned a^o^'tl ural curiofities of Scotland. Thefe rocks f, I y furprning itratum of ftone, in fome refoertT' ' exaaiy refembles the figure of a (hip with her 1, il upwards, and is called by the inhabitants Terna ha{» a cotitraaion of " terrx navis." ,he (hip o^l 1 he columnar rocks, fituated between the and nat very lurpriung itratuin or none, in (ome rcfpeflt " fembling that of the Giant's Caiifeway in lu-l.,,! "' condfts ol large coliuiins of red grit (tone, either 1 angular, quadrangular, pentangular, or hexatianlar' their diameters aie from one to two feet, and tl length at low water thirty, dipping or iiicli„in!"! little to the fouth. They arc jointed, but not fo r^J larly or fo plainly as thofc that form the Giant' Caiifeway. The furface of feveral that have been t ' off, form akindof a pavement, confiiling of niinilw, of convex ends, probably anfwering to the cnna bottoms of other joints, once incumbent upon i hem The fpaces between the columns are filled with thi fepta of red and white fparry matter, and vti.is of the fame pervade the columns tranfvorfely. This ran^eof columns faces the north, with a point to the eall^ard extends in front about two hundred yard>'. The hreajili is inconliderable, the rill of ilie rock degcneratins; into Ihapelefs matfes of the fame fort of Hone, irregularly divided by thick fepta. ' There is hardly in 'he world a curiofity of the a; i, ficial kind, whicl: may be compared - ; the •j..r, roads of Glen-Roy L'^habar. The Glen iifeli tremely narrow, and the hills on eai ii Mi. .cr but not remarkably rocky. On the dediviiy o( >S,f:. hills, on both fides of the Glen, are 'hree roads ai fiju'l diltances from each .jthi.r, and dirtdliy '>ppoliiiMMiej i' 'iijl fide. Thefe roads have been mcfured in tb - ,ni. '** pleteft part-, of them, and their breadth ,.). . i , jj twenty-lix paces of a man hve fiitt t n i'l uts iii^'n. The tA'o ui'perinoft road^ ar- pre'c, iicjr taeh mlitr, not above ."'■ ' ,. 'ds diftant, but the lowed nuic thiin double that duUnce '',:.- (he nearjit 10 it. Thtvare carried along the .!•.> • ' the Glen with the iiin,oll regui.. /, ncar'v .i,-. ex.^ci '.^ line drivvn with r-iic and compafs. VV! c;'.- rtccj/ bu'-ns or gullies nf ■^atet crofs thefe roads, they avoid both tfv defccnt aiii! afcent in a very curious manner ; fi that on ihe lide whtre the road enter.s thefe hoi!ov\s they rather afcciid .ilnnu the flope, nnd defcend on the oppotite fide, imtil ihey come to the levJ, without the tiaveilcr bem,' ieii; bie of either the afcent or defcent. Other fnall Glen* till into Glen-Roy. The parallel roads furru.i.i! all thd'e ('mailer ones , but vvheie Glen-Roy ends in lisf ipcn country, there are not the fmilkli vc (tiges of ilcip to be feeii about (even miles. 'lliere are two other glens in the neiij;''boiiiiuiod where thele road.s are equally vifible, i:j!1(iI fikn-Giy and Glcn-Spean, the f )rnier running luiitli-wi'll, and the latter (oiith from Glen Roy Both thel"!: roads ara of neaily ilm fame ii:ngtli with thofe ut GlciiR"V. ♦ Thtfe v.i« j **s 'l"he lenjjtli of thefe ro^s in Glcii-Hm are IEi'rope., S C O T L A N Dj 583 iTh fc w'^ ^'^ ""' caufcways. but kvellcd out of the I h There are a tew fmall rocks in the compafs ol k f oaihs • but it is not known in what manner ihey "''pjllcdino vedigc of roads remaining i they begin *' jifidi', keeping the regular line as before. 'Itiefe *"'3,ji„accellible at the eall end, but open at the M but f'"" ^''^' purpofe they were made, cannot ""'k known. Seme liave imagined that they are the f\- of the Druids ; but as there are no .races of fr'ious or other llrii£turcs, or circles of flooes, they \liiot be defigncd for any oeconoinical purpofe, or rijieiof religioU' The country people are perfuadwd "ildcy were defigncd for the chace, and that thefe Imces were made after the fpots were cleared in lines Libe wood, to tempt the game into the open parts, to being ronfcd, in order t!iat they might come ihih reach of tlie bov\-men concealed in the woods ive and bcKiw- I- many larts "f Scotland, the traces of pncicnt ) oesare to be feen. The hill of Finehaven is one LitJiice, and the hill of Berg-nium, near Dunftatnage- It isanotner, yielding vaft quantities of pumices or oiiaot ditfcri-iit kinds, many of which are of the lefpccies .vitii thofc ot the volcanic Iceland. \, 1)0 01 itr natural curioQiies, mention is made p ot white (tones, molt of them clear like • w'her with great plenty of oyfter and other ^ ■ I , t'liat are foiuul on the top of a inoimtain "' ..,1 >;iiiiia Lappich, in Rofslhire, twenty miles ,|jii iroiii thi- fea Slains, ill Aberdeenlhire, is faid to be remarkable t, a pi:riiying cave, called The Dropping Cave, li£,i; ,>aiir, oozing through a fpongy porous rotk at ,n, n; .kly confolidates alter it drops to the iomf avsrn? that arc to be found in Fifcfhire, and tprLjaiiU n.i!ural, are ol extraordinary diiiienfions, iiiic btei, thi- fceiH's ot inhuman cruelties. [fieiits 'he above, other natural cunoiities, bdoiig- iioScuilan-. have their delcripf ions and hlllories ; ■ilif\ Remrallv o'^e llieir extraonlinary qualities to Btaulu 'ty ol ih'. vulgar, and vanilh when they are tilfiilly examiiii d. iWi.'ir Ip'd to commerce and manufaiSnres, Scot- kjha' j'jr tome yiars palt been in a very improving (;«. Mr '''ham, viien at the head ot the adminiilra- f i^aiid, aitei the eMindioii of the rebellion Ir.rj-, .-as the nrd miiiiller who difcovered the true jiic 111 ^ itlaiid, which then became a more conli- IraWe objci of t^overnmcnial inquiry than ever. Pill pmfi.td Mr. Pelham's wife plan, and juitly );i: : ill pail.am^ lit, th.it he availed hiinfelf of the Hitagi;, gMuil f life, and fp'rit ol the Scots, in car- lug op die molt extetiiive war that Great- Britain ■tt was tr.gat(cil in ; :ind it may be faid, to the hn- w H t'i.e ijritilh gn\trnineiit, that the Sc(!ts tiave sn I'l.ifcrtd to uvail themftlves ot all the bciichis ot icicc anil manutadurcs tliey cat| claini, either in riglit of their former independency, the ireaty of union^ or by adts 01 parliament iince that period. This ir manifelf, from the extenliva trade they lately cairit.cl on with the Britilli fettlenn.nts in Am rica and the Well-Indies, and with all the nations to which the Eiiglifh themfelves trade; fo that the increafe of their Ihipping within thefe thirty years pall has been very conliderable. The exports of thofe Ihips are compofed- chiefly of Scots manufaflures, fabricated from the pro- duce of the foil, and the indulhy ol its inhabitants. In exchange for thefe, they import tobacco, rice, cotton, fugar, and rum, from the Britith plantations, and alfo the products of other countries, to the immenfe faving of their nation. Their connexion and trade with Vir- ginia hath greatly contributed to the profperity of Glaf- gow and its neigitbourhood. The military roads, by rendering the Highlands ac- ceflible, have greatly contributed to their prefcnt im- proveinent, and were owing to the indullry of the fol- di'.-ry. They were begun in 1723, under the directions of general Wade, who forced his way throu^l rocks^ before fuppofed to have been unconquerable Many of them hang over the capacious lakes ot the country, and formerly afforded no other road to the natives, thsn the paths of fheep or goats, where even the Highlander crawled with difliculty, u. ' .:"pt himfelf from tumbling, into the far fubjaccnt water, by clinging fo the plants and bulhes of the rock. Many of thefe rocks \vrc too hard to yield to the pick-axe, and the miner was obliged to have recourfc to gunpowder ; and often, where na- ture had denied him footing, and where he was forced to begin his labours, fufpended from above by ropes, on the face of the horrible precipice. The bogs and moors had alfo their difficulties.to overcome, but all were :\t length conllrained to yield to ihe perfeverance of the Englilli troops. In fome parts the foKliers, in imitation of the Ro- mans, left engraven on the rocks the name of the regi- ment to which each party belonged,, who were em- ployed in thefi- works. Nor were they kfs w(irtliy of being immortalized than the vexillatio's ol the Ri>man: legions; for civilization was the confequcnce < the labour of both. Thefe road.v licgin at Diinkeld, are carried on igh the noted pals of Kiliicraiikie, by Blair, or D ar- doch, Dalwhinie, and over the Cwryarich to 1 ort Au- giiltus. A branch extends from thence calUvai -. 'o In- veriicfs, and another welbvard over High- 1 . gc to Fort- William. From the lall, by Kinlocli L tn, over the Black Mountain, to the king's houfe .1' ndmm, and t'rom tiiei.cc by Glen-Urquhic to Inv< and fo. along tiie beautiful boundaries of Loch-L .m.i.d lu it9» extivmity. Another r(iaefore the Chriliii.n a.ra. " 1 am much it\ doubt v.hethcr tli ^ ufi: of iron was known in Scotland before the arrival of the Romans. The introduction of this molt ifchil of all metals mtilt ha\e made a very great change in the biiiUlings, arins, and other impletULiits of the Scots; and it is highly probable, th.it fqNare tov.crs, built with cement, fuc- ceeded the conical ones. The molt ancietit of thefc are generally t(> be met with on projedting c'iff's overhang- ing the fea, perhaps intendi.d to repel the invalions, lint at the R( nians, and aftcrsvards of the lavage and baiSaroiis inhabitants of Denmark and Norsvay, 8 •' Oldv/uk-Cafllc upon the coaft of Caithncfsjs haps on'- of the oldclt fqiiarc towers in Scotland ''Ti f cms to be but a fniall iinprovenient upon the c'oti 1 ones before mentioned, ai\d is built of (lone and! I The walls, which are cnormotilly thick, contain flTii chambers, with narrow Hairs of communication bftw J the lower and tipper apartments, which are Ijehtl by windows looking into the npiare area, 01 middjell the tower. Some fmall apertures are to be feen h tJ up, upon the outfide wall, probably intended to Jm the luotions of an enemy. ■•« An improvement in the conrtrufting of ,qiian towers next took place, which was covering Jn tKe j ner area with a (Irong roof of Hone vaulted: and t[,"l kind of building was called in Scotland a peel, and d England a keep, or dimgeoa. Many ancient tmversi ".his kind Hill remain in Scotland, fuch as DunllafnaJ in Argyle, Dunnoiy in Lorn, Rothf'" in Rute, Cla?l ill Ida, Dunvegan in Skye, and r. otliers'to') tJ dious too mention. Several of thefe vt, -ncicnt towetJ were built upon an ifland in a deep' lonnh, fuch J ElanHalker in Lochlinne, Kikhurn in Lotliaw tM caHle of Rive i:i Galloway, Lochmaben in Anna'dalti Clofeburn in Nithifdalc, and many others. L " It is highly probable the 'Caledonians learnJ from the Romans the art of conHr.iding vaulted charal bers ; which improvement nuiH have made a wondtr] ful change in the comfort as well as liability of ihejl Hrcngths and fortrilfes And it is probable die cailleol Dunllafnage was the firH that underwent this matenJ alteration of having a tower built, the middle arta of which was covered with arches of Hone. Thirds a .Mimber of melancholy inftances I I inveterate feuds that ra^ed with unr^-leniing fury 11'' the great lords and leifer barons of that p.'rlod ■ very niwdc of fortification then in ufe proved often lie avail in defending the callle againft the ftorm |anio"i blockade of the enraged and relentlefs foe. Of this inj vxK the caftlcs of DufTiis in Moray, Diinrobin •|Is;iiherland. Dunottcr in the Mearns, and a great dji.y others. .1 Bill the happy period is now arrived, when inter- I fortification agaiiift the domertic foe is of no ufe. The nobles and barons of the land have deferted their jltdiieand gloomy cadles for the more refined modern bufes of the eighteenth century, and the ancient and itnerable remains of the great infecurity of former limes are now tall falling to decay, and Ihortly fcarcea trace will be left, but in hiftory, of their former ex- iltence." Thi: moft remarkable herring fiflicry carried on in Ithcloclis of Scotland, is that ot Loch Fyii, wjiich is above lixty-thice miles in length, but in breadth fcarce four; tl.e depth is from fixiy to fevcnty fatlioms. This loch is noticl for va!l (lioals of herrings, which a-^pear in July, and continue till January. The highelt fcakmof til'-' lilhcry is Irom September to ChriUmas, I vilicii near lix liuiulfcd boats, with lour men in each, ! s!e 111 ployed. A chain of nets is i;fcd (fur fevcral arc 'iiiiitrdi of one hundred tathoms in length. Asthchc-r- iiiiK>fwini at very un ciiaiii depths, fo ihc net is funk to tht depth the IIk'uI is louiid to take. The fuccefs tlicrflore (kpmds nuu h on the judgment or good for- tune of the tillurinen in taking their proper dtpths ; 1 furii olkii happens that one boat will take nuiliitiides, iihilt the next does not catch a (ingle filh, which caiifes tiicbiiaiiiiiiMo Ik- perpetually iiuiuiring ot eai;h other \iMii regard to the depth ol th' ir nets Thefc are kept up by biH))s to a proper pitch , the rojics ihat run tht.'iigh them are faliened vi:th ptg^, and by diavvir.g tpor letting (iia ll;e rope (alter taking out the pegs) tlity aiijuit their litiiatic.n, and then r;pl.uc them. SoinUiinc> the Hlh Ivvini in tvvmty faihun.s water, fometuncs. in (ilty, and oltcniiines even at the bottom Iiiscompi ied that each boat gets about forty pmiiuls inilieliafoii. The (ilh arc either falteil and packed in barrels lor exportation, or folil Irelh to the coinitry toir'!:, tiio or three huiuir'.d hoifes biing bmught emv day to the water- Hde ivom \ery ihliani parts. A \mu holds 500 herrings, if they arc of the beft kind j at a me.liiini 700 ; but if more ffor fom.'times a barrel will h>)Kl I'j.jjl ihey are reckoneil very poir- Trie late price was il. ,;s. pi'r barrel, but there is a drawback ol' the duty on fait iorihofe that are exported. The great veii'le/.vius for the velfel einplov<:d in tlie (ilhe.ies ofihewifl^rn id inds is at C mibcl-Toivn, iii Cantyre, where they dear oni on t'le iiithol .Septiin- ber, and fometimes [500 bulf s are feci there at one time. They mull return to the' r different po.ts by the 13th of January, where they ought to receive the pre- mium of 2I. los. for each ton of herrings; but this bounty is faid to be very ill paid, — a great difcourage- mcnt to the filliery. The principal falmon fiflierics in Scotland are thofu of the Tweed, the Tay, the Spey, Ca(llc-Hill, and in- the fand bays below Slains. The falmon (ilheries in the Tweed a.e very confiderable, and bring in vail fiims. They lie on each fide of the river, and are all private property, except what belongs to the dean and chapter of Durham, which in rent, and tythe of filh, brings in 450I. per annum; all the other filherics arc liable to lythes. The common rents of thefe filheries are fifty pounds a year, for which the tenants have as mucll iliore as is fufficient for (hooting and landing their nets: Mie limits of each are ftaked; and the filhermen never fail going as near as podible to their neighbour's limits. One man goes off in a '^mall flat-bottomed boat, fquare at one end, and, taki ^ as large a circuit as his net will admit, draws it on i.'iore at the extremity of his boundary, where others alfilt in lai. !ing it. The bell (ilhery is on the fouth lide. Very fine falmon trout are often taken, which come up here to fpawn from the fea, and return in the fame manner with the falmon. The chief falmon (ilhery in the Tay is near Perth,, where great abuiulaiicc of that filh is taken ; 3000 have Deen caught in one morning, weighing one with anothtr iH pounds, the whole capture amounting to 48,00 jib. The fidiery begins on St. Aiulrcw's-Dav, and ends on the 26th of Auguil, old (tyle. The rents of the filheries amount to 3000!. per annum. The falmon filhery in the Spey is very great; about i"oo barrels full are caught in a feafon, and the Ihorc is rented for about 1200I. per annum. Great quantities of falmoa- are caught at Ca(l!e-Hili, Dunet, Wick, and TluirJo. The miraculous draught once made at the lad place i.s dill remembered, not Icfs than 2500 having beea taken in one tide within the memory of man. A very fuccclslul falmon filhery has, for fonie years, been car- ried on below Slains. This is performed with very long nets carried out to fca by boats ; a great compafs taken, and the nets havvled on Ihore. It is remarked of thefc filh, that they fwim againft the wind, and arc much better taded than thofc taken in the trclh waters. On the fame ci>aft is a large filhery of fea dogs, which begin.s the lalt week of July, and ends the fir(t in September. The livers are boiled for oil; the bodies fplit, diied, and fold to the common people, who conic from great diitanccs for them. 7 i Near J: ' I ' ■ ]i i i| ! i I y i, u I. - \- \m'\'y 686 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Near tlic mouth of tlic Tay, there was fonie time fincc a very vahiablc Hllicry for pearls, taken out of the fredi water mufcles. l'"rom the year 176110 176}, ten ihoiithnii poiiiids worth were feiit to London, and fold from 10s. to 30s. per ounce. It is faid that a pearl was found there weighing 33 grains. But this fifhery is at prcfent exhauftcd, from the avarice of the undertakers of it. The fiflicrics of Scotland are not confined to their own coafls: they have a confiderable (liare in the whale-filhcry carried on at Spilzbcrgen ; and their re- turns arc valuable, as the government fonie time a<;o al- lowed them a bounty of ^os. for every ton of (hipping employed in that articl''. They alfo take great quan- tities of cod on the bai in the north feas, and ex- port it to different parts of Europe. Several ufcful manufadlures carrying on by the Scots at land arc perhaps equally beneficial to thofe on the fea, particularly their iron, linen, and woollen ma- nufadures. Their thread mannfaclure is equal to any in the world, and the lace fabricated from it has been decincd worthy of royal wear and approbation. Some years ago the exports from Scotland to England and the Britifh plantations, in linens, cainbrick, checks, ofnabru-";, inkle, and the like, ammmted annualK' to 400,0 . ' ;xclufive of their home confumption. The woollen manufactures edabliflied in Scotland arc alfo in a very promihiig way ; and their exports of caps, flockings, mittens, and other articles of their own wool, begin to be very conlidtrable. Though the Scots cannot rival the Eiiglifh in their finer cloths, yet they make at prcfent fouie broad cloth proper for the wear of people of fafliion in an undrcfs, and in quality and fiiientfs equal to that called YorkO^ire cloth. The Scots have alfo made vail progrel. n working the minus, and fmelting the ores of their ..ountry. Ihey alfo reap a confjderable profit from the coals they ex- port to England, and ha\c lately turned even their itones to account, by their contracls for pavi ig the itreets of London. Many years will probably elapfe, before the trade and improvements of Scotland can be brought i': ma- turity : in any event, they never can give umbrage to the Englidi, as the intcrefls of the two people are or ought to be tiie fame. Some of their manutaflures, not yet mentioned, are, however, yet in their infancy, 'I'he town of Failley alfo employs an incredible num- ber of hands in fabricating a particular kind of How- crcd and llriped lawns, which are a rcafonable and ele- gant wear. Sugar-houfes, glafs-works of every kind, dcllt-houfes, and paper-mills, are ere.5ted every- where. The Scots carpeting makes neat and lading furniture; ami fomc elfays have been lately made, with no in- ronlidcrablc degree of fwccefs, to carry that branch of manutactuie to as great perfection as is found in any part of Europe. After all that has been faid, it may not be amifs to mention the prodigious di (advantages under which both the commercial and landed intercll of Scrl i lies, (rem her nobility and great landholders haviiwio fond an attachment to England and foreign counir I where they fpend their ready money. This is on* ill the evils arifing to Scotland Irom the Union, whidi moved the feat of her legidatiire to London; \m'n'' greatly augmented by the refort of volunteer abftmj' to that capit.il. While this partiality fubiills, the Scot! will probably continue to bedidrefTed for a ciirrtncvnli fpccie. How far paper can fiinply that defefl, dcp/J upon an attention to the balance of trade; ami t|, evil may, perhaps, be in fome meafure IcircncJ y money remitted from England for carrying on ihc'vall manul'adlures and works now fet on foot in Scotland. There is but one order of knighthood peculiar tu Scotland, which is ftylcd the order of the Thillle, infti. tuted, according to fome of the Scotch writers, bvkiai Achaius, on his making an oftcnfive league with Chat' Icmagnc, king of France, in the eighth centui^. |t confilts of the fovereign and twelve companions. TU wear a green ribbon over their ihoulder, and on tlicir bicaft an embroidered ft.ir, reprefenting St. Andrew the tutelar (lunt of Scotland, irradiated, and this motto!' Nemo me iinpuni liicejfet, " None fhall provoko me wiili! impunity." This order, after laying dormant fur miij I years, was revived by James V, a prince of great tallj and magnificence, but dropped about the timcoftlie Reformation, and was again redored to its former lullrc by queen Anne. In the reign of Edward II. there was no difference between the viilue and denomination of the coin* of; England and Scotland. About the end of the reii'ii ofj James II. a Scotch (hilling was equal to no morctlun an Englidi fix-pence ; and in the reigii of Mary, queen of Scotland, was only worth a groat. Soon after the ac ce(non of James I. to the crowu of England, the Scotch /billing was equal to no more than an Engli(h pemiv; their croA'iis and nuirks, which are only imaginary rac ne)-, fell in the fame proportion. A Scotch penny is now rarely met with ; and the bodle, by which its ufe ra fupplied, though of double the value, begins to befcarce, There are fWT halfpennies, or babies, current in Scot- land ; but the Englifti coin is now inoft common, and the currency in Scotland and England is the fame: few make ufe of the Scotch computation. As to the laws and conllitution of Scotland, the an- cient form of gr)ver!iment appeared exctllent'y adapted to the prefervation of liberty ; and it nuifl be allowed, that the power of the king was thereby i^rcatly limiieil, and that there were many checks in the conlliiimoa upon him, which were vvrll calculated to prevent his aliiiming or cxercifing a dcfpotic authority : biitthcit' government was too much of the arillocratic kiiiilto afford to the common [xjoplc that equal liberty whuh they had a right to expert. The king's aiithoriiy w> fiifiiciently redraiued ; but the nobles, chicftamj, aiiJ great landholders, had it too much in their poivcr to tyrannize over and opprefs their tenants and tliec'tm- n;ci mon.] •SCOTLAND. 587 I 11 people. The king of Scotland had no negative I cc ill p:irli3niciit ; nor could he declare war, make (t nrcondii'le any other public bufinefs of impoi- ' wiihout the advice and approbation of parlia- I HI. Tiic prerogative of the king was fo bounded, |!J1 licwas not even intruded w'th the executive part Lihc govermncnt : and fo late as the minority of nmeslV. \vli'> was cotcmporary with, and fon-in-bw feHcnrv VII. of England, the parliament pointed Kit to him his duty, as the firft fervant of the people ; Kjnpcars by the ads (till extant. In fliort, the con- itiiiion was rather ariHocratical than monari-hical. TI1C laws of Scotland are now partly deduced from Ijufjinlalfylkm of government, partly from the civil Iff and partly from the laws of nature and nations. highell court of judicature in this kingdom is called ihecollegc of jiiftice, and confifts of lifteen judges, led lords of fellion, who fit twice a year to adminillcr liiSice according to equity, and determine caufcs ap- jjledto them from inferior tribunals. The fentence J this court is not however final, an appeal lying to tHonfe of Lords in England. This coiat was ori- nally inftitmcd by James V. on the model of the tiich parliament, to fupply an ambulatory committee ifihe commons. It may be confidered as a Handing |m' \i\ ail matters of property that lie before them. [matters arc determined by the civil law, iinlefs they :« within the cognizance of the municipal laws of ickingdoiTi. The lords of council and fellion a£l alfo icourt of equity. Tliehighell criminal tribunal in Scotland is called jiillice court, and conlills of a juftice-general, juf- fece-ckrk, and five other judges, who are lords of fcf- m, Theft', alTided by a jury, or pannel of fifteen, ilil the ailizcs yearly, when all caufcs are tried, and idedby a majority of the pannel, as they arc not iligcd 10 be unanimous. Ihe Scots hrxe, by the articles of union, a third lurt, called the luurt of Exchequer ; which enjoys le fame power, authority, privilege, and jurifdidlion, et the revenue of Scotland, as the court of Exche- |iier in Englaiul, and all matters and things compe- intto the court of Exchequer in one of thefe king- ims, ars likewife competent to the Exchequer of the kr. but certain powers are velk-d in the judges of leEschcqiier in Scotland, which formerly belonged the treal'ury, and Hill appertain to that board in i'land, In the reign of Charles II. the court of admiralty in oiiaiid was, in all cuules competent to its own jii- ilJiclion, declared to be a fupreme court. The hird igh admiral is acknowledged the king's lieutenant and "Icc-gcneral upon the leas, and in all ports, luir- lurs, and creeks of the fame ; and upon frelh watt r?, id navigable rivers, below the tirll bridge, or \siihiii «-«atcr-niark. fo that nothing competent t*> hts jii- ifc.on can be interfered with, in the tiri'i iiill.nn. -, It by the lurd hij^Ji admiral, and tlit judges ol lus court. Sentences patTcd in all inferior courts of .idmi- raliy may bt; brought again before this court, but no appeal lies from it to the lords of fellion, or any other court, tmlefs in cafes not maritime. In this court caufcs are tried by the civil law, which in fiich cafes is likewife the common law of Scotland. The office of lord admiral of Scotland is now little inorc than no- minal, though the falary annexed to it is fiinpcfed to be about oik" thoufand pounds per annuin. Tne judge of tho admiralty is generally a perfon of diHin('iioii» and there are confiderahle perquifites belonging to him. The college, or faculty of advocates, arc within themfclves an orderly court, having under their fubor- dination a body of inferior lawyers, or attorneys, who term thcinfelvcs writers to the fignet, becaufe they alone can fubfcribc the writs which pafs the fignet. This college, in fiimc degree, anfwers to the Englifh inns of court, and no candidate can b>. admitted without a (IriiSt examination. A fheriff's court is held in every coimty, in which he, or his deputy, prefides, and adminifiers juflice in all caufes civil and criminal. Formerly the office of (licrilF was hereditary ; but by a late aft of parliament it is enacted, that all high fherifTs, or flcwards, fliall for the future be nominated and appointed annually by his majefiy, his heirs and fucccn'ors. It is alfo cnaclcd, in regard to the flicriff's deputies, and fteward's depu- ties, that there fliall be only one in each county, or flewartry, who mu(t have been an advocate fevcn years at lead. Thefe deputies are to be nominated by the king for the term of feven years, with fuch fuiihef continuance as his majefty ihall think fit; after which they are to enjoy their offices for life, unlefs guilty of fome great offence. The baron courts of Scotland, in civil matters, ex- tend to caufes not exceeding forty Ihillings ftcrling; and in criminal caufcs, 10 petty adions of aflault and battery. Thefe coiuts belong to every perfon who holds a barony of the king; and they had ft)rmerly the power of life and death ; but at prefcnt they can only inflidl a fine, not exceeding twenty Ihillings, or fct the offender in the (locks for three hours in the day. The commilfaries courts in Scotland are fimilar to thofe of thcEnglilh diocefan chancellors. The highelt of thefe is kept at Edinburgh, whi'rein four judges pre- (ide, who hear and determine all caufes relative to wills and telfaments, the right of patronage to ecclefiallical benefices, tithes, divor.es, &:c. The juftices of peace in Scotland pofTefs much the fame power as thofe in England. 'J'he royal burghs form a fort of commercial parlia- ment, which meets once a year at Edioburgli, and cou- lilfs of a rcpreleiuative from each burgh, to confu|t upon the common good of the whole. The trade bc,- tween Scotland and the Neilicrlainls is fiibjedt to their regulation ; and they li\ the llaj)lc-pori, which has b en removed irom Don to Camphcre. Their conltrvaior is uomiuated by the crown, but then they reg date his power, JM- I 588 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. "'1 ft power, approve hi<(l. piitit's, ami appi/ini hisfalmv; Ti that in la.'l ihc vvIidIl' iLipIi: ti.nlv is fiiUjc t 10 tlnir man iL,"iiKnf. The cuiiditiition of Si.nilaiul lias vnilcil at ihircrcnt liinwS-, acionlmg as ilu- powL-r ot the king, the riuhk-s, or the commons happiiiitl to be moll picvalc-nt ; but at lad it (cttlcd in a iiti)itc>i m()nar..hy. Tin; Scots cn- jo\i'il tlicir own p.irl'ainrni, CDnliliing of kin^^, 1 luis, and coiinnons, thon^^h (liifLrcniiy moJclkil Irdin liiat ot England ; but the two nations buin;; incorporaiiil by t!ic aft of L'nion, tlic Scotlilh parliament ceaRd ot courfe, and tliat kingvloin is now repreCentcd by lixtccn peers, and torty-fivc commoners, who lit and vote in the Ikitilh parliament. Tiicfe peers arc uiccled every parliament trom the wiiolc boily of the Scotch nobility ; and the commons are cliolin by the (hires and ccii;iin boroughs ciaired tor that pnrpofe. The great olfices of tlie crown are itill maintained and bcitowcd upon the noblemen of North- liritain. By an article of the treaty of Union, tlic land-tax of Scotianil is fettled at a certain fum ; but thcculloms and other branches of the revenue, are oa tlie fame looting there as in England. ^ A Compendious History of S C O T L A N D. T II E ancient hiftory of Scotland, like that of moll other nations, is obfciired by fables and uncertain tra- ditions. All we know is, that at the time of tlie Ro- man goveinnent in Dritain, thai kingdom was inhabited by tliree diifi-rent kinds of people, diHinguillied by the names of CjK'donians, Sco:s, and I'idls. The Cale- donians were the original inliabitants of the country ; the Scots, m.itl probably, were a nation of ad\enturers from ancient Scythia ; and the PiiSls were the original natives of Britain, and dn\cn out by the Belgic Gauls. Chrillianity was planted in Scotland about the two liun- dreth year of the Clir;ilian xr.i, by Monald I. VVe h;ive very little account of Scotland till the time when the famous Agricola commanded in Britani. That great general totally defeated the combined artriy of thw'le northern fieopic, led againll him by a power- 1.1! pr ticc, called Galdns, or Ci dgacus. \Vhcn tbe Rimans h It Britain, ni the year 4 ['3, the Pitts and Sr^rs invaded the northern jiarts of that coun- try, and practiled fuch iidiuman barbarities on the in- habitants, that tlu'v called in the Romans to their aflift- ame. Reinfoixed by ihefe foriir.n iMixiliaries, they at- tacked, routetl iheir eneinic, and drove them back to their own country. About the yc.u 843, the P(6)s, who had 1 mg fnb- fifled as a )e|-)arate nat. i)n, were totally fubdued by Kru- neth Mac Alpm, king of Scotland, auv! obliged to ni- nnpitrate iheinltlvts uiih tht ir connuerui^, by taking th ir name, 'I'.d ad>pting their la'.\'. Malc'jlm iil. toinmonly called Malcolm Caiimote, V ho mounted the Scottith thmnc in the year io-> ^ ried M.irgnrct. lider to Edgar AthtHni, ilm tni', U to ilie l'nt;lMli cnwri. Alirmed at this al!j,i|,, /" 1 the p.ipulariiy of Klgir, VVdliam the C()n(jimr,,r,'iji then (vvayed the LugliOi (ccptrc. invaded .S, .tl^n'i ' the head of a powerful army, and forced l\' '■ \ p.iv Inin homage. This peace intnidiiccj a luuraiifJ ticiM of manners among the Scots, in wlii, h miecn \I J garet, at once the pattern of piety and puluciK.]- 'j boured incell'antly. She began with her ovmi c, J which llie new-modelled, by nuraduciiit intu it iJ offices, furniture, and modes of litv, which utrciifl among the more polite uation.s of Eiiriipe. mnl'eirfrom her lervice all who were noted foi and immorality; and charged Turgot, her r^iiii'ifj under pain of her difpleafiu ■, to giie her Ins rcilf J timents upon the Hate of tl„ kingdom, atttr tlie inquiry he could make. Tmgot's report was by mians favourable to the reputation of the S.ots. I informed Margaret, that faelion raged jinong the nJ blcs i ra|iiiii- among the comiuons; and mcontinei among all degrees of men. Above all, he compLniica that the kingdom was dcllitnte of a learned ' lerpv, J pablc of reforming the people by their doitriiieail example. This report, hnvever, did not (iifiduril the queen ; Uie foon made her hii'haiul fcnlihle hoi necellary it was for his glory and lalet\, to ku.,j \ efforts for reforming his fnhjefts. She repreffiitcj him particidar'y the corruption of jnilice, and ihc jl f(dencc of the iold.ery ; and fuiiid in himaiuu,Ji |)ofitian for relormuig all ahufes. Heheganilict work, by fetting tlic example in his own pcrl'D.'aJ obliging his nobility to follow it. But liipcrllaiMiliJ too great a Ihare in thcfe reformations : Maiii Irn wiili the riches oi his kingdom in founding hilh mr.i. ing churches, monatierics, and other ecclella;tiul itiJ tures, adornmg them with velliels i)( guld ami lilij anil endowing them with ample privileges and venues. Malcolm foon after invaded Kngland, nnd laidlifj to the cafllc of Alnwick; but belore lie (.nulj rdij it, he was attacked by Robert dc Mowbtav, carl 1 Northumberland, at the head id an army, and ki in the contell ; and his excellent cjuccn, MarLiirct, nil was then ill at Edinburgh, lurvived him unly fmrdiJ 'I'licfe events hnjipencd in the year icy3, m k- iliiiij lixth year of Malcilm's reign. Donald Vn. the uncle ot Malcolm, mmimrJ throne of Scoilnid, on tlic death of his ninhew, expelleil all the ♦oreigncrs out of the kinijdiin, thoii m the intered of Kdgar Athelmg, and oLiligd tUiii j f'eek refuge in England. But finding h iiililf iiiali to defend lii^ tmriiories ugainll the oiPniitipii f.rni in favour of l.dgar, Alexand'-r, and Dnul, il'c lul of Maioolm, he united the Panes and N rwigiamf his alli'ance ; ofFeriug to cede to them llit (Miiiyaij Shetl.uid illaiids, by way of ii,dei)uiilic:iti;'n. Tiifu ter was accepted; and Magnus, kuig uf Noiivay.sfil Ij-rom..] SCO r L A N D. 5«9 hM .„llt(li()ii of the illaiuls, marcl '■'! an army to * ulurice of Uornlil. Thcfc barSarians fooii bc- " li) infitlc'i'i '^''" ''"^y ^''•■'■^ «lcicltcd by the Scots, ""compUi"'-'' '^<'"° "*" f'"?- I fciit, in '1'" 'neaii timu, IJtincan, a natural ion ITitle la'c Malcolm, at the head of an army, againll iijkl' aiiJ'li<-" Scots, imagining he was come to place [1 the throne, joined his llandard. The udirp- [ «! obliged to fly to the idands for protcdion. Iitihc Scots fdon perceived their miftakc , Duncan, Sjailof invcfling Edgar with the inlignia of govcrn- It repaired (■ i Scone, where he was lolemnly crown- |j' He did iii.t however long furvivc his exaltation, llciiielUin by Malpedir, carl of Meirns, who replaced iDonald iip"» the throne. Riifus now lent tdgar mto Scotland, at the head of Ijn army, alliltcd by his uncle Edgar Alhcling, and Ifoon liWig"' I-)<>na'i' to feck his fafety in flight ; but Ihtwas iii't now Vortunate enough to cfcape ; he was Ltriakcn and brought back to Edgar, who caiifed his I Its to be put f"""i 3'"' condemned him to perpetual Lrifonmeni, where he died. I Stion afor the accellion of t.dgar to the Scotiifli Itliione, hi- littler Matilda, who had been carried by llet aunt Ciirilliana into the monaftcry of Wilton, Lj5 married to Henry I. by which the crowns of lEnzland and Si'otland were llrongly cemented. Edgar, laltcr a reign of nine years and three months, died at iDiindce in 1107. I AltASiHlefi his brother, afcended the throne, and cx- ItiieJ himftlf in pnnilhing the enormous crimes com- ImitieJby his nobi'ity in every part of the kingdom. IHe afterwards app'.icd himfelf to works of piety, and lied in the year 1124, after a reign of feventeen years I inii twenty-one days, and was fucceeded by his younger I brother David, who, with nis filter queen Matilda, had I been ediicited in England. He married Maud, the daughter of Walthcof, by Judith, the niece of William liie Conqueror i and afterwards became poifefled of the peat earldoms of Hinitingdon and Northumberland : fo I tot he was, at the time of his accellion to the throne of Scotland, the moll powerful fubjecl in England. I He cultivated his family fricndfhip with Henry 1. and having early forcfeen the oppolition which hi. niece, ihc cmprefs Maud (hcirefs to the crown of England by the death of her elder brother) would c icounter, he took an oaih to maintain her and her illiit in that I fiiccdlioii. Accordingly when Stephen, on the death of Henry, i feiied the crown, he not only gave all her friends an I hofpitable reception, but raifed an army, at the head of which he marched into England, fcizeJ upon Car- Meaiid Newcadle, and obliged the nobility in the north iif England to give hodages for their fidelity to the emptefs and her ygung fon, afterwards Heury'll. He wa» however fi):>n after obliged to 1 ki; a p .ic'; with Stephen, and his Ion did homage for his Euglilh crtates. About two years afterwards he ai'.ain invaded Eng- land, where his army committed the mod (hocking bar- barities, which neither D^vi. ifipni I ■;; . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.0 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V] <^ /2 ^p). -W ^/J'^ ? .^^ '/ /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4S03 £: ^ \ iV N> % V <^ 6^ ^ u o^ 550 A NEW AND COMPLKTE SYSTEM of UNtVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. i of nuntini'don, brotlicr both to William . mI Mal- colm IV. Uf>on the death of Alexander III. John Raliol, groat gnuulfon to David, earl n\' Huntipi^don, hy his clJcr (Liu^hter Margaret, and Rr.lxrt Briiec, graiidfon In il.i- fame call lit Hiintiiigiloii, by hi.s voiinycr d.ui;;h- tcr J(ab(.'l. became competitors for the i ro \ ii ol Scot- land. The deci'ioii was referred to Ed\varil I. of iing- lanu. Alter a long difciillion, Edward awarded the crown to I'aliol, who agreed to do homage for it to the king of England. lialiol was accordingly crowned at Scone, and (bon aftc- fiirrendcred his crown to Ed- ward, who detained iiim prifoner in England. Having thus fecured tlic perfon of Baliol, Edward obliged the Scots to (ign inllruments of their fiibjec- tion to him. and carried offer deftroyed all tlie hiUo- lical records of their kingdom, taking with him the fatidical ilonc on which the kings of Scotland had long been crowned, and depolited it in Welbninftcr-Abbey, where it fliU rcmams. Enraged at the lols of every tliiiig they valued, the Scots deurmiiied to perilh rather than wear the chains of tlie v'l'lor. Eilward perceiving hi.s miflake, changed his mea.oics ; he treated them on the footing of fiibjeils, and projedlckl an union be- tween the two kingdoms. Happy had it been for both bad this treaty took place, but the Scot? patriots treateil it with difdain. They un' ed thcmfelves under Sir William Wallace, one of \\\.cially as the feeble Iwidiifl of yiMiiig Edward had greatly abated tiie tcr- ' L,of ihe Engiilli arms. I On the other hand, Edward II. perceiving at length llknecsllity of afling with vigour, accordingly af- iHlcd a powerful army, in order to finilh this im- rjrtmt entcrprize by one dreadful blow. He entered Koiland at the head of a nmnerous body of forces, I'^jjviDCed towards Bruce's army, encamped near IsiirlinR' Mischief officers were, the earls of Gloiicef- ly, Hereford, Pembroke, and Sir Giles Argenton. iTliofe under Bruce were, his own brother Sir Edward ; liii nfphew Randolf, earl of Murray ; and the young loid Waller, high lleward of Scotland. The Scotliih irentral, knowing that he was unable to face the Englilh ISilie open field, without fome advatitagcous circum- llincesin his favour, drew up his army near Bannock- n, having a hill on his right tlank and a morafs on his left. In the front of his ariny was a wide rivulet, Icnllie banks of which he caufed deep pits to be dug, Ijidiharp flakes to be planted in them, and the whole llobe carefully covered with turf. Thefe precautions lludthe defired efFed ; the Engl i(h cavalry, eager to ..race the enemy, fell into the pits, and were driven |(|°iiie field of battle, before they had time to rally. I This unfortunate accident ftruck the army of Edward Uiihapanic, and Bruce obtained a complete vi6lory. iTlie Scotch writers make the lofs of the Englifh to I amount to ^0,000 men, and their own to 4000. The Ijoiver of the Englifh nobility were either killed or I ulien prifoners ; their camp, which was immenfely liicii, fell into the hands of the Scots; and Edward lliinfel'', with a few followers, were piirfiied by Douglas lloihe^att; of Berwick, from whence he efcaped in a flhing-boat. This great and dcciiivc battle happened iiiheyear 1311, and became a fubje£tof great triumph Ilotheviftors. Bruce was by this fortunate acqnifition eftabliflied lontheScottifli throne, and the remainder of his reign ns a feries of the molt glorious fucceircs. He feat I his brother Edward into Ireland, at the head of a con- Sdctable army, who obtained very great advantages oicrthe natives, but was at lalt ilain in battle. Robert, [who knew tLat the events of war are always uncertain, made peace with England, and died in the year 1328, hving his country in the grcatelf profperity. David II. the fon and liicceH'or of Robert Bruce, I Ws a virtuous prince ; but liis abilities as a l;ing were pcatly tclipfed by thofc of Edward III. of England, «hofe filler he married. The Eugliih monarch efpoufed ihc caufe of John Baliol, fon to the original com- 2 petitor for the Scottifli throne, and dtlcated David's forces in fcvcral bloody battles. That prince liimfclf was taken prifoner at the battle of Durham. After eleven years imprifonment in England, he, obtained lii^ liberty, on paying a ranfbm of loc.ooo marks, and died ■ itli- out iinie, in the year 1371. By the death of David, the lad of the Bruccan line, the crown devolvcil upon the Stuart family, wliofe chief had married the niece of Robert Bruce. The firlf monarch was Robert II. a wife and brave prince. He was an excellent judge of mankind, and always employed generals of the mofl dillinguiflied abilities. He was tifty-feven years of age when he mounted the throne, and fevcnty when the firft war broke out againlt England, fo that he had very little opportimity of difplaying his courage. He died in 1390, and was fiiccccded by his fon Robert III. a prince of a flender capacity, though extremely innocent and inoffcnfive in his con ju£t. But Scotland was at that time very ill inclined to chcrilli, or even to endure, fovereigns of that charafter. The duke of Albany, Robert's brother, a prince of more abilities, at leall of a more boifterous and violent dif- polition, alRuned the government of the (late; and, not fatisRed with his prefent authority, entertained the horrid purpofe of extirpating his brother's children, and of fixing the crown in his own family. Ac- cordingly he threw David, his eldeft nephew, into prifon, and fufFercd him there to perifli with hunger. Janws, the younger brother of David, now only flood between the tyrant and the throne ; .-ind Robert, fenfible of his Ion's danger, embarked him on board a Ihip, with a view of fending him into France, and intruiting him to the protedlion of that friendlypower. Unfortunately the velfel was taken by the Englifh. Prince James, a boy about nine years of age, was carried to London ; and though there fubfifled a truce at that time between the two kingdoms, Henry re- fufed to reltore the young prince to his liberty. Robert, worn out with cares and infirmities, was tmable to bear the (hock of this lad misfortune, and foon after paid the debt of nature, leaving tlie government in the hands of the duke of Albany. James I. being fet at liberty in the year 1424, on paying an exorbitant ranfom, afcended the throne oi his anceftors ; and having received an excellent edu- cation in England, determined to abridge the ovei:- grown power of his nobility. He was alfo defirous of recovering the crown lands which had been un- judly wrelfed from his family during his refidence in England. But thefe attempts cod him his life ; fotnc* of the chief nobility formed a confpiracy againd him, and he was murdered in his bed, in 1437, and the forty-fourth year of his age. The death of James I. was fucceeded by a long minority, attended with all the didradlions too com- mon in thofe events. When the yoinig prince be- came old enough to hold the reins of govcrnmeiu, '.' thtfe ''] < , ; : i! UM • ,5liJ ■'.;■• \i I U I ■-': , \h liliri, 6ga A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPHY. thcfe diftnifliuns ftibrided, and James gave many in- dications of Kis inheriting the noble fpirit of his great jincedors. Soon after his acceflion to the throne, tiie quarrel commenced between the houfes of York and Lancaftcr, and became abfolutcly incurable but by the extin£lioii of one party. This waS too great an ad- vantage not to be fcizcd by fames, who hoped now to recbver thofe places the Endtih had formerly con- quered. In the year 1460, fie laid liege to Rox- borough, and had provided himfelf with a fmall train of artillery for the cnterprize : but his cannon was fo ill framed, that one of them burd as he was firing it, and put an end to his life in the flower of his age. James III. hit Ton and fuccelTor, was alfo a minor. The ufual diftraftions enfued in the kingdom : the queen-dowager, Anne of Gueldres, afpired to the government, and the family of Douglas oppofed her -pretenfions. Nor was the nation greatly relieved when James came of age to take the government into his own hands. Sufpicion, indolence, immode- rate attachment to favourites, with many other errors of a feeble mind, too plainly mark the reign of this weak prince. His turbulent adminillration was clofed by a rebellion of his fubjeAs, and he was ilain in battle, in the lihirty-iixth year of his age, in the year 1488. James IV. who afcended the throne of Scotland, upon the death of his father, was one of the moft accompli (bed princes of his age: he was naturally generous and brave, loved magnificence, delighted in war, and was eager to obtain fame. He at once en- couraged and protected the commerce of his fubjeAs, who Toon became the rivals of the Englifh. In the year 1502, he married Margaret, eldcll daughter of Henry VII. and it was hoped that this alliance would remove all fource of difcord between the two king- doms. But this flatieiing idea was deceitful : James flill cheri/bed the fatal error of his family, a predi- lection for the French. He joined that nation againll Henry VI II. led an army into England, and was Slain, together with the flower of his nobility, in the battle of Floddon, which happened in the year ijig' James V. wis Tery young when his father fell in the field of honour, and a minority both long and troublefome enfued. He imitated his predeceflors' in their attempts to humble the nobility ; and the doc- trine of the Reformation beginning to gain ground in Scotland, he liftened to the inftigations of his clergy, and gave way to a religious perfecution. In the year 11J52, a war broke out with England, and the duke of j^orfolk, at the head of a numerous army, entered the Scottifh territories, and committed fonK diforders ; b^t hearing that James was at the head of a flrong body of forces, retreated into England. Inflamed with a dcfire of military glory, and determined to revenge the affronts he had received, James gave the fignal for purfiiing them, and carrying the war into England. But his nobility oppofed this refolution, ai«l „f J 10 attend him in ins projedled enterprize. EiZj at this dcfcaion, he reproached them with CowarH^l and threatened them with the effeas of his arwcr '^ however determined to purfuc his purpofe wd J tcred England at the head ^f a few force's that 11 hercd to him. He had not advanced far, before hi troops were feizcd with a panic, on hearing tHa ? fmall detachment of the Englilh was approachiJ and fled in the utmoil confufion. This dilUfte" f deeply afTeded James, who was of a melancholKi (i polition, as well as endowed with a high fpirit thJ he loll all command of his temper. Rage aeainll hi nobility, who he believed had betrayed him j ftaml for a defeat by fuch unequal numbers; regret for |K| part, and fear for the future, fo wrought upon him that he Would admit of no coniblafion, but abandon^ himfelf wholly to defpair, and died foon after in A flower of his age. ' Mary, the daughter and fucceflbr of James, only a lew hours old when her father died. She wai fent to France when an infant, and married, duril her minority, to the dauphin, who died before M afcended the throne of Scotland. This princefs, fannini at otice for her beauty and misfortunes, foon after D obtained the crown of her anceftors, married loi, Darnly, whofe untimely death produced a rebellion id her kingdom. Mary's forces were defeated, and! herfelf obliged to take refuge in England, where I was detained a prifoner eighteen years by queen Eliu| beth, and afterwards beheaded by order of that priJ cefs, in the year 1586-7, and in the forty-lixihi her age. James VI. fucceeded his mother on the ScottiL throne ; and, after the death of queen Elizabeth, iM cended that of England, after fhewiiig great abiliiiJ for governing in Scotland. By this means the tJ crowns became united, and the independency of Scotl land in confequence deflroyed. | James, after a fplendid but troublefome reign cm hid three kingdoms, left them, in 1625, to his fon, 1 unfortunate Charles I. That prince, by his arbitn. principles and conduct, induced both his Scottilh ani. Englifh fubjedls to take up arms againft him; anI indeed, the fword was firlt drawn again Charles! Scotland. But when the royal party was totally di feated in England, the king put himfelf into tk power of the Scottifh army, who at firlt treated him with refpeiSt, but afterwards delivered him up to ttie Englifh parliament, on condition of their paying! 400,0001. to the Scots, which was faid to be due m them for arrears. However, the Scots afterwards mada feveral bloody but u \fuccefsful attempts to teflore his fon, Charles II. who was finally defeated by Crom^ well, at the battle of Worcetter, in 1651; attd which, to the time of his reftoration, the common-| wealth of England^ and the Protestor, ^ave Uw Scotland. PHY. ion, aod Qfg|J prize. EnngJ with cowjrdtt] hi» anger. }{| "■pofci Mid (I "orces (hat . i far, before 13 hearing tKa; ; js approachinJ rhis dilUfter a melancholy difl ''•gh fpifit, 4 ■age agiinft hi] c(f him ; ftai 'i regret for liij ight upgn hit ' but abandons on after, in ihi of James, died. She wji married, durigl died before A] princefs, famom I foon after 1 >, married loi :d a rebellion ij efeated, and.( land, where 1 by queen Eiii, :r of that prioJ e forty-lixth ( on the Scotiifli [t Elizabeth, af| ; great Mm means the twd ndency of ScotJ le reign over hii to his fon, r by his arbitral) lis Scottiihaiu' kind himj an^ ;ain Charles i was totally d mfelf into tlu irit treated him him up to tin their payingl id to be due t^ ifterwardstnudi ts to rellore his ated by Crom-j n 1651; alu the common-l •, gave law , At the acceffior Lid. .he whi \0, and oftcrcJ -ttiotheincorpf L roj-'AcJ the „l,a on to airtx y.^ by the (lillr UW; <"">'^<= ^'■' L.!aml bcconw oi IScuhiKi (1793) =}« ^ The armo''^' be Li, "I'l"' ^'''^ ^ Lvcted i the crelt E N Irdmes, Extent Pridiice, Fifljerii H''H< ^<^' IrOUTH BRII 10 called Enclj^ .n the north, by S ■Ocean ; on the w lonthelbmh, by l lit from France. |iiij 300 in breadth I lat. and bef Itell longitude. ! |Eii(l in Cornwall, Ion the borders Ipoinis. England is wa Iwbeit joins to Icoiiniry liable to |tlieinliab:iants on Ibv ag»es and re\ 1 vapours which c I tlic natural (harp I be clothed with Ijins in March, I coiered with blol' I continues ; fo tli I of vernal bloom, late frequently c\ ]tptii.'re. However J renders it frieiidlj I general, cfpcciall In the time c Iuropn] E N C L A N D. 593 At the afcedion of queen Anne to the crown of It 'land, the Wliigs again made application to the Im and oftcrcd them their own terms, if they would MO the incorporate Union as it now (bnds. Tim, - jpfjiy of thu Scots parliament for a confidcrablc A rijctled the propofal j but were at length pre- liJ on to agree to it, partly fruni conviiliun,'and (ly by the diliribution of money amon;; the needy 'jjijjiy; fnicc which the hiltories of England and y,i\\i become one and the fame. Sir J-hn Sinclair computes the prefcnt population of |Sc«land(i793)a' ''ZO^'O??- . , The armorial bearing ot Scotland is fol, a lion ram- ■int "iiles, with a double telUire flowered and countcr- iLtrcdi the crelt, a lion crowned imperial. CHAP. X. ENGLAND. ries, Extent, D'tvifians, Sail, CHinate, Rivers, Prthce, Fifljcries, Mwiufa£lories, Religion, Learning, IrOUTH BRITAIN, or that part of Great-Britain JlJ called England, iticiuding vVales, is bounded, |«(i the north, by Scotland ; on the call, by the German l0;can ; on the weft, bj St. George's Channel ; and lontheronth, by the Englilh Channel, which feparatcs it from l'"rance. This part of Great-Britaiii contains rji^jo fqiiare miles. It is about 380 miles in length, |ai)j 300 in breadth ; fituated between 50 and 56 deg. Inortli lal. arid between 2 deg. eaft, and 6 dcg. 20 min. Iwdllongitnde. It is of a triangular form ; the Land's Kail ill Coriivvall, Dover-Head in Kent, and Caithnefs Icn the borders of Scotland, forming three angular I points. England is wafhed by the fca on all fides, except vhereit joins to Scotland ; which fituation renders the (ouniry liable to great imcertainty of weather, fo that tk inhabitants on part of the fea-coafts are often vifited by agues and fevers ; but at the fame time the \Yarm vapours which continually arife from the fea, qualify tk natural (harpnefs of the air, and caufe the earth to k clothed with a perpetual verdure. The fpring be- {ins in March, and in May the whole country is co\ercd with bloifoms. The cold, however, too often continues; fo that while the trees difplay all the pomp of vernal bloom, they, as well as the human nerves, are frequently chilled with the coldncfs of the atmo- fpbe. However, the (Ituation of England near the fea renders it friendly to the h)ngevity of the inhabitants in general, efpccially thofe who live on a dry foil. In the time of the Horaans, the whole ifland went by the name of Britannia. The word Brit, according to Mr. Camden, fignified painted or ftained ; thi; ancient, inhabitants being famous for painting their bodies : though fome antiquaries Aq not agree on this etymology. Some derive it from a Celtic word, fig- nifying a level country ; but wc prefer the common etymology, of its being derived from Anglen, a pro- vince now fiibje£l to nis Danidi majefty, which fur- niihcd a great part of the original Sa\on adventurers into this illand. England has been differently divided at different periods of time. When the Romans firft landed in Britain, it was inhabited by feVcnteen tribes, viz. the Danmonii, Durotriges, Bclgx, Atrebatii, Rcgni, Can- tium, Trinobantes, Juni, Caticuchlani, Dobuni, Si- hires, Dimetac, Ordovires, Cornavii, Coritain, Brigan- tes, Ottadini : but they afterwards becoming matters of it, divided it into the four following provinces : t. Britannia Prima, comprehending the louthern parts of England. 2. Britannia Secunda. comprehending the wellern parts, and Wales. 3. Maxima Cxfarienfis, which reached from the Trent as far northward as the wall of Severus, between Ncwcattie and Carlifle, and fomctimes as far as that of Adrian in Scotland, be- tween the Forth and Clyde. 4. Flavia Cxfarienfis, comprifing the middle counties. To each of thel'e tribes a certain number of counties were allotted, with their chief cities. About the year 450, when the Saxons invaded Eng- land, and when they were eftablilhed in the year 582, they divided the iflandinto feven unequal parts, called kingdoms, generally ftyled the Saxon heptarchy ; each leader appropriating to himfelf the parts he had con- quered. THE SA-XON HEPTARCHY. Kingdoms. Counties. Ch. Towns. Kent Canterbury* 2. South Saxons, "1 founded byElla, ISufTex Chicherter. in 49i,andend- [Surrey Southwark. ed in 600 J 3. Eaft Angles, "" founded by UfFa, Norfolk Nor^vich. Suffolk BnrySt.Edmunds. in ^Jq, and end- f Cambridge Cambridge. edm793. 4. Weft Saxr,ns, fotinded by Cer- dic, in ^iij, and' ended in '.060.. L Ulcof Ely Ely. fCornwall Launceflon. Devon Exeter. Dorfet Dorchcflcr. Somerfct Bath. Wilts Salifbury. Hants Winchdler. ^Berks .Abingdon. K.IKOUOMS. \A ,-*•! ' 594 _ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY Kingdoms. Counties. Cm. Towns. 4. Northumber- land, founded by Ida, in j47, and'< ended in 79a.. .^..Lancaftcr. ...York. f Lancaflcr. York .... Flurliam Duiliam. Cumberland . . . .Carlillf. VVcdinorciand . . A|iplcby. NortlnniibiT- "^ land & Scot- f land, to the SNcwcaflle. Frith of Edin- | L burgh J 6. Kad Saxons," founded by ti- chcwin, in 527, Si ended in j^O. Eirex, Middle i ft'x, and pa of Hertford leO ]rt > London. 7. Mcrcia, found- ed by Cridda, inv .(582, and ended in 874 'Gloufcftcr Glouccfler. I lereford Hereford. Worcellcr Worcedcr. Warwick Warwick. Leiccffcr Lciccllcr. Rutland Oakham. Northampton . . Northampton. Lincoln Lincoln. Himtingdon Huntingdon. Bedford Bedford. Buckingham /Xylcfbury. Oxford Oxford. Stafford Stafford. Derby Derby. S;dop Shrewfhury. Nottingham NoitiopliMm. Che(li.'r, the other "IChclkT. „ part of Hertford^ j i Jei tforJ. The great Alfred divided England into counties; and, fince the Norman coiicjuell, it has been divided into fix circuits, each circuit containing ;i certain number of counties. Two judges are appointed for each circuit, wiiich they vidt antuially, in order to ad- ipiniller jultice to the inhabitants of each rcfpcrtive county, without tlie trouliic and cxpcnce that mtirt at- lund tiicir coming to the capital. Thefc circuits are as follows : > ■ 1. HOME CIRCUIT. Counties. Elfex Ilcnfoid ...... ' ■«,. ,1 Chief Towns. r Chelmsford, Ci/lch. Htr, Harwich, .< Maiden, SattVon-Waldcn, Bock- t. ing, Braintree, and Stratford. Htitford, St. A!!xui's, Ware, llitclien,Baidi>ck, lii.li'.'ps-Stdit- f >ril, Berkliatnlicd, Hcailted, and Burnet. , ^ Kent. CouNTiKji. Chief Towns. ■fM.iidftone, Canferbiirv, Chvl, ' K;'ch.(U.r, (Jreenw, h i; wich, Dover, Deal,)).:; Jcverlhatn Dnrtfunl. U,;,,; S^ndw.ch ShccnRll,T„„|,„| Margate. GravcfcuUmiM,!,;;,; rSo.ahwark. Kingdun. Gi.WfJ I Croydon. Lpf,,,,,. k,|,„„ ) VVandfworth Battcrfa.l-,,, Vrnham. Godalnun, B.gii, I. tgham. and Darkiiig.- ^ ' rChichefter. Lewes, Ho,fl,a,n.RvJ t Ealt-Oruidead, ArHii.lcl \\'S I NewShoriham, l»ctwoci!i,M,J L hurll, and Mailings. ^* Surrey Suflex. 2. N O R Bucks Bedford ..., Hiintingdon Cambridge , Suffolk .1 Norfolk 3. OX F Oxon Berks. Glouceftcr. if. <\ m *". FOLK CIRCUIT. rAyldWy, Buckingham, ^ J Wickham, Great Marl.m.N;. ] port-Pagnel. and Stuny.S,, . tj lord. ' f Bedford, Ampthill.Woobiirn.Diin, I flable, Luton, and BiggJcfwaJe' {Huntingdon. St. Ives, Kimb-ilton' St. Ncots, Godnunchdlcr, am Ramfcy. r Caiiibridge.Ely, Newmarket, Wfi \ bich, and Royfton. Bury, Ipfwich, Sudburv, LcoftclTr, part of Newmarket, AUborfwli, Bungay, Southwokl, BtandSn! Walelworth, Mildcn-Hjll, Bee cles, Frainliiigham, Stdu-Mark ct, Woodbridpe, LavcnIiamJU ley, Long Milford.Siratlkl.ani talterbergholt. / Norwich, Thetford.Lynn.andYar. \ iTiouth. R D CIRCUIT. r Oxford, Banbury, Chiprinn-NorJ J ton, Henley, i^iiirdrii.'Wh'.'i.eyJ 1 Dorcliclter, Tame, and Wo L Hock. ' Reading, Abingdm, WinilforAWJ lingfiird, New bcirViMaiikulMdl Farriiigdon, W;iiii:i;n', OakingJ ham, and ilungLrlonl. Gloucefter, Tcwkclhury, CircnccfJ tcr, Berkley, Durllcy, Lech Cambdcn, Newhain, Stow.Tct^ bury, Sudbury, Wotton, Aiarll ficlu, and part of Briliol. CoU.STIESi Luflf'-] E N O L A N n. $99 ctford.Lynn.andYjJ Chief Towns. fWi>rccrtcr, E/cfliam, ncndlcy, 1 Droit witch, St'wcrhridg'i, Kiil- Voticf" S tlorininller, liroinljgiovc, I'cr- ^_ (liorc, and Tiilbiiiy. I fMiinmoiitli, Abergavenny, Car- luvimouth S '«""• Chcpdow, Newport, and I"* l_ Fontipool. r Hereford, Lcinpftcr, WcfiblVi J. fjjj < K y ncion, Rofs, Pcinkridge, Lcil- \_ bury, and Bromyard. rSlirewftiiry, Liidlnw, nride;cnortli, ,., < Hilhops-cadlcWhitclniii li.Wen- ■""f V lock, Wem. and Olwellry. f Stafford, Litchfield, Newraflle- J under-Line, Burton, Penkridee, lorJ \ Wolverhampton, Riigelcy, Ut- l_ toxeter, and Sf ;. MIDLAND CIRCUIT. r Warwick, Coventry, Birmingham, J Stratford upon Avon, Atherton, '•' 1 Aiilccfter.Tamvvorili, Nuneaton, I andColeniill. ■■{ hbv. Hottingham . { { Leictflcr, Mellon-Mowbray, Bof- (jjfdjf / ■vyorth, Harboroiigh, and Alliby- de-la-Zouch. Derby, Chcdcrficid, Workfwortli, Ambomne, Bakewell, Balfjiir, and Biixtun. Nottiii,';liani, Newark, Eaft and Well Rcdford. Southwell, Tux- lord, Work fop, Blithe, and Mans- field. ^ r Lincoln, Borton, Stamford, Grnn- I ihain, Great Grim(by, Gainf- |jj;(,ln ^ borough, Spalding, Stanton, Crowland, Louth, and Horn- L calllc. Rttland Oakham and Uppingham. ^Northampton,! cttTbornugh.Brack- I ley, Daventry, Oiindlc, Towccf- 'on!!ampton...< ter, WelHnghoroupJi/rhrapnon, I Kettering, Kockiiigham, -Itr- ^_ rers, and Rothwell. r,. W E S T E R N CIRCUIT. 'Winciieftcr, Southampton, Portf- nioiith, Andovcr, BaCiiioitokc, J Pctcrsfield, Lyiningtoii, Ring- ' ] woi)il,P»\imfey, Aylc!l^ord,Clllilt- j chiiii.il, N^ewport, Yarmouth and I. Cowcs, in tlie Ille of Wight. Huts. ■•■•*■■ CuUNTIKt. Chief Towns. Willi. Dorfct , Somerfct Devon Yoik Durham Nortiminbtiland Lancafler. Wertmoicland , 'Salifbiiry, ncvi/cs, Marlborough, MaUufbury, Wilton, Warmin» fti-r, Calnc, Cricklaile, Tiow- bridge, Bradford, and Chipping« ham. Dorchertcr, Lyinc, Sherborn, Shaf- tefbiiry. Pool, Blandford, Wey- mouth, Mf.lcomhc, Warcham,, Winburn, and Bridport. "Bath, Wells, part of Brillol, Taun- ton, Bridecwater, Minchead, Mdbourn-Port, ClafUmbury, Wellington, Didvcrton, Dun- (ler, Yeovill, Somcrton, Ax- bridffc. Chard, Brulon, Shep- toa-Mallct, Crofconib, Fromc, Wincanton, Ilchellcr, and Wat- chct. f Exeter, Plymouth, Barnftapic, Bid- 1 dcford, Tiverton, Iloniton, Dart- f mouth, Taviltuck, Oakhampton, ^ ?ndTopfliam. Launcclion, Falmouth, Truro, Sal- , iafl), Bodtnyn, St. Ives, Padilow, , Trcgony, Fovvey, Pcnryn, Kel- lington, Leikard, Lefhvithielf. Hellion, Penzance, and Redruth.. THERN CIRCUIT. York, Leeds, Wakefield, Halifax, Rippon, Ponieiraiit, Hull, Rich- inoiiil, Scarborough, Malton, ShclHcId, Doncalter, Whitby, Northallerton, Sherbotirn, Brad- ford, Tadcaller, Boroughbridgc,. Gifhorough, Hcydon, Pickering, Burlington, Kiiarefboroii^h, B.:\- ntflcy, Ripley, Heydon, 'I'hirike,. Yanmi, and Wctlierby. r Diuham, Stockton. Sunderlandi. < Stanlvpe, FJarnard-C;ill!e,Hartle- \_ pool, Aukland, and Dailington. Newcaftlc-npon-Tinc, Berwick, 'I'iumouth, Morpith, Alnwick, Ijfxliam, North-Siiii.lf*''5'''°^'°°°' ''" tonnage of the rtiip- L^ol the port of LonJon is computed at 178,^57, ifUh i) tlwut one-fourth of the merchant (hips ot the liuiJ, which ilwn amounts to 7i4,aui tons, which, Ij ttn pounds per ton, gives 7,i84,«83: the mcrchan- 'iiiino goods nnportcd are computed at five times the nlucof thefliippiiig. which is 3.5,711,400; the royal MB without ordnance is valued at ,5,000,000; tiie alue of manufadures 90,000,000 j plate, jewels, and jmniiure, 20,000,000; total, 811,835,6831. ; from ihich deduft the natioilttl debt, with the progreilive llilitiuns of increallng commerce and population, is a la idmoll incredible. The foil of England, like that of mod other coun- tri«, differs in each county ; but the great perfcilion Hwhich tli<; art of agriculture is arrived, has mdiu- HUd the very worO, and improved the beil eitates in Eifland. Many of the large moors and marlhy tra£\s kiw been drained, and now, inflead of weeds and tnib, produce excellent corn and grafs. Many vege- ttblcs, formerly cultivated only in gardens, are now lairoduced into the fields, and raifed in amazing plenty ky the Englifh farmers. The quantity of wheat, bar- iiy, rye, uats, peas, beans, and vetches, produced mry year in this country, is afionifhing: according to im computations, above 33,000,000 of bulhels of ihot are annually produced on the arable lands of Engljod. Nor docs any nation exceed tliis in the fiodiiiflions of the garden, which have come to fuch pcdcdtiun, that the rareft of foreign fruit:, have been uliivated here with fuccefs ; as a proof of which it need only be mentioned, that London and its nei^h- buurhood, though peopled by about 1,000,000 in- lubiiants, is plentifully fupplied with all kinds of fruits and vegetables from grounds within twelve miles diftance. 1 he foil of England feems to be particularly adiipied for rearing oak and other kinds of timber ; inii the plantations of trees I'ound the houfes of noble- men and gentlemen, and even of peafants, are de- lightful and allonifhing at the fame time. Though the air is certainly loaded with vapours wifted from the Atlantic ocean, by wellerly winds ; ytt they are fo ventilated by winds and florms, that this country is more difagreeable than infalubrious, even to foreigners, and people of delicate conflitutions. It is chiefly owing to the variable quality of th6 air iliat the leafons are extremely uncertain ; but the greatdl irregularity, and raoft unfavourable appearances of them, are not, as in other countries, attended with nminc, and very feldom with fcarcity. A fortnight, or at mofl three weeki, generally make up tlie dif- ference with regard to the maturity of the fruits of the earth, in backward feafons, and the inhabitants raid y fuffcr by a hot fiimmcr. 'I'hc champaign parts of England are generally fup- plied with excellent Iprings anu fountains, though tl-cy frequently contain fume mineral impregnation. In fume very high lands, the inhabitants are dillreirod for water, and fupply themfclvus by trenches, or digging dee|i wells. England contains many mineral wells, us celebrated for their falubrity as perhaps any cowntry in the world. The moft diftinguillird are the hot baths of Bath and Bridul in Somerfetlhire, and of Buxton and Matlock in Derbyfhire; the mineral waters of Tunbridge, Eptbm, Hairowgate, and Scar- borough. England contains few mountains, though it abound* with delightful rifing grounds, and the mull enchanting Hopes covered with a fmooth furf of the fincft grafs ; which, together with its level plains, meadows, corn- fields, woods and waters, flocks of fhcep, and herds of cattle, intermingled in the moll agreeable manner, form landlizapes caual to the moft luxuriant imagina- tion. There are, however, a few mountainous parts ; the moft noted of which, in England, are, the Peak in Derbyfhire, rhe Wolds and Black Mountains in York- Ihire j the Endle and Wulf Cragg in Lancaflcr; the Cheviot-Hill, and Hacy-Fall, on the borders of Scot- land ; Wuixlbciy, and the Malvern-Hills in Worceller- Ihire ; the Brythen, Malagerin, and Wrekin in Shrop- (hire ; Cotfwold in Gluucefler ; Dover-Cliffs in Kent ; Beachy-Head, and the South-Downs in Sulfex ; Whitc- Clitf, the Needles, and St. CatharineV, in the llle of Wight. The principal mountains in Wales are, Snovv- dnn, Plinlimmon, Eltid, Pcnmallard, Manuchdeny, Dervaddo, Talfcrn, Carreg Wem, Brong, Trccaltle, Mo^ddon, Keven-v-Gaer, and the Black Moiintuins. England is well watered with many noble rivers, which not onl]' fertilize the foil, and beautify the land- fcape, but add greatly to the improvement and profpe- rity of commerce. The principal are, the Thames, thp Mcdway, the Severn, the Trent, the Oufe, the Tine, the Tees, the Tweed, the Lower Avon, the Derwent, the Ribblc, the Merfey, and the Dee. The Thames, one of the nobleft rivers in the world, rifes from different fprings in Gloucefterfhire ; and after receiving the Churni., and feveral fmall brooks, it runs north calf; to Lechlade in Wiltfhire, wh're it unites with the Colne, and becomes navigable for barges ; thence continuing its courfe, it receives the watits of the Windrufh, pafles by Oxford, where it is joined by the Ch;.rwell ; thence changing its courfe to the fouthward, it pafles by Abingdon, and proceeds to Dorchcfler, where it is joined by the Thame. Thus increafed, it direds its courfe to the eaflward, pafTes by Wallin?ford and Reading, near which it receives the waters ot the Kennet and Loddon, wafhes Henley, Marlow, Windfor, Kingflon, and Richmond, j) its w^y to London. After 7 M pafling 593 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. S^ftii-^-Ji .tK . >w pafling by the capital, it divides Kent from Effex; and widening as it approaches the ocean, falls into the Sea at the Nore, being navigable for large fhips from its raouth to London-Bridge. The princip.-J ftream of this river is generally called the Ifis, before its juntSlion with the little river Thame; and it is faid, thaf; ft-om Thame and I As, the name I'ha- mcfis or Thames 'y formed. But notwitlidanding this opinion is embraced by vrriters of great credit, it is un- doubtedly erroneous. It has always been called the Thames by the comnrion people from its very fource ; and in an ancient charter granted to abbot Aldheicrt, cer- tain lands bordering on the caftern banic of the river are particularly mentioned, " Cujus vocabulum Temis juxta vadum <}iii appellatur Summerford;" and as Summer- ford is in Wiltihire, it is evident that the river was then called Temis or Terns, far above its junflion with the Thame. The fame thing appears in every durter and authentic hlftory where this river is mentioned, parti- cularly in fcveral charters granted to the abbey of Malm(biiry, and fome old deeds relating to Cricidade, both of them fituated in Wiltihire. The Saxons called it Temefe from its fource to its mouth ; and from Te- mefc, cur Terns or Thames is immediately derived. • Formerly there were but few briages over the Thames, and even tho«; condrudled on very bad prin- ciples } but bjth thefe defeats are now in a great mea- fure fupplied. London-Bridge indeed is ftill fuffered to remain almoft in its primitive condition with regard to the navigation, but the new bridges of Weftdiinfter and Black-Friars are built in a different manner : they ferve all the purpofes of bridges, and add dignity and grandeur to the capital, without giving the lealt ob- ltru£tion to the navigation of the river. Befides thcfe, there arc many other bridges over this noble ftream, in the neighbourhood of London, particularly thofe of Battcrfea, Fuiham, Kew, Kingfton, Hampton-Court, Walton, &c. ■ The river Medway rifes in the Weald of SufTex, but foon after enters fcent, runs N. E. by Tunbridge to Maidllone, M^ere, changing its courfe to the N. W. it flows on to Rochcftsr and Chatham, about eight miles below which it divides into two ftreams, one of which runs to the north, till it falls into the xftuary of the 7'hames, and the other direcSling its courfe to the eaft- !, falls into the fame aeftuary: the former is called .-.^ *Vcft, and the latter the Eaft Swale; while the "fountv inc' ided between thefe two arms of tl>e Medway »• «ille<' . le Ifle of Sheppey. Firft rate (hips of war c. ic up to Chatham, and the river is navigable for iinall craft to Maidftone. Prodigious floats of timber are brought down this river from the woods in the Weald of Suflfex, and conveyed to the royal yards of Chatham and Deptford for the ufe of the navy. The Severn, elleemed the fecond river in England, rifes on the caft fide of a vafl mountain, called Plin- limmon, fituated in the fcmh-wed part of Montgome- rylhirc in Norih Wales; whence, after a variety of winding, it pallcs by WeUh-Pool, and continuing its fcrpcotinc courfe, and being augmented with the wa- ters of feveral ftreams, enters Shropfliire, paircj J Shrewftnry, about four miles below which it rec J the waters of the Rodan and the Tern. Thence it 'II tinues its courfe to Bridgenorth, and enters WorceftJ near Bewdley, in the foreft of Wire, about tmJu below which it receives the waters of the Stour. tI increafed, it flows on to Worcefter ; and about f I miles below that city is joined by the Teme or Temkl Augmented by the waters of all thefe riven, it purfn! its courfe, and enters the county of Gloucefter mm Tewkelbury, and is there joined by the Upper A\^ From Tewkefljury it continues its courfe, wafliesthJ walls of Gloucefter, and falls into that part of the WtM cm Sea called the Briftol Channel. The tide flows up riil Severn as far as Tewkclbury, which is near feventy mil(| from its mouth ; and at Newnham, a town twenty nij|« below Tewkefbury, it has rather the appearance of i fea than a river ; the flood-tide runs up with fuch imtv tuofity, that at one fwell the water often rifes above fiti* feet. Veflels of conJlderable burden pafs up to ShrewfJ bury, and fmall craft to Welfli-Pool. It is laid to bethj r.ioll rapid river in England, and is very fubjedl toflo by which the low lands are often overflowed. The third great river in England is the Trent, whid rifes from two or three fprin^s in the north-'.reft pait of Staflbrdihire, and, continumg its courfe to the foutli. weft, is joined by the Thame near the eaftern bordenoL the county. Then diredting its courfe to the north-eallj it enters Derbyftiire near Burton upon Trent, u4 1 foon after joined by the Dove. Near the eaftern borJ ders of Derbyfliire it receives the waters of Derwenfl and Erewafh, and enters NottinghamlhirenearTrual Eington, after its jundion with the Soar. Augmente y all thefe rivers, it runs through the whole county o, Nottingham, and for fome diftance divides it from Liiv colnftiire, pafles through part of • le latter, and fjllj into the mouth of the Humber, properly an sftuaryo irm of the fea, which receives many of the principill rivers of the counties of York and Lincoln. The Trent! is navigable to a great diftance from the HumberJ Small craft pafs up this river from its mouth into StafJ fordfliire, but the navigation in many places is but io-f different. Befides thofe above mentioned, there are feveral othi noted rivers in England, viz. thf O-ife (a Gallic wordl fignifying tt'rt/fr in general) whicli falls into theHuih-l ber, after receiving the water of many other rivers.! Another Oufe rifes in Bucks, and falls into thefcanearl Lynn in Norfolk. The Tine runs from well toealtl through Northumberland, and falls into the GerRiaiil Sea at Tinmouth, below Newcaftle. The Tees nins| from eaft to weft on the borders of Scotland, and I into the German Sea at .Set wick. The Eden runs froml fou^ to north through Weftmoreland and CumberJ land, and palling by Carlifle, falls into Solway-Friihl below that city. The lower Avon runs well ihroughl Wililhire to Bath, and then, dividing the countiesofl Somerfet and Gloucefter, falls into the Severn about (iil miles below Briftol. The Derwcnt, which rifes in BorJ rowdalej ENGLAND. 59«^ «iile f"" ^"^"^ '*^ to' weft through Cumberland, ij'ine by Cockermouth, falls into the Irifh' Tea a Eow. The Ribble rifes 'n YorkOiire, run* from jfo weft through Lancafliirc, and^aflSng by Prefton, Lwesitfelf into the Irifti fea. The Mcrfey rifes in ^Jouatsins of Derbyftilre, runs from the fouth-eaft -Atnort' - 'eft through Ct^flitre, and then, dividing ' jfM (torn Laticaflticef, palfes by Liverpool, and into the Irifli fea a littfe bdow that town> The (lifes ill Wales, and divides Flintihire from Che- falling into the iriih Channel below Cheller. JVcanal cut from Chefter, through marftiy grounds, ^ miles in length, fliips 6f' coilfiderable burden le up to the quay with iaiety. frbere affe but very few lakes, or rather meres in jlind; the principal are SohaiA-Mere, Wittlefea- re, and Ramfay-Mere, in the Ifle of Elv in Cam- jjliiie, and Winander-MvHat ire r,\;;'e!Ted to ail others by the voluptuous, John Dories, and red mul>] lets. Shell-fifh are alfo founa in plenty, i>s lubllen,, crabs, prawns, Ihrimps, oyfters, efiailops, cockles,! mufclesi wilks, periwinkles, 6a:. The coalis a^' fomeJ times vifited by whales, and by v^iii uimbci s! pot.^ poifes ; in fume parts a few feaU arc feen upon tin rocks, but not frequently. The principal reptiles a this country are adders, vipers, makes, and worms; the infe£ls are, bees, humble-bees, horaets, wafps, beetles, ants, gnats, flies in groat variet), and many other fmall infedls common to other parts of umfe, The fiiheries of England, th agh capable u/ being carried on to the greutelt advantage, are fadly negiedca, notwithftanding their utility has been fo often pointed out (particularly by reducing the high price of but- cher's meat) and large fums have been fubfctibedby the nobility, gentry, and merchants. The whale* fifhery is, however, profecuted with advantage, but not with a fpirit equal to that of the Dutch, who fend more fhips to the Greenland feas than all ihe otlier nations of Europe put together. In ike wdern coun- Ei'^ofi.] f Devon and Cornwall, the pilchard fifhery is *!f!ed with gfca* 'P''''* """^ fticccfs ; but that for I! iiies. viKich might prove a great national benefit, •"' •,[,« to fuch a degree, that it can hatdly be faid ENGLAND. 601 t^nguilhes Its The turbot-fimery, which might alfo be- very -irtageous to the nation, is whollv neelefted ; (o Ithit the l»rge quantities of that fifh, daily feen in the IJ*jje,5 of London, during the feafon, are caught by [jr Qiitch on our own coalts, and fold to Engllfti boats Ifentoff for '''^' purpofe, which eafily accounts for its Itamefs, whereby the lower clafs of people are entirely l^rired'of that agreeable food. Some years ago, in- irL there was a pleafing profped that the herring iSv wo"'^ ^ carried on with a foirit adequate to it: llpoiwnce. Large fiims were fubferibed, a company Insformed, nets were made, bulFes were fitted out, [ud every method adopted for rendering the attempt ffecefsfui ; but by fome uncxpefled events, yet un- Iknown, this naticral undertaking mifcarried, though [fcineifcribed the failure of it to the expence of bring- liMtheconmodity to market. However, we dill hope, [to o'hc/ projeas for carrying on this fiflicry, and lltiofe on aur coafts in getieral, will be formed, to Ifliichevffy lover of his country will wi(h furcefs. J ^ith refpeft to the population of England, politi- jalcal 'Illations muft be very fallible; which is owing Lthc^irodigious influx of foreigners hither, the emi- [miions of inhabitants to America and the iflands, [Seir return froni thence, and the great number of I kiids employed in fhinping. It will appear that Eng- I mull be extremely populous, when we confider, [l)gt the war with France and Spain, before the lad, [innualiy employed about 200,000 Englilhmen, exclu- I five of Scots and Irifli, by fea and land, and its pro- Mf!i carried off, by various tneans, near that number. I The decay of population v as indeed fenfibl felt, but I liot fo much as it was during the wars in queen Anne's itign, though not half of the numbers were then em- ployed in the fea and land-fervice. If, with fome, we calculate the inhabitants from the number of houfes in England, which are reckoned at near a million, and allow only feven or eight perfons to each houfe, there will then appear to be feven millions, or perhaps more. Some, however, will fuppofe this to be too large a ablation ; and it muft be admitted, that England has been exceedingly drained both of men and money by llielate unhappy and deftru£live war with the colonics. Refpefting London, the bills of mortality have been of little iervice on this head, bccaufc about 100,000 inhibiiants, at the very gates of that .city, do not come witHn their cognizance, not to mention the great number of dilfenters, who keep rcgillcrs of their own I births and burials. The Englifli, with regard to their perfons, arc in I general of a proper fize, have good iiiapes, rtgiilai- leiiures, aiid florid ccipiexions. The women are re- markably beautiful; their elegant fljapc, their g'-iccful : ', and their delicate teatures and complexions, form an alTcmblage of beauty fuperlpr to that of any other kingdom in Europe. In point of cleanlinefs, the Eng- li(h excel all the nations in the world. At the fame time, their nerves are fo remarkably delicate, that they are fufceptible of the leaft impreflion, and arc often very ftrongly, too frequently mortaily, affedlcd by ima- gination only. They feel the whole weight of the evils they fear, and fomctimes fink beneath the burden of mental fuggcftions. Yet, when real danger approaches, they meet it with an aftonifhing intrepidity and con- ftancy of mind. Fearlefs of death, bccaufe they prefer it to flavery, they advance againfl the enemy ir\ the field with a noble alacrity, and ftand the mou violent attacks with unfhaken firmnefs. With regard to the Englifh feamen, they are confelFedly more active, (kilful, and intrepid, than any other mariners in the world. This remarkable fenfibility of the nerves produces another particular almotl as general as the former ; they feel for every objedl in dillrefs, and participate in the fufFerings of others. Hence thofe generous fubfcrip- tions, fo frequently fet on foot, and munificently filled, for the relief of others. Even their enemies partake of their benevolence \ and the generous inftaiice they gave during the war in the reign of the late king, of their un- bounded charity for. the fupport of the French prifo- neis, will be tranfmitted with applaufe to pofterity by future hiftorians. The honour and integrity of the Englifli merchants in their dealings are known in every part of the com- mercial world. The word of an eminent merchant is confidered as fufUcient for any fum of money ; and many thoufand pounds worth of goods are every day bought and fold on the Royal-Exchange, without any other fecurity. But this ingenuous method of carrying on their commerce, too often lays them open to the arts uf defigning men. Honeft and candid tl ^mfclves, they expedl to find the fame virtues in others, and neve: fulpedl that a fair and plaufibic behaviour can ever form the deceitful furface of vilhny and defign, till dear- bought experience convinces them of their miflake, and makes them fenfibly feel the efFc6ls of their ill-placed credulity. The works of the Englifh mechanics are fuperior to thofe of the fame kind of any other handicraftsmen in, Europe. They arc not indeed. famous for invention, but they never fall of improving upon thofe of others. Nor is this want of invention general ; many of the Ei;^lifli artiRs excel in both, and fome of the mod capUiJ. dlfcovcries of the laft and prefcnt centuries owe their birtii to the inhabitants of this country: among which I. ray be reckoned the fleam-engine, the horizon- tal watch, the quickiilver and gridiron pendulums, the artificial inagnets, the fpeculum top, the quadrant for taking the fun's aUitiide at fea by refleflion, &c, &c. No people in the world t! rtk fo clofely as the Englifli upon any fubjcd. Blcfled v, itli a clear appiehenlion, ajul fearlefs of difiicuUics, they fix the attention on a (ingle point, and purfuc it ■. ah allonifliing perfeverance. 7 N t ..' Forciguers %^y^ 6o2 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Foreigners have rcprefented the Englilli us cruel, and changeable in their difpofition. Perhaps there is little founaation for thefe cenfures at prefent : the former, which was gathered from the encouragement given to prize-fighters and boxers, is turne'd into another chan- nel j and, with regard to the latter, it fecms to have been founded upon i millake. That the converfation of the Englilh is irregular, will be very readily granted; fomctimes it is dull and phlegmatic ; fometimcs folid, ingenious, and argumentative; fometimes fprightly, replete with wit and hurnour : and, probably, thefe diverfiiics in difcourfe were imputed to a change in fen- timent. Another charge, of a very odious and difgracefiil na- ture, hus too juiily been brought by foreigners againfl the Englifli, namely, that of fuicide, too frequently the pernicious fruit of the gaming fable; and, though this propenfity in the Englilh is generally imputed to the air, yet, perhaps, there is anotlnr caufe which will bid fair tor removing the didiculty — the falfc method of education generally praftifed. Perhaps there cannot be a more improper method to qualify perfons for an a>Slivc life than ours ; though that particular Ihould, from the very genius of the people, and the nature of our confli- tution, be its chief end. When perfons, born with a reftlefs, aflive, difpofition, do not find fufficient em- ployment, or are engaged in fuch as is not fuitable to their genius, life becomes a burden ; gaming and dillt- pation are fubftittued for employment, and the confe- qiiences are often fatal to the poor deluded mortals. This is furely a more rational method of accounting for the frequency of that crime, than to attribute it to the peculiar qualities of our air. Why is fo fair a plea offered ? Why are any reafons offered to palliate fo atro- cious a crime? Why is the climate arraigned, and Providence blafphemed, to excufe fclf-murder, upon a principle contrary at once tofcripturc, reafon, and faft? The climate has certainly been always the fame, and yet there was a time when that crime was as little known here as in any other country. In the reign of Elizabeth, when all found employment, it was hardly lieard of; fo that its great frequency is of a very modern date, and may, in ag'cat meafure, be afcribcd to idle- nefs and diilipation. It cannot be denied that every day produces (Irong indications of an alarming change in the maiuiers ot the Englilh. A fpirit of luxury and gaming fcems to have fti'ied, not the effeminate and the idle only, but alfo the more prudent, and even the coinmercial ranks of the people ; fo that it is to be feared the following view of our prefent fituation, drawn by the late Dr. Berkeley, bilhop of Cloyne, one of the grcatelt men this or any other country has produced, is too jurt. " It n;u(l be owned, fays that mallerly writer, that little can be hoped if we condder the corrupt degenerate age \\v live in. I know it is an old folly to make pecvilh ccmplairtsof the timis, and charge thecomnu)n frailties of human nature on a particular age. One may ncverthelefs venttire to affirm, that the prtftnt h brought forth new and portentous villanies, nottol EaralTelcd in our own or any other hiftory. \Vc h een long preparing for fomc great cataftrophe \T' and villany have by degrees grown reputable atnoneu, our infidels have palled for fine gentlemen, and venal traitors for men of fcnfe, who knew thawotld" •• We have made a jeft of public j^irit, andean celled all refpe^t lor whatever our laws and relie' I repute facrcd. The old Englilh modefty is quitevvZI off, and. inftead of blulhing for Our crimes, we a I alhamcd only of piefv and virtue. In (hort, otherniJ tions have been wicked, but we are the firftwhoha | been wicked from principle. The truth is, ourfvnil toms are fo bad, that, notwithftanding all the care and! vigihince of the Icgillature, it is to be feat ;d the finaLJ period of our ftate approaches. Strong coiftituijons whether politic or natural, do not feel lipl.t difordtrt'l But, when they r.re fenfibly affeded, the didemperis for the moil part, violent and of ill prognollic. Fm governments, like our own, were planted by the Goihs in mod parts of Europe; and, notwithftanding we all know what they are come to, yet we feem difpofed ra. ther to follow their examples, than profit by their errors God grant the time be not near, when men Ihail lay This illand wds once inhabited by a religious bme fincere pe )lc, of plain uncorrupt manners, refpeflinf inbred wcnh, rather than titles and appearances • af. ferters of liberty, lovers of thtir country, jealous of their own rights, and unwilling to infringe the rigliij of others ; improvers of learning and ufelul arts- ene. mies to luxury, tender of other men's lives, and prodi. gal of their own ; inferior in nothing to the old Grcckj and Romans, and fuperior to each of thofe people in the perfedtions of the oihec . Such were our ancelbj during their rife and greatnefs ; but they degenerated, adopted epicurean notions, became venal, corrupt, in. jurious, which occafioned their final ruin." There is, hovVever, Hill an innate ftrength in our conftitution, peculiar to ourfelves. We are favoured with advantages which no other country ever equally enjoyed ; and therefore it will be our own faults, if wei do not long continue a happy and flourifhing people, With refpeiSl to drefs, the cullom in England, be- fore the reign of George HI. was, to Ci ; . thefalliions of the French ; but (o much attention is at prtftnt; fiaid to that article of luxury, that the i^iglilli bid! air to be themfelves the diillatnrs of drt!; toa'lEii"! rope, at leafl with regard to elegance, ncaine!';, undj rithnefs of attire. Perfons of quality ai..! foritir,e| often appear in flowered and plaui velvets, ^Kadef, and embroidery. The ladies in the mail C( v bro- cades, f^;ins, ami filks, adorneil with the ti,. ; lacc!,j and glitteriiif; with a profiilion of jewels. Atoibcr times the gentlemen arc ilrdfed in a plai' , nrat of liipcrfine cloili, and i'le bell linen. TI iS is ini the ct>mmon drefs of ..,1 perfons in gerral, atl of thofc of any properly or pretenfions lo rank abovej ihsj t:. EcaoPK.] ENGLAND. 603 I di^ °" Sundays, and mod of the common n are decent in their apparel. The clergyman. jinguiW by l>is gown and caflbck, or i frock "Ly cloth and plain linen. The phyficians in ^1 now dreis like .other gentlemen, having laid I the large tye-perriwie which formerly diftin- Ihed thf"' profeflion, and often expofed them to £'cule. Thofe who follow the fports of the field e'eenerally dreifed in a light frock with metal but- a laced hat, a round bob wig, Ihort jockey boots, u'buckiin breeches. The diverfions and paftimes of the Englifli people « be divided into thofe of the town, and thofe of the igtry ; and again fubdivided into fuch as arc peculiar Jiluhjgher ranks of life, fuch as are praftifed by the Lcrclafs of people, and fuch as are common to both. Ilie diverfions of the town are operas, ridottos, maf- Lndes. concerts of mulic, theatrical performances, Jcardalfemblies, for perfons of fafhion. The paf- tmes of the country, peculiar to the fame degree, are ioiferaccs, (lag, fox, and hare hunting. The game fls have taken from the common people a great fund idiverlion, though without anfwering the felfifti pur- iofesof the rich : for the farmers and country people Jtllroy the game in their nefts, which they dare not Pwith their gun. A fpirit of gaming prevails with Kh violence at a horfe-race,, that one would imagine I the fpedators were a£lually pofTelfed. Hunting is i fpoft of country gentlemen ; and thofe whom the CofUilillinguilh by the appellation of fox-hunters fcem ) be infatuated with the diverlion. The conftnon mle have likewife their town and country-pallimcs, fhich they enjoy with great eagerncfs. Among thefe tmimber cock-fighting (that difgracc to humanity), nikling, wreftling, duck-hiniting, bowls, fkittles, or line-pins, archery, prifon-bars, cricket, (liufHc-board, nioits, divers games of chance, and fpccVacIcs of va- lious kinds, fuch as tumbling, balancing, vaultjng. Qts of legerdemain, bear and bull-baiting, afs races, beaions of wild bealls, mufic, dancing, drolls, pup- tt-lhews, and bell-ringing, a Gothic diverfion, which mot be enjoyed without dillinbing ftvcral parilhes. Chrillianiiy, according to Eufcbius, was planted in I:igiind by tlie apuillcs and tlieir difciplcs, and this Untry and our heathen anceftors are fiip[M)fed to have ten vifited by the apoiUe St. Paul, wliofc diligence, and fortitude were abundant. After a long in- ktvalof Popilh ignorance and I'upcrrtition, John Wick- llc, an Englilhman, educated at Oxlbrd in the reign Edward III. lias the honour of being tlie (iril lerfon in Europe who publicly calleil in queflion, and lly refuted thofe erroneous dodrints which had jrevsiicd fo many ages ; lincc his time, the cllablillieil ■ligion in England approaches nearer to the piimitive thnrtianity, being eijualiy rcnx)ved fioin I'nperdition pd indelicacy in its worlliip, and as void ol biijolry lof liceiuioufncfs in its praiticc. The conflitution of the church is epifcopal, and it is governed by bifliops, each oC^hom, as a temporal barpR, ha$ a feat ana vote in the Hou^e of Peers. The beiiefices of the inferior clergy are novy freehold ; but in manv places their tythes are impropriated in favour of \^e laity. The clergy of the church of England, as to temporal matters, are at prefent in a molt flourilhing fituatiun, becaufe the value of their tythes increafe^ with the improvements of lands, which of late have been amazing in England. The govern- ment of the church is veiled in two archbifhops, and twenty-four biihops, befides the bifhop of Sodor and Man, who, not being pofleflTed of an Englifh barony, does not fit in the houfe. The two archbilhops are thofe of Canterbury and York, who are both addrciled by the appellation of " Your Grace." The former is the firft peer of the realm, as well as metropolitan of the Englilh church. He takes precedence, next to the royal family, of all dukes and officers of (tate. Be- fides his own diocefe, he has under him the bilhops of London, Winchcller, Ely, Lincoln, Rochefler, Litch- field and Coventry, Hereford, Worcefter, Bath and Wells, Saliibury, Exeter, Chichefter, Norwich, Glou- cefter, Oxford, Peterborough, Briflol ; and, in Wales, St. David's, LandaiF, St. Afaph, and Bangor. The yearly revenue of Canterbury is 2682I. 12s. 2d. of York, 1610I. of London, eoool. of Durham, 1821I. is. 3d. of Winchefter, 3124I. 12s. 8d. of Ely, B134I. 1 8s. 6d. of Salilbury, 138^1. 5s. of Worceder, 929I. 13s. 3d. of Landaff, 894I. 18s. id. of Norwich, 834I. lis. /d. of Hereford, 768I. 11s. of Chichefler, 677I. IS. 3d. The reft are from 559I. and upwards, to 1311. and upwards. The bilhoprics of London, Dur- ham, and vVinchefler, take precedency of all others, and the reft according to the fcniority of their con- fecrations. Other minifters of the church are deans, arch- deacons, redlors, or vicars, deacons and curates. There is a dean and chapter in every cathedral church. The dean is inftalled by virtue of the king's letters-patent ; and the chapter cotilifts of a certain number of prebends. The ftale of the inferior part of the clergy, is truly melancholy, and worthy the confidcration of our legi- flatnrc. The abolifliitient of difpcnfations would be ftriking at tlie root of this evil ; lor thereby a few, who have interell, arc rendered capable of holding two or three exceeding good livings, befides perhaps a deanery or prebend. But as it is impofTible for one perfoii to do the duty of three or four, curates are liired to olh"ci:uc, wliole ftipends arc fo fmall,.that, lar from allo\liiig them to keep up the dignity of tiergyiiien, they arc fcarcely enabled to procure the (onvciiicncics of life for tlicir families. This calls loudly for rcditfs. Certain privileges are granted to the clergy of Eng- land, of which the buy are deprived. An ecclelialtic is totally exempt from ler\ing parilh offices i he pays no i<£ HI \ V 1 ■ *T 6d4 A NEW AND COMPLETtE SYSTEM 6* UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. nn toll for his goods in cither fair or market ; and is like- wife difchargcd from cudoms, unleTs he Ab&h largely : he is not tu be diflurbed or molefted in the execution of his fundion ; he is not be ftried or dttici'ced ac- cording 10 his ipirituai, but according to his temporal revenues ; he is not obliged to fcrvt in war, nor in the courts lect, nor bound to follow the hue and cry ; and if a hundred be fued for a rubbery, and is taxed to make good the damage, he is to pay no part of the contribution ; nor is he aflcfled fot watching or ward- ing, or mending the highways. The convocation is the highefl ecclefladical court ; the clergy formerly had the great' power in this court, which was always fummon^id at the meeting of par- liament, and continued fitting during the whole fcf- fion ; but having filled the nation with difordcr by their violent debates, they were dillblved by royal pre- rogative in the beginning of the reign of George I. and have not been allowed to fit Icng enough tu tran- fa£l any buflnefs fincc that period. The convocation is divided into two houfes ; the higher houfe, in the [)rovince of Canterbury, cunfifling of twenty-two pre- ates, the archbifltop being prcfident ; the lower houfc is compofed of all the deans, archdeacons, and proc- tors, amounting in all to 166. The archbifhop of York may hold a convocation of his own province in the fame manner, and, by means of a regular cor- refpondence with the other, debate and determine the fame queflions which arc canvaifed in the fynod of Canterbury ; though the tranfadions and determina- tions of one convocation is not determined by thofe of the other. The next is the court of arches, fo called from the arched church and tower of St. Mary-le-Bow, in Lon- don, where it was formeily held ; it is the mod ancient confiilory of the province of Canterbury, and to this, all appeals from the judgment of inferior ecclefiaflical courts are ufually made. The judge, who is diftin- guidicd by the appellation of dean of the arches, fits without any alTcftbrs, and determines caufes without a jury. He takes cognizance of appeals, in ecclefiaflical matters, within the province of Canterbury ; and all procelfes are returnable before him in the common hall of Doflors-Commons. The pleaders and folicitors uf this court are called advocates and pro^lors; the former are doflors of the civil law, and, by the flatutes of the court, the pleadings and petitions ought to be both in Latin. Other ecclefiaflical courts arc, the court of audience, which has nearly the fame authority with the pre- caiing, and to this the archbifliop's chancery was formerly joined : the prerogative, court, wherein wills are proved, and adininiflratiuns granted : the court of peculiars, relating to certain pariflies, which have a j(irii'di6lion among thcmfclves, for the probate of wills, and arc tiicrcfore exempt from the bifhop's courts : and the court of delegates, which receives its name tiom conliflicg of coinmilJionsrs delegated or ap- 1 poitited by the royal commiffion ; but it is no ft court. BiOiops, archdeacons, and the dean and ch J of every cathedral, have each their refpeftire .'"^ thOfis of the former are called confldory conrti "" The Difl'enters from the cftablilhed religion in R land are fo numerous, that it would be difficuh^ mention even the fevcral appellations whcrebvV diflinguifh thcmfclves: but the principal fe^s are L Puritans, or Prefbyteriaiis j the Baptifts ; the OtiaJtM I and the Methodids. ^ "l The Puritans Were originally a fea of rigid cJ vinifts, who made their full appearance in the reien. queen Elizabeth, when feme bifliops, many of thj laity of diftindlion, and numbers of the comitiffl people, having joined them, the church and ftateboi took the alarm, atid endeavoured, in vain, to fuppreJ this fchifm ; for, like all other religious petfccutioj it only fcrved to ftrengthen the evil it wiflied to remon At flrft thcfe DilTenters had no diftindt form either « difcipline or worfhip, but every preacher wasltitt his own difcretion. Tkcy affirmed, that their fchm, of religion was more pure and unexceptionable thJ any other ; and oppofed the liturgy and authority < the bifhops with great force of argument, alleginji that thefe differed but little from the churcH of Romd and they thomght thcmfelves obliged to conform toih( plan of Geneva. After fome time, Cartwright, on of their divines, drew up a body of difcipline U them, and this book was efteemed the ftandard i their public worfliip. This k£i is now better knnwl by the different appellations of Independents and Pref| byterians ; of whom the latter form the eftablilh« religion of Scotland, where their tenets have beenmoi particularly confulcrcd. The Baptifls, or Anabaptifls, fpning iipinGcrinaift, about the year 1521, and were formerly acciifedoj many inconfiftencies and indecencies ; but by theirconi feffion of faith, publiihed in 1689, they confuted al3 thofe afperfions, and plainly proved that they did ncn differ in any material article from other Proteftani DifJ fenters, except in the fingle one of baptifm, wliicU they maintain infants are incapable of receiving; an when they adminiflcr this facrament, which is c to adults, they plunge them entirely unJer the wnter. The Methodills may properly be diRingui'htd intol two claffes, the followers of the late Mr, Gcorgel Whitefield, and thofe of Mr. Welley. They reccivtdl the appellation of Methodifls, at the Univerllty on Oxford, about the year 1736, from a peciiliarmtihodl thev had adopted there, of living in a very precifeJ abftcmious way, and being much addidlcd to prajirgl together, reading and expounding the Scriptures, ar.dj falling at particular times appointed by the chiircb.j Mr. George Whitefield and his colleagues profcWl themfclves divines of the church of England, and iti iniifl be confelfed that their doflrines nearly refcmbledl thofe of that church ; but their main plan was, to re- vive primitive ChrifUanity, and recommend it, boihinl faitbl ENGLAND. 6og msaim inted by the cluirch.j s (.olka^iits prufc ud pn&\ce, to pcrfons of all denominations. nitaching. for a coniideiabic timft after their J felling out, was attended with very good cffcfls, kttforniing the morals of many of the lower clafs of i^c though the zeal of this fc£l has of late years much abated. Mr. Whitefield uttered his difcoiirfes ' peat fervour and devotion : he did not ftridlly _oe 10 the form of eccleliaftical worlhip ; and, as f^ght that prayers, whether taken from a com- ,.pta¥er-book, or poured forth exteiipore, was a mJoT indiffere'ncc, he accordingly made ufe of thefe methods. His followers arc rigid ob- rsof the dodrines of the church of England, and 2fs ihemfelves to be Calvinifts. But tliis feft of khodilts is n°w divided, fome of them acknow- WneMr. Whifefifid. and others Mr. JohnWefley or ^ leader. Mr. Wcfley and his followers held the ifliiniin doflrines, in oppofition to the Calviniftic, iticoiarly ihofe of elcaion, prededination, final per- (trance, tec. but they appear ftill to retain fome of J Calviniftical. Mr. Whitefield died in America, I )7;o ; but the places of worlhip ereded by him London, are ftill frequented by perfons of the piinciples, and they profefs a gteat refpea for iBiemory. Mr. Wcfley died in March 1791, and in ilife-time had erefled a very large place of worfliip irMoorfieids, and had under nim a confiderable nbcroffubordinate preachers, who appeared to fub- , to their leader very implicitly, and who likcwife ri)igated his opinions, and made profd^tes throueh- ithe kingdom, with great induftry. There is alio a ltd clafs of Methodifts, many years patronized by tjate Countefs of Huntingdon : thefe hold the fame binions with the followers of Mr. Whitefield. Their jjncipal chapel near London is in Spa- Fields, where the imh of England fervice, with fome few omiffions, ' 1, There are fome other fedis of Methodifls in m\, fuch as Sandemonians, Antinomians, Sweden- EJans, &c. but their abfurd doArines render them aeaili notice. [' The Quakers were fo denominated from certain un- M tremblings and convulfions, with which they me feized at their firft meetings. This fe£l was unded, during the Interregnum, by George Fox, a le-niakcr, who, being naturally of a melancholy pofition, and meditating much on the Scriptures, [length perfuadcd himfelf he faw vifions, in con- fluence of which he fet up for a preacher. In his drinc he propofcd but few articles of faith ; in- ing chiefly on moral virtue, mutual charity, the m of God, and a deep attention to the inward Uiions and fecret operations of the Holy Spirit, whofe Ireflions were to be waited for in the molt profound bee. The novelty of this doclrine, the genius of : times, and the great appearance of piety and de- letion in Fox, foon gained him many difciples, who lierc at firft guilty of fome extravagancies, running nked about the (trcets, and interrupting the minifters 1 lie execution of tlitir oUke, for which many of them were imprifoned. George Naylor, one of their ' fraternity, was tried, and whipped for blafphemy, and excommunicated by his brethren. In timc^ however, this fanaticifm wore off, and the feA fettled into a regular body, the members of which profef, great aulterity of behaviour, a fingiilar probity and upright- nefs in their dealings, an aifc£lation of filence, a great frugality at their tables, and a remarkable plainncfs ana fimplicity in their drefs. Robert Barclay, a Quaker, in an excellent apology which he addrcfled to Charles II. has explained the Drfleni of this religion, in fifteen thefes ; by which we find the principal dodlrines held by thefe people are, that " God has given to all men, without exception, fupernatural light, which being obeyed can fave tliem ; and that this light is Chrift, the true light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world i" that " the Scriptures were indeed given by infpiration, and are preferable to all other writings m the world ; but that they are no more than a fecondary rule of faith and pra«ice, in fubordination to the light or Spirit of God, which is the primary rule :" that " immediate revelation is not ceafcd, a meafure of the Spirit being given to every one to profit withal :" that " in divine worfhip men and women ought to wait in filence the motions of the Spirit, before they open their mouths in prayer to God, or in tcftimony to the people:" that " all fuperftitions and ceremonies, of mere hu- man inflitiMion, in religion, ought to be laid afide ; as alfo, in civil fociety, the faluting one another by pul- ling off the hat, bowing, or the like, and the faying you inflead of thou to a fingte perfon :" laftly, that " men and women ought to be plain and grave iii their apparel, fobf and jufl in their whole conver- fation, at a word in all their dealings, and not to fwear, fight, or bear any carnal weapons." The Quakers entirely fet afide baptifm and the Lord's fupper, affirming that " they are Jewifti prac- tices, ufed as types, or fignifications of fomething fu- ture j which being accompliftied in Chrift, the figures ought no longer to be ufed."/ They reje£l all miniftry and ordinances; and any one witnout diftindion of quality or fex, who is of a fober life, and believes himfelf to be moved thereto by the Spirit, is allowed to preach or prophefy in their meatings. It is dif- ficult to fay what their opinions are in regard to their doctrinal points of Chriftianlty, though it is faid tliey acknowledge the three perfons that bear record in heaven, but reje£l the fchool-terms of Trinity, Hypof- tafis, &c. as unfcriptural. On the other hand, they have been charged with denying the incarnation, hu- manity, and even divinity of Chrill ; and with alle- gorizing away the crucilixion, relnrrctilion, and af- cenfion, of our Saviour. But lioweveF this be, nothing can be better regulated than the aHemulics of the Quakers, of which there are niontliiy, quarterly, yearly, and fccond days meetings; alio meetings of fufFcrings, and in thefe the affjirs of ihe whole co:n- muiiity are managed. 7 O ' Tk^ li: J ¥ 6o6 A NEW AN» COMPLETE SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The two £r(t of thede afletnbliet are held in their refpcAive countief ; tq which deputies «re fent from )>articiilar meetings. Here inquiiy is made into the taic of each meeting; what perfuris hav« violated the rules of the community, who pay tythes, which they cfleem repugnant to ChriHianiiy, or church-rates ; and who fuffer for non-payment of either ; and accord- ingly they proceed to approve or ccnfure. Here they excommunicate members, and receive them again into their communion ; and here exa£t regiflers are kept of all their proceedings. From thcfe meetings, ap- peals lie to their yearly aflemblies, which are always neld in London, and confid of three orders or claifes, viz. reprefentativcs fent from the quarterly-meetings ; corrcfpondents for the fcveral counties and foreign countries ; and minidcrs, or preachers. Hither all ac- counts of what has been tranfafled in all the monthly and quarterly-meetings are tranfmitted. Here meafures are concerted, and dircAions given a$ to the b«haviour of their brethren with regard to tythes, rates, ^c, and here they compofe differences ; make proviftonfor their poor ; audit the public accounts, and give proper in- Oru£tions to the deputies, to be obferved at their re- turn i and from hence a yearlv epiftle of admonition is difpatched, to be read in all the monthly and quarterly- meetings: the admoiiitiony contained in theie epiAles are worthy imitation by the mod civilized government. The fecond day's meeting is a flandiiig committee, confiding of the principal preachers in and near the city, who meet every Monday to fettle particular cafes and exigencies, which hajppen between the yearly- meetings. The meeting of fufferings is Ukewife held every week, and confiDs of the corre^ondents fur each county. Its bufmefs , to receive and examine com- plaints from fuch as have fuScrcd for non-payment of tythes and church-rates, and to procure them relief, either by fending them money, for which they have a fettled fund, or by foliciting their caufe, or both. Their remarkable charity towards each other is worthy the imitation of thofe who pride themfelves on being more enlightened. Of late years, the members of this fcSt have omitted va(\ numbers of particularities, efpecially in their drefs and difFnefs of behaviour, which renders them much more agreeable to the nations among whom they re- iide ; for there are few, when divefted of thefe forms, but are very converiible, and numbers extremely fen- iible and polite. After all, the Quakers are imiverfally allowed to be mod excellent members of the community, the drift- nefs of their morality makes amends for the oddities of their principles ; and the fimplicity of their living for the wildnefs of their opinions. Their oeconomy is admirable ; for though none of them pretend to any coercive power, yet their cenfures are fubmitted tc as implicitly as if they were Rotnidi bigots under an Inqiiitition. The highcd punilhment is a kind of ckcootmunication, but which is taken off upon re- pentance and amendment, and the partv mitted into all the privilege* of their body. Tt,"'* fenle for which this feft is remarkable, rendeHS" leaders more refpcdlable than thofe which rovjit power appoint over other communitiei. tJ. ** i the mildnefs of their behaviour, fobriety ^J indudry, have raifed them high in the cftetm oi d Icgiflaturc, which has even indulged them by admiir of their afHrmation, inftead of an oath, in civil ouf in the courts of judice. Their number in Enel ' cannot cafily be afiertained. In the baginoinB of .1 ^^f" rcign, they were edirnited at 50,000 ; and I apt to believe they are increafed, though tM ino«,. is not perceptible, by their laying afide moft of thJ lingularitics. See further concerning this peonle T our dcftription of Fehnfylvania in AtBericao orJ 354,- ''''^ The Rornan Catholic religion is dill profeffed by m J Roman Catholic families in Etjgland, and its txcrcifo? under very mild and gentle redriftions. Some of til penal laws ?gaind them have been lately rcptaledj and the Papids now feem to be convinced, iha change of gowerpment, indead of bettering,' woi ' hurt their fituatiop, bccaufc it would increafei jealoufy of the legijlature ; which mud expofe ibtg daily to greater burdens and heavier penalties- J fenhble conlideration has of late made the Rom Catholics to appear as dutiful and zealous fubi«aii any his majedy has. With refped to free-thinkers, deids, or infidtk there is abundant nafon to think that this clafi of mci is much more numsrous in fome Popifli countries ih in England. Chridianity is fo much obfcured 1* disfigured by the fopperies and fuperftitions of tk Romiih church, that men who think freely are naluraUl apt to be prejudiced againd it, when they fee it in f difadvantageous a form ; and this appears to be in fid very much the cafe abroad. But in England, -^L men have every opportunity of feeing it exhibited^ a more rational manner, they have lefs caufe to 1 prejudiced againd it, and therefore arc more ready tA enter into an examination of the evidence againDit| The writings of the Deids againd Chridianity, inftei of being any didervice to it, have, on the coitrarj caufed the arguments in its favour to be ufed tvidi greater force and clearnefs, and have been the rneam of producing Aich clear defences of it, as ail tM acutenefs of modern infidels has not been able overthrow or confute. The Englidi language is compounded of feveratj others, and more particularly of Saxon, Celtic, French/ and Latin, but the former predominate. ItenjoysalU the properties, without many of the defects, of oiherl European languages. It is more energetic, manlyJ and expreflivc, than either tiie French or IialianJ more copious than the Spanifh, and more eloquenJ than the German, or the other northern tongue?,! The inhabitants of different countries vary in the pro*! iiouucinjf ntit it i ^"' '^'' <^'*i*fly >fl^As tKe loweft elafs of Jgple, PerfoBS of fortune and education in Enj;- Jjilfo commonly either fpeak or iinderOand the l*«fl'< •"*' "^""^ ^^ ''''"" It"'i«n "nd Spanifl* ; Moitig" nations find great difficulty to underftand fewInRli'hi who fpealc Latin, which may tier- ce owing to their not giving the vowels rheir Kr tone, that of the Englilh and French, &c. r«fy|Jiff«w"* '" 'hixrefpeft. "mtM may be deemed the feat of the Miifes. fffd tlie Great cultivated literature at a period when tarifm and ignorance overfpread the reft of Europe ; ^kas there, fincc his time, been wanting a fticceffitui flamed men, who have diftinguiftied themfelves by ^f writings or ftudies. The indufYrious and very JL^ Leland was the firft who publiflied a fhort IStdion of ihofe learned perfons who preceded the ^of his mat" Henry VIII. among whonn he has L|rt«i feverol of the blood royal of both fexcs. Ixp Bacon, who lived under Henry III. and died at ford about the year 1294, wrote feveral treatifcs (1 grammar, mathematics, phyfics, the flux and xof the Britifh fea, optics, geography, aftronomy, ifonology, chemlftrv, logic, raetaphyfics, ethics, licine, theology, philology, and upon the impedi- iis of knowledge. Tiie memory of fome noble royal Englifli authors, who have done honour to iming and the Mufes, haye be«n preferved by the m, Mr. Walpole. Since the Reformation, England femblet a galaxy of literature; and even cardinal .'oliey, though otherwife a dangerous and profligate iniiter, greatly contributed to the revival ot claflical ling in England, and, by his example and en- mcnt, laid the foundation of the polite ■arts ivard VI. during his (l)ort reign, did a great deal Jj promoting learning in general, by encouraging ltd foreigners to fettle in England, and, had he would no doubt have cultivated the moft ufeful of learning. But during the bloody, bigotted of queen Mary, learning, as well as liberty, d an almoft total eclipfe in England. Elizabeth, filler, who was herfelf a learned princefs, ad- many perfons of confummafe abilities to high iks both in church and flate. She was, however, pirfimonioiis refpefling thofe celebrated writers of [Im time, whofe works Ihe admired ; but her want of ity was nobly fiippliod by her favourite, the earl of EiTa, the politell fcholar of his age, and his friend, ihe carl of Southampton, who were generous patrons ^genius. Though James I. was no great author, m his example had a confiderable eife£l upon his fub- jjfts; for in his reign flourifhed thofe great madcrs of polemic divinity, whofe works are almoft inexhauflible mines of knowledge. The fecond Bacon was by him :rea(ed vifcount Vcnilam, and lord high chancellor of England; he was likewife the patron of Camden, and oikr hiftorians, as well as antiquaries ; and though he y a very pedantic tafte himfclF, yet Jinglifh learning, ENGLAND. 607 it mud be allowed, is under fome obligation to this prince. Charles I. had a tafte for the polite arts, efpecially fculpture, painting, and archite^ure ; h; was the patron of Rubens, Vandyke, Inigo Jonea, and other eminent arlifls ; and his favourite th« duke of Buckingham imitated him in that refped. The earl of Arundel, the great Mxcenas of that age, may Aand upon a footing, ai to the encouragement he gave to literature, with the greated of the Mi-Jicean princes. Many learned men found their frtuations fo eafy under Cromwell, that they followed their lludies, to the vaft benefit of every branck of learning. Ulher, Walter, Willis, Harrington, Wilkins, and many other great names, were unmolefled even in thofe times ofdif- traflion. Charles I(. was a great promoter of natural knowledge, efpecially by the inflitiition of the Royal Society. He loved painting and poetry; and though irreligious h' felf, yet England never abounded more with learned und able divines than in his reign. The incomparable Psiradife Loft, by Milton, was puUiflied in his reign, and, though not read or attended to in proportion to its merit, was far from being difre- garded fo much as has been commonly fuppofed : Boyle, Halley, Hooke, Sydenham, Harvey, Temple, Tillotfon, Barrow, Butler, Cowley, Waller, Dryden, Wycherley, and Otway, ftourifhed in his reign'. To thefe we may add that celebrated archited, philn- fopher, and mcchontc. Sir Chridopher Wren ; alfo fevenl excellent Englilb painters. The reign of James II. is chiefly diflinguiihed, in the province of literature by feveral excellent compofitions publifhed by the Englilh divines againft Popery. Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William III. By th^ improvements which learning, and a'l the polite arts, received under the aufpices of queen Anne, her court was put at leftfl on a footing with that of Louis XIV. in its moft fplendid days. Addifun, Prior, Pope, Swift, Bolingbroke, Shaftefbury, Arbuthnot, Congrcve, Steele, Rowe, and many other excellent writers, both in profe and verfe, need but to be mentioned to be admired : natural and moral philofophy kept pace with the polite arts, and even religious and political difputcs contributed to the advancement of learning. Erudition was patroniztrt by the minifters of George I. and the reign of his fon, George II. yielded to none of the preceding in the numbers of learned and ingenious men it produced. After the rebellion in 174,5, in the adminiftration of Mr. IVlham, men of genius began to talle the royal bounty ; lince which period, a great progrefs has been made in the polite arts in England. The Royal "Academy has been inftituted, fomc very able artills have arifen, and the annual public ex- hibitions of pamting and fculpture have been ex- tremely favourable to the arts, by promoting a fpirit of emulation, and exciting a greater attenHpn'to' works of genius of this kind among the piibric in general : but notwithllanding thefe favourable cir- I cumllances, the fine arts have beca far from meeting • ' with ^o8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY with that public patronage to which they have fo juft a claim. The Englifh alfo excel in what we call the learned prolcflions. Tin ir courts of julHcc are adorned with greater abilities and virtues, perhaps, than thofc which atiy other cotintry can boall of : a remarkable inftancc of which occurs in the appointments for the lall uoo years of their lord chancellors, who hold the higlicit and the moll uncontrollable judicial feat in the king- dom, and yet it is acknowk-dgcd by all panics, that, during that time, their bench has remained unpolluted by corruption, or partial atfcdlions. Even JclFcrics, infernal as he was in his politics, never was accufed of partiality in the caiifes which came before him as chancellor. It mud, however, be acknowledged, that neither pulpit nor bar eloquence have been fuHiciently fludied in England ; but this is owing to the genius of ^ the people, and their laws. The fcrmons of their divines arc often learned, and many of them foimd, as to the pra£lical and do^lrinal part ; for the many re> ligious leSii in England require to be oppofed, rather by reafoning than eloquence. The latter is not in- compatible with the former, as fome even of the clergy have boldly alferted, llnce true eloquence is the £r(l and faired handmaid of argumentation ; and in- deed, the preachers of the Englifli church are not deditute of the graces of elocution ; fo far from that, no clergy in the world can equal them in purity and fierfpicuity of language ; though I think, if they con- lilted more than tney do the powers of elocution, they would preach with more cfTea. On account of the peculiar cad of the Englidi laws, the feveral pleadings at the bar do not require many of the flowers of fpeech : the lawyers of this country, however, though they deal little in Ciceronian elo- quence, are well verfcd in rhetoric and reafoning. No nation in the world can produce fo many examples of true eloquence as the Englifli fenate in its two houfes— witnefs the fine fpecches made by both parlies in par- liament in the reign of Charles I. and thofe that have been printed fince the acccffion of the prefcnt family. Medicine and forgery, botany, anatomy, chcmillry, and all the arts or dudies for preferving life, have been carried to a great degree of perfedlion by the Englifh. The fame may be faid of mulic, and theatrical cxlii' bitions. Even agriculture and mechanifm arc now re- duced in England to fcicnce;, and that too without any public encouragement but fuch as is given by private noblemen and gentlemen, who aflbciate themfclves for that purpofc. The Englifli hitherto dand unrivalled in fliip-building, clock-work, and the various branches of cutlery. The two univcrfitlcs of Oxford and Cambridge are inilitutions not to be matclied in the world, and were refptdlcd even ainidll the barbarous rage of civil war. Thefe feminarics of learning can boall of more pcrfons tminent by their erudition, than any other in Europe; and a degree conferred by cither is, in forcigrt coun- tries, edecmed more honourable than the fam obtained by any univerlity in Chridcndom Th '^ . nificent buildings rival, in fplenddr and'arS'^i the mod fu|Krb royal edifices ; the rich end M the liberal cafe and tranquillity enjoyed by thoT J inhabit ihcm, who vilit ihcm ftirpafs all conceive 3 •I'c ideas whicU,rr, of literary fcKietiis V j univerfity fends two members to the Britilh oar ' 1 and their chancellors and officers have acivl""'"3 didion over their dtidents, the better to hZjTl independency. Their colleges, in their revcnul '' buildings, exceed thofc of many other univcrfitie. ' In Oxford, there arc twenty colleges, and fiv h it J the lormer arc very liberally endowed, but in il.'n i 1 the dud^nts chiefly maintain thcinfelves Tl>; 1 aconhderabIcplace,veJ Alfred built thrJ^ecolU fityis fuppofed t J have been 3.t<'nfidmblc'p|'ac"7 in the time of the Romans at Oxford ; one for divinity, another and » third for grammar. 1 he number '"of pliilofopL lows, andfcholars, maintained at prefcnt by ih"' nucs of this univerfity, is about looo; and the bcr of fuch fcliolars as live at their own charge is allv about 2000 ; there are, befides, a great nu'mb„oi inferior ofliccrs and fervants belonging to the fev colleges and halls. There are four terms everv vu U public excrcifes, Icdlures, and didertations, and fetdaJ and hours when the profelfors of every faculty r^l their leflures ; and in fome of the colleges are nubfcl leaures, to which all perfons are admitted. The 11(^1 ral foundations of the rcfpeftive colleges have encouJ raged perfons of extraordinary merit to embrace iJ academical life. ^ The univerfity of Oxford confids of twentv col I leges, and five halls. The colleges are, i. VmnA^ fituated near, or on the fpot where the colleges «l halls which were erefled by king Alfred flood' thcl orefent ftriiaure was begun in 1634, at theexpcnceofl Mr. Charles Greenwood, carried on by Sir Simoal Bennet, and completed by Dr. John Radcliff. j fi, I liol, founded by Sir John de Baliol, about 1260' ,| Merton, founded by Walter de Merton, bifhop of rII chefter, and high-chanccllor of England, in 1267 I Exeter, founded in 1316 by Walter Stapletori, bifliool of Exeter, and lord-treafurer of England, t Ofiell founded in 1324 by Edward II 6. Queen's, founddf by Robert Eglesheld, chaplain to queen Philippa.con.l fort to Edward III. and at her defirc. 7. Ncv Col. lege, founded in 1386 by William of Wykeham, U- (hop of Wincheder, but finilhed in 1475 by Thomw de Rotheram, archbifliop of York, and lord high-chan. cellor. 8. All Souls, founded in 1437 by Hmj Chichely, archbifhop of Canterbury. 9. Magdab, founded in 1458 by William Patten, alias VVainlieei! biihop of Wincheder, and lord-chancellor. 10. Brazen- Nofe, founded in 1516 by William Smith, biihop of Lincoln, n. Corpus Chridi, founded in ijio b/ Richard Fox, bifliop of Wincheder. i2. Chrilt- Church, founded by cardinal Wolfey in 1515, but cumplelcd E NO LAN D. -~-"— ■'^•'■■i' --1 $09 Dieted by nihers, and it now the cathedral of the lidc'fe. '3' 1 ''"''y* 'o'lnJcd by Sir Thomas I'ope, |J*',f,{, the Reformation. 14. S«. John Haptill, Win 1555 ^y Sir Thoma* While, lord-mayor Jloaif>n. i,r Jcf"»» •'eg»"> h ^f' Hugh Price. • („„,lary of Rochoftcr, and appropriated chicHy to JiTwillh' '^' Wadham, fo called from its founder tociljs Waclham, of Somerfctlhiro, Efu. It was bc- I byhiniin i()ei), but iinilhed after his death, in 1613, liriiis'ijily- '7' ^ 'i|jf Ptmbroke, tjicn h>rd_highchancellor ; it was Pembroke, fo called in honour of the .jtided in 1624 by Thomas Tefdalc, tfq. and Richard wiiiiwickei '^^ '^^ *^' Worccfter,' ercdcd intoa col- L by Sir Thomas Cooke, of Aftley in Worcellcr- 1^ iQ. Lincoln, founded by two bilhops of Lincoln. ' jitftfotd, formerly Hurt-Hall, but now credcd into .^\tgc, by patent under the great feal in 1740. fheie are libraries for the ufe of all the colleges ; 4l(s which, there are two public libraries, the uni> Ufiiy library, and the RadclilFe library. The univer- iibrary is uliially called the Bodleian library, from Thivnas Bodlcy, its principal foimder. It is a in lofty (Iruflure, in the form of a Roman H, and faid to contain the greateft number of books of any m in Europe, except perhaps the Vatican. The winal library has been prodigiuufly increafed by many tte ind valuable colleclions of Greek and oriental .nufcripts, as welt as other choice and curious books. kRadclilFe library is a furoptuous pile of building, dwas lyiilt at the fole expencc of that eminent phy- ian, Dr. John Radclifte, who bequeathed 40,0001 rihispurpofe. The theatre of Oxford is alfo a very magnificent uflure, which was ercdled by Sir Chrillopher Wren, ihc expence of archbilhop Sheldon. In this edifice I preferved the public acts of the univerlity ; and ihen thi) theatre is properly Hlled, it makes a mo(l au- I appearance; the vice-chancellor being feated in ctnire of the femi-circular part, the noblemen and Ion on his right and left-hand, the pro^ors and iraiort in their robes, the maftera of arts,, bachelors, under-graduates, ir. their refpe€live habits and rc!!, together with Grangers of both fexes. The univerfitv of Cambridge con fills of fixteen 'leges, four of which- are diftinguilhed by the name halls, though the privileges of both arc in every IpeS the fame. Thefe colleges are, 1. Peter-Houfe, Hindtd by Hugh Ballham, prior of Ely, in 1357, ho WIS afterwards bifliop of that fee. si. Clare- lali, founded in 1340 by Richard Badew, and lady lizabeth Clare, countefs of Uider. 3. Pembroke- fall, founded in 1343 by Mary de St. Paulo, countefs [Pembroke. 4. St. Bennet's, or Corpus Chriiii, 'oiindcd in 1344 by the united guilds, or fraternitie.v if Corpus Chrilli and the BleiTed Virgin. 5. Trinity- '\\\, lounded about the year 1548 by WUIiam Bate- iin, bifhop of Norwich. 6. Gonvil and Caius, nded by Edmund de Gonvil in 1448, completed | by bilhop Bateman, and additinnatly endowed, aoo years after, by John Caius, a phyfician. 7. King'i College, founded in 1451 by Henry V(. and roiii- pletud by his rucrciruri«. 8. Queen's College, foiindcit in 1448 by Margaret of Anjoii, con fort of Henrv VI. hut hnilhed by EU/abeth, v/ife to lid ward IV. 9. Cutherine-Hyll, 'ounded in 147,5 **/ Richard VVotHU lark, fi, Jefus College, founded in 1497 by John Alcork, bilhop of Ely, in the reign of Henry VII. It. Chrid's College, founded in 1,506 by lady Mar- garet, countefs of Richmoml, mother to Henry VII. 10. St. John's College, founded in ijii by the fam« lady. 13 Magdalen College, founded in t.jig by Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, and in 1,54V fiat roni zed by Thomas Aiidley, baron of Walden, and ord high-chancellor in the reign of Henry VIII. 14. Trinity Colleee, founded in 1,546 by Henry VII. 1,5. Emanuel College, founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay. t6. Sidney Colleee, founded by virtue of the will of lady Frances Sidney, countefs of SuiTex, by Thomas RadcliiF, earl of Siiflex, in 1588. In tl)e univerftty of Cambridge there are 400 fel- lows, and 666 fcholars, with ilbuut 236 officers zni fervants of various kinds, who are maintained upon the foundation. Thefe, however, are not all the ftii- dents of the univerfity ; there are alfo two forts of (indents called pcnfioners, the greater and the lefs ; the greater penfioners are the funs of the nobility, and of gentlemen of large fortunes, and are called fellow- commoners, becanfe, though they are fcholars, they dine with ths fellvws : the lelTer penfioners dine with the fcholars that are on the foundation, but live at their own expence. There are alfo a cunfidcrable number of poor fcholars, called flzars, who wait upon the fellows, fcholars, and penfioners, by whom they are in a great degree maintained ; but as the penfioneru and (izars are in a Rate of perpetual flu^luationj their number cannot be afccrtained. Trinity-College library at Cambridge is a vciy magnificent flru£lure; and in Corpus-Chrifli-Collcge library is a valuable colle£lion of ancient manufcript$, which were preferved at the diflblution of monaderies, and given to this college by archbiOiop Parker. The fenate-houfe is alfo a molt elegant edifice, executed entirely in the Corinthian order, and is faid to have coll i6,oool. It may be proper to infcrt here a piece of intelli« gence, refpe6)ing this univerfity, tranfmitted to Lon- don in Nov. 1786. The writer obfcrvcs, that " The late Mr. Norris having left 9I. a year, for a medal and fome books, as a premium fur the beft profe Englifli < (Tay on fubjeds appainted agreeable tu the directions contained in his will, the Norrifian pro- felfor gives notice, that the ftibje£t for this prefent year (1786) is one of thofe mentioned by Mr. Norris, via. " The advantages of the knowledge riivealcd tp mankind concerning the Holy Spirit." " The efTayS are to be lent to one of the fhrae 7 P Howards, ! "»"-i#- »i~l* $i6 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. H,ioril tlewards, who are, the maflcr of Trinity-College, the provolt of ICiiiK'i- College, and iho nisflrr of Caiut- College, on or before the loth djy preceding the Sun- day in pafhon week 17K7, with the namei of the rc- fpctlive writer!, fealed up, " Each candidate to be above bo years of am, and under 30t innfl be, or have been, a ttiident of Uie uni- vcrflty, and inuft produce a certilicatc, under the hand of the profelFor, that he hai attended twenty le£lures In the courfe of fomc one year. That efTay to which the prize (hall be adjudged, iniin be pnblifhcd Ity the author within two months from the time of his re- ceiving the medal and books. And any opinion ad- vanced in the ciruy of a candidate for thiii prize, con- trary (in the eflimatiun of the appointed judges) to the articles of the church of England, with refpea to our Saviour's divinity, and the perfonality of the Holy Spirit, is to difquality fuch candidate." There are three royal academies in England \ the firft is at Woolwich, eftablifhed for the (ludy of the military fciencei and the mathematics, efpecially thofe branches which relate to the attack and defence of fortified places. The fecond royal academy is at Portf- mouih, eflabliihed for the Kudy of navigation, and the other fciencca relative to maritime affairs. The third is called the royal academy of painting and fculpture, eftablilhed by his raajciiy Geo. lU. who has allotted Apartments in Somerfct-Houfe for their refidence. Be- fides thefe, there is a n>yal obfcrvatory ere£)ed on the finnmit of a (\eep eminence in Greenwich-Park by Charles n. who furninied it with the moft accurate inltrunients necclFary in aftronomical obfervations. This obfcrvatory has been fucceflively the rclidence of thofe celebrated allronomers, Mr. FlamOead, Dr. Hallcy, and Dr. Bradley. From the firit, the obfcrv- atory took the name of Flamftead-Houfc, by which it is now commonly known, and now is, or lately was, in the poiretFion of Mr. Nevil Maflcelyne, altronomer to his majelty. At the head of the inftittitions formed for the pro- pagation of knowledge, is juniy placed the royal fo- ciety, which confins of a prclident, council, and fel- lows, incorporated by Cliarks II. and veiled with va- rious privileges and immunities, fur the purpofe of Cultivating and improving natural knowledge. They ar'- governed by a body of Datutes, and hold weekly nriAtings for making expcrimeni.*, difcourfing on dif- itunt ftihje£l.s of natural philofophy, reading papers, receiving letters, and anfwcring correfpondetits. This is the moO famous inllitiition of the kind in the world, and can boalt of many ilUillriuus members, whofe writings have call a glorious light on tvery branch uf natural philtifophy. We may conlWIct the antiquities of England under ^ur heads, namely, Britifh, Roman, Snxon, and Da- •ilh. Among the Britilh .intiqiiiiies, Stonehcnge in Wiltlhire is the chic). It is lituatcd near the fuiumit •( SI hill, and conftlts of the remaius uf two circular, and two oval ranges of rouj^h ftones, having one comi mon centre. The outer circle is 108 feet indjanl ter, and in its perfeftioit confilled of thirty up,iBi!l ftones, of which there are fcvcnieen Hill (Undin» ^ fcven more lying upon the ground, fomc whole, n others in pieces. The uprieht (hines are fromtii'hti to twenty fort high, from fix to feven feet bniaj u_ about three feet thick ; and being placed at \\^ ^ lanco of three and a half one from the other u joined at top by impofts, or ftones laid acrofi, with «, nons fitted to mortifes in the uprights, for keepim them in their due oofition. Of the impofts, or crol ftones, there are (ix ftill ftanding, each of which l feven feet long, and about three feet and an half thick The upright ftones are (lightly wrought with a chiy and fomewhat tapered towards the top, but theimpog' are quite plain. All the uprights are fixed in ikiu of fockets, dug in a chalky foil, with fmall flints med in between the ftone and the fockct. The inner circle, which never had any impolb, fomewhat more than eight feet from the mlide to il outward one, and con filled originally of forty (1ol„ the general proportions of which are, one half thedj menfions of the uprights of the circle every way, (; the forty original ftones which compofcd this circl there are about nineteen left, and of thofe only elnt ftanding. The walk between thefe two circles is jn feet in ciraimference i and from this walk the h ture has a furprifing and awful effefl on the bcholi At the diftance of about nine feet from the ini circle, is the outer oval range, which is fnppufedto the principal uart of the work, and by moll wriiert called the cell, and the adytum. The ftones that ci pofe it are ftupendnus, fome of them mcafuriiig thii feet in height. Thii range confift.fe it appear loo big for lajid-carj riiige, aud as Salifbury-Flain, lor many miles toiiiii I fcjicj jj, ifords •») (fuine»"''*» *'** "o* preferved « for as the ISinflen were not tiien underflmid by fuch as were j^ulttd upon the occafion, the plate was deOroyed, w It lead) thrown by and loft. The common tra- 6m ill ihst Stonehenge was built by Ambrofius irellanus. Others will have it to be a furtcral irio- jnent, raifed to the memory of fome brave com- Lflder, |M'rhaps HcngiO, the Saxon general j but this Inidure i> probably more ancient than the Saxon .^ga, Sotnner, in his Antiquities of Britain, con* ;bgui«9 it to have been a work of the Phoenicians; lad the iamrus Inigo Jones, in a treatife called Stone- ^K Rcftured, attempts to prove that it was a temple U iht Tufran order, built by the Romans, and dedt- ipiteti to the god Coelum, or Terminus, »n which he b confirmed by its having been open at top. Dr. Chiiidon, phyllcian in ordinary to Charles the Se- cond, wrote a treatife called, Stonehenge redured to ^K Danes, attempting to prove that this was a Danifli ^nument, eteQtd either for a burial-place, as a tro- l|hy for fome vi£tory, or fur the eledlion and corona- tion of their kings. Soon after the publication of Dr. Chirtcton's treatife, Mr. Webb, fon-in-law to Inigo ones, publifhed a vindication uf the opinions of bis ihcr-in-law upon this fubje^.. Antiquaries have agreed, that it was an ancient ktnpir of the Druids, biiiVt, as Dr. Siukely thinks, kforethe Belgx came to Britain, and not long after Cimbyfes invaded Egypt, where he committed fuch iMttid uuiragcs among the prieftsr and inhabitants in {nieral, that they diiperfcd theinCclves to all quarters tfihe world, and fome of them, no doubt, came iaio Britain. At thi.s time, the dodlur coiijedlures, the Egyptians introduced their arts, learning, and re- ligion, among the Druids, and probably had a hand in this very woik, being the only (tructureof the Druids where the flunes are chifcled, all their otiier worLs conllHiiig of rude (tones, untouched by any tool, alter the Patnarchal and Hebrew mode. He thinks fuch a tnnrniigraiioD of theEgyptiansat thattime the more pro- biblc,l»:caul4: then the Phuenician trade was at its height, which afforded a ready conveyance into tiiis country. Round this fuppofvd temple, there are jt great num- ber of barrows, or mjnumoiital heaps of earth, thrown up in the form of a bell, and each euclufcd with • trench, from loj to i7x feet in diameter. Thcfe barrows extend to a conliXerable diftance from Stpne> henge ; but they are fo placed as to be all in view of tJM temple. In fuch barrows as have been opened, flceletons, or the remains of burnt bones, have been found. In one of them was an urn, containing afhjs, fome bones, and other matters, which the funeral pil* had not confumed. By the collar-bone, and one of the jaw-bones, which were ilill entire, it was judged that the pcrfon there buried mu(i have been about fourteen years old ; and from fome feiiule trinkets, and the brafs head of a javelin, it was conjeAured t» have been a girl who haii carried arms. The trink- ets confifted of a gnu number of glafs and amber beads, of various (napes, fixes, and colours, together with a (harp b(Kikin, round at one end, and (quare at the other. In fome barrows were found human bones, together with thufs of hurfes, deer, dogs, and other beafts and birds; in others, fome bits of red and blue marble, and chipping^ of the ftones of the temple^ and in others were faund a brafs fword, and an ancient brafs inftrument called a celt. Great numbers of remarkable Britifh antiquities are found in Wales, particul.-irly in the illaiid of Angle- fey, the laft retreat of the Druids, and where a vad number of them perilhed, many qf whom were burnt upon their own altars by Julius Agricola, the Roman* gjcneraU Vad numbers of the monuments uf thefe early ages alfo.ftill fubfid in Cornwall. Some of thefe monuments conCUi of a large orbicu- far rock, fupported by two other rocks, between- which there is a palLge. This fort of monument in Cornwall and Sciily, is commonly called ToImen>. which in the Cornilh language lignifies the hole o£ (lone. Thefe arc fuppofud to have been deities in the time of the Druids; and the mufl furpriCing monu- ment of the kind now remaining, is at Men, between- Ftlmuuth and Hellton ; it conliils of one valt ovul< pebble, placed on the points of two natural KKks, fo that a man may creep under the incumbent rock, and. between its two Aipporters, through a patfage oS three feet wide, and as many high; the longed diameter of the incumbent Hunc, which points due north aiid fouth,. is tl)irty-three fuet, the circumference in ninety>-fevcn* tieet, and fixty feet crofs the middle ; and it is thought to be at lealt 750 tons weight. The whole fiirCaco on the top is wrought into bafons, and. refembles ati- impcrfe<^ or mutilated honeycomb. Mult of thefe refervoirs Jifcharge their contents into two principal ba- fons, one at the fouth, and the other at the north end. of the rock. There are two other tolmcns of the fatne ftrudlure, though not quite fo large, in the Scilly- Iflands, one in St. .Mary's-Illand, at the bottom of Salakee- Downs, and the other, in the little idand of I>]orthwethel, each of which is fitiiatcd on the dccli* vity of a hill, near, a large pile of rocks. Another I ' 6ii A NEW AND coMPLEtE System ot OKiVersal geography. Another kind of Driiidital monunnents is found at Karn Bolcawcn, near St. Burien, about fiv& miles from Pcnzanc-e It confifts of one large flat flone, one end of which refts upon the natural rock, and the other end on three large {tones placed one on the other, jn order to raife a proper fupport for the weight of the horizontal i .jne. Bctweon this canopy and its fnp- pnrters, there is an opening feven tect wide at the top, but clofliii^ gradnaiiy into an acute angle at the bot- tom. The top (tone is too nicely fupported to be the work of nature ; and the opening imderneath is fup- poftd to have been defigned for the feat of one of the chief pricds among the Druids, from wlicncehe might iiXut his edidts and decifions, his picdiitions and ad- ininions to noviciates : and indeed the mind can fcarcely frame to itfelf a fcene more ftriking ami awful than this, which conlifh of vafl rocks vn either fid*, the fame tremendous appearance above and below fronting an tmmenfe ocean. Tt was alfo the ciiftom of the Druids to crecS a very peculiar kind of monuments, called by the common people rockiiig-itones, or logan-Uones, fome of which are '"iippoftd to be natural, and others artificial. Near the fouthernmoll point of the Land's End there is a j>romontf)ry called Caftle Treryn, which confifts of three dillincft piles of rocks. On the weftern fide of the middle pile, near the top, lies a *very large ftonc, fo exaiflly poifed, thgt the flighted touch wilTrock it ; and yet the extremities of its bafe are at fuch a dif- tance from each other, and fo well fecured, that it is impolTihIe any lever, or indeed any force, however mechanically applied, could remove it from its prefcnt fittiation. On a rock, adjojning to a place called thcGiant's- Caf'jt in the ifland of St. Mary, in Scilly, is an area of a circular figure, 172 feet from north to fouth, and 1^8 from eaft 10 wcfl; on the edges of the rock are iiine vaft (tones (till remaining, planted in a circtilar line; feveral others perfedled the round, but from time to time have been removed. This has been a capital work of its kind; the floor is of one rock, the (toi>es round the edges are of an extraordinary fizr, and a ilone, poflibly a rock-idol, makes one of the ring. Some of the."-' circles have altars in the centre, •while the area of others is entirely open, and therefore fecnis never to have been appropriated to religion. There is one of the fortner on the ifland of Irtlcaw, in Scilly. The altar confirts of one rude Hone nine- teen feet long, and (helving on the top ; round the bottom there is a hollow circular trench, thirty-fix feet in diameter, and the brim of the trench (ormed with a line ol rude and unequal (tones. Another of thcfe circles is on an li'gh hill calkd Karn-Menticz, in the wilds of Wcndron, not far from Penryn. The altar (•(inli(ts of (our flat thin (tones, placed one above another ; the upper (lone is circular, and its diameter nineteen feet ; it has a circular trench at the bottom, the diameter of which is thirty-five feet and a half. 'Tht.« ■> * I flv! il! ''^ '^1. I > I J''fj 'i n 6i6 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVJ.RSAL GEOGRAPHY. the appellation of tlie White Tower, wliich was re- built in the years 1637 and 1638. It is a large, fquare, irregular ftone building, fituatcd near the centre, and coniifts of three very lofty (lories, under which are fpacions and commodious vaults, chlcily (iilcd with falt-pelre. It is covered on the top with flat leads, from whence there is aiijcxtenlive and delightful prof- pci^. In the finl flory are two noble rooms, one of which is a fmall armoury for the fca-fervicc, con- taining various forts of arms very curioully laid up, fiifficieiit for more than ten thoufand feamen bcfldcs fcveral clofets and prefles filled with warlike engines and indruments of death. Over this are two other apartments, otic principally filled %vith arms, and the other with fpades, (hovels, pick-axes, chevaux-de- frize, &c. In the attic ftory are kept match, Iheep- flvins, tanned hides, and various other articles. On the top of one of the Towers is a largo cidern or re- fervoir for fupplying the whole garrifon with water. It is about (even feet deep, nine broad, and about fixty in length. The water which fupplies it is raifed from the Thames by means of an engine. Near the fouth-weft angl" of the White Tower is the Spaniih armoury, in which the fpoils of the Spaniih Invincible Armada, defeated in the reign of Elizabeth, are de- pofited. Northward of the White Tower is a noble building, called the Grand Storc-Houfe, extending 245 feet in length, and fixty in breadth. It was begun by James II. and finiflied by William III. who ereaed that magnificent room called the New or Small Armoury, which is built of t rick and flone. On the north fide is a (lately door-cafe, adorned with four columns, with their entablature and triangular pediment of the Doric order. On entering the room the fpedator is agreeably furprifed with the (ight of arms fufficient for eighty thoufand men, difpofed in the tao'.I Leuutiful order imaginable, all bright and fit for fervice. Upon the ground floor, under the fmall armoury, is a large room of equal dimenfions wiih that, fupported by twenty pillars, hung round with various implements of war. To the cafhvard of the White Tower, is the horfc arincjry, a plain 'c^ick building, rather convenient thar elegant. Here the figiit is entertained with a re- prefcntaticin of fcveral Englilli kings and heroes; molt of them on luirli-back, and fome in the fame armour they wore when they pert'ormccl thofe glorious actions which give them a dillinguilhcd place in the Britilh annals. On entering tlie Tower, on the left hand, is an oflicc; appropriated to the coining of money, and called the Mint, w liith is mniia^cd by fcveral officers formed into a corporatif)!!, conli.'tipg 'A' a warden, a mailer and w«)rker, u coniptrolkr, the king's aliiiy-mallcr, the chief engraver, the furvcyor of tlie meltings, a clerk of the irons, a wciylur and teller, a provoll, inciters, blancln rs, nioiifyLrs, iSx. About twenty yards 10 the tiillward of the grand 3 ftore-houfe or new armoury, (lands the iewel-officl dark ftrong room wherein the crown jewels arc'di This office is eovemed by a mafter twl pofited yeomen At a fmall Moufe creC office is governed a groom, and a clerk, lall diftance from t'tc Tower is the Cuftoml aed for the receipt of his majefty's cuftoml on goods exported and imported. It is a large, hand! fome, commodious edifice, fituated on the banks ot ill Thames, built with brick and ftone, and feeminBll calculated to (land for ages. The government of ih] Cu(tom-Houfe is under the care of nine commillionetsl who are intruded with the entire nianagcmentofhi majefly's cuftoms in all the ports of England, andajfl the fiiperintending of all their officers. Both iheJ and fevcrai of the principal olficcrs under themj hold their places by patent from the king; but all otlirs are appointed by warrant from the lords of ilj treafury. I St. Paul's cathedral is allowed to be one of thj grandeft (Irudlurcs in the world, and is fuppofdt] have been originally founded by Ethelbert, a SmoJ king, in the year 610; but in the fuccecding reimi fullained numberlefs alterations and accidents, rl 1666, it was totally dedroyed by the fire of London) The firft (lone of the prefent church was laid in ifi'l by that famous architeil Sir Chrillopher Wren, afiel •vhofe plan the whole (Iruilure was tinifhed in '1710! The length of this (Iruflure from eaft to weft, betiveej the walls, is 463 feet, and, including the wpft porticoj ,500; the breadth of the wed front 180; andinthl centre, where it is wided, including the north am fouth porticoes, it is 31 1 ; the height from the grouni to the top of the crofs is 344 feet; the external diameter of the cupola 14,5, and the internal icol the outwaril diameter of the lantern 18 ; the hcigh| of the turre'.s 2c8 ; and that of the body of thechiircf 120. Tl takes up an area of fix acres, inciiidingtM chiirji yard, which is railed round with iron baliifters eich about (ivc feet and a half high. It is built ol fine Portland (lone, in form of a crofs, after the model of St. Peter's at Rome. The expcnce of '•-.buiidiiil this cathedral, after the fire of London, .j computtl at a million (lerling, and was defrayed by a duty 1 coals. The principal edifice devoted to public wordiip i._ the city of Wedminfler, is the abbey church of SiJ Peter. This church is in form of a 'oug crofs ; ill length being 481) feet, and the breadth of the \\d front 66 feet ; the length of the crofs aile is 189] and the height of the roof 92. At the weft end arJ two towers ; and the nave and crofs ailes are fupporttdj by fifty pillars of Sullex marble, about twelve ftctanJT a hall afiint!'.'r, bcfides piladcrs. There are ninciyJ four windows, in the upper and lower ranges, all which, together with the arches, roofs and doors, ara in the ancient Gothic talle. The infide of this churclJ is much better executed than the out ; '.he perfpcdivcil particularly that of the grand ailc, is rciiiaibblyguoila m ^APHY. 5 the jewel-oflicel rown jewels are i\ mailer, t\v| I by 'owcrislheCuftort- \s majcfty's cuftoml It IS a large, handl on the banks of ihJ tone, and feemingl ■ government of i|J nine commiflioncr management of h3 >t England, and aid fficers. Both thcyl ficcrs under themj the king; but all rrom the lords of ihi to be one of thJ and is fuppofedij Ethelbert, a Saxol le fucceeding reigj and accidents. [I the fire of LondooJ :h was laid in 167J llopher Wren, aliJ as tinifhed in 1710I aft to weft, betweel ing the weft poriicoj mt ibo; andinihl ling the north aiK ght from the gioum feet ; the externa^ the internal tool fcrn 18 ; the heigh j body of thechiirci acres, including thJ ' with iron baliiltenJ ^li. It is built ol rofs, after the model xpcnce of r.buildinl ondon, .3 compatel •ayed by a duty on o public worlriip ml bbcy church of StJ of a 'ongcrofsj iij rcadib of the well crofs ailc is i8(jJ the well end ara ailts arc fuppM bout twelve ftctamJ 'I'liere arc iiiiiciyJ il lower ranges, all roofs and doors, aia iilide of this cliiirclJ It ; '.lie perfpcillvej is rcmaibbly glint) ( IfUROP*'] luiil the choir, from which there is an afcent by feveral IfcM to a fuperb altar-piece, is paved with black and llSit: laabk, and contains twenty-ei^ht ftalls on the l«difiile> as many on the fouth, and eight at the weft IIj This church has been long famous for being the ENGLAND. 617 SiCtory of our illuftrious dead, with whofe monu- 2^^ it is crowded. In the cities of London and Weftminfter, befides Jcithedral and abbey above defcribed, there are 102 !^ churches, and an amazing number of chapels Unnne to the ellabliflied religion ; 2 1 French •ngi _ tilt meetings ; 28 nt meetings ; 19 for the ufe of luiSnt chapels ; i» chapels belonging to the Ger i Dutch, Danes, &c. 33 Bapti prtlbyteriin meetings ; 26 Independe Fopiih chapels and meeting-houfes, foreign ambalTadors, and people of various ledts ; and The ftately column called the Monument was built JcfPortland ftone, in 1671, after a defign of Sir Chrif- Mher Wren, in order to perpetuate tlie memory of Z dreadful conflagration which happened in i666, Lj ijirf almoft the whole city in afnes. This pillar US ereSed near the place where the fire began : it is M the Doric order, 202 feet high, and 15 feet in liniKter. It ftands on a pedeftal, 40 feet Mgh, and 'li feet fquare, the fides ot which are adoi..ed with lettlematical figures in alto and balTo relievo, repre- tntiiig the deftruftion of the city, and the relief Len to the fulfcrers by king Charles II. and his Ljiet the duke of York. Within is a fpiral ftair- Uof biKk marble, containing 345 fteps^. which lleid to a balcony, encompaffing a cone 32 feet high, irting a blazing urn of gilt brafs. le Royal-Exchange isjuftly efteemed amofl noble .ufeful fabric. It was firft eredled at the folecx- ice of Sir Thomas Greiham, but that ftrufture being roycd by the fire of London, the prefent fabric was ' d by parliament in 1669, and is faid to have coft 8o,oool. The whole forms a parallelogram 203 Ito in length, and 171 feet in breadth, enclofmg an Ivta 144 feet long, and 117 broad. On the fpot where Greiham-College formerly flood (kiwecn Biftiopfgate and Broad-Street) is now ereSed Doblepile of building for managing the bufinefs of the icife; which office before was neld in the Old Jewry^ Newgate having been long complained of as a pub- lic nuifance, the city have taken it down, and ere£led r iiew prifon for the reception of offenders, on a mofi extenlive and excellent plan. The Britilh Mufeuin is a large and magnificent lilding, fituatcd in Great Ruflel-ftreet, Bloomfbtiry, kd formerly belonged to the Duke of Montague ; but in the year 17J3, the parliament having palfed an m for purchafing the Mufeum of the late Sir Hans fae, and the colledion of manufcripts of the late Lord Oxlord, for the ufe of the public, twenty-fix tniltees were appointed and incorporated, in order to provide a rcpulitory for thefe and fome other col- lections, under the title of the Britifli Mufeum. Mon- tague-houfe being fixed on for this purpofe, the par- liament purchafed it for ten thoufand pounds ; and ex- pended fifteen thoufand more in repairs, alterations, and conveniences. They paid twenty thoufand pounds for the colledion of Sir Hans Sloane, confiftiiig of an amazing number of natural and artificial curiofities, valuable remains of antiquity, and a large library. Ten thoufand pounds were given for lord Oxford's manu- fcripts ; and thirty thoufand pounds vefted in the pub- lic funds, for fupplyine falaries for officers, and other necelfary expences. This noble collection of curiofi- ties, and excellent libraries, greatly augmented by his prefent majefly, being chiefly defigned for the ufe of learned and ftudious men, both natives and foreigners* in their refearches into the feveral departments of knowledge, was opened in the year lygy. The palace of St. James's is an old building, to which the court removed after the burning of White- hall in 1697 ; and ever flnce that period it has been the royal refidence. It was built by Henry VIII. upon the fite of an hofpital formerly founded for fourteen leprous maids, and dedicated to St. James. This edifice has a mean and irregular appearance when viewed from without, but it contains fome excellent and fplendid apartments. The queen s palace, fituatcd on the weft fide of St. James's park, was originally known by the name of Arlington-Houfe ; but being purchafed by the Bucking- ham family, it was rebuilt from the ground in 1703, and called Buckinghain-Houfe, till the beginning of 1763, when it was purchafed by his prefent majefty, and prefented to the queen. Several alterations and ad- ditions have lately been made in the park and gardens. The palace itfelf has been confiderably enlarged, and the apartments decorated with celebrated paintings, executed by the greateft mafters, particularly the in- valuable cartoons of Raphael, formerly kept at Hamp- ton-Court. Somerfet-Houfe was originally built by the duke of Somerfet, uncle to Edward VI. upon whofe attainder it fell to the crown. It was the refidence of queen Catharine, dow^r of Charles II. and was fettled on the late queen Caroline, in cafe flie had furvived her royal confort. The apartments are now granted to feveral of the officers of the court, and its dependents ; and lately a confiderable part of it has been prefented to the royal academy of painting, to which a charter has been lately given by his prefent majefty. Other public buildings worthy of notice are the Manfion-Houfe, built at the cxpence of the city, for the refidence of the lord-mayors during their mayoral- ties. The College of Phyficians. The Bank of Eng- land. Moft of the parilh churches, efpecially that of St. Stephen's in Walbrook. The Banquetting-Houfe at Whitehall, being part of a plan' defigned by Inigo Jones for a royal palace, but never executed. The Admiralty-Office. The Treafury. The Horfc-Guards. 7 R Weftminfter- ih 'H-: !'!i (i.i M- 'M ^^if -! t (\ ^i !M: •U ;i in:- '■ 't;. 6i8 A XEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Wtftniinrtcr-Hall, fiippofcd to be one of the largcft rooms in England It is a Gothic RniiSliire 220 feet long, and 70 broad. The coronation feafts of our king"! and (]iicens are always held here; as arc the courts of clianccry, kiiig's-bench, common-pleas, and exchequer. The Adclphi and the Pantheon, are proofs of the prcfcnt improved talle forarchitcflure ; the latter was lately dcltroycd by fire. There is hardly a houfe be- longing to our nobility, but claims particular attention ; while the royal palace, which fliould certainly be tlic moll magnificent ilruiSlurc in the kingdom, is exceeded in elegance and convenience by the public otlices, and the private houfes of almofl every rich individual. For the greater difpatch of bufmcfs, and convenience of the nation, tlierc are three bridge;; in the cities of London and Wclhiiinfler, viz. London-Bridge, Black- Friars-Bridgc, and Wellminfter-Bridge. London-Bridge, which, according to ancient records, appears to have been firlt built between the years 993 and 1016, was originally of wood, and being burnt down about the year 1136, it was rebuilt of the fame materials in 1 163. Theexpences, however, of main- taining and keeping it in repair became fo heavy 'a MX on the inhabitants of the city, that it was refolved to build a (lone bridge a little to the weftward of the wooden one. This refolution was accordingly exe- cuted, and the new ftrudlure finilhed in 1209. It confided of twenty arches, was 915 feet long, 44 feet high, and 73 wide ; but houfes being built on each fide, the (pace between them was only twenty- three feet. The narrownefs of this paFige having oc- cafioned the lofs of many lives from the number of carriages, cattle, &c. continually palling and repading ; together with the (Iraitnefs of the arches, and the enormous fize of the flcriings, which took up one fourth part of the water way, and rendered the fall at low water no lefs than five feet, the magiftrates of the city obtained an aft of parliament in 1756, for im- proving, widening, and enlarging the palFage over and through this bridge. By this flatute they were im- powercd to demand a toll from every carriage and horfe palling over it, and for every barge or veffel, laden, palling through any of the arches. Thefe tolls, how- ever, being found infufficient, were abolifhed by another adl pafled in i',')^, for explaining, amending, and rendering the former more eftl'dlual, and fur granting the city of London money towards carrying on that work. In confc(iucnve of thtie adls, a tem- porary woodei\ bridge was built, and the houfes on tlij old bridge t.ikcn ilnvn. Inftcad of the narrow pad'age, which was formerly fo inconvenient, there is now one of fhirty-onu feet for carriages, &c. exclullve of the foot-way, which, on each lide, is ("even feet wide. The walls are fecurcd and adorned with (lone bahillcrs, whereon are fixed a number of lamps, which are lii^hted every night, 'ihe palfage through the bridge is enlarged by throwing the two middle arches into one, and b^ fcvcral other alterations and improvements; notwithftanding which, it is (till rendered very dano 1 ous, not only by the great fall and velocity of'iJ current, but alfo bv the large banks of" fan/ thr 3 up, both above and below bridge, by the violenccr the dream. Under the firft and fecond arches on the north fdJ and the fecond arch on the fouth fide of Lnndoti-Brid J are engines, worked by the flux and reHiuof fhJ river ; by which the water is raifed to a fuHic for fupplymg many parts of the city and boroimh t heiglij Southwark with that element. But thefe "gmcs, bJ greatly abridging the width of the water way, incr'eafj the velocity of the current, and confcquently ihe fji ot the water; by which the navigation is rendcrtJ more diflicult and dingerous than it would be, wctJ thefe obflacles removed. ' 1 Black- Friars-Bridge is built from the end of BridjJ Street to the oppofite fliore ; it was begun on theooiJ of Odlober 1760, and finilhed in 1770, at the exl pence of 152.840I. to be difcharged by a toll upon J paflengers. But the toll being lately taken off, itj now a free bridge. This bridge has a free palTjoJ through the arches of feven hundred and fifty fofj within the banks of the river. The arches are e tical, and make a very elegant appearance. Theafcenl and defcent to this bridge is extremely eafy, the 1 both for carriages and foot palTengers, fpacious, and] fuflicient number of glafs lamps are properly difpofcl to render it fafe and ngreeable to travellers inihenightl One great inconvenience, however, attending thij bridge is, that the receflfes being all uncovered, theJ is no (helter for foot pafTengers in fudden(howers,froni one end of it to the other. Weftminfter-Bridgc was begun in 1738, andfinilhcL in 1750, at the expence of 359,0001. defrayed by pari liament. It is efteemed one of the fined flruflureso the kind in the world, it being 1,223 feet in lengili and the afcent eafy. The foot-way is feven feet broj on each fide, paved with broad moor-done, and raife^ above the road allowed for carriages, which is thirt feet wide. The piers, which are fourteen, thirteen large and two fmall arches, all femi rcularj and thefe, with the two abutments, conditute tL bridgj The length of every pier is fevcnty feet, tcrrainat« witli a (aliant angle againft the dream. The breadiJ of th< two middle piers is feventccn feet, at M fpringing of the arches; and the others on each fijJ regularly decreafc one foot in breadth, fo that the twii next to the largeflare each llxtecn feet, and foontotliJ two lead next the fides, which are no more than iwclvl feet wide at the fpringing of the arches. ThecenlrJ arch is fevcnty-fix feet wide, and the others decreafJ in width four feet on each fide, fo that the two nesl to the centre are fevcnty-two feet vide, and foontj the lead of the large arches, which are each filty-nvoi the two fmall ones on the abutments are about tiveni] feet in width The Englifli arc remarkable for the encouragcmcnl ihti wnon.] ENGLAND. 619 leiit!) arc about [Mm or tlic cncouragcmcnl ,0 public charities. Befides endowments at find in feveral parts of the nation, there are, in ^r the metropolis, twenty hofpitals and infirrra- , gnc hundred alms-houfes ; eight free-fchools ; ' imndrcd and thirty-one charity-fchools ; where ij of five thoiifand poor children are taken care till a proper age, and then put into a method of pro- Cjineforthemfclves. Atnong (ome of the moft excellent and beneficial LjJities for mental improvement may be reckoned the ' ijy.Schools, which are of immenfe utility ; to licl, we may add that inftituted by the Philanthropic ety, for promoting a reform among the moft pro- ne and abandoned of our indigent youth of both les' they have now upwards of an hundred under [Atircare, and it is deferycdly encouraged and fup- irttd by the benevolent. In London there are fifteen flefh-markets ; one iibt for live cattle ; two markets for vegetables ; I twenty-three markets for corn, coals, hay, &c. liiteen inns of court and chancery, viz. theTemple ; Ipxtcd ^1 »nd Ly Imys called principal inns. Forty-nine halls for public Lrtpanies. Three colleges, viz, Sion-CoUege ; Grelham- ICollegei (the ledlures are now read in a room over the iRoval-Exchange) ; and Queen's-College, or Wefttiiin- Ijer-School. Sion-College adjoins to St. Alphage's- Ichuich, London- Wall, and was founded by Dr.Thomas Iwhiie.vicarofSt. Dunftan's in the weft: a college for llitiifeof the London clergy, with alms-houfes for ten Itoor men, and the fame number of women ; which Ipoundwas accordingly purchafed,and the college begun limdjy. He likevvife gave 160I. per an n. for ever to jiiie colleges and alms-houfes; 120I. per ann. for the irt of the alms-peo])le ; and 40I. per ann. for the lapences of the foundation. No cities in the world ar** better, aiid few fo well, [fupplicd with water, as thofe of London and Weft- Imnfter, at a very fmall expence to the inhabitants, |»heii put in competition with the benefit they receive ifcom It, pipes being laid into their houfes. Thefe Ipipes are fupplied from the Thames, the New River, I or from fome ponds at Hampftead. Another advantage larilingfrom this noble fupply of water, is its utility in jcifeof fires, which too frequently happen in this vaft iceiropolis; but to prevent the fpreading of the flames IS much as polfible, plugs are every where difperftd, llie keys of which are depofited with the paridi of- ficers, and as foon as the plugs are opened, there is, without fome extraordinary accident happens, always a fupply of water for the tire engines, which, on fuch occjfions, arc fcnt by the fevcral companies who infure houfes and goods from fire. Thefe companies are an advantage peculiar to England. At a very fmall pre- ! iiiiuffl they infure the houfes and eftedls of any in- dividual, who choofes to apply to them, from fire, and, in .afe of lofs, the recovery of the infurancL, oii making oath of that lofs, is eaiy and certain. Several afts of parliament having Dccn pafl'cd for new paving and lighting the ftrects, &c. the greater part of the town is now paved and lighted in a very con- venient, regular and beautiful manner. Foreigrieis, who are deprived of fuch advantages in their own» countries, fcein much more fenlible of thefe improve- ments than the Englifh themfclves. The roads altc^ round the metropolis, for fome miles, are alfo lighted an !^J ui ^oiiM V\^ ' ' il fW H i^.-Vi • r^-hihl I mm. > i't ■I i' M' i-''!f fj 6ao A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY «nd uniting beauty with magnificence. Thefe deliglit- fiii villas Ihcw both the elegant tti\t and affluence of the jjolleirors, and fprcad plenty over the whole neigh- bourhood. The two hofpitals of ChclA-a and Greenwich, the former for decayed foidierft, and the latter for decayed fcaincn, are charities which rctlcd immortal honour on thi! nation to which they belong. Chelfua-Hofpital, fomctimes called the Royal Hof- pital, and at others Chelfea-College, was built by Sir Chriftnplicr Wren, under the aiiipices of James II. and William and Mary. The principal edifice confiits of a large quadrangle, open to the Thames. The number of penliuners in this hofpital is between four and five hundred ; but the extraordinary, or out- pcnfioncrSt are between eight and nine thoufand : the latter an allowed feven pounds twelve (hillines and lik-pence per annum ; they wear red coats lined with blue, and perform duty as in garrifon ; and thofe in the hofpital are provided with clothes, diet, lodging, wafliing, fire, and one day's pay per week, for pocket money. Formerly, every man admitted into this hof- pital, was obliged to bring proof of his having been difabled in the fervice of the crown, or having fetved twenty years in the king's army ; but many now enjoy this bounty who are not entitled to it. To defray the immenfe charges of this charity, the army pays pound- age, and every officer and foldier gives one day's pay every year towards the fupport of it i and when there is a deficiency, it is fupplied by a grant from parlia- ment. This hofpital is governed by the prefident of the coimcil, the nril commiflioner of the treafury, the principal fecreuries of (late, the pay-mafter general of the forces, the fecretary at war, the comptrollers of the army, and by the governor and lieutenant-governor of the houfe. Greenwich-Hofpital is (Ituated where a royal palace formerly flood, but being fallen to decay, Charles II. pulled It down, and began this edifice, of which he only lived to fee the wefl wing finiflied. In the year >69^, William III. appropriated this wing for a royal Iioipital for aged and difabled feamen ; and in the reign of that monarch the other w'njg was begun, and carried on by his fucceifors till the reign of George II. when it was completed, and is, without exception, one of the finefl buildings in the world. Thefuperb hall was finely painted by Sir James Thornhill. The chapel is one hundred feet long, fifty broad, and fifty high ; and the ornaments are all white and gold. The number of difabled feamen in this hofpital is now increafcd to ' tooo n en and lOO boys. To every hundred penlioners are allowed five nuifcs, who are the widows of feamen, and are each allowed ten pounds a year, except thofe who attend in the infirmary, who have two (hillings a week more. The penfioners arc clothed in blue, with brafs buttons ; are found, bclidcs their Ijvery, in {lockings, Ihoes, and linen; and, cxclufivc ul their commons, are allowed one Ihilljng a week as pocket- I money: the common warrant officers h.„. ^1 ling and f.x<,ence. This hofpiul i, Cfn^Jl'H governor, a lieutenant-governor, and etEnSfJ' 1 he endowments ot this houfe are imm^y^ liam III. gave two thoufand pounds ,"!^ ^i" finifhing the buildings. In the y«i ' /,? '^'^ carl ol Der went water's forfeited cftate .«„ • "^ near fix thoufand nound. per annuS^'wlsTcS by parliament jantf, in 1737. a market wi^L^ the town of Greenwich; iinder the dZTfli gevernor. of this charity. ,0 whicS £^S^^A anfe trom it aru to be appropriated. ftSj rl the feveral benefaOion, Z .Klital ScH pear upon tables, hung up at the entrance' of the\.,l amount to filfy-cight tffoufand two hundred ,„h „' pounds. ■""' mm Having dcfcribed feveral of the moft cnnCj iJ buildings. &c. in the capital and its ^eigh^^^^^^ fome attention muft be paid to the oth?r p „t towns of this kingdom, raoft of which are h7 I guiflted either by^manufadlures, n^vaf aftl '!" convenient fituation for the trade carried on S 4 metropolis, and foreign countries. Amo-icth/Jfl confidcrable of thefe, are the following- ^ '"^ Bnftol is fituated upon the river Avon, oartlvl..!. county of Gloucefler. and partly in the coumy oC fet. about one hundred and fifteen miles JiftanVS London, to which it is cfteemed fecond incommS WMlth, and number of inhabitants: the 'aft are fS pofed to amount to at leaft ninety-five thoufand Thil city carries on a very large trade to the Weft.JndieJ Guinea, Holland, Hamburgh. Norway, IreUnd.aJ the Streighis. The conveniency of its fituation ne the Severn and the Wye, has enabled it to acquin the whole traffic of South Wales, and great part that of North Wales. There arc confiderabic manuJ faftures of woollen fluffs at Briftol, particularly of J fpecies cal'cd cantaloons; and there are noie/stliaj fifteen glafs-houfes for the manufaflure of drinkiiiEL glaffes. bottles, and plate-elafs. Large copper-worlul are alfo ereded in the neighbourhood of this city. | York is the fecond city in the kingdom, aiid iu| chief magiftrate has the title of lord-mayor. The cat!it.| dral is built in the Gothic tafte, and by fome thougtitl to be the finefl in England, if not in Italy. Itisdedi-I cated to St. Peter. The windows are adorned withglafsf exquifitcly painted with fcripture hiftory, and otli«| molt curious figures in 117 partitions. InilielbuilJ tower there is a deep peal ot twelve bells. Ttie nave) of this church, which is bigger than any except Si. Peter's at Rome, is four feet and a halt wider, and eleven feet higher than that of St. Paul's. Theafcent from it through the choir to the altar is by fix ilcps. I The entrance of the middle nave of the church at itie I welt door is under the largefl Gothic arch in Europe,! which binds and fupports the two towers. At ihej fouth end of the crots ailc is a circular window, callidl the marigold window, from its being liainedof tktj coluurif r.l'ROPF.-] K NOLAN n. (>;.i (olour i and a lifgc one at tlic north end, confilliiig '?° 'ijghtsrcailiingalinoll Iroiii bottom to lop, and Pid as tl'cy f'*)'' "' '''^ charge of live iiiaidtii IJjjj/ The painting repiefcnts embroidery. riiecity btiongs to neither of the Ridings, but cn- • its own hbcriy, and a jnrifdidUon over thirty-fix '"Lcs and liai"''-''* '" ''"-' neighbourhood, on the well |'j.gl ,|,e Odfc, on which it Itaiids. Tliis liberty is 'jijdilic Ain!ly, or county, of the city of York. jhcBitldi a town in Yorklhirc, is alio remarkable for jisllcol manutaclurcs, particularly locks and edge-tools ol vjrious kinds. Halifax, another town in the fame |{ouniv. '* c) the channel, contains near as many inhabitants as Exeter, and is one of the chief magazines in the kingdom, owing, to its port, which is one of the largell and iafell in England. It confifts of two harbours, capable of con- taining icoo fail of (hips ; and is defended by feveral forts, particularly a (Iroiig citadel, of large extentT It is the general rendezvous of ihips outward bound ; and is very convenient for homeward bound fliips to provide themfelves with pilots tip the channel. About two miles up tin; mouth of the river Tamar, in an inlet of the fea, dillingiiiflied from Cat-Water by the name of Hamoaze, and commanded by the calilu on St. Nicholas llland, is a royal dock for building and repairing (hips. Jiere is a charity-fchool, four hof- puals, and a work-lioufe. OlF the entrance of the bay lies the Eilyltoiic rock, which is covered at high \\.ucr, but bare at ebb; where, 'ft i6y6, the ingenious Mr. Winlt.mley built a light-houfe, which, alter llaiitliiig many violent Uorms, was blown down by that dremllul one on the i!7th of November 1703, when Mr. V/iii- (lanley, and all that were witli liiin in it, pcrilhed : but another was built in I'vO, in its (lead, by the cor- poration of Tiiniiy-Houfe, by duties on ail vediils ; but this was burnt down in 1; which di fuller are as follow : the particulars of An AccoiiJit of ihr Dcjlriiclion of the Euvsroxi-. Lit;ii i-Housi;. ON the Bad of Augud ij-,^, the workmen re- turned on fhore, havini^ linilheU all the iiccellary 7 S repairs iCi !;■■', 8 tM r 1/ I ' ' I \ !h 'J $99 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. repairs of lliat ffafon ; bctwcrn wliiili tiiiv' and ihr ail of Diciinlxr lollDwiiii;;, the attiTnlinr boat IkuI bi:fn off fi Viral times to tin.- Eilylfoiif, ami narticulurly o" the 'ird (if Di'ccmbir, ami li.ui l.uulod fomc florcs, vli(;ii tiie li^lit-kci'iHTS inado no maimer of coiujilaint, and fail! all was riglu, cxn pt that one or two of tlie briiks in the Icitclicii (iif place Iiaii bjcti ioolVnal by a late llorin. What, in rrality, itiiglit oicalion the hiiilil- ing full calchiiig liie, it lias never beon jiollible fully to Jnvelligatc ; but from the molt (iillinci account, it ap- pears to have commenced in the \ery top of the lan- tern, that ik, in the cupola. I'Vom \vl, itcveroaufe it orlqinat'-'tl, it is certain, that wlicn the lij'Jit-kceiicr tlun upon the watch (about two o'clock in the momiiig of the nd of December) went into liie lantern as iifiial, to fiuilFlhc candles, he found the ^vholo in a fm;)kc, and upon opening the door of the lantern into the balconv, a ilanic iiillanlly burll from the inddc of the cupola ; he immediately en- deavoured to alarm his companions ; but they being in b'.il ami allcep, were not To ready in coming to his allillance as the occalion rcepiired. As there were always fome leathern buckets kept in the houfe, and a tidi of water in the lantern, he at- tempted as fpcedily as poffible to cxtingiiilli the fire in the cupola, by throwing water from the balcony with a leather bucket, upon the outfulo cover of lead : by this time, hi:i comrades approaching, he '^ricouraged them to fetch up water wiih the leather buckets from the fea ; but as the height would be at a medium full fevcnty feet, this, added to the natural conllcrnation that mull attend fuch a fuddcn and totally imcxpefled cventt would occalion this bufinefs of biinging up water, at the bell, to go on but llov. . ; inean while the flames gathering llrength every moment, and the f)oor man, though mak'.it; ufe of every exertion, laving the water to ilirow full four yards higher than his own head, to be of aiiy fervice, we muft by no means be furprifcd that, under all thefe difficulties, the lire, inflead of being loon txtinguilhed, would in- creafe ; and what put a fudden flop to further exertions, was the following molt remarkable circiunflance : as he was looking upwards with the titmod attention, to fee the direflion and fiiccefs of the water thrown, a quantity uf lead, dillblvcd by the heat of the flames, fiiddeniy ruflied like a torrent from the roof, and fell, not only on the man's head, face, and fhonitlers, but over his clothes, and a part of it made its way tltroiigh his Ihirt collar, aiu! very much burnt his neck and fhoi.Jders; from this moment he had a violent internal fenfation, and imngirK'd that a quantity of this lead had pafTed down lis throat, and got into his boily. Umlcr tl.is violence of pain and anxiety, as every attempt had pr^ived inettliflual, a;id the rage .if the flames was incri.afing, it is not to be wotu'ert;! that the terror and difniay of tlie three ii".en increafed in jiroportion, fo ihai they all found tlitmfelves intimi- dated, and glad to mukc their retreat frotn that imme- diartf fcenc of horror, into one of the rooiin h i I whfre they wotdd find llicmftlves prrdntid r J doing any thing; for had they thrown down eurJ mm h water there, it could not have extingui'hcd k J was burning above thctn, nor indeed produce any !i J eHia than rininim,' down into the i„„in In-I,,,!!' 7 lioin thence finally through the ftair-cafe, back ' Tj into the fea : they fecmed, therefore, lo'have hlf other refoiirce, or means of rjtre.it, than that of "'* tiring downwaiMs from room to room as the lif 'i vanced over their heads. '"''''' How loon the fire w.ns feon from the fliore ,s ,„, very certain; but early in the niornin" it w'asncj ceived by fome of the Cawfand hdiermen and i telligencc thereof given to Mr. Kdvvanis, ol l{a,„ej in that neighbourhood, a B'-'-tleman of r„n,o fu,tu„J and more humanity. 1 his pron)pte(l him inimdudj to fend out a filhing-hoat and men, to the relict' ol ild people he fuppofed in diltrefs upon the Fdyllone. ThJ boat and men got thither about ten o'clock, alicnliJ hre had been burning full eight hours ; and in ihiJ time the three light-keepers were not only driven from all the rooms, .nnd the ftair-cafe. but, to avoi.l thoj falling of the timber and red hot bolts. &c. tiponthcmj they were found fitting in the hole or cave in the till fide of the rock, imder the iron ladder, ahnolt in allaid of llnpelac^ion, it being then low w.itcr. At this time the wind v\'as caltward, and did noil blow very frefli, but jult hard enough to make a land] iiig upon the rock at the proper landiiig-pjace, quitJ impracticable, or attended with the ntmolt hazard] It therefore became a difficulty how the men were tJ be taken oft"; for the ground (well upon the wed M produced fo great a furf upon the Hoping liirfacc, iharf no boat could attempt to land there. They, however! fell on the following expedient: having a fmall boaj with them, they moored their principal boat by grappling to the weflward, but as mar the ruck ail they duiit ; and then launching their fniall boat, rowed it towards the rock, veering out a rope, whiclil they fallened to the large boat, till ihty got neaij enough to throw a coil of fmall rope on t la reck: which having been laid hold of liy the men, iluyonel by one fafteitcd it round their waills, and jiimpira into the fea, they were towed into the fmall boar, snl thence delivered into the large otic; ar.d as they loiindj it was out of their power t« do anv further favice,! the boat haltened to Plymouth to get the men nii.itil No fooner, however, were they (ct on lliore, th-jnosel of them made otF, and has never linv:e been heard olpf which, on the tirlt bluili, would iiidiicc one to fiippofel that there was fomething culpable in this man; JulifT it had been a houfe on the Ihore, one would liavi- bLenl tempted to lufpcft he had been giiilty (jI liimc luiill play; but the circumllance of its beiiij; a light-hi)iile,l iitiiated lo as to atlbrd no retreat in ilie powcnl iisl inhabitants, feems to preclude the poiribiliiy of iisl being done wilfully ; as he mull know he mull p.ri;li,I 0(1 Ifotfc; and on tl n.] ENGLAND. 5t in extreme danger of fo doing, at li-aft, with c''h was ''"^ '^"*" ^'^ ^'"' R"''y*''*''s biiililingf the I'ktot' whiili, notwilhibnding every cfTorl that l«i be made, was, in a few days, burned to its k jjtion: nor coiiid any thing as is here remarked, taJ II""" "f ''^'■'' 8''''' "' fouth-wcrt, have etfedhially oiit it"! '"■'•■• '^^ "^ to -have favcd a:iy material part Uihebiiil'ling; which, after a duration of forty-nine I jfQin its commencement, was doomed to inevi- Lj jjltrudion by an clement, of which, as an enemy, ihe buildfrs never thought, and therefore did not guard "^It remains ""'X ^° ■■<='"'* *^^ ^"'^ "^ '''^ unfortunate I j,i ^vho received fo peculiar an injury from the mciicd lead. it ii r c i r His name was Henry Hall, of btonchoufe, near , Plviiioiiiln aii'l thougli aged niiicty-foiir years, being lol'aeoodccnftitution, he was remarkably adlive con- lfi(lcmig his time of life: he had invariably told the Ifecn who attended him (Mr. Spry, fince Dr. Spry, lof Plymoiitii) that if he would do any thing efFcdtual lioliisrccovtry, he mull relieve his (lomach from the litjj, which he was fiirc was within him ; and this he Li only told Dr. Spry, but thole about him, though I in a vxry hoarfe voice. The reality of the alfertion I kined, however, then incredible to Dr. Spry, who ItoiiM fcarcely fiippofe it pollibl-; that any human being |(inilii cxill after receiving melted lead into the liloiimh; much lefs that he (hould be able to bear I loffiiii; through tiic fea from the rock, and alio the Ifaiimic and inconvenience from the length of time I he was getting en Ihore, before any remedies could be I applied. I Tiic man did not (lievv any fymptoms, however, of Ibeing cither much woilc, or of amendment, till the „;ih day after the accidi;nt, wiicn he was thouyht to Ibe belter; he coiillantly took his medicines, and fwal- |lowcd many things, both liquid and folid, till the lltnili or eleventh day, after which he fiiddenly grew Imrfe; and on the twelfth day, being feized with cold ||"«ats and fpafms, he foon afterwards expired. On loping the Uomach, Dr. Spry found therein a folid Iptacc of i.;ad, of a flat, oval form, which weighed ifevtn ounces and five drachms. I have fcen, adds iMr. Smcatoii. the piece of lead fince, and it appcr.rd llome, as if .1 part of the coat of the ltoi;ui.h firmly ladhertd to the convex fide thereof. Another li^^ht-lioufe was creded in 17,09, and alfo jbiirr,ldoun 111 1770, and the prefent iiirilluil in t77.j. I Gloiiceltcr is a well-built, clean, healiiiy city, fe- liiited by the river on one fido, a branch of which Ikringsiip vellels of a contiderable burthen to its walls. Ill lias a beautiful cathedral, five chiirilics, and is well I provided with holpitals. The cathedral I but magnificent labric. and 623 IS an ancient i..5.....vtiii. i.ibric, and has a tower, which is cne |«fthc neatcll and mod curious pieces of arcliitecUiic linEngland, anda vvhifpering place, as in the cufola of St. Paul's. It has beautiful cloilieri, and 1 a cha- pels in it, with the arms and monuments of great perfons. Here is an elegant Hone bridge over the ri- ver, with a key-wharf and cullom-houfe ; abundance of crolfes and Itatnes of the kings nf England are dif- pcrfed in different parts of the city, and Targe remains of monanerics. Its town-hall for the afli^e is called the booth-hall. Under the bridge is a curious machine, which raifes water to ferve the town. The trade of this city is not now fo conliderable as heretofore. Litchfield is thought to be the molt conliderable city in the north-well of England, except Cheller. It ftands in a valley, three miles fouth of the Trent, and is divided by a llreain which runs into that river. The cathedral was founded in 1148; it was much 'iamagcd during the civil war, but was fo completely repaired foon after the Rclloration, that it is now one of the no- blell Gothic flruiitiire.s in England. Coventry is united with Lilchlicld in Stafford fliire, as a bilhopric. There arc many traditional Itories relating to this city, particularly that of lady G )dina, who, tu obtain and perpetuate fomc privileges, rode naked through the fireets, and an annual procenion is Ifill made through the town in commemoration of it. In the reign of Henry VHI. a llately crofs was eredlcd litre by Sir William Holies, lord-mayor of J.,(>iidon, in the middle of its fpaeious market-pl.-icc, greatly ad- mired for its workinanfliip. It was 66 feet high, adorned with the llatues of mod of the Englilh kings as big as the life; but the Hone it was built with being furidy and porous, it was fo much decayed, that it wa.s taken down fome years fince. The city is large and populous, but the buildings arc old ; and fome of them, which are built with timber, projedl out fo much, that in the narrow dreets the tops of the oppolitc houfes alinod touch. The chief churches are St. Michael's and Trinity. The Protedant Dilll-nters arc a corifider- able body here. The town-hoiife is worth feeing, the windows being of painted glafs, rcprcfenting fome of the old kings, &c. who have been benefactors to the city. Its chief manufadluies are taiumeys, and the weaving of ribbons. The city of Chefler is large, populous, and wealthy ; it has a iiub'.e bridge, with a gate at each end, and twelve arches over the Dee, which falls into the fea. This city contains eleven parilhes, and nine well-built churches. The dreets are ijer.erally even and fpaci»us, and, eroding one another in draight lines, meet in the centre. The walls were firll eredled by Edeltleda, a Mercian lady, in the year 908, and join on the foutli lide of the city to the ca'dle, from whence there is a pleafant walk round the city upon the walls, except , where it is intercepted by fome of tiie towers over the gates; and from hence there is a profpcdl of Flintflute and the WeKh mountains. Warwick, on the Avon, the county town, Hands on a lituaiion reir.arkably rocky. It is of great anti- quity, and may be approached by four way?, aafwcri^g . . • , to i.fss-. ' llf^' '4 I i\ H H m ■ I ! ^^! - 1'. All ! , m if ' ": •! ' 'Vt P't I i t 'tir.'- i* il WW' 1 1 if «i l!»!lf'i5L|S!i «M" A NEW AND COMTLETF, SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPIIY, M«t**;!,5S, at the cxpcncc of above 2(),cool. is, for a Gothic buiMing, the molt elegant and regular in the kingdom. It is in the form of a lantern, with a beaiitifid fpire of frec-llonc in the middle, which is .jio feet high, being the tailed in England. The length of the church is 47.S feet, the breadth 76 feet, and the height of the vaulting Ho feet. The church lias a doider, which is 150 feci f(jiiarc, and of as fine workmanftiip as any in England. 'I'he chapter-houfe, which is an oiflagon, is 130 feet in circumference, and yet the roof bears all upon one fmall pillar in the centre, Co much too weak in appearance for the fupport of fiicli a prodigious weight, that theconflrudlionof this building is clltemed one ol the grcatcll curiofiiics in the whole country. i3cdford, a county town, is a clean, well-built, po- pulous place. H'.re arc five churches, of which the chief, and indeed the principal ornament of the town, was founded before the Norman contpiell for feciilar canons. 'i"hc buildings of this town are pretty good, and the (Irccts broad. The north and foutli |)aris ;;re joined by a floue bridge over the Oiife. A famous caHle here was dtmoliilitd in the reign of Henry VIII. and the fcite is now a bowling-green, reckoned one of the fuieft in England. Tiie city of (Oxford (lands on the conflux of the Cliarwtll and Ills: the name fceins to be derived from a Snxon word, w hich lignities a furd lor the palljge ot oxen. It enjoys a fucet air, in a plentiful country, nn a fine plain, and has every way a dclighttul profptct. The private buildings are neat, the public ones fump- tuou.s, and the river navigable forbaigc;. Cambridge is I'o tailed from iis liiuation on the banks of the Cam, which forms fcveral illaiuls on the weft fide, and divides the town into two parts h are joined bv a large ftone bridge. It ii very '1,*,.^ being well known in tlie time of the Homansbv name of Camboritum. William the Conuiitror 1 ui « calllc lirrc, ol which the gatchoiill- is H,|| (ij„||""1 and ufed f»)r the county gaof. 'i'he town is ('|1'|7 into towards, has 14 p.arifh churclin, conui,,, ,,„ wards ot laoo houtcs, tor the moll part irrcwnl , built, and about 6000 inhabitants. ^ ■ Bath took its name front foinc natural hot baths f J the medicinal waters of which this place has bcciiL celebrated, and much Irequcnted. In the fprinc; ,1% place is molt frequented for health, and in ilieauiunml tor pleafurc, when at Icaft two-thirds of the coiniianv I conlilting chiclly of perfons of rank and (,m,^A come to partake of the amufeincnts of tji,.. ,,1^.^. t'I fome feal'ons there have been no Ids than 8000 pcrfoiJ at Bath, belidcs its inhabitants. Some of the buiidii™ lately eredted here .ire extremely elegant, particubr?* (^uccn's-Square, the North and buuth Parade, the Royal Koriim, and the Circus, Nottingham, reckoned one of tlie ncatcll places ij England, has as good a trade as molt inljiid io„ns. |t| Hands pleafantly on the afcent of a rock ovcrln.iLnJ the river Trent, which runs parallel with it about jl mile to the fouth, and has been made navigable, Itf has three churches, a grand townlioufe built on ni.L azzas, a line fpacious market-place with two crolib inl it, and a gaol tor the town and county ; a manufaiflnrJ for weaving frame Itockings, and likcwifc for glalsaniif earthen-ware. d Colcheltcr, the chief town in the county of Efal is a large poiMilous place, on the river Colne, whidil palies through it, and is made navigable for fmall criftf up to the Hiihe, a long Itrect, which may be called ilil Wapping of Colcheltcr, where there is a coiivcnientl key; and at Vcniioe, within three miles of it.is agondl cultom-houfe. This, and all the towns round it, arq noted for making of baize of which great qiiaiitiiieM are exported. For the fupp f this trade, there is corporation called (jovcrncis of the Dutch IJavs-Iiall this town is alio noted for excellent oyllers. It isrcckJ oned about three miles in circumference, has iciiparilbj churchcF, and five mceting-houles. It hadancieiiily^ wall and a Itrong caille, build by Edward, fontokiiii Alfred, about the year 912; but now tew marks rcmaii3 of either. It is fuppofed to have been ancieiitl) Roman colony, many ruins, and foine buildings c Roman brick, Hill remaining. The ^ueen's-lltaiiJ in the market-i)lace, is thought to be a Roman iliiic-T ture. St. Joint's- Abbey was eredlcd by Eiido, ilewarJ to William Kufus, about the year 1097. The royal dock-yards, where the nun of w.ir m built, repaired, and laid up, are allonilli.iig. Thcjj arc lix in number, vi/. Dcpifonl. Woolwidi, Siicet^ ntfs, Chatham, J'ortfmouth, and Plymouth, Tl private Itriictures li)r the ollicers are all ot ihcm nell built, and many of them chgant: but the public bull' i.nJ \lfofr- ENGLAND. €*$ aitoiiilli.iu'. '\'ki ■ ,/efurpri!ingly large and (lately. 'I'lic vvarclHiiifcs, il)( ^? the ri.ival llorts, arc tlic nuill capa^njut, sikI i I,- 1 ,1, iiui.ibcr thofc of any other luiioii in llic \\i Tlic iiipe-walki for inak'tw cables and curtl- I'^'aiiJ lilt" '"rgcs for anchors and other iron woik, p'' J Pf(,ni,T pjoportion to the r< It. The wet-docks, uiul», »i"l 'l''^'''" '"f •'^cpii'K '"'»."'' and yards of the P ll'lm, wlierc they lie afloat in the water, to pro- Ifcwtticni, uiKltr the inad-houfcsj the boat yards, an- Lj(-yi"l»' t""'"''"'"' ^^- ^^^ ""* '="'''y dtfiribed. iTIiciiurcstlicmCtlvfs cxcxed all imagination j the fails, liit ii«i°l!' ''"^ cannon, bullets, bombs, (mall aimi, Ikord-, tuilulfcs, half-i>ikes, and all the other (uini- LreufilK ll"P* ""' of^commidion, arc laid nj) in tlicfc Liviul>, tath fpecics in its rcfj)c£livo buildings and |||i"tliiH.fi;s, and in thofe particular parts appiopriatcd huA lliipi *vlicrc they are dupodted in Cuch order, lilmjll, IT any part, may be taken out oo the mod Lmergciii occalion, without the Icafl confufion. Be- L(^, ribbons, toyi, woo^, broad klotlv, bay<, kcifiy.s, rulhcs, IcMjC't, (jy«, fr^zei, ltii(V>, Haiuieli, ru(;s, caps aitd DockingK, cannoux, mortars, bonibs, guns, pillol.s, (\vurdii, luck^, fpadev, knives, fi;idi)rs, la/.ors, and oiher vdgc-tooU, coppers kctth-.s, faucepans, pewicr and other houf.*hold uten- liis of brafs ami iron. There is iiu tiia.iuiiic p.irt f>f the h..bitjt>le globe, tov.hich England lu'> noi • \tended III r commerce, and where licr lhip:< are not well known, lullia, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Hamburgh, liic> men, both tides of the Ijaliic, all the norilurti parts of Germany, Holland, I'laiidtrs, Portugal, Spain, Si- cily, Italy, the Levant, the coaft of Africa, the Lall and Well- Indies, and a va(l varietv of other place;:, arc fervcd with the commodities of tCiiglaiul ; though with fome of thufe nations the balance ol trade is not in our favour. The trade to the Eafl-Indies is carried on by a fct of individuals, termed the Eall-India-Cumpany. Their exports to that part of the world conliil in bro.id cloths, and other articles of the woollen inamifaftufi;, all forts of hard-ware, lead, bullion, an;, falt-petic for home confumption, wrouglit lilks, muf- lint, calicoes, cottons, auu all the woven tnaniifac- tures of India, many of which they export again to other countries, the confumption of them being pro- hibited in England. Tl 3 Eaft- India-Company is one of the richell and mod (lourilhingin Europe-. We fliall now proceed to give the reader a concifc view of the Englilh trade lO other countries, tv.-o- thirds of which are fuppofed to be carried on in the port of London. Eiigland exports to Turkey, in her own bottoms, woollen cloths, tin, lead, and iron, hard-ware, iron utenlils, clocks, watches, verdigris, fpitcy, cochineal, and logwood. She imports from thenee raw lilks, car- pets, (kins, dying drugs, cotton, f.uits, medicinal dnig^ coffee, and Come other ai.iclcs. The balance of tins trade was formerly about ^oo.oool. annually in favour of England; it was aftcrwards'diminiOied through the pradices of the French, and is now at a very low ebb with both nations. To Italy, England exports various kinds of woollen goods, poultry, leather, lead, tin, filh, and Eait-Inilia goods ; and imports from thence raw and thrown lilk, wines, oil, foap, olives, oranges, lemons, pomegra- nates, dried (runs, colours, anchovies, and other arti- cles of luxury; the balance of this trade is unniaily about aoo.oool. in favour of England. The trade between England and Spain was formerly much more conliderable than it is at prc.'enr, for they have of late years (et up woollen maiuiiadurts at home, and are fupplicd from IVancc with in.iny nLCellluies \vhich they ufed to have t'nnii fs. The Eimlidi trade to Porlugul was onci' ( xtretricly. 7 T leiiefiaal, 'H.]:. !' fi 626 A NEW ANT COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. beneficial, but of late her miiiiftry have changed their fylU-m, ami have partly fallen in with i!ie views of the liiiufc of BfHubon. Formerly England fcnt to that toimtry aiiiioll tiie fame kiiul of merchandize as to Spain, and thoy received in return vail quantities of winef, with oils, fait, dried and moiit fiiiits, dyeing drugs, and gnUI coin ; but they have of late years erta- blilhcd courts whicli are iiiconiillent with the treaties between Pouugal and England, and defraud the Eng- liih merchants of great part of their capitals, which they hnd it iinpoliible to recovef. 'Ihis is the treat- ment the Eiifjltlh meet with from their once favourite ally, whofe fleets and armies have repeatedly faved her from dellruiflion. Our open commerce with France is difcouraged by very high duties, ami many articles from that country are entirely prohibited; notwitliRanding which, Eng- land fcnJi to that 'ival country much tobact'o, lead, tin, flannels, hoin*, and fomciimes corn, and always nuich moDcy at the long-run; and brings home, in a finuggling way, a much greater value in wines, bran- dies, brocades, linens, cambrics, lace, velvets, and many other prohibited fopperies, always very condde- rably to England's difadvantage. To Flanders, England fends ferges, flannels, tin, lead, fugars, and tobacco; and receives in return, laces, ji;;fn, cambrics, and other articles of luxury, by which tngU'nd lofes annually, upon the balance, 250,000!. fterlinj:. England fends to Germany cloths and (luffs, tin, pewte,, fiigars, tobacco, and Eafl-India merchandize, :'\t)i brings thence vail quantities of linen, tliread, goat- fkins, tinned plates, timbers for all ufes, wines, and many other articles. Before the American war, the balance of this trade was thought to be ^00, cool, annually to th prejudice of England; but that fum is now greatly rtductd, as moll of the German princes find it their intertU to clothe thtir armies in Englilh manufa(5lures. The trade with Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Riillia, v\e have obferved, was formerly againft Eng- land ; but the balance was fince much thminilhed by the great improvements of the American colonics, in railing hemp, flax, making pot-a(h, iron works, and tal'iiv.-, all which ufcd to be furnilhed to her by the Nu ihcrti powers. The balance of trade with Poland may be eftimated much iii our lavour. The goods exported thither by the way of Dantzic are many, and the duties upon thein low. Many articles are fent there, for which there is at prtfcnt no demand in other countries. I'o- land coiifiiims lar^e qtiantities of our woollen goods, liard-wart, leid, ai, fait, fea-coal, &c. ar. ' the ex- port of maiitifact .y:d tobacco is greater to Poland than to any otli-rr country. England fends to Holland an immcnfe quantity of many forts ot mtrchaudi/e, fuch as all kiiidsof w pii red wood, Guinea grains, ivory, dyeing and othi drugs ; and, belidcs drawing no money out of ihi kingdom, it lately fupplied the Ameiican colonicM'ii negro flav s, to the amount of above loo.cooannuall England fends to Arabia, Perfia, China, anduthti parts of Alia, much foreign filvcr coin and biiHioi fundry woollen goods, lead, iron, and brafs andfroi thofe remote regions brings houfe mullins and cottoni of many various kinds, calicoes, raw and wrouslJ filk, chintz, tea-', porcelain, gold dud, coffee, fill petre, and many forts of drugs. A gnat quant'iiy •hofe various merchandizes are re-exported tofo/ei European nations ; by which means all the fdver bu!li™ carried out by England in tlris trade is very ampll compenfatcd; ^' It havingbeen judged- expedient, during the infanci of commerce with foreign parts, to grant cxciiirir charters to particular bodies or corporations of tren in confequcncc of this, the Eaft-India, South-Scj Hudfon's-Bay, Turkey, Ruflia, and Royal Afncii Companies were formed and eflablilhed ; buttfiom the trade to Turkey, Ruflia, and Africa is nowlii open, yet the merchant who propofes to trade thithnj muft become a member of the rcfpedlive Company be fubjedl to their laws and regulations, and advance fum on admilTion, for the purpofes of fupporting con fuls, forts, and defraying other incidental expences. By the general accoimt of England's foreign balance] the exports have been computed at fevtn milliom iictling, and the imports at (ive ; of which above oni million is re-exported; fo that if this calculation b tine, England gains annually three millions fcdini by trade ; but this i^ a point upon which the mod eX' pericnccd merchants and ablell calculators differ. I is reckoned, however, that our foreign trade does no! amount to onc-fixth part of the inland ; the anr.'ial produce of the natural produce and maiuifaflure
      Jire. Thefe towns, as they in general ftand at con- ItJerable diftances from one another, are interfperfed liiihagreat number of villages, hamlets, and fcattered [loufes, chiefly inhabited by poor, but indullrious people, {«ho perform the greater part of the fpinning work of Itliis noble manufadure. The number of hands em- Iplayed here is very great ; the circuit where this pro- l^igious trade is cllabliihcd, contains 788 parilhes, |j,j3e,ooo acres of land; and 374,000 inhabitants. JThis computation is founded on the authority of the lincitnt inhabitants, and is thought to fall fhoit of the Itiiith, the whole country being extremely populoits. The infinite number of llieep fed upon the downs lind plains of Wills, Dorfet, and Hants, feem to have liiiiliiad the clothiers to choofe the above diltri(5l for Itkir tefidenct ; where, it was imagined, when this [mde was in its infancy, there could never be any jwntof wool lor carrying on their iTianuladtures. But luihe number of (hccp fed on thefe downs and plains has been greatly Icllencd by converting many thoufand aacs of the carpet ground into arable land ; and at the fame time the manufacture greatly extended, the [cloihitrs are obliged to have recourfe to other parts lof the kingdom for a fupply, particularly to the coun- ts of Northampton, tciccller, and Lincoln; and feveral hundred packs are purchafed weekly to fupply this prodigious confumption. They have alfo very large quantities of wool from Kent, and often from Ireland. But though the above diftri£l is the principal, it is not the only place where the woollen manutadture is eftablifhed ; prodigious quantities of cloth, generally of the coarfer kind, being made in Yorkfliire, EiTex, and other counties. Very large manufadures of ker- feys and fhalloons are cllablilhcd at Halifax in York- Ihire ; 100,000 pieces of the latter are faid to be worked up ant.ually in that town only ; and that tho manufadlure of kerfeys is much larger. Some idea may be formed of the value of thefe mannfafliircs eftabliOied at Halifax, and the adjacent towns, by the cloth-market at Leeds, where between twenty and thirty thoufand pounds worth of ketfcys,. (balloon;; and other fpecies of the woollen manufacture, arc fold' every market, which is held twice a week. Pro- digious quantities of bays and fays are tnade at Col- chelter and tho neighbouring village?. About twenty years ago the returns of this manufafture ainoimted to near thirty-thoufand pownds a week ; but it is no\v> confiderably declined, though ftillof very great im- portance; A worfted manura£lory was eftablifhed at Norwich! in the reign of Edward IIL and afterwards carried to great perfedlion by the Flemings, who fled from the duke of Alva's bloody perfecution, and fettled here in the reign of queen Elizabeth. Thefe foreigners in- firuited the natives in the art of weaving a great va-* riety of worfted duffs, as bays, fays, ferges, Ihalloons, &c. in which they carry on a vail trade ; and havo fince efbblifhed large mannfa^urcs uf druggets, and crapes, in which they return at lead ioo,oool. a year< Here is alfo a (locking manufacture faid to amount to 6o,cooV. a year. Manchelter is celebrated for its manufafliires, par- ticularly thofe of fuflian, check, hats, and worfted' fmall wares. The quality of goods made here may be itnagincd from the number of perfons eiTiployed, who' are iuppofed to amount to above 8o,oco. A large manufacture of ferges is. eflablifhed at Exeter, and its neighbourhood. It is now in a very flourifhing con- dition, and ferges to near ioo,cvc'll as Norwich, already mentioned, carry on an am;i7,ing trade in the fame article. Coventry, Lciceflcr, and many other large trading towns might be mentioned, but what has been obferved may be fuiticient to ct)nvey fume idea of the manner how the vail foreign trade of England is fnpplied with goods for exportation. Several manufaffures for making porcelain have been C'llabliflied in England, cfpecially in the counties of Worcefter and Derby, where the art is already carried to a very great degree of perfection. At Burllem, in StatForddiire, is a noble pottery in a very flourifliing condition, near 10, coo hands being conltanily em- ployed. About twelve years fince Mr. Wedgewood, the principal maniifadlurer, introduced what is called the cream-coloured ware, and iincc that time t!ie in- crcafe has been very rapid. Large quantities arc an- nually exported to Oerinany, Ireland, Holland, Rufiia, Spain, Portugal, the Eaft-Indies, and fome of the finell to France; but the largefl orders come from North-America. The lockfiniths of Wolverhampton arc reckoned the moft ingenious in England ; fpiirs, bridle-bits, (iir- rups, buckles, &c. are alfo made theie in great quan- tities. The carpet manufadtures at London, Exeter, Wilton, and Kidderminfler, greatly exceed thofe of Turkey in the brilliancy of their colours ; they are alfo very durable. Paper is likewife made in almoft every part of the kingdom ; this is alfo the caffc witli hats, there being few towns in England without a manufai^hne of that kind. The parliament have, of late, given encouragement for reviving the beneficial manufadure of falt-petre. The great and general utility of inland navigation has been long experienced in foreign countries. Hol- land by its many canals has the advantage of every other nation in Europe in rcfpcdl to trade ; and it is apprehended moll of the inland parts of this kingdom are capable of enjoying equal, if not fuperior ad- vantages. The navigation of fevcral of the rivers in England wtre improved inany years fince ; but tlierc was no navigable canal in the kingdom, till the duke i)f Rridgcwater, in the year 1739, began a noble work of that kind, from Worfley, an eflate of his own, abounding in coal-mines, to Manchefler, for the iTiore •caly conveying his coals to fo confiderabic a market. The plan has been (ince greatly extended. And it is expcded that the internal (late of England will in a few vcars experience a confidcrable iiTiproveinent, from the inland navigations which have been opened In many parts of it. Having thus taken a view of the trade, commerc*:, and manufadures of England, it remains that fomcthing with regard to the ftocks. Thourh^ word (lock originally fignified no more than ticular Ann of money contributed to the eflablin''''' fund for enabling a company to carry on a'-""^^ trade, by means of which the perfon became a n "*' in that commerce, and received a (hare of the ''"'cl in proportion to the money advanced ; yetthi'te iJ been further extended, though improperly, "to r'r any fum of money which has been lent to the J.^' ment, on condition of receiving an annual intordni the Aim is repaid, and confequently makesanat the national debt ; becaufe molt of the monev H vanced to the government was done by the rr 1 companies. "I When the national funds were at (irft e(lil)li(},J the money borrowed was transferrable at any 'tj either in whole or in part, from one perfon tc anotr' This necellary claufe of transferring (lock, has m" rife to that pernicious pradlce of llock-jobbin.', wh j is one of the fpecies cf gaming fo dLilruftj^etuth' country. The method is this : The perfons concern'' in this pradtice, make contradls to buy or fell forf fettled price, at a certain dirtant time, a certain qZ tity of fome particular (lock. The contraa beini made, every art is made ufc of either to rife or Jowi fuch (lock, by rumours and fidtitious ftories, thai people may be induced to fell out in a hurry, and com fequently cheap, if they are to deliver ftock; orbc come unwilling to fell, and tVence raife the price they are to receive (lock. For the value of (lock well as that of all other merchandife, willbealwa proportional to the number of buyers and fellers, there are more of the former than the latter, apctfoi who is indifferent about felling will not part with hii property without a confidcrable profit to himfelf: 01 the contrary, if the fellers exceed the b\iyers, thi vahic of (lock will naturally fall in proportion to thi impatience of thofe who are defirous of felling, Thefe contradls are generally made by perfons ivli were never polleifed of any real ftock ; (0 that HheJ the time of delivery arrives, they only pay Aichafun of m )ney as makes the difference between the prici mentioned in the contradl, and that of ihe price i (lock when the contradt is fulfilled. The buyer il called the Bull, and the feller the Bear, in the polit? language of Exchange-Alley. It will not befi:rpniin| that even falfe rumours Ihould produce confiderabil elfefls in the price of (locks, when it is rememberoc that every thing which atfedis the hopes, the fears and palfions of the proprietors, fo far as they regarJ the (ituation of public concerns, mull raife orloivef their current value. Public credit depends in a grea meaAnc on the fuppofed (lability of tl.t eftablilha government: every nicident, therefore, th.it proves iinj favourable to the government, will have more or Icf effcdl on the public credit, which is the foundatioi of the ftocks, and the fccurity of the proprietor:! wheJ El-son .] EN G L A JsT 0.. 625 tap?' Tl Kjn any th"ig °^ that ki"'' liappens, timorous people 1*11 emlcavour to mal.e fure of their own private for- II'ms by turning their flock into fpecie ; and, ratiicr P ',,„ the rilk of lofing the whole, they w.ill fell it iloA" pi'ice ; for wn. • the demand is fmall, and V cotnmodity abounds, the market falls of conrfe Ijijvery revcrfe is the confequcnce when any incident ipMsi'i favour of the government. fhc word Itock is not confined to the national debt, tilfo lignifies the capital of a company, raifcd for ijjj. particular purpofe, pnd limited by parliairent to ta certain fum. When this i'lintl is comp'f.cd, no Jock can be purchafed IVoin the company ; but the Hares already purchafed may be transferred from one job to another. Hence we fee the reafon why the ^c of one ftock is greater '.han that of another, bccaufe tjie produce per cent, is greater in fome than in the jiliKS. But it muft be obferved, that the ihare in the jixlc of a trading company that produces any fum, a lioufind pounds for inftance, per annurn, will not fell [or I'd much money as a government annuity producing llie fame fum, becaufe the fecurity of the company is jot reckoned equal to that of th« government ; and, It the fame time, the continuance of their paying fo much per annum is more precarious, as their divi- dfnds are, or ought to be, always proportional to the pibfits of their trade. Thefirftidcaof thcEaft-India-Company v,as formed in queen Elizabeth's time, but it has fincc undeigonc peat alterations. Its fliajes, or fubfcripfions, were miginally only 50I. flerling ; and its capital only j6ij,89il. 5s. but the diredlors having n confiderable dividend to make in 1676, it was agreed to join the profits to the capital, by which the [hares were doubled, to that each became of lool. value, and the capital ^35,y82l. 10s. to which capital, if 963,6191. 10s. the profits of the company to the year 1685, be added, li^^e whole ftock will appear to be, 1,703,4021. After tie Revolution, a new company was creded, under lliesuthcrity of parliament, and, after violent ftruggles between that and the old, they were both united, in the year 1702, by an itidcnture tripartKe. In the year 1708, the yearly fund of eight per cent, for two millions was reduced to five per cent, by a loan of i,2oo,oool. to the public, without any additional intertll; for which confideration, the company ob- tained a prolongation of its cxcliilive privileges ; and a r.v chatter was granted ;to them, under the title of "The United Coinpany of Merchants trading to the Eall-Iiidies." A further fum was lent by the com- pany in 1730, by which, though the company's pri- vileges were extended for thirty-three years, yet the iiitcitll of their capital, which then amounted to 3,190,0001. was reduced to three pet cent, and called the India three per cent, annuities J the. proprietors of »hich, inllead of a regular annuity, hnyv a dividend ol the profits arifing from the conipanyfs trade : India ktinds (ctioncoudy denominated Ilyck) .jixe .to bt ac- cepted, th.'y being made payable ^t fiK months notice, oiiiier by thu company or the poirellor. , There are twonty-four dircdlors of this company ; their meetings are at lealt onco a week ; and out of heir boty arc chofen feveral committees, who havf liie peculiar infpeflion of certain branches of thecoifiy pany's bufinefs : 2000I. is the qualification for a direc;- lor. Formerly 5G0I. but now icool. entitles fuch a proprietor of flock, wiiviiier man or woman, native or foreigner, to be a manager, and gives a vote in t lie general council. 'Ihe company's amazing territorial acquifiMons, aiij other caufcs, induced the legillaturc, to lay areftritlioii on their dividends for a certain time. From the re- port of the committee in 1773, appointed by parlia- ment in India affairs, it appears that the India com- pany, from the year 1708 to 17,56, for the fpace of" torty-feven years and an half, divided the fum of i2,ooo,oool. or above a8o,oooi. per annum, which, on a capital of 3,190,000!. amounted to above eight and a half per cent, the capital ftock had alfo been increafed iBo.oool. In 1773, an aft palTcd, for " eflablifliing certain rules and orders, for the future management of the affairs of the E^lt-India-Cora- pany, as well in India as in Europe," by which con- fiderable alterations were made refpe6\ing qualifications tor voting, tiie courts in India, the governors, judges falaries, &c. This was deemed an extraordinary adt, adding an immenfe power and influence to the crown, without benetiting the company. luNovernber 1783, Mr. Fox, then Secretary of State, introduced a bill, the intentiou of which was, to velt the whole powers of the India-Company in feven Di- redors, by him named, who were to hold their offices tour years, removable, like the twelve judges, by an addrefs of either Houfe of Parliament, and not by any other power; and for mauaging the comtncrcial affairs ot the Corripany, nine gentlemen, moved for and adopted in the fame manner, were to affifl them, fub- je£l to their control, and removable by them. The eft^eflt of this was, to veft in thefc feven Directors the whole influence of the offices of every kind in Indij, and at home, belonging to the Company ; and many other means of influence. This bill palVed the Com- mons ; but as, the Lords conceived it placed too danger- ous a power in the hands of any men, and operate 1 againfl the neceflary power of the crown, hey thcri> fore threw it out by a majority of nineteen. The parliament antl adininifiration of 1784 feemcd difpofed to be friendly to the cotnpany, whofe interefls had been greatly injured by their fervants both at hoiijc and abroad. 1'hc i;abob.s', rajahs, and natives of India have been by turns harailed and defpoi'.ed under thei management, and many jiarts of th;it tine country de- populated. The Company's governors abroad have guards of foldiers, and live in all the flate of fovercigii princes. Thefe irregularities paved the way for a new bill, which palled at the dofv of the fcliion'u ^"84- i'V 7 U whicl* ■f mi\ ■4m • • li ^K ■i m m t; i^;-^!': mm II' iii'^i i ■H,inir:'i'i'' I il MM n : iM *;• mu ?.( ,::.Mi, ill. ■8-. > > mm ... , i • p*i 1 ' 1 i u"k \ \\i:k I'l 630 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. which were intended three things : nrlt, The ellablilli- ing a power of control in this kingdom, by which the executive government in India is to be conriefled with that over the re!l of tite empire: feoondiy, The regu- lating the concliicl of tiie Company's fcrvants in Imiia, in order to remedy the evils vvliich have prevailed there: and, thirdly, The providing for the punKhinent of thofe pcrfons who Ihall, nevcrthelefs, continue in the prac- tice of crimes which have brought difgrace upon the country. This famous bill has a plaufible afpedt, and various opinions have been formed concerning it: fome contend that the principle and plan thereof arc fair, equitable, and honourable ; but the following prottd, figned, PoR-fi, A nd.Cari ISLE, Devonshire, Chol- MONDELEY, NoRTHiKGTON, was entered agaiult it in tlie Hoirfe of Lords : " Becaufc we think the principle " of the bill falfc, unjult, and unconditutional : falfe, " inafmuch as it provides n« efFedlual remedy for the *^ evils it alfctls to cure ; unjult, as it indifcriminately ^ compels all perfons returning from India to furnilh " the means of accufation and perfecution againft thein- •• fclves ; and unconllitutional, becaufc it eftablilhes " a new criminal court of judicature, in which the " admilTion of incompetent evidence is exprefsly di- •' reined, and the fubjcit is unneced'arily deprived of « hia moft ineilimable birthright, a trial by jury." This bill, like former ones, may be depotited among the archvvcs of the councils of the governments in the Ealt- Indies, to lie iiv oblivion, or be treated with con- tempt. Rapacity and violence, it is feared, will IHII predominate ; the molt upright may be wer- powered by violence, or be fcnt home loaded with irons, to p'ead their caufe for pretended crimes charged againil tium by the errviiraries of powerful delinquents, wiioff peculations and rapacity they endeavoured ia vain to reprc-fs. Tlw Eall-India-Company, finding a fcarcity of fmall money in their fettlements, have coined under the in- ipeclion of a Committee of Dirediors, a milled copper coin, with their arms ihmi>ed on it, which, tuv-jgli nearly the fiie of a farthing, is only a iixth part ef that value. AS the military affairs of the Eaft-India-Company have of late become peculiarly intereding, we prclumc it will be deemed acceptable to our readers, and the public at large, if, with a view to render this part of our work more complete, wc introduce here a com- pendious account of the late nrvcmorabic war, in that quarter, with 7 pp > Sultan (or Tippo Saib), and the advantageou ternunation of it to the Company, by the braverv o* '.ne tnglilh forces. In order to this (with- out entering into the grounds, objcdt, or expediency ©f this indjan war, refpedling which the fei»tiinents oi the mtmbert in the Britilii Houfe of Commons ■were greatly divided) we Ihall give a particular detail «f the uioit remarkable circuniltaACes relating to it, as they refpeiSt its aftual commencement. Progrefs, We may date the commencement of hoftiljti. J this war from the engagement bctwcei the troo period. We this vv; the Rajah of Travancore, who were llationed irc ' 1 gnnoro, and for the defence of that fortrcfs, with thl of Tippoo Sultan on the ift of May 1700 jA event which was ex|X.-aed by our government !', pofiibly concerted with them, was the fignaj f moll vigorous preparation for war wi the part of I Rritilh. The grand Carnatic army affembiedimm diately in the louthcrn provinces. The general nl- thc campaign was to reduce the Coimbeitore coiinli and all the adjacent territory which lay beluw th Ghauts, or narrow palR-s between the mountains a I to advance by tlie Gujcllietvy pafs to the liege of Ser I gapatam, the metropolis of Myfore. While fuch were to be the operations of the mnt army under general Meadows, the Bombay army ntidd general Abercrombie was to undertake the reduflioiJ the country lying to the we!t of the Ghauts, and afd wards to co-operate with the main army, as circum (lances might dired. In the mean time the fafayo, the Carnatic was fecured by a force under colonj Kt^Iy, and ftyled, from its polition, the centre arm3 being Rationed in the line between Madras and ilJ palFes leading to Myfore. The Poonah Mahrattas am the Nizam were nfpeaively to penetrate the enemyl territory in the quarter bordering upon theirs; andSeJ ringapatam was elfablilhcd as the commun centrd where the whole force, was to appear in a colleaivl body. r The movements w^re execnfed with fuch difpatcli that general Meadows joined the grand army at Trl chinopoly on tiie a^ih of May, and on the 26th thif formidable body of finely appointed troop';, amcimtifl to »4,ooo efFcdive men, marched towards the Coiml bettore country. The march, however, of India armies cannot be very rapid, as their bagcaco ani provilions are moftly tranfpcrted upon bullocics. ll v\'as therefore the 15th of June before geueral MeadwJ entered Tippoo's country ; and the frrll place that furl rendered to the Britifli arms was the fort of Carrooii about forty-five miles from Trichinopoly, whiehwa; immediately evacuated on the appeirance of the Britifli gi^neral. Extraordinary as i» may appear, vet Tippoo toi fcarcely any meafures tofecure the country bdowthJ Ghauts, nor even to remove or dcflroy the grain in J territory which it wa.i eviik'ntly not his intention iJ dcttnd. Notvviihdanding this circumflance, howcverl fo inadequate is fuch a couiury to the fupply of fl confiderable a Ibrce as that of tlie BritiPi, thatttwai the gd of July befoie the army was tnaljled tomovs from Carroor, after colledting all the fupplics whici the country afforded, and after putting the fort on ihi moft tenable footing polTible. I The army Ipcnt Icvcn days in marching fifty-ninl luilcl Ei'nf"" .] ENGLAND. C>M I u to Darap"""'"' I" tl'is place they were fortii- l cnoiifili to lind a very feafonable and plentiful IVpJy the Ghauts, leaving at the foot of them, Ikiffcen Giiji-lhctty and Damicotta, a flrong dc- diment of hoife. On the 2 ad of Jnly the army I itred Coimbcttore, which was alfo evacuated on |?l approach, though it contained a conndcrablc I jniiiv of grain. a"d fome military (lores. The tiller forts in the neighbourhood of Coimbettore I trc reduced by different detachments in a fliort time. Ilnenlerprize of more importance was alfo attempted 1. ;,,„ the halt of tlic army of Coimbettore. Soon jxjf'ihcir arrival at that capital, colonel Fl y(', with liliecivalry, was difpatchcd towards Damicotta, about Ifoitv miles to 'the north, in the hope of furprifing lllie'iietachnicnt of cavalry, which, wc have juft in- lliinatcd, was (lationcd by Tippoo below the Ghauts ; like colonel however only fucceedcd in capturing about Iffiyhorfe. About the latter end of Augiifr, colonel Floyd was hnin fent to reduce Sattimungalum and Damicotta. iThe former was garrifoned by a battalion, and, having Ibeen intended as a depot, confiderabie quantities of Inrovilions were colledled there : it, however, furren- lilfred to colonel Floyd without the fmalleft refifta-nce. IBlingfoon after joined by a detachment under colonel [Oiilham, the whole body was computed ta be nearly [tcBalin flrcngth to one wing of the grand army, but luiiliou' its proportion of artillery. The ftation whiji llhis fmall army occupied after the capture of Satti- Ipogalum, was to the fouth of the Bowanny river, [opfulite that fortrefs. On the t2th of September, [Tippo Sultan dcfccnded the Gujelhetfy Pafs, and on lllie following day commenced a fmart cannonade on [colonel Floyd's detachment. During the night ihere- [|i)ie the Colonel thought it neceffary to retreat to- Irads Coimbettore, but during the whole of the fuc- Itceding day, the 14th, found himfelf clofely preifed I by the enemy. The fevereft part cf the conflift was in tlic evening near Showoor, when the Myforean force was rtpiilfed with equal valour and judgment on ikpart of the Britifli. General Meadows having received very early intel- IligcDce of Tippoo's motions, that commander loft no I time in marching 10 the relief of colonel Floyd. On \k i.:ih at ni<;lit the general reached Vallady, while Ifniorel Floyd uas at Showoor about twenty miles to Itlie cadward. By foiiic unaccountable niillakc, how- [eur, ihc aiiny continued fo marcli to the northward, 1 1(1(1 did not join colonel Floyd till the i6ih. The lofs I on this occafion amounted to 150 killed and near 300 [funded, and iix guns were left behind, on account I cf the lofs of the draft cattle. After halting the whole of the 17th, in order to refrefli colonel Floyd's detach- 1 merit, general Meadows marched to the eaftward to •Tippoo battle; but in the mean time the Sultan iWrcircatcd to Sattimungalum, and the Britifh gene- ral, from want of provilions, was undir a neceHity of returning to Coimbettore. The month was nearly ended before general Meadows was able to march again in qneft of the enemy. Tiie wary Indian, however, who never lights but at an advantage, was too cautious to be ciigngcd by tiie manoeuvres of the gi-neral. When the army arrived at any port in the cveninp;, the ufiial report was, that Tippoo had quitted it early in the morning ; ami a general ignorance of his motions and dcligns feenis indeed, for fomc time, to have pervaded the camp ; and it was the 12th of Oilober before any autiieniie intelligence could be gained. It then appeared that his objeft had been to attack Daraporum, which fur- rendered to his arms, and the Drililh garrifon arrived in amp on the 17th, under an cfcortof Tippoo's •tro<<_ , agreeably to the terms of capitulation. Tiie garrifon (poke in high terms of the honourable treat- ment which they had experienced from this prince, who has been ufually charaflerized as a c-uel and iinpl:;cable tyrant. On '.be 20th Tippoo departed from Daraporum ; and, probably defirous of placing the liowaniiy rivtr, which at this feafon is rough and fwelling, between his army and the Britifli, proceeded to Sattimungalum. He might alfo have a further view in taking this polition, viz. to prevent the junftion of generr^l Meadows with the centre army. The Britilh general left Coimbettore on the fame day that Tippoo quitted Daraporum, but nothing worth recording occurred till the yih of November, when colonel Floyd, who had been fent to reconnoitre, brought the intelligence that Tippoo had croll'ed the Cavery to the north-eaft, in- the beginning of the month, and was apparently pro- ceeding to flop the progrefs of the centre army, now commanded by colonel Maxwell, the former com* mander, colonel Kelly, being dead. After a fatiguing and dangerous march, and aftfr takiiig poiFeftion ot feveral Sirts in the Barramaul,. colonel Maxwell, on the 3d of November, took a flrong pofition at Caveripatam, where probably his intelligence led him to wait the approach of Tippoo^. rather than rilk his- army in a Icfs favourable polition by daring to advance. It afterwards appeared that the conjc6liires which had been fi)rmed wiih refpedl fo the deligns of the enemy, were well founded. On the 12th, 13111, and 14th, Tippoo prefented himfelf before colonel Max- well' in line of battle ; but finding the Briti(h com- mander too well prepared and too Itrongly polled, aiid' ' confcioiis that his rear would certainly be prelfed by the near approach of general Meadows, he retired \n time to fecure himfelf a favourable polition f*)r a timely retreat. After fcveral marches of the grand artny in purfuit of the enemy; — on the 17th of November the two armies (the grand and the centre army) clFcdted a > juntlion at Poolamputty ; and on the following evening, ? '^\ ^'\' J ( 8 (1 f !-* !: ' \ 1! i 632 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. as they were purfiiingtluir route to tlie !butluvard, tliey (■.line nncxpcilfilly in fight of tlic rear of the Myforcjii sirmy, the advance of which was probahly at that nio- iiiciit entering the pafs of Tapoor. '1 he rear conlilteil ot the prime of Tijipoo's cavalry, drawn up in coinpaill bodit;, to favour tho relrcr t of the main body. '1 iicy were rannoiiaded a; purfued" to the loot of the pafs, and apparently fiifFer».v, forie lofs. The united armies x.iv^i'.r general Meadows diroSlcd after this their coiirfc backwards by the (haiahteli road to Tnchinopoly, in order to relVcOi themlelves, and «)btain afnpply; but the weather proved fo iinlavour- nblc, that they did not arrive in its neighbourhood till the 8th of December. Here they leaiMc that Tippoo had arrived at Miinfiirput, on the banks of the Cola- roone, oppofitc Trichinopoly, on the a8ih of Novem- ber, where he continued encamped till December 6ih, but without making any attack upon Trichinopoly, de- terred, mort probably, by the fwoln Hate of the river. And while fuch were the movements of general Mea- dows, a detachmen'. from the Bombay army, under lieutenant-colonel Hartley, rendered effcclual afliftance to the rajah of T'avam ore, and on the 5th of Decem- ber general AbercromLie, witii the remainder of the forces from Bombay, arrived at Tellichcrry, while colonel Hartley was ordered to Paniani, to keep the communication open between the two armies. General Abercrombie's firft objefl. was the redudlion of Cannanore, upon wliich he marched the 14th of December, and on ihe 17th the town andgarrifon fur- rendered, and tlie troops eng.nged not to ferve agaitid the Britiih during the war. Colonel Hartley nearly about the fame time obtained polfelhon of Fcrokabad, the capital of the Malabar coalf, and the enemy re- treated to l!ie G.'iauts, Thefe fuccelfes were followed, on the 27ih, by the liirrcnder of the polls of Barra- gurry and Cootah|)oore, fo that the whole dillrit^ along tite coalt from Billipatam river to Cape Comorin was now in poirellioii of llic Britifh and their allies. On the ,5th of January 1791, the army iinde^ ge- rcral Meadows left Trichinopoly, ant! proceeded to the right towards Madras, where earl Cornwallis had ar- rived on the >3th of December. On the i2ih of Ja- nuary the right wing of the grand army reached V'el- lout, about eighteen iniles from Madras, and on the 2<)th of the fame month ear! Cornwallis joined the grand army there, which early in February proceeded in two columns towards Vellore. It \Tas fiippofed, from ihc dirciSlion of tlie march, that his lordlhip meant to enter the Myfore territory by the Baramaiil valley; and fo completely was Tippoo deceived by this feint, that his whole attention was di- redled to the palfes in tliat quarter. The real obje£l, however, of the Britifli general was, the pafs of Mug- lee; and fo judicioufly h-.d lie taken liis meafitres, that no interruption was giv n to the army till they had pro- ceeded three days Uu^ch to the wcUward beyond the pafs. It was the 22d of February before the laft of 3 the public (lores, and the baggjge of ihc army, iZ^H '' got fafc om the pafs. The fucctcding day was'a (I^BI'"!!!" of halt. The order of battle was then publiOitd a^^^ the bullocks and elepliants muflered; of the I'jJ 'i/joco were found fit for fervice, and, of the Iju.l eighty accompanied the army. l On the 24th of February, lord CnrnwallisproceciiJ for Bangalore, After three days march, fomc paniJ of tlie encm; "s horfc were difcovered, v\hich increafel as the army advanced; and before the Britilli reachj within eighteen miles of uangalore, they burnt all adjacent villages, and deftroyed the furagc. WhcnaJl vanced within ten miles of the fortrefs,"Tipuou'sarm| appeared in excellent order, and, taking puHllJion J the heights, cannonaded the Britifli rear, while hi cavalry made an iinl'ticcefiful attempt on the bawaw, On the 5th ol March, the Britifh general encaiiipij before Bangalore. In the afternoon colonel Fli.d with the cavalry, being difp-itched to recoiinoitte, «a| tempted to attack Tipi)oo'srear, which at firli apptartl to give way; but the enemy being fhongly icinloiceJ foon rallied, and compelled tlie colonel to retreat, Oi the following day the pettah or town was llormcdanl taken, with the lofs of 100 men; it was foundtoc tain a ;wod fupply of grain, forage, and fuel. Three batteries were opened on the fort by the nthL but they were too diftant to effe£l a breach; on the ifitlJ therefore, a new batrery* of nine guns was opened; r.jo yards from the works. On the ijtli, and agaiJ 01 the 2 if., Tippoo drew out his army, but wiihoul tfted. A breach of fome extent was about this tim| effefled, and on the evening of the 21ft, the fort wai flormcd and taken with little lofs on the fideofthl Britifh, but with a dreadful carnage of the unrtfiliinj garrifon, Not lefsthan 1000 were malTacred with thl bayonet, and 300, moflly wounded, were taken, Such is war in its very nature and fpirit, that it nel ccfl'arily deffroys the moral feelings; and fuchareitJ inevitable confequcnces, that, however diftinguilkii fol humanity the commander may be, he generally finJI hiuii'elf, on fuch occafions, unable to rclfrain the inJ temperance and cruelty of his foldiers. The p!iilufo( pher, in future and in better times, will penile tliefJ melancholy details with a figh, and will alk, By whal authority men embark from a dillant fliore, I'ur thf exprefs purpofe of imbruing their hands in the Hw of their offencelefs fellow creatures ? After remaining at Bangalore till the 28th of Matdil the army proceeded to the N. N. K. lv)wards Ciiiniul Balabaram. Nothing of importance oca:rrcd til! tii^ /til of April, when they were joined by a f>arty of tin Nizam's troops, in number from i.j to 16,000, bul in a Vw'ry bad and irregular ffatc. On th; 19th colond Oldham joined the army, bringing with him awel' coi.'c fupply of ftores and provilions, and a reinforce' ment of about 700 Europeans, and 4,^03 naiivi troops. On the a,5th earl Cornwallis declan tentions of proceeding to Scniijiapatam; but it v.' m ancc occurred til! tiii> I J gf ivlay before the army could be fufficiently I \(A (ot h coiifiderable an cnterprize, fince the Iff*. „as attended with every inconvenience that |-Jlcon;in>'al f"'"-, .... , The a"")' arrived on the 13th at Arakecry, whence a view of their great objedl the capital of ENGLAND. 633 crolfing the north fide of irfote then only about nin^ miles diflant. At tiie fame l!fflc ttiey obfcrvcd a large body of troops tan til! '1^"'' °^ Seringapatam to the nort ,J\|^5,'Cavery, and taking a pofition in the front of ** Bfiiilh, at the diftance of about fix miles. 'I'hefc IJLs however, were then confidered only as a large Smcnt, and not as the main body of Tippoo's ** as they really were, a part of them being ob- 3 by the projecting bafc of a hill, which intcr- jj between the two camps. Tippoo had only ar- i J J, his capital four days before the appearance of y Cornwallis at Arakeery. As his lordlhip had re- Led certain intelligence that general Abercrombic yafcended the Ghauts on the Malabar fide, the firft lokitawas. to f"'"' * jundlion, if poflible, with that V"»'' The whole of the 14th, therefore, was em- yed in endeavours to make a bad ford, which there ■nsacrofs the Cavery, fit for the tranfporting of ar- Itillery; but the depth of the river, and its imcvcn and vb'bed, obliged them to defift from the defign. Oil account of the difficulty of approaching the ene- -y'scamp on the fide of Arakeery, the Britiih com- Ijundcr determined to march round the ridge of moun- ijjson the right, to endeavoui; to furprife the Sultan jihiscatnp. At eleven o'clock on the night of the Q, the whole army was imder arms ; but the night Moved moft unfavourable for the purpofe. The rain Bd the darknefs, added to fomc mifconception of or- rs, produced the moll deplorable confufion and de- ny; and when the day broke, inftcad of being near eobjeftof their dedination, they had only moved a I miles, and the rear of the line had but jull palFed ttdrown piquets to the right. Ai fun-rife, moving round the edge of the hills, the [jtmy's line was feen from a rifing grotnul in the fame bngpolltion they had occupied the day before. Very bwgruund, interfered by a deep ravine, ran. along lieir Itont, but a higii ground beyond the ravine feeincd loftra fair opportunity of attacking their left flank lithadvantage. Ihe firit European brigade moved on opcllefs this height, and at the fame time a body of At eneiTiy'!> infantry moved fnim the left, and foon af- Jti a large body of troops and artillery advanced from IheMyforean camp, to occupy the .leight, which was ptheohjift of the BritiHi. from the fuperiority of their cattle, this detach- nent, commanded by Cummur-ud-Dccn, gained its Immit firft, but the Oritilh wers fortunate enough to lrt»ent tlicm from occupyi^ng another Ifrong ridge, pich, although lower than the firll, was yet of mate- limpottaiice. The army was formed in two divi- fions. The right, commanded by colonel Maxwell, marched to attack the heij^ht which had been prc-occu- pied by Cummcr-ud-Deen, in the manner already re- lated. The left was under the command of general Meadows, and the cavalry was placed out of gunlhot, to be in readincfs to embrace any advantage that migiit be prefcnted. Colonel Maxwell began the aflion by ftorming the height; in which having been eminently fuccefsful, the left divifion advanced to the attack of the enemy's main body, and it foon became general along the whole front. The fuccefs of colonel Maxwell proved fatal to Tippoo; for after leaving a futiicient force to occupy the height, that officer advanced rapidly to gain the Carigal height, clofe to the enemy's left flank, while the cavalry luidcr colonel Floyd moved at the fame time to attack their right. The confcquence was, that Tippoo was obliged to give way, though his retreat was gradual and maderly. One gun only was taken on the field, and three others on the height, by colonel Maxwell. The enemy were purfucd till the fire from the ifland batteries obliged the alFailants to defifl, and the following day lord Cornwallis encamped partly on the field of battle, and jull out of the reach of tlie illand batteries. The lofs on the part of the Britiih in this action was inconfiderable. It is well known that lord Cornwallis was unable to take the advantage of this fucccfs, and the principal caufes of his mifcarriage may be reduced to two — the fwtUing of the river, and the wcaknefs of the dratt cattle, which prevented a jun£lion with general Abcr- crombie, together with the want of proviiions to fiip- port them during a protrailed liege. After difpatching orders, therefore, to general Abcrcrombie (who had obtained polfcflion of Periapatam) to return down the pafs with all expedition, on the 26th of May, lord Cornwallis moved from his encampment near Seringa- patam on his return to Bangalore, having previoully dellroyed his battering train, and removed every in- cunabrance. On the 28th he was joined by the Mahrattas to the number of 30,000, whofe movements had been doubt- lefs accelerated by the news of Tippoo's defeat. As they brought with thein, however, a fupply of pro- viiions, tiie difficulty of obtaining fubfiHence was for the prcfeiit removeJ, aiv.' the combined armies moved flovvly to the place of their dcOination. In their route they made themfelves mailers of feveral petty fortreiles; an(^ .m the 18th of July Oufoor fubmitted to the Bri- tiih arins, and by reducing the forts in its neighbour- hood, theOdcadurgum and Ryarota pailes were opt tied, through which it was his lordihip's intention to obtain fupplies in the cnfuing campaign. On the 30ih of July, the combined forces cnramped within fix m'les of Bangalore. Cieneral Abcrcrom- bie, after having alfo facriliccd his battering train, was compelled to lead back a fick and difpiriteil army over the almoil macceinblc mountaii.s which he had folate' y 7 X palkd, if H ? < ( ' ffi ^ t i\ ;Kkt M "'if f>l ' 631 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. psireil, Aviih perlups more dinioulty, but wWli more aril'. lit and iiifpiritiiij; cxpciilations. While the BritKh forces by eiu'ampt'd neat Scringapatam, a prefciit of fruit h;ij been Cent iVdin Tippoo to Ion! Coriiwallis, and fome ovcrtiirfs were made for the obtaining of a fcparate ]>cacc. The prefcnt v. as, however, returned witli but little conrtefy on the part of the Britifh gene- ral, and the Sultan, it is faid, was nH'urcd that no peace coidd lie acreptabic which waf. not to include !hr allies. NotwithfUnding this dif.ippointmcnt, fo folicimus was the monarcli for obtaining peace, that lord Cornwallis had fcarcely reached Bangalore than u vakeel was difpatched by Tippoo with full powers to treat. From what caiifc the Sultan's mi/fion was unfuccefs- fiil, we are not fidly informed, but it was generally reported, that the forms of his reception, with which lord Cornwallis did not chufcto comply, and on which, he fai'.!, he was authorized to in(i(l, put an end to the negotiation. It is to be lamented, that any inllances fhould occur in the prefent age H give Colour to the far- calUc obfervation of the democratic writers, thai, in the eyes of princes and great men, the lives of their fellow creatures are frequently of lefs importance than the obfervation of fome trivial etiquette, or fome ridi- culous and unmeaning ceremony. Lord Cornwallis was not inaflivc during the win- ter months, but, on the contrary, omitted notliing which might coiitribuic to the fucccfs of the enfuing campaign. The firii objedl that cngai^ed his attention, was to regulate the contra6l for bullocks in fiich a manner as to enfiire a prrtpcr and addiuate fupply of cattle for every purpofc during the conlinu.ince ot the war; the next wa?, the rcdiidion of the hill forts to the North E.ifl of H.mgalorc, which were fo ritiiated be- tween that fortrtfs ami Gumnncorjd.i, as to interrupt the communication with the Ni/ain's army, and the fupplies which mig!it becolledled in that qu.uter. The ftiuller forts fiirrtiulered upon fummons, b.it Ntiiidy- droog, the capital of a large (!h'liii.'i, and built upon the fuminit of a mountain, 1700 fctt in height, three- fourths of which were abfoluteiy iiiacceliible, was ena- bled to (tanil a confukrable litge. From the 123d of September to the i8lh of Oflober, the brave garrifor ;ilkd wiih heroic firmntfs. On that diy, the brta .-s being rendered pradlicabie, lord Cornwalli?, wiih a view to intimidate the garrifoii, encamped within foiu' miles of the fort; atid it was determined to make the atliiult at midniglit, in hopes o! taking the garrifoii by furprife. The vigilance of the cni.'my, however, foon dif^rovercd the atiailants, but thei:- lire was not futticienlly well direiHed, to prevent the Britilh foMiery fiom iiioi;nting the breach. The carnage which miift have enCiicd wa"; prfvenied partly by a number of the garrifon ifcaping by la(K!ers over a low part of the wall, but chioily by the laudable ex- enioiis of captain Robertfon, who commanded the ilorniing pari), and wlio, with a humanity which re- fledls the utmoft honour on his cliaradler, fromth ment he entered the fort, direfted his wtiidt attc 1 to preferving order, and preventing the cffulloi,' blood. Colonel Maxwell was fenf In the latter end of OfJ tober with a detachment towards the Baramoul vallevf chiefly to difperfc the plundering parties which Intel ctfpted the provifions. On the 31(1, colonel Maxwd took a fmail mud fort, called Penagra, by dorm- hi we mull regret that the fame humanity was not txel cifcd here as at Nundydrong, for out of a garrifon 300, not Icfs than 1,50 were put to the fword. Euta Killnaghery the colotiel met with a more ferioiis rt, iiltancc. The lower fort, including the pctiah orfiihi urb, was gained without much dirticuity; but ihl garrifon in the upper fort, alarmed perhaps at ihe faj of Penagra, defended it with a degree of lieroifm boi] dering on defpair. Immenfe rocks and ihowerso iloncs were hurled down into the road; the fcalinri ladders were broken to pieces, and, after two houH vigorous alfault, colonel Maxwell at lenjith found] nccelfary todelift from the attempt. Li the mean time the Sultan was not wanting onli part in exertion and adivity during this rccefJroi] the more important buiinefs of the war. Early il September a detachment was fent by him to lav lied to Coimbettore, which was molt gallantly defendtd I lieutenant Chalmers, and the aifailants were repulfj and forced to raife the ficgc. Not diltoiiraoed byilij difgrace, Tipnoo loll no time in difpatcliitig hisfcconl in command, Cummer-ud-Dcen Cawn, to reduce ihi place, \»here, for a while, he experienced the fam vigorous refi'lance which had formerly faved the foil trefs'. A detachment, however, under major CiippagJ which was fent by lord Cornwallis for the relit! ( Coimbettor-e, having been defeated by the Cawn, tenant Chalmers was under the neceliity of capiiu'aiinj on the 2d of November, and the garrifun niarcM out with the honours of war, and were allowed 10 rtj main on their parole during th« continuance of luij lities. About eighteen miles to the weft of Bangalore, 114 the fortrefs of Savendroog; it is fitiiaied on the ii mit of a vafl mountain or rock, which isluppofdti rife above half a mile in perpendicular height Iromi tabk or bafe of eight ■•'■ ten miles in circiimltrencij This immenfe mountain has a further advaniapt, i| being dividtil ?t its fummit by a chafm, which km rates it into two hills, which having eacii their peca liar defences, form two citadels, capable of hM maintained, independent of the lower works. whole mountain is furroiindcd by a Ihoiig wali" every fide; and in every part which was cnnrnitrcii accclfit)le, crofs wal's nd I arriers are creeled loan give the whole an imp', .'gnable and (I'lpomionsappeai diice. This fortrefs was an objed to the zeal, aiiJpfl haps to the ambition cf lord Cornwallis, andliculf nant-colonel Stuart was difpatc!i';d for its rcJudioii.^ a Ijl'HOPB .] E N G L A IJ D. fi?^ On the 'Oth °^ December the colonel encamped I ihin three miles of the nortli fide of the rock, tlie r'arier v^^'^^ ^^^ chief engineer confldcrccl as the it AS- On the 17th he openci! two batteries on the Iferirtfs— 01^ at tiie ilifhincc of looo, and the other of 1,00 yJfffsi '"" *'•' *^^" '"-"'"g ''"''• o* '"""g^ Hones, iitlowcr titr of which was rivctted to the rock by |. -Iji^pn, but little impreHiun was mi>''e. On the I A ihtrcfore. a battery was opened within 250 I irJs of the wall, which in the couife of two days ef- jLj.j J prafticable breach. On the morning of the lull at eleven o'clock, the aflaiilt was madi.-, and in Lfsihanin hour the furprifing exertions of the Britilh IfcHitry nis'lf ''"^'i^ mailers of z I'ortrefs, which had Lithfrtn been confidt-red as impregnable On the Qdth I (Pjjeoiber, Oiitrcdrog, anotfiir tortrcfs, about twelve Imlcsfrom the former, was alfo taken by (torm. I Abmi the fame per ' fcvcral forts of K-fs imte were litduced by difFcrtn' > lachincnts of the conibintil ar- Ly. jnd (jiimiini .idah was blovkcd up by Hnfcz lite,' one of the Nizam's beft generals. The place, liowever, was relieved on the zift of December by iHyilcr Saib, the elHtft fon of Tippoo Sultan, who Ljije prifoncrs Hafez Jte and a conliderable pait of iSit detachment. General Abercrombie returned eaily in November llaTellicherry from Bombay, and immediately received jeiJersfrom the governor-general to purfue the fame Iplan of operations as in the preceding campaign. On liliejthnl December, therefore, the general proceeded Ion his maich throngh the Ghauts towards the Myforc l(ountry. The Mahratta force under Purftram Bhow Iwasnotinailivc in the mean time, but was fiiccefsfiil linthereduflion of fcveral forts fmiated on the rivers iTum and Budra, which opened to their occupation a Ifntile dilhifl, and were the means of affording very jitafonable ftipplies. Something of more importance was now to be |«peded from the combined force, which at this lilmc afled in the territory of Myfore, and when the ItKiuflion of the capital was to be attempted, as tlic Isxans of cither crufliing entirely the force of the Ifliemy, or bringing him to fuch terms as might cnfiire ilalling peace; therefore, on the iftof February 1702, like dlied armies commenced their march, in the ccurfc lofwhich nothing worth relating occurred, and on the Ijili they arrived within fight of Seringapatam, luiiler Ithe walls of which Tippoo was (Irongly polled to re- Iccivc them. The Sultan's front line, or fortified camp, which |.»a< fituated on the north fide of the Cavcry, bctiinil a ISioni; bound hedge, was defended by I'.cavy cannon I in the redoubts, and by his field train and army ila- [tiontd to the belt advantage. To the front there a])- jptared at lead ico pieces of cannon, and in the lort jandifland, which formed his fecond line, there were lat lead three times that number. The confederate amy encamped at thi; diftance of about fi.\ miles from the Sultan. Their camp was feparaied in two divifions by a fmall ftream, called the Lockarry river, which runs into the Cavery. The Britilh army formed the front line; the refcrve was Rationed about a mile in the rear, where the Mahratta and Nizam's armies were aifo polled, but at a Hill further dillance. But the Bri- tilh commander did not fulfer his troops to enjoy »■ long repofc in this liation ; for. On the 6th of February, general orders were ilTiied,' diredling an attack upon the enemy's camp and lints that evening at feven o'clock. The right divifion, confining of 3300 infantry, was commanded by gene- ral Meadows; the centre, conlilling of 3700, by lord Cornwallis 'n pcrfon; and the left, which only amounted .0 1700 men, by lieutenant-colonel Max- well. At eight o'clock the whole body was under arms; the evening was calm and ferene, and th« troops moved on by the light of tiu- moon, in determined lilencc. While the column on their march, the cainp left under the cor . of colonel DulF wrm llru'.'k, and the baggage j.a. ived; and this was the firll notice communicated to the allies of the intended at- tack, Their confler^'ation is fcarcely to be imagined, when ihey foimd 'hat lord Cornwallis luul |)roccu(liil on this di'l'peratc enterpriie with a part of his int.uitry only, and luifiippoMed by artillery ; and Tippoo himCelf, it api")cars, had no apprchenlion of fo early a vilit, efpc- cially as neither Furfcram Bhow nor gt;neral Abur- croinbie had yet joined. H o.vcver, between the hours of ten and eleven at night, the centre coluinn, within a mile of the bound hedne, towv-hed upju the enemy's grand guard, or body of cavalry, who were coming with rocket^, &c. to diftiirb the Britilh camp. Thu cavalry gallopud oiF to the lines, and left the rocket boys to haral\ the colutrin, ^ntl endeavour to imptdii its march. Perceiving themfclves thus completely difcovcrcd, the column advanced with uncommon rapidity, and entered the lines in kfs than a quarter of an hour after tlio intelligence coidd have reached tlij enemy. The ric'lu column inet with more impediments, and being' lc(l to a more dilbnt point than was intended by lord Cornwallis, was conliderably later in reaching the hedge than the centre column. It entered, ht)wevcr, about eleven, and the battle became general througii- out the enemy's lines. T.ie right divilion, owing to its late arrival, and to its ha/ing attacked a redoubt which the commander in chief had intended to be palled by, gave time to tin; enemy to form, and fuiTered fevorely from grape and mtilket Ihot during a Iharp contcll, which fjfletl almoll till day-break. The enetny at lenp;th completely gave way before the pcrfevering v;uour uf the Britilh troops; anci at day-break general Meadows found liiinfelf cutn- plctc -nalter of the ield ; but being entirely ignorant of the operations of the other colui^ns, was unable to proceed. The main objet^ of the centre column was, to m: n 1 I I 't tl*" I iH !< 1 S t 1' t M? ui v, ' ll 1 1 ! 'I' ,<• 636 r " A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. to gain poflKrionof llic illand, into which it was their intention Ki pafs along with the fugitives. After en- tering the lines, the Iront divilion of this column foon ilifpcrfed the enemy, and palling the Sultari's tent, which was haliily abandoned, prclFcd forward to the ,river in two divilions. The firit party, commanded by captain Monfon, crolTed the ford under the walls of the fort without op- polition. They proceeded inllantly to the cart gate of the city, but found it (hut, and the bridge drawn tip ; they therefore proceeded through the ifland to an extcnlive bazar, or market-place, where they made a conliderable daughter of (he enemy. T.jis party was alm^H:n, and foon drove the enemy from all their batteries in ihat quarter. Another parly under captain Hunter crolled the river, and ftationcd theinfelves in the ra- jah's garden; but as foon as their polition was difco- vtrtd, they were attacked by fuperior numbers of the cneti'vy, fo that captuin llimtcr was obliged precipi- tately to rcpafs the river, and join lord Cornwallis, where his prefence afterwards materially contributed to his lorillhip's fafety. The centre divilion of this column advanced to the Sultan's redoubt, which they •found abandoned, and afterwards co-operated with colonel Maxwell in the defeat of Tippoo's right wing. Lord Cornwallis with the rcferve remained clofc by that p-.t of the bound hedge where the column had tirft entered; and litre, two hours before day-break, he was joined by captain Hunter's party, who had but juft time to charge iheir cartridges, which were wet with croffing the river, before the whole party was at- tacked by a Ihong body of troops, part of Tippoo's centre and left, who, now recovered Iroin their panic, rallied with redoubled refolution. The conHidt was fupported with inflexible courage on both fulcs, and it was near day-light before the enemy was finally rc- finlfed. Lord Cornwallis then, apprthcnfive of being urroundcd, repaired to the pagoda hill, where he was net by general Meadows, who was in motion to fup- port hi> loidlhip. The left divifion under colonel Maxwell was intended to attack the Caiighaut hill on the right of Tippoo's fortihcd camj), and thence to force their way into the ifland by '.he moll prafticable means. The hill, though ftrong both by nature and art, was gained by colonel Maxwell without iTuich refidancc. The column af- terwards marched down towards the river, though iTUich gaUed by a party who had (licltcrcd themfelves behind a bank, and by the firing from the right of Tippoo's line from behind the bound hedge. They crofTed the ford with much difficulty, and ftwn joined the viftorious parties, who had obtained potfeUion of the rafUrn extremity of the ifland. The battle was thl continued in different parts during the whole of th The moddefpcrateconflia was at the Sultan'j rtd 'II whid. was defond«d by a fmall party „f Britifl, 3 major Kelly, agamft three vigorous attack., feci J by a heavy cannonading from the forts. 1 The troops of the enemy having quitted everv on the north fide o( the river, the camp was adva' on the fuccecding days as near to the bound hedw the guns of the fort would permit, and a chain of connedling along the northern and eaflern faces "*' fort, were formed, fo as ftrongly to inveO the cioit of Myfore oit its two principal fides. Thus ntcir by the invaders in every quarter, his palace and btal (ill gardens in the polFcflion of the enemy, and h vyhole power reduced within the narrow limits of' citadel, the polTellion of which was even unceria' the hitherto unfubdued fpiril of the Sultan feems'l! have given way with his toJtering fortunes; and ptac almoltupon any terms, appeared a delirable acquilin As a preliminary ftcp towards an accommodaiiu he determined to reicafe lieutenants Chalmers ai Nafh, who had been captured at Coimbettore {. the evening of the 8ih of February thtfe oisca were introduced into the Sultan's prcfence. Tht, found him in a fmall tent on the fouth glacii of ih fort, very plainly drclTed, and with few attendant! After acquainting them with their releafc, he afei Mr. Chalmers, it on going to the camp, he was likdi to fee lord Cornwallis; and on being anfwered in ihi affirmative, he requeued that he would take charge a letter to his lordfhip on the fubjedl of peace. Hi affirmed folemnly that it never had been hiswilhorin, tention to break with the Englifh; that from the fir] commencement of holfilities nc had been exircmtli anxious for the reOoration of peace. HeexprcW wilh that Mr. Chalmers would return with the an, fwer, and concluded, by prcfcnting him with iwi (hawls and 500 rupees. Lieutenants Chalmers ani Narti had been remarkably well treated while deiaim by Tippoo. NotwithHanding the Sultan was thus anxioufly deavoiiring to reftore tranqtiillity to his exhaiilfed coui try, his mind was flill fertile ii< the expedients ai Itratagems of war. By one maftcr-ltroke of pojic that of capturing the commander in chief, he hop« to cfFedl his purpofe in a fliortcr and more honourabl mode than by the How and precarious methdd ot nej gotiation. On the 8th and 9th of February, fmaj parties of his cavalry were obfcrved to crofs the CivctJ at the ford near Arakcery (the flation which lurl Cornwallis had occupied in the preceding campaign)! and on the inorning of the 10th a confiderabL' Wl of them got round the left wing iindifcovcred, anT entered between the Britifh camp and tiiat ot the Nl zam. The allies, not fufpedfing ihefe horfcinen tl be enemies, futfered them to pals om quietly; and of their afking fome of the camp-followers for the biirij faib, or commander, thcfe perfons, fuppofing that il huifeir.cl the whole of the 7ih the SuUan'j redoubt, irty of Britifli undj us tttacks, fccond forts. ng quitted every i e camp was advin. I the bound hedge i , and achainof iH)(J 1 eadern faces of t|J f to invert the cipitJ fides. Thus pttid his palace and beautil the enemy, and h| c narrow limits of j was even unceruiiJ f the Sultan feems J { fortunes; and pMcJ a defirable acquilitio 1 an accommodatioij ;enants Chalmers in at Coimbettore, sbruary thefe oflicnj an's prcfence. Thei he fouth glacis of ihl with few atteadanul their releafc, he alliti he camp, he was likdl being anfwered in thi ; would take charge i fubjedl of peace. Hi ad been his wilh or in| i(h ; that from the had been extrcmtljl i)eacc. He expiciyj fd return with the anl _ntiiig him with iwi [tenants Chalmers anJ treated while detaincj vas thus anxioufly _ to itis exhauftea cou liii the expedients ai. Itafter-llroke of pnlic; der in chief, he ho^ •r and more hnnourabl iarious meihiKl of n' Ith of February, fm; ]vcd tocrofstheCivei, |he ftation which ki „ preceding campaign^ ^th a conliclcrab'ii be /mg undifcovcrcd. » Lp and tiiat of the Ni ling ihel'e horfemen i jals on quietly; »ntl" p-followers for the bit fons, fuppofuig that hurfcffici E I^ G L A N D. 6.17 uftmtn only wifhcil to coininunicatc fomc intclli- |lf5 tu colontl Duff, the commanding olTiccr of M\ah pointed to his tent. The horlcmcn then vw their fabres, and galloped to the tent, hut being fcftiinateiy perceived by a party of feapoy drafts and isniii!. w*"' ""^"^^ encamped in the rear of the artil- Lpar'k, and who formed with fingiilar alacrity, and folihc enemy with undaunted firmnefs, they were LiiifpcA^'' and the attempt proved abortive. _ riie Bombay army under general Abercrombic, af- j fjiigiiing march, and after having been in fomc ifteharalftd by detached parties of the enemy ilu- tr their progrcis, joined lord Cornwallis on the i6ih fcbruary, and alKordcd a reinforcement of about iwjo Europeans and 4,000 native troops fit for duty, tparations thtrcfoic were vigoroufly made on tlic i8tli ; (he attack of the fort, not on the ifland fide, lich was dccmcil the ttrongcfl, but on the qiiarte.' le the north, which appeared to lord Cornwallis ...ilfailabiej and trenches were immediately ordered be opened, and batteries to be conflrudled with all dition on that fiile. As it was proper, however, hw off the attention of the enemy as much as ble from thefe operations, on the 19th a divcrlion ordered to be made from the illand, and an aifault projeacd on the enemy's cavalry, wliich was en- mcd on the foulh fide of the river. Major DaU is'c and captain Robertfon, with the 71ft regiment (be 13th battalion of Bengal feapoys, were fcnt ithisenterprife. Captain Robertfon with a party red ihe camp imdi Covered, and with the bayonet upwards of 100 troopers, and double that num.- of horfcs, and retired vvitfiout molellation, and lout ihe lufs of a man. llMhe mean time, a much more important operation carried on during the night of the i9tii; a parallel redoubt having been completed within a fmall inceof the walls (jf the tort, from which it was lyfeparaied by the river. Day-light revealed to the lim ihefc formidable arrangements, and he loll no in endeavouring to defeat their clFe£l. He opened giin he could bring to bear on the parallel, and Continual parties of infantry to harafs the troops, initrriipt the \\ork. Finding thefe exertions to be iiin,Tippoo next endeavoured to deprive the cainp [11 liipplyof water, by altering the courfe, and tva- kinga laiye canal, from which it had been hithLrio BiitJ. To counteradt this injurious opL-ratidii, [[fore, a party was detached under the comttiand of kin VVahab, with pioneers to repair the einbank- |t. They fooii dilloJged the enemy from their Ita- iandasthey had not been able todellroy much of jerabankment, the damage v\'as prcfently repaired, 'e water reftored to itsacculloinLit channel. Tie grand operation of the liege commenced on the I. by opening the trenches, and a heavy difchargc mH the batteries; in the mean time, the Bombay 1 ciolfed the liver, in order to inveft the weltern fide of the capital. Soine little refillancc was made to gciierrt' Abcrcrombie's eltablilhing himfelf on that lido of t!i ; river; but towards evening the paity which op- pol-d iiiin was difpcrfed. General Abercrombir'g f' ice on the fouth (ide of the river conlKUd of three regiments of Europeans and (ix battalions of feapoys. His camp, (Irongly (ituated on the heights, was pitchul jull beyond the gim-lhot of the fort. In conf.quencc; of the application through lieutenant Chalmers, lord Cornwallis agreed to receive vakeels or envoys to treat of peace. Oil the 1,5th, 16th, lyth, and aill, fir John Ken- naway, and Mr. Cherry, aHided by vakeels from tho Ni/.am's fon, and Hurry Punt, the Mahratta chief, met the agents of the Sultan, but apparently little pro- grefs was made in the negotiation, (0 that the liege Itiil continued without intcrmillion; and on the sad, general Abcrcrombie, conceiving it uecellary to take polIlHion of an evacuated redoubt and a grove, fituated between his camp and tiie fort, the poU'ellion was warmly difputed by a detachment, chieHy confining of difinounted cavalry; and though the Britidi were in the end vi£tor!ous, it was not till after the lofs of 104 men killed and'svounded. On the 22d and 23d of February, during the nights, new works were ereded, and two breaching batteries, one of twenty, and the other of twelve guns, would havo been ready to open on the t(l of March. The Mah- ratta army, commanded by Purferam lihow, and con- filling of 20,000 horfc, a body of feveral thoufand infantry, and 30 pieces of cannon, was expcited daily to join, as well as major Cuppage from the Coimbet- tore country, with 400 Europeans, and three batta- lions of feapoys. In the mean time, Tippoo had been compelled to fend oH'" all his cavalry, as well as his workmen and camp-followers, to Myfore. The Bri- lifli army was well fupplied with every neceffary, and that of the Sultan in want of every thing. The monarch of Myfore was compelled, in this hopelefs lltuation, to accept of whatever terms were ofi-ercd by the I5ritilh commander. Lord Cornwallis in this i.illancc is fiippofed to have been adluated by motives of policy rather than by any doubt of fuccefs, in capitulating with Tippoo. The beft informed per- fons on the politics of India have been averfe to the annihilation of the Myforcan power; and it is gene- rally fiippofcd i.hat the governor-general rather wilhed it to be humbled than d.llroyed. However this may be, preliminaries of peati: were figned on the evening of the 23d of February, and on the following day there was an entire cell'ation of hoftilities. The lub- llanie ol the treaty was — " I. Tha; Tippoo was to cede one half of his dominions to the allied ]5ovvers. " II. That he was to pay three crores and thirty lacks of riipe:s. " III. That all prifoiiers were to be rcflored. " IV. That two of the Sultan's three cldeit fons 7 Y ^ were U \ W \m m !,' i il ' ■'M 1 I . I J ». !/ iV!' mi IHM ''ill n. (; 'iril-^^' C38 A NEW AND COMPM'TR SYSTEM or UNIVERl to incorporate them, in order to their carrying on a trade to the South-Sea, and they were accordingly incorpo- rated under the title of " The Governor and Company j of Merchants of Great-Britain trading to the South- Seas, and other parts of America, and lor encouraging I the Fiihery," lie. But the defign of creating this com- pany was never carried into execution, nor any trade! ever undertaken by tliem, except the Allienlo, inpiir-j fuaiice of the treaty of Utrecht, for liirnifhin^ ihel Spaniards with negroes; of which this company was depiivcd, as ilic Eall-Inilij- Pi Ltfival, iip"'> rc^'vin^ icjo.oool. in lieu of all claimi jV^^Upjin^ by a convention between theioir»sofCireat- lrjj'||,n(l'S|iain in 1748. Toon altcrthe treaty<)f'Ai\-la- Qjix Ic- ^""'^ other fmm were lint to tlir j^ivcrn- «iit in the reign of qnccn Anne, at (Ix iicr cent ; J in the thiril of George I. the intercll of tlic whole . ftJiiced to fivo per cent, and they ailvnmtd (oioool. more to the government at tl>e fame in- tuit This company, by the Ibliite 6 Geor^^c I. ,j jiflpowcred to redeem all or any of the rcilcem- Llc national debts; in confidcration of which, the (oMiny had liberty to aiignxcnt their cnpitsi, accord- j 10 the fums they flioiild difihargc ; bclidcs other 'mm ihcy were by the fame Ilatnte invellcd with ; Uon the laft-mcnticned flatutc was executed the fatal litmc executed in the year 1720. The company had at fir(l fet out with good fiiccefs ; ihc value of their (lock, for the (ir(t rtve years, had ifi, fjiler than that of any other company ; and his ,i(ttv, after piirchaling io,oooI. (lock, had con- /(tnilcd to be ihtir governor. Things were thus iiBicd, when, taking advantajre of the above ftatntc, It South-Sea bubble was projcftcd : the pretended ;limof whiih was, to raifc a fund for carrying on a to the South-Sea, and piirchafing annuities, ^c. jd to the other cotnpanies : propouls were then jintcd and dillribiited, fliewing the advantages of the Itljgn, and inviting perfons into it. The fiim necelfary I'cairying it on, together with the profits that were natifi: troin it, were divided into a certain number of lircs, or fubfcriptions, to be piirchafcd by perfons to adventure therein ; and the better to carry I'lhe deception, the direflors engaged to make very Ijge dividends; and aiSlually declared, thai every lool. mnal ilnck would yield ,50!. per annum ; which oc- Liioncd fo great a rife of their (lock, that a fliarc of lOcl. was fold for upwards of 800I. This was in tiie wndi of July ; but before the end of Scpteinbcr it I to 1,50!. by which mnltitiKics were ruined, and Kliafcene of dillrefs occafioned, as is fcarcely to be wceivcd. The confequence of this infamous fcheme i too well known ; moft of the directors jvcre fe- itly fined, to the lofs of nearly all their property ; ! though foinc of them had no hand in the de- iption, nor gained a farthing by if, yet it was infidcd Ky ought to have oppofcd, and endeavoured to pre- [iniii, as far as lay in their power. I Several regulations refpe£ling the capital flock and kcompts (if this company were made by a flatiite jGwgell. when their Hock amounted to 14,651,1031. I. id. Their annuities, &c. arc now reduced 103!. per h. In every general court, each member having in (sown name and right 500I. in trading Hock, has one ki ii 2oocl. two votes ; if 3000I. three votes ; and fjcool. tour votes. This company is under the di- ttion of a governor, fub-governor, deputy-governor, pJ iwenty-one diredlors ; but no pcrfon is'qualificd *" be governor, his niajefty excepted, unlcls fuch E N G L A N n. 6']'} governor han, in hi-i own name and right, ,5000!. in the trading (lock: the fidi-gov^.-inor i% to liu\c .pool, the deputy-governor ;)f"ojl. and a dircdor fiocol. in the f.ime Hock. The South-Sea Company dill ronlinuci to divide four per cent, on their prcfent ca|)iial (ttK-k ; which they ate enabled to do from the profits they make on the lums allowed to tiiem for the iiiana;;ement of thf; aimnilic* paid at tlicir ollicc, and from the intcied of annuitii'ii which are not claimed by the nwners, No expedient could liave been thought of, which would have fo far contributed to the cxienlion of travie, as the prailicc of Insurance, by which means every merchant can feciirc his cargo from the danger of feas and enemies. Infurancc is performed in the following iTianner: when a pcrfon is difpofed to infiire the whole or any part of his cargo, he employs a broker, who, in a printed policy of infurancc, i'pecifies the name of the fliip in which the cargo is embarked, the voyage upon which Ihc is bound, the value of the miTciian- dizc, and the conditions of infurancc. This he prc- fents to different mcrchatits who arc willing to iiiulcr- write, and they fubfcribe their names fordifterent fums, as they think proper, until the whole value is fiib- fcribcd, receiving in the mean time the premium, each in proportion to the fum he has imderwritten ; after which, if the Ihip is call away, or taken by the enemy, fo that tlic cargo is loll, the proprietor has recourfc upon the mrers, who are obliged to indemnify him, by paying ilic rcfpcdlive fums they fubfcribed. lieddes fevcral piivatc ollices for infurancc, where the above policies of private underwriters are duly entered and regidercd, there arc two corporations, ellablilhcd for this purpofc by ad of parliament, by the titles of the Royal-E:ichangc-A(rurance, and the London-Af- furancc. They have each an cxclufivc privilege againft all other infuring focietics for fliipping and iner* chandi/es, but this does not interfere with any man's private right of infuring. Dy a calculation made not many years ago of the number of iuliabiiants in London, they then amounted to 174,000. It is ever to be laincntcd, that, after the conflagration in iG()6, the city of London was not rebuilt agreeable to the inagniliceiu, elegant, and uftful plan of the great Sir Chriltophcr Wren, which, through the infatuation of thofc limes, was totally difreganied, and fucriticcd to the mean and felfilh views of private property: had that great architcdl's plan been followed, the me- tropolis of this kingdom would inconteflably have been the mod iiiagniticciit and elegant city in the uiiivcrfe, and of confequence mud, from the prodigious relort of foreigners of dirtiiidion and taflc, who wouhl have vifitcd it, have become an iiiexhaulliblc fund of uches to this nation. The Constitution of England may properly be faid to partake of monarchy, arillocrcay, and democracy ; for •:;.•' u "ill! n.n\ 640 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. tor fifll, the cxec'.itive p(5wcr of the laws being lodg'.'d in a (hu'Jc pcrfon, tiny have all the advantages nf ilangth and diibatth that are to be found in ablbliite monrchy : fecoiully, the k'ng, and the lords fpiritual :i!id temporal, was to form an arKiocracy ; and thirdly, tile ilouie of Commons bcinu Ireeiy chofen by the people from among themfelvcs, make a democracy. Thefe tlirte bodies conltiiute tiie Briiilli parliament, which lias the fiipreme diCpol'al of evtiy thing ; and there can be no inconvenience attempted by either of tlie three blanches, but will be withllood by one of theothertwo,eachbranch being armed with a negative power, fufficient to rcpelany innovation which it may think inexpedient ordangcrous. In no other manner whatever could thefe three forins of government have been fo prudently and fo happily united. Onr excellent conftilution is fo admirably con- trived, that nothing can endanger or hurt it, but the dv.(lroying the equilibritnn of power between one branch of the legilljture and the relt. The pnncipal duty of the king is to govern his people according to law. And accordingly it isf prefsly declared, by the i2th and i3lh ftatutes of W i Jiam III. that " the laws of England are the birth- right of the people thereof; and all the kings and queens who ihail afcend the ''irone of this r(;alm, ought to adminifler the government of the fame, ac- cording to the faid laws ; and all their oflicers and minilkrs ought to fcve them refpc6livcly according to I he fame : and therefore all *he laws and Ilatutes of this realm, for fcturing the eilablillied religion, and the rights and liberties of the people thereof, and all other laws and Ilatutes of the fame now in force, are by his maiedy, by and with the advice and confent of the lurds fpiritnal and temporal, and commons, by authority of the fame, ratified and confirmed ac- cordingly." ' T-I'.e original contrail between king and people, is now couched in the coronation oath, and adminiftercd to every king or q'.ieen who Ihall fiiecced to the im- perial crown of the realm, by one of the archbilhops «r biihops of the realm, ' in the prefence of all the people ; who, on their parts, alio reciprocally take the oath of allcgia/ire to the crown. The king engag* s, by his uath, to govern his people and doLUinions ac- cirding to the (lalu'cs, laws, or cudoms agreed on in parliament. — To caufe law and ju!Uce to be cxecnted in all his jiiHgmcnis. — To maintain, to tlie iitmolt of hi-- po.ver, the laws of God, t!)c true prolellion of the golpe!, and the Proitltant reiorniod religion ; and to preierve to the biihops, clergy, and churches, all their ri^ht.'i ai.d privileges. ()i e of the principnl bulwark? of civil liberty, or of the Britidi coiiliiiiitiuii, was the limitation of the kiiig's j-rcrog:ui\<: by bounds fo certain and notnric n.s, tliui It is inipoliible he ihould ever exceed them, vsim- oiit the con'ent of ll,e people on one liai;d ; or with- out a violation of that onginal coniradl which cx- prtf^ly loblills between tile priu.c and the fiibjed, on the other. \ 3 The king, by virtue of lii prerogative, niayrdeftl Pills, make treaties, coin money, create peers i psirdon offence., at his plcafurc; unlefs where thc'c 1 ititution hath txpref>ly, or by evident confcquJe' laid down fomc e.xctption or boundary, declarini;th il the prerogative ihall go no further than to fuchaiief tent. But ih)iigh the king may exercife thefe pre* rogatives, yet if the conf qiicnces of that exertion I evidently tend to the diTadvaiitage or diihoiio-rsf ,1,. kingdom, the parliament will call liis advifers to a iuft and fevere account. The king may, for inilancc, make a treaty with a foreign Hate, which Ihall bid the nation ; and yet, when fuch treaties have been jiidged perniciouf, impeachments have purfued ihofe miniltcrs by whofe agency they were concluded. The king may alfo levy armies and fit out fleets, for the defence of I his kingdom, the annoyance of his enemies, or the ' fupprcfiioii of rebellions ; grant commillions to his officers, both by fea and land, or revoke them at pleafure ; difpofe of all magazines, caitlcs, &c. funi- mon the parliament to meet, and, when met, adjuurii prorogue, or dili'olvc it; and may refufe his aflem to any bill, though it has palTcd both Houfes. Hepolltfe alfo the right of choofing his own council ; of i.omi. nating all the great officers of date, of the lioufehold and the church ; and, in fine, is the fountain of honour| from whom all degrees of nobility and knighthood are derived. To endeavour at tracing the original inftitution of parliaments, would be attempting an imponibility, as all accounts which htve been tranfmitted to us on that head are equally vague and uiifaiisfadlory. General councils have been held in England, time immemorial, under tiie feveral names of inii.hcl-lyn.)ili, or great council ; michcl-gemot, or great meeting ; and wittena- gemote, or the meeting of wife men. It is, how- ever, univerfally agreed, that the foundation of par- liament, as it now Ibnds, was laid in the great chatter granted by king John, in the year 12 ij, whtrtin he promifes to fummor. all archbilhop.s biihops, ab- bots, earls, and greater barons, perfonally ; and all other tenants in chief under the crown, by the Iheriffs and bailiffs ; to meet at a certain ])lace, after forty days notice, to aliefs aids and fcutages when necelfary. 1'iic word parliament is derived from the French parkmciit, Ipeakmg or debating, and iignilies no m^r"^ than a place a 'pointed fur perlens to nieu and comer together. It was firli: applied to general alleiublicsuf the Kates in Erancc under Louis VII. about the midule of the tvsellih century. According to the prcfcnt form of parliament, the king alone lias the power, of allembling it, which ij done by his writ or letter ilfued eiit ot cliaiictry, by advice of the privy-council, at leall forty days belorc It begins to fit ; and this he is obliged to do every year, or ofteiier, il need be. The fitting of parliament mull nut be iatcnnitted above three years. Tlie i EaoP'-l ENGLAND. 641 The parliament confifts of the king and the three I « ijjofthe realm, viz. the lords fpiritual and tempo- I who fit. together v ith the king, in one houfe ; i J (he commons, who lit by themfelves, in another. I The lords fpiritual confirt of the two archbilhops of Icanterbury and York, and twenty-four bifhops, who |yj or are fuppofed to hold, certain baronies under . j-iiig. In the tyc of the law, and in mod afts I fpjjliainent, the lords fpiritual arc confidered as a ilincl cftatc from the lords temporal 5 but in pradice I (ley are generally blended together, under the one I 'jofthe lords : they intermix in their votes, and the InBiority of fuch intermixture binds both eltates. The Ibilhops, however, arc not confidered as peers of the litalm, but merely lords of parliament. The lords [itmpo'ralconlill of all the peers of the realm by what- ptr title (iillinguilhed ; dukes, marquifes, carls, vi'.- counts, or barons. Some of thefe fit by dcfcent, as do all ancient peers ; fome by creation, as do all new- nude ones i others by eledion, which is the cafe of ijie lixteen peers, who reprcfent the body of the Scots [BcVility. The commons confift of all fuch men of any pro- |nr<" 'n the kingdom, as have not feat^ in the houfe [of Im^i ; every one of whom has a voice in parliament, [titlicr perfonally, or by his reprefcntatives. The jcouniics are reprefented by knights, eledted by the . prietors of lands ; and the cities and boroughs are IJeprcfentcd by citizens and burgelFes, chofen by the [metcauiile part, or fuppofed trading intereft of the jiation. The number of Englifii reprefcntatives is 5 13, iof Scots fifty-four, in all 558 ; and every member. High chofen for one particular diftrid, when eleded [inii returned, fcrves for the whole realm ; his bufincfs |m being confined to the advantage of his conllituents lonly, but to that of the common wealth ; and to ad- Ifife his majcl'^ therefore he is not bound to confult Kith, or take the advice of his conftituents upon any IpiTiicular point, unlefs he thinks it proper or prudent llotodo. The king, and thefe three eftates, when afTcmbled, Iforra the great corporation, or body politic of the |Biion;and when they firft come together, the king IlKets thera, either in perfon, or by his rcprcfcntative, liithout which there can be no commencement of par- liamEiit. Each of thefe etlates are equally necelfury, llheconfent of all three being required to make any Ijeivlaw which is to bind the fubjedl ; then fore what- ner is enadlcd for law by one, or by two of the tl.rce, |is no ilatiite, and no regard is due to it, unlefs in Biters relating to their own privileges. But the par- lliimcnt, coniidcrcd as one body, has fovercign and mcomroUable authority in making, confirming, cn- Targing, rellraiiiing, abrogating, repealing, reviving, W txpoiinding of laws, concerning miticrs of all pollible denominations, ecclcfiaflical or temporal, civil, military, maritime, or criminal. All mil^hiefs and fininccs, operations and remedies, that uaMlcciid the ordinary courfe of the laws, are within the reach of this high tribunal. It can regulate or new-model the fucccflion to the crown ; alter the efiablinicd le- ligif n of the land ; change and create afrelh even the cotitiitution of the kingdom, and of parliaments tliem- felves ; and, in (hort, do every thing which is not natu- rally impoHIble to be done. But, as terrible confc- quences might cnfue from placing fuch unbounded authority in perfons, who may prove incapable or improper to manage it, the law enacts that no one am fit in either houfe of parliament unlefs he be twenty- one years of age: that no member fhall vote or fit in either houfe, till he hath in the prefence of that houfe taken t(ie oaths of allegiance, fuprcmacy, and abjura- tion i and fubfcribed and repeated the declaration againil tranfubfiantiation, invocation of faints, and the facri- fice of the mafs : and that no alien born out of the dominions of the crown of Great-Britain, even though he be naturalized, (hall be capable of being a member of cither houfe of parliament. The high court of parliament, like every other court of jurtice, has its own peculiar law, whiclv is founded on the following bafis, viz. "that whatever matter arifes concerning either houfe of parliament, ought to be examined, difculled, and adjudged in that houfe to which it relates, and not elfewhere." The privileges of parliament are indefinite ; but amongft the mod re- markable of them are, privilege of fpeech, of perfon, of domeltics, and of lands and goods. Both houfes of parliament have laws and cuftoms peculiar to each ; , but thofc of the upper houfe are by far the moll ex- tenfive, as are likewife its privileges. It is the highell court of judicature in the kingdom, and from its fcn- tence there is no appeal. The members of parliament have a right, and arc: confiantly attended by the judges of the courts of King's-Bcnch, Common-Pleas, and fuch of the barons of the Exchequer as are of the degree of the coit, or have been made ferjcants at law, as alfo by thu mailers of the court of chancery, for their advice in point of law, and for the greater dignity of their pro- ceedings, P'ormcrly the fecretaries ot fiatc, the at- torney and folicitor-general, and the reft of the king's council, being ferjeants, ufed to attend the Houfe of Peers, and to this day their regular writs of fiimmoi's are iti'uedoutat the beginning of every parliament; but many of them having been of late years members of the Houfe of Common':, their attendance is diipciifid with. Every peer may, by licence obtained from the king, make atiother loid of parliament his proxy, to vote for him in his abfence ; and he has alfo a right, by leave of the houfe, when a vote palFes contrary to his feiitinients, to enter his diiibnt on the jourf.als of the houfe, with the reafons for fiich diflent, which is ufiially fiykd his protefi. All bills likewife that may in their confcqueticcs any way aftciSt the rights of the peerage, are by the ciilioiii of parliametit to have their tirft rile and bcginniiiij in ilie Houic of Peers, and to T Z fuffcr 1 '(< U: * ml il c 1, 'it^ ■* \ \ S' '1, If 'S :| i\' MM, ;- S «l <■ 1 1 f.> M ll « 642 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. AilFer no changes or amendments in- the Hoiifc of Commons. As to the peculiar laws and cuftoms of the Hoiife of Commons, thefc confift principally in the railing of taxes, and the ele£lions of members to fcrvc in par- liament. It always has been their indifputablc right and privilege, that all grants of fiiblidies, and par- liamentary aids, ihoiild begin in the lower houfe, and be fird bellowed by them ; though their grants arc not to ail intents and purpofcs cfFcdual, until they have received the affcnt of the other two branches of the Iciillature; and Co jealous are they cf tliis valuable piiviloge, that they will not fuffer the other houfe to exert any other power herein, but that of rejecting ; not allowing them to make the lead alteration or amendment to the mode of taxing the people by a money bill ; which is the appellation given to all bills whereby money is to be raifed upon the fubjed. Previous to the entering upon, and for the more ready difpatch of bulinefs, each houfe has its fpeaker : that of the Houfe of Lords, is the lord-chancellor, or fome other nobleman appointed by the king's commillion ; but that of the Houfe of Commons is chofen by its own members, and mud be approved of by his inajefty. With refpcdl to a bill, if the relief fought by it is of a private nature, a petition muft be prefented before it is brought into the houfe ; which petition lifually fets forth the grievance defired to be remedied, and is always prefented by a member. Sometimes upon the mere petition, leave is given to bring in the bill ; but, if it is founded on fads which may be in their nature difputed, it is referred to a committee of Biembers, who examine the matter alleged, »nd, ac- cording to their report, it is admitted or rcjeded : if the former, the perfons direded to bring in the bill, in a competent time prefeut it to the houfe, drawn cut upon paper, with a number of blanks, where any thing occurs that is dubious, or necelTary to be fettled by the parliament itfclf. This is read a firft time, and at a convenient diRancc a fecond time ; and after rach reading the fpeaker opens to the houfe the fub- llance of the bill, and puts the queftion whether it ihall proceed any further. The introdoflion of the bill may be originally oppofcd, as the bill itfelf may at either of the readings ; and, if the oppofitioii Aic- « ecds, the bill mull be dropped for that fcHion ; as it inuil alfo, if oppofcd with fucccfs, in any of the fub- fequent ftagts. If the bill obtains a fecond reading, it is coinmittcd, or refcrrtd to a committee, which, in matters of fmall importance, is appointed by the lunifc ; but, upon a bill tif confcqiiciice, the houfe rcfolves itlVlf into a committee of the whole houfe : the fpeaker then quits the chair, v/liich is tilled by another member, and fits and dtbatts as a private mciribcr. In tlicfe comrriitfcs the lull is dtbatcd claufe by claufe, amend- nicnts made, the blanks tilled up, and fomelimcs the bill entirely iicw-inodtlltd^. Alter it lias palled the committee, the chairman reports it to the houf fuch amendments as the committee have mad'-'' then the houfe reconfiders the whole bill aga'^' ' the quellion is repeatedly put upon every daili' ^ amendment. When the houfe have ai-rccd o't agreed to the amendments of the committJ i fometimcs added new amendments of their ow' J bill is then ordered to be engroflcid, that is, writ't' ■f a flrong grofs hand, on one or more long rolk" parchment fevvcd together. When this is finifted" is read a third time, and amendments are tmv a then made to it; and if a new claufe be add»d done by tacki.ig a i^parate piece of par.hmem'npol the bill, which js called a rider. The fpeaker th J again opens the contents ; and, holding it up i„ ul hands, puts the queflion, whether the bill ftia'l mf I If this pallbs in the affirmative, the title to it Jsth | fettled, and one of the members is ordered to prcfej it to the lords for their concurrence, Accordiiwl'l being attended by fcveral more members, lie carries ■ to the bar of the Houfe of Peers, and there dcliveil it to their fpeaker, who comes down from his wool fack to receive it. Here it pafles through the fanj forms as in the lower houfe, except that cf eiK^roffin J when, if it is rejcded, no more notice is taken c'fti but, if it is agreed to, the lords fend a meflaffp two mailers in chancery, or by tu o of the mic' that they have agreed to the fame; andthebiiul mains with the lords. But, if the upper houfe hal made amendments in the bill, which fometimcs haa Feus, both amendments and bill are returned to tS loufe of Commons to receive their concurrence, the commons difagree to the amendments, a conl ference between fome members, deputed from tacl houfe, ufually follows, who generally adjull tiiediS ference; but if both hoiifes remain iiillexible, th| bill is dropped. On the other hand, if the comiiioij agree to the air.endments, the bill is fcnt luik tl the lords by one of the members, with a raeiEige tJ acquaint them therewith. When a bill begins in the Houfe of Lords, it isl when of a private nature, referred to two of m judges, to examine and report the ft.ite of tiiefaiTj alleged ; to fee that all ncccllary parties confcnt, ; to fettle all points of tiohnical piopriciy; after wl: the fame forms are obferved as in the fhuifc of Cm mons. But when an adl; of grace or pardon is pa'JeJl it is firft ligned by the king, and then read once onl| in each of the houfes, without any new engroliiiigc amendment. W^hcn both houfes have done with a bill, it is all ways dcpofitcd in the Houfe of Peers to wait tlierovJ all'cnt ; except in the cafe of a nKnicy-bill, wiiiclJ after receiving the concurrence of the lords, is kaj back to the Houfe of Commons. The royal allent to a bill may be given twn Hivsl firft in perfon ; when the king comes to the Minii'eo Peers, in his crown and royal tobcs, aud fending iol ilr any new engroliii.g t tobcs, and fending io , jpmmons to the bar, the titles of all the bills Tthave palleJ both houfo are read, and his majcfty's i fwers are declared by the clerk of parliament J'" Norman French, to the following effea : if he I nftn's to a public bill, k ray U veiit, " the king wills IvVto be;" if to a private h'xW, Jolt fait comme il ejl I L ■ iibe it as it is deiired." If he refufes hiscon- Tz, '/, ^jy xVt'.^^ra, "the king will advife upon it." Wen he alfents to a money-bill, le roy remercie fes loyals i\i3i t'CiCj'lt-' Iciir benevolence, et aujft le veut, " the {[njr thanks his loyal fubjeds, accepts their benevo- htiiK, and wills it fo to be." When an aft of grace Lpjffeil, the clerk of parliament.pronounces the grati- LX of'thc fubjefts in Norman French to the fol- lowing purport. Les prelats, feigneurs, et commum, en 1',, ptftnt parkment ajjembles, au mm de touts vos au- Iris ["j'^'i rcmercieitf trh humblement votre majeji'c, et I M a Dieu vous dinner en /ante bonne v.'e et hn.c^ue / "The prelates, lords, and commons, in this prefent Imrliament alTcmbled, in the name of all your other Letts, moft humbly thank your majcfty, and pray toGod to grant you in health and wealth long to live." The fecond metiiod whereby the king may give his laffent, is by letters patent under his great feal, figned kith his hand, and notified, in his abfence, to both houfes alTembicd together in the Houfe of Lords. When : bill has recc;ivcd the royal aflent in either of thefc i;ays, it is then, and not before, a (latute, oradlof Kirliamont, and it cannot be altered, amended, dif- Vmld with, fufpended, or repealed, but in the fame Ifonns, and by the fame authority of parliament. Parliaments are aibjed to adjournments, prorogations, tanu diiruliitions. An adjournment is only the con- Itinuancc of the feflion from one day to another, and is done by the authority of each houfe, fcparately, I every day, and fometimes for a fortnight or a month I together: bur the adjournment of one houfe is no ad- Ijournment to the other. A prorogation is the continuance of parliament from lorefelilon to anotiier; and is done by the royal autho- [lily, exprcired cither by the lord-chancellor in his jmajeiiy's prcfcnce, or by cornmiflion from the crown, I or Ircquently by proclamation. I A iiilTointion is the civil death of the parliament, and linay be efftdtd three way : hrft, by the king's will, ttxprcircdtither in pcrfon.or by repr( fentation ; Iccondly, ibyihe demife of the crown; and thirdly, by length Icfiirae. Under ditferent luonarclis this period has jbcen cxtendul and contrailcd ; but as our cdnltitution [no.v Hands, the pailiament muil expire at the end of liver;? fevenili year, if not fooner diltolvcd by the royal urerogaiive. I The laws of England have affigned the king a divcrfity j»f councils, in order to ailKl him in tiie difdiarge of jhi diiiits, and the exertion of iiis preroi\ili\e. Aniorg jthtfcihe firll is the high court of parliament, alroady Iconlidcred. The fecond are the peers of the realm, J we by Uitir dignity hereditary couafcUors, and ENGLAND. 643 may be called together to impart their advice, in a' I matteru of importance to the realm, cither in time of parliament, or, when there is no parliament in being. And bcfides this general meeting, each individual peer of the realm has a right to demand an audience of the king, and to lay before him, with decency and refpeft, fuch matters as he judges of importance to the public weal. A third council belonging to the king, are his judges of the courts of law, with regard to all matters concerning the laws of England. The principal coiuicil belonging to the king is his privy-council, generally called, by way of eminence, "The Council." The king's will is the fole conflitucnt: of a privy-counfellor, and this' alfo regiihiies their number, which was formerly twelve. Alierwards it increafed to fo large a niunber, that it was found iir- convenient for fecrccy and difpatcli ; and accordingly king Charles II. in the year 1679, limited the number to tliirty ; fifteen whereof were to be principal officers of ftate, and the other fifteen compolt'l of ten lords and five cotnmoners, chofen by the king. At the fame time the ancient office of lord prcfident of the council was revived in the perfon of Anthonv, earl of Shaftefbnry. That oflicc is flill cfmtinued ; but the number of counftllors has fince been greatly aug'- mented, and now continues indefinite. Privy-coun- fellors arc made by the king's nomination, without patent or grant, and fubjcfl to removal at his dif- cretion. Every privy-coun('elli>r, before he takes his feat at the council-board, miifl take the o:jth of office,, in which are contained all the duties of his function, confifling of the fcvcn following articles: 1. To ad- vife the king according to the bell of his cunning and difcretion. 2. To advife for the king's honour and the good of the public, without partiality through af- fection, love, meed, doubt, or dread. 3. To keep the king's counfcl Iccret. 4. To avoid corriiptlnn, ,5. To help and flrengthcn the execution of \\liat fliall be there refolvcd. 6. To withlland all ptrlbns who would attempt the contrary. And 7. To obferve, keep, ar.d do all that a good and true counfellor ought to do for his fovereign lord. The power of the privy-council confills in inquiring into all offences againll the govern- ment, and in committing ofFenilers to fafe cuitody, in order to take their trial in foine of the courts of law. But their jurifdiotion docs not extend to punifhment, and the perfons coinmittcd by them are entitled to their Habeas Corpus, equally with thofe committed by an ordinary jiiilice of the peace. In this council the civil government is regulated, and every new ineafure of the adniiniiiration pro]iult:d and planned. Ileie alfo all the appeals from litlaiid and the plantations are determined. The privy-counftllors fit at the board bare-headed vvhcti the king j)rcildes in perfon. In all debates the lowell delivers his opinion firft ; and the fovereign, at la'l, by declaring his fenii- ments, determines the quellion, A privy-coiuilellor, though a gcniicman only, takes precedence of ali knights m Mi '."m »■ I, a'lf i.U.l: m •i I' SI ■. !■ ^: 644 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. knights and younger Ions of b::ron$, and his perfuti is held facrcd. Upon any unforcfeen emergency, which the laws do not talyas created is finilhed, he breaks his rod terminates his ollicc. ' The lord chancellor preddes in the court of chancerv*'^ which is deemed a court of equity, where caufes al/ determined according to the didaies of (hia juiy and reafon. The falary of this great port amountstd above fcven thoufand pounds a year. Sometimes ihd poll of lord chancellor is filled by another otliccrl called lord keeper. There is no difference in authoriiy] power, or precedence, between the lord keeper anil lord chancellor, but there is a difference between ihcnl in creation. The lord keeper is created by the kin J delivering the great feal into his hands, and his lakiiJ the oath ; but the lord chancellor h.as alfo a patent. The lord high treafurer is inveded with his office bi receiving a white flaff from the king: but, lincethl acceihon of the prefent 'royal family, the oilice hi been put into commiffion, and the bufinefs ofthi revenue managed by five commiliioners, called lords o| the treafury ; but the prefiding commillioner h fup., pofed to polfefs the whole authority of the lord hisi] treafurer. The power of this officer is very great] for he has, in fadl, the public finances in his hands! together with the letting leafes of all the crowiT lands, and the gift of an amazing number of lucralivi places. The lord preddent of the council is cheated b"lettctt patent under the great feal. He propcfes'all ihd bulinefs tranfatSted at the council-board, and, wlieJ the king is abfent, reports to him all the debates anij proceedings. This is a place of great dignity, i well as diHiculty. The lord privy-feal is an officer of great tiudj all charters, pardons, and grants, figned by the king, palij through his hands before they receive the confirmaiioiif of the great feal. He alfo feals warrants for pcndonsj and the payment of money in other affairs, which c not require the confirmation of the great feal. Hei refponfible if he gives the fandlion of the privy-feal tol any thing contrary to the laws of the land. f The office of lord chamberlain of England is hcreJ ditary in the duke of Ancalter's family. This offiaij has great power, and enjoys a conliderable nnmbci ofl perquifitcs. He takes care to provide every neceHarfl in the Houfc of Lords during the time of parliamcntjl and the government of the whole palace, at Wcft-I minller, belongs to him. He itliics warrants toll preparing and lurnilhing WellminlUr-llall tor coroJ nations and trials of peers ; and the gcnilcmaii-ulhfij of the black rod, with his deputies, aie under l;i« command. Upon folemn occalions, the kcysot WVit-j minlter-Hall, the Court of Wards atid Ciurt of RcJ quells, arc delivered to him. He is entitled to incryf m EuK""^'] F. N G L A N D. 645 I J locl'-ing '" ^^° king's court, to certain fees from K bilh»ps when they do homage or fealty to the [?'« and alfo from all peers iit their creation. At. the I enwny "f a coronation he receives forty ells of I fflfon velvet for his own robes. His majeRy's night ['" 1 alfo, together with the bed and furniture of liking's cliamber, arc his fees. At that ceremony |r»alks with a white ftafF in his hand. I The ^oxi high condabie was formerly an officer of |j,,i,i2heft trull; he was commander of all the king's |V jnil garrifons, and took place of all other military JoJcers in the field. A power fo extenfive as this, was ikoiight too much for any fubjcd to enjoy, and ac- ^inoly the pod has not bcun filled fince the at- iliiii(]c°3nd cxDCUiion of Stafford, duke of Bucking- \h!t\ in 'li« y-'^'' '5^'' <^^<-"4'' ^^ coronations, when a iofd'liigh conllable is created to alRll at that fplendid Xhe pod of earl marflial of England has long been Ikreditary ir the duke of Norfolk's family. This was formerly of great importance. The earl imarlliai, in time of war, was judge of all martial oufec, which he decided according to the principles lofthecivil law. If the caufc could not be decided by dial method, it was left to a perfonal combat, which ,,ia attended with a vaft variety of ceremonies, the iteiilation of which fell within the marflial's province. 'jljftill regulates all points of precedency according to iIk archives kept in the herald's office. He marflials the ceremony at the proclamation and coronation of lin-'s, their marriage?, interviews, feflivals, and fu- ttnls. The office of lord high admiral of England is now , put into commillion ; the lad who filled that poll being George prince of Denmark, and hufband to queen Anne. The adtniralty ('f England is a board of direc- tion, as well as execution, and indcjiendcnt even of tkcwvn itfelf in its proceedings. The board of ad- miralty regiiiales the whole naval force of the realm, jndeiihcr names all its oflicers, or confirms them when lunicd; fo that its power is very cxtcniive. All pro- Itsedings in the court of adiTiiniliy are determined ac- Lding to the maxims of the civil law ; except trials lor piracy, murder, and other caj.ital oftliice.s when ik criminals are tried according to tiie laws of Eug- :y, by witnclFcs and a jury ; by a fpccial commillion of the king to the lord high admiral, fomc of the judges being always comniilliouers. Courts of Law and Ecjiiity come next under con- jlii'.cratliMi. The principal of fhefe, and next in dig- nity to the patlianicnt, is the Court of Chancery, in- iJiiiitcdas a court of equity to mitigate, in many cafes, ilic fevcriiy of the CDiiimon law, and to relieve the [iibjcft frmn frauds, breaches of trull, and various other cpirillions. The fole judge of this court is the Ifrdlii^li chat'.ctllor, or, in his abfence, the maltcr of Ilk rolls. The proceedings of this couit arc carried by bills, anf\vi;i-.Sj and decxtcs, regulated on the principles of confcicnce and equity. The lonl chan- cellor is provided with twelve afliflants, called inaflc s in chancery ; the principal of which is ftyled niaftcr of the rolls, becaufc all the records of this court arc Com- mitted to his care. The clerk of the crown likewife* belongs to this court, he or his deputy ^cing obliged always to attend on the lord chancellor as olten as he fits for the difpatch of bufinefs. The court of chancery is always open ; and the lord chancellor has the power of granting an Habeas Corpus for a perfon fent to prifon, provided fuf^* ficient rcafons are alleged. This court alfo iflTucs writs of fummons for parliaments, charters, pro- teftions, fafe-condu£ls, and patents for flicr'iffj ; and in this court are fealed and enrolled all letters patent, treaties with loreign princes ; all deeds touching the pnrchafe of lands or edates, extents upon datutcb-, recognizances for payment of money, and feciiring contracts, commiflions of appeal, and of oyer arid terminer. The highed court of cc\jnmon law in England, is the King's Rcnch, and is fo called, bccaiife formerly the kings of England prcfided here in perfon. But this has for many years been laid alide, and the royal power veded in the lord chief jiidice -of the King's Berich, dyled, by way of eminence, the lord chief judice of England. He is created by a writ from the fovereign, ancladided by three inferior judges, condituttd by let- ters patent ; thefc arc dyled jiidiccs, or judges of itic King's Bench. This court takes cognizance of ievcry thing that concerns the lofs of life or member of any fubjeft, of treafons, felonies, breaches of the pfacc, oppredion, mif-government, and, in a word, a!l mat- ters determinable by common law, between the kir.'j and his fubje6fs. It is alfo a kind of check upon all the inferior courts, their judges, and juftices of the peace ; has a power to rcdify errors and midakes in the fentences of inferior courts, except thofe of the Exchcqtier, its jurifdiftion extending all over the king- dom ; for the law prefumes that the fovcre!;.;a is al- ways perfonally prefent. It has alfo a power to g! ant prohibitions in any caufe depending either in the ipiri- tual or temporal courts ; and the Houfc of Peers often direfls to the lord chief judice to iduc out his war- rant for apprehending perfonsimdcr fufpicion of high crimes. The court of Cornmon Picas is he'd by another loid chief jndice, dyled lord chief judice of the Common Pleas, allilted by three other jiidiccs of this court, created by letters patent. All civil canlVs, rcyl, per- fonal, and mixed, litigated between fnbjedl and fnhjciSl, are dcteniiined here. None but ferjiants at law arc fullered to plead in this court, \si;i(h h.is alfo the power of ill'uiiig prohibitions, like that of the King's Bench. The Exchequer is an nneient court of record, in which p.ll caufes touching the revenue and the rights of the c/own, arc heard and dvlcrmincd. The jud^'cs of r-- • is A " •'- .. , vi .,., ,„ ,.:L..tliij i i:i!; fH ml ' ' Ml ! mi ^ t L ^1 J' 6i6 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. this court are the lord chief baron, and three other baron.' ; fu called, becaufe formerly none but barnns ot llic rt-alm were allowed to be judges in this court. Filidrs thofi', there is alA) a ctiriitor baron, who ad- niinil^ers the oath to all high lliL-riffs, bailiffs, auditors, retcivL-r?, ccllcdlors, comptrollers, fiirveyors, and fcarch- crs of all the cuflom-houfcs in England. The Ex- cliequer includes two courts, one of law, another of equity. All judicial proceedings at law are litigated before the barons; but the court of equity is held in the exchequer chamber, before the ireafurer, chancel- lor, and barons. iJefidcs the ofHccrs already mentioned, there belong to the exchequer, the king's remembran- cer, who takes and Itates all accounts of the revenue, cufiv ms, excife, parliamentary aids, fubfidics, &c. and the lord treafurcr s renicaibranccr, whofe bulincfs it is to make out procell'es againlt iherif^s, receivers of the revenue, and other otiicers. The duchy chamber of Lancanerconfiftsof the chan- cellor of the duchy as chief judge, adiflcd by the at- torney of the duchy, aifd other oflictrs. This court (akes cognizance of all caufcs relative to the revenue of that durhy. All thtfe courts are held in Wertminrter-Hall, and opened at the four terms of Eafter, Trinity, Michael- Uias, and Hilary. But though the principal courts anf held in the capital, yet Hie country is not left without the means of obtaining julVice without the expcnce of journies, ^c. to Welimindcr-Hall. In order to this, England is divided iniu Hx circuits, and two judges allotted for each. Walts alfo is divided into two circuits, and the fame niniilicr of judges aHi^jncd them; as has been already obfervtd in the head relating to the dividons of Knghmd. Tlicfc judges fit at the principal or fomc i.ihcr convenient town in every county twice a ytar, tj liuar and dettrniiiic taufes, both civil and criminal. There arc alfo Courts of Confcience fettled in many pans of England, fir the relief of the poor, in the re- covery or payment of fmall debts, not exceeding 40s. In a well regulated (late, it is not enough that proper judges and courts of law arc eilablilhed in the capital, iiud the counties vilited twice a year by the judges ; ina^jiflrates mull alfo be apiiointcd to rcllde in every dillrict, in order to keep the peace and prefcrvc good order and harmony in all parts of the kingdom. The printipal of thcfe officers arc (hcrilrs, coroners, judiccs of the peace, conllables, furvcyors of the highways, and overfcers of the pour. The (htrilF, or highlhcriff, is an officer of very rreat aniicuity in this kingdcm, as wc may find iibfcrvid ill fame .iccounts of the diviiions of England. Jlis power and duties ar.- very extcniive ; both with retard to a judge, a keeper of the king's peace, a ir4inilleTial oP.iccr of the fuperior courts of juflice, and the king's bailiff. In his judicial capacity he is to hear gild dciermiiie all caufes of forty (hillings value and vudcr, in his county court. He it to decide the elec- tions of knight* of the (hire (fnbjea to the com J of the Houie of Commons) of coroner.';, and of i durers o judge of the qualifications of voters al to return, fuch as he (liall determine to be duly ekfl!} As keeper of the king's peace, he is the firft man^ji the county, during his ofiice ; and in onlcr to tiiis ll mjy command all the people of his -oiinty to aitciJ him, which is called the {>^J/i comltatus, or doviqu the county. In his minifterial capacity he is boirn to execute all proctlTes iffuing out of the king's courj of jurticc ; and carry all fentences into execution a1 the king's bailitF. he inufl nreferve the rights of i|J king within his bailiwick. He muft fcize to the hnJt life all lands devolved to the crown, by attaiiiJerr efcheat ; and levy all fines and forfeitures. In each county, there arc two coroners. ThisoS ficer, in his minillerial charader, is the fheriff'sfulj dilute. He is to inquirt, by a jury of neichbouS how or by whom any perfon came by ^a viclem deaiM and to enter it on record as a plea of the crowJ Another branch of his office is, to inquire concernin] (hipwrccks, and certify whether wreck or not ani who is in pofTedion of the goods. The coroner i chofen for life ; but may be removed on promotioi or for negle£l, mifbehaviour, &c. The next fpecies of magiftrates, fubordinate to iN flieriffs, are juflices of the peace ; the ptincipal 1 whom is the lu^os rolulorum, or keeper of^the recorj of the county. As peace is the very end and foundj tion of civil fociety, the con: mon law hath ever had] fpecial care and regard for the confcrvation of it. Aa cordingly a fufficient number of proper perfons, i everj- county, are appointed by the king's fpecial com miflion to keep the peace. Their power is very ei tenfive; but the bufinefs of the office is fogreatandJ fuch variety, that very few gentlemen of indepdej fortune care to engage in this troublcfome fervice. The power, office, and duty of a juftice of ptjcJ depend on his commilfion, and on the fevera! (laiiitj which have creatert objeds of his jurifdidion. \ comniidlon, fird, empowers him fingly to conferva IN peace in fuppreffing riots and afFray.s, inlakingfecii rities for the peace, and in apprehending and cominij ting felons and other inferior criminals. Italfocu powers any two or more of them to hear and B;iei mine all felonies and other offences, which areihl grounds of their jnrifdidlion at the fellions; tlicfe aij held every quarter at the county town, wherea jiiry( twelve men, called the grand inqued of the couiilj are fummoned to appear. The duty of thisinquedl to inquire into the cafes of all delinquents, andtoptJ nounce them guilty or not guilty of their indidmeiilij the judices then commit the former toprifon, inordj to take their trial at the next allizcs, if the crime t great, if otherwife, they order the allotted punilhimnll and difcharge the latter. This (hurt fkctch of theduj will fufficiently indicate . the great difficulty of [ forming the office ^ fo that fociety is greatly obligd El'JOPE .] ENGLAND. 647 fuch worthy gentlemen, who, without any fmiilcr P of their own, will engage in this troiibltfonrje 1**^ And therefore if any well-meaning juflice Iwllesany nndefigned flip it: his praflice, great lenity l!!! indulgence are always (hewn him in the courts jlw and there are many flatutes made to proteft irm'in'the upright difcharge of his office: which, P' other privilege?, prohibit fuch jiiftices from L« filed for any overfights, without notice before- yd • and ftop all fu'ts begun, on tender being made rffullicient amends. On the other hand, any ma- faous Of tyrannical abufe of their office is fure of Le fevcrely puniflied ; and all perfons who recover a nrdifl againft a juftice, for any wilful or malicious in- itry, are entitled to double cods. Condabl^' are the next officers appointed for keep- in, the peace. They are of two kinds, high^ Itonllables, and petty-conflables. Of the former, there . 1,1,5 at leaft in every hundred ; the latter are inferior liiccrs in' every town and parilh, fubordinate to the lliih-conftablc of the hundred : they generally execute Lo offices, that of headborotigh, and that of aflifting ji- high-conftable. The principal duty both of high 1,^ petty conlbbles is thatof keeping the king's peace, liM for this they are furniihed with ample powers from l^mvevnment. They can iinprifon offenders till they [jit brought before a juflice of peace; and it is their liity to execute, in their refpeftive diftriils, every war- liaiit dire£Ud to them from any magiftrate or a bench Icfjiiftices. The conftinition of England greatly excels all others Ifor the folid bafis on which the rights of the people ■lit founded, and which cannot be annihilated but by Ithedeftruftionof the conftitution itfelf, Thefe rights liM)' be reduced to three principal articles, the right of Iptrfonal fecnrity, the right of perfonal liberty, and the Irirht of private property ; becaufc if thefe are kept linviolate, our civil rights, taken in their mod extenlive |ftnfc, mufl be prcferved. 1. The right of perfonal fecurity confids in a per- jfon's legal and uninterrupted enjoyment of his life, his IS, his body, his health, and his reputation ; bc- laufc if either of thefe are dcdroyed, or injured, pcr- |kii fecurity is invaded. 2, The right of perfonal liberty confids in the power lot changing our fuuation or removing to any place we Ipltafe, without any redraint ur imprifonment what- Iticr, iinlefs by due courfe ef law. This, like the Ifoimer, is a right (tridlly natural ; a right which the llawsof England have never abridged without fufficient Icaufe; and which can never be abridged by the mere Idifcrction of the magidrate, without the pcrmidion of Itlie laws. The great charter declares that ho freeman be taken or imprifoncd but by the lawful judg- Imtiii of his peers, or by the law of the land. And lltltany perfon fhoiild be detained by the fentence of Im illegal court, or by command of the king's niajody lupcrlun, or by warrant of liie council-board, or by any of the privy-council, the Habeas Carpus adt vvas paifeH So that while this ftatiiie remains uiiiinpeached, no fiibjeft of England can be long detained in prifon, except in thofe cafes where the law requires, and juf- tifies fuch detainer ; and, to prcvcn* this ad being evaded by demanding unrcafonable bail, it if dechircd by a fubfeqiicnt ad of parliaincntj that unrcafonable bail (liall not be required. 3. The third abfolute right inherent in every F^nglidt- man, is that of property ; which coiillds in the free ufe, enjoyment, and difpofal, of all his acquifnionR^ without any control or diminution, except only by the laws of the land. The great charter dti lares, that no. freeman fhall be diffcized, or div lUd of his freehold, or hi* liberties, or free cudoms, but by the judg'-'ient - of his peers, or by the h.v of the luiul. And by a^ variety ®f ^ tutes it is ena£ted, that no man's lands or goods (hall be feized into the king's hands, againft the great charter and thf laws of England. . Nor can any fiibjeA of England be condrained to pay any aids or taxes, even for the defence of the realm or the fup- port of government, but fuch as are impofed by his own confent, or that of his reprefentatives in par- liament. The law is fo very careful in this particular, that a man charged with a capital offence, is not futFcnd to undergo even the ignominy of a public trial, t'll the evidences of his guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in which the fa6l is alleged to have been committed, and not without twelve of them agreeing to a bill of indictment againft him^ If this be done, he is to Hand a fecond trial before twelve other men, whofe opinion is definitive. In fome cafes, the prifoner (who is always fuppofed to be innocent till tfiere appears fufficient proof of his guilt) is al- lowed a copy of his indiiStment, in order to arfift him in making his defence. He is alfo furnifhed with a pannel, or lift of the jtiry, who are to be his true and proper judges, that he may learn their charafters, and difcover whether they want abilities, or whether they, or any of them, are prejudiced againd him. In cafe he has the lead fufpicion of either,, he may objcft peremptorily in open court to twenty of their number ;. and to as many more as he can give fufficient reafons why they ought not to be adinirted as his judges. When twelve unexceptionable men, the neighbours of the perfon accufed, or living near the place where the fuppoftd fai!:t was committed, are approved of,, they all take the following oath : " Yuu fhall well ami truly try, and true deliveranro make, between the king and the prifoner at the bar, according to the evidence." Thefe are now the only judges, from whufe ftntencc the prifoner is to expedt life or death ; and upon their integrity and underflanding, the lives ol all that are brought in danger ultimatf;!y depend, and from whof<; judgment there lies no aopeal. They are to b/ all of one mind, and, alter they have fully heard the evi- dence, are to be cuniiaed without meat, drink, nr. candle,. I| tM\ 648 A NEW AUD COMPLETE SYSTKM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY cuiullc, till tlic-y a<(-- unanlinous ii> acqtiiititig .. cod- ticmiiiriL; ilio prifom-r ; ami llioiild one of tlicin happen ti) die bctoi'c jhcy lime delivered theii verdidl, ilic prifoiiLT is acqiJititd. Every juryman is invclU'd with u l\>k'iiin and a^Ntiil trnil : it he, without being con- vinced !\v the evidence, (nbmiis liis opinion to that ol anv other juryman, or )ieldi in conipli.incc to the opinion of the judge ; if he neglccU to examine with the grcatell care ; if he qiiellions the veracity of the witnelli-'s, wiio may be of ar. infamoU!> charailter ; or, after tlie moll impariial iitaring, lias the leait doubt upon his inind, and ) et j'liiib in contlemning the perfon accufed; he will uomid his own cniiicience, and bring upon liiinfelf thu coiuplicuted guilt oi perjury and ninrfier. Wiien the j iry have ;V',rccd in their veulicl, and de- livered it to liie judge, lie pronounces fuch fenteiice upon the oftcndcr as the hiw h.i:i prefcribed. It feems therefore to be nut oiily iniperiiiKiit but injurious, lor tiioli; wiio arc employed to plead againll a prifoner in criminal piofecutions, to declaim in a long and la- boured harangue, on the hciiicufiiefs of the otFencc fupjioftd to luve been committed, and to enumerate ever) mlniiie and fuppolitiiious (.ircumllance by which it is polfible to accumulate aggravation. tiery fenlible ami putrioiic |;crlon muft be convinced, that trial by jury is a capital p,ivilegc, and at the fame time fo great a fccmiiy to the libeity of the fiibjed, that it is much to be regretted that perfons of idma- tion, h(jnoiir, and propeiiy, are often loo ready to evade lerving the odice. liy this means, juries Irequenily ronfi.f of ignorant and illiterate perlons, who neither have knowledge enough to underlland their right and the privileges lit Engliliimen, nor fpirit enough to main- tain them. No 11. en (h-'uld evade ferving fo important an office, when regularly called upon : and thole who, from indolence or pri-le, decline difcliarging this duty to their cou'iiry. lecm hardly to deferve that feciirity and liberty which the inhabitants of Britain derive from this invaluable iiillii.ition. Juries have always been confidcrcd as giving the moll ei}tiflual check to tyranny ^ lor in a nation like Eng- land, where a king can do liothing agai'ilt law, iluy are a fecu.iiy that he Ihall never make the lauti, by a bad adminillraiiji), the inllnimenls ot cruelty and op- predion. Were it not for juries, a corrupt nobleman niiglit, whenever he pleafed, aii the tyrant, while the judge wonltl have that power which is now denied to our kings. iJy our happy conftiiuiion, which breathes nothing but liberty ami equity, all imaginary imiulgence is al- lowed to the meanelt, as weii as the greatell : the priloner, when brouglit to trial, is freed from all bonds; not only the jii.iges are fuppofed to be his counlel, but other coiiiifel are allowed hiin; he may alfo try the validii) ami legality ol the indictment, and j let it alide if contrary to law. The racks and tortures } that are cruelly and piepolleroidl) made ul'i: of in fome j part of Euio^-e, to make a iiian accufe himfelf, are I here unknown, and none pnnillicd without rm„ \n but he who refnfesto plead in his own S* Nothing, in Ihort, is wanting, i„ ,hi., ,.,,,„,„' clear up the caufe ol innocence, and u ptcv u fulferer t'roiii finking under the power of corrimr ■"1 and the opprellion of the great. •*'' In England, the fovercign has it not in his m J to take away the liberty 0/ the lead indivitliml .Mril by r.,j„e ilfegal ad, c^f which he is accIiS 'JJ petted upon oath, he has forleied his right to i;'v.' H or except when the Hate is in danger, and thc"renIP fei-.'atives ol the people think the public fafciy „,!j It necellary that he lliould have the power ol c'oiifi J peifons on. fuch a fufpicion of guilt; fudi as thee! ot a rebellion within the kingdom, when the Icnflai 1 has thought proper to pals a temporary fufpc,,iio'' the Habeas Corpus act : but this feldom has been doJ but with great difficulty and caution, and when I national latety has abfolutely required ii. '\,u| |||i,J the rights of individuals are fo attentivel/conliiJel that the fubjed may, without the lealt damper Cue hi fovereign, or tliofe who ad in his namerandundl his auilionty : he may do this in open court, wheniJ king may ue calt, and be obliged to pay damages io| fubject. ' • s I'he laws of England are more merciful tocrimlnl than thole ot anv other country. The procediil formerly, indeed, with regard to oi idcrs who rdiifl to plead to their indidments, were very cruel; bj thele are now abrogated by a late act of parhailicj whereby all perfons indided for any crime, who 1 vefufe to plead, that is, to fubmit t h em fe Ives to a la J fill trial, are declared guilty of the otFeiice ul wh;] tiicy are accufed, and fentence is accordin"ly tobcpi] nounced againll them. ^ All capital offences arc, by the laws of England,] eluded under high-treafon, petty-treafon, and felon] High-treafon conlifts in plotting, confpiring, or lakiiJ up arms, againit the fovereign, or in cuiinterlci;i!] the current coin. Whoever is foimJ gmliy d ihj crime is Ityled a traitor, and piiniihed In'bciii^-ilra.fl on a fledge to li.e place of execution, vvlicro, aiiiTiiJ body has hung upon the gallo',\,s for fome inini]t.>, is cut down alive, the heait taken out and cxpoLJ L public view, and the entrails burnt ; the head is liel cut off, and the body quartered, atter which the lieaf is generally expofed on (oiwc public edifice : the crinij nal's lands and goods are forfeited, liis wife lolohj di)wry, and his children both their ellates and iiobilitij 'l"he fentence is the fame to all traitors; but with ra gard to perfons of quality it is generally changed in|[ beheading, which is executed on a I'caffuld ereddf that purpofe. Though the law has declared the counterfeiting lil current coin tn be high treafon, yet the criminal isunll drawn upon a llidge to the place of execiuioii, anj there hanged in the fame manner as all other otf'enJea guilty of felony. ENGLAND. 649 J chilli kills his father, a wife her hu(band, a tj-minaii his billiop, or a fcrvaiit his maltcr or mif- L^\\\e crime is petty Ireafon, and the criminal is Wniipo" ■•' ''"'li*^ *" ''**^ gallows, and there hanged Midi- Women guilty ot cither petty or i>igh trea- iL Jfc fenteiiccd to be burnt alive ; but the rigour of P']j^ was generally mitigated by ftrangllng them I J J the fire reached their bodies, and is now fup- I fed. One reafon why women were not fentenced |jfijl,jngcd for the above crimes, as the men are, is Itdobc, btciuife, in that cafe their bodies mud be jr^j^jj/aiid publicly expofcd, whith v^ould be deemed liiiiiiodcit, and highly inconlillent w-ith decency. f'tlony IikUkIcs nuirdsrs, robberies, forgery, hoiife- •akingi &:c. Thcfe are all puniihed by hanging only, Iflitpt miirilerers, who are hanged in twenty-four Ikoursafli-T fi-ntencc is part, and their bodies delivered Imlie furgcons in order to be diifcfted publicly. It is, Ki«ver, common, in order to allow the critninal as liHich refpite as poUible, to bring on the trial on a Sa- IliitJiy. hv which means he is not executed till Mon- tr, Sunday not being confidercd as a day for public The other punilliments known in England arc burn- r in the hand, tranfportation, imprilonment, whip- L*, lines, and Handing on the pillory ; and are in- Jftc'j (or the crimes of manflaughtcr, chance-medley, Boji-lifting. perjury, petty larcenv, and libelling. If aperfon llrikes another in the king's court, fo as udraw blood, the law condemns him to lofc his right If the blow be given in Weftminfter-Hall tiiile the courts are fitting, the punifliinent is impri- jnmentfor Hie, and forfeiture of all the offender's cdate. Drunkards, vagabonds, and loofc, idle, diforderly IS, are pnniflied by being fet in t!\e ftocks, paying jjne, or commitment to the houfe of corrcflion. V/iih refpeft to marriages, the holinefs of the matri- Kiiiial ftate is left entirely to the ecckliaflical law; the linger annulling inccduous or other unfcriptural larriages, is confcqucntly tlic province of fpiritual The fird legal dilability is a prior marriage, having another' hufhand or wife living; in which ife, bclidcs the penalties confeiinciit upon it as a buy, the fecond marriage is to all intents and piir- ifes void, polygamy being condemned both by the iw of the New Teltamerr, and the policy of all pru- mtilates, cfpecially in llicfc northern climates, i he difabiiity is want of age, which circumftani e iinulsthe contraft, on account of the imbetiUity of idgment in the parties: the marriage of a boy under (ouiteen, or a girl under twelve years of age, is deemed impfeft: but the common law pronounces the inar- ', if the parties arc hallles ad mulrimoiiium. iiioihtr incapacity arifes from want of confint of iiatdiaiis. It has been lately thought proprr to cn;i«il, di marriages celebrated by licence (for banns luppofe notice) where either of the parties is under cnty-one, not being 3 widow or vn idower, who are fuppofed free, without the confent of the father, or, if he be not living, of the mother or guardians, (lull be abfolutely void. Much has been, and may be faid, both for and againfl this innovation upon our ancient laws and conftitution. On the one hand, it prevents the clandeflinc marriages of minors, which arc often * terrible inconvenience to thofc private families where they happen; and, on the other, rellraints upon mar- riages, efpecially among the lower clafs, arc evidently detrimental to the public, as well as prejudicial to religion and morality. The fourth legal difabiiity is want of reafon; without a competent mare of which, neither the matrimonial nor any other contract can ba valid. Upon the whole, we may coUedt, that, as the law now Itands, no marriage is void by the temporal law, which is celebrated by a perfon in orders; in a parilh church, or public chapel [ox elfewhere, by dif- penfationj; in purfuancc of banns, or a licence; be- tween lingle perfons; confentrng; of found mind; and of the age of twenty-one years; or of the age of four- teen in males, aruJ twelve in females, with confent of parents or guardians, or without it, in cafe of widow- hood. In the times of civil war, all marriages were performed by the julliccs of the peace; and tliefe mar-, riages were declared valid in th'- '"i;ccccding reign, as the marri.iges of Quakers ?r: at preftnt. Divorces are either total or partial. The total muft be on account of confangninity, affinity, or corporeal imbecillity; the ilfue of fuch marriages are ballards. The other kind of divorce is, when the marriage is juft and lawful, but for fome fupervenient caufe it becomes improper or impoHible for the parties to live, together; and in the cafe of intolerable ill temper, or adultery, in either party. In this cafe, the law allows alimony to the wife (except when for adultery, the parliament grants a total divorce, as has frequently hap- pened of late years) which is an allowance made to the woman for her fnpport, out of her hufband's cdate, and fettled at the difcretion of the cccleliaHical judge. A woman in England, as foon as married, is, with all her nroveables, at the wilt and difpofal of her hufband; nor can Ihe alienate any thing without his confent; her ncVcllary apparel is not her own property; nay, at the death of her hufl)and, all the pcrfonal chat- tels the pod'eifcd at marriage, defcend to his executor or adminilfrator. SIxe can make no contrad without her hufband's confent, no reply without him, in mat- ters of l.nv. On tiie other hand, he muft pay the de'o.ts which flie has contracted; and if Ihe Ihould injure any perfon bv her tongue or trcfpafs, he will be obliged to make faiibfaclion. 'I'hough our law in general confi- ders man and wife as one perfon, yet there are fome inflanccs in wliich llie is fi.-paraiely confidered as inferior to him, and aifling by his compulljon, fuch as in felonies, and other interior crimes, committed by her, but not as to treafon or ninrder. In the civil law, the hufband and wife are confidered as two dillindl per- fons, and may have feparate ellates, contraf letters ; the annual amount of thisrcvi nuc, from i6^.j to ly^^, gradually increafcd from 500CL to if)8,.>.201. and it is now, by iucrealing the Ji,), J 1784, and abridging the 'ranking, confiderably aiiiJ nuiited. 5. The llamp duties, almoft iiuiiiiTicrabu 6, The duties oil houfes and windows. 7. The dull on olfices and penfiom, with a variety of new taxes il 1784, fuch as, an additional tax on windows, the l tun, &c. &c. After all charges of collertingandinaJ nagement are paid, the clear nett produce of tne fcvcJ branches of the revenue, old and iiev/, is ellimatud ij amount to about eleven milliotif llerling, with t*'oi.,., lit ns and a quarter raifed at an average by the land aiH I malt-tax. How thefe prodigious fuins arc applid.ii I next to be ^uididered. I The national debt owes its origin to the RcvoluiioJ hen our new connexions with the continental, powl ers of Europe introduced a new fylictn of foreign polil tics ; for large fuins being neceli'ary to fettle .he ne/ edablilhment, and to maintain an expenlive waronthj continent, in order to reduce the cxorbitar.t powen the French monarchy, which then threatened the lilxJ ties of Europe, it was not thought prudent to raifeihJ films necelfary to defray the expences of one year, bi taxes levied on the people, during that fhort period, lei the imufual weight of thefe taxes (hoiild create murl muringsand difquiets in the nation. It therefore licc^inf ncccHary to anticipate the revenues of their policniyj by borrowing immenfe fiims for the current fetvice of the flatc, and to lay no more taxes on the fubjeciihai was necelfary to pay the intercfl of the fnms fo boil rowed, conviJrtiiig the principal di.bt intoaiiew Iptcitf of property, tran.sferrable at any time, either in wlwlj or in i)art, from one man to another. Thisfyllem which was borrowed from the llaie of Florence, lai| the loundation vi what is called the national debt, i a few long annuities created in the reign ot Charles III hardly deltrve the name. This fyliem has b«n fl clofely purfued,'to the prefent time, that thecapiiali the funded debt at Midl"umiTier 177^ was rig,8()o,oi8l| and the aumial charge of it amouiitt::! to 4,2 u), 23.11,71 'I'll'; ruiui'us American war was coinnienciiig at thil time, and the execrable policy continuing ol aliciiaiinJ the finking fund, with the extravagancies in (.vdl department of government, and the manner ut burrowl iiig the money lor fupplies, have coiilidtraUy increafcf it; for in the courlc of the faid war, troin i;;b tl 1 78.!, 46,550,0001. was added to the three per centsT and ao,7 Ao.oool. lo the four per cents, making im m RAPHY. k'iied uponiliefu, : "fuat annual uni. U lubfidy ritiy u|x, ax. being an mm perry. The pcrpj duties payable u jrrcd. 1. Iheexcifi fiindry commod.tit ft-ollice, or duly amount of ihisrevi. iKreafcdfrom ,500c icrealintf the Ji.y j g, conddcribly aiig almoft innnmerabl dows. 7. The 4t ricty of ncwiaxcsi in windows, the bill, )f coliertine and ma, )rodiite of the fever iiev;, is ellimjiodti erling, with Vno mil trage by the land ai fuins arc applied, ^in to the RevoiutioJ the continental, pow| ydem of torei^npolil iry to fettle .tie ne/ I cxpenlive waronthi E exorbitant power i ' n threatened the libetl ht prudent torairethl nccs of one year, bl that fhort period, Ml s (honld create raurf . It therefore becaml lues of their polieriljf the current fetvicec es on the fubjecl ihai of the films fo bail bt into anew fpecia time, cither in wlwlj nollier. This fyliera atu of Florence, lai| the national debt, I c rrign of Charles 111 fvltem has been f| nn:', that the capital 7^ was r2ij,8()o,oiHI| iire:Uo4,2ii),ii54l.7| s commencing at thil niinuiiigo! ala-natini .travuguncics in cvtil :!',c manner ijf bomiivl conliderally increafef A war, from i"b ' to the three pet centij Jl'HOFt 1 ENGLAND. fiii cents, making m tiia ijj, capital of 73,400,0001. fiir which the money llnnced wat only foity-eighf millinm. The qiwnlity of property in the kingdom 15 (greatly iwrfjfeJ i" ^^'"'- *^heii rnrtipared with former times; .,jl wcc'wlly cotifidi-r if, not at all in reality. We g,y J'iiieed boall- ol large fortunes and quantities of u,« in the fundi; but where docs this money exift? ids only in n.'uiie, in paper, in public faith, in [I (XI i;j^H lijnient«ry fecurity. But what is the pledge which ^^HL public faith has pawned for the fecurity of thefe L^„)_The land, the trade, and the perfonal induflry Lilie fiibj«"'^> 'fom which the money muft arife that Implies the public faxes. In thefe, therefore, and in llhefe only, tne property of the j iblic creditors docs [itilly «na intrinfically cxifl ; and of cniirfc the land, Ljiode, and the perfonal induftry of individuals, rre Lminiflied in their value jiift fo much as they are pledged Lanfwcr. I Time Mfill unfold the future progrefi of onr national Ikbl, *nA the calamities towards which it is carrying L if the moft cfFei^ual meafurcs are not adopted and lioloiifly pnifued for a thorough reform. Indifputably |(tnain it is, ihatthe prcfent magnitude of our national IiKiiDibrani.es very far exceeds all calculations of nm- liKfcial benefit, and is iiroduftivc of the grealelt incon- Iwicncits. In the firft place, the enormous taxes that Iwraifed rpon the neceliaries of life, for the payment llf'the intcred of this debt, are prejudivial both tofrade M manufadliircs, by raifing the price as well of the Ijnifer's fubfirtencc, as of the raw material, and, of Itouffe, in a iniich greater proportion, the price of the Iftimmodity itfelf. Seconaly, if part of this debt be Iping to foreigners, either they draw out of the king- IJmi annually a confidcrablc quantity of fpccie for the |kttft; orclfe it is made an argument to grant them liimumerable privileges, in order to induce them to litfiiie here. Thirdly, if the whole be owing to our Iwn fubje6k, it is then charging tlie indulfriotis fubjeCt, Iwtio pays his (hare of the ta^es, to maintain the indo- jbt creditor who receives them ; but, which is the Iprincipal injury, it weakens the internal ftrcngth of a Ifett, by anticipating thofe rcfourcts which fliould be lltliErved to defend it in cafb of ncccdity.. In treating of the military and marine flrenglh of |6r5at-Britain, it may be proper to obferve, that in ab- litt monarchies it is necell'ary to form adillimSl order Iforlheproleflion of arms, but extremely dangerous in Jlland of liberty. No man, in a free ffate, fliould take ■tip arms but v;ith a view to tiefeiid his country and its llawsi he puts of?^' the citizen when he enters the camp; Itutitisbecaiife he is a citizen, and would wifli to con- |tititief(i, that he makes himfclf for a while a foldier. kordiiigly, the laws and conltilution of ihis ccnintry Iknow no liiih Itaie as that of a perpetual flandiiig fol- pier, bred nn to no other profillion than that oi war, liorhad the kings if England fo much as a guard about Hitirpsrfuns till the rcijjii of Henry VII. In the limp of our S^xon anccflors, the military force of this kingdom wr.s in the hinds of diiki-s anil heretocks Alfred ttiu Great fiid fettled a rceiila'- mi- litia in this kingdom; and, hy his prui'ent manage- ment, made all the filhjc£ls of his doininitms foldiers. Upon the Norman coiupiefl, flic feudal law wai in- troduced here in all its rigour, the whole of \/(> fuiin, diPoanded' ;:, . .:', ' ■'■'- - ■- - every \Shikk\ '! y ¥\\ '' (| ! i' ^1^ ':-\W .. B! K-MI M, .}t 'i 6:,a A NF.W'and COMPr.ETK SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. evcfj' )cjr, imltfs coniiiiiicil by parliament. Acconl- iii^ty, an Jtmual aiit of pjrliainuiu palKs, " Topimilh rjuliny ami ctolcriiDn, juJ for ihc bctU'r paytncrU ol the army atui tlitir quarttrs." 1 hit regulatex the maii- iiijr ill which ihi-y arc to be difpcifed amonx ihc fcvcrul jiiiikc-fi>ers and vidualiors throughout the kingdom, and tibblilncs a martial law for tlifir envcrnmcDt. Till land fortes of (jrcat-Britam maintained in time of peace do not iiAially exceed 40,000 in number, com- rtiimg iB.ooo in England and Scotland, lu.ooo on the nlli cUdblifhmcnt, and the remainder in ejrrifons -liroad, at Minorca, (iibralier, Nova-Scotia, Januica, »nd Antigna. In the war of 17.56, however, the natiun nuinlaimd above iog.ocxj foldicr*, rxilnfive of marines and an army of ,50,000 Germans on the Continent ; and lin.c the American war, there have been in the pay of Great- Britain, lutivcs iuid fo- ni^iirrs, 135,000 men, bclidcs ^'.i.oco militia. The UritilJi infantry have always been dillinguidicd by a fpccies of courage and intrepidity peculiar to them- selves^ and the cavalry is beyond all doubt the bed in liuiope, whether wc refpcci the beauty, fizc, fpirit, and docility ot the horfes, or the (Irtngth, appearance, and gallan'.rv of the dragoons. In a ward, the Britilh troops, both horfe .iiid foot, are compofed ot tall, flrong, iDufcular, lian.lfomc men, in red uniforms, with facings of various colours, well clothed, armed, and accoutred ; inferior to none in exerrifc and difci- pline, and fnpcrior to all others in martial and military ap;>tarancc. Scniible of the great utility of this body of men, the nation has takt 11 care to univide lor thtii fupport, when they are no It)ngtr (it tor fervice. A weekly al- lowance is to be railed in every county for the relief of lick, hurt, and maimed foldicrs : the Royal Hofpi- tal was founded v\ holly for fuch as arc worn out in the defence of their coiuitiy. A (latutc is generally cnadled at the clofeof every war, by \irlue of whicli, any offi- cer or foUlier that has bicn in the king's fervice, is at liberty to ufe luiy trade or occupation they are capable of, in any tov. n in the kingdom, the two univcriiiies only excepted, notwiihllanding any (latutc, cullom, or charter to the contrary. The maritime power of England has long been con- fidertd as our ercattlt defence and orinmcnt, its amient and natural irrcnglh, and the floating bulwark of the ifland ; lunce it is no wonder that the navy of England has lof a ioiig ferics of years engaged the attention of the legiilature. TIk teltbrated code of maritime la vs, railed the laws of Oleron, were compiled by Richard I. rii th'. iilcof Oleron on the coall of France, then pof- leiTsc. bv the crown of England. A great variety of laws have been fincc iiiaile for the fuppiyof the royal iiav\ v.iih .eamcn, for their regulation when on hoard, anil tu confer niivileges and rewards on thcin during ai.ii after their fervite. ^it lias long been fmcer«ly willicd that fomc Icfs of- fcnliu- m'-'thodthan 1 tut of imjirefling could be tlcviftd for manning the royal navy, becaufc it i, iiiuluubtr,ii a grols violation ol the rights of m.inkind, and ill eniiuly cm a fet of the braved and nioH iifc(„| " the kingduin. About the middle of king Will '' r. ign, a f>.lieme was fcf on foot for a rrgider of ('(■!i"''j to the number of 30,000, for a conllant and rcBul fupply of the king's fleet, grantiiiK great privikl,, the rcgiltered mciii and, on the other hand, \t\M\ni heavy penalties, in cafe of their non-appvarainc whj tailed upon; but this regiftcry being judged toberjih a badge of flavcry,it was ab^y "' i^"i»'^"^ '^ *' '" times fuperior to any .^iuumv power, in number of fliips, weight ol' I jr,,l cx|v.rt mariners; of whom twelve or t'our- iliiiiifarul are retained in their fcrvicc, even in l^e ol P"'''''-' tf4'>'l"'"''>'' ^"' *''^ efforts ol (Jrcat- llrinin by ttia on extraordinary occaliuas, are incun- litiviblc- ■A Liit «f 'be Royal Navy of Great-Britain, as it I lluoU at the Clofe of the Year 1793. WU- 793- Number. Mem. u Mil. 100 Gins ami upward, ()8 to 90 lio to 64 — 60 to 50 — 44 '° 3» — JO to so — sioor« -- r~ Buaibs, Firefhips, &c. Total — 7 •3 123 a6 100 44 40a 87,5 to 850 750 to 700 6jo to 500 490 to 3K0 300 to ueo aoo to 160 isj to 110 BcMm a number of Tenders, Cutters, and Royal \U-i- When a (hip of war becomes old, or unfit for fcrvicc, mIk name is transferred to another, which is built, as iiistall"li upon her bottom ; but the name cannot be Ungcil without an ad of parliament, while a fmgle lam of the old lliip remains. The Old Style, or Julian account of time, wasob- [tncd in England, till the year 17,52, when the New Sivlc, or Gregorian account was adopted by public au- lioriiy, mid eleven days taken out of the Calendar tliat [jear in the month of September, by which it now |«iinci(l«s with that obfcrved in moft parts of Europe. TheEnglifli traders, in numb ring cod-fi(h, ling, and liberdinc, reckon one hundred and twenty-four to the liiindrd, and of herrings one hundred and twenty ; Iwclvc hundred are given to the thoufand, which con- ttuie a barrel, and twelve barrels make a lalt. In (ountingfurs, they reckon by the timber, which confills of forty (lii lis, five fcore only are allowed to the hiin- M. Twenty-four (heets of paper make a quire, Iwtnty quire conftitute a ream, ten ream compofc a bilc. Twelve Ikins of parchment makv a dozen, and ire dozen a roll. Ten hides arc a dicker, and twenty (tickets make a lad ;. but there arc ten pair of gloves to CDC dicker. The gold coin of England confifls of guineas, half- iinns, and quarter-guineas, but tlul'e luti have been irg fincc dircontioued, though the people reckon by nundsiwhiih at prefent is an imaginary denomination. fbc pound is c^ual to twenty Ihiuings, and ti»e guinea amounts to twenty-one : belidcs the Englifh pieces, (he gold coin of Portugal, callcH Joannes und Moidoren is between the wine and ale meafiire, holding as niuc'i as will weigh nine pounds thirteen ounces Hi'ilve drachms and an lialf of avoirdupois. Two of thofe gallons make a peck ; four pecks a bufliel ; four bulhels the comb, or curnock; two curnocks a quarter, feam.or rufF; and ten quarters a lad; thirty-fix bulhels of coals conllitutc a chaldron. The title of the Mng of England is, — By the grace of God, of Great-Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith. Henry VIII. alFumcd the dcfignation of Majefly, that he might be on a footing with the emperor Charles V'. for before that time. Your Grace or Highntis was always uftd ; nor was it totally abolifhed till about the reign of queen Elizabeth. The royal a.hicvement farms) borne by the reigning family is thuj marfliallcd, quarterly : in the f'.rd grand quarter. Mars, three lions pafl'ant-guardant in pale, Sol, the imperial enligns of England: thefe are impaled with the royal arms of Scotland, conliding of Sol, a lion rampant wiihin a double trelTiire flowered and coun- ter-flowered, with flcurs dc lis. Mars. The fecond quaiter contains the arms of France, namely Jupiter, three fleursde lis, Sol. llie third, for Ireland, exhibits Jupiter, an harp, Sol, flriiiged, Lima. In the fourth grand quarter is repr(;feiittd his |)rcfent majcffy's own toat of arms, being Mar.--, two lions paflant-guardant, Sql, for Brunfwick, impaled with Lunenburg, giviiig Sol, fcince of hearts, pioper, a lion rampant, Jupiter, having for ancient Saxony, Mars, an horfe current, Luna, grafted in bafe ; and in a Ihield furtout, Mars, the diadem, or a crown of Charlemagne * the whole furrounded with a garter, as fovertign of tliji onler. Above the helmet, as the emblem of fovcreign jurif- UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. their heirs for ever. Tlic next clafs of people are the merchants and traders, greatly and defervedly refpefled in Kngland, on account of their riches as well as their profcHion, which contributes fo eflentially to the wealth and power of the nation. A Comprehenjivc History o/" England. IT would be a \ain attempt to fearch into the origin of the ancient inhabitants of England ; tiic whole is concealed under the veil of fidtion and obfcurity, over which (he glimmering rnys of uncertain tradition only dirt"ufc a ieirblc and deceptive light. The mod probable opinion, however, feems to be, that they cainc from the neigiibouring continent of the Ccltx, or Gauls, that fettled on the oppofite (hore, long before their ctnintry was known to the Romans. But from what- ever lource they derived their origin, the ancient Britons wcie a ru'.ie warlike people, living in iiovcis erefted within the covert of thick and almoft impenetrable woods. They painted their bodies with woad, and gave theiTi a blueifh or grcenifli call, and had no other covering than the ikins of beads, cafually thrown over them, without being (haped into any kind of gannent ; and they are faid to have had the figures of animals and heavenly bodies on their Ikins. In their marriages, they were not very delicate, for they formed thcmfelves into a kind of matrimonial clubs : twelve or fourteen men married as many wives, and each wife was com- mon to them all ; but her children belonged to the original hulband. They fowed corn, though it is likely they lived chiefly on animal food and milk. They were amazingly dextrous in the management of their chariots ; and, fought with lances, darts, and fwords. Women fometimes led their armies to the field, and were recognized as fovereigns of their par- ticular diltrifts. They favoured a primogeniture or fenioriiy, in their fiicceflion to royalty, but fet it afnle on the fmallefl inconvtnicncy attending it. Such were the ancient Britons, when Julius Cxf.ir, about lifty-two years before the Chriftian Kra, invaded their coiMitry ; and alter a long and bloody war, Eng- land was reduced to a province of the Roman empire. But the fpirit of freedom was not fo calily iLbdued ; the Romans were obliged to maintain their conqucit by a military force, with which they gradually incor- porated the flower of the Britifh youth. This force was divided into different parties, and placed at con- venient tlations all over (he province : the Roman governor, for the time being, was fuprcme ruler of the country. During the long reign erf Angtiftus Cxfar, the Britons lived rather as the allies than the tributaries of the Romans; but the communications between Rome and Great-Britain being then extended, the emperor Clau- dius Cxfar, about forty-two years alter the birth of Chrill, undertook an expedition in perfun, ia which he feems to have been fuccefsful againft Britain H J conqucCs, however, were imperfta ; Caraflacus an'j Boadicia though a woman, made noble flands againfl the Romans. The former was taken prifoner after. dcfperate battle, and carried to Rome, where his imJ daunted behaviour before Claudius gained him theadl .miration of the viftors, and is celebrated in the hifj lories of the times. Boadicia being opprelTcd in J manner that difgraces the Roman name, and defeatcdl difdained to furvive the liberties of her countri • and! Agricola, general to Domitian, after fubduing Sonth-l Britain, carried his arms northwards, where his fucj celTors had no reafon to boaft of their profjrefs, even inch of ground being bravely difputed, " ' While the Romans remained in this ifland, thtyi ercfted thofe walls, fo often mentioned, toproiedihi Britons from the invafions of the Caledonians, Sees] and Pifts. But in the year 426,. the barbarous'nationl of the North, breaking into the Roman empire, renl dered it neceffary to recall the legions fbtioned in Britain : when the emperor Honorius renounced hit fovereignty of the country, and releafed the inhabitant! from their allegiance. * \ On the departure of the Roman legions, in whicli all the natives, whom they had intrufted with militarJ knowledge, were incorporated, the i Hand was left in f feeble and defencelefs ftate. The Scots, a cruelani rapacious people, who inhabited the country to northward of the Roman provinces, no fooncr perl ceivcd the weaknefs of their fouthern neighbours, iha^ they invaded their country, and committed themofl dreadful outrages ; the tradis of their irruptions wet marked with blood and devaftation ; the northern part of the once flourifhin^ provinces of the Romans wen totally wafted with hre and fword, and the wrctcha inhabitants, deftitute at once of forces and gtiicraiu capable of repelling the cruel ravages of their bat] barous enemies, became an eafy prey. Reduced tJ this dreadful Hate, the Britons had recourfe to th| Saxons, a warlike people of Scandinavia, for prol tcdion ; offering to give, as a reward for their fervica the Ille of Thanet, a fmall trail of land feparatedbyj narrow channel from the county of Kent. Theoiei was accepted, and the Saxons, together wiihagrci number of Angles, a people of JuilanH, landed il England. The Britons, headed by thefe auxiiiariel were 'bon too ftrong for the Scots, who were deleaiej in fev ral engagements, and driven back to their ow country. Thefc viiSlorics, however, wer^farfromr tloring pi'ace to the haralfcd Britons : Hengill 11., Horfa, the two Saxon generals, looked with contemn on the fmail fpot of land alligned them and their fol lowers, as a reward for their fervices, and mcditatcf the conquefl of the whole ifland. The hrft ftep towards this great dclign wasealily* complifhed by Hengill, who perfuaded Vortigern, ll Britifh king, that, as his fubjeiib undcnlood veryliilj of agriculture, it would be ci iu£nit« advantage 10 f ftrilf ■ y: 'V--fj«L^-^-< inor^'l ENGLAND. '657 ! a^iij j country, if he would fufFer a number of Saxons ] B) be fent for to cultivate the foil. Accordingly as l-wnv of ^^^^^ people embarked as (ixteen (hips would ] (onttin ; but they had not long been in this illand [itiorc they threw off the raaflc, and convinced the I irciched Britons that they had uiadvertently confented [ 10 their own deftrudion. The pretence afTigned by litSaxons for commencing hofti I ities was, that Heo- t&'i tfoops had not been rewarded according to agree- Htnt, mi that they had an undoubted right to fatisfy ibefliielvcS' A lung and terrible war cnfued j a great iiuiiiiier of battles were fought, in which the Saxons 1 KCte generally vidorious, and the Britons ibrced at Ut to retire into Wales. Having thus no enemy in ihtfield to contend with, the vigors divided England into feven kingdoms, termed the Saxon heptarchy ; ptmely. Kent; South-Sex, or the South-Saxons; Wdi-Se", or the Weft-S^xons ; E«ft-Sex, or the Eiil-SaxoDs; Northumberland; the Eaft- Angles, and McrciiU Soon after this eftablifliment, Chriftiantty, or rather Puery. was introduced into England by pope Gregory I iIk Great. For that purpofe, about the year ^96, he I bt over .to England the famous AuRin, the monk, lnho probably found no great difficulty in converting liking and his people ; and alfo Sebert, king tff the l&ill-SaxoDS, who was baptized, and founde(< the ca- ItbedralufSt. Paul in London. The monk then, by Ihisnafter'sorder, attempted to bring the churches in IWalesto a conformity with that of Rome, particularly Its to the celebration of Eafter ; but finding a (lout re- Ililkiceun the part of the bi(hoptand clergy, he per- lycd his Chridian converts to malTacre them, which I liiey dill to the number of tsoo priefts and monks, and lidiictd the Britons, who were found in the heptarchy, Itga llitcof flavery, which fome think gave rile to the Iccicnt villenage in England. Au(tin is accounted the Ifatl archbilhop of Canterbury, and died in 60 j, as lln convert Ethclbert did foon after. The pope, in JMin's time, fupplied England with about 40U nionks, jnl the Popilh clergy took care to keep their kings liBd .'<*; under the mo(t deplorable ignorance, but |ilw > magnified the power and fanflity of hi-i huli- Hence it was that the Anglo-Saxons, during ItlKit heptarchy, were gvverned by prieds and monks ; liml, as they law convenient, perfuaded their kings Itiiher to (hut themfelves up in cloifters, or to under- kke pilgrimages to Rome, where they (inilhed their |(i]isi and fuch was the Papiltical tyranny in thefe jutly times, that no lefs than thirty Anglo-Saxon kings, Kiiriiig the heptarchy, religned their crowns in thut Inunner, and among them was Ina, king of the WeiU %Kons, thouglt in other refpefts he was a wife and |trive prince. The contributions of thofe Anglo'.Saxon ^s to the fee of Rome was unlimited ; and LtheU wild, king of Mcrcia, itnpofed an annual tax of a penny ■ipon every houfc, which was afterwards known by the ame of Peter's pence, becaufe paid on the holiday of St. Peter ad vincula, Auguft 1. This tax was im- pofed at dril; for the fiipport of a college at Rome for the education of Englilh youth, founded by Ina, king of Weifex, under the name of Rome-fcot, but in pro- cefs of time the popes claimed it as a tribute due to St. Peter and his fuccelTors. A black cloud of- barbarotis ignorance covered ths whole country during the Saxon heptarchy. Continual wars among themfelves, blended with the moft Ihocking crimes, furnifh the few hiflorical tranfa£liun$ that have reached our time. Thefe continual tumults and dif- orders hadened the dedrudion of the heptarchy, which was abolilhed by Egbert, the la(l king of the Wed- Saxons, who annexed the other fix kingdoms to his own, about the year 819. Egbert, the elded branch of Cerdic, one of the Saxon chiefs who fird arrived in England, and related to Birth'- ric, king of the Wed-Saxons, was in his early youth obliged to leave his country to avoid the effedls of that prince's jealoiify. Fortunately for Egbert, Charlemagne, the molt accomplidied prince of his age, then fwayed the fceptre of France. The prince found there a gene- rous prote6lor, and under hitn he learned the arts of war and government. About the year 800, Birthric paid the debt of nature, and the Wed-Saxonsearnedly folicited Egbert to return to his native land, and take polTedion of the crown of his ance((ors. He imme- diately contplied with their requed, and no fooncr found himfelf fettled on the thfone, than he took fuch meafures as in a (liort time rendered him the fole monarch of the feven provinces of the heptarchy. Peace being thus redored, Egbert was folemnly crowned king at Winchedet. Soon after he changed the name of hiskingdoin into that of Engle-lond or England. The Danes, who about the year 83a were a powerful people, had long tnfeded the Britilh feas, and made defcents upon the coalls of Kant and Dorfet(hire. Egbert marched againd them, but from the fovereign contempt he entertained of thefe pirates, marched at the head of a fmall number of forces, and was de- feated. The Danes, however, did not long enjoy the fruits of their viftoiy t for about two years alter he ttttcked them with (iich impetuofity, that they were obliged to abandon the kingdom ; nor did they ever venture to return till after his death, which happened in 83H. Ethelwolf, fon of Egbert, proved a weak and in- dalent prince, without the lead tinflure of his father's virtues ; he was fcarcely fcatcd on the throne, before the Danes appeared again tipon the coads, and the Englilh being unable to oppofc their ravages, they fixed themfelves in the ill.iiu), which foon became one continued fcene of bkxuKhcd anil devadation. They however received a fcvcrc check Iroin Atheldan, fon to Ethelwolf, and his partner in the regal authority ; but tltis was not fiitfieitiu to prevent their forming a fettlement in the Ifle ot Thaiiet, where they employed themfelves in collcftrng arms and force fu.licient tn 8 D extend ^■:' .1- m ■(•■■• u m i \ I I i. ■ i i V ijj. '\%i ! 3 ' l}i^. :i efcS A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. extend their fettlements in England. It would natu- rally be fiippofed that Ethelwolf endeavoured to coiin- tera<3 the defigns of his barbarous enemy ; but To far was that iodulcnt prince froni taking the neceflary 1)rccatitions againft the invaders of his kingdom, that le abandoned it (o their ravages ; and fired with the enthuliafm of monkiih devotion, yifited the pope at Rome, taking with him his youngelt fon, afterwards the Great Alfred. Ethelwolf at his dc'.th, which happened in 8,57, divide*', his dominions between his two elded fons (Athenian being then dead), Ethelbald and Ethclbert, ' whofe joint reign affords no (ranf:iiSli()n worthy to be recorded. Ethelbald ,diied firfl ; and Etheibert, at his deccafe, named his brother Ethelred for his fiiccelfor, purfuant to the will of his father, though two fons of his own were then living. During the reign of Ethel- red, the Daney, notwithftanding the valiant efforts of the king and his brother Altrtd, made themfclvcs mailers of many of the finclf counties in England, and were almod entirely:ma(lcrs of the fea-coall, when, by the death of Ethelred, Alfred afcended the throne. This event happened in 872. Alfred came to the crown at a time when his king- dom was falling a prey to barbarous invaders, and his fubje£ls worn out with frequent wars. Such was his courage and condu(Jl, that, though during the ftruggle iie had once entirely loll his dominions, and was re- duced for a time to the fervilc (late of a cow-herd } yet before his death, which happe led in the year 900, he had not only recovered the crown, but added new lullre to it by his conqucfls over the Danes, whom he obliged to fvvear obedience to his government. Even the inhabitants of Wales, who had lived in a perpetual (late of enmity with tht Saxons, courted his proteftion. The virtues of this monarch juftiy acquired him the epithet ol Great, and his excellent laws, that of " The Father of the Englilh Conftitution." One of the principal glories of his reign was that of giving birth to a maritir.-'c power in England. Convir^^i d that the fuperiority of numbers in his enemies woijUI always be againft him, uniefs he could acquire thei dominion of the fca, he carefully obK^rvcd the manner io wbi<;b the Danes conllrufted their velfcls, and having inade improvements upon their ait, ordered a number ol gallitf tu be biMJi, fcime of winch carried lixty rowers, and were, iIk ugh more lofty and of greater bulk, fwilter f-iiiT> (I. an the Danilh lliips. He revived the ufo ol' juiies, wliicli had lain liormnnt U'r f'""*^ 'ii"e. He gave great eucoiiragcimnl to navigation and coin- nicr<:e, v/nich, even in tlut Ciirly pcrioJ, he brought to fiinie degree ol perlu'lioii. He introduced biuldings ot brick ami (luiie, ni.uciials till then ufcd only in ereding churches. His treatment of corrupt judges was truly exemplary ; he caufed Lveral ot tliem to be hung up by the liJcs ol high loads, as an example to deter othtti tr';in ih'.' lil.c dcllru^.live pracliccs. A fchoUr liimfcll, lie adiaucd and rewarded thufc who were fond of the fcienccs, and invited feveral lezt^ men into his dominions. In a word, if Alfred wj3 not the greatcft, he may be juflly tfteemed equal 3 any other monarch that ever fwayed the Ene'i keptte, and has obtained the higheft charadler Iron hiuorians of all ages. Edward, commonly called the Elder, to diftinniiu him from Edward the Confelfor, fucceeded his latha Alfred. This prince reigned twenty-feven years, durlm v»hich he was engaged in feveral wars againft ty Danes, and was generally viSorious. The king Scotland alfo, who had entered into an alliance witll thefe invaders, was glad to purchafe a peac« by conJ Tenting to hold his dominions in vilTalage to the crowiJ of England. Nor were the Danca and Scots the onM enemies Edward had to contend with. In the yeai qjoj an infurrecliotl happened in Wales, headed by Leolred] a Dane, and Griffith ap Madoc, brother-in-law to thj .c h??H . prinqe of Weft- Wales. Thefe two, at formidable army, had advanced as far as Chefter, be! fore Edward was in a condition to oppofe theirprJ grefs ; but coming up with them at Sherwood, a batild eiifued, wherein Griffith was killed, Leofred takj prifoner, and their whole arm)' put to flight. Edwai having thus fubdued all his enemies, turned his thoiig. to the improvement of his conquells, and the weil governing of his fubjeds. He enadled the moil faluJ tary laws, and took care to put them ftridly in execiil tion. Edward dying in 927, was fucceeded byhiseM fon, Athelftan, at the beginning of whofe reign the Dano once more renewed their barbarous ravages ; and hJ whole reign was one continued fcene of war with thcfJ relllcfs invaders, the Scots, the Englilh, and othen neighbouring powers. Thefe commotions, howeverJ did not divert his attention from the welfare ofhis people. The encouragement of commerce feems tJ have been his chief delight. He alfo encouragedl coinage; and we find by his laws, that archbilhopsJ bilhups, and even abbots, had then the privilege oS minting money. He ena>^cd many excellent lawsj and one in particular, whereby every merchant whoT had, on his own accoimt, made tiiree voyages to tha Mediterranean, was put upon the lame fooling witt^ a thane, or nobleman of the lirll rank. He died inl ()4i, and, leaving no itVue, was fuci-eeded by hii brother, I Edmund I. whofe reign, and thofe of his fuccedbrsJ Edred and Edwy, were weak and iiigioriou.s buna cither engaged in wars with tlo D.i.'ies, ordif^raccl by the iiitluencc of pri.-lls. ! Edgar mounted the throne aboi ' the year i),59, butJ like Ethred, his brother, he na-, the dupe ot pridbJ particularly Dunllaii. During his rti^;ii, uhich lipoid the whole '.vas not inglorious, he ceded to ilie Scots all the territory north ot Severiis's wail, and revived tlid naval qlory of England. Ik died in 975, and hi| cldcll fon, IjtAtd a Dumero ivo, ai ilic hesd c'' s lEinori.] ENGLAND. 659 Edwardi next arccnded the throne ; but by the in- I . j5 af his ftep-mother, Elfrida, was foon deprived IZboih his crown and life; and in 978, was fuc- IttCiled by Eihelted, fon to Elfrida. In his reign, the Englifli Miion was> ''y ^^^ ''^'P °^ priefts, over-run with bar- ns, and tne Danes had by degrees poflefled I'hein- lltlvesof the fineft parts of England, and left Ethelred Lnocondilion to diflodge them. To get rid of them, lie jjrecd to pay them 30,000!. which was levied by Lay of tax, and called Danegelt, being tlie fird land- Kiii) England. In 1002, they had made fuch fet ie- iMiitsin the country, that Ethelred was obliged to give I ,5 J general mafl'acrc for their extirpation. JBut litaher this crirel delign was executed entirely, or Ll in part, is uncertain; it was however fcverely re- LldbySwein, the Danifh king, who in 1013 laid lilie country wafte with fire and fword, and even Lted Ethelred, with his queen and two fons, to fly liito Normandy, where they remained till Swein paid lljujjljtof nature. Immediately after his death, not- liilhftanding Canute had been proclaimed king of Eng- lliid by the Danes, Ethelred returned ; and having Lccd Canute to retire into Denmark, was once more Irinllated in his kingdom. Canute, however, foon col- a numerous fleet, and in 10 j 6 once more in- |wd England. Juft at that period Ethelred died, and llisrun, Edmund II. furnamed Ironfide (from his. great Ijniljly flrength) after fighting feveral battles with the IDines, in order to prevent a further eflFufion of human lUood, confented to divide the kingdom with Canut-?. iTIiis divifion was foon terminated by the death of liiiinund, who was airallinated by one of his courtiers ; ikoping, by that cruel ad, to ingratiate himfelf with ICaDute: but that monarch no looner found himfelf Ibly fixed on the throne of England, than he caufed IiIk traitor's head to be ftruck off, as a juft reward for lliisliorrid fervice. Canute's reign was very favourable to the Englifli, liliom he incorporated with the Danes, and treated Iwiiihe utmoft tendernefs. He was engaged in feveral Itir;, which he always finiflitd with honour, and at lie lime of his death, which happened in 1039, the Imion enjoyed a profound peace. He kit three fons, ISmin, Harold, and Hardicanutc, who all fucceeded Ilolhe crown of England ; but their behaviour was fo Ibift and detcllablc, that the very government of the iDjiies becsme odious to the Engliih ; they therefore loD the demife of Hardicanute, which happened in \m, reftoved the family of Ethelred to the throne, limk pcrfon of Edward, commonly called the Con- litiror. Edward, fi)r fome time, fiiffered himfelf to be en- lliiely gDveriitd by earl Goodwin, wliofe daughter he Ihil married, and by whole arts iic was placed on tlic Itliione, in jirelerence to Edward, fon of Ednuind II Ib'Jt ilie infolcnce of this nobleman and his fons arofe |l«(uchaj)itch, that they were banilhcd by the king, who, however, afterwards thought proper to recaU and tcinftale them in their power. Edward repulfed the Dance, who had made a defcent ^t Sandwich. Siwnrd, one of his generals, routed the Scots, and killed their king, Macbeth. Alfgar, an Engliih noble- man, and Griffin, king of Wales, made an inrpad into England, and took ?nd plundered Hereford, but were at length totally routed by Harold, fon to earl. Good- win ; fo tlrat Edward, cither in perfon, or by his generals, obtained the viftory over every power againft whom he directed his arms. This monarch coUeiSlcd the laws of the Dunes, Saxons, and Mercians, which he digefted into one body, and called it " The com- mon law of England." Being like moll of his pre- deceifors, a great friend to the monks ; he founded many religious houfes, and rebuilt the Abbey a; Wefl- minller, where he was buried in the year lobj. Edward dying without illiie, Harold, fon to earl ■' jodwin, was raifed to the throne in preference fo Edgar Atheling, grandfon to Edmund Ironfide, and the only furviving prince of the ancient kings of England. Some authors alfert, that Edward had appointed William, duke of Normandy, his fuc- celfor, while others maintain it was only a pretence made ufe of by William for invading England. How- ever that be, he aiSlually iatided on the coatl of Sulfex^ in the year 1066, without oppofition ; Harold Icing then employed in repulfing the Danes, who had made frcfh inroads into England- William was at the head of forty^thoufand men, all veteran troops, and com- manded by the braved officers in Eufope. He was met by Harold, at Hafiings, and a molt dreadful engage- ment enfued, wherein Harold was (lain, and the con- queror, with very little diiliculty, afcended the Englifh throne. William, in the beginning of his reign, gave the Engliih a flattering profpedl of a juft and mild ad- miniltration ; but they foon found themfelves deceived, for, having given them caufe of complaint in the par- tiality (hewn upon every occafion to the Normans, they broke out into open rebellion, and endeavoured to place Edgar Atheling upon the ihrone. The attempt proved abortive ; ami William, in revenge for their confpiracies, deprived them of all their poffellions, which he divided among the Normans, and fuch of the Engliih as had remained faithful to him. He abolilhed the Anglo-Saxon laws, and introduced thofe of Nor- mandy : built great numbers of for-ts all over the country, and dilarmcd the old iniiabitants : inflitutcd the curfew bell, whieh was rung every evening at eight o'clock, and at the foimd of which the An^.;!;)- Saxons were obliged to extmguiili ideir cai^dlts and lires. He alfo fer/cd the trtaluics bcliingin^- to their monafleiies, undi r prete ce tlut liie rebel; h:id con- cealed their molt valuable etFects in ttiefe religions llruiilures : iuipofed tlie tenure of knight's fuvicu upon all lands held of the crown: caufed a g' neral furvey of all the lands in liingland to be made, and an account mh m '■ a. •» ,\'\i: m .1. Miil-Y I =iU r66o A NEW AND COMPLFfE ^YSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. !lkcount to be taken of the villaias, flaves, atid live (lock, tipon each eilatc ; all which was recorded in Daomf- ; lllirnne, and diilingiiidicd the begini.i'ig of his reiijn by Irafiiigan army ol 3,5,000 men, with v\hi/in, by the per- lluafinn of the clergy, and tor their own ends, lie »;iide 11 moll magnificent bnt ruinous crufade to the H >!v iLaiid.wlitre he tonk Aeon and Afcaloi,, ai^d performed lnifflyotherailsuf valotir. Jlvit, on his return to England, |iie\ustr(achi:riiiilly taken prifoner by Leopold, duke of I Aiiilria, who had fu-ved under liini at the iicge of ,\con, juiicrc, btui;^ difgidedat an infult olf.red to iiis dandard |iythis!.aii;;lily .nonarch, he caufed him to be fei-seil .;• |mwi5 iKjIIiiig thrdiigh his dominions, ami thrown into jffifon. The emperor Henry VI. who alfo coiilidered Ri- chard as anenettiy, on account of an alKancc contra£led by him with Tancred, king of Sicily, ofFered the duke k large fnm of money if he would deliver tlw royal captivft into his hands. Leopold readily confentcd ; and, while England was diflrafted with inteitine commtnions, li«r' king was confined ih a dungeon by the faithl-fsand ava-' riciinis Germans. He continued in this difmal fitnaiiori till the exorbitartt fiim of 300,000!. of our prefent mo- ney was paid for his ranfom. This Aim will appear flill greater, when we confider that, at this time, an ojc fold for 3s. which anfwers to 9s. of our money, and a (lieep at ^d. or is. Richard, at his return to his dominions, was receivetJ with univerfal joy bv his fubjedls, but found every thing in the utmoftconfiifion, by the treachery of his brother John, in whofe favour France had invaded this kiiig- dom. However, he feems to have held John in too much conteinpt to exert that revenge wliich he doubt- lefs had in his power: his- mind was fixed on more im- portant objeihls ; he lifteni.d to the overture* of the em- peror Henry VI. who, a(h;imed of the treatment he had infliiled on Richard, now folicited his Iricndihip and alfiltance againll the king of Frai'ice. War was a 'cordingly declared ag.iinil that inonarch, but foon after terminated by a truce of live years ; and the renewal of holliliiies was pr'.-vented by the deitli of Richard, wfho was ILiin befijre the walls of the caUle of Chains. The vifcount I^imoges, ow ner of that fort, being a valfal of Richard, refufed to diliver up a trea.'"iii-c he had difco- vered, and whiih Richard claimed as fup^rior lord of the foil. This event haiipencd in 111)9, the 42d of his 3;.;^, and ic'h of his reign. J !m feiicd the crown, and determined to defend it to ihe lall extreinity, and foon after bafely uitirdered Arthur, the eldefl fon of his brother GeotFiey, who had the hereditary right. Philip, king of Fiance, efpoi.fed the caufe of that unfortiniate prince, and cited the king of England to repair to France, and fland trial for that atrocious crime. John refufid to obey the fnmmons, and was declared guilty of lelonv and parricide; ad- judged (o furf it to his firperior lord all his feignories and t;e!^ in Fiance. That inhuman act had rendered him dctefiable to the generality of his fubjefls, and, fH>n alter, his puiillaiiimous condudl embroiled him with the baroiis, who detellcd lils aiSlions. Apprc- iK'ifive of an invalicn from l'"r,iiice, and drciding the refentment t,f his nobility, inllvad of making the necef- faiy preparations for fee uring his kingdom, he applied to the pope fr)r protect ion. He even oiFered to become his tribmary, as a pm.f f Rome, fenfible ol John's we^knefs, now re- fo'ved ' > actjuirc iiniiuiited power in England. In this delign i':ie pope was afHlled by t[ie ck'rgy, who wilhed to render thcmfelves cn'ircly independent of the civil power; andlhereibre exerted their utmofl effirts. Eng- land was now once more rediicttl to a deplorable flate i , i I ' ii « Hi H of anarchy and confufion. b E At length the barc;r.: bailed, '"!♦' I 1 61a A NEW and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOOHAPHY. vailed, and John was obliged to (if n that foundation of all our liberties, fo well known by the title ot" Magna Charta. But this being merely an a£l of compuidon, Johncomplainedtothe pope of the violence impoled upon im, and his holincfs immediately declared the charter to be null and void, as having been obtained by force. John, in the mean time, privately levied a body of foreign forces, by whofe alliftance he, in his turn, tri- umphed over the barons, who, reduced o the mod def- perate extremity, offered to acknowledge Lewis, eldeft fon to the king of France, as their fovercign, provided he would affilt them agiinfl; their enraged monarch. The terms were accepted, and Lewis landed in Eng- land. John immediately aflembled a cuiiliderablc army, but palling from Norfolk into Lincoinlhire, hi- -oad lay along tnc fca-f ire, then overflowed at high itrj and fixing on an improper time for his journey, h •';> in the inundation, all his trcafure, carriages, bag^. <<:. and regalia. This misfortune fo deeply affedled hi that he retired to the callle of Newark, where.he dico in 13 16, in the i8ih year of hi:; reign, and 49th of his sge j, and, by his will, appointed nis fon Henry IIL then a child of teti years old, to fuccced him ; and, du- ring his minority, the earl of Pembroke was chofen proteftor of the kingdom. Though historians have charged John with being of an arbitrary, inconllant, and cruel difpofition, yet it is evident, from the fame relation, that he had great provocations from the clergy and the barons, who, in their tunn$, attempted to an- nihilate the royal prerogative. It muft be acknow- ledged, at the fame time, that, imdcr John, the com- mons of England laid the foundation ot all the wealth and privileges they now enjoy ; and the commerce of England received a moft furprifing increafe. He may be called the father of the privileges of free boroughs, which he eftabliftied and endowed all over his kingdom ; and that it was under him that the ftone-bridge was finidied acrofs the Thames at London, as it Hood fome years apo. The city of London owes fome of her pri- vileges to him. The office of mayor, before his reign, was for life ; but he gave them a charter to choofe them a mayor out of their own bsdy, and alfo to ele£l their flieriffs and common council, as at prefcnt, annually. Henry was obliged to fwear fealty to the pope, and renew that homage to which his father had fubjedted the kingdom ; and his holinefs, in return, acknow- ledged Henry's right to the crown of England. Lewis was now obliged to quit the kingdom, and renounce all pretenfions to the crown. But the proteflor well knew that it was not fullicient for Henry to have no competi- tar for t!ie throne, it was alfo ncceiliiry for him to gain the afftiflions ol his fubjcdts ; accordingly, a new charter of liberties, chitfiy copied from that extorted by the ba- rons from his father, was granted. It had been happy for Henry had the proici'lor lived, by whofe wife admt- niflraiion affairs once more Huwtd in the ir proper chan- nelf:, and the inik pendency of this country was once more .rellorcd ; but Pembroke dying in 1219, he was fuccceded in the government bv the bifhop of Ml i cherter and Hubert de Burgh, high julhciary. r\ \ condu(Sl was the reverfe of tTiat of"tiielr predecelT '"'J the barons again broke out into open rtbellion. "rh' however, allured the king, when fummoncd to anf I for their conduft, that they had no dcfign a|rai,,(n"| facred perfon, and that their fole motive lor apnea "' in arins was to remove Hubert de Burgh from his, ffi"^ Henry, at that time, rcfufed to comply with theV^' quell ; but, a few years after, Hubert was difmiircd a"'ii' the tjvernmeni of the kingdom devolved cntirelv rm ,1! bifhopofVVinchcller. '"f^'y on thei That prelate, who was a native of Poiflou p,.! fuaded Henry to admit a ninnbcr of his couotrymc I an othir foreigners, to fettle in England. In a (lio"r!| ! , .all places of importance were bcltowed upon them I t d Henry was prevailed on t'> violate the great chartc/l ) : once more roufed the barons, and the king wail "ned with excommunication by Edmund, arch I bifhoj Canterbury, and other prelates of England i( he diu ; . lifmifs the biihop of VVinclicdcr f7om L polls, and all foreigners from the kingdom. HenrH thought pn)per to comply with both thefe injuna,onsf and the primate, who was in every refpefl equal to iliJ talk, was placed at the head of the government. Henry's attachment to foreigners, however, flilj conJ tinned. He had married Eleanor, daughter to thccoiina of Provence, and her relations and followers were pro! moted to the chief pofts in the kingdom. The barons] finding all remonftrances inefFedual, entered into a conJ fcderacy, at the head of which was one Simon de MontJ fort, earl of Leiceller. This (Iriiggle between thekina and his difcontented barons laded a coiifiderableiiniel but at length the latter conq^iiered, and, i,i onedccifiJ battle, the king and prince Edward, his eldeft fon, wera taken prifoners at the battle of Lewes. Leicefteranl the barons now governed the nation ; but priiicf Edl ward, having found means to efcape, foon aliembledaJ army, and coming to an engagcinent with the baronsl killed Leicelter, entirely defeated their forces, and le' E laced his father on that throne his rebellious fubje6 ad fo iinjuftly ufurped. This battle was fought ai Evelbam, Aug. 4, 1265. I Edward afterwards undertook an expedition to tiiJ Holy Land; but, during his abfence, England again bel came a fcene of confufion ; and Henry, worn out withaa andgrief.died in i272,cxpiringiii thearmsofhisfavourl ite fon, in the 64th yearot his age, and j6thofhiueiji which was uncomfortable and inglorious; andyc:: ilriiggles of this reign, the people in gre,-it meafi re owl the liberties of the prefent day. During the reign c Henry, the feudal tenures in England received a feverJ blow, by the knights and biirgelies being allowed iJ lorni part ot the Icgillaiurein a Teparate houfe, vvhichi ilu: prefcnt Houfe of Commons. Ell ward was jiroclaimed king of England iramediaielj on ihedemife ot his father. He invited all Hhoheldo his crown in cafiu to his coron ttou dinner, which conl ENGLAND. C9^i bacon hens and III. king of jy (fuch was the luxury of the litres) of §78 i^ iAO hogs, 440 oxen, 430 flu-.p, 22,600 he ni,an<* >3 *^»* g°3'*- Alexander III. k SSilind, was at the folemnity, and let loofc 500 horfcs, fainvt'hat could catch them, to keep them. As foon I the ceremony '^f his coronation was performed, Ed- I', tmploycd himfelf in corrcdling thofe abufes, I'tcti (luring the preceding reigns, Iiod introduced Iktinfelves into the kingdom. TItc nation was over- I with robb°rs, murderers, incendiaries, ravifliers, 1^ l^nderers, who lived in open defiance of the laws ; ) proceed again ft fuch, the king appointed fpecial n;.,„o« who were to travel throiiL'h all the conn- lud to proceed aKii"'» •"«-"» "•>• iwiii5aj,uuiintuipci.ia iMOimimoners, who were to travel through all the coun- l^in England, inquire ftriftly into diforders of every kd and punilh them with the utmoft feverity. The ' Ifjloners executed their order with fuch vigour, hi numerous gangs of diforderly people were Toon dif- ifcd and the evil totally eradicated. Edward like- ,ile regulated the coin, which at that time was greatly liiiilierated. He fettled the privileges of the cinque Mrti' and pafled the famous mortmain a£l, whereby Jlperfons were rcftrained from giving, by will or other- KiC their eftates to religious, and other focieties that MCI die, without a fpecial licence from the crx)wn. lathe year 1276, Edward undertook an expedition pinft Lewellyn, prince of Wales, who, during the I of Henry, had aflifted the barons; and, on the ac- nof Edward, refufed to perform the homage of a Lewellyn made the necelTary preparations for Jnding his principality ; but finding that the Jadvan- jjtousmuation of Edward's army had cut off all fup- tosfrom his own, he was obliged to furrenderat dif- luion, without having been able ta bring the king to ttngagement : a treaty was agreed to, and hoftages Hivtred by Lewellyn for fecurity of his future fub- ^Jion, The Welih, however, could not long fuffer Keiniblent treatment they received from the Englifli, donee more had recourfe to arms : but this laft effort I the prcfervation of their liberties proved abortive. wtllyn was flain, and his brother I)avid, who fuc- dtd to the title, never being able to colled an army jcient to face Edward, flew from place to place, and Cjsatlaft betrayed into the king's hands, who cruelly nihim toa fliameful death. The ancient race of their ices being thus extirpated, all the nobility in Wales filiDiitted to the conqueror, and the laws of England, lith the (heriffs, and other miniflers- of jufticc, were IbblKhcd in that principality. Edward created his Kiimince ot Wales, and the eldeft fons of the monarchs lEtigland have ever fince borne that title. Edward was chofen arbiter between Robert Bruce J John Baliol, each of whom, on the d«ath of Mar- rtt, queen of Scots, in 1291, claimed the throne of bt kingdom. Edward declared in favour of Baliol, Uo accordingly afcendcd the throne, and, purfiiaut to a mifehehad previoully made the king of England, I homage to Edward lor his crown; bur, repenting [folbauiel'ul a fubmiflion, he feized the oppununity offered him, by a war breaking out between Enghnd and France, to exert his right of independence. Willi this view he entered into an alliance with France, but, unfortunately for him, a truce being Toon after con- cluded between England and that nation, Edward had leifure to employ the whole force of his arms aeainft Scotland, which he reduced to a province of England, and took Baliol prifoner. Impatient of fiibmitting to the Englifli yoke, the Scots refolved, if poflible, to make it off; and Edward, rendered furious by their frequent attempts, at laft refolved to ruin their country fo effec- tually, as to prevent every attempt of that nature for the future. He aifembled a numerous army, which he condu£led to Carlijle ; but, while the ncceffarv prepa- rations were making to execute his iuteniions, he was feizcd with a difordcr which put a period to his life in the year 1307, the 69th year of his age, and 35th of his reign. He ordered his heart to be fent to the Holy Land, with 39,000!. for the maintenance of what was called the Holy Sepulchre. In his wars with France, Ec'ward loft Guiennr for, though he had formed alliances ngainft that nat'^ .s .' moft of the princes «f Germany and other pov.",i j, ^: had the mortification to reap no advantage f- 1 tb aftiftance ; and that every attempt to leffen, t u^ ' tniv to heighten, the glory of Philip. This monarch gave great encouragetARnt *>' fo- reigners, who traded with England , but l.e ni x\,s aggregate body of every particular nation, fiding here, anfwerable for the crimes of each indiv ! '•. their number. He regulated the fonns of parl.umLnt, and their manner of granting aids towards the nation's de- fence, which differed very little from the prefent me- thod : and, at the beginning of his reign, he proceeded with great rigour ngainft the Jews, whom he expelled the kingdom, and feizcd upon their eftates. Edward II. fuccccded his father, but fell far Hiort of him in the government of his dominions. He was no fooncr, as he fuppofed, mafler of hiinfclf and a£lions, than he recalled his favourite, Gavefton, fon to a Gaf- con knight of fome diftindlion. This young man had been cftabliflied in the Prince of Wales's houfehold by Edward I. in return for the fervices of his father ; but finding he had infinuated himfelf into the affeftions v'l his fon, in whom he was defirous of crufhing his defiro for favourites, which already fcemed the ruling paffion of his foul, he banifhed yourig Gavefton, and, on hi* death-bed, cxafted a promifc from the prince never to recall him. Happy had it been for Edward had he obeyed this injundlion of his father; for the barons finding that, bcfides endowing his minion with the caildom of Cornwall, he was daily loading him with riches and honours, which rendered him infiipportably infolent, they formed a party againft him, at the head of which was Thomas, earl of Lancafter, coufin-gcrman to the king. The barons now repaired to the parliament-houfe armed, where they inlifted upon the banilhment of I Gavefton, ji-ii W '^: ' '■ i}i < '\ ':! > ,1- I' MIJ;; !■ n; I n\A \ I tfi A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Caveflon, and that lie flionld take a 'olt-mn oath never Ij) return into Eiigijtid The king finding he mull in fume nRafnrc conijily with this f qiicK, appointed his ravoiirile h>rd hciitcnant i>f Inland ; but, nn.^^Ic to bear his abfemc, he dxm recalled him. The barons, however, obliged him oticc more to quit the kin|^ilom ; and, upon his returning again in I3i!^> tite whole na- tion rofe up in arms; upon which Edward placcrl Ga- vtUon in the joined b) muiKrotis nialconttnis from England, aiil, among the lelf, by Roger Mortimer, a Wellli baron, wlio had b en rond'Uineil for high trtafon ; but Ijis frntence of death b-ing changed into that of jierpctual jmprifonment, lie found means to efcaiie from the Tower, and tock fhelier in France. Here he was introduced to liie f]iictn of Enj^land, wlio liift em- ployed him as her counfellor, but foon becomino inoured of his perfoii, they publicly lived lopnh "* ttie moft criminal intimay. When alFairj vk^^- for execution, Ifabclla failed for England, where "'"' licr landing, fhe was j,)ined by the nation in L'„cr!!5 vvi.^. fnppofed her only int'-nt was to pur r.o ciid t„,|,j |)ower of the Spencers. Thus abandoiu'd, Ej^^.^,! tempted tody into 'Ireland, but hein^ '^fvc i by Cd^r d winds on the co;ilt of S>)uth Wales, he endeavour. ?^J conceal himfelf in the incmnfaiiis: he was, hinve'. | foon difcovcred, and condui'tid to Kt-jiclwor'h r m j and the Spencers bein^ alio taken prifoiiers were hM put to death. The inlamous queen nr»vv fummoned a pjrlianc tJ in which f( utencc was piffed upm the unfortunate i,, I innocent Edward, whereby he was oiili.T.'j ||)f(.|j, , tro'.vn in favour of his fin. 'i'his point ohtaircl i),. wanted nothing ro render i!ic characler of l('abeil,tn'( diabolical, but the munlcr of herde-pofcd htiltuiiil' this by her contrivance, j^iintly witli that of M, mi,., was perpetrated on the cift of S ptemhcr 1337, ^j,, every ciicumltaiicc of brutality that the iidcrf.J I'jiriti tiiemfelves could invent. ' Edward HI. at hiv acceffinn tothc throne, wjsnnl 14 years of age; fo thai the tpi.-e-n ainl Mortiincr tit( lered themfelves that thead.iiinilt-ralion nf aiF.iirs won! for fomc years at leall, be under their direfljon, am in order to fecure their power, tlicy planned and ex- cuted many popular mcafures. Biit Edward ealily n nettattd into their defigns, and refolved to coiinicr:i them, when a proper opportunity fhould o.fir. ffl was furrounded by the emiifaries of Mortimer a was therefore obliged to aft with the utinoll raiition but having priva'cty engaged the alliltance of fevei pet Ions ol diltindlon, Mortimer was feizcd in his bti, and, after a fliort trial, condemned by the parliament t| be hangtd; wfaich fentencc was executed onagibbi at the Elms, in the neiglibourhood of London. Tl vile queen was confined for life to her own hotife Rifmgs, and her revenue reduced to 40C0I. perannut Edward being now at liberty to \ii.\ for hiniftlf, prt cteded with the iitmofl indullry and judgment to rdrtl all thofe grievances which had either proceeded fro want of authority in the crown, or from the laieabul of it. Thieves, inurderers, and criminals of all kini were prote'Aed by the barons, for whom llicyhadaSi during the civil commotions. Edward fawtliedati; of liiis attempt, and, in order to render it fiicccfs full exaciled a promife from the peers, that they woii! break off all conne>f\tons with fiich diabolical wrelche This point being gained, he iilittd writs to thejiidgeJ enjoining them to ad.riimlfer jiiliice without payingaii regard 10 arbitrary orders from lii« miiiiiiers; aiuii' proceeded with fuch rigour, that the public dillurbi of the peace of the kingdom were foon either ixtil pated or difperfed, their gangs broken, and a peril put to their pernicious prafliccs, r Wlicn affairs were fettled at homr, the king ti ploji EiJ'"'! F. N C I, A N n. 66^ (the throne, wasonlj II ami iVIdrtimer ii| •alion ot air'airs woii'd ■ thtir ilireflion, ani^ iiy planned ami exci But Edward ealily pJ refoivcd to coiinictafi ity ihoiild ofFtr. HI es of Mortimer, ani I the utmoll caiitiuni e allilbntc of fcvcri ■ was fcized in his oii \\ by the parliament tj executed ona giWd )od of London. TN fe to her own hoiife i 1 to 4000I. perannuti o -dCi for hiniftif, pra ,ni judgment to redrti either proceeded troa or troni the iateabufij ! criminals of allkindl r whom ihcy hadadla :^dward faw the dang to render it fiicccfjl peers, that they wmil ich diabolical wretcha ;!td wriis I'o ttiejudga ice wiihoiit jiayingiij ii« miniilcrs; ar.dihd ;it the ]iiiblic ilillurb were foim cither cxiil broken, and a pcrif 005 i,(it!i'< fcrcts ai'nind John Bruce, king of Scothiinl, 'l, (.11 ilie death ot Kdwaril II. ha*l cuinmiitcd I jl\,l ravj^c.H 00 the frniuit rs of ICriijIand ; bnt ihc ,,„„ diiwJg"' ••'"' Mortimir thought it ut that time i(iOiidiiuvc to their fafcty to make peace with John ; J ((irciuKr it more tailing, Ifabclla gave Iter daughicr 1, Jiin inar.ia^;e to David, eldcft Con of nrocc. I hi'^ Lfi:i({'l"'''y' however, did not atfedf Edward, who ,fi,|vrti to p'a>'e Edwartl Haliol, Con of that prince, had hfcii taken prifoner by Edward I. on tlic Uu itaiiot S'Otland, in oppolition to his brother in-law. H( f.nt lor him from Normandy, and proi7iifk.nl him PifVl' illlilaiice in the recovery amiy, an of the Sc ottilh crown, to ,|'h he had an niidoiibtcd right, provided ho would, i, Kiiirn, hcwinic his vallal. Caliol coiifenttd, and, ..(cf I'lVcral ciintlifl!-, dro\e !>avid out of Scotland, ulicic he wa.s loon after cro\. "jd ; but a profufion of k|ix«|w'a5 llied in endeavouring to fix him on the throne. Thekingof I'rancc dying without iliiie in 1:3371 Pliiipof Valiiis declared himlelf next male heir to that (joivii, but was oppofed by Edward, who, iiotwiiii- llandin" he was well acquainted with the Sal'tpic law, jliich excludes all females or their dcfcendcnis from ji'ccnding the throne o( that kingdom, allerted his tiiim in right of his mother ; and, when he found tliat jlijlip was acknowledged king of France, rcfolvcd to iiiiide his kingdom. This war, on the part of Ed- »i[d, "'35 a continual fccne of fiitcefs, and he carried liisvicloiiotis arms even to the gates of Paris. In 1340, lictoi'k the title of king of France, iiling it in all pub- lic acts, and quartered the arms of France with his o«n, adding this motto, '* Dicu et mon Droit, God jnd my right." On the 19th of September 1356, »u foiight the famous battle of PoidVicrs, wherein llie army of John, the French king, was defeated, jnd himfelf, with his Ton Philip, taken prifoners, by the Englilh, under the command of Edward prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince, jlihat lime only 16 years of age. This prince was tlic darling of his father, the admiration of all Eu- rope, and the hope of England: but his early death prevented the cnjoytiient of that happinefs with the piufpcA of which the nation fondly iiattercd thcmfelves wliin he (hould afcciid the throne. He died in 1372, nhilehewas tnaking a glorious campaign in Spain, »hcre he reinflatcd Peter the Crun the head, wlr h iiillanily de- prived him of life, and, by the excellent jondutl ol the young king, the rcbeli fooii after laid down their arms 8 F without ^ivs; ■; :'■!:" 1=': >'nif I'll 111 ; > (! r; •^1 >'■ €66 A NFAV and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. withiiir ■iiy further ill conrtqiicnces. Huppy had it ben I'lr Kiclurd, it the fanie TiiMJcration wliich ho p\ 'circJ in the infiirrcrtion of Wat Tyler, h.ni in- f i>''l cveiy other aflinn of hit lllc. But !)ir Michael f! ■ 1 1 I'ole, joiil chatuclior, jiidge Trefilian, ami Robert fii.' Vi ic, t-arl 1)1 Oxford, rnaicd duke of Irtlaiid, dc- fli')\ d the pleafingprofpfiil of happincfs. Tlicfc three w(ir!hl»r« null pollclftd his entire conlidencct which ri; ' rcdiheinexceedinglyobnoxioustoparliament; and, 11 iwiihlUndiiig the king's iitmoft enurtii in their fa- V 'II', thoy were attainted, and condemned to futifer at iLiitiirs. The kingdom was brought by thefe faAions to the brink of dcltrndiion, and the king facrificed fcverai no- blL-nicn to his fafety, pariii-iilarly thi duke of Glouceder, who was inftdiuuily imprifoned, and Afterwards mur dcrtd at Calais. A quarrel foon after happened be- tween the duke of Hereford, fon to the duke of Lan- cafler, and the duke of Norfolk, which was to be de- ^iniiiied by finglc combat between the parties;, but, when the two champions appeared in the iicid, the king inferpofed, and, in order to prevent at «nce the prcfcnt tftufion of noble blood, and the future confcqncnccs of the quarrel, he ordered both the diikcsi to quit the king- dom, and retire to different nations. Richard embarked for Ireland about this time, in order to revenge the death of his coulin, Roger, earl of Marche, the jircfumptive heir of the crown, who had lately been (Iain in a tkirniilh v. ith the natives ; and the nobility, thinking themfclves materially affefltd by the injury done to Huiiry, duke of Lancaller, offered that nobleman the crown of England, if he would return and head the malconttnts, who were by this time very numerous. Tliis opportunity of gratifying his revenge and gaining the crown, was eagerly embraced by the duke, v.'lio foon found himfcif at the head of (lo.ooo men, and foon after rtinlorced by 40,000 more, under the duke of York, who had been left regent of the king(lo4n. RicliaK!, having intelligence of this inva- fion and inlurrection, imr.Kdiately left Ireland, and landeil at Milford-Haven with a body of 20,000 men ; though he foon found them reduced to about 6,000, the reft having joined the duke. Thus abandoned, the Icing fled to the illc of Anglefoy, from whence he pro- pofid to tfcape cither into Fiance or Ireland ; but, be- ing prevailed on to coi.tinue in the kinijdom by ilie feigned concefTions of Lancaller, he was foon after be- trayed by Percy, duke of Norihnmbttland, into the hands t)f his rebtllioiis fubjefls. who conveyed him prifoncr 10 Lonilon. A parliament was now ali'imbled, and Richard. a.-ciirtd of opprcffion, tyranny, and mifcon- ii\£i, was d' pofcd by the fiitfragcs if both lords and commons, and ordered to be imprifoned in Pomfret- Caltle in Yoikfhire, where he died in 1309, in the 3^th yc:ir of his asj«, and 234! ot his reign. Hillorians iini- verl'ally agree that this unhappy roonarcli died an unna- tural death, but dilfer as t«> the r.af^reof it; fome af- fcrting that it was by ad'afli nation, while Others fuppofc luiu tu have pcriiked by bunjei. Henry IV. was fon of John of Gaunt, dukcof Lmu caller, fourth fon of Edward III. and placed on |J throne of England ii> prejudice to Edmund, urj Marche, fon of that Roger who was flain in' lHi,i',|i and who had been declared prcfuinpiivc heir of hi crown by Richard. The nobility flattered thcinfelvj that this glaring dcfe£l in his ti'lc would rcndtr Li i dependent upon tiicm, but they foon found theinrclveJ dif^appointed. Tlunigh this occafioncd fomc coiirpinl cies againll him, his prudence foon rendered ilicmjij,, J tivc, and he refolved to leave nothing unatttinptcii id reduce the enormous power of the nobility. Foreign powers confidered the accellion of Henn in no other light than that of an ufiirpation; fomej however, fn m indolence, and others from intcrcJ acknowledged his title to the crown of Lnglanil. ThJ king of France, highly incenfed at the injury otftrtdij Ricnard, refolved to revenge it, and even imprifona the herald fcnt by Henry's amballadors to demand 1 fafe conduiSl for thim to the French court : buibcinj haralTed by inteftine divilions, political motives ubliwl him to accommodate affairs as foon as pudible. HavinJ recovered his daughter, widow to Richard, helaijj(;d1 his preparation for war, and renewed the truce bciwiJ the two crowns. Thefe commotions iiuluced ihe Scots to makeincuri lions into England, and, though Henry had taken pofl feflion of Edinburgh, he could not prevail on Robert lilj to do him homage for hiscrown, nor forcehimtoabatilej Finding tliercio.'c that his (lay in Scotland was of na confcqucncc, he returned to London and difbanded hi army. But the next year, Archibald, earl of Dniigljjj having made an irruption into the northern counties cl England, and committed great devallations, was ovcrJ taken on his return by the Percies, and a dreadfiilbalJ tie enfiied, wherein the Scots were totally routed, an/ Hjuglas himlelf taken prifoncr, tojjcther withagieaa number of the principal Scots nobilitv. The newsc this viclory being tranfmitted to Henry, lie returned lit earl of Northumberland, with the rell of his familvJ thanks for this important fervice; but, at the faiiij time, required the noble prifoncrs to be delivered up tcl him. '1 his gave difgufi to the conqiierorj, who, inj fliort lime after, broke out into open rebellion, anil 1 battle was fought between the king, who commaiAil his own forces, and Henry Percy, fiiniamed HoifpiirJ at the head of the rebels. After a long and blomlyconJ tell, wherein Hotfpiir was flain, Henry proved viflo. rious, and the earl of Northumberland having madcthd necellary conceflions, the king thought proper to grani him a pardon : but the lofs of his favourite (on ki heavy on his mind. He foon alter eiit«rtd into ; confpiracy with the carl of Nottingham and the arch-l bilhop of Y(jrk ; the whole, however, proved abow tive : Nottingham and llie prelate were taken prifonciT,! Percy (ied into Scotland, and afterwards made fomef fruiilcfs endeavours to excite an infurreflion in m north of England,, where he was flain in battle bySJ raunt, ilukcofLaij and placed on iIk Edmund, ur\ „t was (lain in Ir<:lj|,,il umptivc iieir of hij / llattcrcd thcinfdnj lie would render Lin lOK found ilieinrdvel loiicd fomc cunl'pital 1 rendered ihcm aLurl liiiig unatltmptd tij nobility. ; accellion of Henn in ufurpation; fomci others from iniertnl ^n of England. ThJ ,t the injury offered ij and even imprifune. bailadors to dimanil j inch court : but btinj litical motiveii obligj )ti as puilible. Havini I Richard, helaidafidi ived the truce bciwccJ : Scots to makeinciiri Henry had taken pofl prevail on Robert IllI )r force him to abaiilJ 1 Scotland was of ii(( don and ditbandcd hi^ )aUI, carl of Dmijlji, e northern couniicsol valtations, was ovcrJ :s, and a dreadful kiJ re totally routed, an/ together withapcaJ )bilit\. The newsc L'nry, he returned ih :ie red of his famili e; but, at the famJ to he delivered upiaf onqiierors, who, in : open rebellion, and i ng, who commai.'ltj y, fiirnamed HotfpiirJ ong and bloody con^j Henry proved vifto. riand having inadcthd ought proper to grani his favourite fon lalj alter cnt«rtd into ngham and the archJ owever, proved abot-l , were taken prifoner?^ fterwards made foma n infnrredion in tha (lain in battle by Sis Thonii Eux""'-] E N G I, A N D. C6j — I — ■" the in IllioraH Rokefby, fljcriff of Yorkfliirc. About Idic liitie Glendoiir, who had hcadid the Wclllt Iilitir rebellions, diid ; and Henry haviti),; by actidait I . jaines, heir to the crown of Scotland, a child li^tiitie y'^ "'*'' P^^*^*^ ^^* entirety rcKorud tu the in the reign of this monarch the marine of England niconliderably incrcafcd : the different orders of par- [iiiient, cfpecially the cctnmons, acquired their proper iiibriiy. Learning was at this time at a much low.r dtln tnglatid, and all over Europe, than it had been «o years before. Bilhops, when teftifying fynoilal ,^1 were often forced to do it by proxy in the follow- iu'ttrms, viz. *' As I cannot read myfelf, N. N. hath [fcbfcribed for me;" or, " As my lord billiop cannot Iriiehimfelfi at his requeft I have fubfcribed." Uy jJK influence of the court, and the intrigues of the dmy, an aft was obtained in the fcllion of parliament lici, for the burning of heretics, occalioncd by the rat'increafe of the Wicklilfites or Lollards; and Iwilliam Sawtree, the full martyr for thisdoftrinc, was luiiii alive. Henry IV. died in 1413, in the forly- iiihearof his age, and the thirteenth of his reign. Henry V. who now afcended the throne, had figna- M hiinfelf greatly during the wars carried on by his biiier; but on the rcdoration of peace, he allbciatcd jlijifelf with fome infamous perfons, who led him into Ltry fprcies of vice and outrage. During the lad ijtfs of his father, however, there fccms to have been liibough reformation in his condu6t, and the annuls ((England do not contain a greater hero. The beginning of his reign was diftinguifhcd by a ufpiracy formed among the Wickliflites, who wore [(Kn day increafing, and headed by Sir John Oldcallle, [dCobham, who it was pretended had agreed to put llimfelf at their head, with a defign to overturn the Bvcrnment; but this appears to be a groundlefs accu- aiion, fuggelled by the bloody '/cal of the clergy : how- jner, Henry endeavoured at (irff, by gentle converfa- ||)«<, to reconcile that nobleman to the Catholic taith ; Iw finding he could not prevail, delivered him over to eeccleliaflical power, and he was condemned to the ocs for his erroneous opinions. He, however, before (day appointed for his cxecuticm, found means to Ibpefroin the Tower, but was taken about four years Vitr, banged as a traitor, and his body burnt mi the il)l)et| puifuant to the fentcnce pronounced agai. ' him mherelic. This rigour checked for a time the . spid Jiogtcfs which the Lollards had made lincc their r.iil iDitiiiion. Henry having received an injiinftion from his fatliLr ^tmiofuffcrilu: Englitli to remain long in peace, rc- iilvtd to follow the advice of Chichely, arthbilhcp of [inteibury, and ^Hert the right which Edward II L lidfotmeilto the crown of Trance. He hrif dc;nande(l lit the provinces of Normandy, Anjoii, Maine, and Toitou, fliould be religned to him, which being rcfufed jCbailesVL a war cnfucd. In 1415 Henry landed, with his army, at Havre de Grace in Normandy, took Harfletir, and then defeated the French in the battle ol' Ai;incouit, where a great number of the iirincipal nc - bility of France were left dead on the field, and many taken prifoners. After this engagcmcn» the conqueror fubducd molt part of France with the grcateft rapidity. The French king having been declared a lunatic, the adminiflration ot altairs was difpiited between his brother, Lewis, duke of Orleans, anu his coulin ger- man, Jolic, duke of Burgundy. This contcll thrpw the whole nation into a ferment, which was artfully incicafed by Henry; who, taking advantage of ihcio commotions, obliged the queen ot France to give him her tluuuhter Catliarine in marriage ; to declare him regent of France during her hulband's life, and his illiio fucce(1i)rs to the French monarchy, in prejiiilice of the- dauphin, her fon. Accordingly, Henry made a triiim phant entry into Paris, where he received the fealty of the French nobility, and the dauphin was formally pro- fcribed. That prince, however, allilled by the Scots, lett nothing unellayed for the recovery of his kingdom ; but, in all probability, the attempt would have proved his definition, had not death put a period to Henry'* glory. Finding his lad miincnts approach, he fent tor his brother, John, duke < f ijcdtord, the earl of Warwick, and a few more noblemen, whom he liaA honoured with his confidence, and conjured ilicni to firotcdt his infant fon. He advifed them never to give iberty to tlu; French princes taken at Agincoiirt, till his fon was ol age ; and never to make pcaic with that nation, unlels, by the cefHon of Normandy, and its annexation to the crown of England, coinpcnfatioii was made for all the hazards and expence he had ex- ?ericnccd in endeavouring to obtain the crown of ■"ranee. He then left the regency of that kingdom to the duke of Hedford; that of England to his younger brother the duke of Glouceiler; and the partirular care of the infant king to the carl of Warwick. Havinij thus fettled his worldly affairs, he difmilTed all but his confctVor, and foo.i alter cxjiired, in the tliirty-fourth year of his age, and the tenth of his reign. Tliis event liappencd in the year 142'^. It appears that the ordi- nary revenues of the crown, during this monarch's reign, amounted only to 55,71 jl. a year, which is nearly the fame with the revenues in the time of Henry HI.. 2C0 years before. The ordinary exjienccs of govern- ment amounted (052,5071. fo that the king had a Ciir- plns only of 3,2071. for the fiipport of his houleliold,, for his wanlrobc, the expence of enibalfics, and oilier articles. This fum was not nearly fulhcient even ia time of peace; and to carry on his wars, this gre;.«! conqueror was reduced to many miferable fliifts : he borrowed from all quarters; he pawned his jewels, tind. foinetimts the crown itfcif; he ran in arrears to hi-^ army, aiuf was often obliged to Itop in the midd o€ his career of viiSlory, and grant a truce to the encniy :: hence we may perceive, that the pcnfion of a ftipur^.. annu.ited courtier of the prefcnt as^e c."tcecds the cxpenccs. a «V£ni '; j'( '1: i 1' V- f P' jsi^i *■; 66^ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOCRAphy. even i)j t!iis great kiiq;, and IIipw. tlie liiiiplirity and tciiipciance ot our prctUi i iHts thice ctnlurics aoo. Hviirv \'I. aiiiiil.iiit (li'iiliii." miiriih-;, was prucl.iiinfd kin^ of Francf, as well a^ of EnglanH, and writs were illutd ill Ills nainc for' c;i Unit; a parH.iinciir. At this inc'L-ting very little regard \va< pjjd to un.- verbal appoint- imiits of t!m deccafid kiiuj. The duke of Balfi.id was nouiiiiattd protcdor, or guardian of England, liit Jlic parll-:;ufi: would not fiuilr iiim to allimic" t!ic ap- p'.llaiioii of rcgfiit, wliicli focmcd to tlu-.n a titii. oi too great authoriiy. As the (late of affairs requirtii that nobleman's prcfon.c in Fraiiv.c, tlu-y inverted his bro- ther, the duke of GI niccfltr, with the fame dignity diirinr; hi.s abllncc ; and, in order to limit the i)o.>ir ^vhic!. tilde princes might airumo, tlicy named a coiin- c 1, without whofe advice and approbation no me.iliuc oi importance could bo determined. Tlic young kiiig, ■iiillcad of being in the hands of Warwick, was com- initted to the care of Henry Beaufort, bilhopof Wiii- cheder, liis great uncle, who had the folc care of his education. IVIcan time, the duke of Dedford, refolvin^ to Complete t!:e couijutll of I'Vance, iriado every necef- fary preparation for that piirpofe, both by the cxtrtion oi arm«, and by tnttriiu; into new treaties with the pjincipal nobility in that kingdom. On tl'.c death of Charles V'l. which Inpjiened foon alter that ot Henry \^. many of the I'^rench f.cretly wiiiRd tl-.at the dauphin might afceiid the thione. The army of that jirince was re-inforctd by conllderable nimibcrs of Scots ; and Bedford being obliged to villt England, vslicre biifinefs detained him near eight months, on his return to I'^rance had the mortification to find the Englilli hat! fulicred fome defeats, and that nm.iber.s of the chief men in France had deferttd to the intertll of Charles, among whom was the duke of Bri'.tany. The regent therefore immediately attacked his province, and reduced him to fiich extremities, that he once more renounced t(;c "lench alliance, and pro- tnlfedtodo homag-.- for his duchy to Henry. The duke now refolved on the liege of Orleans, a place reiuicred by its fitnation of fuch importance, that oji the polVejTion of it the entire conq.ieff ot France in a maiiU' r depended. Senlible of this, Charles placed a ftrcmg t \rrifoii in that important city, which \vas lor rMne tii.ie vigormidy dtlended, but was at lalt on tlie poi U ( .iMed Henry's interefl in franci wdvth-.-r he catif'-d tr. young king to be brought, aiT crowned at Paris i3ui it was beyond thepn,v;rl nan to retrieve the affairs "I the Englilh. Tht Freni returned wiit' joy lo the allei^unce tliey owed Q as their rightful i'n'ereign ; and the duke of Biir.'imdl who had been a firm friend to the Englifh ever ii,i| :he b.-ginni/.g of this war, followed the current, al was reconciled to Charles. This defection was of tl iitinoll importance at fo critical a JMncfiirc, andv followed by a Itill great', blow to "the Einjlifh; tl duke of Bedford paid the ilrht of nature at "Roiicn,! few djys after he received tlic news of the ddef Burgundy's reconciliation witli Charles VII, m t| year i..3,5. England was at this tune in the iilmoft cn.nfiii:ii| the king had married Margai t, daughter to tlicdii) of AiJ' II, and titular king .' Sicily, 2 wonianof I igh fpirit and implacahic dil'p,.i:{ion. Gloiietlitr I lolt all his authority in .he govrnmciit. Winched who pretidtdat the head a' the trc il'ury, had byhisaJ lice mined the intertlt of ihe n.i.ivin both attimnca abroad ; and Rii hard, duke of York, lorJ-iiciiten; id Ireland, whofe claim to the crown of Engiaid 1 prior to that of Henry, beiig delcen led bvt'i'; piit'iij ii.fe from Lionel, an elder foil of Edward lii ficrfl formed a party to ail'ert th.it right, and fooii af.crtjrij out into op 11 rebellion. The duk: of Glouceliicr luving been aifailiiaitdpl I HRAPHY. life him tn be crownciL ci)r,fiilic(i his fritndsj ifpiicd, or thought hel )t' railiMtr the dronpinJ ing bo.ty of r,rcts wal inmanci ; and fiuh val lilh wciL- I'ci/td on htl iguv^. tiluy fiiiftred liJ ith il^L" convoy deithnj :d With licr fiiccfs ihl who, (Ireailing hir fnl icir wonted ccur-igcanl I)/ tile En-illh g.T,etall ■itli ^rt'it llaugiucr, ai/ , ti) I hi- vitttr ilifgracc , of Orloaiis an appcliJ i fXirnnrdiiiary woinaij to recover trout their ilj of fevcral town?, aiiL riTiy. tiKilc Tdlhm, ihrj conduced Charles i f itics wiiirh oppofcil I nch as fof midai)lo tniH ire, the Ent^lilh haj l>-fL cxfr;u)rdina;y perfon iJ , \\li'j, contrary toeveil reafon, ci/iidcmncil 111 It t!ie dvMtli ofthishcroiil rnry's intcreft in Krancj kinsj; to be brought, aiT as beyond the poivtr j be Engliih. Hk Freni uini.' thty owfdCharll d the diiiie of BiirgniidJ to the Engllih ever lliil ollowcd the current, il his defection was of tl leal a jiinchirc, andtif vv to ti\e Eng'ifh; tl St of nature at Rouen,! ic news of the diikef ith Chaiies VII. in t| in tlie iiimoft confntail t, daughter to thcdil I ' Sicily, a woman of fp..i;;ion. GlniKtiicrl govt rntneiu. Winch " ictri il'iiry, hadbyhiuJ e n-i.ion both at home a of York. kirJ-liciiien lO crouii of Kiigbiil' J.idcen led bv tV I'Mfilj II of Kdwaril Hi M ight, and loon alxrbtd laving been aiiailiiutflj £t;iio"'] ft N G L A r^ D. BSq I /rier of the queen, who, taking advantage of Henry's liiaknefs. had feized the entire management of affairs, I ooinied William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, prime I tiller! hut he being foon after banilhed and murdered, I fycceeded by Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somer- , , ^jn odious to the Englilh. About the fame ■ ' lijppenfJan infurreftion of 20,000 Kentilh men, yed by one Jack Cade, who it was fuppofed ha'l been |.||j„,ed to this precipitate undertaking by the duke tjfYork; for though it was eafily fupprelled, yet, du- L„, its continuance, the people in general difcovered lileironod wilhcs for that nobleman's fatnily, and often [klired that they thought his title; to the crown was founded. Soon after, the parliament hearing he lirjion his return froiti Ireland, and fuppoiing he Ljiilj appear at the head of an armed force, ordered Ijiiiii not to land in England ; but on his arrival they Iwere finprifed to find he was only attended by his ufual lltiiiiue, '^his proceeding, however, induced his parti- alis to ilTtrt his claim more openly, while he himfelf Llijvcd with the iitmoft fnbmiilion to Henry. I During a tit of 'llncfs of the king, in 1454, it was hccciTaiy to appoint a protedor ; and the queen, being Ljjbli; to atiil the York party, was obliged to acqui- [(fie when the duke was named to fill that iinportanl loliicfbv the parliament. This fct the nation in a flame, lid Hciirvii.a)V( ring, both parties prepared foraflion. ISoon alter, a battle was foiiglu at St. Alban's, in which Itbe Yorkills gained the vidlory, and took Henry pri- llintr. This misfortune fo difconcerted the king, that I kt committed the whole authority of the frown intothe lliind!' ol Richard. Margaret, however, found means jlolether htitband at libi rty. Five years after, a fecond llaiile was f night at Noribaiupton, wherein the i.hbilhop of York, ar.d the duke of Claiviicc, concerted meafures 10 dethrone the king, whom they I b G attacked, tl 'f. U '( li: ■im ' ' « ; 5 i ! i !J- M M''M til'l*. 670 A NFAV AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. attackt'd in his camp at Nottingham, and made pri- foner, but efcaping Irom his confinement, and retiring to Holland, the carl of V.'arwick, and ihc French king, Lewis XI. declared for the reftorition of Henry, who was replaced on the throne. Edward, returning from Holland, advanced to Lon- don, under pretence of claiming his dukedom of York ; but being received by the citizens into the capital, he re-afcended the throne, defeated and killed Warwick in the battle of Barnet, and made Henry once more his prifoner. A few days after, he routed a frcfliarmy of Lancailrians, and made queen Margaret prifoner, together with her fon prince Edward, whom the duke oJ Gioucclter, Edward's brother, murdered in cold blood. Edward, being thtis fettled on the throne, purfued the Lancaflrians with iinreir.itting fury, and numbers of ail ranks were put to death. There was not one legiti- mate prince of that hoiife left to alVert its right, and the only pcrfon who could make any pretentions to the crown, was Henry, earl of Richmond, a deicendent from John of Gaunt; he therefore became the great objefl of his vengeance. John, the firflduke of Somer- fet, grandfon of John of Gaimt, by a fpurious branch, but legitimated by a£l of parliament, lett, at his death, an only daughter, named Margaret, who married Ed- mund, earl of Richmond, halt brother of Henry VL his motlicr was Catharine of France, who, after the death of her firll hu joi^, in the fifty-fecond jtcar of his age, and the twenty-fourth of his reign. At the time of his dj- mife he was p )lVeired of i,8oo,ogo1. llerling, equal to five millions at prefent. This monarch married his elded daughter M;irgarct to James IV. king of Scotland — an union which in the next age produced remarkable events. He infti- tuted a company, called Yeomen of the Guard, who were to attend continually near his pcrfon ; and thefe, with little variation, have been ever llnce continued by his fucccifors. This monarch alfo, in a great meafure, deftroyed the dangerous privileges affinned by tht arons, in abolilhing liveries and i^tainers, it being, till that time, in the ^ower of every malefactor to foreen him- fclf from the law, by alfuming a nob'emin's li>'ery, and attending his pcrfon. An a£l. was likewifc palfed, by which the barons and gentlemen of landed interift were at liberty to fell and mortgage their lands without fines and licences for the alienation. Tiiis obdacla being removed, the edates of the barons foon became the property of the commoiis, but dripped of their dan- gerous privileges. The baronial power was thus imper- ceptibly undermined, and foon after fell to the ground. Several other afts of parliament were palfed, relative to trade and navigation, which proved infinitely bene- ficial to the nation. The fine arts were far advanced in England during this reign. Henry VIII. fiiccecding his father at the age of sigiitcen, afccnded the throne amiJil the univerfal ac- clamations of his people. They promifed thcmfelves a releafe from the odious pallion of avarice, which had proved fo opprellive to them in the lad reign. They were not deceived ■ the young monarch polfelled a libe- rality of temper bordering on profulion, and wliic'i, though r)metimes mir.ipplicd, generally tended to the bcnctit of his fubje6ls. He was brave without odcn- tation, and of a frank and candid tlifpoliiion. Fond of fbidv, and a friend to learnnig, he hail made con- fiderable progrefs both m philofophy and divinity, and i was m t ■■■I <■ ■ 1 r |: iF j 'I , (. 67a A^'EW ANn COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. was thoroughly acquainted with iniilic. To all thefe qualifications nature had given him a molt engaging perfon ; and people were 10 much prepoirelfcd in his favour, that the vices of vehemence, ardour, and im- patience, to which he was remarkably addiftcd^ were conlidcrcd as the faults of youth, which lime would corred; but which, in the latter part of his life, dege- nerated into tyranny and cruelty. His pride was un- bounded, and his flatterers took care to turn it to their own advantage. They engaged him deeply in the af- fairs of the continent, and lie once made the nccelfary preparations for the coiiqiiell of France. Eiit in all his wars he was the dupe of f ireigii powers, particu- larly of I'erdinand, king of Spain, and the emperor Maximilian. This monarch's chief favoiiriie was Thomas Wol- fey, the fon of a butcher at Ipfwich, but afterwards a Ihident at Magdalcn-Collepe, in Oxford. He was (irft introduced to court by Fox, bilhop of Wincheftcr, where his great talents and itilinuating addrtfs foon recommended him to the particular notio- (i( the king. His promotions were as great as they were rapid. From almoner of the houfehold, he was iDade dran of Lin- Coin, then a member ot ihe privy-coiiiKil, foon after appointed prime-miniller, then bilhop of Lincoln, and afterwards archbilhop of York. Francis I. king of France, raifcd him to the purple ; Henry created him lord chancellor, and likewilc obtained a comniillion from the pope, nominating him legate ci latert. It is natural to imagine that urch noble prefernrents were Sufficient to fatisify the moft unbounded ambition. That of Wolfey, however, did not (top here; he afpired to the pontifical chair, to which Charles V. had promifcd toraife him. Finding that emperor nevei intended to perform his promife, he perfiiaded Henry to abandon his alliance with Charles, and engage in a treaty with France, hoping by that means to reach the fumftiit of his ambition, and feat himfclf in St. PeteV's chair. In 1521 Martin Luther, profcifor of divinity in the univerlity of Wirtemburg, began to preach againit the abufes which had crept into the church of Rome, and even called ihc authority of the pope in queflion. This dodrinc, which in fome particulars was the fame with thai of ihe Lollards, v as readily embraced by the remains of that fed in England. Henry, in order to llop the rapid progrefs it was making among all ranks of people, wrote a Latin treatife " Of the feven Sacra- ments," againit the principles of Luther; and the pope, as a reward lor this fervice, conferred on him the title of " Defender of the I''aith." Henry was not always artuated with the f ,..•_■ zeal for the papacy; a ilifjp- pointment foon al'i'T dtirefy rhanged his feniimrnts. From a friend, he bccu iif. .. cii' my ; he had for fome time entertained many fcru,!!..s with r»;^ard to tlie pro- priety of his in.-'rriagi* vnii Catharine, his biotlier's widow; and in or cr i! Ai.Ktt i' jiu, had coiifultid the principal di\ines 01' ti'.c kir^i,- om, a'' <)f vliom declared that the cor ' *f v.i> *; ,nti try to '.very law. This._unanii-vi,s opinion (jjl either human or divine. termined the king to folicit a divorce froi Rome m u -• 1 J -J . . '"'''« courtol ome. He was indeed excited to this mMfureby iich ftronger motive than that of confciencc hel fallen in love with Anne Boleyn. a young lady beC ing to the queen's court. Wolfey ufcd his intereft \ obtain the divorce,' hoping he (liould, by that means revenge himfclf on Charles V. nephew to Catharine' That emperor interpofedfoefFeiluallywithCleoientVIl who then filled St. Peter's chair, that he abfohitelJ refufed to -nnul the marriage of Henry with Cathi rine. This was the firft caufe of difj/iilt thekiiwcon ccived againft Wolfey, who had reprelented thedivorci as a thing eafily obtained. V/olfey's enemies laid of this opportunity to ruin liim. Their attempt fuc, cecded : Henry foon after feized all his furniture, piperJ and treafiire, and even impeached him >J hioh'treafj This blow was too fevere for the fpirit ot Wolfey fupport ; he died of grief at Leiceller-Abbey, on t twenty-ninth of November 1530. It is well known, that a perplexing, though nici conjundlure of affairs, induced Henry at lall to throi off all relation to, or dep( ndence upon, the church o| Rome, and to brij-i^ about a reformation; in w however, many if the Romirti errors and fupcrl! were retained. Henry never could have eflf ;!' : tn, arduous meafure but for his defpotic difpo(iiloi„ -.vhid broke out on every occalion. Upon a il'^ht 'u!>. nv of the queen's inconftancy, and after a (ham w-^., ^^\ cut offher head in the Tower, and pi,, to death {.LzMi her neareft relations, and in man refpeds he A.J '\}fii,, the mod arbitrary manner; his wilhes, ' ,\> ■- .7 'nK; fonable, being too readily complied wi; ., ;n cjiift qiiciicc of the (hamtlul fer\'ility nf his parliaimntsi The dili.'" ' i of the religious huu.'cs, and the menfe weai..; tha"- . .^-,c to Henry, enabltd hir give full fc'ope t' !r.- 1. - /inary dilljpi,!ltion; fotlaiihl belt - d moft 'j,f,Kw"«rii .,•• od in ^llgland wasflie^b] his otiiers, aiiti f l'- u \^ f long time palTed wniioi being marked with fome illiiftrious victim of his tyrann Amon^ others, was the aged coinitcT? of Salilbur defcended immediately from Edward IV. and mo'tii to cardinal Pole; the marquis of Excttr, thelordMu tague, and others of the bicod royal, for holding corrcCpondencc with that cardinal. Sir Thomas iVun lord high chanc'.llor, John Fiflicr, bilhop of Roche and Thomas Cromwell, a man who, from the lo«l rank, had been raifcd by Henry to ihehigheftpi were alfo ain()t:g the number tf vidtims wliuin heucrS freed to his cruelty, either from religious or politic motives. Jane Seymntir, daughter to a gentlemin of rnriii and family, was Tlenry's third wife: i) ii (hedicdii bringing Edward Vi. into the world. His fourth «i was Anne, filUr to iliedukcof Cleves ; hcddlikdhi .' • much, that he fcantly bedded with he 'aining a divorce, he fultt'ed her to f lidc in Ei.gbi on a penfion of 30C0I. .1 year, ilis fil'ih »ifewi Calharii ««*^ RAPHY, anil -ms opinion del rce from the courrol to this nidfure by f confcience; heluj^ » young lady belong! lifted his inlereft tj oiild, by that meansl ephtw to Catharine! llywithClementVIlJ •, that he abfoliitelJ ■ Henry with Catbj- diff'uft the king con] ?prelented the divotcj :y*s enemies laid 1.., Their attempt fuel 1 his furniture, papcTfJ him !,*■ hioh treafon! e fpirit ot Wolfey tJ iceller- Abbey, onthil tplexing, though nici Henry at lafttothrol e upon, the church o| formation; in v! rrors and fiipcrir ; lul'.l have eftcS' ; .hi| itic difpofitioi., -.vhic' Jpon a ll'ght "jlr :.i^,^ aiter a fham .li, ii'*f i p\.i to death i">,ii;ij|^/ ' retpefls he i&:i \fii ilbes, ' iv.; >.r-K<:;t }\\vA wi; ,j ;n c.jnfcl f his parliaim-nt* houfcs, and the iiii^ nry, enabled liim ilfcoHtion; fo'latthl England was (lit ' bj time palTed wHiioiiT vi6)itaufhistyrannfl oimtef'i of Salifbury! ward IV. and mo'lii Exctff, the lord Muni royal, for holding . Sir Thomas MotJ , birtiop uf Roch oftel .vho, Irotj^ the lov.fl ■ to ihc highcrt fM idlims wlioiii h'eucrii rcligi'ius or politic^ genilemin of fnrtiiiJ .■ife: ■ urld. His foiirtli «il "luves; he diilikul I il >\it!i her, and, oS r to V lidc in Ei.gljni •. His filth "iff «l Cathariil ENGLAND. 673 Cttliaii"^ Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk, lihofe head he cut off for antenuptial incontinency. {slaftw''"^ was Catharine Parr, in whofc pofrcflion Jied, after flie had narrowly cfcaped being brought I iheilakc for her religious opinionSi which favoured I'fjl^gformation. Henry's cruelty increafed with his Pj, nor did he, while thus perfecuting the follow- Irtof Luther, fpare'the Catholics, many of whom fuf- ly lor denying his fupremacy; and it Aras juftly lifen'ed by a foreigner, at that time in England, that lAoie who were againlt the pope were burnt, and thofe |&»ere for him hanged. . He alfo put the brave earl IdfSurKy to death without a crime being proved againfl liim; and his father, the duke of Norfolk, muft have [(.'sown death, in the year 1,547, in the fifty-fixth llrof his age, and the thirty-eighth of his reign. He Ife^at his 'eceafe three children, viz. Mary, wife, Catharine of Arragon ; Elizabeth, by his by his Wvodwiie, Anne Boleynj and Edward, by his third life, Jane Seymour. Henry's attention to the naval fecurity of England ihighly commuidable; and it is certain that he cm- ifjov' the unjufl and arbitrary power he frequently . . in many refpefts, for the glory and intcreft ,!ii, ■ ibiefls. Whatever were his religious motives, . / be candidly confefTed, that had the Reformation ' 16 "rough all ihe for ... prefcribed by the laws and Ihe courts of juHice, it probably never could have tttcn place, or at leail not for many years ; and with- ,"( inquiring into his perfonal crimes, or failings, the tirtiiion he made of the church's property among his ',,;iiers^r J favourites, and thereby refuming it from Jhan;:, iindoubtcdly promoted the prefent great- jitfe of England, tknry was a great enconrager of laming ami the arts; he gave a penfion to Erafmus, .fho was h-iifelf a prodigy of learning ; he brought England, encouraged, and prote£led Hans Holbein, itexcellei.. painter and archite(5^; and in his reign olcmen's houlcs began to refemble thofe of Italy for ;|iijiiifii''nce and regularity. He was a confiant and pncrous friend to Cranmcr; and though he was, upon It \hoic, rather whimiical than fettled in his own incifu of religion, he advanced and encouraged vwh',' afterw?rds became the inllrumeiits of a more ftormation. In his reign, the Bible was ordered [lobe printed in Englifh ; Wales was united and iiicir- itcd with England; and Henry took the title of ing, initcaii of lord, of that principality. td»;aid VI. afcended the throne at the age of nine «. but, agiciable to Henry's will, the regency de- ed un fiMeen executors, and twelve coimfellors, ilio, akf r fome difputes were fettled, appointed the ' of Hatford, the king'r. uncle, protedor. This Weman was always a tiiend to the Retormation, and iwpromdtid it with all his power. He was allifted inilmdciigii by the young king, and archbilhop Cran- but velicmcntly oppofed by Gardiner, bilhop of Winchefler, and Bonner, bifhop of London, \ie^ however fucccedcd, and in a fliort time private maffes were abollihed, the cup was rcflored to the laity, all images v/crc removed out of churches, the commoit prayer was correded, and the Reformation confirmed by aft of parliament. All thefe alterations, however, were not efFcdcd without great difturbances ; the inha- bitants of different counties took up arms, but, after feveral defeats, accepted of a general pardon. Henry having earncftly recommended his executors to exert their utmofl endeavours for uniting England and Scotland by the marriage of Edward with the yoimg queen of Scots, the protedor entered that king- dom at the head of a powerful army. This war, which was carried on with very little fuccefs, did not obtain the end propofed; the young queen was fent into France, and betrothed to the dauphin. During the protedor's abfence great divifions and cabals were formed in the Englilh councils ; and footi after hi? return, he had the mortification to fee lord Seymour, his brother, who, on the death of Henry, ';d married the queen dowager, endeavour to fupplant him. This breach was widened by t'.ie earl of Warwick, who was refolved to raifc his own fortune on the deflrudion of both. He perfiiaded the protedor to deprive hi$ brother of the poft of admiral, and commit him tc» the Tower as a feditious perfon. Soon after, on refufing the terms of reconciliation offered him, he was accufed of high trealon, tried, and beheaded. England, in 1549, was one continued fcene of con- fufion. The war ftill continued with Scotland ; in- furrcdions, occafioned by the enclofure of lands, hic' broke out in almoft every county, and France, taking advantage of thefe domeltic diltradions, attempted to recover Boulogne, v Inch Henry VIII. had conquered. The council, which alone could rellore tranquillity, was divided in itfelf, and the protedor became ob- noxious to every othei member. At length they pro- ceeded to extremities againll him; and Warwick, from his lecret, became his open enemy. He was ac- cufed of feveral mifdeincanor.s, and committei' o the Tower, together with liis principal friends :: dhe- r-ints. An entire change immediately took p .n the cotmcil: Warwick enjoyed the chief auihi , who thinking that this revolution in afFairs had uuiciently humbled the fpirit of Somcrfet, he re-ad, 'ed him into the council, and even formed an alliah octween their families, by the marriage of his fon, l.ad Dudley, with the lady Jane Seymour, Somcrfet's ' -hter. W^arwick was now created duke of thiimber- laii'i; but finding that Somcrfet often e.Njiic...>l his re- r<:ntincnt for the difgracc he had rniFeicd, he determined to dellroy him. lie was accufed of a deliyn to rail'e an infiirredion in the north, and of havinL, lormed a confpiracy to murder the duke of Northumberland. His peers acquitted him of the lirlt charge, but found him guilty of the fccoiul, and he \^as beheaded, pur- fuant to his fentcncc, upon 'rowci-lliU. The duke, % il haviiij; m !:! ;!i 1 '■A ; , « : yA ^ M mt= ''•Ml 674 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of Ut^IVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. having now the fule management of the king, per* fiuJcd him by many planfiblc arguments, to change the order of fiucefiion cdablilhid by Henry VIII. m faviiiir of lady Jane Gray, daughter to the duke of Siih'blk, and wife to Northumberland's fourth foil. In t]-:^, the king granted his letters patent for this r-rr- po'c, and in. a few days after expired at Greenwich, at the early age of eighteen. Northumberland immediately publifbcd Edward's %vill, and caufed lady Jane to be proclaimed queen at London, where her title was recognized by the citi- zens ; though on the approach of Mary with a power- ful army, lady Jane was entirely abandoned, and Mary's right to the crown acknowledged with uni- vcrfal acclamations. The duke, finding his fchemes fnillrated, was among t'le foremoft to own the title of that princefs. This mean artifice was not fufficient to fave his life : he was beheaded, together with the duke of Suffolk, lord Guilford Dudley, and lady Jane Gray. The exeootion of the two latter was haitened by the infurrcftion of Sir Thomas Wyat, who having affcmblcd about fix thoufand men, entered London, tirmly por- fuaded that the inhabliants would rife in favour of lady Jane. The very cnntrary happening, he was totally difappointed : his forces wcri. ditcated, and he him- felf taken prifoner, and beheaded. Marv (ftyleu, by f(^me, Mary the Bloody) was a bigotted Papill, and proceeded, like an infernal fury, tu rt'ltore Popery to Its former fiate in Engl;.,id ; though, on hrr acccfiion, (he had firmly promifed religion fhould remain on the fame fooiit.g as in tlie tip-i of her pre- decetlor. Her firff It'jj) was, to recall cardinal Pole, who had Itcen banifhed by her father ; and he, .ogeihcr with J^oriner, bilhop of London, and Gaidiiii;r, bilhop of 'A'in.:li> flfr, were the chief agents v\ ho executed her bloody i..andates. The torch of perfcvution blazeJ in every corner of the kingdom, and no lets than five biihops, viz. Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer, Hooper, aiul Ferrar, twenty-one divines, eight gentlenitn, cipl. •- four tradefnien, one hundijd hufbandmen, twenty iia wives, tweniv widows, nine virgins, tv.o boys, and two infants, ptrirtitd lu the flames. Even the jirincefs Elizabeth ef^.iped with difficuhy, as her attachment to the Prot :ant religion was well knowr in the beginning rf her reign, Mary married Philip, fen to the king o ipain, equally a bigot to the caufe of IVpery, and they jointly laboured to vXterminate ail thofe who relufed to embrace the corrupt religion of Rome. Theqnecn, in 1,5,57, fignificd her intention of taking part with Spain in the war that kingdom then carried on agaii'.lf irance. This flep was ffrongly O|)pofed by the minillry \ but the remnnltiaiites and threateriings of Philip pre\ailed, and war was declared on ihi; nu,ll triHing piett-nces It war. with great diiHinlry, how- ever, that Mary found means to raife an army, nor was the war aucnded witti the leall advantage to Eng- land. On the contrary, the important town of Calais, ■M latisfy 'he capricious humour of her luifband "rf !• ccnfurcs, together with the grief (he felt for' ihc 1 7 of Calais, and her hufhand's refolution of (mlnJ? M'er in Spain, preyed Co greatly on her fpirits, tbt i? was feized with a li.-igcring fever, which put aner! to her turbulent and fanguinary life in the year ui in the ^sA year of her age, and 5th of her rcj Elizabeth, daughter to Henry VIII. by Ann afcendcd the throne on the demife of her fifU and the nation, with an i.niverfal joy, acknowfeZ htf for their queen. She mimediately notified herj ceffion to foreign courts, and amonp -hi; riittopKlN of Spain. That prince flattered himft; „ by {^.^^ an alliance with Elizabeth he flionld . able to a J quire that unbounded power in England, which hJ had vainly endeavoured to eftabliili in the reign of ha fifler. He ord( red his minifter to pay her hiscomJ pliments of congratulation, and at the fame time J propofe a marriage between them. Elizabeth received this propofal with a determined rciohition to reiefl it but gave fo evrifive an anfwer, that Philip flattered him' felf with the hopes of fuccefs, and aaually fent ; ' agent to Rome to folicit the neceirarydifpenfation, Elizabeth having refolved to make a thorough chatiPi in religion, ordered the Lf)rd's prayer, the creed \\ ten commandments, 'he litany, and the gofpelstol: read in Englifh. /• the fame time fome able diiina were employed to review the liturgv of Edward Vj, and iv) prepare the nation for its being iifed in thepubliq lervicc of the church. In a word, the queen cxcrlej her uttiiolt endeavours to extirpate Popery, by ihs entV.t methods, and was fo happy as to enjov iH nits of ihofe endeavours durii.g the whole courfeoky io.,g reign. 11 Mary, qnetn of Scots, by her ill condufl havirol obliged hxr fubje^ls to inldt on Iter abdicating ili| throne i'\ favour of he; (on James, then an infantj tied into England for proteCtijii, which had often btcil promifed her b\ Elizabeth : but that politic princefa fearing fhe msght create dilturbances in the kingdoml to which fhi: had fet up a claim, kept her confine? e'i^hteen )cars, and at lad brought her to atriaifol being acccilary to the murder of her fccond hufbtndi lord Darnley, and of fornii!»g cosifpiracics againil thl government of Engl.uid. No pofitive proof of guiltl however, could be produced againil this unhappy prin'l cefs ; notwithilancfing which (he was condcmikd tJ lofc her head, and the horrid fenteiice was exccutei| Elizabeth's rei^n was for the mnR p.irt empioyel in fchemes agaiiilT Philip, who no fooiier iound ihd his offers of alliance were rejedle 1 than he hicaniehei avowed enemy. The molt formidable atten^pt oK'ipsiij in ii, the year 1588, when, in order »o invade Eng- U Philip equipped a powerful fleet, ftyled the In- ■Jmc Ari'nada. It conlillcd of 130 veifcis, of which 'Lahiimlred were galleons, and mutli largcrlhan any ."^dtfureiifed in Europe. It carried 19,295 folniers ; |,'6 irarintTS ; b,o88 galley (l«ves ; and 2,630 large tcrt ot brafs ordnance. It was vitlualk-d for fix Sonihs. and attended by twenty fmaller Ovipi', called otjvals, and ten falves with fix oar; each. The duke . j^Icdina Sidonia was appointed admiral of this In- Bicible Armada, and the duke of Parma, who com- (inded in the Spanifl. Netherlands, was to join him lith an ""^y °' aO'OOO '"of» ^"c* '-Soo horfe; hue iithntr part of the fchemc .vas fruftrated, thcEnglifh iKi Dutch fleets blocking up tht ports of Glanders. TlieSpanifli armament arrived in the channel on the rtthot July, and were met by the EnglifTi fquadron inder the command of lord Effingham, Sir Francis Drake, and feveral other perfons of dilHnc^ion ; by »hofe valoiw and good condiicSl the enemy were foon pt into the utmoltdiforder, and rendered' incapable of Kiforming any one part of the orders received from jjiljo. The amazing fize of their Ihips, from which topromifed themfelves certain conqued, proved the stansof tiieir ueftru<51ion ; for, unacquainted with the lartow fcas, they were at a lofs how to manage them,. lid, while their bulk expofed them to the fire of the tiglifli, their cannon was placed too high to do any jaterial execution. Some were funk, fome burnt, ancl (iers taken. The Spanifli .-idmiral, finding that tie incntion for which he was fent was now entirely friif- tiKd, determined to return to Spain by failing round tic north of Scotland. After his fleet had palfcd the Obeys, it was overtaken by a violent (lorm, which toveminy of the Spanilli (hips on the weflern ifies of Scotland, and ethers on the coaft of Ireland, where fttj nerillied. Not one half of this formidable arma- aeiii'evci rescKed Spain, to the confufion and dif- teour of Philip. Thus ended an expedition wliich y been three years in preparing, and by which the Sfaniards are faid to have loft 13,500 men, and eighty. Bt Ihips of war, lafge and fmall. Elizabeth entered into feveral treaties with the Dutch, lid for a feries of time fiipportcd that people in their Boit from Philip. She fent them heu favourite, the jiclof Leicefter, who afted as her general and viceroy iithe Low Countries. Though this nobleman behaved ii, yet her meafures were 10 wifely taken and ex- Kiifd, that the Dutch eftablifhed their independency Dpoii Spain; and then flie fent forth her fleets under Mc, Raleigh, the earl of Cunibcrland, and other pliant and naval officers, into the Eall and Weil- idits, who enriched their country by the prodigious liKifiiics they took from the Spaniards in thofe parts of the "lobe. On the death of the earl of Leicefter, Elizabeth Bade chuici' of the young earl ot Elfex, as her chief fitou;.:;, who was appointed to couiuiand the land E N (i L A N D. 675 fotces, in a joirr expedition with the lord admiral Howard, agsinft Cadiz, which they took, dellroyed the fliips in the harbour, and did other damage to the Spaniards, to the amount of 30,000,000 of ducats. The latter part of Elizabeth's reign was employed iii concerting means with Henry, king of France, for the redutlion of the houfe of Auflria ; and in fuppreffine the rebellion in Scotland, which was chiefly fomented and fupported by the Spaniards. After humbling the latter, uic made the Iri(h feel the weight of her refent- ment, and fubmit to her mercy. But «ven thefe fortu- nkte events adminiftered but little fatisfadiion to Eliza- beth, who in her old age grew diftruftful, pcevKh, and' jealous. Though (he had an attachment to the earl of EiFcx, (he (eazed him, by her capricioufnefs, into the madncfs of taking arms, and then beheaded him. She afterwards became a prey to the fcvercft grief, which in a few Jays had fuch an tffcA on her health, that her death was every inflant expedled. In this diftrefs- ful (ituation, it was thought necelTary, in order to pre- vent a diflurbance, that me (liould name her fuccelfor ; • and, being afked the queflion, anfwered, James, king of Scotland. This was her laft a(5l ; and (he foon after expired without a groan, in the year 1603, in the 70th year of her age, and ^^th of her reign. Tlic fuccclfes of Elizabeth's reign have difguifed hcf internal government', for (he was far from being a- friend to perfonal liberty, and v:"«« guilty of many ftreichcs of power againft the r .t (acred rights of' Englifhmen. The levcre (}afutes tgainft the Puritans, . debarring them of liberty of confcience, x.-.i by which many fiiflrred death, mufl be condemned. Ihrough the practices of the Spaniards with the Irifli Roman ■ Catholics, ilic found grcit difficulty to keep that illand • in fiibjedlion, and at the time of her death licr govern- ment there had gone into great diforder. Wc can • fcarcely retain a (tronger proof that the Englilh began • to be tired of Elizabeth, than the joy tedilicd by all ranks at the acceffion of her fiicceHbr, notwiihdanding . the long ii.,'cterate animolhies which had fublllicd be- tween the two kingdoms. James I. was fon to the imfortunate queen of Scots, . by her fecond hulhand, lord Darnley, and great grand- fon of Margaret, eldell daughter of Henry VII. Soon after his .tcceilion, a confpiracy was difcovercd for fub- verting the government, and to fix on the throne of Eng- land Arabella Stuart, a near relation of the king, and dcfcended equally from Henry VII. Afiiong the con- fpirators were feveral pevfons of diltindion ; par- ticularly the famous Sir Walter Raleigh. They were all impeached and found guilty, but few executed : ■ Sir Walter was ordered into clofe confinement in the Tower, where he remained for feveral years. In 160J, a fecond plot was difcovercd of a much more dangerous nature. The Papills had flattered them- felves, that when James came to the throne their re- ligion would be reltored in this kingdom : biit finding all their hopes abortive, aiid that every law againlV them :i'; !■ y »!. . {''< i,u|.H'|. M I ft if! '1: vV : ) 1 . - n 676 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPHV. tliciti was executed with the iitmoft fcverity, a few iniiivicliials dctenvincd to revenge ihc caiifc ot all llic roll. CateHiy, Picrcy, and Fawkes, were at the head of this coiifpiracy, which was near a vcar and a hall in concerting. I'hey tlioiight the fiirelt mcthml to ex- tirpate their eneinics at once, would be that of blowing lip the Parli;)iTicnt-H()ufc with gunpowder, at the very time when the king and all the members vvereairemblcd. Nothing was omitted which could render this infernal contrivance fectirc ; and the fatal cataflrophe mull haVc been inevitable, had it not been iar a letter fcnt to lord Monfcagle, a Catholic peer, adviling him to abfcnt hiinfelf iVom parliardtiit on the fird day of the fellion ; for that a terrible blow w»s intcndctl for every in- dividual of it. This le"er was flicwn to his majefty, who immediately toncluii , that the blow hinted at was to be given by gunpowder, and orders were ilTucd for cxainining carefully all ihe vaults below the hnnfcs of pailiament. The lord chancellor piirpofely delayed the fearch, till the day before the meeting of parliament, when on going into a vault underneath the Hoiife of Lords, he dilcovcrcd great quantities of wood and faggots, which ordering to be removed, thirty-fix barrels of powder were difcovcrcd concealed tinder them. Fawkes was found in the vault, and fecurcd ; mafchrs and every thing proper for fetting fire to . , ain being found in his pocket. He at firll lefufed to difcover his accomiiliecs ; but being fent to the Tower, and threatened with the rack, his courage failed him, and he made a full difcovery of all the confpirators, who were apprehended, and moft of them executed. James's attachment to favourites has jiiftly been ccnfured by the writers of that and every fucceeding age. His firll was Robert Carr, a youth of twenty ycarsof age, and of a good family in S jtland. Jame'j firll knighted, and then created him viiv( iint Rochefter, honoured him with the order of the garter, gave him a feat in the privy-council, and, without alTlgiiing him anv particular otHcc, bellowed on him the fu;)rcme direction of all his bufincfs and political concerns. For a long time, by following the advice of Sir Thomas Overbiiry, he enjoyed, what is very rare, the fa /our of the prince, without being hated by the people ; but having c{)nne(5\cd himftlf with the coiintefs ol EIFex, a woman of an abandoned chara'^cr, whom he in- tended to marry as foon as (he could be ii I*^ I' l-|> , 'fli \' -r n\ !«. 6;8 A NKW and COMPLETE SYSI'F.M or UNIVERSAL CF.OGRAPHY. Heuoi-f..] he wrnt in pcrfon to demand tlum ; but lliey had made llioir cfcnpc, and taken (helt(;r in London, where the riti/cMs remained all night under arms, in order to jiroiert them. This ra(h flcp was confidcred as an ad of liii;li trcafon againft his people, and ihc commons woidil not lilkn to any terms of reconciliation. The city militia was raifcd, and the mobs grew fo Infolent that the king was obliged to retire to Hamp- ton-Court, and from thence thought proper to retire to York, where he had tlie fatisfadion of finding )iimrclf joined by the chief nobility and gentry. Thus fiipported, he refiifed his concurrence to a mditia bill, wliii h the commons had drawn up. Preparations for a civil war were now made on both fides. The two hiiiifc-s tirll levied a guard for thciTiftlvcs, and the county of York raifcd one of lix hundred men for the king. Both honfcs then alfembled an army ; and the queen hjvifig difpofedof the crown jc\t, conlilkiit with his honour or dignity, com- ply with. He then collected fomc forces, and ad- vancing fouthwards ercdled the royal ibndard at Not- tingham. 'l"hc ijrl of Lindfcy was appointed his gciicral, and next to iiim in command were the princes Kupcrt and Maurice, fons to the tledhir P.datine, The parliament, whofe caufc was favoured by London, anil moll of the trading towns and corporations, :ip- pointed the carl of Ellex general of their force?:. The frit battle was fought on the twenty-third of Oflober 1643, at Keinton, or Edge-Hill, in Warwickfliire. five thoufand men were left dead on the field, and rcithcr fide had rcafon to honll an advantage, though, as is iifual in K.ch cafes, both chimed the vidlory. AUtr this battle, a trcatv was f.;t on foot between the king and p.-iiliament ; but the demands of the latter, fluking immediately at the root of all monarchical power, were rejeiled. For fome time the king's af- fairs wore a favourable afpct^f, and th.e parliament was reduced to fuch didrefs, that they invited the Scots to romc to their ailiHai'.ce, who immediately fentanarmy of 2C, 00 men. I>iuiiig the winter of iG.i.j, the king fummoned all the members of both houfes, in his intert (1, to meet at Oxford. The Houfc ot Pet rs was tolerably full. 'I'hc Houi<; of Comr.ions did not conlllt of half the tuunber, «i» that at Weilniiniler ; and the members of the latter profeciited iheir animoluies againll the royalilfs with redoubled fury. About tliis time a fet of men !>cgan t I make fon>e noifc at Wefhr.iiilkr, who (fylcd iltem- felvcs Lidependenif, and were in fact equally enemies to ttie Prertiyterians anil the ri;yalills. By the arts of Oiivtr Cromwell, their leader, the earU of Etfex and M^'icUvUcr w'.rc iciuuvcd fiom ihc cjiumaiid uf the ih{ iniwl happened till the fccoiu, off,,! Ru|)ert, contrary to ilieadvia. , ' ''"-' parliaiiiciiil Ic, engiged parliament's force*, to which Fairfax and fum 1 dependent olfictrs were appointed. 'Ihis wns 'r blow tr) the power of the Prelhyt(.ri;ins. I,, a/"' tcriin, the war raged with ""remitting fury, j|„'| ' king obtained fovei d advantajjos, particularly battles fought at Newbury Nothing dccilive »6 |, when prime the marquis of Newca forces at Marllon-Moor, and" was tot.i|ly I'lti".' From this time the king's alfairs were, by niifma'iia»i mcnt, rendered irretrievable. By degrees he |„(l^l his towns and forts; and, on the lath of June 16* was himfclf defeated at Naftby, by I'airfax aiidCr^ well. }Ic retired into Wales, where he remained t(4 fomc time, and then marched to the relief of Chel]!! from whence he went to Ox' >rd, the only place whtJ he thought he could be fak The S^ots were bd ficglng Newark at the time when Charles artivcd J their camp, and was received by them with aH ihecxl terior marks of duty and refpedt ; but foon found thJ he had, in h^, only furrendered himfclf prifoncrinti their hands. They informed the Englilh parlja J of the king's arrival among them, but rtliuultodel liver him up, unlefs their arreais, which they fij amounted to two millions, were full paid. A|J luimberlcfs debates on this point, it was at lafl -A that they (hould accept of .joOiOOol. and relign thtuiinl happy monarch into the hands of his iniplacablc ciiJ mies. Having taken the king's perfonom (f iln ' J of the commillioners, they invefled Cromwell wuii ill fii|)reme command, and fet the parliameniary power a| defiance. The Prefbyterian members now found hnJ necell'ary it was to come to an acconunodationwiii the king, and feveral treaties were fet on foot for tliij purpofe, which, by the artifices of Cromweil, werl all rendered abortive. After fomc coiifultalion.Chantl was refolved to truO to the gcnerolity of Hammcndl governor of the Kle of Wight; who w:is no foo;ic| malicr of the king's perfon, than he confined hiin iJ Carilbroke-Caltie, and informed Cromwell of ihewhulJ tranfaction. A treaty for accommodating maiterswsl fet on foot by the Independents, which would in all probability have fuccecdcd, iiad not Cromwell, Wai dreaded the general difnolitioii of the peop!e forpeacej carried him firit to Hiirlt-Callle, and afterwards tj London, where, after an extraordinary trial befcel court of julticc of their own creating, his head wal (truik ort' before his own palace at Whiteliall, Jan. 301 16.^8-9, in ilie .19th year of his age, and 24th of 1 reign. . Some writers have corrcludcd, that had Charles been reftored to his throne, he would have become an cx^ cellent prince; he is, however, allowc(' to have I many virtues, and, notwithllanding the tyr,initicaltiiJ tore of his government, liis death was txcecdiiigly laf mented by great numbers. Crormvcll, who liateU fuborcJination to a rcpuli'icJ laJ ihe addrcfs [tkfoftlie Enc , tr EnglHh ad I l,ii, name by fe: Cromwell, havinj l„ be afraid that |,huh rcafon he |(;,.iiimiy, with lilt parliament, o| Lyiii in hiindrei [mliilaicdthecd.in U,ver was l(i( ge |o(e.ivttnmciit to JbohcJ to Win let liilinibiy, howtvc WoM itfclff ai Mor. He was j rest ceremony an l|sliiii:r>lheLor( lingland, Scotland I Ik cscrcifed all i jitxtd ti) the royal The Pioledor Ijovernincir, and ' Impflfed, elLlblilh If; his nianageim ]i!, ^. He W3S ( ■eiprnperty all i/i'e |bc btcn dazzled lil ippi ars, from t Iton'iiiuaiice of hi Ifclrciy fur money joing. The war ' Iwtrc again victor! Itogagements at fca Ifpicc of one year ; lia favour of Engli Iniral Van Tronip, CromwcH's wan Itiiinj^ part with ] lilie rich Spanilti p Efiney, and his ex ifippoiiiied. He I Dunkirk beini paijrds, he took fJ'iirpaiion gave as Btaror to the roya ! uiodcl of the ( Dufc of lords out Komforfable tifijr| W thirteen days, he |iiilie6oth year of 1 "llorians, indta^ ttn impofcd upon I f ihe luftre of his Wary Thurloe's, inoii in a great H. Eitlrcr in Eng ElRO'"'-! E N C L A N D. C;!) u ihe jdilrcf:! to get himfclf declared coiniuaiidcr in A|j of tlie Knelilfi army. Ailmirul Blake, ami the {f Engl'l'i aiTmirals, carrin! the tcrmr ol ilie Kiig- iiii niin* ''y ^'^'^ '^ "" *l"'"''-*-'"* *'' 'I'" glubu ; aiiJ L_yvt||, having now but liitic empldynKiit, began l,j afraiil that lii.'. fLr\ite.s would be t'orgoi ten, lur LhiJi "■■i'^"" '"^ went, April ao, >(J,33, wiilioiii any I ,, iiiniiy. with about 300 ninfijuetecrs, atid diUblved iJic narliamcnt, opprobrimilly driving all the nienib'-is, ilxiiii an hundred, out ot liicir hoiife. He next an- lihilatcil the cii'.mcil of (late, wiili whoin the eNeciuive gn^er was l ged, and transferred the adniinilhaiion !({,ivtrnmeii' '<> al'ont i.jo perfons, whom he fuin- joiid to Whitehall, on the 4th of July 16,53. 1 '"* iilembiy. however, after fitting about five months, filolved itlclf, and Oliver Cromwell was chofen j)ro- Kaor. He was installed into this high ofliec with I rcat ceremony and iTiagnifiecnce, by the title of, His IlieliiidV the Lord ProteiE^or of the Cointnonweaith of Mand, Scotland, and Ireland ; a title under which k exeriifed all iJic p>)wer that had been formerly an- (,„,! to the royal dignity. The Polcdor next proceeded to ncvv-model the pvcriiiiKii'. and various were the fchemcs that were Hopnfd, edabliihed, and proved abortive ; and il was d his management of the army that he did every \{ '. He was openly or fccretly thwarted by people i[ property all i/ver Ent'land J and, however hiltorians jlivebicn dazzled \>iih liis amazing fortune and power, ilippars, from the bell evidences, that, during the Iconiiiuance of his protedlorate, lie was pcrpeti.ally lillrclled fir money to keep the wheels of government Iping. The war with Holland, in which the Englifli Ikic ag;iin vidkorious, flill continued. Seven bloody Iliigagements at Tea were fought in little more than the Ifpirc of one year; and in the lalt, which wasdecilivc lb favour of England, Uie Dutch loll their brave ad- lltital Van Tromp. Cromwell's wants at lafl led him into the error of |tb{, part with France againit Spain, in hopes that llle rich Spanilh prizes would fupply him wiili ready Mty, and his expedlations l\ereiu were not wholly ifjppiiinted. Ho lent the French court 6,oco raen, 1 Dunkirk being taken by their afliftance fn m the aaiirds, he took polT^^dion of it. Finding toat his diirpaiion gave as much difconttnt to his own party, Bterror to the royalids, he had thoughts of re.iewiiu' ' I model of the confhtulion, and actually ereClura lufeof lords out of his own creatures. Alter a moll itomfortable nfurpation of four years, eight months, dthirlcendays, he died on the 3d of September ib,jli, «ik6oth ye^r of bis age. ^ Hillorians, in drawing a chara£ler of Cromwell, have 'raimpofed upon by his amazing fuccxfs, and dazzled 1; ihc lurtre of liis fortune ; but when we confuli his Vtary Thurloe's, and other fbte papers, the im- Wion in a great mcafure vanillies. No king ever H.citlrer in England or Scotland, more defpoiically in foine refpcdls tlian he did ; yet no tyrant ever had fewer n.il friends, and even ihefe few threatened to omKife liim, if he lliould lake iipoit him th>: title if king, which he was very delirous i>f allinning. In the year 16,56, the charge of the public amnimtcd to i,3oo,oc5ol. of which i,ooo,coo went to the fuppc it of the navy and army, and the remainder to that nt the civil government. Next year the total charge or public expence ol England amoimted to ;/,')u6,c)^. S.) that, upon the whole, it .nppeais that England, lioni 'the year j6^8 to the ye.ir 10,08, was improvrd eijually in riches and power. The legal intered of money was reduced from eight to fix per cent, a Aire fymptom of increaling commerce. 'l"he famous and heiieheial na\'i- gation acl, that palladium of the Englilli trade, \\a^- now planned and ellahlilhed ; and afterwards conllrnud under Charles II. Notwiihllandiiig all ('romuell'.s faults, it mud be allowed that he niaintained the honour of the liation much, and in many iiiitaiue< interpofed in favour of the Protellaiits abroad : and lu: alfo jiaid fome regard to men ol learning, and il.e cdnciuion of youth. Richard Cromwell, who fuccccckkl his father as Pro- teclor, diflered grt.iily from (Oliver both as to fjiirit and parts in the affairs ol government. Iking platiil in liis dignity by tliofe who wanted to make him the tool of tli'jir own government, he v\as foon alter driven, vviih- oiii the kail druggie or oppolltion, into oblVuri'ty. Though the Picfbyterians were very zealous in pro- moling the refloration of Charles, that event was in fad biought about by the general concurrence of the people, who fcemed to think that neither peace nor protedlioii were to b^ obtained, but by reiloriiig the ancient conlHtution of monarchy. Monk, tommander of the forces in Scotland, made this a pretence for putting into exeiiition a fcheme he ha;l lung plain. ed, of relloring Chailes. He was a man of niiliiary abili- ties, but of no principles, except fucli as ferved his ambition or intered: he proteded againd the violence offered to parliament, drew togLther the feveral fcut- tered regiments, maiclicd into England, took poirdiion of the capital, eaufed a new pailianunt to be aireni- bl;d, and recalled Charles from Spain. For thef-; fer- \ ices, he was loaded with honour.s and riches, created duke (if Albemarle, and confirmed in the command of the army. Charles li. mounted the throne in 1660, and focur after married the princefs Catharine of I'ortngal, wiiti v»hoin he received a portion ot 300,000!. together with tlic two fortred'es ot Tangier m Africa, ami I'ombay in the EadTiulies. He endeavoured, in the tird year of his reign,, to unite every party in an affeciion lor him and his ct)untry, fcemed tLlinn- 10 promote thy ■ happinefs of his people, and Pri-lbytei; ms and loyaliils were e(|iully admitted into his councils. But it was not long before aftairs put on a moie unpicaling afpcft :•• a; the •' I ^. ■ I i' i f; i nr r '• ':^^ t '•) ■J ; l^U v^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 2.2 IS m ? ■- IIIIIM 118 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► V] <^ /^ VI w^^ V ^' Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 f(f '<" . ""^ ^ eao A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. the king became at length entirely abforbed in pleafure ami dillipation, to which he fet no bounds : this led him into tlie mod extravagant expences, and, to- gether with his indolence, had the fame pernicious confeqiiences as defpotifm itfelf. He has been fevercly cenfured for felling Dunkirk for about 250,0001. to the French for fupplying his neccllities, after he had fquandcrcd the immenfe Aims granted him by par- liament : he was alfo fo ill advid-d as to feize upon the money of the bankers, which had been lent him at eight per cent, and to (hut up the Exchequer, which indefcBlibIc (tep he intended to jnllify by thi^ neceility of iiis affairs. But even in this, his condfidl was more dcfenlible than in his fecret connexions with France, uliich were of the moll fcandalous nature, utterly re- pugnant to the welfare of the kingdom, and fuch as mult ever refled infamy on his memory ; among other iiilbnces of his reprehenfible condudl, may be men- tioned his giving way to the popular clamour againft I'lc lord Clarendon, as the chief advifer of the (ale of Dunkirk, and whom he facrificed to the fytophants of liis jileafurabic hours, though he was a man of exten- (Ive knowlcdtje and great abilities, and more honeit in his intentions than mofl of his other minilters : this great man was, in 1667, impeached of high treafon, and, to avoid the ftorm, retired into France, where he liirvived his difgrace only fix years. In 1665 the hrit Dutch war began, which was carried on with great refolution and (pirit under the duke of York ; but, through Ciiarles's mifapplication of the public money granted to carry on the war, the Dutch, taking advantage of his negligence, fent a large fleet of (liips to ravuge the coalt of England, which accord- ingly failed up the Medway as far as Chatham, where (and alfo at Upnor-CalUe) they burnt fcveral capital (hips of war. Soon after, a treaty was concluded at Breda between England, Sweden, and the States- (jcneral, in 1667, called the Triple Alliance, for the prefervation of the Spaniii\ Netherlands againft the arms of France. In 1672, war was again declared againft Holland^ which had almoft proved fatal to that republic, as the Engli(h fleet and army dilcd ii conjundlion with thofc of France. The duke of York commanded the Englilh fleet ; as did the duke of Monmouth, a natural fon of Charles, 6000 Englilh forces ading in conjundion with the Engliih in the Netherlands ; and all Holland muff have fallen into the hands of the I'Vench, had it not been for the vanity of their monarch Louis XiV. who was in a hurry to enjoy his triumph in his capital, and fome utterly unforel'een ciicnmlianccs. All con- fidence was now loft between Charles and his par liament, notwiilillaiKiing the glory which the Eiiglilh fleet obtained by fca againft the Dutch, with whom the popular clamour at letijth obliged him to make peace, in coni'iJeration of 2co,oool ; and in order to remove the nation's fears, as much as pofTible, refpcding the duke of York, he negotiated a marriage bet\/cen Mary, eldeft daughter to the duke, and heir apparent tn ,i,j crown of England, and the prince of Orange • wh'i was concluded, Oflqbcr 23, 1677. ' '^ Charles continued to aft in feme inftancej dtfpotically. Complaining of the freedom taken witi his prerogative in coflte-houfes, he ordered them toJ fliut up, but in a few days after they were ontn^ again : he cxercifed great rigour and feverity aaini the Prefbytcrians, and all other nonconformids to eoil copacy, which was eftabliftied with a high hanll Scotland as well as England. His parliament addrejTj •■ (lim, but in vain, to make war with Francs in tw year 1677 ; for he was entirely devoted to that crowj whbfe money he regularly received as a pciifior.er, A hoped through its influence and power to be abfolutel fevcral of his great men had alfo falaries from thefanf court, and alleged the king's example in juftificatid of this infamous pradlice. ^ The hatred of the commons to the French and PaJ grew every day more violent ; and many of themej bers of parliament were bent upon fuch a revolutiol as afterwards took place, and were fecretly determin that the duke of York (hould never reign. In 167! the famous Titus Gates, taking advantage of this dj polition, alarmed the whole nation with theaccoui of a plot which he pretended was formed by Jefuits to murder the king, and introduce Popel into England. Nothing could exceed the imprl bability of this confpiracy, but the readincfs wil which the intelligence of it was received by the pj liament; who, blinded by their prejudice, gave crej to the moft glaring s.buirdities. Lord Stafford, attif time a very old man j Coleman, fecrctary to thed., of York ; numbers of Jefuits, and feveral other Cathi lies, were publicly executed on the moll perjured ei deuces. It was with dilficulty that the queen hcrlj ef:aped. The duke of York, againll whom t| heavieil of the ftorm was diredfed, thought it ml prudent to retire from England ; and the king, thoiJ convinced that the whole was an infamous impofiiiJ in order to prejudice the minds of the nation agaij his fuccelfor, was compelled by neceility to yiddl the popular clamour. The condud of fome mcmlf in the Houfc of Commons plainly demonilrated, la the chief end of this plot was, to exclude the da of York from the throne. A bill for that purpofeivl fome time after, aftually brought into and pairedj that houfe ; but was rcjeded by the peers. All England was again in a flame ; but the king,! a well-timed adjournment of the parliament to Oxfa fecmcd to recover the afFedions of his people toav great degree. The duke of York and his party, hJ ever, made a fcandalous ufe of their victory ; fori their part, they trumped up a plot of the Proteda for killing or fcizing the king, and altering the gova nunt. This plot was as faife as that charged the Papifts ; notwilhftandnig which, lord R Algernon Sidney, and fevera) other ilillinguiihMi Eiii;liih _ lliarrow-mindi Iklion. In ■Kre found w lilni, and nev Itcll fiipplied tonized, ref jlcof their |knl{al the. lofophy. jCiiatlcs's dea Brother, notv Ittjard to the picli, of The rjign of and heir apparent to ihj ince of Orange iwhici in lotne inllancei ve the freedom taken witi , he ordered them to L, after ihey were openn our and feverity againl r nonconformilts to epil d with a high handil His parliament addreirJ var with Francj in th ly devoted to that crowd uived as a pciifiorier, al i»d power to be abfolute| Ifo falaries from the fan ; example in jiinificaticj to the French and Papili and many of the mea[ It upon fuch a revoluiid were fecretly determinJ Id never reign. In 167I ing advantage of this dil nation with theaccou nded was formed by tk ;, and introduce Popi )uld exceed the impri , but the readincfs wil ; was received by tiie pi heir prejudice, gave cteJ !S. Lord Stafford, at in lan, fecretary to thedul i, and feveral other Citlir on the moll perjured ei ulty that the queen herll York, againll whom I dire£ted, thought it ml nd ; and the king, thoiJ as an infamous impofiiiJ ninds of the nation agail d by nccellity to yiddj conduct of fome mtmbl plainly demonllrated, tj was, to exclude the dJ \ bill for that purpofe (vl rought into and palfedj d by the peers. 1 I a tiame ; but the king,! f the parliament to Oxfj ons of his people to a vj ■ York and his party, M Te ot their viftcry ; M ;p a plot of the Froteltj |ng, and altering the go»4 talfe as that charged uj dnig wliich, lord M :ral other dlllinguilhcd I ^ tcra EOROPE.] F. N G L A N D. 68) as The lAlirtd to fly. and the duke of York returm liriumph to Whitehall. Charles, it was thought, l-i«lt reb^nted of fome of his arbitrary fteps, an |W*"" r , ,. J .. _ j..|,_ „<■ »« „...L |*(Unts» fuffcred death on this occafion ; Effex died in I *fij„^ Hampden was fined 40,000!. and the king fet I to foot "P°" all oppofiiion. Even th«i city of London ]«s intimidaWf' into the meafures of the court r^jlnjoft all the corporations in the kingdom. '^ of Monmouth, and the carl of Shaftefbury were * /I . — J -u- J..I.- „r v„,t, i-eturned in after- and in- ^1^1 to have recalled the duke of IVIonmouth, and ijjcutefome meafures for the future quiet of his realm, taamidft nil thefe excellent refolutions, he was ftized ^iliifuddcn fit, refembling an apoplexy } and though k was recovered from it by bleeding, he languilhcd nJy for a few days, and expired February 6, 1685, in 4e:5th year of his age, and 25th of his reign. I Charles left behind him no lawful iirue j but the Jtfcendents of his natural fons and daughters are now (nongft the moft diftinguilhed of the Britifli nobility. Tiiough the principles and conduft of this prince were in general unconftitutional to England, yet fome of his iflions mull be owned beneficial to the nation. He (onfirmed the abolition of all the feudal tenures, in Itu of which he received from the parliament a gift rfthe excife for life ; and in this aft coffee and tea iitlirft -nentloned. By his long refidence, and that of iis friends, abroad, he imported into England the ctil- turc of many elegant vegetables, fuch as the cauli- lowers, afparagus, artichoke;,, nnd feveral kinds of tens, peas, and falads. Under him, Jamaica, which bid been conquered by the Englifh under the aufpices ([Cromwell, was greatly improved, and made a lugar (olony. The Royal Society was inflituted, and many popular afts refpeding trade and colonization were slfcd. The trade of England was alfo incredibly in- ocafed during his reign, and he entered into many TOormis meafures for its protedion and fupport. He anied the art of fhip-building to the highelt per- ftftion; and the royal navy of England, at this d.iy, owes its tiueft improvpments to lits and his brother's Inowledge of naval affairs and arcliitefture. Charles loted, patronized, and underftood the arts, more than It encouraged or rewarded them, cfpccially thofe of jtw'lilh growth ; but his negled proceeded not from wrow-mindednefs, but indolence, ano want of re- [jtilion. In his time, dillipated as it was, fome reader wre found who' could admire Milton as well as Dry- \h, and never perhaps were the pulpits of England fo tcllfiipplied with preachers. Our language was har- ronized, refined, and rendered natural, witnefs the lylc of their fcrnions ; and the dnys of Charles inay kalltd ilie Aiitjnrtan age of mathcmaiics and natural ifophy. As to his religion, James, foon after ktlcs's death, publifhcd to the world, that his llroiher, notwitlillanding his repeated proi'iflions af Kjard to the I'rotertant faith, was a F.ipill, and died |fiich, of which tin re arc now inconttllable proofs. Thcrtignof this tiioiiarch has indeed been cckbratcd for wit and gallantry, but both were coarfe an^ in- delicate : the court was a nm fcry' of vice, and the fta^c exhibited fcenes of impurity. England was vifited with two dreadful calamities in the late reign. In May 166^, a terrible plague, broke out in London, and raged for eleven months, in wliich time it fwept away, in thecityonly.tipwardsof 100,00 > fouls : and on the 2d of September 1666, a fire broke out in the city, which in three days confumed eighty churches, feveral city gates, and 400 flreetS*, containing, 13,200 dwelling-houfes. J^es II. now afccndtd the throne, though great oppontion was at firfl made to his acceHion : but the declaration which he made to the privy-council, im- mediately on the demife of his brother, of his refci- lution to maintain the eftablifhed government, both in church and ftate, quieted the ininds of tlic wikiU; nation;, and the popular aiFedlion towards him was ' increafed by the early therefore were broken off, and the allies rcfolved to be- gin the campaign with the ficgc of Tournay. The ' trenches were opened on the a7vh of July, and the town> i 'i m v'^ t 1-i ; '', rir "I i! wll mm .! ,; ill 1 -■ '-.^M' MMj^rii f ^i- )i i«i. 6Bi A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. town foon after fiirrcndered ; but il was the fecond of September before the garrifon capitulated. Mons was the next great objeft of the allies ; but, before thai fiege could be efFecacd, it was found neceffary to drive the French army from their polls behind the woods of ]a Mcrteand Trainiere, in the neighbourhood of Mul- plaquet. This was attempted with Aiccefs ; but it proved the deareft vi£lcry the confederates ever pur- chafed, having coft them above 18,000 men killed and wounded, and among the former were fcveral officers of dillinftion. The end propofed by this engagement, however, was obtained, for Mons furrendcrtd about the middle of November. The affairs of the confederates were far from being equally fuccefsful in Spain. The queen had fcnt a fine army under the command of lord Galway. to aflifl Charles III. That general was joined by the Portu- gutfe forces, and, at tirft, their attempts were attended with fom-; fuccefs; but, in 1707, the Eng''"' Aiftaincd a fevere defeat in the plains of Almanza, chiefly through the cowardice of their allies. The Tories, who were Muilborough's inveterate enemies, had long endeavoured to convince the queen that this war would, in the end, prove ruinous to the church and (late ; and accufed the Whigs of not being very well afTcilcd to the former. Robert Harley, af- terwards earl of Oxford, was at the head of this party, formed to ruin the duke. The people were taught to believe that the church was in danger, and, by that means, rendered clamorous. This was increafed by a fernion preached at that time by Dr. Sarlievercl, wherein he (Irenuoully aircrfcd the high notions of hereditary in- dcfeafible right, paflive obedience, and non-refiftance. He was impeached by the commons, and foimd guilty by the lords, who pafTed a very mild fentcnce upon lum. The honour and intereftof the nation were now facrificcd to private court intrigues, managed by Mrs. Marlbam, a relation of the duchefs of Marlborough, her benefaftrefs, whom (he had fupplanted, and by Mr. Harley, afterwards carl of Oxford. To complete the triumph of the Tories, Marlborough was difmilTed from all his employments, and the command of the aimy given to the iluke ot Orniond. The new minidry having rcfolvcd to negotiate a peace with France, a congrcfs was opened at Utrecht, on the ci^th of January 1712, for that purpofe. The pre- liminaries were loon fettled between England and France, and, not loiig after, acceded to by all the princes who formed the grand alliance, the emperor ex- cepteil. That mnnarrh determined to carry on the war againil France, but was foon convinced he had iin- dtrtaken wliat he v .is unable to fupport, and accord- ingly made a fcparate peace. Alter the peace of Uttccht the queen was perpetually di.fHirbcd by the jarring ot parties. When the change of the minilliy had t.iken place in fa\()iir of the Tories, Oxl'rd, at that time Mr. Harley, was created lord high trcafurer, Sir Simon Harcourt appofnted lord keeper, and Mr. Henry St. John, afterwards lord Boiini'brnkf nominated fecretary of (late. Thefe three perfon I though they had united in oppofing the adminillraijonl o( the Whigs, were far from being united in their poli.l tical fcntimeiits ; their views- and pnrfuits were v. I different : it is therefore no wonder that the-y foon. ^1 pericnced an oppofition more formidable than tliatih.'l had fo lately fubdued. Each found his hopes tlif ''I pointed, and an open rupture between them waMhel confcquence. Nor did they (ijt any bounds to their rc-| fentment ; forgetting the refped due to their royal mif'l trefs, who had didiiiguifhsd them with the hiuhefil marks of her favour, they made ufe of the moll biterl inveflives againfl each other in her prefencc. ThJ deeply affefted her, and (lie removed the earl ofOxfinll from his office of lord high treafurcr. The general con.r fulion occafioned by this event, and the fatigue of aJ tending a long cabinet council, had ftich an t^eftnponl the queen's fpirits, before greatly weakened by her bad! ftate of health, that, on the 89th of July 17, , |]]e„,jjj feized with a lethargic diforder, languilhed till thefirllf of Augnft, and then expired, in the 50th year of hc3 age, and »3th of her reign. With heremied the lind of the Stuarts, which, from the accedion of James iJ anno 1603, had fwaycd the fceptre of England nil years, and that of Scotland 343 years, from theaccefJ (ion of Robert II. anno 1371. As queen AnneleftRoT iffue, (he was fucceeded by George, eleflor of HanoverJ in purluance of a (latute pajfed in the 12th year u| William III. for limiting the fuccellion of thecrnmJ George I. mounted the throne with Urong prcpolTefJ fions againlf the Tories, whom he conlidered as cnel mies to the houfe of Hanover. A total change there! fore immediately te)ok place in the miniltry. Thil avowed partiality greatly inflamed the minds of tliefJ who were already but tot* much difcontcntdattliehtl changes, and the rejoicings on account of the coronal tion were interrupted in feveral p'aces by di formerly rslJ bles, who ce)mmittcd iiumbi-rleis outrages. The Pre! tender, taking advantage of thefe commotions, raufall manifeffo to be difperlVd in England, letting forth hi] right to the crown. A rebellion -foon alter broke oiJ in Scotland, under the earl of Mar, which might liavl been attended with very ferious confeeincnces, Ind noT the death of Loius XIV. who had promifed to fiippoij the young adventurer, happened at this crilis, In ihl mean time, feveral of the Scottifh pet/rs armed thcf clans in favour of George I. and the duke of Argyll having been appointed comma.'ider in chief of the I'urcej in Sotfaiul, eiigag-.d the rebels, under the carlofMaJ at bdierifl-Muir, ami totally deleaied their whole arnijf This defeat did not however intimidate the infurgtntl In the bcginnii.g of the year 1716, the pretender aniva in Scotland, and made his public entry into Perth. T« duke of Argyll immediately marched to attack the rJ bels; hut tliey did not wait liis approach. They rR treated with the utinod expedition to Montrofc, whfj the chevalier, with fomc of his principal adlicrciii| ards lord Bolinubrnke,! There three pcrfonjj Ing the adininillraiioni ng united in their].... nd pnrfnits were vtryl Jcr that they fnoncxJ •midabic than that thcyl blind his hopes tiifap.l between thL-m vn-i thel any bounds to their re-[ t due to their royal mif.j hem with tlic hight. e life of the moll biterl 1 iicr prcfencc. Thisl oved the earl ofOxfirdl "iircr. Tiie general cnnJ and the fatigue nf atJ had fitch an cifeft iipnj ly wcakeired by her bad! th of July 1714, (lie waif , languilhed till theiir(l) n the ,50th year ot hen With her ended the linel he accelHon of James I fceptre of England 111 3 years, from the acccfJ As queen Anne left nJ 3Tge, eleflor of Hanover! 'ed in the 12th year ol fuccelfion of the crnwnJ iiie with Urong prcpolTefJ n he conlidered as eneJ . A total change there! in the niinillry. Thii mcd the minds of thefJ :h difcontentedatthelaif 11 account of the coronal 1 p'aces by difordcrly rabi fi- outrages. The Pre! le commotions, caufal I gland, felting forth hil )nfoon after broke oil Mar, which might liavl ; confequcnce?, hid nol had promifcd to fiippoil ed at this crilis. In ihl otiilh peers armed thti and the duke of Argyll idcr in chief of the lurccj s, under the earl of Mm Icaicd their whole anil)! niiinidatc the infurgentj 716, the pretender airivd icciury into Perth. T« BiKirchcd to attack the ii his approach. They rl itioii to Montrofe, whfj his principal adlicrfi:i| E N G L A N D. 68l5 i(t(it on board a fmall velTcl, and palled over irito France. The rebel army now found that their chiefs lad abandoned them, upon which they immediately Jifperfcd. During the rebellion in Scotland, an iiifur- ttton happened in the Weft of England, where the jtetcnder's friends were very numerous, but was fiip- Llfed almoll as foon as formed, and feveral of the Icad- Jspuninicd with death. [ A new parliament, confiftlng chiefly of Whigs, met, in 1/ 151 a' Weftminller, when Henry, carl of Boling- broke, Robert, earl of Oxford, and James, duke of Otnw'nd, were impeached of hi«h treafun ; and the carl of Strafford of high crimes and mifdemeanors. Lord Bolingbn)kc and the duke of Ormond retired into France; and lord Oxford was im'prifoned for three Kirs, when he regained hislibcrty. peace being rcttored to the kingdom, his majefty irtnt over to the continent, in order to fecure his I German dominions from the attempts of Charles XII. j ling of Sweden, who had been incenfed againft George, aseledlor of Hanover, for purchafing Bremen and Ver- ien of the Danes, which had been a part of the Swedifb I dominions. In 1718, a rupture happened between Enelaiid and Spain, on account of the quadruple al- liance; and the Englilh' admiral. Sir George Byng, by (he kini;'s orders, defeated the Spanifli fleet near Syra- i tufe. trance having joined the Englifh in this war, iiwas fo«m ended, by the Spaniards delivering up Sar- 1 dinia and Sicily, tho former to the duke of Savoy, and (he latter to the emperor. Charles had embraced the 1 imerell of the pretender, and even engaged to aflift the malcontents in England with a povverfid army. This {jHifederacy being difcovered, his Britannic majefty con- cluded a treaty with France and the States-General, I known by the name of the Triple Alliance, in order to difappoint any attempts that mij^ht be made againft his dominions. On his return to England he immediately ordered count Gyllembergh, th« Swcdift) refidcnt, into cultody, and purfued fuch prudent meafures, that the I dtfigns of Sweden were for that time rendered abortive. I Charles, however, did not abandon his defign ; and he trould, in all probability, have invaded England at the htad of a powerful army, in conjunflion with Peter, ax of Mufcovy, had not death put an end to his life I kfurethe fcherae was ripe for execution. The year 1720 was rendered remarkable by the fud- Ldco life of the South-Sea (lock. That company had 1 been lately ereded, and owed its rife to a fcheme for atrying on an exclufive trade, and making a fettle- nent in the South Seas. Accordingly, a plan was laid Uefore the Houfe of Commons, to increafe their capital lock by redeeming the public debts, in eonfideration of ntain advantages which were to be granted them. This plan nccafioned many warm debates^ but at length tk company's offers were accepted. During the time Niisalfair was depending in the hoiife, South-Sea ftock lofe lirll to 150, and at laft to looo pCr cent. The company's fcheme might perhaps, at the beginning. have been honeftly intended, but, in the end, it proved of the utmoft prejudice to fomc, and the entire ruin of others. The minillry themfclvcs were accufed of having been deeply concerned in this deteftable fcheme, though no notice w s taken of the charge; but a bill was palfed. by wis'^ch the cftates of the directors were con- hfcatcd, and only a bare fufficicncy allowed for their fupport. The reader will iind a more ample detail of this horrid fcene of villany and fraud, in our account of the ftock of this company, p. 6,':)9. In 1722, a confpiracy was faid to be formed againft the king, and, after fome conteft, the Habeas Corpus aft was fufpended. The carl of Orrery, Dr. Atterbury, billiop of Rochefter, and the lord North and Grey, were charged with^high trealojn, and committed to the Tower"; and, foon after, the duke t>f Norfolk. Several other perfons were fcized and itnprifuned ; and, though the facts alleged againft them >yere never clearly proved, Atterbury was baiiilhed for life. Mr. George Kelly, an Irifh clergyman, and Mr. John Plunket, were im- prifoned during his majefty's pleafure; and Mr. Chrif- topher Layer, a young counfcllc'r at law, put to death. The courts ot Spain and Vienna having entered into a treaty contrary to the interell of Great-Britain, the king, m order to counterad their dcfigns, projeded a defenfl.ve treaty between England, France, and PrulTia, which was figned at Hanover on the 3d of September 1725. The real intent of this alliance was to fecure his Britannic majefty's German dominion!^, though 'm was reprefcnted by the court party as, having been conj- trafled merely for the glory and advantage of this naiiont, the intereft and honour of which was evidently facrificed to that ele£lorate. Catharine, einprefs of Rulh'a, hav- ing confulted with the courts of Madrid and Vienna the moft probable meafures for placing the pretender on the throne of Great-Britain, they fent a fleet into the Baltic under the command of Sir Charles Wager, with orders to remonllrate with the emprefs on her conduft ; that artful woman, however, difowned having the leaft knowledge of thofc proceedings, and the admiral, after continuing in the Baltic till the feafon was too far ad- vanced for the Ruflian fleet to tnakc any fuccefsful at- tempt in favour of the pretender, returned to England. Sir John Jennings, with feveral (hips of war, failed at the fame time as Sir Charles Wager, in order to infuU the coaft of Spain, and he fo effectually executed his or- ders, that the panic extended even to Madrid. A third fquadron, which failed at this juncture for the Weft- Indies, under the command of rear-admiral Hofier, was not fo fortunate. His orders were to watch tfic Spanifli plate fleets ; but the Spaniards having received intcili. gence of this defign, before he could reach the Bafti- mentos, had unladen the galleons, and carried the trea- fufc, amounting to fix millions and a half flerling, back to Panama. Hofier, however, continued criiifing be- fore Porto Bello from the beginning of June till Chrift- But, during this interval, the admiral bimfclf, mas. and moft of his crew, periflied by cpidciDical difcafes. 8 L The 1. i ;' 'l:'- I !'■<- y 'i i! i y'i vltjr- • :' i\ 1 i i hi i " it 686 ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The mnnagemcnt of the Spaniards was little better: they rcfulved to attempt the retaking nf Gibraltar, and !i£\ually lard fiege to that important fortrcfs ; but fiich care had been tatken to put the place into a proper polUire uf defence, that, having loll 10,000 men, the enemy was obliged t'» abandon tne cntcrprife. While the chief powers in Europe were thus prepar- ing for war, they were afliially very dcfirotis of peace. Lewis XV. undertook the friendly office gf a mediator, and a congrcfs was opened at SailFons for .idjiifting all differences between tne contending nations. The Icing refulved to fcizc this favourable opportunity of vifiting liis German dominions ; and accordingly, having ap- pointed a regency, he embarked at Greenwich on the 3d of June 1727, and landed in Holland on the 7th. But, nn the road to Hanover, he was fuddenly fcized with a paralytic diforder, which terminating in a le- thargy, he was carried in a Hate of infcnfibility to Of- nabiirgh, where he expired on the nth of the fame month, being the 68th year of his age, and i?th of his reign, and was interred among his ancellors at Hanover. As foon as this event was known in England, Sir Ro- bert Walpole, at that time confidered as iirfl miniflcr, -immediately waited on the prince and princcfs of Wales with the melancholy intelligence, and, on the 15th of June, the prince was proclaimed king of England, by the title of George H. Confiderable changes were at firft expcfled in tne miniftry, but all the great officers of (late continued in their places ; Sir Robert Walpole kept poirc/fion of the treafory, notwithftanding a cool- iiefs had fubfilled between him and George 11. while prinre of Wales. The principal members who op- pofed the mcafurcs piirfiied by Sir Robert, were Mr. Daniel Hultney, Mr. William Pultney, Mr. Shtppen, and Sir William Wyndham. He filled all places of power, trud, and profit, and almod the Houfe of Com- mons itfelf, with his own creatures ; and was juflly blamed for his unbounded love of peace, whereby he fubjeBed the nation to the infults of foreign powers ; but an attempt which, in 1733, he made in the Houfe of Commons to introduce a general cxcife, was what gave the firO fh netraied as far as Derby. The capital was now thrown into the utmoft confudon, and the Jacobite party laid a deep fcheme to diilrefs the bank of England. The merchants immediately alfembled, and agreed to take bank notes in payment : this prefcrved the public credit. The duke oif Cumberland was appointed to command the army aflenribled in the n<-ighbouihood of Litchfield. But the chevalier> finding himfelf fatally difappointed in his hopes of bein^ joined by the Eng- lilli, retreated back into Scotland, where he defeated' general Hawlcy, and burnt Fort Auguftus. The duke 01 Cumberland purfued the rebels, and, on the i£th of Augull, both armies met at Culloden. A> fierce encounter enfued ; but, in lefs than thirty mi- nutes, the pretender's army was totally defeated, the field of battle covered with their dead bodies, and tha young adventurer himfelf. obliged tu have re«ourfe to flight for his fafety. This extiniUon of tHe rebellion did not however re- ftore th: peace of Europe. The war was carried on with gr .-at vigour in Flanders, and the ifland of Zealaintl" threatened with a defcent. This again roufcd the po- pulate of Hollands and the States, in order to prevent the di-cailful confequences of a tumult,, declared the prince of Orange (ladthoUlcr, and proclaimed war againd France. Nntwiihflanding thefe appearances, the Dutcii never could be prevailed upon to a6t v^ith vigour. TIk: allies we- ''cfeated at Latfcldt ; and iJergen-op-Zooin was takcii in a manner that has never been accounted for. In the mean time, the French marine and forcigti trade were almoft annihilated by the Englifh, under tlie- command of Anfon, Warren, Hawke, and others. A- general peace now feemcti nccelfary toall parties ;, and accordingly a definitive treaty was figned at Aix-la- Chapelle, on the 17th of September 1748. Snon after, the comlufion of the peace, tlio boldcft llrokc of financing ever perhaps attempted in any government,, was undertaken and executed with fiiccefs. The la(t war had greatly incrcafed the public debt, fo that very large fums were obliged to" be raifed annually, to dil- chargc the interell, which was then at four per cent. Mr. Pclham, whoprelid.d at the treafury boards was dcfirous, ifpoliiblft, of lelfening this annual rum. It. was fiifticiei^tly evident, that great numbers of private pcrfonsin England had acquired immcofa fortunes during the war ; and, confequeivtly, that there was no want ol money in the nation.. He therefore took. the refolu- tior> of reducing the intereft of the national debt, from four t«> three and a half per cent, for fcvcn years, and, after that time, to llaud at three per cent. This meafure, however- bold it might at firft appear,, was well founded* Very few chofe to take their money out of the funds; and even fome of them afterwards made intereft with theminifter to have it replaced on the conditions he had olFcred. Many improvements were alfo made by Mr. I'elham during this ftate of tran- quillity, with regard to coramcrcc, nianufadures, and tt-^-- ;. ^\m 'lil': {'l\ '■'i-\' WW -it : ■11 :\. ■ \tf: ;i' ". t ■ '1 Ij <. - 'i,ii- 688 A NKW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPHY. tlic fi(hcric«. On the 2nih of March 1750, Krcderitk, prince of Wules, paid the debt of nature. He wus a iniiniticent [)jlron of the am, a frienif to merit, and warmly ailachLd to the true interetts of his country. Ill the next fclfion of parliament an afl was nafled for ff gulaiing the commencement of the year, ana correil- inj; the calendar, according to the Grtgntian com- putation, which had been long adopted by mo(l other nations in Europe. This was done bv fmking tUvcndays in September 17,5a, and, from fnat time, beginning the year on the il( of January. In 1753 was pafTcd the famous ad for prcvciitinc clandeltine marriages. In the year i/r,^ died Mr. Pelham, who had for fo^lc time (b worthily and wifely conduced the ■ rt^iiir^ of tnglaud, iiniverfally lamemed. When the treaty of Aix-la-Chapell* was ftgncd, it was conftdered by every intelligent perfon as nothing lictier than an armed cedktion of honiliiies. The French were alliduous in repairing and augmenting their marine; they had laid an artful frheme for poU fefling thcmftlves of the linglift back»fetilemcnt» in North America, and for cutting off all communication b-twccn the Britifh fubjeftsand the Indians. Alarmed at thefc proceedings, the Britifh miniltry ordered a Iquadron of men of war, under the command of admi- ral B'jfcawen, to fail to the coafl of Newfoundland, and obltrve the motions of the French fleet, then tit- eiiig out at Breft. Bofcawen failed about the latter end of April 1775, with eleven fhips of the line, and one frigat, having a conliderablc nuinbrr of land forces on board. He was foon after joined by admiral Holbotne w ith fix fliips of the line and one frigat. A few days after the Britilh fleet had reached the banks of New- foundland, the French fquadron appeared, but the fog prevented any purfuit, fo that only two of them, the Atcide and the Lys, both of 64 guns, fell into the hands of the Englifli ; the reft of the fleet tfcaping up the river St. Laurence. The fpirit of the Englifli nation had for fome time been ronfed by the encroachments of the Frencii in America. It was no fooner known that hoflilities were begun, than the public poured their money into the funds of the government, and orders were ilTued for inaking reprifals both in Europe and America ; and that all the French (hips, whether outward or homeward bound, (hoiild be (lopped and brought into the iiarbours of England. Thefe orders were To e(Fe6lually obeyed, that, before the end of the year 1755, above 300 of the richefl French merchant (hip.s, rind above 8000 of their b -ft failors were fent into the Britilh ports. This well- tiTfied meafiire had fuch an eflfeft, that the French had n-iither hands to navigate their merchantmen, nor to mm their (hips of war ; for, about two years after, thsre were above 30,000 French fcamen prifoners in E-igland : fo that the French name, inftead of being the terror, now became the ccnt<;mpt of Europe. While the enemy's trade was thus ruined in Europe, colonel Monckton, at the head of a body of troops raifoil by the province of MailachufetS-Bay, ^rmti)) l-reuh front the forts rhey had ercfled in diltercntn 1 of Nova-St-otia, and fcrured the tramiuilJiiy „, ,1"' province. But general Braddock, wIkj had bftn f' irmti England at the^iead of a b(xly of troopn, jnod to drive the French from the forts they had erc(f}f(| '^ the Ohio, had, for want of taking the necelUrv ore caiiti<»n» in palling through the woods, fallen L' an ambufcadc, where his army was cut to pieces, an himfv;lf (lain in the contcft. General Jdlmfim' wii mure fortunate; he totally defeated the French army nt Crown Point, commanded by baran Diclkau, a G * man officer, who came over in the fleet which efrawi admiral Bofcawen. Johnfon took a number of prilU ers, among whom was Dielkau himfelf. Tlw French miniftry, baffled in every atttmptM in.Eirrope and America, were determined to ftrike ji important blow, and accordingly fitted out a formidjbli fleet at Breft, where they alTembled a great number: tranfporls. This nament at (irfl filled the Engli with confternation, as it feemed to threaten a deL upon their coaft. Six thoufand men, furnifbed by ihi landgrave of Heflje Caffel, and twelve battalions of Hj noverian troops, arrived in England, and every nccfl fary precaution was token to render the attempt abonivi But It foon appeared that the preparations at Brellwerl only intended to cover the real defign formed by tlv enemy. While the Englifh were every day expcflini an invaliAn, the French embarked a large body oftroop .-.t Toulon, and landed them in Minorca, where ih? befieged and took the cafllc of St. Philip, though bravcl defended by general Blakeney, and took polielHon the whole ifland. The lofs of this place was moi Ihameful than prejudicial to the kingdom ; but tl public outcry was fuch, that the king gave iipByng. public juftice, and he was (hot to death at Portfinouil tor not doing all that was in his power againll enemy. This facrifice being found very infuflicient tofilci the complaints of the people, Mr. Pitt, long known a bold and eloquent fpeaker, was placed at the head affairs. He foon proved himfelf equal to the impomi poll he filled, and, by his fpirited mcafiires, raifui tl depreffed minds of his <;ountrymen. About the k time, advices arrived from the tail- Indies, which hk than counterbalanced the lofs of Mihorca. The fin cefTes of colonel Clive in that part of the world w truly amazing. He defeated Suraja Dowla, nabob Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, >nd placed Jaflier All Cawn in the ancient feat of the nabobs or thefe pri vinces. Suraja Dowla, who had embraced the Frew intcrefl, and, at their inftigation, had attacked the£n{ lilh fettlements, was, a tew days after^ his defeat ' colonel Clive, taken prifoner by the fon of the n nabob, Jaflier Ally Cawn, and put to death. Tl event laid the foundation of the amazing extent territory now polfeircd by the Englifh io tht Eal Indies. ^ Amoi in Minurca, where ihcl Ivton."] E N G L A N n. €9g Among the feveral bold mcafurcs introduced by Mr. R,( was « new iyftcm of operationi againlt Frniue ; a i^VjIciilated at once to alarm and di(lref« the enemy, loilrdlorc the rpirili of the Englilh. Defoi linjilic I ,|„(,|j of an invafion from the enemy, he planned an Hptdition for carrying the arms of England into Fiincei «"'• convincing -ihc world, that the Britilh Uesare fo far from fearing an attack, that they were itCroui of fecking them in their own territories. The ifali expedition was dcfigned againfl Rochfort, and the I {omitiami of the land forces given to Sir John Mor- M. The Hect, commanded by admiral Hawke, tilcafrom Spithead on the 8th of September 1757 ; Lji lot rcal'ons bcft known to the officers of the army, JO attempts were made to land on the coaft of France ; ifld onihcfith of OiSlobcr, the admiral returned to St. Htl'cn'i. This difappointment, however, occalioned (omutoiiirings againit the minifter : the people had too Bcjtan opinion of his virtue and intrepidity, to impute Inypattotthe failure to him. The French having fent a numerous army into the elcaorate of Hanover, large fupplies were voted bv the Briiilh parliament for the defence of his majefty's here- iiiry dominions, and the neccllary methods taken for itiideiing the dcfigns of the enemy abortive. The duke of C oberland, who commanded an army of ob- Itnatioi. in that country, did every thing in his power lollop the progrcfs of the French; but, being prclfed |ha force tar hipcrior to his own, he was obliged to \bandon the entcrprifc, and figned a convention with ihc enemy at Clofterfevcn : then the duke de Richlieii, who commanded the French, took poireflion of that dtflorate, together with its capital. It having Been found that the difliculties of main- Ijininganarmy on the continent, fufliciently numerous lodelcat the cnterprifes of the enemy, were infur- (liuniablc, a treaty of mutual defence and alliance was tundiided between his Britannic majefty and the king ofPruliia, in confcciucnce of which the parliament 111101670,000 pounds to the latter; together vviih near Womiliiunsper annum, for the payment of jo.ooo of ihetroopjof HanoviT, Ilelle-CalU;!, Saxe Ciotlia, VVol- ftnbmtd, and Bucklnirg. Frincc Ferdinand, of Bruiif- »ick, a cilebratcd Priillian ollieer, was appointed gc-ne- nl 111 ihis combined army, which foon alter allcnibltd iu levcngc the infults ottered by the French to their (oiiiitry. The French under Richlicu having violated the Con- |Tti\iion,anarmy was fornu-d at btaiie, uf.dtr the ditei5lion dprinceFeriiln.inil, who deterinincd to begin the v>pera- iliunsofihccainpnign iniiiicdi.itLly, ami, it polliblc, dri\e llieFreiithout ol the eleiSlorate ot Hancvtr. It was the li!t«rtiidotNi)vembtrl)etoretlK' irmy b^-j^an their march ; Iw.iiotwiihllaiKling ihc advanced U aCoii ol the year, ilicy lull drove the eiaiiiy out ot Lunenburg, Zcil, and a'rtol thcliuiiirwiik iloiiiiuiiins, Eniaged at this re- itifc ol lotuiiic, Riciiliiti committed the moil li.iiba- \w rava^cb on the innocent inhabiiunt^, burning and dciiroying all the villages ard farm-houfes that by in his way. lie nduccd the I'ubutbj of Zell to ilhes, and even fei fire to the orphan-houlc, by which inf':rnal ac- tion a Krtat number of poor innocent children perilhed in the Ihimcs. Mean time the Englidi repeatedly infultcd the cnaflt of France ; deltroyed the llores and ihipping at St. M ' Iocs and Cherburg, and filled the whole French nation with the molt dreadful alarms. At the clofo of \h [e expeditions, the duke of Marll>orough, whocominand<.(l the, Britilh forcer, joined prince Ferdinand at the head of 12,000 veteran troops ; and this number was after- wards incrcafed to 0,5,000. Siicccfs almolt conlhintly attended the (landard of Prince Ferdinand ; bur, being oppofed by an army always nearly double to bh o\\ n, Iiim vidlories were not attended with the advantages they would otherwife have produced. The moll glorious battle ever fought in this, or, perhaps, anv otiier a^e, was that of Minden; where ab-nit 7,000 Englilh de- feated above 80,000 regular troops of the enemy, in the open field. The fuccefs of the Britilh armaments were equal in every other part of the globe. 'I'he French fettlement at Senegal, on thecoafl of Africa, was taken by captain Marth, and the illand of Gorce by commodore Keppel. The important fortrefs of Louiibiirg, in the ifland of Cape Breton, which had been rellored to the French by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapellc, was again reduced by admiral Bofcawen and general Amheill, and llx Frencli fhips of the line taken. The war in the Ea(t Indies was alfo carried on with equal advantagu. Admiral I'ococke defeated the French fleet in two engagcincnis, and forced them to abandon the coall of Coniinandel. General Lally, commander of tiie F>cnch forces ii\ India, inuiertook the liege of Madras. The place was accordingly invelled, atid a brilk cannonade ccniinued for two days ; but not being able to make any inipicf- fion on the works, and the ILnylilli rec.ivicij a rein- forccment of 600 men, L;i!ly thouj'ht proper to raife the liege, and retire to Poiidiciierry. This was iiTuiiediaiely perlormed, but with Inch precipitarion, liiat they ab.m- doned 40 pieces o cannon, which the Eiiglilli carried into Madras. The greateft efforts of the Eiiglilh were maele in Ame- rica. 1 hrec capital expeditions were planned, and ear- ried into execution in the year 17.39. 'Mie iirit was againll the French illands in the Well-Indies. Tl)e comiTiuiul of this exj)! dition was given to commodore flushes and general Hobfon. 1 he tirll aitav k was made upon the illaiul ol MartiMii|ue; but, railini; in the atitmpt, tlicy lleend lor Giudaloiipe, which fu!)miite(l to the Englilh. '1 he focoiid expidiiioii wr- ^^gainit (Quebec, the ca|iitul of Canad.i, lituated on the ri\er Si. Laurence, and leniarkabLy llrong both by art and nature. The niiniller give the conmiaiKl ot thu lleet to admiia! Saiindeis, uiiil that of the land lorv(s to gcneul V\'()lie, a \oii;ig o|Hli:i, but one ot the grutei'l luilitaiy g( THiiCcs tlie world ever faw. Wolle was op- « M polul !i' m 11 11 » Jflnfl! i ''1;. iW li m ;l HID n I 6go A NF.W and COMPI.ETF. SYSTF.M or TINIVF-RSAI, GEOGRAPHY. fmallcr linglilh fqimlron, commati lio(i)rc the liir|;er could return to poft'd vviili f.ir fiipcrior force by Montralm, tlic htd and molt riKiefxiul general the French had. Though 'the lituaii >n of the countrv which ih« Dritifh general was to ntiai k, and the works the French threw np to prevent a di Hcnt «i( tlic Knidilh, were deemed impreg- nable, yet Monic;ilin never rtlaxcrf in his vigilance. W(dte's courage and perfcvcrance, however, furnioiinted incredible difFicuIticv ; he gained the heights of Abraham, wiicrr he foMgh* and difiaicd the French army, but \va» hiinfclf kdled, as wax Montcalm; general Moncktun, who wu)ttonicd boats; fet the town on fire in feveral places, and fo tcriilitd the iidiabitants, that thcv forfook llieir lionfcs, and retired 4nto the country for protcdion. liorcav\cii >vaitcd for a con- liderable time, and nia-Ic nfe of various (Irataj^cms to draw the French admirnl out of tiic port of '1 oulon ; hut all his attempts proving fruitiel's, and feveral of his /hips being conliderabiy out of rtpuir, he retired to Gibraltar to relit, lie did not however lofe light of the principal object, the preventing tho French admiral from pallinj; the Strei>;hl3' moutii ; but that comman- der, imagining that Pjofcawcn had entirely abandoned his projcrt, failed with his fijiiadron from Toulon, and reached the Strtiglit.-.' mouth; but being difcovercd by Bofcawen's cruifers, he immediately gave the enemy (hace; and after a gailant a>^ion, took the Centaur, the Tcmcrairc, and ihc Modelle, all of feventy-four rims, and burnt tiie Ocean of 80, and the Rcdoutablc of 74: the rcit of the fcpiadron, conlilling of feven Ihips of the line, and three frigats, made their cfcapc in the nii;ht. Sir Edward Hawke being driven by ftrefs of weather from his ft:iti.)n, the French admiral embraced the op- porionity of failing out of Broil with twenty-one fail oi ill'.' line, and iour frigates, in order to dcUroy the _f '»tn Duir, aini.ance. S,, lulward Hawke being foon informed that the Prf k f.piadmn had put to fea, (leered diredlly to Qmi, Hay. where he wa« pcrfu«ded the French li!?et w.mTl rende/vniis. About eight in the morning o( the n tieih of November, the French fleet wasdiHovcrd"" chace of captain l)uft"'» fipiadron : but Conflan, nil (ooner perceived Sir Fdward Hawkc's fleu iJan^ towards him, than he (lood away with all the faji'il'' could carry. Upon this IlAwke 'hrew out the fi.^-li to chace the flying enemy, in order to detain theni ,,1 the headmoll Ihips could be properly reinforced bv ih reltof the flret; and the good condiifl, together wiih the intrepidity of the Fngli(l). rendered abortive the hopes the enemy had cnlertuined of cfcapinij. jjir Fl ward came up to the French admiral, and u-.vJu dcht'dl his fli'ct. '1 he Formidable, of eightv guns, wa,iakfnJ perb,i,ffu.,ivj S;Mty I le Sii _ ^, were funk; tho Soleil Royal, of eighty, and the Mot of fevcnty.four, were burnt. Seven or eight Frinc'i'l men of war got up the river Vdlainc, after thr.mm their gtms and ftores over-board; and the rellifihl fleet, conliltin^ of live (hips of the line, and three fd gats, efcaped m the night. Two Engldh (hips ih FlFex, of fixty-four, and the Rcfolution, of fcveniy f)ur gims ran upon a ihoal, and were loll; bnul their crfws, and the greater part of their Itores, wci faved. This dtf.at almod anmhilatrd the French navv and obliged the miniltry to lay alide all thoughts invading England. In the mean time Thurot efcaped from Diinkirlt and failing to the northward round the illcs of Scotland! made a drfcent at Carricktergus in Ireland; biitonlii return fiom ihencc he was met by captain Elliji, witi a firce inferior to his own. An engagtnicnt eiifncd, when Fortiuic declared for tlic Kngi'lli; the wiioli fquadron of the cneiny wen; taken, and Thurot hi mM killed in the aflion. The war in Germany (lill continued as imdcciliit it wascxpenlive, and all the bclliwrent powers fcemi inclined to peace. A negotiation was accordingly fe on fool, but proved abortive, as did many other pro* je6ls of the lame kind. While the tlioughts of ihi public were engaged in this delirahle event, George 111 died fuddenly at hi; palace at Kenlington, in the 1 venty (c\epth year of his age, and the thirty-fourth his reign. Thiii prince enjoyed the peculiar felicity to fee boll f)arty and the fpirit of party entirely cxtingiiilhedii lis kingdoms. None of his predcrcllors on the tliroi of F.ngland lived to fo great an age; few of thcmei joyed (b long a reign. He died at the very point time when the terror of his arms, the power of his d' minions, and the wifdom of his government, wei raifed almod to the fummit of human acqiiiliiioniihi were indeed at that height of profptrity and glfliy never had been exceeded in the reign uf the molt tm • tuiial fVPOf f'] E N or. A D. 691 mniii ,.,. of hi« prcdciiiror*. 'lliough his parti wcic " I'lier lively ""'' brilliant, yd the whole ol hi» con. ![|j,jfinon(lr»tctl that his jiulginent was at once both W J ami comprehcnfive. lie imtlerllood the intcrcfls (il,e other CovcreiKns otlCiirnpe, and was particularly ' initd with all the rccclics ot that political laby- ih. tli« ryl'«:"> "' Germany; and wai, during lii^ "yjlifj, a zealous allertor of the lihcrticH of that 'ur.iry. but could never ftparate an idea that there i|!i'jnydifrcrencc between liis ciettoral and royal do- nininni. His temper was fudden and violent, but tlKible; nor did tliefc (tart* of paflion, though tht-y Ljocnced his behaviour for a time, trakcany imprel- 1 (on on his condufl, which was always fudiciently de- liberiie and attctitivc both to his own Jnlercds and thofe of his people. He was ulain and dirctl in his iflieniionsi true to iiis v/ord; (teady in his favour and OTttflion to his fervants, und never chanj^cd them [jilingly. Having in a maimer been comptiicd, by a yiolent faflion, to part with a minifter in whom he Kpiid an unlimited confidence, it afterwards became itnitter of mere indifference to him by whom he was ftfrtil in the afftirs of his government. He hardly ever removed thofe who fervcd more immediately about liispcrfon; they grew old with him, or died m their places. He was merciful in his difpofition, but not to tudi a degree as to encourage offences againlt his go itrnmerit ; nor did his affedions, either public or pri- vjit, ever interfere with the ordinary courfe of julUce. In 1 word, he lived beloved, and died lamented. George 111 grandfon of George II. afceiided the t'lirone when England was in the zenith of its glory. Bciii' a native ot Kngland, which had for many years bc:n gDvrrncd by foreigners, the people were prcjii- died in his favour : he was in the IJloom of yont*', in hispcrfon tail aiurcomcly. and at the time of his ac- cellion the mod !":ilufary unanimity and harmony pre- Hikd among tiie people. The firit adls of this young rwnitch's reign recnied to convinco the public, that theilcath of his prederclFor lliould not relax the ope- raiionsof the war, which hitherto had bcenren)arkably nnfpfrous. Accordingly, in 1761, the illand of Hclle- ii!., on the coalk nf France, fiirrendercd to his majef- li's fliips and forces under commodore Keppel and gtncral Hoiigfon, as did the important fortrefs of Pon- duherry in the Iia(l- Indies to colonel Coote and admi- ral Stevens. The operations againft the French Wcit- Indits ftill continued under general Monckton, lord Rollo.ai.u Sir James Douglas; and in 17(12, the illand of Martinico, hitherto dec^^ed impregnable, as like- wife thofe of Grenada, St. Lucia, Grenadillas, St. Vincent, and others of lefs note, were fubdued by the Eriiilh arms. Mr. Pitt, who had condtiiEled the war againft France with fuch wifdom and tll'-dt, having received authentic information of the holtilc intentions and private intrigues of the court of Spain, propofed m council an immediate declaration of war againll 1 that kingdom. /' aiterted, tlut this was the time for humbling the vtliolc houfe of Bourbon, and that if this opportunity was let (lip, it mighi never be recovered ; but he was over-ruled in the council, all the members of which, except his broihcr-in-law carl Temple, declared theinfelvcs of a contrary opinion. 'I'his great man now perceived his influence ueclinr, and it wan fiippufcd ho v/as fupplantcd by the earl of liqte, who had a conlidcrftblo lliarc in directing the education of the king, and had of courfe acquired an afcendancy in the royal favour. Mr. Pitt, however, convinced that nothing could be hoped for in a divided ir' ullry; and being Jctcrmincd not to be icfponliMc for meafurcs he was no longer allowed to guide, rc- ligned the feals, and lord Temple alf'o gave up tlie poft wliich hu held in the adminidration. His inajelly, fenliblc of the dillinguilhcd merit of this miniiler, made him an offer of any reward* in the .power of the crown to bellow, and was pleafcd to fettle a penfion of c|oool. a year upon Mr. Pitt for three lives, and a litis was bellowed upon his lady and her ilfue. Tlicfc ad- vantages and honours had unqucflinnnbly been well dcfcrved by his public fervices, but his ^ificcepiancc of them greatly Icirencd his popularity, and many arts were employed to produce that etfeil. There prevailed in the nation a very confiderablc degree ot difcontent, on account of his removal from power; and it was ex- tremely natural that the people (liuuld behold, with the iitinoll regret, the removal of a ininilkr from the dircdion of public affair', of whofc abilities and inte- grity they had the highelt opinion, and in the midll of a war which he had condudted with fo much honour to himfelf and to his country, and in a manner which had excited the aflonifhment of Europe ; and indeed it muft be confcffed, there wds, in all his deligns, a magnitude, and even a valtncfs, which was not eaflly comprehended by every mind, and which nothing but fuccefs could demonlfrate to be reafonablc. On the rclignation of Mr. Pitt, the carl of Egre- mont was made fecretary of flate, and the duke of Ncwcaftic placed at the head of the treafury. The war, however, flill continued to be carried on with vigour, and the plans were purfued that he had pre- vioiilly concerted. Accordingly, war was declared againit Spain on the 4th . unakc Ihelter in the Manlion-I Houfe. Mr. Wilkes wa; alio profecuted lor caufniiitol be printed an oblcene and profane iiucm, callcil "Anl Fllay on Woman," though only twelve copies nfj this piece had btcu printed, and it diJ not appear iii-l tended for publication. He was foon after expclltjl the houfe ; and towards the end ol the year 1704 hel was outlawed. ]'"ail Bute in the inean tiinc refigned his nflice, andl was I'uccteded by Mr. Gc(>igi- (ircii\il!e, who Iraiiicdl and caulcd to be puHcd ilic Si AMi'-AcT, wliitliuasl proiluiiii.'e ol the moil pcrnicu.iis ciiiirei|iiciiecs inj Great- Britain, by l.iyiiig the loiniilaiion ol a l.itai audi ruinous war. 'Fhc aluim in England, on heaiiiignfl the commotions in Anieriea, v\ Inch this olfen'i'e adf occ.illontd, was ((I great, tiiai the king llioiight proprl to ilidnils liis nuiulter.'- ; and the niarqiiis (it Roikiiig- h.tn( and his Iricnd.i were ajipoiMid to ilie adiiiim.hj- tior, in March 17O0 the Aiaeiican llaiirp-jcl '.asj npialiJij ENGLAND. 693 time It was mmua i/l >n and oblivion lii.,uld| ^any, and the variousl i.j but at the fame time anotlier aiS^ was palled f^ciir'iii" the dependence of the American colonief /|,i.jt-Critain. On July 30, 1766, the miiiiltrx ". j'pii, changed, the dnlie of Graf'.on being ap "'ii;! lo.il-trcarnrcr in th-; room of tlic iMaicpiis o' f kUhain i and Mr I'itr, fincc created earl of rbihani. was made lord privy-f':al. 'I, Wilkcs, who had lor a coiifidcrable time refidcd . p^3„ce, in order to efcape ihe fury of his perfecii- '" ^jme over to England in 1768. The parliaiiNl^ * Tbeen lately diiiclvcd, lie offered himfelf a can-" hteV LnwUm, but loll his ekxVion; he afterwards I living *f ,£(1 himfelf for the county cf Middlefex, and was f n,,| 1,V a HRaf majoriiyon Man'i 28. In May folio.w- ,kae.lbyagr.afmajonty jl-cfurrcnikitd hnuO-lfnp, and was committed to the llinof the King's-Buich: on which account great Ld rs cr.fiicd ; "and om: Wiiliain Allen, a youth, lt'Vlin'''>.(i out, was piufue.l by the foldicrs, and (hot I . r°bi5° atli'-"'''' l'""'*-' '" "^ inanner w hich the occafion |(o!m ill ""^ r^fyta. julUfy. This afi^iir made a great I fe' and the odium of the tranfartion was rather [vlealtt than lelTeneJ by the pains the miniftry took In'mpofi and vindicate'the military. On the eighth ItiluncMr- V.''ilkes's oiitla.i'ry was revcrfcd ; and on l||,|,,.;„l,tceiuh (if the fame inonth he was fentenced to lav a -1^ "' Kool. and br imprilbned ten months, i;>r re-uub!i(liing the Noriii-Briton, Number Forty- iFire, and alfo to pay a tine of 500I. and be imprifoned iwelvc months, to be computed from the expiration of ik term of his former imprifonmcnt, for publifliing IfcEilavoii Woman. He complained to the houfe, bvpctition, of the injuflice and illegality of the pro- .iiings again (t him; but his complaints were voted Ifooloiis and groundlcfs. He was alfo again expelled, [for being the author of fome prefatory remarks on a [leitcr he publifhed, written by one of the fecreiaries [lla.-. refoeflirg ihe military being employed in St. JGcorge's-Fields. Mr. Wilkes's popularity increafed flill more by the iiigoiirof his profecutions, and the fpirit and firmncfs kdifplayed throughout. He had been chofen alderman jof London before his ex pidfion; and on February 16, 1 1J69, he was without opiJolitron rc-ele6led member for MiiiJlifcK. The houfe declared his eledion void, by Itjfon of his expidlion ; he was, however, ii:imediately rt-tWled by the freeholders, and the elcflion again Ifelarcd void by parliament. A new eledlion being loriiii'd, colonel Luttre'!, in order to roconwTienil liiiii- I fcif to ihf court, vacated his (i-it, and bccair.e a catuli- ilitc lor Jvliddlefcx, in oppofition to Mr. Wilkrs. The latter, '.lowevtr, notwithltanding the whole weight of coiirt-ir.ered was agaiidf him, obtained a majority of near four to one, Wilkes having 1143, and l.uttiell criv 2<,6 votes. I'he Houfe of Commons, however, Iwodays afterwards, refolvtd that Mr. Luitrell otiglit to have been chofen, and ordered the return to bo iDiended, by crating the name of Mr. Wilkes, anti in- fctiiii^ that of Mr. Luttrcll in its place. Thele pro- ceedings excited a g.ncral dil-nnte'nt, ar.d loi.d cam. pl.iinis wei(' every-whci'-' iikhI': ai;a:ii!(', tliein, a-! if'e lij.hts of ele6lii>n were ihuughi to be th-;rtby grolVly violated; petitions weic, tiierelorc, in very Uriiri;j terms, prefented ro the throne, fio;:i diirVrent part', complaining of this and other national giievanccs, in which the county of Middlefex, as the molt imi.ic- diately afFeiSled, took the lead. In 1771 ti\e term )f Mr. Wilkes's imprifon'ment was expired; he w.t3 th^n chofen one of the (herifFs tor London and Midd'efex. The fame year fevcral printers were ordered to attend the houfe, being acculed wall inferting in their papers the parliamenlnry dcb.ite.s. (Dnc of them, who was apprehjnded in his own houfe \>v the inetTengcr, retiifed to attend the fummons, and caiifed the nietTengcr.to be carried by a conllablc to the? Manfion -Houfe, where the aldermen Wilkes and Oliver then were. The dcputy-ferjeanl at arm?, being alfo prefent, demanded, in the name of the I'peaker, that both the mcH'enger and the printer llioiild be delivered up to him. He was told, that the warrant, not being backed by a city magiftratc, was invalid. The printer was therefore difc'iarged; the incllenger not iiavin<^ futTtcient bail, a warrant was made out for his ectnuiit- ment to prifon ; and the ferjcant's b.iil was acce|'.tcd. The ilfue of this atl'air was, the lori.'-niajor Crulbv, and alderman Oliver, both members of parlianient, were a few days after committed to the lower, by the authority of the houfe. After thefe tranfadtions, all future contcfl with Mr. Wilkes was itudiotitly avoided. That geiulenian was afterwards again chofen member for the coiuity of Middlefex, in the fubfequent parliament, and permitted quietly to take his feat there; in the year 177,5 he exe- cuted the office of lord-rnayor of the citv of London, and hath fince been ele6led to the lucrative otlicc of cUarnberlain ol 'hat city. In the year 1783, alter the change of lord North's adininillration, on Mr. Wilkes's motions, all the declarations, orders, and refilutions of the Houfe of Cotnmons, refp-'''ling his election for the county o*" Middlefex, were o jreil to be exptuigetl from the jotirnals of that houfe, " as being tubvcrlive of the rights of the whole body of electors of this kingdom." It may be propcrtn tneniion here, il^.u in confequence of Mr. Wilkes's manly and fpirited con- tells with the government, general wariants wen; di'- clared to be illegal, and an em! was piu to fuch war- rants, and to the luilawfid fei/.iire, by itate-mell'^nt^crs, of an Knglilhman's papers in hisown hcnife, As the molt maieiial tranlactinns refpcflin!:; II^i^ coiuitry are involved in the late iinha|ipy coiiu (I b^iwcc n England and America, we ihall therctore clutc our hiltury with an account of the rife and prosMels of tlic war between Great-l'iilain and her colonies, and the moll remarkable military events during thediiufe of ii. The unhappy divilions which had lor d vrral years fublided between Gicat-]5ritain and the Anieiican colo- nics (e.\cluiive of fome difagreeabJe previous ie!lriflionsj q teii i W' \ Ii h\ !« 1' «ri ! "1 'f' 8 N coniinenccd 691 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. commenced on account of that unpopular a£l of the Britilh legiflatiire pail'ed ill 1765, •• ior la) ig a ftamp- diity on the Brttini colonies in America." The firft commotions were in the province of MalFachufct's-Bay, and more particularly at Ballon, where the commif- fioners for enforcing the revenue afts, ciad collecting the monies ariling therefrom, were badly receh^ed, and narrowly efcaped with their lives. All pi-'ifons, dire£lly or indirc(5lly, belonging to government, ^vere looked upon with a fufpicious eye; the cool and difpafljonate were lilent, and the commonalty declared they would not be taxed by the Britilh parliament without their own confent, that is, without a<^ual rcprefentation. Some of the commifFioners were compelled, upon oath, to renounce at that time, and forever, all con- cern with thefe taxes. The tax-'^therers were tarred and feathered ; the (hips, which carried over the (lamps, were threatened with conflagration, unlefs they delivered up the exceptionable parts of their cargoes to betoiii- tnitted to the (lames ; and, in ftne, anarchy fucceedtd amity, and mutual enmity ufurped the place of reci- procal concord. The inhabitants of BoAon, and fouie other partj of New-England, at length came to a de- termination, not to make ufe of any articles of Br,ti(h inanufa(51ure; and about the beginning of February 1768, the houfe of reprefentative.s gave their fandlion to this refolution. The mod acrimonious difputes now took place be- tween many of the inhabitants of New-England in general ; mod of the people of Bof 'on in particuhr on the one part, and governor Barnard, with the loyaliHs, on the other. Aggravating things w';re faid, ill-natured actions done, and libels were piib'.ilhed by both par- ties. Thus a war of fentiments commenced before real hoftilities ; the obfolete terms of Whig and Tory were revived, and the fouls of .'ach fadlion were in arms, previous to any ma;iiii, ji of Auguft following. ''"'*| It was at k-ngth determined to coerce the Amc ' I cans, and a body of troops arrived there for that n"'| pofe, from Haiilax, September 30, ly^B, efn.rted t| foine (hips of war. But the riotous proceediti-s uW \ Bolbnians incrcafing, more troops weic oiJertd t"l Bollon, and a . variety of altercations • ■ *' look place nitl only between the governor and the people, butbttwccnl ^seral Gage and the latter. ' In the beginning of ihe year 1769 many perfo„s in,! the colony ot New- York thought proper to adopt the fentiments of the Buftonians, and to engage in then | litical fquabbles which were daily heightening in NewJ England. Other colonies foon after acceded to the! coin'.-.ination, ^ir.d in particular to the refolutions for] the npn-importation of the Briti(h manufaftures, and Eaft-India goods; and thus the fire of dilTenfion in. creafed with great rapidity, and the flame of difcordl blazed through the greatcft part of the North-Americaitl continent. *i The inhabitants of Bodon now fupimed up a variety I of grievances ; among which complaints weic thefe j •• That the civil power was difrcgarded, and centinels | placed in various parts of the town. That the negroes had been united to take away their maflers* lives am property, and to repair to the army for proteftion. That fome of the foldiers had attacked the magiflrates of the town. That mariy foldiers had been repeatedly rcfcued from the peace-officers. That many perfons had been wounded by the military; and that on the ^th of March 1770, eleven perfons were cither killed^ or daiigerouflf wounded." I Thefe charges were either denied, or palliated brj the other party, by the plea of the military being com- \ pelled to a£t as they did, and to defend (hemfeive^; and at the fanoe time accufatioRS, equally atrocious, were Siroiight againfl the people of New-England. Some perfons were tried for the murders, but none execiitei Sir Francis Barnard having returned to England, the animofities and difputes (till continued between ihe I people and lieutenant-governor Huteliinfon, whore-^j tnained in his room. Affairs thus remained, when about the middle oH December 1773, fome (hips laden with tea, being at] Bofion (as a duty was to be paid) the people .vould' not fufl^er it to be landed. The (hips being refufed a clearance by the governor, unlefs the cargoes we™, \ landed, and properly difpofed of, a mob, drefled like Mohawk Indians, entered the three (hips, which con- tained the tea, and we.c commanded by ihe captains Hall, Bruce, and Coffin, and eii^ptied (heir cargocs^j confi(li"g of 34a cheds of tea, into fhe water. This] and other outrages occafioned the Bollon-Port Bill palfed April 4, 1774, by which th. town of Boftoawas ] profcribed and blocked up. The people of ^^ew- England now began to form them* fclves iato companies, praClife the military arts, enter I iniol iRAPHY. afllmbly ontheihiid) o coerce the AmcriJ ed there for that pnr.' ;o, 1768, efrorted byj )iis proceedings iifilitj ips were orjered toj tions took place, n.tl e people, but betwcci),} 1769 many perfoiis J It proper to adopt the il to engage in the po- heightening in New- 1 after acceded to the I to the refolutions fori i(h manufaftures, aiKM fire of diirenfion in-. the flame of difcord L f the North-Americai^l V fij^nmed up a varietv j smplaints weic thffe, egarded, andcentinels wn. That the negroes leir mafters* lives anr jy for proteftion. Thai I i the magiftrates of the )een repeatedly refcued I iiany perfons had been J at on the 5th of Match j r killed»or daiigerouljy. enied, or palliated by j le nnilitary being com- f ei'cndthemfelvci^ and iially atrocious, were I *^ew-Eng!and. Some] but none executed j urned to England, the ontinued between the I Huteliinfon, whore-l about the middle on tn with tea, being at id) ihe people ."ould' fhips being refufed a efs the cargoes we", f, a mob, drefled like. xree (hips, which con- anded by ihe captains u-!ptieH their car»)cs>j into the water. This ' the Bolbn-Port Bill, town of Bolluii was >w began to foriii them- Ihe military arts, enter into I fEl/ROPE.] E K G L A N^ D. C95 Lto foieiTin leagues and covenants, &c. Stvcral other lioloni" followed the example, provincial alToinblics r«rehe!dv and a general congrefs eftablifljcd, to whi h L |[jj5 f«()nv the fever_I provinces were invited. I After iniiny bickerings and animolities between the I llj(janJ provincials, and the martial parade of the Ihier, the next material tranfa^ion was the, friznre of jjiiti-William and Mary, near Portfmouth, in New- lijji„,,ll,ire, by the provincial militia, in which they mi 106 barrels of gunpowder, fcveral cannons, (hot, [fcialUrms, &=. i QcMtii Gage being informed that a great quantity [if military (tores were in thepolTcfnon of the provin- Iciil if bulhes, &c. The Tofs of the king's troopji Lthis occafjon amounted to fixty-live killed, J70 {founded, and about twenty prifoners. The Ameri- Icais were computed not to have loft more than iixty, liocyinij killed and wounded. I The provincials liow invcft^ed the town of Bodon ; It>d the people of New- York, hearing of the adion lnLexington, and the alFair of Concord, rofe in a tu- Idiltuoiis manner, entered the town-houfe, feized a Ijmtmany (lands of arms, appf opi ioted to their own ge the cargf)es of two (hips laden with military (lores fneral Gage, and then m^:.ched to the a(ri(lance of uftonians. They aifo not only continued vo biockj < pthe town of Bodon, but began to raife batteries on eheightsof the pcnin&ila of Charles-Town, '-r order oanonade his majefty's troops. This brought on the iflion of Bunker's-Hill ; for on the 17th of June 1775, iconfiderable body of troops, under the command of Bjor-general Howe and brigadier-general Pigot, were int todiQodge the provincials. This body of forces,, ■ith a proportionable quantity of artillery, made good icii landing near Bunker's-Hill, under the protetlion (the (hips of war, armed velTels, floating batteries, K. and being foon after reinforced by another detach- Kilt, a defperate adVion commenced, in which the 1 troops were viflorious, the provincial lines being d, atid themfelves compelled to retreat, leaving iiind feveral pieces of cannon and other military The lofs of the provincials in killed and uded was very great ; of the Britifh troops, accord- Etothercturn q\ nreneral Gage, 226 were killed, and were woundt 1, fome of the latter dying foon ; and more than a proportional number of officers ug included in both lifls. In the night of the twenty-third of Auguft 1775, eannnn at New- York were feized upon, by o'der iCongtefs,. though the. Afia man of war, which lay in the harbour, tried to prevent it, by cannonading the town. At the fame time general Carlcton was int'j- fatigable, in putting the province of Canad? into a proper ftate of defence ; and the carl of Dimmore, governor of Virginia, having thought propcJr to take nfiige on board a (hip of war, hara(red the coaft, and m^de frequent defcents upon the lafl-mcntioned pro- viace, laying wafte the country, carrying off or fpiking up a great nomber of cannons, duftroying vaft quanti- ties of military (lores, belonging to the provincials. Sic. &c. But on the other fide, Fort St. John furrendered- to the provincial forces, on the third of- November 1775, and the garrifon became prifoners. On the eighteenth of November 1775, the regulars and provincials had a hot engagement, near Savannah- tn Gei/rgiat in which the latter were defeated ; and orx*- the thirty-firft of December, in the fame year, the pro- vincial general Montgomery, who had f*ir fome time laid fiege to the city of Quebec, attempted to take it by Itorin. In this attempt, hovever, ho was defeated' and (lain,, with (everal of' his oh^cers, and about Cixty private men, and 300 were taken prifoners. On Janu- ary the fourth 1776, fome (hips of war dcflroyed the town of Norfolk in Virginia. While this dreadlul havock was going forward in America, feveral attempts, were made in the Britilh parliament by the duke of Richmond.. Mr. Burke, Mr. Hartley, Mr. Wilkes,- and others,, to adopt fome meafures Jbr bringing ahoiif a- rcconciliatio' ; but no fchemes for that pirpnfe ob- tained Ihe couiitenancc of the government; and it was- (lill hoped by the court and minillry, that the Ameri- cans might be fiibJHgated by fwce. . With this view, . large bodies of Helfian troops were taken into the pay. of Grcat-B'itain, and the war continued to he carried: on againft the Americans with great andour. . General Gage having been recalled,. general Howe,, who fiicceeded in the command, thought proper to evacuate the town of Bollon, which l)c etfeiled on the- feventeenth of March 177S, and made good his land- iflg, and capt^ire of New- York. In Juiie 1776, ai battle was fought in Canada, between the regularii, un- der general Carleton, aiid the provincials, at a place called Three Rivers, when tha latter were defeated, many of them being killed and wounded, and about aeo taken prifoners. In June 1776, an attempt was made on Charles-Town, South-Carolina, by Sir Peter Parker, at the head of a fleet of flvips of war, and; general Clintony v^th a bod/ nf land forces^ but it' failed of fuccefs ; and on the fourth of July following,. the Congrefs declared the colonies " tree and Inde- pendent States." After the king's .roops were in pofTedion of New- York, many (kirmilhes happened between them and the pfovincialsj but nothing decifive, till Oi^obcr- 1776, . when the latter were defeated, in an adion, which, , from the place where it was fought, was. teriiwd the battle of the White Plains. In the difpatches from general Howe, dated Nuv. 30, ! , I ( f M '! f. < j rnr It! i lei if ^ ■egfy A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CEOORAPHY.' 1I776, bd'idc.s an account vf a variety of f1 he took polVcflion of Fort-Edward, which the provincials abandoned, and then proceeded to Saratoga, where they were Urongly poded. On the eleventh of September 1777, the troops, under the command of general Howe, had an engage- ment with the provincials on the heights of Brandy- ^vine, in which niany were killed and wounded on Loiii (Idcs; 400 provincials were taken priloners; but though the latter were defeated, and the aiHion at Ml ftem' J of au indccilivc. nature, yet it occaiioned Phila- delplua to fall into the hands of the Britidi troops. Vv^h'lc general I lowe was thus employed, an unfuc- cetsfiil attack \\.is made by the provincials on Staten- lilaiid, for they were rcpiilfcd ; and much about the fame time general Clinton (lormed and took Fort- Clinton and Fo.t- Montgomery. / Oa the fixteenth of Odober J777, the proviacials, under the command of general Gates, havirifr furr,,,,,, , genu J JJiirgoyne's army ai -'''ratogn, the lau,;r ihonl'iJ projcr to enter into articles of capimjation, bywh, J himlell and his troops, after laying «<"wn ihcirarn! >vcre to have a free paiDg'; to Great-Briraji,; butih'' congrefs, tuulcr various fpcrious pretences,' (fji ratify the rtipulation, but detained the men at BjIi"" and general BLirgoync- came to England 01, his pj,ou''i, honour. '^ "' In the lattcrend of the year 1777, faeral forts „.„„! taken by the troops and (hippmg. and many (kirmilh. happened on the banks of the D-'lawarc, in order 1 keep up the communication with the army at Phijjj 1" phia. The provincials likcwife evacuated th.ir trenchments at Red Bank. The French coiir^ fcem to have thought this a favourable opporiiniiiy forU fcning the power of Great-Britain ; tlic Atnericaii. during fomc part of the war, received CDnrulcrablefuu! plies of arms and ammunition from France. Swi French officers entered into the American fervice- andj on the (ixth of February 1778, a treaty of alliance was concluded at Paris between the French king and ihd Thirteen United Colonies. The condud of Fiance towards Great-Britain occaiioned ho(tilities to be com- menced between the two nations, in which Spain after' wards took an aiilive part againll the Englifh. On the feventeenth of June 1778, the IJcornc ani La Belle Poule, two French frigats, wire taken by admiral Keppel ; and on the twenty-feventh 0." Jul/ a battle was fought off Breft between the Engljlham French fleets ; the former, con(ifling of thirty capital (hips, and the latter of thirty-two; of the Englilh 133 were killed in the ailion, and 373 wounded; the 4ofs of tiie French is fuppofed to have been very great, By a letter from general Howe, dated I'hiladclphiai May 11, 1778,- that commander fignified his inteniionj to return to England, and to delegate the command ol the Britifh troops to general Clinton, he likewifein formed the miniflry of the ravages made by the Briiill troops in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, and ol their having feized or deftroyed great quantities of mi. litary ftores, provifions, vellels, ice. On the eighteenth of June, general Clinton (SI William Howe having previoufly departed for England] purfuant to the inftrudtions received from govcrmnent, evacuated Philadelphia. He was attacked on his mard by the provincials, whofc principal obje(5l appeared ti be the gaining poifeflion of the Britilh baggage; bu in this they were difappointed, and every where re. pulfed, by means of the judicious manner in wliic general Clinton had difpofcd his troops. This failiin occaiioned a difptite between the provincial general: Waftiington and I^ee, the tcrtnination of which w are unacquainted with. The carl of Carlifle, Mr. Eden, and governol Johnftone, having been fent as commiflioncrs froi Great-Britain, to treat of a pacification with Americ did not meet with that fuccefs which every true iov 0] [(uROPI-1 ENGLAND. 6t)n 'fboihcorhtries wi(h for. The terms, which at an ?,|i.r period would have been accepted with gratitude, "tre now rcjedled with difdain; nor would the Con- '.fs enter into any treaty, unlefs the independency of |{ United-States of Annerica wds previoully acknow- Ujed, and the Critifh forces withdrawn. Perhaps the [A' termination of this deftruAive war was in fome Lfure impeded by the arrival of a French fleet in fpierica, under the command of the Count d'Ellaing. Tiiis fleet, ill concert with an army of provincials, aiiempied in September 1779 the redutftion of Rhode- llanit; but the Britilh trpops behaved to well on the laiitlliile, tliat the provincials were repulfcd, and com- telled to rrtreat ; at the lame time the French fleet meeting with a warmer reception than they expeiled, J finding that lord Howe, with his fleet, was ap- pioaching them, quilted their defign upon Rliode- Lnd, and attempted to efcape. Lord Howe, how- tw, compelled them to engage ; but the two fleets being fcparated by a ftorm, the French fquadron, with peat difficulty, got into Bofton in a very Ihattcred con- Atthedofe of the year 1779, feveral French (hips of war and merchant Ihips were taken in the Welt- Indics, by a fleet commanded by Sir Hyde Parker. And Spain being brought, bv the intrigues of tlie French court, to engage in the war againd England ; Sir G. B. Rodney, on the 8th of January 1789, cap- tured feven Spanilh fliips and velTels of war belonging to the royal company of Caraccas, with a number of trading veflels under their convoy : he foon after tngaged a Spanifti fleet confifting ot eleven fliips of the line, and two frigates under Don Juan de Langara ; of which four of the largeft were taken, two driven on iiore, and one of feventy guns blown up. But, to counterbalance this I'ofs, the combined fleets of France ind Spain, on the 8th of Auguft, took five Englifli Eaft-lndiamen, and fifty merchant fliips bound for the Weft-Indies, and carried them into Cadiz. But to return to America : Sir Henry Clinton, on the 4th of May 1780, made jiimfclf mailer of Charles-Town, South Carolina ; and on the 6th of Auguft, earl Cornwallis obtained a very fignal v\Sioiy over general Gates in that province : but on the 10th of July the French landed 6poo men, commanded by the Count de Rochambeau, at Rhode- iHind. Soon after this, major-general Arnold deferted thcferviceof the Congrefs, and was made a brigadier- general in the royal Icrvicc at New- York. This of- ficer had concerted a fcheme, with general Clinton, for delivering up to him his troops, and the poll he commanded ; which if it had taken place, the de- llruclion of the whole American dilciplined force, moll of thtir bed ofliccrs, with a lofs of artillery, magazines and llores, mull have been the immediate confequence. But the whole of this dangerous plot was detefted by the capture of Major Andre, in the American lines, on his return to New- York, for which he fuffered death, though th.e Americans would have exchanged him for general Arnold. The fate of this young ofiicor was much regretted by all perfons on account of his many able qualities, which rendered him univcrfally beloved and efteemcd : he was only twenty-feven years old when he died ; and'though he had feivcd but eight years, his merit promifed to raifc him foon to the highelt honours. Beddes his military talents, he was remarkable for a well-cultivated genius, which began to difplay itfclf in feveral fugitive pieces of his compolitioii. This year (1780) teemed with difturbances at home of a very fingular nature, which originated from an averfion to fome indulgences lately granted by parlia- ment to the Papills, by a relaxation of the penal laws. Hereupon an alFociation was formed, at the head of which was lord George Gordon ; and a petition was prepared, faid to be fubfcribed by more than 100,000 perions, to be prefcnted to the houfe, complaining of the repeal of thofe laws. Lord George undertook to carry the petition ; and accordingly gave the mem- bers of the AflbcLation public notice to meet him on Friday, June 2, in St. George's Fields, where near 40,000 people met his lordfliip, whom they accompanied, in martial parade, with blue cockades in their hats, to the houlc. The petition being poftponed by the Houfe of Commons till another day, irritated the profligate and abandoned part of the multitude to fuch a degree, that, dividing themfelvcs into parties, in the courfe of the day feveral members of parliament were grofsly infulted and ill-treated by the rabble ; and m the evening, the Romilh chapel in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, and another in Warwick-Street, Golden-Square, were entirely oemolilhed. On Sunday they deftroyed a Popifli chapel in Ropemaker's-Alley, Mcottields. On Monday they demoliflied a fchoo! and three dwelling-houfes in the fame place, belonging to the Romilh Priefts, with a valuable library of books, and a Mafs-Houfe in Vir- ginia-Street, RatclifFe-Highway ^ they alfo deftroyed all the houfehold furniture of Sir George Savile. On Tuefday evening they made a moft daring and violent attempt to force open the gates of Newgate, in order to relcafe the five rioters who had been confined there ; and the keeper refuririg to deliver up the keys, they fct fire to his houfe, after burning his furniture in the llreet; foon after this, the prifon was in flame? and great part of it coufumed, by which means upwards of 300 prifoncrs efcapcd, many of whom joined the mob. The fame night another party fct fire to the houfe of lord Mansfield in Bloomlbury-Square, which was entirely coufumed, together with a colle£lion of pidures of great valiiCj. and many of the fcarceft manufcripts m the poireflion of any private perfon in the world ; befidcs all his lordlhip's notes on great lawr cafes ^nd the conftitiition of Englaiul, which was an irniiarablc lofs to the public: the houfe of Sir John Fielding, that of Juilice Cox, and feveral other pri- vate hoiifes, were alfo ilcllroycd about this lime, be- « O iidis if '• f Wm II IkII i kIbB Imi imiw^ iini ^Hfif [v «nl V t^^Hj 1] 1 ( . 1 ,■ mm 'ili h /^-'-'iiwl liWii^- Mi, i* ■(' 'J lU MM IMIflfSi' -if I u fe '■, 698 A NEW ...sD COMPLETE SYSTtM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Bebko"-! fid-s two other prilbns. 0:\ VV'cdiif fday they clulhoycd by fire the Kiiig's-Bcmh and Fleet prifons. '1 wo hoiifcs, one at the bottom of Holborii, and the other near the Bars, belonniiig to Mr. Langtlale, an einiiKnt diftiller, were fct nrc to nnd confumcd, as were the dwellings of many other perfons profeHing the Roman Cnthulic feith ; and, in Ihort, every part of the me- tropolis exhibited violence and difimler, tumults and conflagrations. The rioters even made two attacks upon the Bank, and one tipon the Pay-Ollicc, but wcic repulfed by the foldicry, who were now through ex- treme nfceffity introduced into the city, and by whom many perfons were on tliis occafion killed and wound- ed : three men were alfo (hot dead upon Dlack-Friars- Biidge ; the toll-houfes of which were deftroycd. Upwards of 130 of (hefe people were tried for thcfc outrages in London and Soutlivvark, many found guilty, but only twenty-fcven of the principal ailors were ex- ecuted. Lord George Gordon, having been taken into curtody, and committed to the Tower, as the inlligator of thefe difturbances, was on the 5th of February 1781 tried in the Court of King's-Bench at Weftminlkr for high-trcafon, and acquitted. If a timely exertion of authority and force had been made in the city during thcfe extraordinary fcenes, no doubt can be made thut great part of the mifchiefs which were afterwards per- petrated by a lawlefs banditti might have been pre- vented ; but it is to be lamented, that for fevcral days there was a moft fliamefid inadlivity in the Lord-Mayor of London, and in moft of the other Magiltrates of the m:tropolis, and its neighbourhood; and even the mil iflry appeared to be panic-dnick, and to be only attentive to the preftrvation of their houfes, and of the royal palace. On the 20th of December following thefe internal commotions, a declaration of hoflilities was publilhed againft Holland : this, in the prcfent circumftances, was deemed a very rath, precipitate, and impolitic ftep. On the 3d of February 1781, ad- miral Rodney and general V'aughan feized on the illand of St. tuflatia, belonging to e French king) commanded by Count de Gralfe, with four others of the line, were captured, and another of ike line funk in the aftion. The Ca:far, one of thofe ^% was blovvn up, and the whole crew, among ENGLAND. 699 whom were fifty Englifh feamen, periflicd. A few days after, two more of the fame neet, of fixty-four euns each, were taken by Sir Samuel Hood's fquadron. By this victory, the enemy's defign againit Jamaica was fruflrated, and admiral Rodney's reputation and in- tereft were greatly promoted : he received the public thanks of the Britiih fenate, and was further honoured by being created a peer of the realm. This glorious viflory coft the Englilh many brave officers and fcamen, 230 having been killed, and 755 wounded. Unhappily, the Ville de Paris, and mofl of the other (hips taken by admiral Rodney, befides two of our own (hips of the line, were loft at fea before they could reach England. After this, the military operations were few and of little confequence. Negapatnam, a fettlement in the Eaft-Indics, and Trincomale, in the ifland of Ceylon, were taki^n from the Dutch by the Britiih forces ; but the French foon after receiving confiderable fuccours from Europe, took Cuddalore, retook Trincomale, forced the Britifh fleet in feveral anions, but none decifive, and enabled Hyder Ally to withftand with various fuccefs all the efforts of Sir Eyre Coote and his troops. On the 8th of May, the Bahama iflands furrendered to the Spaniards. But the credit of the Britifti arms was well fuftained at Gibraltar, under general Elliot, the governor, and captain Curtis, who defeated the combined cfl^>rts of France and Spain. On the 13th of September at teh in the morning, the ten battering (hips, or gun-boats, commanded by admiral Mofeno, were ftationed as near the fartrefs as poflible, covered by the combined fleet. All things being ready, a general attack began, and the heavy pieces from the gun-boats were dilcharged with great rapidity. But the defign of this grand proje6l (on which their hopes of fuccefs principally depended) was foon rendered abortive. The brave general Elliot had caufed furnaces to be made, in which having heated the balls till they were red hot, they were in that ftate fired againft the enemy. This produced the total deftrudlion of the floating batteries, and moft of the affailants in them; .•"or the balls entering their fides, fet them on fire, and the whole blew up one after another, except three, which were burnt to the water's edge. Thus was this grand fcheme totally fruftra*cd by the diftinguiflied courage and military prowefs oi' the Britiih commanders. The battering (hips burnt before Gibraltar, carried 212 brafs cannon, Sic. the proportion of men on board them was thirty-fix for each of the guns in ule, exclufive of officers, and marines for working the (hips. The gar- rifon was in the month of 0£lobcr relieved by lord Howe, who offered battle to the combined force of France and Spain, though twelve fail of the line inferior. On the death of the marquis of Rockingham, whiah happened on the firft of July 1782, lord Shelburne was, without the knowledge of his colleagues, ajipointed firft lord of the trcafury. This gave great offcncc.»o Mr. - I ) ' i'^M 'i»'-'J I ii '* ! I' ■■ 't '• -.* 'il iiHij;.>i 7«0 A NEW ANtj COMPLETE CYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Mr. Fox, lord Cavendilh, and others, who rcPigned their places. However, the duke of Richmond, general Conway, and others, continued to a£l with lord Shel- biirnc, till under his anfpices the preliminaries lor a ecneral peace were fettled. Then the public beheld Mr. Fox, and' even lord John Cavendilh, coalcfcing with the old minillers, lord North particularly ; cm- bracing the very men whom they had driven from their feats, and threatened with impeachments ; and con- tinning to join with them in reprobating the peace, as making too great conceilions to the enemy, that they might florm the cabinet, drive lord Shclburnc and his friends from it, and feat thcmfelves, and the men they had defpifcd, in their places. This accordingly hap- pened ; for on April 2, 1783, the duke of Portland was made lord trcafurer, and Mr. Fox and lord North were the two fccrctarics of (late. Kvery thing went on jiid as the coalition adminillration pleated, till Mr. Fox brought into parliament his famous bill for new regulating the government of the Ealt-India-Company, and their commercial affairs and territories. This bill being rcjcflcd in the Houfe of Lords on December 17, by a majority of nineteen, occafioned a great ferment in the cabinet and in both houfes of parliament. The refult was, the two fecrctaries were difmiHid ; and Mr. Pitt fucceeded the duke of Portland as firll lord of the trcafury, bringing his friends into -the refpeflive de- partments, which formed the twentieth adminiftration in the prefent reign. Wc (hall not trouble our readers with a tedious and uninterefting detail of the many po- litical fquabbles and trivial altercations which enfued on the appointment of the hew miniltry juft now mentioned, but proceed to lay before them an account of the preliminary articles of peace agreed on between the contending powers on the 20th ot January 1783. The prelimmary articles of peace between his Britan- nic Majefty and the moft Chriflian King, were twenty- three in number, and contained in fubltanceas follows : Great-Britain ceded to France, of her pod'efllons be- fore the war, the ifland of Tobago in the Well-Indies, and the river of Senegal in Africa, with its dependencies and the forts on the river ; and gave up a few dillridls in the Eaft'-Indies, as dependencies on I'ondicherry and Karical ; it agreed alio to reltore the iflands of St. Lucia, St. Pierre, and Mi(]uelon, and the ifland of Goree, with Pondicherry, Karical, Mahe, Chander- nagore, and the Comptoirc of Surat, in the Eaft-Indies, which had been conquered from the French during the war. To prevent difputes about boundaries in the Newfoundland filhery, it was agreed, that the F"rench line for filhing fliould begin from Cape St. John on the ealttrn fide, and, going round by the north, (hould have for its boundary Cape Ray on the weUern fide ; and Great-Britain renounced every claim, by former treaties, with refpedl to the demolition ot Dunkirk. — France, on the other hand, was to reibre to Great- Britain the iflands of Grenada, and the Grenadines, St. Chriltophcr's, St. Vincent, Dominica, Nevis, and "8 Montferrat ; and guarantied Fort James, and the Gambia, agreeing that the rum tud-i (hould ntnin^ the fame condition as before the war, 17^5, "pi,- hi of each (late in the Eaft-Indies were to be invited J accede to the pacilication j hut if they were jvtrfe 3 l)tacc, no allillance was to bo given them from eiiheJ ot the contrading parties. t The articles of peace with his Catholic MaleJ fpccified, that Great-Britain gave up EilUFIorJiia ,3 Spain, and alfo ceded Welt-Florida and Mi,, wiiich Spain had taken during the war. To ptcvgrj all caufcs of complaint and miCiindcrftaiiding for tlij future, it was agreed that Britilh fiibjeas (hould hav3 the right of cutting and carrying away logwood in J diftrid lying between the rivers Wallis or MWze, anj Rio Hondo, taking the courfc of the faid rivers fJ unalterable bountlaries. Spain agreed alfo to redoil the illands of Providence, and the Bahamas, to Grcatl Britain, in the fame condition in which tlicy wercwhd conquered by the arms of Spain. 'Fhc articles of the treaty of peace with the UniiedJ States of America fpecitied, that the king of GreatJ Britain acknowledges. New Hampfliirc, MalFachufetJ Bay, Rhodc-Illand, and Providence Plantations, Coil nedicut. New- York, New Jerfey, Pennfylvania! DeiaJ ware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, SouthJ Carolina, and Georgia, to be free, fovcreign, andinJ dependent (btes, and for himfelf, his heirs and fuel cclFors, rclinquilhed all claims to the government, pro. pricty, and territorial rights of the fame, and even part thereof. To prevent alt difputes in future on ihj fubjedl of boundaries between thefe ftatesandther. maining provinces to Great-Britain, lines were verJ minutely drawn, which were properly noticeif as well as delineated on the map of the Uiiitcdl States of America: and fome favourable claufes wcrf obtained for the loyalifts. The navigation of the Mill (idippi, and alfo the Newfoundland hlheries, toreraai| open and free to both parties. Great difficulties arofe in the treaty with the Dutclil but at length it was ftipulated that Great-Britain IlioulJ rcltore Trincomale in the ifland of Ceylon, but ihJ French had already taken it, and that the Dutch f yield to us the town of Negapatnam, with its del pendencies in the Eaft-Indies, with liberty to trtaf for its reftitution on the point of an equivalent for thi fame. By this treaty a period was put to a moft calamitoiil war, in which Great-Britain loft the belt part of lief American colonies, and puny thoufand valuable livei and expended or fquandcrcd nearly i^o millions ( money. The addrefs of thanks for the peace was caij ried in the Houfe of Lords, by a majority of feveiity| two to titty-nine; but loft in the Houfe of Gommoni by a majority of 224 to ao8. The terms of ihe pead were to many a fubje '7861 * convention between his Britan- nic majcfty and the king of Spain ivas iigned at London. IicnnlilU of fixteen articles, and grants full liberty to the Englifh to cut aiid carry away logwood, maho- iic. from the Mofquito-Slioic, belonging to And, Spaiu. On Sept. 26, 1786, a treaty of navigation and com.. incrce was agreed to, and (Igned at Verfailles, between lis Dritannic in.njefty and tiic molt Chriftian king. This ireaiy confided of forty-fevcn articles, and the fame was acceded to by the Britifh parliament in 1787. And, Oil the 13th of Aujjuft 1788, a definitive treaty of JtbCive alliance was iigned at Berlin between the king ofPniHia and the king of Great-Britain. This treaty confift. of fix articles. A difagreeable affair occurred in the year 1791, be- tween Great-Britain and Spain, which had like to have ken attended with very ferious confequences ; the grounds of the difpute were thefe : a fmall aflbciation ofBritilh merchants, refident in the Eaft->Indies, had, early in thr year 1786, formed the proje£l of opening a trade to the north-wettern coafl of America, for ihc piirpofe of fupplying the Chinefc market with furs. The principal point towards which thefe expeditions were direfled was Port Nootka, or King George's Sound; and the adventurers, being in fome degree fa- tisfied with their traffic, took meafures, in the year to fecure to themfelves a permanent fettlement ; jithe fame time that the (hipping employed in this ex- pedition was generally of two, and never exceeded the amount of four fmall velfels. The Spaniards conceived fome jcaloufy of the intru- lionof the Englifh into a part of the world which they kdlong been dcfirous of confidering as iheir exclufive property ; and, accordingly, a Spanilh frigat of 26 guns was difpatched from the province of Mexico, in order toputanend to this commerce. The Spanilh frigat I Jirived in May 1789, and captured two vcllLls in the following July, at the fame time taking poifeHion of the little fettlement which had been formed upon the coaft. This tranfadion was firll notified to the Englifh government by the Spanifh ambaHador refident at the court of London, who, at the fauic time, demanded that meafures (hould be taken by the Englilli govern- ment to prevent Britifh fubjeds from frequenting thefe : coafts, which were alleged to have been previoufly oc- cupied by the fiibjcfts of Spain. After much altercation rcfpcc^ing this btifinefs, and the preparation of an expcnlive armament on the pact of Great-Britain, the court of Spain thought proper i|t length tucunfent to the fati.sfadtinn and indemniricatioit demanded by Mr. Fitzhcrbcrt, the Englilh ambalfador to the Spaniui court. Accordingly difpatchcs were fent, Nov. 4, 1790, from the faid ambaifadur to the Briiifh court, containing an account, that a convention for terminating the differences which had arifen with that court, had been agreed upon by his excellency on the part of his Britannic roajefty, and by the count de Flo- rida Blanca on the part of the Catholic king. By this convention it was agreed : I. That ikc btiilJing<; and trails of land fituatcd on the north-weft coalt of North Americo, or on iflands adjacent, of which the Britilh fubjeds were dif- pofTcired in April 1789, (hall bu rellored. II. Reparation is to be made for all afls of hofti- lity committed fince April 1789, by the fubjcils of cither nation ; aad in cale any uf them (liall, fince that period, have been difpoirciTed of their lands or property there, they fliall be re-cllabliihed in the potrellion, or a juft compenfation made. in. The fubjedls of each nation (hall not be mo- lefted, cither in navigating, or carrying on their (ilher- ies, in the Pacific Ocean, or in the South Seas, or in landing on the coalts of thofe foas, in places not already occupied, for the purpofc of carrying on their commerce witJi the natives, or making fetilements there. IV. T3 prevent the navigation and filhery of the Britifh in the Pacific Ocean, or in the South S?as, from being made a pretext fur illicit trade with the Spanifh fettlcmcnts, Britilh fubjcfts are not to navi- gate or carry on their (ilhery in thefe fcas, within ten leagues from any part of the coafts already occupied by Spain. V. Wherever the fubgeiSis of either nation (hall have made fettlements (ince April 1789, or ihall hereafter make any, the fubje6ls of the other (hall have free accefs to carry on their trade without mulef- tation. VI. With rcfpeA to the eaft and weft coafts of South America, and the iflands adjacent, no fettlement (hall be formed by either nation in fuch parts as are fituatcd to the fouth of thofe parts already occupied by Spain ; but each party (hall retain the liberty of landing, for the piirpofcs of their filhing, and of eroding tempo- rary buildings for thofe purpofes. VII. In all cafes of complaint, or iiifradion of this convention, the olficers of either nation, without pre- vioully committing any violence, Ihall make report of the circumllances to their refpedive courts. VIII. This Convention (hall be ratified within fix weeks from the date. 8 P Dated Od. (L.S.) (L.S) 8. Alleyne Fitz-Herbert. El CoiJDE UE Florid.\ Blanca. ^ 702 ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. In confcqiicnce of the decapitation of Louis XVL the late kinj; of France, on the aid of January *793t by order of tne French convention ; their hiWtile invalion of the ncigliboiiring countries, together with a declara- tion of war denounced by the French repiiblic againll England and Holland in the February following; a coalition of fcvcral powers of Eu'opc took place, in order to counteradl the dtfigns of France, and rcftorc monarchy and the public tranquillity. The Englifh fent over to Holland c confidcrable body of troops to the alTidancc of the Dutch, who, in comxft with the Auftrians, drove the French from their territories ; and afterwards took Condc, Valenciennes, and other places, on the frontiers of France. The Englilh alfo fent a powerful fleet, under lord Hood, againlt Toulon, which place the inhabitants delivered up to him, in trult for Louis XVn. when monarchy (hould be re-cRablifhed in France on the fame footing as in 1789, that is, by a limited government. With refpcft to the events and termination of this war of the combined powers of Pruflia, Auftria, Hol- land, Rudia, England, Spain, Portugal, &c. againft the French republic ; and for further fatisfadion on this head, together with an ample account of the revolution in France, and the condud of the French nation there- upon, we muft refer our readers to the concluding part of their hi (lory. With refped to our own country, whofe conftitution we venerate ; whofe welfare, from every motive of af- fcdion and intereft, muft lie ncarcft our hearts; we are perfedly fatisfied, we cannot more religioufly fiilfil our duty towards it, than by wifhing moft fervently the re- turn of peace. Our commerce requires if, our finances requ'ire it, the prefervation of our conflitution, which can only be endangered by putlic diftrcfs, requires it. Thefoundeft politicians that have direded the affairs of the Britifh empire, Burleigh, Clarendon, Walpole, and Chatham, have all declared againlt continental wars, and continental connexions and alliances : thefe liave drained Britain of its wealth, and incelTantly in- volved it in calamity and in blood ; while the ungrate- ful houfe of Auftria, mir good friends of Helie, or the other petty defpots of Germany, have been the only gainers. We can no longer confider France as formidable. Should (he able to refift the prefcnt attack of Auftria and Prullia, it mult be the utmoft limit of her operations for a century to come ; and we cannot, on the princi- ples of found policy, wilh her totally annihil.iteil in ||,J TmIc vf European pf)litirs For what, then, is |U blood and ireafurc of I'ritain laviflied? The nudlionj we tnid, will be calmly and rationally conlidercd by |M people, as well as the minilkrs ; and wc arc not mhm nopes that, in a fhort time, wc fhall have to coiigraiuJ late our fellow-citizens on the return, aiiJ permantnil duration in future, of that wife and pacific fyftprn whiiJ has hitherto conllitutcd the wealth, the li ipiiiii.fs, lU Eolitical confequencc, and the real dignity of GrcjtJ Irilain and her dependencies. A Genealogical List of the Royal FaJ MILY of GrUAT-BrITAIN. George HL king of Great-Britain, France, an* Ireland, eledlor of Hanover, and fon of Frederic] Lewis, was born June 4, 1738; fucceeded his grand] father George II. on Oct. 25, 1760: married, Septs] 1761, to the princefs Charlotte of Mecklcnburgh Strel litz, born May 16, 1744, by whom he has ilfue, 1. George, prince of Wales, born Aug, 12, rCj 2. I'Vedcrick,. duke of York, bifhop of Ofnaburgli] born Aug, 16, 1763; married, Sept. 29, 1791, FredcJ riqtie Charlotte Ulrique Catherina, eldcft daughter od the king of Pruflia. 1 3. William-Henry, duke of Clarence, born Aug, 21J 4. Charlotta-Augufta-Matilda, Princefs Royal, \>m Sept. 29, 1766. 5. Edward, bom Nov. 2, 1767. 6. Augufta-Sophia, born Nov. 8, 1768. 7. Elizabeth, born May 22, 1770. 0. Erncft-Auguftus, born June 5, 1771. 9. Aiiguftus- Frederic, born Jan. 27, 1773. 10. Adolphus-Frederic, born Feb. 27, 1774. 11. Mary, born April 25, 1776. la. Sophia, born Nov. 3, 1777. 13. Amelia, born Aug. 7, 1783. The King's Brother and Sister. 1. Augulta, duchefs of Brunfwick, born Aug. uj »737' 1 2. William-Henry, duke of Glouccfter, born Nov. 35! 1743 ; married, Sept. 6, 1776, Maria, countefs-dowagtl of Waldcgravc, by whom he has one fon and tw^ daughters. Notwlthjianding we have, in ihe preceding Geographical and H'ifl orient Defcriptiotis nf this Country, htfi as full m minute as our limits ivill permit, yet {as to xvirks compofed exprefsly on the fubjefl, and giving ample, accurate, tnlirt taining, and impartial Accounts of tie various inierejiing TranJa£iions and Events relating to Great-Britain and Irilm we with alio to recommend to the perufal of mr numerous readers the following excellent performances : I. "WAL EUKOl-K-] W L E S. ^C3 I. « WALPOOLF'.'S BRITISH TRAVELLtR j or, A Complete, Modern, Universal Dis- ,jv of CiRKAT-Britain and luf.LAtto : coniuinin^ a full, ample, and ciicuwjlaiitidl 4i-eounl of tvtry lUng LiiriiW? '" tl>t ftvaral Ci'tlti, Markfl-TTlvni, Btroughs, HunJrtiJs, yit/ages, Ham/tts, i'a/'/hfs, isc. ihroughaut Aid Kiiigif'>'»' •' e^<:"l>'"td fi)ui:lly la pUnfe iht I'oliti, enttrtnin ihi Cunoin, in/iruif ihe Uiiinformed, and direil tin 'Tra- il^ " Now putlijfjing in fixty Numben, which may bt had by one or miri ut a time, price bd. each ; or ihe VihiU *m,tiur, bound in calt, and It tiered, i/. 18/. adorned with a varitly of elegant Copper- Plaiet. II, " SPENCKR'S New, Auhentic, and Complete HISTORY OK M^GhK^^D, from the firjl Srlllement of luiuiii ihii f/lmid {upwards of a Thoujind tears before Julius Ctcfar) to the rear tjq^. Containing genuine, iltnr, atknlic, ucciirale, and circumfiuntial Accounts of all the memoralJle TranfiClions, inlerejiing Events, and rvmnrkuLle Omrrinc*! racrdfd in the Annals ofGrent-Britaln, iJc. To which will be now firfl added, A New Hijiory of Satlund. il(i a Umtplete Hijiory of Ireland to the I'car 179,5. The whole to conftfl of only Eighty Numbers, which mny be hud ilini tr two at a time, price (id, each, and embeliijhed with an entirt new Set of near 300 Copper- P lute Engravings. CHAP. W XI. E S. I hmkrits and Extent, Climate, Produce, Rivers, Jnha- hitanls, Cities, Mountains, Trade, Hlflorj, (Jc- WE have thought proper to aflign a feparate article to this principality, which, though politically 1 innexed to England, is diftinft from it in language and Banners. This country was formerly of much greater (iKntthan it is at prefcnt ; but the Saxon» having con- qncnd ail the plain country, obliged the ancient Britons to retreat weft ward; and, ever fince that period, Mon- moiiihlhire and Hcreforddiire have been reckoned part of England. Wales is bounded on all fides by the fta iodihe Severn, except on the cad, where it joins to the (ounties of Chefter, Salop, Hereford, and Monmouth. I its length, from the fouthermoft part of Glamorgan- Ihire, 10 the extremity of Flintfliire, is computed at 114 miles; and its greateil breadth, from the river Wye, call, to St. David's, in Pembrokeftiire, weft, is ibouto6 miles. It is fituated between ,51 and ,54 deg. north fat. and between 2,41 and 4,56 deg. weft long, and cuntains 70U fqiiarc miles. The divifions have already been given in the account of England: which I (te in p, J96. The feafons are pretty much the fame in Wales as in Utnorthern parts of England, and the air ir. fharp, but wholcfomc. The foil, cfpecially towards the north, is mountainous, but contains rich vallies, producmg large Imps of wheat, rye, and other corn. Vaft herds of I black cattle, for which this country is famous, (hcep, (iter, and goats, are fed on the mountains. Their [cows are remarkable for yielding large quantities of jmilk. Their horfes are remarkably fmall, butcaiicn- Mure vaft fatigue. Here are mines of filver, copper, jkad, and feme iron ; quarries of free-ftonc, and abun- jjaiice of coal-pits. The crown has a certain, though I Wl property, in the produft of the filver and lead I aunts. There arc upwards of thirty rivers in Wales; the principal arc the Clywd, Whcekr, Dec, Severn, Elwy, and Alen, which furnilh Minifttirc with great quantities of filh. This country likewiCe abounds in lakes ; tho chitf are Lhyn, Tigid, or Pimble Mecr; and Lhyia Sauedhan, or Brecknock Mecr; tiic latter of which is fo full of filhr that the inhabitants fay, two-thirds of it is water, and the reft filh. At Holywell, a fmall town in Flintlhire, is a mineral water, cllccmcd falutary iii many diforders; it is an excellent cold-hath, and has been very beneficial to many who have ulcd it. The inhabitants of Wales arc computed at about 300,000; and the land-tax, fome years ago, broiightiit 43,7521. a year. The revenue accruing to the prince of Wales from this principality is about 8jooI. per annum. The Wellh ai;e, if polhblc, more jealous of their liberties than the Englifti, and far more irafcib'c; but their anger foon abates ; and they are remarkable for their finccrity and fidelity. They are fond of car- rying back their pedigrees to the molt K-motcintiquity; but we have no criterion for the authenticity of their maniifcripts, fume of which they pretend t6 be co-cval with the incarnation: h»,vcver, great part of their ec- clcfiaPical hidory is certainly more ancient and better atteftcd than that of the Anglo-Saxons. In moft places of North Wales, they continue the ancient method of entertaining the company who come to their inns with the Wvllh harp; aiul the novelty of this reception, joined to the agreeable wildnefs of the mufic, renders it generally very acceptable to (Irangcrs. The VVelfli clergy having refuled to conform to the rites of the church of Rome, were all mairacrcd by order of Augiiftine, who had btxn fcnt by ilic pope into Eng- land, in the reign of Ethelbert, king ot Kent, to con- vert the nation to Chriftianity ; and, after their paftors were gone, the inhabitants were ealiiy overcome. At prefent, the cftablKhed religion is conformable with., that of the church of England, though there arc many. Romifti fupcrftitions ftill remaining, and numbers of families who yet profefs that mode of vvorftiip. Moft of the cleigy are natives of the country, and, though they undcmand Englifti pcrfedly well, yet the public worlhip. '• ' I'l'-m : lil.^i^ , •,?(« 704 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOORAPHY. worOiip ii frcqnenilv performril in WMlli, cxn-pi in llioCc (owns where ilie Eni^lilii ib the prcvailiii^ Un- iiagc. Moft places in Wales are now blcllcd with Vcf-fchnoh, and thu dark itjncirance with vliich it was forinerly over-run, it happily removed by the fiii^ty for propni;aiing ChriOiaii knowledge. Among the many iiicihoJs nni in prai^licu for this ptirpof:', arc tlic circti l.iting fcnools, which confill of porfons noniin.itcd riiool nviiiern, who arc appointed lo travel Ironi place to place, inliru£ling the poor, both old and young, in reading, prayer, and in the tenets of the Protectant reli- gion. '1 his laudable foeiL'ty expends conliderablc fiu\^s in liihles, cotninon prayerx, and other religious bookx, uliich are dilliibuted p,ratis to the collier!:, &:c. And ivc carntllly hope and believe that the latccxrcHent in- (tittilion ol Snnday-Schools, by private fubllripiions, in various parts of I'ingland, will have the happieft dViits on the murals of youth, by infilling into iheni right principles, and rcnaering them ufcful members of the tominunity. It is matter of artonifhment, that the cafe of the lower >.lergy in Wales, many of whom arc ima- jiahle of procuring thtnifclvcs and families the nccclla- lits of life, has never been taken into conlidcration by this ufefnl charily, and recoinmcn(li.d to the attention «)f liighcr powers. The priiKipaliiy alfo contains great jiiiinbcrs of I'rotcflant niH'cnlirs. At Trcvtcha, in South Wales, the coniucfs of Huntingdon inllitnttd a feminary for training up (indents in divinity: here have been alio fcveral places of public worlhip ereifted, under that lady's patronage, where the reformed doc- trines are preached both in Wellh and Englilh, accord- ing to the principles of the Methodifts, This countiy v.as formerly famous for its poets and bards, among whom was ThaliefTin, who flonrirtied about the year ^j6, and part of whofc works being re- peated to Henry II. of England, were the means of difcovering the bnrying-place of king Arthur and his wife. Learning fiirtcred greatly in this country by the extirpation of the bards, whofe poetical genius was fiip- pofcd to raife in the inhabitants an enthufiallic warmth for independency, which, according to fome authors, iiuluced Edward f to make a general niairacre of them. Numbers of learr.td men floiirilhed in Wales before the Reformation, particularly Giraldiis Cambrenfis ; and, flnce that period, it has been rendered confpicnous by fcveral divines and antimiarics. Among the former were Hugh Broughton, Hugh Holland, and Williams, archbiiliop of York, lord keeper in the time of Charles I. Ainong ilie latter were fcveral gentlemen of the name of Lliiuyd (Lloyd) particularly the author of the Archx- ologia ; and Rowland, author of the Mona Antiqua. There is no doubt but learning was at a great iicight in Wales, when the Englifli fcarcc knew the ufe of letters ; though this is fiippoied to have confiftcd chiefly in the knowledge of the antiquity, language, and hiftory, of their own country ; but the Icene was afterwards changed, and ignorance took fiill poUeflion of the ancient Bxiions. Wickliffifin took (hcltcr in Wales when it WM pci-f 'ciited in Eui;iand ; and, lincc the Relortm^j,, J ihit country ha* produced fevrral e.uellcnt aiiiiquani and divines. Some of the Welfh at prtfcnt inak toididerable figure in the republic of letter*, and m! ^ of tluir clergy arc ex«.cll«nt fcholarn. The purity [he W.Mlli language ..ill evidently appear f,om ,i,^l raternolfer, whk:h here follows: " K\n Ti,), vf k J wyt yn y ncfoidd, funoleiddir dy enw j dcikd .ly ill nas ; bydded . client liDtiquatic] l(h at prifcnt mike ic of letter*, ami manl holari. Tlic purity u1 miy appear from iheil i! " Em Tid, yr hwJ ly enw \ dtikH ily deyra uacar, mtj^is y niae yf in bara bainyddiul ; inatlJeiiwn ni i'li dylcdl liyatili, eiiiir |;wartiinl 'r dcyrnas, a'r gullu, i'| men." ediftces in Wsl« wlikll Dufntls orniagnilirciKel nu ol' the [>rini:ipal. of the illc of AngkfcJ utnc chuttli, and 1 harl id Wrexham has a vcrj hurch, a county giol, | ir. le bridge over the To»)| me bridges over Milfon :iirtom-houfc. Caermail u'd the two politclhitK jy numbers of gciiticiiKl ikcfliirc, is fiippofed lob iirope ; but notwithftain ulc, and confiilerabic fun erit ufefui, it ftill remaiij le town, having ihr« pi a ftone-bridge over \\ chool, a chari'y-fchool, oiifc. h is now working to 111 Anglefc-a, engages mui grceaWe to our leaders nature and produce; tl as well as private wcali ed Paris Mountain, in tl tat of the Dfuids in Noi tliflnnt from the Holyhi I. The ore found hei! nt in its produce of ai ountry ever producel. of the earth, with fJ 1> proprietors are enabW n Hi's ufefui article. V V of importing y^fl tal from Sweden before tl was a conliderable \ob trade being ;igjinll "J I bting obliged to purchiifo of the Swnlc< for ready money, 1 *u, by way of baiter in goods. The proprietors have * en vclUls of about 1^0 tons burthen, contininlly em- ,ycdiii conveying the lopper, which is parked up in 't!,inthcei«, to a wharf ihcy have b-low the Tower. All (tnenof wararc Ihealhed with iiii»co| ptr. Not only Jl,! part of Europe, but mofl othi I countries, arc fup- |y with this article from Anylcfey. 'I he Kalt-India- fcyen till' Lf. our Company exported, in tlic year 17^9, tipward« of (ixtv Mil lor China, and the demand hu!i lincc increafed. T|,ij celebrated mine ii not oidy remarkable for its Ayndant produce, but for the fuperior quality of the neial. b^'nK ^^^ purcft of any upon the globe. The elejf profit, upon an average for fomc years paft, hai V(n between Uo and Qo.oool. annually. The principal Montictnr is the carl of Uxbriilgc, fon of the late Sir Nicholas Bailey. As this is become aa important arti- cle of commerce and national wealth, it is greatly to be tithed it may prove of long continuance ; and, indeed, Ktording to the prcfent appearance, it promifcs to be ofinalmoit inexhaullibic durafion. This principality, wc may obfervc, was, in ancient times, a far more |)opuloiis and wealthy country than at meant; an^lt tlio"g'i >' contains no regular fortifica- tions, yet '"^"y "^ ''^ "''^ caftlcs are fo Arongly built, and advantageoufly fituated, that they might be turned iDtollrong forts b^ a little expence. E.erv part of. Wales abounds in Roman and Britifli omps, walls ca'Hes, and other antiquities. In the iJand ol Aiigk'fcy arc fevcral rude monuments, called by the inhabitants Croinlechen. They arc formed of a r.iiiT,b(rr of rough ftones, fet up on end, which ferve as fcppters to one of fevcral tons weight, laid on the fummit. It is uncertain what was the original intent of utftiiig thtin, but they are fuppofcd to have been fe- puliiires, either of the Druids, whofe chief refidence «is in this illand, anciently called Mona ; or of princes jnd other dillinguiflied perfons. Rude monuments of ihe fame nature are to be found in mod of the counties in Wales, particularly in Drecknockfliire, of which the Bioll remarkable arc a pillar about fix feet high, two broad, and (ix inches thick, called the maiden flone ; ononefideof w^ich are the figures of a man and woman, vtiy badly executed : and St. £ltut's Hermitage, which is formed of four rough lloncs, of which three are fixed in the ground, and the fourth laid on the top fjr a cover. Ancient coins, both Roman and Britilh, of gold and others metals, arc frequently found in this principality ; and, in 169a, a golden turquoife, confillingof three or twtbars, abaut lour feet in length, twilled togetli ler liie f hatband, was dug up in a garden near the cadle lofHarlech, in Merionethlnire The pro(li<;ious mountains in Wales may be juflly I ctcemed natural curiofitics. Among the molf re- luikabte of thefa are Snowdon-Hills, Pcnmaenmawr, and Moel y Wydliva. Snowdon-Hills are properly Niiiinguiflied by their names, the tops being covered Uiihfnowraoft part of the year : one of thefe moun- tains has been found, by trigonometrical menfiiration' to be la^o yard* in perpendicular htight. Pi'iiinacii- mawr projcib over thu lea, to the gr«;at terror of the traveller, the high road being cut through the rock, and, though the Hdc next the fea is guarded by a wall, yet the large pieces of rock which fomelimcs fall from ihu top, render it a very dangLroiis pairagc. From th« fuinmit of Moel y Wydhva niay be fecn, in a lUarday, part of England, Ireland, and Scotland. Thel'u moun- tains arc called the Britilh Alps, and produce inaiiy animals which arc to be found only on them and the Alpt in Italy. Cacrphili-Callle is another cur' ty. ThU buildinc, from its ll/.e and ftru£ture, is fup(.iiU-d to have been a Roman garrifon, and is, without exception, the fined piece of nuns nv>w remaining in Britain. Itsdimen- fions ieem to have been almoli eaual to ihofe of Wind- for-Calllc ; and one of the round towers, which over- hangs its balls above nine feet, is eftcemcd as great a natural curiolily as the leaning tower of Pifa in Italy* At Lhanfannam, in Flintfhire, on the fide of a rock, is a cave, in which arc C4 feats, knovn by the name of Arthur's round tabic. In this country is alio the famous well, called St. Winifred's-Wcll, the fpr'iig of which boils with vafl impetuofity out of a rock, and is formed into a beautiful polygonal well, covered with a rich arch /upported by pillars, and the roof is moll cxqui- fltcly carved in (lone : over the fpring is alfo a ,chape1, a neat piece of Gothic architc£lure, but in a very ruinous ftate. King James II. paid a vilit to the well of St. Winifred in 1686, and was rewarded for his piety by a prefcnt which was made him of the very (hift in which his great grandmother Mary Stuart loll her head. The fpring is fuppofcd to be one of the finad in the Britifli dominions, and, by two different trials and calculations lately made, is found to fling out about twenty-one tons of water in a minute : it never freezes, or fcarcely varies in the quantity of water in droughts, or after the grcateft rains ; after a violent fall of which, it becomes difco- loured by a wheyifh tinge. Near Caermarthen may be fcen fevcral vait caverns, fuppofcd to have been copper- mines of the Romans. At the fame place is a foun- tain, which, like the fea, ebbs and flows twice in 24 hours: and on the coaft of Pembrokefhirc is a pool called Bo(harfton-Meer, which is fuppofcd to be unfa- thomable ; and, by its violent noife, to have a fubterra- neotis communication with the fea. The lad curiolily we (hall particularize is the dyke, near Knighton in Radnorfliirc, which OfTi, the Mercian, threw up as a boundary between his fiibjefls and the Britons. With refpedl to commerce and manufaihires, rhr. Wellli are on :i footlnK with many of the wcdern and northern counties of England. Their trade is moflly inland, and they import numbers of black cattle, which afford excellent beef, into England. The town of Pembroke employs near 200 merchant fliips, and its inhabitants carry on an extcnfive trade. In Brcck- nockfliire arc fevcral woollen nsanufadurcs ; • and Wales carries on a great coal trade with England, and 8 Q ecu m WW ,:l • .V4:: 7o5 A N£W AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. even Ireland. Denbigh is famous for gloves and tanned leather. The tutelar faint of the Wclfli is St. David, com- monly callc' it. Taffy ; his badge is a leek, worn in commemoration of him on the ift of March, and for which various rcafons have been adigned. The arms of the prince v is occafioned by a trophy of that kind which Edward 'he Black Prince took from the king of Bohe- mia, when he was killed at the battle of Poidiers. Historical Account of Wales. IT would be a vain and ufclcfs tafk to attempt to give the ancient hiflory of Wales. We are, however, cer- tain, tiiat the love of independence was fo (Irqngly rooted in the breads of the Britons, that they defended their country during a lung feries of years againlt all the force of the Romans; and even when the greater part of their country was fubdued, and the foil drenched with the blood of its inhabitants, many of them retired to the mountains, where they bid defiance to the Ro- man arms. The Saxons alfo attempted the conqueft of this coun- try, but penetrated no further than the counties of Monmouth and Hereford, which were afterwards con- fidered as parts of England. The Welfh, however, were far from being fubdued ; they continued an inde- pendent people, and were flill governed by their own pripxcs and their own laws. The firfl blow to the liberties of the We'lli was given about the year 870, when Roderic, king of Wales, di- vided his dominions among his three fons ; thefe divi- fions were Dcmetia, or South Wales; Povcfia, cr Powis-Land : and Vcnodotia, or North Wales. This d^vifion gave rife to many wars, during which the king- dun of Povefia, or Powis-Land, was conquered, and part of it annexed to North Wales, and part to South ; divill'ns which fubfifl even to this day. Henry I. of England planted a colony of Flemings on the borders of Wales, about the year 1112, hoping that they would foon form a barrier to England. Ijut, though the Welfh were unable to drive the Flemings from their fcttlcmcnis, they refiflcd, with remarkable intrepidity, fevcral attempts made by the Norman kings of England to deprive them of their liberty. At laft, tl.ir old and infirm prince Llewellin put himfelf under the proteflion of Henry III. to whom he did homage f^'i . i 1 i 1 j ' i, ; ■ -i: i \ Iv^ 1 1 ill r^ i iliito, 4. C tckfergns. ( Lrnnc; cliii thitf town, E Litford. III. Munf fix canties; S.Cork; (lit Limerick ; d ffitll. 6. W; IV, Conna laoff:'] IRELAND. 707 uiles (liftant from Holyhead in Wales, but not more ilian twenty miles from the Mull of Galloway in Scot- y. Its name is probably derived from a Phoenician jf (jjllic term, fignifying the furlheft habitation weft- *"''• . ••II Even modern authors are not agreed with regard to ik divilicns of Ireland, fonie dividing it into five cir- ciiiis, and others into four provinces; but as the latter mctliod is more generally followed, and at the fame lime more ancient, we have thought proper to adopt it, The provinces arc, I, Leiiiftci ; its principal town, Dublin, the capital ofthekingdom. II. Ulfter; its chief place, London- Jjrry, a city. HI. Munftcr; its chief place, Cork, a city, IV. Connaught; its chief town, Galway. I. The province of Leinrter is fituated on the eaft, and contains twelve counties; viz.M. Dublin; its chief town, Dublin. 2. Louth; chief town, Drog- Wa. 3. Wicklow; ditto. 4. Wexford; ditto. 5. Longford; ditto. 6. Eaft-Meath; chief town. Trim. ", Wcft-Meath ; chief town, Mullingar. 8. King's- Coiinty; chief town, Phiiipflown. 9. Queen's- Coiintv; chief town, Maryborough. 10. Kilkenny; Idiito. 11. Kildare; chief towns, Naas and Athy. !2. Carlow; ditto. II. Ulller province is fituated in the north, andcon- iiins .line counties; viz. 1. Down; its chief town, Down Patrick. 2. Armagh; ditto. 3. Monaghan ; I (!it!o. 4. Cavan; ditto. 5. Antrim; chief town, Car- idfergiis. 6. Londonderry; chief town, Dcrry. 7. Lrnnc; chief town, Omagh. 8. Fermanagh; its rh'iif town, Ennifkillcn. 9. Donegall; its chief town, LiiFord. III. Munftcr is fituated in the fouth, and contains fisujntics; viz. 1. Clare; its chief town, Ennis. J.Cork; ditto. 3. Kerry; chief town, Tralee. 4. Limerick ; ditto, 5, Tipperary ; chief town, Clon- d!. 6. Waterford; ditto. IV. Connaught is Ituated in the weft, and includes live coiintics; viz. 1. Lcftrim ; chief town, Carrick onShannon. 2. Kofccmmon ; ditto. 3. Mayo ; chief Sligo; ditto. 5. t'vns Biillinrobe and Cuftlebar. Gahvav ; ditto. The air of Ireland is nearly the fame with that of I E;:g!and in the fame latitudes, except in fome parts 'here it is rendered more grofs and impure by lakes, j bjs, and mavllies. The climate, however, is more itniftrate, it iKing cooler in the fummer, and warmer inihe winter than in England. It is more fubjedt to violent winds, clouds, and rain, than to hard frolls in |«iiiier; and even in fummer rain is . ry frequent, and ifitn prejudicial to the fruiis. file foil is various ; in fome places it is ^0 rich as to hv;r,t no manure, and in others fo barren, that no huf- felry can render it fertile In the county of Kof- ccainion is a fine vale cilled Sheep- Walk, extending t)vtnty-one miles in length, and remarkable for its K-r- I li'ii)' and fine paflure. The foil in many places is a blackifh earth, in fome a blackifh clay, and in others a mixture of earth, fanj, and clay; but the red eari'l ami chalky ground, fo common in England, is not found in Ireland. In m^iy parts of the kingdom, t\v. upper (tratuni is good mould, but very thin, aiul nothing under it but Hone. Thefe parts, however, pioduco confiderable crops of corn. Where the lands are not naturally fertile, the inhabitants have fpared no pains in manuring them with the dung of animals, afhes of fea-weeds, mud, and fometimes lime, in order to en- rich the foil. By thefe, and vaiious other iir.prove- ments lately made in agriculture, the lands in Ireland produce much larger quantities of corn, flax, artificial graftes, culinary vegetables, &c. than formerly. "Jhis happy change is in a great mcafiire owing to a fociety eftabfilhed at Dublin for the improvement of variou.s arts and manufadlures, among which hufbandry engages a very confiderable (hare of their attention. The pre- miums offered by this fociety have introduced the culti- vation of clover, trefoil, faintfoin, lucern, rye-grafs, and various other vegetables tor the food of cattle. Many unprofitable bogs have alfo been drained, and rendered excellent land. Pafture-land abounds in Ire- land, where vail numbers of black cattle, hogs, ami (heep, are reared and fed ; and hence the inhabitants are able to fupply the prodigious quantities of fait pro- vifions, butter, &c. annually (hipped oft" at Cork, and other parts of the kingdom, to foreign markets, which are the (Irongeft proofs of the natural fertility of the foil. The Iridi wool is very valuable, and great quan- tities of it are exported to England. Among the uncultivated parts of Ireland are the large bogs, found in various parts of the kingdom. Some of thefe bogs are dangerous ; they are generally covered with fine grafs, and the foil fo very fpongy, that it will bear neither man nor beaif. Some of them (hake under foot in an alarming manner, but they may be often crolTed with fafcty. This country is greatly enriched with the numerous rivers, enchanting Fakes, fpacious bays, commodious havens, harbours, and creeks, with which it abounds. The Shannon is a very noble river, larger than any in England, but not navigable above fifty miles, on ac- count of a ridge of rocks fouth of Killaloe, and (top- ping all navigation further up; but this might be reme- died by a Ihort canal, at the expcnce of ten or twelve thoufand pounds, and communications might alfo be made with other rivers, to the great benefit of the na- tion. This river runs from north to fouth upwards of 300 Englilh miles, fpreading itfelf into many largo and beautiful lakes of difflrent extent, from five to fil'iecn miles, abounding with falmon^ pike, &c. of a very large fize; and fome of the lakes are adorned with fertile and beautiful illands. The Lee rifcs in the county f ,' Cork, below which city it falls into the ("ea, after an ealterly courfc of above twenty-fix miles. The Liffcy rifes in the county of Wicklow, and falls ;uto the Iti(h ic» below Dubhn. The Bo;u.' rifts in. the JRi 1 ' U'' i ML Hi ill m "■^i^i> 1 h^;f{Un! i i: 'i M liijff"^^! I u. •rht/V it )l :r "/- /^- ■ ;..A^^ ....^ i-^. '".i:,,? M:- -Jf i-UcVi :^yV^S^~: ^ ^ o^ ^ ^ t4 V ft; X'- _3 N^ f^ X '/. ,S Ji S i" -* Si '^ f- 4 ['li f 708 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYvSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. the King's County, and falls into llie foa at Droglicda. The Barrow, Nore, and Siiir, water the foiith part of tlic kingdoin, and, after uniting their flreains below Rofs, fall into the channel at Watcrford-Haven. The Bann, famous for a pearl and falmon fiOicry, rifcs in the county of Down, and falls into Lough-Ncagh, in the county of Armagh. There are alfo in Ireland a great number of lakes, or loughs, particularly in the provinces of UKltr and Connaught; though the Irilh, like the Scots, frequently give the term lough to an inlet ot the fea. Though thofe loughs, in the main, have but few properties that are not common with the like bodies of water in other countries ; yet they have given rife to many fabu- lous accounts concerning the natives, which difgracc their true hiftory. The great lake Neagh, between the coutities of Antriin, Down, and Armagh, is remark- able for its petrifying quality. Many of thefe lakes contain large quantities of fidi. Here are a great number of fpacious bays, havens, harbours, and creeks, which every where indent the coaft, and render this country, beyond any other, the bcft fitted for foreign commerce. The mofl conlidcr- able arc thofe of Carrick Fergus, Si rangford, Dundrum, Carlingford, Dundalk, Dublin, Waterford, Dungar- van, Cork, Kinfale, Baltitiiorc, Glandore, Dimmanus, Bantry, Kinmare, Dinglas, i^hannon-mouth, Galway, Sligo, Donegall. Killcbegs, Lough-Swillcy, and Lough- Foyle, belides a great many barred havens, fome of which have been much improved by ails of parlia- ment, particularly that of Dublin. Many of the roads of Ireland arc now the finefl in Europe. They arc carried feveral miles in llraight lines ; to effecl v.'hich, no expencc iias been fpared to cut through mountains, and fill up vallies; in fome places they are carried for many miles through the middle of bogs, which before were impairablc. Add to this, that as there is no fuch thing as a heavy waggon in the country, the roads are hard and Anooth, in fome mea- lure refcmbling the gravel walks in a garden. The many rivers that water the plains of Ireland reniierit very fufceptible of improvem< its, with regard to inh-ind navigation ; and the legillature, convinced of the great utility that mud attend the communications between different places in the kingdom by means of canals, have, at d-ffcrcnt times, granted large fums of money for carrying on thcfe iileful works. One of thcfc canals is extended above fixty miles, from the river Shannon to the LiiFey near Dublin. By this arti- ficial navigation, a communication is opened from the channel to the Atlantic Ocean. In furvcying the grounds for this canal, it was found necefTary to carry it through a hog twenty-four miles over, which greatly increafed the labour and expence of the undertaking, in Iticngth- nin<^ the banks with additional works, to prevent them froin falling in, to which they would othcrwife have been very fubjeCt, from the fpongy nature of the foil. In this kingdom are fevenl lotty chains, as well as 3 high mnuntains; and the Irilh hav« ;e y/ , wliich exprefs the different degrees of their elev^r and die, namelv, knock, flicu, and bein or irin!" knock fignifies a low hill, unconncded with any oth " i eminence; (lieu denotes a ' raggy high moumain J, dually afccndlng, and continued in feveral ridges 1 btin or binn means a pinnacle, or mountain of the Mi magnitude, ending in a iliarp or abrupt precipice The two lafl arc often fecn and compoundal tOKihe in one and the fame range. Tiie mountains of Uo^f,' I and Ivcagh, in the count); of Down, arc reckoned among fome of the higheft in the kingdom; of ivhich Slieu Dcnard is calculated at a perpendicular height of I 1056 yards. Many other mountains are found in Ire- land, fome of which contain veins of iron, lead, cod! per, mij-.crals, coals, quarries of ftone, flate', and I marble. I About two miles from Kilkenny, in the neighbour.! hood of the park-houfe of Donmore, are a numbwl of caves, as curious, perhaps, as any incntioncd inl natural hiffory, excqit thofe of Amiparos in the Archi-I pelago. Altera difficult deLent of about 100 feet tliel entrance into this fubterraneous world is gained, Tliel appearance of the firft cavern is imcominonly awful I anc: gives rife to an idea of a grand Gothic ftriKaureinl ruins. The folemnity of this place is not a little in-l creafed by the gaiety of thofe fcenes that prefent thcm-l felves on every lide previous to our entering it; thefloorl is imeven, and floncs of various fizes are promiAuouflJ difperfed upon it ; the fides are compofed of ragged work I in fome parts covered with tnofs, and in others cutiouflyf froRcd ; and from the roof, which is a kind of arch, fcJ veral huge rocks projed beyond each other, that fcem to threaten ruin. The circumference of this cive is nod more than 200 feet, and in height about fifty, Hera is a fmall but continual dropping of water from ilia ceiling, and a few pctrifacSlionsrcfembling icicles. This p!.ice has its inhabitants; for immediately oit entering into it, you are furprifed witli a coni'iifcl noife, which is occafioned by a multitude of will pigeons; heni-c there is a paltage towards the left) where by a fmall afccnt a kind of hole is gained, muclj like but larger than the mouth of an oven, which inl troduces to a place, where, by the help of candles, dayJ light being entirely excluded, a broken and furprifinj fcene, of mcnllrous fttmes heaped on each other, chel quered with various colourr, inequality of rocks nveJ head, and an infinity of (latadical Hones, prefent thcml felves. Nature, one would imagine, deligned the lirl cave as a preparative for what remains to be fecn; bl it the eye is familiarized with uncommon and awfj objeds, and the mind tolerably fortified agaiiift tliti ideas that refultfrom a combination of Sjypearniices itnl thought of, furprifing, and menacing. 'Flie fpeflaioT flatters liimfelf that he has nothing to behold n.oij awful, nor any thing more dangerous to meet, ihal what he finds in the firft cavern ; but he loon difciivcif his milLikc; for the baie want of that liKhtwhicI dreliJ F.unoi'f-] IRELAND. 709 drclTts nature with gaiety is alone ni(licicnt to render lilt ftcoiul lar more dreadful. In the fird he fanfics niin frowns upon him from fcveral pans, but in this I, jj threatened from a thoiifand va(t rocks rudely piled oneach other, that compofc the Tides which feembcnd- jpdin, and a inultitudeof no fmallcr fize arc pendent liuiTi the roof in the moll extraordinary manner ; add 10 this, that by a falfe ftep one would be dafhcd from p:tci|)ice to precipice. Indeed, it would be matter of pinch tliniculiy, or rather impradicable, to walk over this apartnKiit, had not nature, as if fltidious for the fifeiy of the curious, catifed a fort of branches to llioot fioin the fi'iface of the rocks, which arc remarkably unequal, and always damp. Thcfe branches arc from four to (Ix inches in length, and nearly as thick; they ate tifcfii! in the fiimmits of the rocks to prcvci.: llip- py, and in the fides arc ladders todefcend and afcend with tolerable facility. This altonilhingpaffagc leads 10 J place far more curious than any of the relt. On tiiterinw into it, one is almofl induced to believe bim- felf lituattd in an ancient temple, decorated with all cxpcnoe of art ; yet, notwithflanding the beauty and f' kndor that catch the eye en every fide, there is fome- ihinqof lolemnity in the iaihions of the place, which mull be obferved by the mofl ordinary fpcdlator. The Hoor in fome parts is covered with a cryltalline fub- llaiicc; the fides in many places arc incrullcd with the fame, wrc.ught in a mode not unlike the Gothic ftyle of ornament, and the top is almoll entirely covered with inverted pyramids of the like elegantly white and lucid matter. At the points of thcfe ftataitical (trata are perpetually hanging drops of pellucid water; for when one falls, another fucceeds; thefe pendent gems con- tribute not a little to the brilliancy of the roof, which, when the place is properly illuminated, appears as if formed of the pureft cryrtal. Here arc three extraordinary and beautiful congela- tions, which, without the aid of a Ikong imagination, may be taken for an organ, altar, and crofs. The fnrnier, except when ftridtly examined, appears to be a regular work of art, and is of a confiderable fize ; the fecond is of a fimple form, rather long than fquare ; and the third reaches from the floor to the roof, which miift be about twenty feet. Thefe curious figures arc owing either to water that fell from the upper parts of the cave to the ground, which coagu'atcd into ftone from time to time, until at length it acquired thofe forms which are now fo pleafing ; or to an exudation, or cxtiilation, of petrifying juices out of the earth ; or perhaps they partake of the nature of fpar, which is a kind of rock plant. The former fcems to be the moft probable fiippolition, as thefe figures in colourand con- iilience appear exadlly like the icicles on the to^, which are only iten from the wet parts of the caverns; and in this place there is a greater oozing of water, and a much larger number of petrifadions, than in any other. W hen this curious apartment has been fufK- cicDtly examined, the guides lead you for a confiderable way through winding places, inttil a glimmering light agreeably Turprifcs. ' Here the journey of above a quarter of a mile through thofe parts is ended ; bin upon returning into the firfl cavern, the entrance into other apartments, lefii curious indeed, but as extcnfivc as thofe we have defcribcd, ofFors itfclf. The pallages i nto fome of thcfe are fo very low, that there is a ncccf- fity of creeping throug'. ihem; by thcfe we proceed until the nuife of a fubterraneous river is heard ; further than this none have ventured. in the mountains of Wicklow are alfo fome of thofe deep vallies called glyns, very beautiful and pi£lurefquc, together with fome grand and anonifhing water-falls. There are few forcfls in Ireland; the chief lie in Leinller and UKlcr, the King's and Oucen's-Counties, and i"i thofe of Wexford aiul Carlow, Doncg^ll, Far- managh, along Lough-Earne, and in the north parts of the counties of Tyrone and Dov/n, wherein is fame good timber ; and the oak is eftecmed as good as an/ of the Englilh growth, arid as fit for fnip-building. Some years ago the proprietors of many of the fmelt- Ing-houfes were obliged to relinquitli them for want, of fuel; but fome new plantations having been lately made, and the growth of timber eiicouraged by the patriotic Dublin fuciety, it is hoped a fut{it.icnt quan- rity will bcraifed. The vegetable and animal produiTlions of Ireland nearly refcmblc thofe of England and Scotland. Some of the tneadows are covered with excellent grafs ; oilieis yield plenty of turf and peat, which are very fervicc- able for firing. Great quantities of hemp and flax arc raifed in the northern parts of the kiiigdoin. Bees abound here, and vail quantities of w'lUl honey are found in caverns and trunks of trees. Wolves were formerly very numerous here, but have long fince been deftroyed by the, wolf-dogs, which are much larger than malUlfs, fliapcd like greyhoui\ls, yet very gentle and governable. Their herds v'i black cattle, flocks of Iheep, hogs, and alfo rabbits, are amazingly nume. rous: one rabbit warren is affirmed to be forty miles in length ; they have gecfe and fowls of all kinds, ai;d a fpecics of excellent hawks. The filh on the coa.'ls of Ireland are in greater plenty than on thofe of Eng- land, and fome of them larger and more excellent in their kind. The alfertion that venomous animals will not live in Ireland, begins to lofc credit, as numbers of toads are found in that kingdom- Molt of the mines of Ireland have been difcovccd in this century ; fome contain a mixture of filver and lead; thirty pounds of lear' ore is faid to produce a pound of filver; but the richeft filver mine is at Wick low; two mines, one of copper, and ano'her of lead, have been difcovered at Tipperary. Iron mines arc difpcrfed all over the kingdom ; here are alio quarries of frce-flone, fome of a grey or a(h-colour, and others blue. There are quarries of fine Hate and marble in moft of the counties. There is a peculiar fpecies of coal at Kilkenny, refeinbling the canal-coal of Lan- 8R caller i I , 5 . r I- !■ i :'i-i,fi 'r*' ■ ! i:] :ill 710 A NFAV AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPFIY. callt'r, very hard, of a bilglii black, burns freely, and emits little or IK) fnidkc ; tlu'fe qualities, with llic 'l'- rcnity of \hc air anil gia*rlly full in itiat coimly, Ir.uf given rife to the well known provcib, tlut " Kil- Kt-niiy contains i:re WitJKuit fmokc, water witliont inml, ami air without t"ng " There arc few inincr.il wattrs # in Ireland ; the princJpal fpring «( this kii.il is liiuated on the banks ol the Lifty, at the village of l.eillip, i\:\i'\\ miles from Dublin : but there is lianlly a pl.iee without a holy well, the virtue of wiiofe waters is the cff">pring (3:57 Coiinatight }>2i;y Popifli Families. Total 10J,.}<).1 •38.159 io(),.j07 •-14-'33 Total 281,423 Allowing this calculation to he right, and that each family in the country conlills of live perfonv, tliofe in the city of Coik of (even, and tliofe in Dublin of ten, the total of the whole will be 2,015,229 perfons : tliough it niulf be obferved that of late years the bal.Mice of numbers has greatly increafed in favour of the Protedants. The firlt fettlers of Irel.iiul are fiippofed to have hjen emigrants from ditfVrent parts ol the globe, and at ditlerent limes. The Irilli, in general, are a Ihong bodied people, nimble, adive, of great fuftnefs nwd pliancy in thi-ir limbs, bold, haughty, ready of ap- tirehenlion, cunning, hofpitable, credulous, vain, full tf rLf-'ntment, and violent in all tlitir afledions. The Papills, in confeqiience of a blind fubmiflion to their priclls, are ignorant anil fiiperltiiions. At i, )me they are not remarkable (or bravery, probably «;wing to the many legal difabilitics they labour under, which lays a reilr.iint boih int, wluTc it joiiH iiiilar clirt", liiriiitd foinc of which arc lig'i. Eich pllbr :.s, lying (ine ii|)im one t'iH)t in ihid- ng, fonie of thcli; imincnccs arc n atly )f vvhicii is a ledge, he grcatclk iirmncrs, :hcr lido, and iitting iiy of the iipptr part .re from ont to two :on(ill of about forty ;ery calily, and one the pillars as tar ns this IS not the mod y ciirioliiy ; the chffs ng. From the bot- tlie htigiit of about iialdiltancesbyllripes a cement, about four :rc is another llratiim I ilratum hve inches other ilratnm ten Icet [cr ; then a lUatinn t.f [id above that a (Ira- fe pillars lies another et high ; and, abiive ight pillars, riling in fts, in others not fn lein ; where they are of tliefe clitFs exicnds es m Ireland are the led Pharos, built of High various parts of d to have been erefleJ as watch-towers or 1, is fitnated on the : fevcn miles from the irge bay of the fame lis city is about one- Ihninller and Soutli- uf the whole has ban ore than .}ooo hoiifes Ih'jrt period ol tune, e been added lince tbat the llreets in general north lide the river, lions have been made. The Ei'iiofR.] I R K I, A N D. 7»3 The city is now adoriicd with inany fp:irioiis and fepiilaf Urccts, particularly S-tckvillf-Sticti, ii> the irnih oil part of the town, which, witii fomc alter- „i„ns anil improvements, wonid have ba-n one of the timil, rirhiips, in I'jiropc. The moil elcjjuit, and b il rtmlhcd piece of architeiJlMre in Dublin, is the Iviiv'-in-liorpiial. The view of Dublin fVoin the top (it a° y "f •''*"■ fowc", is the inolf be.iniilul of any larce city in the king's dominions, in a limilar point ol view, from the neatnefs of the bine liatiii^ with which the houfes arc iniivttfally covered. 'I he bay l,..|,iw the city to the call, with the adjacent conntry, mills greatly to the beauty of the profped-l. 'I'hc river JyitKy, vvhivli rinis through almoft tlic f,irc of th'.' city, from wcif to f.ad, anil Cuntribntcs iv.ikIi to its livalth, i but fmtll, not beinp more than . tilth as widi; as the 'I liiimcs at London, coiifc- iitly ciimot be fiipiKifcil capable of bringing up to one. . J . . . _ _ . I'iie tiiwiriliip'^ of above one hundred jnd fifty, or two 1,1 ndrid tons burden. Over this river there arc five ■ rtii/-lt it^at *-MlIi.rt T7itr.v_n, il,... P' briil>:;cs, of which that called EHex-Ciidge is well [,iii|i, and a new Street is opened from the loot ol this briiljc to the callle, where- the lonl-lieiiieiiant reliiles, ai.J adds greatly to the beamy and utility of the city. A Inaoions and elegant Exchange has been lately tieit.d: it is a hainKbme (Irnchire of while (lone, (ichly embellilhcd with fcmi-coliimns of the Corin- tliiaii order, a cupola, and other ornaments, 'i'lu-re are two large and el<;gant theatres here, which are I'fiierally well filled, and ferve as a kind of niirfcry to il. lie in London. Here are fiimmer entertainments ;ill'fl, in imitation of tliofi; in London. Atij'iinini; to the lying-in-hofpital, and belonging to it, is a large fqiiare piece of ground enclofed, and three (id'.s oiit ol font very prettily laid out in walks, plaatationt; of Ihrnb?, trees, &c. the fourth being tuketi up with one of the fronts of the hofpitat. 'J'he grotmd on the lide oppofite the hofpital, being tnuch higher than the rcli, is formed into a fine iianging bank, with a llojjc of r.car thirty feet, on the top of which is laid out a grand ttrrace-walk, commanding a (ine view of t!ic hofpital. (.)n the upper lide of this terrace, and nearly tncompairtd by the grov'es and (hriibberies, is built a very pretty orchertra. This garden, tiie moll agreeable about Dublin, is much freipiented in fine liimmtr tvcnings by the genteeled company of the city ; and though not fo generally calculated I' n a miilical enter- tainment as the gardens of Vanxhall, near London, yet there are fome walks in it where the mulic has a very lijii' and plealing elFefct. A new and fpacioiis fqiiare is creeled in tlic neigh- bouihood of St. Stephen's Green ; the houfes are lotiV; imiform, ami carried on with Hone as hi^h as the iirlt; f.'Wr, which gives the; whole an air o( magniticence (I'.'is! t') any thing of the kind in Great-Britain, except at Bath. The parliaiiK'nt-hoiifc is a very ekt;ant dnithire', and was (inillied in 1739, at the expciue of arallel. or arc the internal parts ddlitiilc of bcaiirKS ; and the manner in which the bmldin^ is lighted, lla^ been much admired. One of the grcatcd and moll l.iiidablc undertakings this age can boall of, is the noirili may bu lu(T for two llulliii;;s and tixpcnre. 'I'hc rates ut h^cknty coaches and t hairs urc tixed iierc, as in l.otuloni li>r the diircieni dillanccs, or fct- Jowns, as tliiy arc culled. Dtit lure arc two furts ot carriages peculiar to the place. 1 he one is called a noddy, which is nuthing more than an old cafl-ort'niu:- horfo cliaiff, or chair, with a kind of llool lixeit mi 'the (IiaftJ, jiifl before tlu feat, vn which the driver lii», over tlie ninip uf the hotic, and drives yon fiom ot\c part of the town to another, at flaial rates. Thoiijjh this ii neither a very fale nor eafy vehicle, yet it is convcni'Mit f )r (iiiijlc pcrfons, the tare being not tmich more than half that of a coach ; and they will go to any part of the kingdom on reafonablc terms. The Oilier is c.illed a chuilc-tnarine, and is little tnnrc than a common car with one horfe. They are nfcd throi'gh- ont the kingdom, for the conveyance of people on parties of pUaftire, by the genteel as well as the common, and for the carriage of jjoods and merchandize of every kind, hay, corn, (Jraw, dung, tiirf, tec. When ufed fir parties of plearne, a mat is laid on the level part fir tlie cuminonalty, and a bed for the gcntetlcr fort. Befides the lying-in hufpital already mentioned, here Is another fir lunatics, crc(fled and endowed by the late celebrated Dr. Swift, a royal hofpiial for invalids, like that at C'helfea, b^fuL-s others for paiients of every kiml. Dublin lus eighteen parilli churches, eight thapcis, three for l-'rencli, aiul one for Dutch Proienatiis, fcven Picfbyierian nuetiiig-hoiifes, one for Meiliodii't.'., two for Quakers, and fixtten Roina:) Catholic cliajicKs. Some of the i hurches have been lately rebuilt, and others are now rebuilding in a nvre elegant man- ner. In a word, the fpirit of c'egance and improve- ment has extended itftll over tlii>; whcik kingdom, as \sell a< over England and Scotlai.d, fu that the works of ornament as well as public iiiiiity in Irtlaiul, ahnofl keep pace with tliuf.- en. HiiiL'. great av tliey arc, over the ditttrcnt puts of Gi. Mritain. The number of inhabitants in this city arc now computed at about 300,000 Cork (lands 129 tniles foiith-wefl of Dublin, contains above it,joo houfts, and. next to the capital, is the larged, inult opulent and pi'i'iilnis in the kinp,dom ; it is encoinj air.d by walls and jikevvifi; by the clianncl of the river Lee, over which it ha.^ bridges on all fides. This city is an tpifcopal fee, am! a pl.i>.e of great trade, fiuiated tifteen miles up the river. The large vclfels generally ride at a place calkil I'ailii^e ; but the finalier come up to the key. Its haven is dei'p, and vi'ell flieltercd from all winds. 1 he city, tog. ther with its Iib:rtics, makes a county, aud i^ governed by a mayor, aldermm, and (lRri^f^. It has the molt trade of a:iy town in the kingdnm. particulaily in beil, piirl;, but'.er, and lalliiw, of vsliich great qiianliiiLS aie exported to France, Holland, I l.in.li:rs, and tli'. .\:iv.ricaii provinces ; and many Ibips bound to the Well-Indies, put in h^rc to visual. It fnnm-rly had f«vi nd abbeys, and hai ntiw many handlome public llrnaiires, (aitindarly . calhedral, ciillom-houft, and two gatfs, one ,,ii || north, and the other on the fouth. I'ive milen lai,,* Cork, the channel of ilie river is Jjvi, led ii|f > tjy,, L uiv illand on 'vi.ich ar^.- f. v..ral villager. Coik i* luirl aN large as Uiilfd, but ii.iiiiittly bu'ier liiuatcd as t,, i,J navijjiaiiiwi. Tne clmuhi-i In ro arc the neat. II a,,,! f.,ij|l fiiperb of any in tin kingdom. TIktc it liL wif« a very la.rg: and magniticent theatre, in winch drat utie pcrforman. e.H ar'- lAlnbit'd by a company from Diil,!,,, during the fumnicr vacati in at the capital. The lidufJ in general arc well built, but many of the (Ireets ar« narrow. Walcrford is Hiwated on the river Sure, and wai originally built by certain pirates of Norway. MqH of the lioufes arc built wiiii timlwr, and nuke a vtry indifferent ajipearancei ^but the cathedra! is cflteincd » very noble llrii/-,luii-. The city carries on a very cim- lideralile tr.ide, particularly with England, and (hips of burden come up clofe to the key, which is exctllcnily adapted to the purpofe of loading and unloading gdod.s. Waiertord- Haven extends near eight miles and a half from north to foiith, almoll in a llrai^ht line, the water all the w-iy very deep and clear, and but little imiini. bered with rocks or fund. The city and it.s liberties make a dillindl county. There is a citadel on tlic well llde, and on the call a block-hoiifu and (lorc-huiifc, Limerick is a handfome, populous, coniinercial, (Iroiig place, fitnatcd on both lides the Shannon, »iiJ contains 5,1297 houfes. It is a county town. Kinfalc is a neat, populous, and llrong town, (land^ at the month of the river Bann, or Bandon, and is only interior to Cork in point of tr.ide. Proiliiious quantities of provifions arc (hipped otf from hencwtu I'landcrs, H dLmd, France, aiJ the Wcll-Iiulit:$. The p irt is barred, but (hips of any biinlen may ent'jr the harbour at high-water. There is a light-honfe on a point of land called the Old Head of Kinfalc, to diret^ (hips in the night to the mouth of the river. Gal way is fcatcd near a noble bay, which, running above thirty miles up into the country Itoih the wcdcrn (K-ean, has many harbours and roads en every llde, and is riRllcred by feveral illes at its mouth, between wliidi arc broad and deep channels called foiuid'i. J; is a very mat, ftrong, and llourilhing city, and very advan- t.igi.oully (ituatcd for trade with France, Spain, and the Well-Indies. The buildings, both public and private, are moll of them of (lone, and very eLgant. The city is walled, and wa-i once the fee of a bilhiip, but is now within the archbKhopric of Ttiam. Itrairicson a confiderabic herring tilhery, and is alinolt the only place upon the coalt that has any foreign trade. The harbour is about two miles from the city, to which the ginids art" brought in lighters, Tlic -ther towns, though kf« confiderabic, arc thus di.f.iiV i: Carrickfergus {'■[ Knockfcrgus) by fome deemed tiic capital uf the province, has u good hgrbuur and £uRori':.l IRELAND. A ind cilllei l><)t little commerce. Downparriik hai a ^(iii(illii"|< I'l'V" inaniifa£lilre. BcUait is a brij;e fi-u- p„rt iiid irading town at the mouth uf the Lagcn- water, where it falU info (\irriiktfrmis-l5.iy. |>crry (,ir L'^n^oniietTy) (lands in Loiijjh-KoyI, and it a llrmie little' (^>ty, having liiteo iiiuiiutai^turc.s, with ronic ^oiniiKTcc ami lliip|)in>{. /^\\ ihii extreme p4rt of Irelanil is liiiiaicil (o near toSaiiliiiul. that they are in fight of e.nh others foalls. Diincg.ill (olherwifc callfd 'I'yuonncl) the rounty town oi the ianic name, is a place cf liiiiic ir.ulc; as I, lilcewifc Eniiilkilling. The lalt iiicniiuncd places, ami niiny more Iffs confiilerabic ones, are ihitily and ^ull inilultriouily employed in the m,iiiulu(^liiring ot |;iicii and linen thread, to the great benciit of the whole 'I'lic places already mentioned are the principal for- litaions in the kingdom; but belides tlufo there are Culini)re-l'"ort, nunrannon, Kofs Caltle, Charlcmont, Miryborotigh, and Athlonc. The coinniercc and maniiraflures of Ireland nearly icrcmble iliofe of England. The Irifh chiefly export liiirn cloilis, cand>ricl(s, lawns, hemp, tlax, coarfc rut(s, frizes, line IliifTs, ratteens, yarn, wool, beef, pork, raw ami latincil hides, calf fkins dried, butter, cheefe, tjlliiw, c.iiidles, ox and cOw horns, horfc hair, ox hair, fome le.id, copper ore, dried lilh, faUnon, herrings, oiier friiis, goat (kins, and rabbit (kins ; but the furs ofilieic .«c not fo fine as thofe of Kiigland. It is probable that the exports of Ireland will be laaily incrtafed by the late laws pad'ed in favour of iliu trade of that kingdom. The principal inanufac- Hires of Ireland, and indeed the chief branch of its commerce, confills of linen cloths, lawns, and cani- briiks, to which great encouragement is given by the Briiidi legiflatnre. The manufa6hire of liuifs in Ire- land is exceedingly beautiful, but the importation of them into England is prohibited. The Dublin Society for the encouragement of ma- nuFaftiires and conmiercc was incorporated in 1750. Uelore we fpeak more particularly of the conftitution and jjovernment of Ireland, it is ncceff.iry to obfcrvc, 1h.1i as Scotland and England are now one and the fame kingdom, and yet differ in their municipal laws; ii) England and Ireland are dillin^l kingdoms, and yut ill general agree in their laws. After the compiefl of Ireland by king Henry II. the laws of England were received and fworn to by the Irilh nation, affembled at the council of LifTmore ; and u Ireland, thus conquered, planted, and governed, continued dependent on England, it was thought ne- celliiry that it Ihould conform to, anc. be governed by, fuchlaws as the fiiperior (late thought proper to prc- fcribe. But this (fate of dependence being almoft for- gutien, and ready to be difputed by the Iri(h nation, it Mas tliot^ht proper, fome years ago, to declare how ihat matter flood : and therefore, by Uatute 6 Geo. I. ilisdeclaxed^ " that the kingdom ot Ireland ought to be fiibordiiute to, and dependent upon, ilie imperial crown of Great-Britain, us bein|f infeparably united thereto; and that the king's majcllv, with ilie confrnt of the lords and cornnions of Gre.it-I^iitain, h.iih power to make laws to bind the peopU; of Ireland." This determination of the Britilh uurliamcnt wa!>, however, far from being cordially n-ctivid by the Irilh nation in general, many of whom difpiitcd, more than ever, the dependency of Irelan 1 upon the parliament oF (ireat-Biitain. After many llriiggles, perceiving thtii* own (Ircngth by means ol their v(diint<.:er alPociations, and encouraged and favoured by the fcveral parlies con- tendiii;; lor the adminillration in England, the Irilh, in the year 178a, obtained a (ormnl repeal of the above galling (fatiite ; which w.-is conlidered as a renunciation, on the part of Great-Britain, of every claim of legillation over Ireland. Since this memorahle period, the Irilh government, with refpcdt to diifributive jiillico, has continued nearly the fame with that of I'^ngland. Since the fubjc^tion of this idand to England, it ha> received vicerovs under various appellations; but the chief governor IS at prcfent generally llyled the lord- lieutenant. The appointment of this great officer i»- entirely in the king's power. His jiirifdidions and au- thority are p npic, and, in fome degree, even royal ; but, at tht fame time, they are modilicd by the terms of his commillion ; being in fome rcllraincd, and irv others enlarged, according to the monarch''- pleafine, or the exigencies of the times. The lord-lieutenant isi ufually appointed for three years, but is often continueci- much longer. When any nobleman enters upon this great office, his letters patent are publicly read in the council-chamber i- and, having taken the iiluul oath before the lord-chan- cellor, the fword, which is to be carried before him, i»- delivered into his hands, aiul he is feate.l in the chair of If itc, attended by the lord-cliancellor, the members of' the privy-council, the peers and nobles, the king at anus, a I'erjeant at arms, and other olhcers of lf:ite. He has a cmiiicil comoofed. of the great olhcers of the crown, vi/,. the chancellor, trcafurer, and fuch of the archbiliiops, carls, bilho|)s, barons, judges, and gen- tlemen, as his majefty is picafed to nominate. VVhcn a lord-lieiiteiiant dies, or his place becomes vacant by fiirrender, or departure out of the realm without leave, by virtue uf a (tatute made in the reign of Henry VHI. the chancellor ilfjcs writs to the king's coimrcllors in- certain (hires, to appearand make an eledlion of another to ferve until the king fends a fucceHbr, and he is fworn accordingly. The parliament in Ireland, like that of England, is the fuprcmc court, convened by the king's writ, and prorogued or diflblved at his pkarine. Till very lately, thty were continued for the king's life ; but, (incc th& acccdion of his prefent majeffy, Irifh parliaments have been rendered oifennial. It coniilfs, as in England, of a houfe of lords and commons, among the former of which are many £ngliih peers, and commons of (ircat- Britait^.', 'I ■i ■< ll*< 1 1 I,, . If 1.. 1 1 I ■ I "J'''i It- 7ifi A NEW AND COMPLETE S:\'STKM ok UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Britain ; fc '^c few arc Papills, who, being properly qiialiHeii, are allowed to fit in this alitnibly ; the initn- bL>r of coiiinioiiers amount to ab hools. At t'u i'am- time it nviit be obfcrved, that the nioiuy necilfarv U.r thefe, and many other noble puipofes, is railld in fo eafy amethod, that the people are hardly f( : iible ot the impoil ; no taxis are laid on their land, and few on any of the branches of their trade ; their foreign commerce is not clogged with innumerable duties, nor the ncref furies of 1; le burdened with heavy taxes. In confequenrc "I this, labour is cheap, and their maoufadlures a • feiit to market at a moderate price, Thev nr^ ;„ "" lear ot being undeJ-fold by ioreigners, nor of beinir able i„ fiipply the ordersof their corrcfpondents. In a coiintrv like this, manufadurcs mud flourifli; anditwilliiivepl^/ fure to every ingenuous mind to know, that the lincasof Ireland are not excelled by any manufaflured in Europe A defcription of the ancient coins of Ireland, wouid be a needlefs undertaking, as they arc now totally dif ufed ; the money of England is at this time the ciirrencv ot that nation, with this difference only, that cue of our (hillings palTts there for thirtecn-pcnte, other pieces in the fame proportion. The land-forces now maintained in Ireland conHft of i,5,oc3 men, who have been oticn of fmgularfeivici; to England ; and their ntilitary force has been gradually increafcd by the many volunteer aH'ociatcd companies which have been lately formed in that kingdom. The moft uncultivated parts contain numbers of inhabitant:! that have very little fenfe either of divine or hiimaii laws, confequently regular forces are abiolutcly iiecef- fary for keeping them in order; witnefs the late mfur. redtions of the White-Boys, and other banditti, who were iniligated by their priells : though it mull be con- fetfed that many of the common people of Ireland have laboured under fuch oppretlions as afforded thcin lull grounds for difcontent. , "' The hiftory of this kingdom, like that of mod other nations, is involved in fable and obfcurity : it has been carried to a very remote antiquity, and may very jultly bcdidingiiillied into the legendary and authentic. Some of their writers have prefented tis with a fticeiflion of wife and learned kings, commencing a tew years after the deluge : others have given an tiimiterriipttd fiictef- lion of 197 kings of Ireland, to the year 1170 ; and even the more moderate Irifli antiquaries carry their hiltory up to about ^500 years before the Chriftian xra. But, as our limits will not permit tis to enlarge on the ilark and contelled parts of their hiltory, we Ihall only •.ibfervc, that it was about the middle of the filth cen- tury that St. Patrick introduced the knowledi^c of let- ters, and planted ChrilHanily in Ireland. The foil was very friendly to religion, and afforded the monks at omea fale retreat, and fufficient leifure to piirfiie their (todies. The invalion of the Danes and Norwe"iaiis, abniit the feventh century, dellroyed the peace of this af\lum; and it is highly probable, that the greatell part of the Irilhciialts were afterwards peopled by the Nor- mal s and Danes, commonly called Ealtcriings, who built the cities of Dublin, Limerick, Waiirford, VVcx- toid, and Cork, and reduced as much of the adjacen* (.ouniry as was convenient for their piKpnfc. Bur, as the reit of the kingdom offered nothing worth their contending tor, the native Irilh living molHy in ca- vcrns, and a few wretched houRs made of hurdles, aiul covered EUBOPE.] IRELAND. 717 covered with ftraw and rurties, the EaRerlirigs feetned fatisfied with the fea-coafts, without attempting to ex- tend their conqueft to the inland parts of the country. 'I'l.eir numbers were indeed too inconfiderablc to people the ilUndt their manners too barbarous to civilize it, and their neceflities too preiUng to be gratified with fo yiiavailing an acquilition. It is, however, probable that thefe foreigners formed alliances with the natives, and refembkd them in their inaiiiiers. The fertility of the foil, the temperature of the air, the convenience of its Ijarbours, which to other naiionsare the fource of r'chcs, v/c.e to the Iriih inat- ters of reproach. The faired bledings of nature lay un- improved by ignorance, nouri(hed by pride. Their healthful vigour was impaired by inaiStivity, and they feem to have been equally void of the virtues as well as the vices of mankind. In the time of Henry II. of England ;here were five ^ng; '!! Ireland. This prince, provoked at their pira- cies, and the alliflance they gave his enemies, deter- mined to fubdue them. Accordingly, he applied t9 Adrian IV. who then filled St. Peter's chair, and ob- tained an ample bull for the conqueft of Ireland. Soon after the pope's confent was obtained, a fair pretence offered for carrying this delign into execution. Der- itiot Mac Murrough, king of Leinfter, one of the moft oppredive tyrants Ireland ever knew, invaded the terri- tories of all his neighbours, and carried off the wife of O'Riiork, king of .Meath. Fired with this indignity, the injured prince formed an alliance with Roderic, king of Connaught, and Dermot was driven out of Ireland. Tbis diUreifed, he pallid over to lingland, in order to implore the protedlion of Henry II. This event hap- pened in the year 1167, while theEnglifli monarch was in Normandy, and prevented from aliilling Dermot in lerfon. He, however, recommended the caufe of the .rilh prince to fcveral of his barons, particularly to Strcngbow, earl of ^ -Tibroke, Robert Fitz-Stephen, and Morris F';tz-Geraid, Stroiigbow was a nobleman of unbounded ambition und laigo polfellions in Wales, where his tenants were numerous, and the iituation of his ellate very convenient ioT palling over to Ireland. S;rongbow therefore readily imdertouk to allill Dermot in the recovery of his coimtry, on condition tiiat tlie latter ilioiild give him his daughter in marriage, und leave him heir to his don.inions. It was aUo agreed that Derimt fhould cede for ever to I'itz-Stepheiis u.d Fitz- Gurald.the town of We.\Iord, with the two huiulntls adjiiining. The treaty being tinilhed, the adventurers landed ill Ireland, at the head ot a fniali body of forces, and foon rediiccil the city ot VVexlord ; and the ciiy ot Diihlin afterwards fiirrendered upon capitulation, by Kviii h it was agreed that the city Ihould continue in the poiF'.ilion of Hafculf, the Danifli prince to vvhc.m it be- longed. Tliefe fiiccefPes, which ought to have imited, ferved to aide the Irilli. Public fpirit, the only cement of paiiiouc union, was to them unknown ; diil'cniions, f infpired by revenge, envy, and avarice, prevailed among the chiefs, and Ireland fell a prey to the Englilh ; after a much lefs glorious flruggle indeed, but by the fame vices and miftakes which had before reduced Britain to a Roman province. Strongbow took the city of V a- terford, drove the Danijli prince from Dublin, and com- pleted his mairiage with Eva, the daughter of Dermot. Henry, alarmed at thcfc uiiexpefied ceiiquefts in Ireland, and the death of Dermot, which happened foon after, refolved to vifit that illand in perfon. Ac- cordingly he embaiked his forces at Pembroke in Wales, on board 400 tranfports, in the autumn of the year 1171, and the next day landed in Ireland, about iwa miles from Waterford. All the Irilli princes, cxcc])t the king of Ulfter, immediately repaired to Henry, and fubmitted to his government. Thus the king of Eng- land became matter of Ireland, without fliedding a drop of human blood, and in much lefs time than was fuf- ficient to travel over it. Henry kept a magnificent court, and held a parliament at Dublin, where iie par- celled out the eftates of Ireland among his followers, fettled a civil adminillration nearly refembling that of England, planted a colony from Briflol in that capital^ and returned to England. A few years after, Henry gave the litK, of lord of Ire- land to his fon John, who perfonally vifited that ifluiid Ih 118,5, attended by a company of Norinan knights. But John and his giddy courtiers made a very ill life of their powers, and, by their imprudent bch.iviour, in- curred the hatred of the people. Richard I. was too much taken up with the crufades to pay any great regard to the affairs of Ireland. King John, however, after his accedion to the crown, endeavoured to make amends fof his former behaviour to the Irilh. He enlarged his father's plan, and laboured to eflablilh a fclicme of policy in that kingdoin, upon the fame footing as in England. For this purpofe, he ordered tlcrling money to b: (truck ' at Dublin, according to the Englifli ftandaid : he ilfiicd a proclamation to render that money current in both kingdoms : he divided the illand into counties ; appointed theritts ; ordered a fair copy of the Englilh lavvs to be eiigrolled, and dcpolited in the exchequer at Dublin: he commanded the obfervance of the EnglifK laws and cultoms; ercfted courts of law on the fame pLiii, aiitl conlined iheir proceedings to the fame rules as tliofc in England. But, iiotwithllandiiig thefe noble attempts to civilize the Irilli, they were far from being fuiTicient to aiilwer the intended purj)ofe : the original inhabitants in many pans of the ifland were Itill go- v^ : ned by their own laws, and rcfufed to conform to the cultoms of the Englilh, or profit by their imj)rovc- lULius. Their prejudices were greatly increafed during the unfettled reign of Henry III. which gave them 4 very mean opinion of the Englilh government ; but we have no account of their dilturbing the peace of their country during the life of his fon Edward I. During the reign ol Robert Bruce in Scotland, the Irifh feetned willing to transfer their allegiance from 8 T the I ;ia. i : ''i 1/ i, ' 5 I'l* ,i ; !i;l '7j8 a new and complete SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. *he Englifh to the Sooitifh crown, anJ Brnce fciit his brother Edward, at' the licad of a ronfiilcrahle army, to alliit them againft the Englifli. Edward defeated the enemy in fcveral cngjgernents, was ai^tiially crowned king at Dundalk, bur mifcarricd in his attempt upon Diililin, and was afterwards defeated and ilain in battle by Birmingham, the En^lidi governor. Alter this dc- cilive adion, the Irifli (iibmititd, and EMwani IE in order to gain their confidence, governed thcin with great moderation, and palfed feveral excellent adls for the be- nefit of their country. Several of the fuccccding kings of England puvfued the fame conihuH; with fn^c^-fs ; and injny attempts were tnade to reduce the inhabitant^ to ai\ entire coiitor- niiiy with tlic laws of Knglnnd, but withoiit fiicccfs! Henry VIII. pcrfuaJed tiiat the title of kin:^ would have a more powerful etied on the Irilh than ib.it of lord, palled an ad of parliament, by virtue of which Ireland was ereded into a kingdom. He was not deceived : the Irilh, who had fo lotig refufed to acknowledge the authority to a lord, very readily paid a perfed fubmif- fion to a Riu'i. l'."vcn O'Ncil, who pretended to be the fiiccetVor to the lall paramount king of Ireland, fwore allegiance to Henry, who created him eail of Tyrone. The dominion of the Englifli over Ireland was how- ever Hill little more than nominal. The Iiilh princes and nobles, diviilcd among them fclves, readily paid the c\ttrior marks t)f obedience to a po\vtr they weie not able 'to relilb ; but, as no durable force was ever kept on foot to retain them to the'rdiity, they often rela])fed into their former (bte of imiependtnce. Too weak to introduce order and obedience ainong the rude irihabi- tanis, the Englifh power was only fullicient to check the growth of any tnterpiifing genius ainong the na- tives : and, thoi:gh it could bellow no true form of civil government, it was able to prevent the rife of any fuch f.rm, from tiie internal combination or policy of the Irilh. Mod of the Englifli inflitutions alfo by whioh that idand was governed, were to tlie \a(\ degree abfurd, and fuch as no llate before had ever thought of, fi>r preferv- ii( » doiiiiiiion over its conquered provinces. The minds of the iinglifl), always engaged on the romantic fcheme of fiibdiiing France, negltded all other enterprifes, to which their fiitiation to Itrongly invited them, and which woiild in time have acquired them an acctflioii of lichts, grandetir, and fecurily. T he Irilh feemed to have been very quiet during the reign of queen Mary ; but they proved thorns iu the fiile of queen Klizabeth. The pcrjietual difpiites Ihe had with the Roman Catholics, both at home and abroad, gave lier great unealineft ; and the p!>;ic and the l',(;i:(c of Aullria alwa)s tnund new refourcts againlt her in Irelan,!. The Spani.ird' poilellL-d thcmf'-lves of Kinfaie; and the rebellions of T^rotie, who baffled anil d'J'aied iii,r (av(iurite general, the (arl o( Kil'cx, are we. I known. But what Kli'tx diil not, p rli.ips could not perforin, was aitempted willi I'uccefs by lord Mountjoy, the firll Englilliman who gave a mortal hlmv to the pradires of the Spaniards in Ireland, by vvliofe fnggeftions and alliltance the flames of rebellion were kept up in that kingdom. Mounljoy totally defeattl the combined forces of the Spmiards and Irifli htlore Kinfaie, and tools Tyrone priloner. But this hanpen- ing at a time when Klizabeth was under ilreadfnl an. prehenfions from the Popifli interellin Ireland, Tyrone was pardoned, in i6os, though (lie had always intcndjd to b»fng him to condign piinifhment. The ifland was imw entirely reduced to obedience- but a more dif^mlt tafk Hill remained, to civilize the barbarous inhabitant', to reconcile ih.-m to laws aiul indiiilry, and to render their fidijedioii durable and ufefiil to the crown of England. James I. applied himfelf alliduoufly to this troubltfomc, but nectil'ary bufincfs. He forned a Heady, regular, well-concerted plan; and in the fpace of nine years tnade greater ad- vances towards the reforination of that kingdom than had been done during the interval finc^. the conqticll was attempted. But fuch was the influence of the potie and the Spaniards, that the earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel, and their party, planned a new rebellion, ami attempted to feize the caflle of Dublin ; but their plot being difcovered, their chiefs fled beyond the feas. They were not idle abroad; for in j6o8 they infiiyuied Sir Caliin O'Dagharty to a frefh rebellion, by^ro- miliiig hini fpeedy fupplies of men and money from Spain. Sir Calim was flain in the iifpuie, and his ad- herents were taken and execute;'. The attainders of the Irilh rebels, which paifed in the reigns of Elizabeth and James, veiled in the crown .511,46,5 acres in the counties of Donnegalj Tyrone, Colcraine, Fermanagh, Cavan, and Armagh; and enabled the king to make that Protcfl.mt plantation in the north of Ireland, which now, from the moll rebellious province in ihe kingdom, is the moll quiet and reformed. But thofe prodigious attainders, though apparently jufl and necef- iary, operated fatally for the Englilh in the reis^n of Ch,«rles I. The Irifli Roman Catholics in general were influenced by their priells, to hope not only to rcpolFcfs the lands of their forefathers, but to rcftorc the Popiih religion in Irel.md. l^hey therefore entered into a deep and moft deteifable confpiracy for inairacriiij; all the Englifli Protellants in that kingdom. This infernal fcheme was originally forincd in the year 1641 by Roger More, a gentleman of narrow fortune, but de- fcended from an ancient Irifli family, and much celc. brated among his countrymen for valour and capacity, Perhaps this horrid fchi'ine had never been tliou<;hiol, had not the unhappy dilienfions that then foblilled be- tween Charles I and his parliaments in En;..;land .ind Scotland, encouraged More to hope tli'J |Kefi.nl oppor- iimity favoured the cKccutioti of this diabolical iimkr- laking, which was perpetrated by the I'.ipills with a degree of infernal cruelty that beggars all iltfiripiinn, and tnigl.t IJiotk the bicalts of ail who have the leall feelings of lA'maniiy. Authors arc not agreed with regirJ Europe.]' IRELAND. * ^Mfc-* - -*- -ILm 719 ,c(73i(l to the numbers who fell a facrifice to wanton baibariiVi and frantic zeal; fome make them amount 10 iJO,ooo; but others, and with more probability, fav 40.000. Xhc Irilh dill not, however, long tfrapc unpnnifhcd; Crpiiiwell retaliated the cruellies they had excrcifcd on (iie innocent and peaceable Englilli, on themfelves, broke ihtir tb'rce and courage ; and Ireton, his Cuccef- fiir, totally fubdued the illaiid. Five millions of acres, lorlVitcd cither by the Popilh rebellion, or by their ad- htrcnis to Charles I. were divided partly among the adventurers, who had ad\ winced money to the parlia- ment, and partly among the Englilh foldier?, who had airtars due to them. Examples of a more fuddeii and \ioli.'nt thaiigo of property art fcarce to be found in liiiioiy. 'Ilic irilh having lately fmarted fo fevercly, were quiet during the reign of Charles II. but foon after tiie acceffion of- James II. to the crown of Eng- land, the iTiolt violent and precipitate methods were taken to rellore the Popilh religion in Ireland. Tyr- connel was veiled with full authority, and carried over with hiin as chancellor, one Fitton, a perfon lately CdnviiSed of forgery and other crimes, but who com- pmfated for all his enormities by a headilrong zeal for the Riinilh religion The Catholics were alfo put in poilellion of the council-table, of the courts of judi- eaniro, and of tlie bench of jullices. The Protellant nv.mnirs were ^.-xpellLd from the parliament, and their places fiipplied by Catholics ; it is therefore no won- der ihut tliii bigoted prince found (lielter in Ireland, alter he had abdicated the throne of England, and was evdi induced to hcpe that, by the aflirtancc of hi. Pjj'ilh fubjids, he Ihould be able to recover the ttiroiie of his anccftors. But the battle of the Boyne, wh.'re his whole army was totally defeated by king VViiliam, dtlhoycd all thefc flattering ideas, and he was obiigid to have recourfe to a foreign prince for pro- teclion. In confequencc of this defeat, moft of the l.irge eftates in Ireland were forfeited; and had the govern- ment difpofed of all the lands which fell into their hands, the greater part , now a very rJpectable kingdom. iMaiuifae'-lurts, efjiecially thoCi.- Oi linen, are curried on with fpirit and advasitage. Im- prnvcments are daily made in agriculture, and other lildnl ans. The inliubitants know their o\ui inteielt and importance. The Catholics are greatly lefTenetl with regard to ntjmbers; and the rays of learning have, in a great meafure, difoerfed the clomls of ignorance, and dilfipated the fury of blind enthufiallic zeal. Some acls of parliarnent have been made in their favour; failed beef, butter, poik, tallow, and other necelTaries of lit;, arc occafionally permitted fo be exported from Irelai; I into any of the ports of Great-Britain. But notwi^liflanding fome laws and rcgiilations had taken place in favour of Ireland, the inhabitants of that country were (till found to labour under conliderable grievances, in confeqiicnce of fundry moU uiijuft ami injudicious reftraints of the parliament of England re- fpedting their trade. In Octi)ber 1779, both houfes of the Irilh parliament prefented addrelles to his majclly, in which they declared that nothing but i^ranting Ire- land a free trade could fave it tVo;n rum. The members of the oppolition, in the Englifh par- liament very llrongly repreienteii the iiecellity of an im- mediate attention to the complaints of f he people df Ire- land, and of a compliance with their wilhes. The ar- guments on this fide the quellion were alfo enforced by the accounts which came from Ireland, that the vo- limteer allbciations in that kingdom amounted to 40,000 men, unpaid, felf-appointed, and independent of go- vernment, well armed and accoutred, daily improvmg in difcipline, and their number afterwards increafed to 80,000. The Britifh miniffry appeared to be for foma time imdetermined what part t bey Ihould ail in this im- portant b\ilinefs : but the remembrance of the fatal ef- fedo of rigorous meal'ures refpetling America, and the very critical litiiation of Great-Britain, at length in- duced the Britilli miniflry to bring in furh bills as were calculated to afford cominercial relief to the people of Ireland. Laws were accordingly palFed, by which all thofe ads were repealed which hud prohibited the ex- portation of woollen manufadures from Ireland, and other ads by which the trade of that kingdom to fo- reign countries had been retrained : and it \vas likewifs enaded, that a trade between Ireland and the Britifh colonies in America and the Well-Indies, and the Bri- tilli fettk'ir.ents on the coalls of Africa, fhould be al- lows to be carried on in the fame manner, and fubjcd to limilar regulations and rellridions, with tiiat carried on between Great-Britain and the faid colonies and fet- tleincnts. Thele laws in favour of Ireland were re- ceived with much joy and exultation in that kingdom. The commercial advantages afforded the Irilh by the ads above mentioned, have greatly contributed to pro- mote the- profperity of their country ; and, by the a£t repealing the flatute of 6 Geo. I. ihey arc fully and completely emancipated from the jcrifdidion of the parliament of Great-Britain : the appellant jurifdidion of the Brltidi Houfc of Peers in Irilh caul'es was like- wile given up. The lalt !)iaterial event refpeduig this country, is that, in the year 17^^;), t!ie governmeni, the nobility, and the people of Ireland, vied with each other in cjiinttnancing and sMnj an al\limi to many families of ;: \'' ■1 41 -fir 7CS0 ANLVv" ANn rOMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. of tlic Gcnocfc, ivlio were banillii.il from tlmir own cotintry, and to others wlio volimtaiily exiled tliein- fclvcs for the caiift; of liberty, not willing to fiibniit to nn ariltorraty of their own citi/cns, fiipported by the fwords of France and Sardinia. Tiicr-^ is a convenient town building for the reception of thefe people, wlioft emigration lliithcr will, by the maniifailures they arc cntjincd in, prove vjry beneficial to the country. 'rhc order of St. Patrick was inlHtiued Feb. ,5, 1783, and the in(tallati(in of the firlt knights was perl'oitiied on the 17th of March following. Itconfilb of the fove- rcign and fifteen other knights companions. The lord- lieiHcnant of Ireland for the time being officiates as grand-maflcr of :he order, and llie archbilhop of Ar- magh is the prelate, tiic archbifliop of Dublin the chan- cellor, and the dean of St. Patrick the regilter of the order. The knights arc i:i(blled in the cathedral of St, Patrick, Didilin, Ihcii' n.bes are fplendid, and the badge is three crowns united together in a crofs, with the motto round, Oiiisfep:anhit\ " Who (liall feparate?" 1783, fallened by an Irilh harp to the crown imjerial. The coat is encircled with a liar of eight poijus. This is the only order of knighthood in Ireland. Before we conclude ihc geography of the Britilli do- minions, it will be necelfary to give a fliort difcription of the illes of Man, Jerfey, Giieinfey, &c. as they all enjoy fonie local piivileges, and coidd not be compre- hended inulcr any of tlie foregoing general heads of the Britilli dominions. CHAP. XIII. The ISLE of M A N. Silualion, Buimhries, Ex'enf, Clima/f, Air, Soil, Prciliue, Caitle, Inhiibilants, GovtrnmenI, Towns, isfc. TH I S ille is fituatcd in St. George's Channel, between England, Scotland, ami lieland, its diltance from all three bi ing nearly etpial ; a ciitnim- flalite to which, according to fornc authors, it r)wes its prcfent name, which they derive from the Sax.)n word Mang, which liijjnitie.'- among. It was formerly diltingnilhui by feveral .litflrent appellation:., as Muna, •whivh f-cms to have been a ginerical name with the ancientN it)r ai.y di tachtd illand ^ Moiiotd.i, Moiiabia, Menavia, Eiilmnia, and Man.-v. Its length liom north to I'vMnh !•• about tliirtv inilcs ; its breailih from cad to we.f jh'iul twelve : the middle ol the lll.uid ins in 154 deg tfi mill, nojih l.it. and in 5 deg. 8 hum. wed long. It IS ilui led int.' t' iiIilm p.;rilhe>, .md iius foin to.M.s, where 'he grc iter pirt ol tlie trade 01 the illaiul is carried on. I'lu- v. eailier in this illaiul is lef- varia ble than that of Eiiglaiul. but the fiiiiimers ..,<■ llmrtei and cooler, and the witjtcrs more fevire. The air i^ ex cedingly pure and whoif.mr, aiii the foil, in iln hilly paii>, barren ^ but in liiu vallies and cliatnpaigu country very fruitful ; thefe abound in corn, barley oats, rye, hemp, flax, roots, pnllt:, and hue pafturc. This illaiul abounds in a fmall breed of black e.iti|f and on tlu; mountains are great numbers of hoi>s ami Iheep, which run wild, and are never hoiifed • the meat of both is excellent. The hoi lis which are bred in this illand are very fmall, but fvvift and hardv 'I'here arc no foxes, baiigers, otters, fnakes, cVc. and it is alfertcvl, that a frog was not to be found in ilie nlace till fome fpawn was brought over from Ireland Eagles, and a fpccies oi n.-Mtled hawks, inhabit the illand ; and, in a Grciil illand called the Calf of M^, feparatcd from the Ille of Man by a narrow channel' an infinite number of fea-fowl harbour, among wjiid,' arc claik gecfe. or barnacles, and thole delicious birds called piiflins, laid to breed in the holes of the rabbits which for that ti;iie leave them to tuefe Ifrangers. TSe old ones leave their young all day, and fly to the {, and, returning late at night with their prey, dif^orgejt into the flomachs of their young; by which nuans they become almoll an entire lump of fat. In Aiipult they are hunted, as it is called, and no lefs than ,5000 of thefe young fowl arc generally taken every year thefe are moflly eaten on the illand, but many of iheiii are pickled, and fent abroad as prefents. A ridge of mountains, which runs alinofl the whole length of the illand, furnilhes the inhabitants with excellent water, together with peat and turf for fuel. The Ille of Man contains about 20.000 inhabitants- who are in general very peaceable, hofpitable to llran- gers, and charitable to the poor. The I > dais live in thatched hut„, which they fecure agaim. ;he high winds, common to this place, by a contrivance made of ropes-of draw ; but the gentry relide in exceeding good houfes, biiill of ftone, and roofeil wiih ILte, Their method of improving their lands is by manuring them with fea-weed, lime, anci marie, or fomttimcs by folding their Ihcep upon them, whereby they procure excellent crops of wlieat, notwithdamliiig wliiih the common bread of the country is made ol oaiineal. The curiolities of this illand conliH chieHy in Runic fepiilchral infcriptions, written in the old Norwegian language; monuments of brafs and large white lldiits; daggers and (.tlier inllriiments ol brals, wliieli have been found buried under ground, together with nails of pure gold. At prcfent its trade confiUs in black cattle, lamb's wool, tine and coarl'e linen cloth, hides, Ikins honey, tallow, and herrings, of whah the inhabi'aiit.s f irinerly cXjiortcil twenty ilioiifand banels a;'!,iiullv to Friiice auil oth:r foieign (ountries: and it is to he luipcd that tins tilhcry will now iiicreafe, the Hritilh parliament having lately given a \eiy conlideruble fiini of money lor the eiK'jurageiiicnt ol tliat iil Jul undertaking. The language ultd by the 1 itives, is railicaily Erfc, or Irilli, sMih a mixture ol Latin, (ireek, Wilih, ; ) I luiulidi word.-. This ciMnpoliiion is tenneil Minks; the New TtUamcnt and Cominon-i'rayer have iven 1 tianlliicd PHY. in corn, barley, id tine jyaftiire. A (if black tattle, ibfis of iiogs and ver hoiifcil ; the js vvliicli are bred fwift and hardy. , fiiakcs, &:c. and to be lound in tlie )vcr from Ireland, awks, inhabit the tlu- Calf of Man, a narrow ciiaiinel, Hir, among which lofc delicious birds ties of the rabbits, ifc ffrangers. Tic and Hy to the i. ir prey, diJVorgeit by which means if fat. In Atigull I no lefs than ,i;ooo taken every year; but many of ihcm .-nts. IS alinoft the whole L" inhabitants with and ttirf for fuel. 20.(ico inhabitants; hofpitablu to llian- riic K> ' "lafs live ire againi. ;he high a contrivance tv.ade reliilc in exceeding roofed with ILtc. nds is by rnaniiring larle, or fometimcs icrcby they iirotiire (landing which the adc (d oatmeal. It chiefly in Runic tlic old Nc)ivve'4i,in c white Ihines which have igcthcr with nails of 1 1 braf^ arL irai black cat'le, lamb's tides, fkin., honey, nbabi'ants fnriiictly ;.!,iially '0 France is to be- Imped that Ikiiilh parliament rablc fnin ol money 1 iiiuleriaking. S IS radically Eifc, Crreek, Willh.^ :' 1 is termed Mii'lis: im-lVaycr have i^cn tranlluitit Europe.] ISLE or MAN. 721 tranllated into this language. Strangers, being unac- fltiaintcd with their laws and langtiage, are forced to employ others to plead for thein ; and it is not long fiiice ih«y had any attorniw, conffqnciilly law-fuits were determined without much charge. The tenets of the church of England are profelL-d by the inhabitants. Chrillianity was tirlf planted Itcie bv St. Patrick about the year 440. The cathedral if deditat-d to St. Gerinain, who was the firll billiop of the Ille. There are i; parilli rhuichcs in the 1(1,; of Man, and each ot ilie inarket-towiis has a cha- Tlic bifhop of Sodor and Man enjoys all the fpiriliial {w\Yh and pre-eminence of other biihi'iis, but docs not fit'in tlu Briiidi Hoiife of Peers; hi^ ice never havi;'.t; been created into an Englilh barony. One of the tnoil excellent prelates who ever adoriicel the; < pifcopal cha- raiiK'r, was Dr. Thomas Wilfon, bilhop of JvIju, who prchdcd over that dioccfc upwards (;1 ,07 y.ius, and died in the year i-pr,i^, aged <)3. He wa' eiiiiri.'ntly dillinunilhed for the jnciy and txeinplariner> oi hi.s life, bis benevolence and bofpitalif, and his unrcinitting attention to the intercll'^ ot tiie people intnilled to his care. He encouraged at',iicnlttire, eltablilhed fcliopls f(ir the inftruJVion of the children of the Inhabitants of thcillmd, tranflated (uiiie e)f iiis dcvoii(-na! pieces into the Mank language, to lender thcin more generally iifefiii, and foiiniled parochial libraries in every parifh in h s dioccfe. Some of his notions rcfjjce'-ding govern- ment and cluirth difcipline were not of the molt liberal kind, but his tailings were fo lew, and his virtues fo niimei'iiis and confpiciioiis, that he was a great blefling te. the Ille of Man, atid an ornament to hiitnan nature. Cardinal Fleiiry had fo much veneration for his cha- radcr, that, cut of regard to him, he obtained an order Iroin tlie court of France, that tio privateer of thi: nation thonld ravage the Ifle of Man. The eccle- fiallical courts are held by the bilhop either in perfon, or by his vicars general ; the archdeacon in perfon, is hisclliciai. Eccleftaftical difcipline ii" here maintained very ibiclly according to the canons ; and the better to feciiro it, the biihop calls a convocation of his clergy, at lead once a year, in order to inquire how the dill i- plinc of ttte church has been obfervcd, and to make fuch conltitiitions as are ntcellary for its better govern- ment, in all the courts of this illand, ecclcliallical and civil, both men and women, who are natives of the illund, ufnally plead their own caiill ■;. There arc no Papills natives of this illand, nor Dilllntcrsof any de- nomination, except Quakers. If the billiop's tenant is fmmd guilty ol a capital e rime, for which he may be tried in the bifliop's court, and by a jury of his te- nants, he forfeits his lands to the bifhop, but his otrfon and moveables are at iJie: king's difpufal. This illand ii unilcr the immetliatc comma'id of a governor, whorefides at Caflle-'l own, and is ;ippoinied by his niajeily. He has power over all olilcers, civil and military; and to him, as chancellor, there lies an ajipeal in matters of right and wrong, and from him to the king in cotmcil. The fiip'cinecourt of the ifland, termed the 'ling- vvalil, is held on a hill near the centre of the illani- ritual and temporal, the two deemllers, and twenty- four keys. The two deemllers are the temporal judges both in civil and criminal canfcs ; and the twenty-four k;ys are perfons fo denominated from folving, or as it A -.re unlocking, the dilHculties of the laws. Their hiifiiicfs is to make new laws, alFift the deemllers in iiiicrpr ling thein, and to decide all difficult cafes. In the ti;igwald every perfon has a rig' t to prcfent ai.y iincontjuon grievance, and to have his complaints heaul and redrellcd in the face of the whole country. All mvv laws, having lull been agreed to by the governor, Council, dcemder.s, twenty foor keys, and received ilic royal allent, are likewife- piiblillud in this court. The coiin.ll cif the III- of Man conliils of the go- vernor, uilh jp, arcli-dcacon, the two vicars-general, the receiver-general, the comptroller, the bailiif, ani the attorif.ygeneral. This illand is divided into fix flicathings, each of which has its coroner, who, in the name of the IlieritF, is intrulteil with the peavte of his dlilridt, by fecuriiig criminals, aiul bringing ihcm tojuilice. Amoaraud a captain are likewife two odicers belonging to every parilh. The former of thefc, who are properly the king's bailiffs, arc changed yearly, and obliged to be anf.verablc for the rents in their rtfpc'live d;vilions. The captains have the care of the militia or trained bands In this ifland, if a ftngle woman prufeclites a fingle man for a rape, and he is found guilt}', the deemdcr, orjiirtice, delivers to the woman a rope, a Avoid, and a ring, which gives her the choice of having him hanged, beheaded, or, by marrying l.im, faving hislife'. 1 he principal towns are Calile-Town or Caltle- RiifUn, Peele, Douglas, and Ratnf>.a; all of which are lituated on the fca-Ceiafl. Caillc-Tenvn is the metropolis of the illand, and derives its appellation from a biauiifiil old, but (lill entire ca!l!e, built of accmilV kind ol marble. Here the governor and cliief olVi.crs relide, the cliancery is kept, and thealii/es are held twice a year. Peele was denominated H olm-To wegians, fanti a finall ill.inJ aeljaccnt to it. wherein llands the cathedral, at this time in ruins, except the chancel, which is kept in repair bv the billioo. Tlio- mas, earl of D^iby, iiotwitlillatiditig this iiie was fnf. liciemly llrcngthened by nature, furrcMirided it with a wall, towers, and other fortilicaiioi;^. ( ;i late the town of Peele has be'cn much enlarg.d, Icveral cxeel- lent hollies having been built by lucichanis fettled ihere. Douglas is the richcil and moil pf.iiilons town in the whole ifland, has the belt maikei, und enjoys the greutell trade. The harbour, win. ii has a line mole 8 U txtcnding Ml liy t!ie Nor- ««•■'■ I-,. ■it I'i I'Li* >:«! . 1 i'v; }ii|»i i:;l 728 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. extending inlo the fta, is cftctincd one of the ht(l in l!ic three kingdoms. There is a frcc-fchool, and no'jle warchoufcs, vault!', and cellars bcforyng to the mer- chants. Ramfea was formerly a very inconficicnble town, but its trade has increafcd conliderably of late yfjrs. It is noted for a fpacioiis bay, in which fliips inay ride fafc from all wind*', except tiie noriii-tall, ixrA thi har- bour is tolerable. History of riit Isle of Man. THE Ida of Man is a diflinft territory from Eng- land, and is not governed by our laws; neither doth any a6t of parliament extend to it, unlel's it be parti- cularly named then in, and then an ad of piirli.mieiit is binding there. I'reqiient mention is trade in hidory of the kings of Man, but we can hnd no regular account of their fucceflion. This illand was formerly a fiibordi- natc leudatory kingdom, fnhjcc't to the kings of Nor- way ; then to king John and Henry HI. of England; afterwards to the kings of Scotland, and then to the crown of England; and at length we find Henry IV'. claiming the illand by right of conquelt; and dif- poling "f it to the earl ol Nortiuimberland; upon ■wliofe attainder it was granted, by the narne of the LonUhipof Man, to Sir John de Stanley, by let- ters patent, 7th Henry IV, In his lineal defcend- tnts it continued fortigh.t generations, till the death of Fcrdinando. earl of D^rby, A. D. i^o-li when acon- troverfy arofe concerning the inherii.ince thereof, be- tween liis daughters and William his fnrviving brother; upon w liich, and a doubi that was tlarted concerning the validity of the original patent, the illand wasfeized into the hands of tiie queen (Eli'zabeth), and aftcr- ^v3lds various grants were made ol it by Jarnes 1. all whii-h being expired, or furrcndered, it was granted afielh, in 7th James I. to William, earl of Derby, and the I'lcirs male of his body, v\iih remainder to his heirs i^enerr.l ; which grant was the next year confirmed by uuof parliament, with a rellraint of the power of alienation by the faid eail and his ilfuc male. On the d'.ath ot James, earl of Derby, A. D. 173,31 the male line of earl William failing, the duke of Athol.fuc- cecded to the illand, as heir general by a female branch. In the mean time, though the title of king had been difuftd, the earls of Dciby, as lords of Man, had iniiiitaincd a fort of royal authority therein, byafllnt- iii' to. or diillriing from laws, and exercifingan appel- laie jurif'iicTio.r. ^\t, ihinii;h no Eng'!/]) writ or procefs fr«>in file court: oi VWIimiiilicr \\as of any authority in P'.fan, an appeal 1 1) (Vom a decree of a lord of rhe i'land to the king of Gre.it Biit;iin in council ; but the dillindl iuriidivti'in of t!iis little fiibordinate royally being VkJUiid iiicunvcnicut Icr ti.c purpofes of public juilice, and lor the revenue (in aflording a commodious ,fvi„m tor debtors, ouilawt., and fmngy.ltrs) amhority w« given lo the freafuiy, by (lat. 12, Geo. I. c. 28 to purchafc the intereft of tile then proprietors foriheufe ot the :rowri; which purchafc was at length com pleted in the year 176J, and confirmed by (latutci '» V"m ■' *■"■ ""'■ ""'' '^^' ^''*-'''=''y tl'e whole illand and all its dependencies, iogranitil as aforefaid (exccnt the landed properly of the Alhol family, their niaiio- rial rights and emoluments, and the patronage of die bifhopric, and other eccleliallical bcneficesi, art uiialim- .ibly vefled in the crov'n, and fubjedled to the rcmik! tions ot the Briiilh excifcand cufloms. CHAP. XIV. The ISLE of WIGHT. Situation, Extent, Climate, Soil, Produce, Chief Tcwn, Forts, (Jc, THIS delightful illand is confidered as part of the county of Southampton, and within the diocufe of Wincheftcr. It is lituateJ over-againft the coall of Hampthiic, being feparated from it by a f-lian- nel, which varies in breadth from two to feven miles. Its greatert length, from call to weft, is nearly twenty, ihiec miles; and its breadth, from north to foiitli, about thirteen. The purity of the air, the fntiliiy of the foil, and the beauty and variety of the laiul- fcapes of the illand, have obtained' it the appella- tion of the garden of England. In the foutliern parts, the air is in general particularly healthy; the foil is various; but fo grett is its fertility, that it was long ai;o computed that more wheat was produced here in ms year, than could be confumed by the inhabitants in eight; and under tiic great improvements of agriciil- tiiie, and the adilitional quantity oi land lately brought into tillage, its prtfent produce is ftippolld lo have ni.ire than ke])t pace witii the increafe of popiiluiioii. 'i"hroiigh the middle of the ifland, a range of hillscx- tcnils from tall to well, which affords line pafhire hir llieep. Every part of the illand afrords a great number of beantitnl and pic.hirtfque profp;-<1s, not only in the palloral, but alio in the great and romantic ilvle; of lliefc beaiJiies, the gentlemen of the ifland have availed tlteinfelves, as well in the choice of (itiiatinn of their houlVs, as in their ciher improvements ; fome of their country-feats are very eleg.mt ; in Ihort, the iflatid .t- felf is ufu'M viliied by pa. ties of pleafure oii accjtuit of Its delightful fcenes. Dome:lhc lowls and poiiltiy are bred here in great numberv ; and from this illardl tin: outwanl-bounel (hips and veU'els at Spiilifiil, tiie Mother-Bank, aiiil Cowes, commonly furnilh them- fclvcs with thole articles. Tlie.'C arc thirty parillies in the Illc of Wig'it. Molt altliy ; the foil is F.UROPE.] JERSEY, GUERNSEY, AI.DERNEY, and SARK. 723 j^oll ot the farm-houfes are built of Hone,. ami even the cottages appear neat and comfortable, having each a little garden belonging to it. According to a very accurate compulation, made in the year 1777, the in- habitants then amounted tu 18,024, cxclulivc of the troops quartered thore. Newport, which may be confidcred as the capital town, Hands nearly in the centre of the iliand. The three principal flreets extend from ead to vvefl, and are crolfed at right angles by three others, all which are fpacioiis, clean, and well paved. The river Medina empties itfelf into the chanel at Cowes-Harboi.,-, dif- tar.t about five miles, and, being navigable up the river, renders it commodious for trade. There are fcveral forts in this ifland, which were all ercdled about the thirty-fixth year of Henry VIII. when many other fo. ts and blockhoufcs were built in diiferent parts of the coaft of England. CariA)rooke- Caftlc has been rendered remarkable by the confine- ment of king Charles I. who, taking refuge here, was detained a prifoner, from November 1647 to September 1648. Alter the execution of the king, this callle was converted into a place of confinement for his child- ren; and his daughter, the princcfs Elizabeth, died in it. CHAP, XV. THE idands of Jersey, Guernsey, Aldernev, and Sark, in the Britifh channel, arc all fubjeft tn England, and within the diocefe of Winchcllcr. They Tie in a chiftcr in Mount St. Michael's Bay, be- tween Cape La Hogiie in Normandy, and Cape Frebelle in Brittany, Sark being four, Gucrnfcy fcven, and Alderney nine leagues from Jcrfcy. The ifland of Jersey, which was known to the Romans, and by them called Ca:farea, is lituated in 49 deg. a6 min. weft Ion. eighteen miles welt of Nor- mandy, and eighty-four miles fouth of Portland. It is about twelve miles in length, and eight in breadth. The rocks on the northern fide forma natural and in- jicellible fortification ; but to tlic fouth the iibnd is ahiioll level with the water. The air is very falubri- oiis; and the foil, particularly in the v.iliies, rich, i'niitail, and well-cultivated ; but there is no wood for tiring. The higher land is generally cijipropriated for orchards, and great (luantitici of excclkiir cyder are made there, 'rhcre are no animals in this iliar)d wliich are not found in Eiij^land, but it is well llo^kcd with bij.k cattle and (lieep. i'"il]i and wild fowl ot every kind abound there, and fonie of thefe arc peculiar to the place. The Jerfey honey is eltccined very deli- ClilUS. The whcile ifiand is divided into twelve piirillies, and ti- .apilal town is St. Holier, which comi;i;iis a number ol eueaiing good houfes, and makeuii tUg-iui appcar- 1 .. - . . ance. The people, who arc about 20,000 in number, employ themli.lvts in cultivating their orchards and a manutadlurc of knit (lockings and caps, wherein their commerce chiefly confills, though they carry on a con- liderablc trade in fi(h to Nevvlonndland and the .Mcili- tcrranean. Their language is French, hut mofl of (hem intermix it with Eiiglilh words. The i'fcli(»i()a here, and likewifc in the other three iflaiuU, is that of the church of England. The governor is appointrd by the king, but the civil adininiihation is veiled in a bailiff, ailifted by twelve jurats. The property of this iliand formerly b.-longed to the Carterets, who were originally Normans; andjirlly, being the chief remains of the duchy of Normandy, depending on the kings of England, ftill preferves tlie ancient feudal forms, pai'.icularly the alfembly of ftates, which is, as it were, a miinulure of the Driiiih parliament, as fettled in the reign of Edward the firlt. Guernsey, which is likewife part of the ancient Norman pairimonv, is thirteen miles and a half from fouth-weft to north-eaft, and twelve and a half where broadell, cad and weih It has an harbour, at St. Peter le Port, guarded by two forts, one called the Old- Caltle, the other Caille-Cornet. The iliand is divided into ten parilhes, to which there arc but eight rninif- ters, four of the parilhes bi.'ing luiiicd; and Alderney and Sark, which are appendages of Gucrnfey, having one apiece. Though this is a much more defirablc fpot, it is not fo populous as Jerfey, and confeciucntly not fo valuable, becanlc Itfs cultivated. It aboinids, however, in cyder, and in mod other refpcds rtfein- bles the iliand lalt defcribed ; but want of firing is the greatelt inconveniency that both illands labour under. The ninnber of inhabitants in this, and thj illands of Al- derney and Sark, are computed at 23,000; they fpeak the French language. Aldurney is fcparated from Normandy, by a nar- row llrcigitt, called the Race of Alderney, from the prodigious velocity of the current ; othervvife it is fafe, and has depth of watjr for the laigell iTiips. This iliand, which is about eight miles in compafs, has no- thing in it remarkable but a fine breed of cows, many of which have been brought into England, where they are known by the name of Norman cows. It has u healthy air, and fruitful foil. Sakk. is a very fmall ifland depending upon Gucrn- fey, from which it does lun differ in any thing mate- rial ; the inhabitants are long-lived, aiul enjov, from the produces of nature, all the convenitncies of life ; their m;niber is about ;joo. The IsLii.s OF SciD.v, anciently called the St- Lu:U';s, area duller of d.mgerons rocks, to the ntini- her of 140, lying about tliiity miks from the Lund's- Eiid in Cornwall, of wliu li county tliey arc reckoned a part. Some of thefe illands are well inhabited, and have large and fecure harbours. Thefe rocks b^ing fiiualcd between the EngUih ciianncl and St. Georgia's .; , . CiUilliel, ! '! ii; 1 , .■' ' I:, llu^ 'ms-isi i^m I ;: ' \ i h f'. m>Jl ■■::!>■] I, ;: M' '!■• ■ "1 ■M'' •1- -■ 724 '•~7r- A NEW AMD COMPLETE <5YSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPHY. chatini:!, many Itnps and lives have been deflroyed by them. CHAP. XVL The N E T II i: R L a N D S. Situation, Extent, D!vifnns, Rivtrs, Animuls, Product, Pifiulution, Trade, Language, Learning, Religion, ifc. THESE provinces, which are feventecn in number, obtained the general name uf Netherlands, Pais I3as, or Low Countries, trom their fituation in refped of Germany. They were formerly part of Gallia Bel. gica, and afterwards of the circle of Bcleium, or Bur- gundy, iti the German empire. Their muation is be. tween a and 7 deg. eaft long, and between 49 and 54 north lat. and extend, from north to fouth, 350 milei • the breadth, from call to weft, is 300. Their boundariel are, the German fea, on the north ; the Briiilh cl.an- ncl, on the weft ; Germany, on the call ; and Lorrain in France, on the fouth. The United Provinces arc, proptrly fpeaking, eight • viz. Holland, Overy (Tel, Zealand, I ■ - '■-■ -t;- .,"_,. -*ff i*'_f --ifV'yiJ-'^fr'^-'^-:^*^ ■ 7«5 i but in the northern, Irp, and the fumirer leat or cold, however, , The air is foggy, llefomc, if not puri- {he cJ\ wind ulitally jfing which fcafon jup. The foil is by i, an obrtacle which las in a great meafiire &c. to drain their arc rendered fit for llage. 5 Rhine, one of tha t|}c ; the Maefc, the rtt, we ihall defcribe he Macfe, after di- d again uniting thefe, jtcrdam. The Scheldt, ■ two branches, called L the firft feparating I other running north Wards, ea(t, between >wen, falls into the ins from eaft to weft el, and falls into the laller rivers that join nals. There arc fewr t The bell arc thofo riulhing. The har- i of the larged and entrance of it, over hout being lightened lake in this country^ 'am and Leyden, by I as thofe in England. !in Denmark and the fatten to a prodigious ' than thofe of any breed of (hccp, whola is faid that in fomi volves. Storks^ biiil^ (leing birds of palfagd, ih their young, about return till February, rivers there, are th« ihcy have no herrings excellent oyder beds ithcfe provinces ; but tobacco, and a littl* r are fent yearly from |of roots and gardtn- ■.'he provinces, how- 1 padures, fine groves in fuch pcrfedion as !tie flowers. ' According ; I'i! 11.;' •V'Jl m> WW ■fv f ■ •: k ft ; l%n^ 1; * I « -:?•.« 724 A NEW ~- , r T r- T — I k hai>ncl, nuny Ihipi i tlictn. I C H The NeI| illuation, Extent, D.'t\ Ptpiiliitiiii, T'radt, L(i ^'^HESE provinces, X ubtaiiR'd the gem iias, or Luvv Countriu Cdunties N Overyllll Holland Giii-'lilctl.ind !■ riedand Ziiiphcn Cjroiiingen Utrecht , Zealand Tcxcl and other id The United ProvinC dcg. call long, and 51 miles in length, and all arc boiindd by the C weil ; by Wcltphalia, 1 Brabant, ami the diich) fubdivilions and chief ti Hcf Subdivisions. South Holland EUKOPE.] DUTCH NETHERLANDS. 7*5 Subdivisions. Schowen M. Dcveland... S, Bcvcland DuyvclanJ Ch. Towns. f Ziirickzcc. ■ \Drcwcrs-Havcn. .Tolcn. .Calts. •Ttrgoes. 3- FRIESLAND. North Eafl or ilollaml. Sfvenvvolden Oftcrgoc, Wcftcrgoe. f Lcuwarden. \ Dockiirn. / Franker. ' \Harlirigen. . ..Sloot. 4. GRONINGEN. NortliEaft'l /Groningen. OF ^ Groningen < Winfcholtcn. Holland. J *• The Omlands Dain. 5. OVERYSSEL, / Devrntcr. ZuiderSea. / \Zwall. The Drente Coverden. Invent: Otmarzen. Eall of the -1 jf^,^„j lerSea. / i. GUELDERLAND and ZUTPHEN. 'Arnhclm. Velewe ^ Loo Palace. lardcwick. Nimeguen. Skcnkenfchans. $)utli-Eaft of Holland ^ indUtrccht rA Ih rNi Betew, olim Batavia< Skc....w... l.Bomfnel. rZntphen. < Doer burg LGroll. Zutphen L Guelder Quarter, f Guelder, fubjctEl to I Pruflla. J Venlo, fubjeft to I. the Dutch. ;•, UTRECHT IN THE MIDDLE. ' )ii the old Channel of the Rhine . . Utrecht. North of the Old Rhine Amersfort. bmith of the Old Rhine Diierliardwyck. The United Provinces, which are about ninety itiiles ililiant from the Englifli coaft, lie very low, having Dtiiher mountains, riling grounds, nor forclU, to di- \crfify the fcenc ; and the country, when viewed from I tower or lletple, has the appearance of a continued i^arlh or bug, drained at certain diilances by innume- rfc llii' f- ,! < \ . ^ t \ >: (■ i 1 1*1 t '. ■ir- ji ?\ I 72€ A NEW AND CQMrLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. According to the be/f calciilatio'i, tlic Sjvch United Provinces contain 113 cities and fown.s, 1,400 viiiagt's, and about two millions of inhaliitiii.ts, who are dil- tingiiillied by the general appellation of the Dutch. They are iiUiaily tail and (Irong built ; the women have good (kins and tolerable ftainres, but both f.xes. ti\: very clunify in their ihapcs, '■) which their drtfs contributes greatly, for the men w.ar coats without plaits, and their long pockets reach ncaiiy to their artn-pits: the women have their petiicoat-', of which tluy wear a great number, no lower liun the middle of their legs; their wailts are exceilively Ihort, and on t?ifir heads they fometiincs wear a plain roinnl-carcap, but frequently only a black ribband, tied in a p;ir- licular manner : this, however, is not to be underltood of the higher ranks of people, wiio imitate the French greatly in iheir method of drefs and living. The man- ners of the people differ according to their fiiuations in life. The gentry are polite and hofpiiablc. The tradefmen are no otherwife honc-ft than the law, or the dilVernment of the perfons they deal with, obiigi-s them to be fo ; for whenever they can evade the one, or im- pofe upon the judgment ot the (Jthc, they fcld( ' fail to i!o it. The boors or hufbaiutmen aie exccei'.ingly dull of underlbnding, impatient if treated harlhly, but ealily guided by gentie meiliods, atid yieldnig to the conviflion of plain reafnnii^g, it they are allowed time to comprehend it. The feainen are a plain, rough, furly, ill-r.iannercd people, feldom making tife of more words thati is necelfary about their biilinefs. Kvery clals, however, agrees in being exceedingly inilullrious and frugal, never fpcnding the whole of their income, let it be ever fo trilling. They are naturally phleg.natic, and feldom in a pallion, except heated by lupior, or pro\oked by any one adling contrary to their interell, \\hich is dearer to them than life ; in every other re- fpecl, they are quiet neighbours, and peaceable fub- jecls. Tiio'ij^ii a Dmchnian, when dinnk, is gtiilty of every a\u\ f..c;iirifig, from tiie inoillure of the air, which caules metals to rnlt, and wood to mould, mc^re than in any other countrv. 'I he nob, lily, mas^illrates, and rli.li merchants, who ha\c retired Irom trade, en- deav(nir to rnal each other in the beauty of their C(juip::ges, and the elegance ui their huuies and fur- niture. Among the middling ranks of people, the,j is fcarce any diilindlion between mal'ters and (civanis a:id it would be ditlicult for a ftranger, at (iiit ;,„|„' to know the on: from the other. ' No country can vie with Holland in the number of thofe inhabitants, whofc lot, if not riches, is at Ica.l a comfortable fulTicicncy, and where fv-nver failures or bankruptcies occur. Honce, in the midll of a niii'. titiide of taxes and contributions, fnch as no other country experiences, they flourilh and grow rich. From tins fylfematic fpirit of regularity and moderation ji>itied to the moll obllinatc pvirfey.cranft,' they im' ceedjd in the fhipcndous works of draining their country of thofe inlmenfe deluges of water tlut ha,i overflowed a confideraMe part of. it during many aajs while at the fame they brought under their fnlijedlioil and command the rivers and feas that furroiiiul ihein by dykes of incredible thicknefs and ftrength, and mad" them the principal bulwarks on which they rely hit the protedlion and faftty of their territories a^ainll the incurlions of an enemy. To this end, tliey Lave covered their frontiers and cities with inniunerab!'' (luices ; by means of which, at the (horteft notice, the moll iiwpetuoiis inundations arc admitted, fo that tiif become in a few hours inacccHible. Their rematiiable frugality and perfeverance lias alfo enabled them though labouring under the greatefl difficulties, not only to throw off the Spanifli yoke, but to attack that ptjuerful nation in the moft tender parts, by feizing her rich galleons, and forming new cftablilhmcnism Africa, and the Eaft and Wefl-Indies, at the cxnciifc of Spain, and thereby becoming, from a defpicablc province, a moft formidable enemy. The rife of their military and marine cflablilhments was alfo eqiiallv wonderful, lince, in their celebrated contention with Louis XIV. and Charles II. of England, they main- tained no lefs than 150,000 forces, and upwards of eighty (hips of the line. But a fpirit of frugality is not now l"o univerfal among the Dutch as it was fi)rinerlv: the ri. h traders and mechanics begin to adopt Eni'liih and I'Vench luxuries in drefling and living ; th^'irno- bility and high magiltrates, who have retired from trade, rival thofe ot any other part of Europe in their tables, buil.iiiigs, Inriiiiiire, ami equipages ; gamingis llkewife praclifed among many of their falhionabie ladies, and fome of them difcover more propeniitvto gallantry than was known here in former times. The (unimer diverlions of the Dutch differ little from thofe of the Englitli ; and in winter they (hoot wild gecfc and ducks: they delight in (kating, at which they are very expert ; and it is amazing to fee with what in- conceivable velocity both men and vvonicn dart, or rather fly along ii|)r)n the ice, having perhaps at the lame time a load on their heads. '1 he ufiial way of palling from town to town in Hol- land is by C(jvcred boat.s called treckfciiits, which are dragged along the canals by horfes on a (low iinifurm trui, fu that pall'engers reach the differciu towns where r >ti'y 1 lown to town in Hol- l trcckfcnits, which are orlcs oil a (low iiiiit'orm ie dift">;rcnt towns where ihcy Et;.RO?E.] bUTCH NETHERLANDS. 7«7 (liey are to flop, precifely at the appointed inftant of time- This method of travcMing is exceedingly con- venient to the inhabitants, and very cheap, but at the lame time extremity dnil and difagrceable. The prin- cipal people travel on the ice in fledges, which a man, olaced behind, pnlhes along with great fwiftnefs. Thcfe (ledges ply on the rivers and canals, in the fame niiiincr as our boats on the Thames. The inland navigation of the United Netherlands is of the I'/calell advantage to their trade. Almofl every town enjoys the benefit of a navigable canal, which is pow become the principal metliod of commnnication between one town and another. Amoir^; the many betifiiis derived from thefe canals may be ret honed that o'," fending goods into various parts of Germany and the Auftrian and French Netherlands, from the principal trailing towns of Holland, at a very fniall expencc : fome of the canals communicate with t!;e Rhine, others ,vith the Maefe, and others with the Ems. Hence a very extenlive inland commerce is carried on through- out this country ; and the goods imported from foreign {btcs, by the great trading towns of Rotterdam, Am- Iterilam, &:c. are difperled into various parts in large qiuntitius; fo that thefe provinces may be ronlidered as one hrwe mart of trade. The canals are lined (or feveral miles together with elegant neat country-lunifes, fe.ited in the middle of gardens and pleafure-grounds inicrniixed with figures, bufts, flatues, temples, &c. ti) the very water's edge : genteel families, in fine weather, fpend much of their time in thefe little temples, fmoking, reading, or viewing the paifcngers, to whom they appear to behave with complaifai.ee and nohlcnefs. A treckfcuit, in which goods are conveyed on thcfe canals, is divided into two difterent apart- ments, called the roof and the ruim ; the fir(t for gentle- men, and the other for common people, who may read, I'moke, eat, drink, or converfe with people of various nations, drciVes, and languages. As to commerce and manufaflures, the United Pro- vinces are the grand mngnzine of Europe, and goods may !'• pnrchafed here fometimes cheaper than in the countries where thfy grow. Their Eall-India-Com- i-uy, which is the tnolf opulent and powerful of any in the world, have had the monopoly of the fine fpices lur more than too years, and, till tlic late war with tiiwland, was cxtremly wcnlthv and powerful ; but I'lcir commerce hath t'rcatly fuiTered lincc that period. Their cipital city in India is Baiavia, which is laid to exceed in magniliccnce, opulence, and commerce, all the cities of Alia. Here the viceroys appear in greater fplendor than the (ladtholder ; and fome of the Dutch fiibjecls in Batavia fcarccly acknowledge any depen- dtiiceon the mother-country. Their India fcttlemeiit on the Cape ot Good Hope is eNtreincly plcalant, l;tahhfiil, and iilelul, being the grand rendezvc^iis ot the outward and homewaril-bound lliips of all nations. Th: inanufadures of Holland are as extenlive as its commerce, and confifl in fine Uncn, table damailcs. woollen-cloths, fail-cloth, paper, delft-ware, pots, to- bacco pipes, refined fait, fugar-works, oil-mills, cotton, filk, wax-bleaching, leather-drelling, hemp, and flarch.' Vail fums are amaiRd annually by their mills for fawing timber, ufed in building ihips and hotifcs; and great wealth is acquired by the herring, whale, and cod-filh- cries, which they have wrerted from the native proprie- tors, and in thcfe the provinces of Holland and Zealand are chiefly concerned, and employ a vaft number of (hips ; in'thetwo fir(l only, about 350 fail. The her- rings cured there are preferable to thofe of any other nation ; and, in a good feafon, the profits on this branch of trade only are laid to amount to 2,coo,ooo of Hol- land guilders yearly, clear of all dedudlions. It is, however, thought that the riches and luxury of indivi- duals have damped the general induftry of the inhabi- tant.s, and that the Dutch commerce, navigation, ma- nufatlures, and fiflieries, are not in the fame flourifliing (fate as they were in the beginning of this century. The principal trading company in Holland is that to the Eall-Indies, incorporated in 1602, About the year 1660 the Dutch divided 40 per cent, and afterwards 60 ; the dividends arc at prefent much reduced ; but, in 124 years, the proprietors, on an average, divided yearly above 24 per cent, and, fo late as in 1760, they divided 15 per cent. The Dutch Welt-India-Company was in- corporated in 1631, and, in the year 1760, divided only two and a haU per cent. The bank of Amflerdam is immenfely rich, and under an excellent direftion.. Ac- cording to .Mr. Anderfon, the calh bullion, and pawned jewels in this bank, amount to thirty-fix millions fler- ling, though others fay only thirty millions: this trea- fure is kept m the vaults of the lladthoufe. The conllitution of the United Provinces is a very intricate article. They all, indeed, fonn a general con- federacy ; and the (fatutcs made in tlfc alTembly of the dates, after they have acquired the neccHary fan<^ions, become binding on all the inhabitants of the United Provinces. But, notwiththnnding this particular, each province has a feparate internal government, wholly in- dependent of the others; but as thelc independent go- vernments, confidertd fcparately, could not defend thcmfelves againit tlie alten.pts of a foreign enemy, they are formed into (^nc colleftive body, by a cortain number of deputies, or reprefentatives, chofen by each, who conditutc the h giilativo power, and are termed the States-General. Tlieir power \f, however, in fome ri.(pc6ts, I'miteil ; for, when a rcfolution is tak^n by the Siutcs, it has not the force of a law till it ha? re- ceived the approbatiiin of every province, every city, and every republic in that province ; nor are even a ma- (jrity of voices in thcfe ditfcrent and fubordinate alfeni- blies fiifiicient, it mult be iinaniinoully approved, one dilfenting voice being fufficient to render the •>vho!c abortive. But thel'e tedious lormu'.ities arc ufually laid afide in times of irnmliu'iit danger, when the approba- tion of the States-General is allowed to bj fu'lieicnt. Nc.\l in authority to the Siates-Gencral is the Council of >!. I'i'h f i. ^ '^i ! I mti 1 ril .7*8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. of State, which confids of deputies from the feveral provinces. It is compofed of twelve perfons, of whom Holland fends three, Guelderland one, Zealand two, Utrecht one, Friefland two, Overyird one, and Gro- ningen two. In this council they do not vote by pro- vinces, as in the States-General, but by perfonal voices, and every deputy prefidcs in his turn. When the votes happen to be equal, the (iadtholdcr has a decilive voice. The bufincfs of this council confids in preparing elU- mates, finding out ways and means for railing the public revenues, and other matters necelTary to be laid before the States-General. Subordinate to thefe two bodies is the chamber of ac- counts, which is likewife compofed of provincial de- puties, who audit all public accounts. The admiralty lorms a feparate board, and th£ executive part of it is committed to five colleges in the three maritime pro- vinces of Holland, Zealand, and Friefland. In Am- nerdam, which takes the lead in all public adminiftra- tions, the magi(lracy is lodged in thirty-fix fenatcrs, who are chofen for life; and every vacancy among them is filled up by the furvivors. The fame fenate alfo e]e£ls the deputies to reprefent the cities in the province of Holland, in which the people neither choufr their reprefentatives nor their magiOrates. Hence this coun- try, in its government, may more j-roperly be ftylcd an oligarchy than a republic. The power of the ftadtholder is very limited, except when he appears at the head of an army. He is indeed prefident of the dates of every province, and can, by his influence, procure fuch deputies to be fent to the aflembly of the States-General as are friends to his in- tereft, and may change the deputies, magiltratcs, and officers, in every provmce and city. To nis oflicc arc annexed certain prerogatives, which vary in different provinces ; but they may all be chaiigLd by the authority of the States-General. The appointment of the ftadt- holder from the States is 100,000 guilders, or p.^ool. Acrling, bcfides which tie has feveral principulitics and lar^e cllatcs of his own. The States of the provinces are flylcd Noble and Mighty Lords, but thofe of Holland Noble and Mod Mighty Lords; and the States General. High and Mightv Lords, or, the Lords the States-General of the United Netherlands, or, their High Mightinelfes. Jufticc is faid to be no-vvherc dilpcnfed with more im- paiiiality than in this country. Every province has its tribunal, to wiiich, except in criminal caufes, appeals lie from all the petty and country courts. The Itadt- lioldcr has the power of pardoning condemned iiialc- failors. Chrillianiiy was firfl introduced into the Netherlands in the eighth ccntuiy by St. Wiiiifreil. After that pe- riod, Popery continued to be preferred lill the Rcfoima- tion, when many of the pi;<)|)ie enibraecil Protelian- tifni ; which giving unibr.igi; to the king of Spain, he iifucd orders to punilh with (Ic-Hih all thole wlioni the church of Rome declared hcrelic». This occaiioncd 1 the total alienation of the feven Dutch provinces, the eflablithed religion of which, at this lime, is the Pref. bytcrian or Calvinifm ; but all perfuafions and fccE^sare tolerated ; and the inhabitants of Holland live together as citizens of the world ; their differences in opinion make none in affedion, and they are allbciated together by the common ties of humanity and the bonds of peace, under the protedlion of the laws of (he Ihtc with equal encouragement to arts and induflry, and equal freedom of fpeculation and inquiry. The Papilts and Jews arc very numerous : none 'but Prefbyterians arc admitted into any-officc or pod in the guvcrnment, except the army. Low Dutch is tKe language of thefe provinces : it is compounded of the Teutonic, or ancient German, with feveral French and Latin words. Weihall tranfcribc their Lord's prayer, as a fpecimen : " Onfe Vader, die in de hcmelin zyn uwen naam worde geheylight; uw'konin- gryk kome ; uwe wille gefchiede gelvck in den hemel zoo ook op den arden, ons dagclicks broot geef ons heeden endevergeeft onCc fchulden gelyk ook wy vcrgee- veil onfo fchuldenaaren : cnde en laat ons nect in vcr- foer kingemaer vertod on van der hoofen. Amen. " The found of this language, to thofe who are ignorant of it, is harlh and unpleafing \ but this is greatly foftened by the accent and pronunciation of the niori learned and polite. Tlie higher ranks of people com- monly fpcak Englid) and French. Many of the Dutch have didinguidied thcmfelvcs b/ their learning, and fomc even by their wit and inge- nuity- They are famons for controvcrfial divinity, which at one time inflniiated itfelf fo much into ih< date, that it had nearly proved fatal to the government, They boad of excellent writers in all branches of medi- cine, and numerous commentators upon the dallies. Their Latin poems and epigrains are very common, and, about the year 1747. Van Haaren publifhcd fonie poems in favour of liberty. In the other dep;trinieiitt of literature, the Dutch publications are mechanical, and arife chiefly from their employments in the church, univtrlities, or (late. The city of Haarlem difputes the invention of printing with the Germans; and (he magidrates keep in their town-hoiifc the firit book printed by Coder, about tiie year 1440. IJc that as it may, it is certain that the moll elegant editions of the dallies came from the Dutch prcHls of Amfterdam, Rutterdnni, Utrecht, Lvydeii, and other towns. Among the priiicip.il of the Dutch writers, arc, Erafmiis, Grotius, Bi)erlmave, Gra;vius, Burniann, and V'aii Haaren. There are five uiiiverfities in the United Netherlands, viz. Lcyden, Utrecht, GrDnin^cn, Harderwicke, and I'Vancker. Lcyden is the oklell and largcll in ihtfe provinces, and was founded in 1,37,5. It enjoys many privileges, has a library well turi>i(l)e-(l, particiibriy with manufcripts; a pliylic-garilcn flocked with all kinds of jilants, many of which have been bnniglit Ironi the Cape of Good ilope and the K ill- Indies ; an anatomy- hail, VPHY. jtch provinces, the time, is the Pref- afions and fcfts are )lland live together Ferences in opiniun atlbciated together and tl)e bonds of laws of the (hte, and induflry. and juiry. The Papills j'biit Prclbyterians in the government, Ei'KOPE.] DUTCH NETHERLANDS. 72f lefe provinces: it Is cicnt German, with Ihalltranrcribciiieir [jfc Vader, die in ile cylight; uw'iconin- elyck in den hemel icks broot geef on: ;elyk ook wy vergee- iaat ons nect in vcr- r hoofen. Amen." »fe who are ignorant but this is greatly iciation of the mora inks of people com- iii(hed thcmfelvcsby their wit and inge- jntrovcrfial divinity, f fo much into tiii to the government, branches of mcdi- kipon the dallies. are very common, larcn piibliihcd fome other departments ons arc mechanical, mcnts in the church, f Haarlem difpntes Germans ; and the loiifc the fird book 4^o. Be that as it ;gaiit editions of the "ifcs of Amfterdam, ithcr towns. Dutch writers, arc, cvius, Burmann, and United Netherlands, Marderwicke, and and largell in ilitfi: ;. It enjoys many riiilhed, particularly itoLkcd with all kinds ■en broiiglit from the iidics i '^11 aiiatomy- liall, lull, and an obfcrvatory. The profefTors, who arc liliially OKii of eminence, read public Icflnrcs four times a week, gratis ; but every pcrfon who attends a courfc i,l private ledhircs, which laOsa whole year, pays aV>out ilircc goincas; the lediires arc always in Latin. The nrofellbrs wc.ir gowns only when they prefide at public difpniations, read public ledtiires, or meet in the ftiiate: liieir falarics are from one to two hundred poimds pei annum- The fludcnts do not lodge in the univernty, bill where ihcy pleafe in the town : they have no diltin'dl liabit, aiul all wear fwords. The iiniverfity of Utrecht W3S fotinJcd in 1636, and is in a very flourifliing ftatc, though it docs not enjoy the privileges of inoft other tiniverL'ties, being entirely fubonlinatetothe magiftrates of the city. The niunber of ftudents arc computed at 2000. The univerfity of Groningen was founded in lijij, and well endowed out of the revenues of the fup- iiK'li'ed monaderies. The tiniverfity of Harderwickc was only a Scholn iUuJins till i6.jH, when it acquired its prefent title. The univerfity at Francker was founded in the year 1,58^, and has a fine phyfic-gardcn. The (Indents of all thefe colleges enjoy the privilege of not paving any tax for their wine and beer. Nooatlis or religious tefts are impofed in thefe univer- fiiics; fo that Roman Catholic parents, and even Jews, lend their children iiere with as little fcruple as Protef- tants, Thefe feminarics of learning have each three or f(Hr divinity profellbrs, as many of phyfic, and two or three of law ; bcfides others of hiftory, language, and eloquence, or the belles lettres; and others of philofophy, mathematics, the Greek and Roman antiejuities, and the Hebrew and Oriental languages. The profelfors in the univerfities of Holland frequently become men of gicat learning and eminence ; and, indeed, there is a laiulable emulation between the Hates of the diH-crcnt provinces, which Ihall have the greated men to adorn iheir univerfities, and this induces them to attrat^l ntini- bcrs of (Indents from all parts of Europe to enrich tlnir towns, and very liberal encouragement is given to able prnfelfors. The external appearance of thefe imiverfitics is railior mean, and the buildings old ; but thefe defeds arc .im- ply compenfatcd by the variety of folid and ufeful learn- ing taught in them. There are abundance of youth, 111 the orincipal nobility and gentry, from moll coim- irics in Europe, at thefe fen jinurics of literature; ami, 3* every one may live as he pleafes, without being oblii^n.! Ill be proiiifc in his cxpcnccs, or fo much as quitiitig his rii;;htgown for weeks or months together, foreigners tt all ranks and conditions arc to be feen here. The force of example is (Irikingly exhibited at thefe fcits of learning; for frugality in expence, order, a wmpofcd behaviour, attention to (liidy, and alTldiiitv in ucry thill", being the chaia(Jlerillics of the natives, lltangcrs wlio continue among them foon adopt their manners and method of livii.g. And, tlu'iis;!) the flii- ilcnlsare under no relhaint, but live as tliry pivafe, and lludyas much or as little as they think lit, )ct thry arc in general remarkable for their fohricly and g lod man- ners, and the dilij',eiice and fuA\ worthy notictr are the ftadtlioiife, the exchange, the nrfenal, the inn called the Three Waggons, thegymnafiiini illiiflre, the Eaft and Well-India houfes, the Lombard and loan- bank, the theatre, the phyfic-g,irdtn, the chiriirgical and anatomical college, the naval ftorchoiifes, the docks, fluic<'s, churches, hofpitals, hoiife.T of corredliun, har- bour, towers, warehoufes, and weighin^'-hotifes. The beauty of the canals, and walks under i. "•• planted on their borders, in this and all the other cities in Holland, are admirable; and the neatnefs cvcry-wliere obferved within doors is particularly plcafing. This city, how- ever, labours imdcr two very great difadvantages, namely, the want of good air and water; notvvilhdand- ing which, it is greatly reforted to by ftrangcrs. The number of inhabitants is computed at 240,000, of which a great part arc Papills and Jews. Rotterdam is twenty-eight miles from Amflerdam, and next to it in commerce aird wealth. Its (heels arc fpacioiis and h.andfome. The principal public buildings arc, the exchange, the Eaff anil Well-India houfes, the bank, the arlcnal, and St. Laurence's church, near' which (lands a fmall houfe, where the famous Erafmus was born : its inhabitants arc calculated at .56,000. Leyden is a large and fine city, anil celebrated for its univerfity : here are alfo fome fine churches, and fevcral long, broad, and elegant flrcets. This city inaintained a long and feverc fiege againd the Spaniards in 1^73. Utrecht, nineteen miles from Amflerdam, and twenty- feven from Leyden, is a large populous city. The churches are inagnilk it; the other public buildings are the tiniveriity ai.d the town-houfci The flreams which run through fevcral of the ilieets coiitribute greatly to tliccleanlinefs and beauty of this town. The Ha^^uo, thongli but a village, is one of the iTtofl confiderable places in Hnll.ind, and is faid to contaitii about 40,000 inhabitants: it is exceedingly beautiiiil, and filnated upon the higlied i;rouiid m the whole country, lo that the air is more fnliitary than that of tho other cities. It has neither ga'^o nor walls, but is I'ur- roiiniled by a moat, over which there arc a number of dran'-bridges ; and, being the refidcnce of the (ladt- holder, it is likevvife that of foreign mini'lcrs, and the rcfort of all perfons of dilliiu'lioii wiio vilit iioll.uul.^ 'I'lic (trccts and (quares arc fpacious, particularly de, I'laats, which is an open, airy place, in form of a triangle, and adorned with elegant buildings. An emi-'. nence, called the Vyverberg, is laid out into fevenil fine fliady walks, and, at the bottom, is the Vyvcr, :» large bafoii of water. But the moll celebrated part of the Hngiie is the Voorhoiit, which coiilills of a mail, and three fpaccs on each fide for coaches, the wlnde y Y being 1' ;■ ';i 'y.:M\ '".ii;i*iTiiiWri,ii 'W,ooo inhabitants. Lcuwarden, the capitJil of FricflmJ, (\an.\s ("ixry miles north-caft of Amllerdam. It is a iargj, wul- built, and populous town : the flreets ."re ilean, the boiifes fplendid, the bridges well paved, ami t!ie gu'- dcns pleafant : the churches, govcrnjr's pal.Kc, and the fcnate-hoiife, are fine llnicliires. This city and Franckcr thoofe their own magillratts. Groningcn, twenty-fcvcn miles from Leunardrn, and eighty from Amfterdam, is llie capital of the pro- vince ot" the fame name. The 'o.vn is larg;; and popu- lous, being the feat of the higli colK-g'.-s, containing tuenty-fcven flreets : here are many fine honfes, b.lides churches, three fpacii)us market-places, and feveral pnblic Ilr;ii5\urcs. Ships of co (iderable bnrdcn can coinc np :.') this city, by which means it enjoys a pretty gn id trade. Devcnttr, in the province of Qveryirel, flands forty- fonr miles from Uirecht : it is a neat, popnlons, well- bnilf, and (Irongly-fortified city, containing feveral churches belonging to different ft£ls. Five annual fairs arc held here. Along tlie river fide is a fine quay, adorned with rows of trees. Nimcgnen, in the province of Gnclderland, is fifty- two miles didant from Amfterdam. It is a large an- cient city, firongly fortified, and pleafantly fituated. On the call (icifc of it (lands an old caflle, and it a'.fo contains feveral churches belonging to different feds. The peice between the French and confederates was concluded here in J67B. Atr.cTsfoort, in the pro\ince of Utrecht, fevcntccn hmIcs didant trom the city of that name, is an ancient and lirge town, but of no great ftrtngih, being com- maiukd by a neighlionring hill. The buildings are in j;cnera! vi.ry neat. Tliey have three churches here, one of wiiicli is a large and llately fabric. They have like- vife a public l.liool, where feveral eminent pcrfons have lud their education. There are but few natural and artificial curiofities in thefe provinces. In Overylid, tliere arc ilones, tiie enormous fizj of which canfe an ecjual aftoniflmient in the f[)eclator witli lliofc of Sionehenge iipoti Salifbury- Plain ; and near Macflricht, under a hill, there is a (lone c.tiarrv, which is worked into a kind of fubterrancous pala;c, fupjjorted by pillars twenty feet high. In Friellai-.d, iht v have a (pccies of bitimiinous earth, that takes fire in a iiiij)vi:ing manlier; and, in the (ixteenth century, according to fome iwiloiians, burnt the length of two leagues bjfore it could be cxtingnilhixi. Among the chief artificial curiofities may be p'aced the prodi- gious eijkes, fevcnttcn ells tliick, wuh the mounds and canals, made to proteft them from thofc dreadful inuii dations from which they fuffered greatly in the \M\ cen" liiry: thefe .lupei>dous works excite the admiration of every behohLT. Several mufenms, containing valuable anii(piitiEs and ciiriofitie';, are to be found in this coun- try, pirticnbrly in the nniverfity of Leyden, where is to Lie feen a (liirt inade of the entrails of a man ; alfotwo Egyptian mnmmie^^ being the bodies of two princes of great antiquity, with all the mufcles and tendons of the iumian body, curioully Lt up. In the city of Nime. guen are many Roman antiquities ; and, in the churJi at Gonda, there are foineexquifite paintings npni, i-lau At Saardam (famous for being the place where l\t.ii|i.! Great ferved his apprenticefhip to Ihip-bnikllni; anil laboured at that trade) the tovrn-houfe is aiioriial with paintings; and there is a remarkable cluck and dial, which coll 1, -30, 000 guilders. The taxes in thefe provinces are fo manv, and f,) heavy, efpecially in Holland, that it is not withmit rcj. foil that a certain author alferts, that the only thine ihit hasefcaped taxation there is the air they breathe. Thoe taxes confilts of an almofl general excife, a land-tax u poll-tax, and hearth-money, fo that the ordinary re' vciuies of the republic are computed at between two and three millions (ferling annually. Out of 100 gnildtrs, the province of Holland contributes ,58, and, confe. qiienily, above one-half of the whole public cxpenccs. For the cncourageincnt of trade, the duties on goods and merchandize are faid to be exceeding low, Not- v.ith (landing the number and grcatnefs of the taxes every province is faid to labour under very heavy debts, efpecially Hollatid, and the public credit is not in the moll flouriOiing condition. With refpccl to their land-forces in time of peace, they fcldom exceed 40,000, and very often fall (licrt of that nutiiber. They employ a great many foreigners, efpecially S^^■ifs and Scots, in their fervice; and, in time of war, hire whole regiments of Germans. Tiie chief command of the army is veiled in the (ladiholdcr, miller wlunn is the field-marlhal-general. In i7r(j, the expences of the army only amounted to 9,7(15,004 guilders. No nation in the world can fit out a iiioi-e lorinidable ileet than the Dutch, having aUvays vail quantities of timber prepared for building of lliips, and (licii numbers of Ihip-carpcnters and mariners: how. ever, in time of peace, they ufiially have no more than thirty in commiilion, for the protedion of iheir trade in the Mediterranean, and to convoy their homeward, bound Indiamen, &c. By thelaff accounts, thcirnavy conlills of one (hip of 76 guns, three of 70, four of 68, five of 60, eight of r^b, lour of fifty, five of 4^, nine of 4c, and ten of 36 (forty-nine in all) beiidcs vcliclsof inferior force : they have alfo many (hips upon the (locks. Every province being a fovereignty in iifelf, liascon- fequcntly the right of coinage ; but all the tnoncy mv\ be of tli„- fame infriniic value. Tiie coins arc as fol- low : a deur, worth about half a farthing; a grot Flcmilli, RAPHY. thofc dreadful iiiuii. reatly in the Ul\ cen. tc the admiration of containing valuable ; found in ihiscoim- )f Leydcn, where is Is of a man; alfxwn ics «>f two priiKfSdl cs and tendons nl tiic 1 the city of Ninit. i and, in the clinnli paintings npnngljA, place where l\t.rtlie o Ihip-buiUiinj;, and rn-iioufe is mlornal cmarkable cluck and are fo many, and f,) it is not witliimt rcj. at the only thing ihit ■ they breathe. Thoe al cxcife, a land-tax, that the ordinary re- :d at between two and Out of 100 guilders, iiites ,58, and, conl'e. hole public expences. !, the duties on goods ;xceeding low, Nut- catnefs of the taxes, ider very heavy debts, c credit is nut in the CCS in time of peace, 'cry often fall Ihcrt of cat many foreigners, leir fervice ; and, in of Germans. The ted in the iladiliolder, -general. In i/jS, nounted to 9,765,004 i can fit out a ince having always vail building of (hips, and and mariners: how. y have no more than eiiVion of their trade in voy their homeward, (t accounts, their navy uee of 70, four of 68, fifty, five of 4.1, nine n all) belidvs vcllels of many Ihips upon the gnty in iifelf, hasciin- Jut all the money mvl Tiie coins arc as liii- f a favthingi a grot ricmiib, RURbPF..] DUJCH NETHERLANDS. 73' fjemilht two farthings ; a ftiver, equal to a penny Engliflii ^ dubbelchin, to two-pence; a fchilling, to fa-pcnce ; but there are alfo fchilliugs worth only five- pence halfpenny; a euiider, twenty-pence; a thaler, or dollar, thirty-pence* a lowen-thaler, or lion-dollar, forty-tivo pence ; a rix-thalcr, or rix-dollcr, fifty-pence; a diicatoon, fixty-threc pence. The gold duvat is worth about eight, flii II ings and eight-pence; and the luyder is almoft equal to a guinea Befides thcTe, there are half and three guilder pieces, and iialf and quarter ris-dollars. One of the mod ancient as well as powerful orders of Europe was that of the Teutonic knights, which is now divided into two branches ; the firfl for P.ipi.ls, and the other for Proteftants. This branch have a houfc at Utrecht, where they tranfaft their biifincfs. The enfigii is a crofs pattie, enamelled white, fi)r!iTotuited with another, black ; above the crofs is a ball twilled, while and black. It is worn pendant to a broad black watered ribband, which is worn about the neck. The fame crofs is embroidered on the left brcaft of the upper garment of each knight. The nobles of Holland, if ihevptopofe a fon to be a knight, enter his nainc in the rcgidcr, and pay a large fum of inoafy to the iife of the poor maintained by the order, and the candidjte fuc- cctds in rotation, if he brings with him proof of his nobility for four generations on the father's and mo- ihcr'^ fule. With refpcft to the arms or enfigns armorial of the Seven United Provinces, or the States of Holland, they arc. Or, a lion, gules, holding with one paw a ciitlafs, and with the other a bundle of feven arrows clofe bound together, in allufinn to the feveral confederate provinces, with the following motto, Concordia res parva crcJ'cutU, i.e. " Small things incrcafe by concord." A Succinct Account of the Preroga- tives OF THE StADTHOLBF.R. THE ancient houfe of NafTau is divided into many Imnchcs, deriving their refpedtive titles from the eleven conntics ot the principality of Nalfau, in the Imperial Circle of the Uppir Rhine. Thefe arc Dillenbiirgh, Diet?,, Hadaniar, Kerberg, Sicgen, Idrtein, Weilhuit;li, Williaden, BicHlcid, Otvveiler, and Ulingen ; Nalliui being prefixed to each. Naflaii was creeled into a prin- ciralily, in 16^3, by the emperor Ferdinand II. This family has not only given a king to Great-Britain, in the perfon of the immortal VVilliam III. but nlf;) an emperor to Germany, in Adolphus, count of Nalliui, i:i 1292. From Otho, coiuit of Nallau, general of the Imperial army, inqaO, tojohii III. in 141)4. are four- teen dd'ccnt.s ; in which time, the coiuit.s of Nailju, by llicirniutrinioniai alliances, acquired large polletiions in tile Netherlands, Burgundy, i^c. This John III. count ofNaliku-Dilicnbiir^h, leii two fons, llciuy uud Wil- liam, oetween whom his territories were divided* Henry, in 151,5, married Claude de Chalons, only filler of Philibert de Chalons, prince of Orange, who was killed iu 1530, at the battle of Piftoye, in Tufcany ; and, leaving no iirue, bequeathed his principality of Orange to his filler's only fon Rene, or Renatus ; who dying alfo without heirs, in 1,544, ^^^^ '* '® his coulin William, the fon of William before men- tioned. William I. firft Stadtholder, in 1^79. Willi.im I. count of NalFau-Dillenburgh, and, by hiscoiiliu Rene's will, prince of Orange, the illulhioiis foiuider ot the Dutch republic, was born in 15,53. ^^ the f;e:i.;ral revolt of the Netherlands againll the tyranny of Puilip II. of S|)ain, he was the foul of that memo- rable conted ; in which he was greatly alliited by his brothers Lud.)vic, Adolphus, Henry fall three flain in battle, without heirs) and efpecially by John, his fecond biotlier, to whom he gave part of his G;;rm3!i domi- nion with the title of Count of Nalfau- Dletz, and Irom whoin the prefent prince of Orang: is defcended in a diredl line. The third fon of John was Erncft Calimir, born 1573: lather of William-Frederic, born 1613; father of Henry-Cafimir, born 16,57; father of Jolui-William-Frizo, born 1687, who.Ti king William III. appointed heir to the houfe of Orange ; father of William IV. born 1711; father of William V. bort* On the 29th of January 1,579, by his powerful in., fluence, the memorable conletleracy was formed at Utrecht, which laid the foundation of the republic of the United Provinces. This confederacy was compofed at firfl of the flates of Holland, Zealand, Gueldrcs, Frieflanl, and Utrecht otily ; but the provinces of Overylfel and Groningcn acceded to it in the fequel., Tne fituation of thefe provinces was then fo critical^ that they were reprefented under the figure of a (hip without fails and rudder, with this infcription— /«ff/-- ttim q-.to fata ferant. But from ainidit thefe (lorms a p;)werful republic was f.ioii to emerge. The confede- rates agreed upon the f.ujie form ot gcivernment that fubliilsat prefent. It was the imion of feveral dilHn6l pow;rs, kat;ned togetlicr for their common fafety, without dctrinienttothe p;iiiicuhr rij^hts and fovcreigiuy of cither Each province, without cealing to be an independent reiniblic, compofeswith the fix others one fame republic, with but one and the fame interelf. The States-General, coulilling ot deputies from every part of the confederacy, nprcfent the Majtity of the State ; but they are neither the lords nor the arbiters of it. They can agree open nothing wiiliout the conf^nt of the llatcs of th;, provinces, uiio I'.avc no ri;;lit to give it, till they (hall have previoully obtained the couTcnt ot the towns. Thus ttie fplendor of tlic foverciL^nty is veiled in the States-(jencr.i'', and the real and legillative authority in the towns only. It is true, that c.i.h jjro- vincc is wifely div^'llcd of the rij^lit u;' m.ii:iiig war ar.d 1 pca^e, %j:: ;i * ^r:i:M \. fiHw) '■' jlii,;,; :( ' ?! ! I1 li'i :.;l "'T'^'mm^ 73« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. peace, and of cuncliuling feparatr alliances ; but it was a iiolitical error 'o grant a negaiive voice to each town, ftwo iliirds had been allowed tootiLliuIe lor the whole body, 'here would have been more (at'ety and energy ill ihc government. Each province fends as many de- jn ^s to the States-General as it thinks proper; bnl this circuiuftancc is not prodnifli\f of inconveiiicni.e, as their deliberations are regulated, not by the votes of the deputation, but of the provinces. The duration ol the deputies is not uniform : foinc deputies are ch()f.. olicit as a fa- 'oiiri that they might be permitted to acknowledge the independence of the republic. He died in 1647, aged fixiv-threc years, leaving fou • daughters, and one (on, William, who fucceedtd him in all his dignities, of nhich the five provinces h-jd given him the furvivorlliip (jilting the life-time of Frederic-Henry, in order to acknowledge, in the perfon of the fon, the great obli- Pi ,jgi,sthey were under to the father. It may be pio- I nertoobfervc here, that, on the death of William I. Maurice was declared iladtholder of five provinces only ; the other two, Fricflandand Groningen, having eledcd Ills coufin William-Lewis of NafTau-Dietz : but the (ladtliolder of the five provinces was captain and admi- raj-general of the whole. Willi A. M II. fourth Stadtholdr', in 1647. This prince was only twenty-one when his father jied. " He united in his perfon," fays the writer be- fit! quoted, " whatever was requifite to perpetuate the nlo'ry of his houfe ; regular, pleallng, and majcftic fea- tures' vigorous, ailive, and indefatigable; his accefs ofy; his manners captivating and popular ; convcrfant ill the languages, as well as in hiflory, poetry, and the mathematics ; with an experience, which bis geiiiiis and rifleftions had rendered more exteidive than his vcars. But his underftanding was fomev.hat deficient iaiuftnefs, his heart in moderation, and his politics in probity. Hi^ ambition too was without reltraint, his valour without prudence, and his foul without fortitude." Thecondiift of this prince was fucli as might becx- peflcd from fuch a charadler. Being difgufted at a rc- filtiiion which the province of Holland had taken, to difmifs great part of the army, he fuffered himfclf to be fivayed by violent counfels ; and, under colour of a power from the States-General to preferve the union, andoppofe whatever might difhirb it, he not only im- prifoned lix lords of the Ibtes in the caltle of Louvef- lein, but raflily marched an army againU Amiteidam, in order to fei/e and ciiange the magiftrates of that city. Thisdefign being difcovcred by the Hamburgh polt, who happened to ride through the camp in the night-time, iinpcrceived, it was happily friiftratcd : but it coll him ilie affeilions of the republic ; and his mortification was fo^rcat, thar he retired to his feat near the Hague, where, being feized by a fever, which was followed by the fmall-pnx, he died in the 2,5th year of his age. His rnval confort, the princcfs Mary,eldelt daughter of king Ciiarlcs 1. wasfo Ihocked at this event, that, eight days a!kr, ilie was delivered of a fon, when the was but ftven tnonth.s advanced in her pregnancy. This fon was William III. iii'th Stadtholder in 167s, aud King of Great-Britain in 1688. William III. was born on the 4th ofNovcmber 16,30, Til'; incunrKlerate coiuliift of the lather was very detri- mental to the intcrcds of the fon. I3y t)<.e iuducncc of the famous grand pi-'ufionary De Wit, who was the foul (/ the repubfican pirty, the dates publifhcd, in 1667, the perpetual cd'id, by which the young prince and his defcendcnts were excluded for ever from the olfice of iladtholder, which was declared to be abolillicd. Hut, in 1672, when Louis XIV. invaded the United Pro- vinces, the mod violent commotions of the populace compelled ihe flatcs to repeal llic perpetual edic'l, to invelt the prince of Orange with the ofTices of (ladt- hol.der, and captain and admiral-general, and to declare thofe dignities hereditary in his family. His adminif- tration was fo wife and jud, that he acquired more ex- tenlive authority [\rJn any of his ancedors had exercifed; and it has been remarked of him, that he was only Iladtholder in England, but king in Holland. William died in 1702, without iirue, and appointed John-William Frizo, prince of Nallau-Dietz, his folc heir. Tiiis young prince, who was born in 1687, was dcfcended, as before obferved, in a direfl line, from John, count of Nallau-Diciz, brother of William I. He took the title of pr' .j of Orange ; but that title, and the whole fucccllion, v^'cre difputed by the king of Pruffia, who founded his claim as defcended from Louifa-Henrietta, daughter of Frederic-Henry, the fe- cond Iladtholder, who hrd married F'rcderic-William, eledor of Brandenburgh. In order to fettle this dif- putc (afterwards fettled in 1733 by an ctpial partition) the prince was repairing to the Hague to meet the king of Pruilia there, when he was unlortiinately drowned, in eroding an arm of the fea at Mardyke, on the 14th of July 1711. The writer of this article eroding the fame paliage near feventy years after (1778] was men- tioning the circumdance to a friend, when an old, ve- nerable, weatht-r-bcaten Hollander, at the helm, ob- ferved, that he remembered it well ; that he was a lad on board the ferry-boat, when this misfortune hap- pened ; that the prince, being in his chariot on account of the rain, the temped grew fo violent, that, attempt- ing precipitately to leave the chariot, he deppcd with one foot on the deck, and fell head-foremod into the water. Three months after his death his confort was delivered of a fon, William IV. (ixth Stadtholder, in 1747. On the death of William III. the odice of dadt- holder was again laid afide; and the republican party carried their animofuy againfl the houfe of Orange to fuch an extreme, tliat they not only rcfufcd the young prince his rank in the army, but unjudly deprived him of his patrimonial polfedions, the marquifates of Flulh- ing and Terveere. However, in 17.?.!, the province of Gueldres elecfed him their dadthohk r, notwitliflandiiig the remondrancesof the other provinces; and in 1747, when the French no longer refpeiled ill-* territories of the republic (the alJy of Great- fJritain, but neutral as a principal) th . fame popular co'r-.inotions as had hap- pened in J67L', compelled the iuues of all the provinces not only to invell him with the offices of dadl!!')ldi'r and b Z captain tww . I' 'kti' ^ H,';? m i ■ 1 *-ii.«S8g-*s«a>v ' mv .H.M . 'i,itf|i.;* ( . i !jp j 734 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. captain and admiral gfiieral, but totleclir? thofeHigni- tics hcrectitary in his family, and even in the li-malc and collateral branche.<:. On the lath of June 1733, hi" f^'ie^e liighncfs was clcdl-.'d a knight cf the gaiter, a'.ii wu» 'tittallcd at Windfor, by proxy, on the a7t!i c.f AugulK On the 7th oi'No\einbcr, he arrived at Greenwicti in the Kiibbs y icht, and was received with ev>.ry demon'liutiuri of joy. Hcinij ftiicd Cnun alter with ai^indirijdfitiiii, he r|)ent fmne tiineat Ba'Ii, torthe recovery ot his liLaK'i j and, on vilitiiig Oxford, that univcility conferred on him the degree of dodlor of laws. On thj '4th ot March 1734, he was married to Anne, princefs-royal of Eng- land ; 3 bill for naturalizing him received the royal aTeiit on the 2 1 If of March ; a\ul, on the aad of April, the illuftrif giiaidiiii re. Tlic young prince ] tude to the duke by the ' k'ere the Staits-Gentrjl 3r the fame day, thty hank him. They did laffador at Vienna, not lajerties, tor perinitiing :d Provinces, but tocn- > continue there, ami not :r, who night haveoc- vice. And the dates of ] aving thanked the duke TJ to accept, as a iriric | rervices, of an appoint- ars between his fercne . The events previous nd in confcquenceofit, at harmony, and, from rendered the duke uf iition, are too recent in ation. is very limited, except f an army. The moft flice arc, i. The power o be prelidcnt of all the his name placed at the choofe the magillratts inibcr prcfcntcd to him th«n one place, he had nts. 4. To fend in his (Is, plenipotentiaries la ate audience to the fo- [cneral. 5. To enforce lined by the republic. ces that might arife be. :s, towns, or provinces, older from the dates is lerling; bcfides v/hich, large cllatcs of his own. William V. of Orange- admiral of the Seven 1748, married, in 1767. the : . ! ;■ *.'^j?i .■,m i * f m - ' m y , ' V.'W». J! ■!• if-NL i jiif mm "iiii^tsM.-; »:««;■. .-4l«,7.iMS.;0ipt^ji^,^? -J « . r > 4.. Til? Eiiion.] AUSTRIAN AND FRENCH NETHERLANDS. 735 UeprinctTs Frcdcrica of Prulfia, born in 1751. Th'ir hjijff,, arc, I'lctlcrica-Lotiifa, bom 17;: ; Willi.im- Lj|,,n-, lurcdifary prince and count ol Burcn, born .Mti; VVilliani-Cjfor);c', born in 1774. Wilhcl- Lin vCarol ilia, bo-n in 1741}. anil married to the prince >i{jll",ii.Wi.iibingh. is lilUr of the (hdthnldcr. j'hi; liillttry ot the Uiuicd Provinrcs will be given in ihaiuf the Aiiilrian and French Nethet lands. CHAP. XVH. „« AUSTRIAN AND FP.ENCH NETHERLANDS. I ^,'/||j//'jrt, Extent, Boundiries, Divlftons, Climate, Soil, PrJui^lyfis, MowUiiins, Mines, Rivers. Commerce, ^lmfii<:l'In ^ Landen — .J the middle. Antwerp and Malines are provinces independent of Brabant, though furrounded by it, and fubjeil to the Hoiile of Aiillria. 4. Province of Limburg, S. E. Ciiief Ti owns , CLimbtirg, fubjcft to Aufiria. Maedridit "^ ..^ Dalem ISiibjeft to I Fauquemont, or C thcDutch. V. Valkenburg J \ 5. PkOVINCE 01 LuXEMBUk'J, S. E. Si'RDiv istoNs. Chief Towns. Aullfian Luxemburg. Luxemburg. F,c„AL,,„.*.rg..{™°';*}s.E. 6. Province of Namur, in the middle, fubjcfl t* Aiiilrij. Chief Towns U;i the Lys. iJixinuiie J ■ Ypres, N. of Lille. Tournay, on tlic Schelilt. Menin, on the Lis. The ncror has thought fit to divide th'j Auftrian Nciher.^..-. into nine circles, in the fame mannr as Bohemia, and the other hcredita.'-y eilates, and has ap- jiointed a captain over each circle, who is to luve 4OCO riorins per annum : namely, for Brabant, the lomte de Broghi i far the province of Limbonri; and the duchy of Rurcmonde, M. de Ranfomtl ; tor tiie maiijiiiratc A Antwerp and the lordlliip of Malines, thcthevulrwr V.m- der f,;!- i:; ■'.r % , J i- It' i *' ' fis^ ■^, •'• ■ d''l[;i'^^ ■»,it. t- «■' M . r- •i *' 'f: m\ iltr to\ -", 736 A NKW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEQCRAPHY. ill I DilCt; I'nr the (liicliy of L'ixciul)ui|j;, M. do Bcrj^; lurilu- piDvincc nt" Naimir, tho vilVcmnt de S.mdKHim tie \'illtis »lc l.cllf ; lor Dofiiik, ronmoirK, ami llu- Vctuuiiliii part ot" Flaiulcis, M. il<' iiii'Un ; )ur Hrii^',t's iimi Ollciid, Mr, Maliiaj; for (ilunt ami ilic nil ot I'lanikrs, Mr. Muruiix ; arui for llaiiiaiill, die coiiuc tic tiorri'giiics. SunuivisiONS. Frciuh I'laiulcrs , CHtEr Town*. Lillf, W. iifl'iMunay. Diiiikiik, i>ii 'lie toall, K. of Calais. ,.\ DoiKiv, V\'. "f Airnn. Maiillko, VV. ol nimkirk. 5St. .Amuinl, N. of V'.ilciKiciiiic.s. .GuvctiiR^, I:, oi V.'al.ns. The cliniat.' in the inlaiul p.irts of thcfc Netherlands is nuich ir.orc fculnl than oiiis, hut iluir uinturr. arc iifiially more fi'\crc. The air is hcltcrthaii iliai of tiic IJiiiteil I'rovinccs, c.\ce|»t on liic eoalt.s of Brabant ami I'l.iiiilcrj, wiicrc it is eMccilingiy iinwlnMifoinc. The foil ilitlVrs acv'ording to the fituation ; for in foine parts it is a deep riih nu^iild, while others exhibit nothini; but ban en faiids. The animal produi!:lions ot ilicic arc the lame as in the United Provinces; and the vci;eiabk' eonfdl in corn, fruits, garden- (lutT ot all kinds, pallure, and prodigious ipiantities i>l" lla>i, in the cuhivali!i!T of which the inhabitants have rcmlered fven the t>arrcn parts ol their etmntry profitable. This country in general is remarkable f(>r breeding black caiile ; and the province oi J.ii\cnibnig abounds in com, great part ot which is fent to tureign markets. Tlicre are a lew incoiifulcr.ible mountains in the pro- vince of Unibnrg ; e\cc[)ting which, the whole country is a Hat. intcifpcifed now-aiul-tlieii with feme riling liilK', \\hicli are generally cii\crcil with wood. I'or- nu'rly there were (eccral very huge foretls in this coun- try, of which Ardennes was ilie princip.il, but now great pait of them arc turned into aiablc lands. In the pro\iiices ol Luxemburg, F.iniliurg, and Tiegc, arc mines of iron, copper, Kad, biinilloiK", and quairies of various kiiuls ot maible ; and in tiie pio- vincc of Naiiiur there are coal pits, ami a (pccies ot l)iiiim:n<ll conluleiable of ihel'e, and into wlncii all the rell tall, arc liie Maefe aid ilie Schelilt. The Scluldt has alivads Inen mentioned in the United Provinces. The pri;i.ip,il canals arc thole tit Biiilllls Cil.eiU, and Oitend. The lirtl of lliele txtmds to i!ie Scheldt, vvhieli is titteen miles. With rtl'iui') to the trade and commerce of the Auilrian N\t!Kil.inds, we have to obllrve, that in ai.cient days thefe countries were the centre of the **CHjl!cn mamif.idurc.s w inch are now the manutacUiires 1 ot (ireat-Hriiain, originally derived from the l''lcmj||„ whole country wns thcieby rendered immenfclv ri.li .,1 populou,. M'Uiuiul One of the principal branches of maniil'ailnrc ai preleiit carried on in ihefc p.-ovimcs, is iiu> Ijcc |j|,^ by ilie name ot b^nielace, of which the (iiiell ;iiii| bjl of the kind in luiropc is made at JhuHils. 'J'hevi riety of it is very gr^at ; and we are told ,,1 kucin.ule in that part ol the country, vviiiiFi has bn,, {\,l^\. from :jol, to ,',jl, tleiliiig a yard: by wliieh cxumj. ilinary improvemenls lliey have lb far I'lirpaHai'ihe Flench and Iialiar.s, and even the \'eiieiiaiis ihcm. felves, that llu>l'c I.tll have very litile trade lor their hice, though ilicy_ were imce jiiiily lamed lor die fimd III the world, 'I lie iirincipal piaecs lor this ii,;ini,. laiiiue are, Mechlin, Ihiillei,, I.ouvain, ValeiKitniu's Anivveij), aiul ilie adj.iccnt towns; ami it eniiiLiysa great mimber ot people, tfpecially woineii ami tii , dicn. I'inc thread is another of their maniifaifliircs, the great i)iKuility of line Incc cauling a great dciiiaml („, tine thread, as iheir linens require a propoitiuiul quantity ol linen yarn; ami boih ihele tomihcr con- iiiiiite anoiiicr inumilaCture uf no little concern to ihi; people. 'I'heir manufaoliirc of linen is very confidcrahlc and contitls of two forls cliielly, vi/.. cmibricks ami lawns. Their cambri* ks are made fo line, as to have been fold at I'rom iweiily to thirly Ihillingsperyardiu thcfe countries. They were formerly made only in the provinces of Artois and Canibrelis, troni nlmh lall they had their name ol Canibrieks ; but the demand loi ilum being fo great of late years, the whole toiintry li.i~ been fcaicely largo enough to carry on iliis maiiu- taclnre, el'pecially that part of it bordering on Kraiut, logether with the great cities of Doiiay, l.ille, Miiii\ Ypres, tilient, and Bruges, and all tlie ciiiis upon i he Lower Siheklt; which mannladure alio is ol a mag. niiude greater than can be ealily re|)rel'ent(il. Another maniiratiliire in which the I'leniiiigs are emplovcd, is that of the woollen, which iiiiliidcs iIk lapcihy made at Arras, Doiirleiis, Douay. and ikaJ. jaceiit country ; alio fome druggets and line lliitl's, m.ide at Lillc, and in the cou;iiry near it; niiilli)f which are, however, confumed amongll iliciufdvcs, , lough fome go to I'" ranee. 'i'he exjioiis ol tlu-ir maniifainiires nre fo con- Iklerable, that very good judges have ((tiinaud iliciii •It no lets, in line littcr-thread, lionc-lace, aiul liiioii including their lawns and cambiicksj than lo tjic value 111 tv.o millions lL-r!iiig a year, troiii tliofe province c.illed the Aulliian Neiheilands, including nari ot the .on(|n( red jirovinces, as well as the dillricM called \\i\- loon I'landers, and the province •;[ Aitoi.. Nor in I 'lis account are llure imiuded tluir e\ polls of i.ipcilry or wooHen Ihid's ; ol all which they export large (|ij:i!)- (ities into France and (lermany. Mie I'lemingi have ol late years much improved in ti': ■ Wf 1 "JRAPHY. •il from tlic Flcmiim. odimnuiiilllyrichaiij s of maniir.ia,ire at It's, is tin- lace known lull lllc lim;|l ;,n,l [n,,| al iJiiillils. 'l'|ic\;,. arc i.)lil of laani.ule licFl ll;is lui II CoKi .,{ I: liy uliicli fxtiaor. fo tar fiiijuHal ihj llio \'ciiciians thciii. litilo irailf tor theif ly luiniil f«ir the fined )l:iics lor iliis niami- oiivaiii, ValciKiviincs, lis J :iiul it tinnl.iysa liy wotucii ami tli . L-ir maniifainiircs, the iiig a great dciiiaml lor 1)11 ire a proportional lili llu-rc tomilicr con- () lit ill' COIK'LTIl tullli! is very confidcralijc, y, vi/.. ifimbricks and lade lo liiii', as to have riy (liiiliiigs JUT yard III iiiTly iiiailc only in tlic IT lis, Irom ivliich lall ^s ; but the liimand fill irs, I lie wliolc conntry to carry on this maim- borikriiu; on France, Doiiay, J, ilk-, Moiis all the- cities upon ihc ;ilurc alio is of a inag- repri-li'titrtl. ich llic I'k'niings are .■n, which iiuludcsilK: us, Doiiay. ami ik ad- rui^L^ils and line lliiir>, ;itry near it ; multnl .1 anu)iii;(l ihciiilUvcs, iifailiircs nrp fo cim- s have <'llinuit(il ilicnt , lioiic-lncc, ami linen ricksj than Ui the value •, from thdli.' priivinc's ;, iiudiidiiu.^ oarl ol llio ihodillri(^lad!d VVal. n: i.ii Aitoi... Niir iii In ir fNiioils o( i.ipciiry tlu.y L.\()ort large ipian- 'cars imich improved in li'i Frtiopv..]" AUSTRTAN Avn FRENCH N F.T II KR L A N D S. 737 ,!,(, mamifatniirc of filk ; for tlicy nut only make nt ,,(Hii( lulliiifiu for tlicir own iile, bin for exportation. 'rhidolill^'* till y make iiowiliiclly al J.illi', HriilU-ls, ami Aiiiwirp ; aii^l >''•'* mamifaiStiire was gieuily ciuoiiiaped I ,j,(;|,iiblic, iiil'omiiiii thai the Kleiiiiiif^s, in the year n«. binaii toiaiition tlic Kail-India t'ompany, then cd to be ellablillicd al OIKiul, to brinu no more M'i.V iky btr: Jlltini)'*-"'' •'* '"■' <-'"l*U"""-'" •" V/IUIH1| 111 UllllU I lillisiiilo the country iell il lliouUl prove llic imans to Imiphiiii and dcllroy ihcir own muiuilaiMinc of iilk, ,^i,j^.|, employed fo many tlioiifands of their pconlc. i;hip.biiilding Ik a great ailiele of trade ; not that tlie Flemings vvho have but two ports, laii be fiippofed lo yd alniiidaiicc of fliips ; nor indeed lan llicy do it, laving i>i» pl'»»-"c proF"" ''"" ''• *"" '»«nrials lor llic work! but by fliips here is meant only galliots, hoys, iithttrs, bilanders, and fiich like vell'els, all of whitli uycidl iVhips. Of tliofe they liavc fiuh (-real inmi- tliat there mull be abiindanee of hands employed in l»iil''i"g hol'r arc built within ihemfclves ; and it is no little trade ihcy arc obliged to carry on, for ihe fiipply of Jcals, timber, planks, malls, yards, anchors, iron work, and other materials for this bulinefs ; belkles pitch, tai, oil, htmp, &c. \Vlicn thefe things arc conlidercd, we need not vmiukr how all this great muliitudc of people, who inhabit thtfc provinces, are employed and maiiitainuil. The carrying on fuch valuable mamifai'liircs mull em- ploy iiimimerabic hands; and the qiuntiiy of goods ihfv export iiuill brim; great returns home, as well in giKxls as money, by which the I'lemiiigs arc far from biiiigfoor. On the contrary, they are generally well lircniiillanccd, there being but few hands among ilu'in but what can cam their bread ; the very children, cveik from live years old, being ordinarily employed. Some Roman highw.nys are yet entire ; and ruins ef temples and other buildings are found in many pans. Ill iCio; ri)ctccii hundred gold pieces were found at Dcndainoiulc, and proved lo be a colledioii of ancient picdalsof Antoninus I'ius, Aurelius, and Lucius Veriis. llic oilier curiofitics of this couiilry conlill chielly in iheir pi:' ic edilices and churches, in many of which the paintings are cxquiliiely line. iMirmerly there was iMl one of thefe but defervod a particular defcriptioii, and volumes have been lilled with this fiibjedl only. At prefeiit llieir noble fortilicaiions, piililic bniUlings, audiiaile, arc greatly gone lo decay. The following arc now the moll conlidcrable. Urnllcls gives name lo the territory, and is tlic cajiital not only of lUabant but of the Nilherlands, though eoly the fccoiid in rank. 'I'his ciiy is well built and [lopulous, and carries on a coiifideiubiu trade all over luirope in camblcts, laces, and tapcllrics, which ore manulai^luicd here. The |)utdic buildings in general, paiticiilarly the palaces and courts td the Icverid pi'iiicos, counts, and other pel Ions ot dillin/.lioii, fogt iher witli ihc chiuihes and iloillers, arc huge and inagnificcnl. 'i'lie inns or eating lioules here are e(]iial lo any in ilu; wmld : a (Irangrr may dine any time belwecn twclvr and three, on I'even or eight dilhes, for UTs than a lliilliiig iMiglilh. 'I'lic wines alio are very good and cheap; and, for IIx|>enoc JMiglilh by the hour, you may have a ciiatli to laiiy you lo any part of the (ily. Client, is the capital of I'laiiders and one of lliu largcll cities in Kuio|{ij, being I'even miles in comnal'st within llie walls. It abouiid.'. in monallerics, v hurt lies,, hol'jiitals, and niaiket places. '11, c lladilu life and ca- thedral aie grand llruc:liMes ; ai.r ladies, 'ihc great trade oiuc carried on in this city is inconceivable ; . but at prcfeni it is only famous for brewing excellent beer. 'I'lic inliabilanls of tliefc Netherlands are fuppofeil. to amount to about ;« million and a half, and are dif- tinguilhed by lb', appellation ol I'ltiniiigs. 'I'hey aic ill geiieial a l'.,avy, blunt, lionell peo|;l',', and extr( iiu.ly indelicate in their maunerri. They diil'er, howevi r, ac- cordinj; to the lituation of the jilaces where in they re-- liile. i'liofe which border on I'lai.ce n li inlde that leoplc in their behaviour, drels, &.c. whih; tliofe who ivc near Holland imitate the Dull li. 'Ihe Meiiiings were known formerly to light dtlperalely in d'.fiiicc ot their country ; they make, however, no (Teat lifurr at^ prel'eiit. '1 hey are ignorant, axid loiid ol icliyiou.') i.x- liibilions and pagcarjls.. -'.i.i wi ^ •* .' 9 A The il \1 ! r':,'"'-! • ^-l' :i;l^ 738 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. maaat^s Theeftablilhcd religion here is the Roman Catholic, 'but every kH may live peaceably, and enjoy the free cxercife of their perftialions, though not in a public manner. The inhabitants on the frontiers of Holland fpeak Dutch ; as thofe who refide in the provM ces fub- je£l to France ufe a very bad French : the leH are a inixture between both, and their language is a different dialcdl of the German from that of the Dutch. They have three Univcrfities, viz. Louvain, Doiiay, and St. Omer. The tird was founded in 1426, by John IV. duke of Brabant, and enjoys great privileges, granted to it at different times by the dukes of that country and the popes. It confilts of above forty colleges, and in the hall where the public exercifes are performed, are three fpacious rooms, where lectures arc read every morning in divinity, lav/, and phytic, to which the (ludents in every college may refort. By a grant of pope Sixtus IV. this univerfity has the pri- vilege of prefenting to all the livings in the Nether- lands, which right they ftill enjoy, except in the United Provinces. , The archbifhoprics are Cambray, and Malines or Mechlin ; the biihoprics are, Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, Tournay, Arras, Yprcs, Namur, Rurcmonde, and St. Omer. Very little can be faid with refpc£l to learning in thcfc provinces. The moft celebrateid geniufes of thefe Netherlands were produced among the Jefuits, and their works treated chiefly on theology, the civil and canon law, and Latin poems and plays. Strada is cele- brated as an excellent hillorian and poet. But the Flemings have long exctHcd in painting and fculpture, witnefs the works of Rtibens and Vandyke; and Fiainingo, or the Fiemilh models fur heads, particu- larly thofe of children. Their painters and (culptors form a fchool by themfelves. The AuRrian Netherlands are ftill confidered as a circle of the empire, of which the archducal houfe, as being foveteign of the whole, is the fole director and fummtining prince. This circle fends an envoy to the diet, but is not fubjeft to the judicatories of the f^-- pire, though it contributes its (hare towards the impv::^s of it. The form of an alfembly, or parliamer . for each province, is ftill kept up, and conlills of the clergy, nobility, and deputies of towns, who meet at Brulfels. Each province claims particular privileges, vhich are now of very trifling confequunce, fur little cipoiition is made to the will of the governor-general, wi'o is appointed by the court of Vienna, and afls ac- cording to its didlatcs. The prefent governor is his ferer.c highnefs Charles of Lorraine, brother to the Jate, and uncle to the prcfcnt emperor of Germany. Befides the governor-general, every province has its partictdar governor fubjtft to him ; and in each pro- vince, likewife, are cuiiits of jiiltice cllablilhed for the trial of caiifcs, where they ar^ determined according to the civil and canon law. We cannot afccxtoin the revenues of tlwfe Nether- lands, and indeed it would be almoft impra£licable if attempted. It is certain that thofe of Auftria do not defray the expences of the government; but thofe of France bring a confiderable revenue to that crown. The ordinary revenues arife either from the demefne lands or from the cuftoms ; but when there is an extraordi! nary tax to be raifed, it is demanded of the dates of the rcfpedtive provinces, who feldom deny the necef. fary fupplies, though the confent of every member is necelTary to the grant. The German, Dutch, and French coins, are al! current in this part of the Netherlands. The forces in the Aiiftrian Netherlands were, by the treaty of Utrecht, to have been 30,000 in time of peace, and 40,000 during a war, whereof the Auilrians were to maintain three-fifths, and the Dutch two, for the defence of the barrier ; but both thefe powers are very deficient in their refpe£live quotas. Mod of the fortifications aredcmolilhed, and the garrifons rendered ufelefs, by the prefent emperor. A lion fable, or, and langued gules, are the arms of Flanders. With r»;rpe£l to their hiftory, the feventeen provinces of the Netherlands were anciently called Gallia Bel- gica, and the greater part of them conquered by the Romans, in whofe poireflion they contmued till the northern nations broke into ItaH, and put an end to the weftern empire. After being' deferted by the Ro- mans, they were polTefTed by the Goths, and other northern people, and the country divided into fmall governments, independent of one another. In this Rate they continued for fome years ; but at laft, partly by marriage, and partly by conqueft, they became an- nexed to the dominions of the duke of Burgundy. The emperor Charles V. about the year ijjq, united the feventeen provinces into one body, and or- dered that they flioiild for ever continue under the fame prince, without being in the leaft feparated ordifmem- bered. Purfuant to this order, and at the unanimous requeft of the ftates oT all the provinces, he piibliflied a perpetual and irrevocable edid, by which it was enabled, that in order to keep all thofe provinces under the fame prince, the right of fucrctlion fliould always take place, both in a ri^ht and collateral line, notwith- ilanding the common laws of fome provinces to the contrary. Charles even attempted to incorporate the Netherlands with the Germanic body, and to form them into a circle of the empire, under the title of the circle of Burgundy, in order to engage the princes of the empire to intereft themfelves in the prefcrvation uf thefe provinces. But the inhabitants of the Nether- lands, always jealous of their liberty, were far from being pleafcd with their incorporation, and when !"im- moncd to pay their fliarccf the expences of the empire, they rtfuied the onltr; and the German princes, in return, declared they would take no part iit the wars of Flanders, but would, for the future, coiiiider thofe provinces as no part of the Germanic body. As Europe-] AUSTRIAN AND FRENCH NETHERLANDS. 739 inccs, he piibli(hed As Philip of Auftria and his fon Charles were boih liorn in ^^^ Netherlands, they entertained for thefe provinces that natural affeftion which moft men have for their native country ; and knowing how remarkably tenacious the inhabitants were of their liberties, and ot ihe privileges granted them by former princes, they look care to prelerve them, and even fufFcred the dates, who are the proper guardians of the liberties of the people, to (hare, in fome degree, the fuprcme authority with them. Happy had it been for both prince and people, if this generous conduft had been obfurved by fucceeding princes; but Philip H. fon to Charles V. had not the fameaffeSion for the Netherlands; nordidhepolfefsthofe generous fentiments, with which his father laboured to infpire him. Born in Spain, he had no affeiSlion for the country of his anceftors; and when he removed from the Netherlands to take polTeflionof thecroww of Spain, he left the government in the hands of a weak woman, af- filed by the proud and haughty cardinal de Glanville. This gave occafion to continual complaints; but Philip wasdeaf to their remonftrances; and, inftead of making life of the mild and moderate meafurcs of his ancedors, he had recourfe to the moft violent and cruel proceedings. The Spaniards whom he fent thither, being born and educated under a defpotic government, jealous of the liberties, and envious of the riches of the people, trampled on their privileges, and treated them like flaves. Exafperated at thefe proceedings, and preferring death to the lofs of liberty, a general infiirredion en- fiied, and the infurgents were headed by the prince of Orange, and the counts Hoorn and Egmont. The reformation of Luther was at that time gaining ground apace in many of the provinces, and all his difciples joined the malcontents. Alarmed at the progrcfs of this rebellion, and determined, if poflible, to crufli the reformation in its birth, Philip eitablifhed a kind of inquiiition in the Netherlands, and many thoiifands of innocent perfons were put to death by that infernal tribunal. Several battles were fought between the contending parties, in one of which the malcontents were totally defeated, and the counts Hoorn and Egmont taken pri- foners and beheaded. The prince of Orange had the good fortune to cfcape, and, retiring into Holland, prevailed upon tiiat and feveralof the adjacent provinces to torm a league for their mutual defence; and the treaty was accordingly iigiied at Utrecht in the year 1 j;g. And though tdefc revolters were at firrt thought fi) defpicable as to be termed beggars by the coiut of Spain, yet their enemies foon perceived their milbke: abraveand hardy people, lighting for every thing that isdr.r to them, are never a dcrpifablc enemy. Headed by tlieir own I'.riiii.os, and allillcrl '.ly Klizabeth, iiuclmi of England , tliuy dcfeaicd their tyrants, and forced the crown of Spain, about the yid ai! ciinparifon greater tha'i ti»e exports made itom thi; emperor's dominions into t'lofe of the United Frov.iCC''-; C(mfeiiiiently, (hould a:>y difpiite arile in future, the emperor will have an ndvan'age of more tiian ten to one in his favour. Be- fides, the Ciiip.ror nuy impofe what duties he thinks proper on the Batavian vellels that fhall fail through t'lat (lart of the Scheldt whicli he cornivand.s; and the Dutch, m retufi), may by what u.nics they plcafc upon the Imperial velFcls failing into any part of 11,,,;, territories. In 179a the French infiftcd on their right to the navigation of the Scheldt, in prejudice to the rjaji of the United Provinces ; but they were at leiJ" obliged to give it up. ' ° Since the commencement of the troubles on the Con tinent in 1702, a treaty of defenfive alliance (conliitin" of ten articles) has been entered into between the king of Great-Brilain and their noble and high-inighti- nelfes the States-General, "for the good of both parties and for the inaintenance of their gen ral and leparaic tranquillity." Atid On the i6ih of Nov. 1792, his Britannic maicrty caufed to be prefented to the States-General, by his ain- balfador lord Auckland, a declaration, exprellive of the Uefire of the king his mafter to cement and perpetuate the intimate union cltablifhed between the two pow- ers, for the maintenance of their own rights and fecu- rity, &c. To which their high-mightinellcs returned ail immediate anfwer to the fame cfi^d. CHAP. XVTII. GERMANY. Siluatlon, Extent, Boundaries, Dlvljions, Climate, Sdl Produilhns, Mountains, Rixxrs, Mlnernl Waters, Ch- rhfitles. Learning, Religion, Language, i^c. - THE empire of Germany is fituated between jc and jj deg. of north lat. and between ^ and 19 dcg. of call long. It is about 600 miles in length, and j20 in breadth ; and is bounded on the north by the CJerman Ocean, Dentnark, and the Baltic; on the call, by Poland and Hungary, including Bohemia; on the foiith, by Switzerland and the Alps, which divide it froin Italy; and on the wefb, by France and' the Low Countries, from which it is feparated by the Rhine, the Maefe, and the Mofelle. Germany is divided into nine circles, whereof three arc in the north, three in the middle, and three in the fouth. r Upper Saxony, . . \ Lower Saxony, The circles in the middle rupi .... < Lov i.l'ra The northern circles coatain. LWeftphalia. Upper Rhine, iwer Rhine, rancoiiia. fAudria, The fouthern circles < Bavaria, . ^_Svvabia. 1. Upper Saxony Circle. Pomcrania in the north ; chief towns Stettin and Stralfuiicl, Drandcnburgh PHY. ny part of tlicir >cir right Ui the :e t" the claim were at lengili iblcsontlieCon- liaiice (cop.liilinjj Uo between the nd high-migtiii- i of both parties, ral and feparalc Jritannic msjcfty :neral,byhisam. expreflive of the U and perpetuate en the two pow. I rights and fecu- itincUcs returned ;1. [ Y. tans, Clima/f, Soil, ineral fFalm, Cu- •ge, i^c. ' tiated between ^5 between 5 and 19 miles in length, 1 on the north by ho Baltic; on the uding Bohemia; the Alps, which \, by France and' s feparated by the es, whereof three , and three in the iper Saxony, )wcr Saxony, 'eftphalia. )pcr Rhine, )wcr Rhine, anconia. ilh'ia, varia, abia. ICLE. ;o\vns Stettin and Drandcnburgli :» _ \\ » ^^ t\n It i> >i 1 K Si., '.]( i\ 1. »/.«^.t'tMW4*. Europe.] GERM N Y. 741 Bramlcnburgh in the middle, fubjcdt to its own ckr- joriheking of Piiidial'chief towns StemicI, Berlin, pgtfilaiii, Frankfort. «.:c' Ciiftrin. Saxony Proper, in the fouth, fubjcft to its own cHbr ; ch. towns Wittenburg, Bautzen, Gorlits, Drcfden, and Miircin. Thuringia landgrave Weft, ch.town Erfort, fnbjcdl 10 the elcdor of Mcntz. The duchies of Saxc Meinungcn, ch. town Mcin- uiiKn; Saxe Zcits, ch. town Zeitssi Saxe Ahcuburg, fli, town Altenburg ; SaxR Weimar, cli. town Weimar ; SaxeGotha, ch. town Gotha ; Saxc Kirnacli.ch. town Eifnach ; Saxc Saalfcldt, ch, town Saalfcldt: fiibjcd to their own dukes. The counties of Schwartflinrg, ch. town Schwartf- biir^h; Belchingcn, ch. town Bcichingen ; NTansfekIt, ch, town Mansfeldt : fubjcfl to their rofpeiSlivc counts. The duchies of Hall, middle, ch. town Hall, fubjeft to I'nillia ; Saxe Naumberg, ch. town Naumbcrg, fub- jcfl to its own duke. The counties of Stolberg, ch. town Stolbcrg ; Ko- hciillein, ch. town Northhaufen. Principality of Anhalt, ch. towns DeflTau, Zerbft, Bernberg, and Kothcn. Birtiopric of Saxe Hall, ch. town Hall. Bilhopric of Voigtland, ch. town Plawen ; fubjefl to the clcflor of Saxony. Duchy of Mcrfterg, middle, ch. town Mcrfljcrg ; fubjcd to the ele£lor of Saxony. 2. LowTiR SaxoiJy Circle. Holftein duchy, north of the Elbe ; ch. towns Keil, hibicft to HoUtcin-Gottorp ; Meldorp and GlucHat, fubjeft to Denmark ; Hamburg and Lubcc, Imperial lilies. Laiicnburg duchy, ch. town Lauenburg ; fubjcd to Hanover. Duchies of Bnmfwick Proper, ch. town Bnmfwick ; Woilenbuttie, ch. town Wolfcnbnttle : counties of Rhciiilltin, ch. town Rheinilein ; Blanckenburg, ch. tnwn Blanckenburg : fubjecl to the duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle. Duchies of Calcnburg, ch. town Hanover ; Grub- bfiihagcn, ch. town Grubbenhagen ; Gottingen, ch. town Gottingen : fubjcdt to the eledor ot Hanover, king of Great-Britain. Liuicnbnrg duchy, ch. towns Lunenburg and Zcll, fubicd to H.mover. Bremen and Verden duchies, ch. towns Bremen, an imperial city, and Verden ; fubjed to Hanover. Mecklenburg duchy, ch. towns Schwerin and Guf- trow. Bithopric of Hilderfheim, ch. town Hildcrflicim, an Imperial city ; fubjetil to its biihop. Duchy of M.-tgdebiirg, ch. town Magdeburg; fubjcdl 1(1 the king of Prnilia. Duchy of Ilalberftadt, ch. town Halberftadt; fubje<5l lu the king of Priillia. 3. Westphalia ClRO^E. North divifion. County of EmbJen, or E. Fficf- land, ill. town Embdcn, an Imperial city; fubjert to the king of Prullia : counties of Oldenbur;; and Del- menhurlf, ch. towns Oldenburg and Dclmeiilntill-; fub- jeei to the king of Denmark : Hoyc and Dicplioit, tli. towns Hoyc and Diepliult; fnbjci^t to H mover. Middle divifion. Bilhopric of Mnnller, cii. town MinilUr; fnbjcft to its billiop; billioprics of Padcr- born and (Xnaburg, th. tt)\vns Paderborn and (Kna- burg ; fnbjetl to its bifho,'- : county of Lipjie, i h. town Lippe PyriTiont ; fubjecl to its own coinu : duchy of Mindcti and county of Raven fturg, ch. towns Miiidtn and Ravenlburgj fubjeft to Prnilia: ducliy of Well- phalia, ch. town Arenfl)urc; fubjed to the elcdor of Cologn : coimties of TeckTenb irj, ch. town 'I"ecklei\- burg ; Ruberg, ch. town Rilberg ; Schawcnbuig, ch. town Sthawenbmg ; fiibjeft to their comits. Weftern divifion. Duchy of Clevcs, chief tow* Clevcs ; fubjed to the kmg of PruHia ; duchies of Ber^ and Juliers, ch. towns Dulfeldorf, Julicr.'-., and Aix \ fubjeft to the eledor palatine : county of Mark, ch. town Ham ; fubjed to PnsHia : bifhopric of Liege, ch. town Liege; fubjed to its own biihop: county of Benthcim, ch. town Bcntheim ; fubjed to Hanover ; county of Steinfort, ch. town Steinfort; fubjed to it« count. 4. Upper Rhike Circle. Landgraviate of Helfe-Cafrci, ' . town Ca.Tel ; Hefie Marpiirg, ch. town Marpurg ' ic.fe Darmftadt, ch. town Darmiladt : fubjed to their refpedive landgraves. Ilefl'e Homberg, ch. town Homberg; Helfe Rhina- feldt, ch. town Rfiinefeldt ; Hclfe Wanfiied, ch. town Wonfield. Counties of NalTauDillenburg, ch. town Dillenburg; NaiFau Diets, ch. town Diets; NalTau Hadamar, ch; town Hadamar; Nalfau Kcrberg, ch. town Kerberg ; Nalfaii Sicgen, ch. town Siegcn ; Nalfau Idftein, en. town Idllein ; Nalfau Weilburg, ch. town Weilburg; Nalfau Wifbaden, ch. town Wifbaden ; Nalfau BieU ftein, ch. town Bielllein ; Nalfau Otweiler, ch. town Otweiler; Nalfau Ulingen, ch. town Ufingen : each county fubjed to its own count, of the houfe of Nalfau. Territory of Frankfort, ch. town Frankfort on the Main, an Imperial city ; a fovereign ifate. County of Erpach, ch. town Erpach Eaft ; fubjed to its own count. Bidiopric of Spire, ch. town Spire, on the Rhine, an Imperial city ; a fovereign (tare. Duchy of Zwebrnggen, or Deux-Ponts, ch. town Deux-Ponts, in the palatinate ; fubjed to the duke of Deux-Ponts. County of Catzenelboge % ch. town Catzenaibogcn on the Lhon ; fubjed to H-'ile-Call'cl. Counties of Waldec, cii. town Waldcc ; fubjed to Its own coimt : Solms, ch. town Solms ; fubjed to its own count : Hanau, ch. town Hansii ; fubjed to Helfe- 9 B Caffel: ^H' 1:? r:^. i ''\-: 4 .],i^ ' l.i'ilii I'lij/ \J I'r. J.i'iliion fif ^! •• - _ _T~' 4 *9,tiuy ^*kW^\ 74« A N^F.W AND COMPLF.TE SYSTEM or UNMVERSAL CEOORAPllY. CjHU: K\fciibfrg, cl). town I'lyltiiberi; ; fiihjii'l to itt «)Hii tiiiit: Sayn, ch. town bayii ; VVit-il, ili. town Wild; W'ligcnlliin, th. fdwii W iigtniUm , ILt/- fuiJ, i\\. lowii llatilicKl ; VVclKiCtrg, ».li. town WtlUlli-Mj^;. AM cv ol I'lilJ, I li. tow (I Fiilila ; fiibjtVl to its alilxit. IlilchrcUli, th. town lliil'Jikldl j iiil>jca lo Ikllc- Caiicl. 5. Lower Riiinr CiMCLr. Pulaiitiate of the Rliinr, m\ Imfli (iilotliat river, ch. towns lliiiliMliiin on tl.c Ni>kar, I'hihllmr:;, M.iii- hcim, nnd I'VaiikcndjI on tiio Rhine i fiibjidt to the ckclor iMl.iiinc. AnhbitiioiJi-if; anil cIciHotati's (-f Coln/n, ch. town Coloj^n on tilt! Riiinc ; Mcnt/., ch. towns Bon on the Rhiiii', Mtntz on tlu- Rhine, aiul ACcliaHriihiirn on tlie Maine; T'licr'!, t li. town 'IVn rs on the Moleile : fubjid t(» thiir rcliiedlive tlct'tois. IJilhorrio of VVorins, WOnus on the Rhine, an Inii)irial city ; a fovereign (lute. I1iichyciit,4h. towns Ilrixrn andircnt, on the continent uf Italy and Swit/i'iUui 8. Bavaria CtRn.r. Diuhy of Bavaiia Proper, on tiie fJanuhe.ch. trnvni Munich, l.andlhui, Ingolitadf, Donawert, an^l \UuU bon, an Imperial city ; fubjc-a to tlic eiec'lor paiji n, as (nucHor to iIk IateeIedl <'h>\ cia;ht or ten hours before ihfy art ufedi but ths. Rofe IJath, the Poor's B.ith, and iht ot St. Corneille, are neither fo hot nor fo charasiht twt) former. The cold fprings arc all adjoining to iht hot ones ; and near the Emperor's B.rh th:n; is a foiin- tain of warm water, of infinite ufc in all chrmiical difeafes. Thcfe waters are all impregnated with llil. phur, fait, nitre, falt-pelre, and aliiin, and give rclicl' in Various kinds of maladies. They arc at firlldif- agreeable to the taftc, and always oflenfive to thclincli, There arc two feafons of the year in which they niijr be drank. The firll begins about the middle ol Mav, and the fccolid about the middle of Augiilt, and each continues fix weeks. At thefc feafons the city is crowded with nobility and getitry from ail parti of Europe. As there is no difeafe but what oncoroilir of the medicinal waters of Embs, Wiftiaden, Schwal- back, Baden, and Wildungen arc faid to cure, orat leaft to mitigate, they are all freqiieiittd, to the great emolument of thofe places, molt of which arc re- markable for their neatnefs, cleanlincfs, and con- Veniencies ; inducements which, together with the di- verlions, draw numbers together, who, beinz in perfect I health, have no other bufinefs there than tofcekamufe- ment. Catftiad and Baden baths have been defcribed and recommended by tnany great phylicians, and iifeil with great fuccefs by royal perfonages. The minerjl fprings at Wildlingen are reported to perform wjnden in almoft all difeafes. Moft parts of Germany abound in mines; many of filver.quioklilver, copper, tin, iron, lead, fiilphiir, nitre, and vitriol. In Auftria, B. iria, Silelia, and the Lower Saxony, are found falt-petrv fait mines, and fait pits; as likcwife carbuncles, amt ihifts, jafper, fapphirti agate, alabafter, pearls of various kinds, rubies, and turquois ftones. Quarries ot vurioiis marble, Hate, chalk, ochre, alum, bitumens, and feveral other foft are found in Bavaria, Tirol, and Liege. la feveral places ftones are due out of the ground, beating on them the reprefentation of divers animals, trees, and fometimes even a human form may be dillingiiiW Coal-pits arc found in moft of the circles, which iiii •^ thfifl f,t;|(OPI.] • C E their quality do not materially differ from ibnfc of l^nglaiid ; and in the clc£lorai« uf Mcntz arc touixi Ionic ctirioiii piccci of earth, among whiih is the Terr) SiuiliJta, being of a hard cn.ililtrncc, with «hiie, y<'1lo\v, and red veins: it is faid tu be an anti- dote againll all kinds of poifon. It ii nut perhaps polIiUle to give an acciirato account (f the inuuber of inhabitants in Germany : but ac- cording to the bed calculations that have hitherto up- Mircil, they cannot, exclulive of Bohemia, fall far jhort of fcvfntecn mi'lions. In their pcrfons they arc nil, fair, and of agreeable features. Doth fexe* atfeiil rich dreffes, which in faihion refemble thofc worn in Fniice and England. At fome of the courts of Ger- many the ladies appear in rich furs, loaded w itit jewels. The wives and daughters of the burghers formerly ditlFed inconceivably tantaiUc, but experience has iincc nught them better, and their appearance is now con- formable to their Itatioii. With regard to the peafants jiid labourers, their drefs in many parts of Germany is r.n little different from thofc of England. Kcw people in the world are more frank, honci., •^d hofpitable, than the Gi:rmans, or more free frotn arti- fcc or difgiiife. Their nobility and gentry arc indeed ridiculouily proud of ancefiry and titles, but at the fame time they arc very complaifant and affable to ftrangers, and of the Ihiilcd honour. Their fondnefs for title, however, is attended with many inconveniences. They thinic that the cultivation of their lands is below tbcir aitentiun, though it might treble their revenue. Hence their younger Tons generally engage in the fcrvice of the emperor, the elcdors, or fome foreign Hate, or procure fome of the rich ccclefladical preferments, which abound in the Roman Catholic principalities, &:c. Theinerchants and tradefmen are remarkably civil and obliging ; and the mechanics are celebrated for their induftry, application, and perfevcrance. At the fame tune it mud bo acknowledged, that the Germans have been too juftly charged with intempe- nnce, owing, perhaps, to the gieuc abundance of w inc and provifions produced in their country. 'I'his pradlicc, indeed, was common to all the northern nations, but K'ms to be now wearing out in Germany. According to moll authors, Chriftianity was intro- duced into Germany by St. Clemens, St. Crefcens, St. Mark, and feveral other holy men; and that fo early as the middle of the fecond century, it was in a flou- tilliingftate there. But this muft not be underftood of the whole empire; for it is well known that the re- mote northern parts remained in Paganifm till about the end of the feventh, or beginning ot the eighth century, and the Saxons were not converted till the time of Charlemagne, during whofe reign the ChriHian religion «as tolerably well eaablifhed. After his diwalt' ihe popes, taking advantage of the bigotry o." '"iicceeduig emperors, got the entire managemcni of the church into their hands, and exercifed ati n ^limited power over the wh(^lc empire. The Bohtuiiy.s were the firft MAN Y. 715 who had an idea of reformjtinn, aiid mode fo gtorion* u Hand for many years againit the errors of Rome, that ihcy were pcrinittcd to take the fr'-ramciit in boili kinds, and ullovved other freedoms not tolerated in the Roniilh church. This was in a groat meafure owing to the celebrated Englidi reformer John Wickliff, who lived about ti^o years before J. uihcr. In the fixteenili century the Popini tyianny caufed univerCil murmiir- i'lgs and difgufl, which encouraged Dr. Martin Luther, John Hufs, and Jerome of Prague, to preach openly agaiiift the errors of the church of Rome, for which the two latter, notwithllandingihe emperor's fafe con< du<51, were infamoully burnt at the council of Con- nance. The Hates of the empire, who embraced the new tenets, proteOed againfl the conclulion of a diet held at Spire, in i^ag, it being therein rcfolvcd, that all innovations in religion, tilTthe decree of a future council could be obi.iincd, were unlawful ; and from this nicafiire they obtained the name of Prutellants. A religious war now broke out, which was not entirely put a Itop to till the year 1,3,5,5, when it was agreed by the treaty of .AuglLurgh, that the Proteftants fhoulJ enjoy a fiiU toleration and liberty ; and this toleration was more amply explained and confirmed by fubfe- quent treaties. At prcfciit Germany is pretty equally divided between Papills and Protcltants, the latter of which are again divided into Lutherans and Calvinilis, or Reformed ; though there arc many fedlaiies, and great numbers of Jews in the empire. The inhabitants of Auflria, Bavaria, the fpiritual cleAorates, and fome other places, are Roman Caiho. lies; thofe of Mecklcnburgli, Holllcin, JJrandenbiirgli, Saxony, and Pomeranla, Lutherans; the Hellians, ancl the people in the fouih of Franconia, Calvinil^ ; in the rell of the empire, particularly Siiabia, Wellphalia, and the circle of the Lower Rhine, there is a mixture of ail thcfc feds. Sometimes the people prol'tfs one religion, and their fovereigns another, as in Prullia, where the king sid his court are C.tlvinilts, and molt of his Aibjcfts Lutherans. This was likewifc the cafe in Saxony; but the two laft eleftors embraced the :el:- gionof Rome, in order to enjoy the crown of Poland. It has been mutually agreed, that when thefe changes happen, the prince (hall leave his fubjedls the free cxercife of their religion, with their whole form of church and fchool-difcipliiic, and all other privileges whatfoever. The only religions tolerated in the em- pire, are, the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvt- nifni. There are fix archbiflioprics in Germany, viz. Mentz ; which has for its AitTragans the bifhops of Spire, Worms, Straiburgh, Wurtlbiirgh, Aichftadt, Ftrken, Chur, Hildciheim, Padtrborr., Condance, Halbcrftadr, and Bamburg. Triors, whofe fntfraL;ans arc the hilhops of Mttz, Toul, and Verdun. Cologn, whole fulfra- s;;-nsare thcbilliops of Licgc, Munlier, MintUm, and Ci'naburg, Magdt;burg, whole ftiffragans are the bifljops 0' 'i' Mcilfcr, Macfburg, Naunibiirg, Brandenburg, and y C Havtlbiir^. ;j m/ 'H 1 m < i ¥1 m\'»\ ! '■; 111 ■i^;-ii 746 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. m IJavelbiirg Sallfbnrg, which has fnr its fiilTragans the billiop of Fiicfnighen, Ratifbon, PalFaii, Chicinfc, Scckaii, Lavaiit, Biixcn, Guik, and Nciilladt. Vienna is likevvilc by fume authors accounted a uifFragan to Saltibiirg, while others make it an archbifliopric of itfcU", dt'jienilont only on the pope. Brcmpn, whofc fiitFragans are the Lilhops of Lubec, Ralfburg, and Since the Reformation, the claims of teinporal firinces ha\e rendered it necclfary to f-'cuiartze the fol- ownig archbiftioprics and bilhoprics : Bremen, Ver- den, iVlagdcburg, Halberftadt, Mindcn, Ofnabiirg, and Lubec; the archbifhoprics were converted into duchieSj and the biihoprics into principalities. The houfes of Hanover and Bavaria have an alternate claim upon Oluaburg, and it is now in the polfeflion of prince Frederic, fecond fon to the king of Great-Britain. The revenue of this bilhopric amounts to about go.ocoi. per annum. The German language is a dialecl of the Teutonic, without the Icaft allinity to the Celtic, and is called Higli Dutch, bs.-ing tiie mother tongue of tiie whole empire. It abounds wi;h confonants, is extremely Lirlli to file car, and varies fo much in its dialc(?t, tiiat the people of one province fcldom uuderdand thofi: of another. Wc lliall here iiifert their Lord's prayer: Uufer Vater, dcr du bill im himmel, geheiliget werd dcin name. Zukomine dein reich. Dein wille gefcliehc, wie im himmcl alfc audi auf erden. L'nfer liiglicli brodt gib uns hcutc. Uiid vergib uns unfer jcliuld, als wir vergcben unfern Ahuldigcrn. Unde fuhre uns nicht in vcrfuchung. Sondern erlo fe uns von dcm bofcn. Den dcin is das reich, und diekralft, und die hcilichkcit, eiieuigheit. Amen. It is an unfavouuble circuinlhnce for German lite- rature, that in muff of tlie courts they fpcak French, atiil give it a decided jireference : even the prefL-nt king of I'ruilia has ordered the Philofophical 'Franfji^tions ot his royal fociety at Berlin, iVoni the b'.-ginning of its inftitution, to be publilhed in that tongue; by which r^me of the Gcrmai.s tliink his maJL-liy has call a very uiidefv-rvcil reproach upon his native language. The court of \'ienna, aiiJ a i'fw others, prefer the Itiliaii. Latin is likewife fpaktn very fluently by nioil ol liic iK)!)irnv an J gentry. In G'.rmnny, tiie domcflic divcrfions differ but little fro 11 tli..i'e piadlifcd in Kngiaitd ; th', y coiilid of bil- Jiaids, card?, dice, fencing, and the like. In fun"ner, the gentry vilit ilie baths and othtr pljces of [ublic refort. Their favourite fitld diverlion is hunting ; be- iides which, the G-rmaiis have bull and bear-baiting, and t!ie li!:o. With rufp'-fl to learning and learned men, it may juilly be f.iid, tlial no country has prmliKcd a greater vari'.ty ot authors tlian 'iLrnuUiy, and the iidiabitanls in yentral .'ij'ply thcmlclves wiih great aliiduity to rcadmg and ftiuly. No tnan can be a gr.uhiate in their uiiiveiliiicr, who has not publilhed one difputalion at lead ; by which means thoufands of tliefes and dif. pntations are annually publilhed, and books niiiltipljej I without end. The Germ.?:, tuthors are generally con. dcmncd for being extremely prolix, dry, and voluini!) nous in all their writings, an-i entirely ignorant of ilj engaging art of enlivening •heir performances, by mixing the entertaining with tite inllrudivc. Thefinel arts have flouriflied tolerably .veil in Germany ; and I the inhabitants pique themfelves upon being the finl inventors of engraving, etching, and mezzotiiitos. Among tlieir learned men, Stahl, Van Swi'eten Storck, and Hoffman, have contributed greatly to the I improvement of phyfic ; Ruvinus and Dillenius, ofl botany ; Heiller, of anatomy and furgery ; Newman I Patt, and MargfF, of clieinillry ; and Leibnitz, M'alll fius, PufFendorif", Zimmerman, Thomaiiuj, Otto V'anj Gueriche, Kepler, &c. have acquired fame by their philofophical writings. Rabene;- has iinmortalizedliisi name by his fatirical works. Gefner's Idylls and Death of Abel have Ireen favourably received in tlic Eiiglilli tranflations. The late profelTor Gcllert's elegant writJ ings, which are much cfleemed, feem particular! adapted to touch the heart, and infpire fentimentso, morality and piety. Haller the famous phyfician, Hagedom, Lclfing, Kleill, Gerllenbergor, Klopftock, Ramber, and others, have excelled in poetry; ane Schlegcl, Cronegh, Wicland, and Wiefc, have dif. tinguifhed themfelves by their dramatic writings. Tlici romances are dry and tminterelling. In facrtd litcra. tuic, Raphatlies, Michaelis, and Walch, arc famous and fome of the befl editions of the Greek and Lati dallies have been publilhed by Celhirius, Bunmn, Taubman, Rei.'he, Ecnefli, Reimarus, Havercamp, anu Heyne. Printing has been greatly improved in Ger- many, whole inhabitants ate gciurally allowed to the hrfl inventors of great guns, and of giinpo vdcr,.ii Lurope, about the year 1320. This country has alii produced fome excellent painteis, fculptcrs, andniii- licians ; among the latter, may be named lianild Bach, and llelle, of whom Handel is dcfcrvedly placc( at the head ; iiiice it is acknowledged that he artivci at the fublime of intdic ; though his ideas bctueei mufic and fentimcntal cxpreifion were extrenicly dc' fccTive. 'I'lie mofl celebrated public libraries are tliofi; 1 Vienna, Berlin, Malic, WoItV.nbuttle, Hanour, GotI tingen, Wcymar, and the council library at Leipiicj 'I'tierc are ihirty-llx uuivcrfuies in (jcrnia.iy, of viliiJ feventeen are Proteflaut, feventcen Roman Cadiuiic,3i:| two mixed; belides a vafl luiniber of colleges, gyini nalia, and Latin Ichools. Here arc alt'o iiuiiyacailtT mies and focietics for promoting the fhuly of natural philofophy, the belles leitrcs, antiquities, plmi I'culpiure, architecture, ixc. as the Iinjicrial Lenpoldiiil academy of the iiaturn; ciuiuli; the academy (ifUieiM ui Vienna, Beilin, Gollingen, I'rfiirih, Leinlic, Dinl burgh, (jiefen, and Hamburg. 'Flic lliice younger foi ol his Majclty George ill. namelv, j;ri;ice Ea;d Ai-i,.iii| this confedi many i:( the Vienna, Euro?eO E R M N Y. 747 AugurtiiSi Frederic Augiiftus, and Adolphus Frederic, OTte in ^^^ y*'''*" '7^^ '^"^ ^<> *'^^ univerfity of Got- tiiigc" for education. Each of them is accompanied bv a govern"'"' a preceptor, and a gentleman; the ex- ocncts of their table were fixed at 600 crowns per m wccici aii'l *'^^"' different niaders are allowed an ex traordinary appointment of 1000 crowns per annun cadi. I" »734> '"s late Majedy Kinj^ (Jeorge II converted this place (which ^vas the ancient gymna- I'lUin^ into an univerfity. Its library is the belt in Ger- many. There are academies for painting at Drcfden and JJunemburg ; a royal military academy at Berlin ; and the Imperial Francifcan academy of fine arts is at Auelburg, to which the Latin fociety at Jena may be added. , n. n • • • In Germany, the molt common niver com is a rix- JMI:', worth about 4^. 6d. a.Gcrman ilorin or guiidur is wo'th about half a crown, and a gold ducat about OS. A crown in fpecie is equal to an Englilh crown, biit a crown current only to 3s. 6d. A German mark is IS. 6d. All princes an guides the horfc. 'Fhe delfniilive practice of gaming is more prevalerrt her- than in any other tiiwn ,:i the empire. His prefent Imperial nijjtlly has. greatly tntiioratcd tiic concliftiou of his AuUnaii Uih- $11 f ; !i^: 4 :| f I V ik.rl ■ 7i8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. je(5ls, given great encouragement to the Protcftants, and i'ii})nretVcd many Popilli religious houics, convents, i\-c. iicrlin, the ca])ital of the Prudian dominions, is filn- atcd on the Spree, and is one of the findt and largelt cities in Gtriraiiy, but a phice of no ftrcngth. It fon- Jills of five towns united l(igcfher, and is titc afual rc- liilcncc of the royal family, and the feat of the l)ig!i colleges. Its n reels and fquares arc fpacious, and contain many fine palaces and other public buildings ; l)ni the molt remarkable is the royal palace, which coiiiilts of a valk pile of buildings, wherein neither legulariiy nor uniformity have been attended to by the dittercnt architeds employed in cretSing it. It is ^d(>rncd with molt beautiful paintings and tapelby, and fuch a quantity of gold and ijlvcr plate, par- ticularly the latter, as is not to be met with in any other court in Europe : befides which it contains a cabinet of raiities natural and artificial, a choice col- IciSioa of medals, with a 48 for linen, 454 for lace- work, 39 frames for filk ftockings, and 310 for worded ones, belides manufa£lures of tapcilry, gold and lilvcr lace, and mirrors. Drefdcn, the capital of the eletSlor.itc of Saxony, is fituatcd on both lides the Kibe, and is a very magni- ficent city, containing ilrong fortifications, fupcrb palaces, public buildings, churches, and charitable foundations. The electoral palace was built in tlie lixtecnth century ; but having been greatly damaged by a fire which happened in 1702, it underwent a thorough repair, and great part of it was entirely re- built. In the inner court of^ it is a collcdlion of rari- ties, called the Grec" Vault, that has fcarcely its equal in Europe. It is divided 'nto feven apartments, in the firlt of which are a great niunbcr of Imall brafs models oi the molt famous llati;cs and monuments ex- tant, both ancient and modern: in the fccond area variety of ■curious works in ivory; in the third, works of pure filver ■■, u\ the fourth, gilt lilvcr plate, and velU Is of pure gold ; in the fifth, precious (tones, and curioli- ties formed out of them ; in the fixth, the arras of the feveral Saxon countries, the crown, fceptrc, imperial apple, and othc pieces, which were ufcd at the coro- nation in Poland J and in the feventh, fome very rare jewels. This city is the academy of Germany for llatuary, paintii g, enamelling, and carving. Here are manuladurcs for mirrors, and one of porcelain, but not equal to that carried on at MiclVen in this elei^o- rate. It !>• impollible to enumerate the multitude of pieces of fine purcclaiiti botli foreign and home made, a . ' which are to be found in the Japancfc palace nearth I white gate in Old Drefdcn; evoiuhe culinary vedeN arc made of this ware, and valued at a million (} dollars. The foreign commerce of this city js carrjeHl on by means of the Elbe, over which it has a llitcl (ionc bridge of feventecn arches, that divides the city m I the old and new towns. The number of inhabitant iu the city and fuburbs, which are very extetillvc j | fuppofed to be 1 10,000. The elcdorate of Saxo/iy reckoned the richcft country in Germany, is faidj' contain aic walled towns, fixty-one market-towns an! upwards of booo villages : us revenue amount's to 1,350,0001. Hanover, the capital of that deflorate, is fitiiated I on the river Leine, which divides it into the Old and I New Towns. The ftrects are regular, broad, and well lighted, and contain about jaoo hoiifes, rnanirl of which are built of timber and clay. The ekaorall palace being in 1741 deftroyed by fire, was rebuilt wjih I great magnificence. Some manufaftin-es arc carried on in thii city, and I near it are the palace and elegant gardens of HcrenJ haufen. In the elecElorate are fifty-eight cities, and fmJ mai kct-to wns, belides villages, containing about 750,003 1 people. The city and fuburbs of Bremen contain aboiitl .50,000 inhabitants, and have a confiderable trade by! tiic Wefcr. The bilhopric of Ofnaburg lies bctMctnl the Wefer and the Ems. Its chief city has been longl famous for the manufaflnres which go by its name,! and for the belt Wellphalia hams. Ihe other tomisj belonging to the ele£lorate of Hanover have trade and! manufadures; but thefe dominions have fuftcredgreailyf linrc the acreilion of the Hanover family to the crownl of Great-Britain. Brcllaii, the capital of Sile.la, b fituatcd at the con- flux of the Oder and Ohiau. Including the fuburbs,! it is of great extent, having many large regular fqiiares,! broad Itreets, and public edifices, but the fortificaiionsj arc very inconfiderable. In this city all fefls oi Chrif-j tians, and even Jews are tolerated, but the inagijlrac/l of it is Lutheran. The buildings worthy notice are! fome of the churches, the bifliop's palace, the Popilhj univerlity, feveral of the ir.onalleries and niinncfies,! and the exchange. There are alfo fome good piiblicT libraries, two armories, a college of phyfici.ins, and a mint. Brellau is extremely populous, and the manu-j failures of Silefia, which are very confiderable, prir.J cipjiiy centre there, fo that feviral fairt- ate held anJ nually in it, which occalions a great rcfjttofHnnJ garian, Bohemian, Polifti, and other foreign merchantsJ The revenue to hi« Prufllan majclty is faid toamouni to near a million ftcrling. The imperial town of Hamburgh is fituatcd on lit Elbe, being almofl in a circular form, and lix nub ill compafs. This city, which is divided into the old aii(| new towns, has (ix gates, and three cnirancts water, viz. two from the Elbe and one from the Aliltij which arc flrongly fortified with inoatj) nmmi bailioiiq Europe.] M N Y. 749 apancfe palace near the | :vcn the culinary velTels /alued at a million of. cc of this city is canied :r which it has a liatciy that divides the city into number of inhabitants :h are very extenlivc, is le eledlorate of Saxony, in Germany, is faid in -one market-towns, and ts revenue amounts to at deflorate, is fitiiatcd des it into the Old and are rcgnlar, broad, and 1 out 1200 hoiilcs, many I ind clay. The eleaonlj by fire, was rebuilt with 1 e..a, 13 rituatedattkcon-| 1. Including the fubutbs,! many large regular fiiuares,! ices, but the turlilicaiionsj this city all feds ol Chrif-I crated, but the inagiflracyj lildings worthy notice are! bifliop's palace, the Popilhl -.onalleries and niinncries,| ue alfo fome good pnl lege of phyficinns, and J populous, and the manuH re very confiderable, frir.i t fcvcral faire are held anJ ns a great refoit of Hnn^ id iithcr foreign morchanlsJ ,n majelly is faid to amount lallions, and outworks. The ramparts arc exceedingly lolty, planted with trees, and of fucli a breadth as 10 admit fevcral carriagi's to go abreaih Tlie piiblic I BJifices. churches excepted, nrake no great appi'araucc. The cathedral is very ancient, piul ii» tower leans as i(it would fall every inilant, but on account of the btautyandfingularity of its architefturc, it has not yet btcn taken dowi . Tiic Exchange at Hamburgh is Kty commodious, but far inferior to that of London. The yard, arfenal, and o armories, arc worthy the iafpeaion of a traveller. The trade of Hamburgh is wry cxtenfive, all the commodities and maimfadiircs of the feveral cities and Hates of (icrniany being pnerally exported from thence. lis principal imports ire the woollen manufadlures and other goods of Cjvcat- Britain, to the amount of feveral hiiiuiicd iliDufaiul pounds annually. Its trade with Spain, I'ortngal, and Italy, which is very confiderable, is chiclly carried on In tnglifh bottoms; ahd they employ fifty or (l.\ty Ihips every year in the whale-lilhery. 'I'hc inland trade of this great city is ^uitc equal to its foreign, and exceeded by no country m Europe, except thofe of London and Amfterdam. Frankfort, a free and -.uperial city, and the ufual place of the eledlion and coronation of the kings of the Romans, is fituated in a healthy, fertile, and dc- ligh lul country along the Maine, by which it is di- tided inU) two parts, and both are computed lo con- tain about i]oco houfcs. It is of a circular form, ivithout any liiburbs; but the (kcets are generally nar- row, and the houfes arc mollly of timber and plallcr, and covered with Hate ; though 'lerc arc foine hand- fome private Ilrudlnres, of a kind of red marble, that hive the appearance of palaces. The fortilicatioiis arc tegular and folid ; the ditches arc deep, and filled with (relit water. The natural and artificial curiofitics of Gcnnany are rery numerous. Near Blackcnbtirgh are two rocks, cx- iftly reprefcnting two monks in their proper habits. In Harts- Forert is a cave, of which the etid has never vet been difcovcred, though travellers have advanced intoitfornear twenty miles. Near Hamelen, about thirty miles from Hanover, there is likewifc a cave, jt the mouth of which Hands a moninncnt, to coin- memoraic the lofs of 130 children, who arc faid to have been fwallowed up in this place in the year 1284. in one part of Saxoi\y, Hones are dug up in a laid, *\\w\\ exhibit a lively reprtfciitation, by fair cupper llmkts, of filhcs of divers forts, frogs, and other ani- mjls, that abound in a neighbouring lake. Aiming their artitieial rarities, wc may notice the frcat lun at llcielelburgh, wliiih holds 8oo hoglheads, mi is t;i.ni.;,illy lull of the bell Rheiiilh ^vine. The (hurilie^i pahues, caiUcs, bridges, and other public builiiini'. in this empire are well worthy attentioti, pjriiciilarly the Ibrnicr, many of which are of Gothic luhitcchirc, arid lirike the beholder with an idea of I niilc magiiaiccucc : the cathcdr.4i:> and chinches are adorned on the infidc with a profufion of gold, filver, diamonds, and oti'.er precious (tones. The Imperial library at Vienna is a great literary curiofity : it contains upwarils of 80,000 volumes, ainonglt which are man/ valuable maniHcripts in moH of the oriental languages. The fituation of Germany being in a manner in the centre of Europe ; its vicinity to the fea, and its inland navigation, all confpire to the advantage of its com- merce. Belides the produ£lioDS of their mines and minerals, the exports of this empire confiH in the fol- lowing articles : corn, henp, hops, flax, anifc, cum- min, fatfron, madder, truffles, tobacco, lean cattle, butter, che.fc, honey, wax, wines, particularly the Rhcnilh and Molellc ; linen, ftuffs, yarn, filk and cot- ton fluffs, ribbons, toys, turnery wares in wood.-, metals, and ivory; {»oatflvins, wool, timber, both for Onp-biiihling and houfcs; cannon, bullets, butnb';, boinb-fhclls, iron-plates, and (loves; tin-plates, (leel- work, copper, bral^-wire ; hogs's bridles, mum, beer, tartar, fmalts, zaffer, PrufHan-blue, printers-ink, mir- rors, glalTes, earthen-ware ; the fineli porcelain in the world, and feveral other things. Alter the revocation of the edi£t of Nanfz by Louis XIV. numbers of Protellant refugees fettled in differ- ent parts of Europe, and thofe which took flielter iti Germany introduced with themfelves a great number of manufadiircs into that empire. At prcfentthc inha- bitants make velvets, filks, rich (luffs, (luffs half (ilk and half cotton, variety of woollen (luffs and cloths, fine and coaifc linen, checqiie iinen, ribbons, lace, yarUf thread, Silcfia linen ; canras, fullians, table-linen, tick- ing, fine and coarfe woollen hofc, and caps; gold and (liver galloon, embroidery, fine hats, tapcllry, and Spa- tiilh rough and (mooth leather. The maniifafclures of paper, tobacco, wax, clock-work, guns, locks, tin- • phucs, and white iron, arc very confiderable. Tho artificers of Niircmbtirg .ire faid to furpafs thofe of any other country in ihewoiking of (led, iron, brafs, a!a- baller, and in toys of every kind. The Germans lik*- wife excel in printing cottons, in dyeing, in making fine lacquered works, mirrors, glais-ware ; and tho porcelain of MicHen, in the electorate of Saxony, is cdeemed even preferable to that of China for the beauty - of its paint'iiig, and the fincnefs of the earth witii which it is made. There are near 300 . fiivcreign princes in Germany, and every one of them arbitrary with regard to the government of his own ellatcs ; but tlicfe piiiices form a political confederacy, of which the empvrjr is t!i« heail. Charles the Great, generally (lyled Charletmgnc, fomuled the German ciwiiiic about the year yco, iiiid the imperial crown was !i:rcditnry in his family till the exiindlion of his male iiliie, which h:ippened in Janu- ary 912. During this p riod the emperor was arbi- trary, but then he confiilted pcrfons cekbr.iied for their abilities, and the re.litiidc of their C(,nduct. On thcde.ithof Henry IV. which hippeiud in tlu; yrar nob, aconlluulion wasfjiuied, by which the ri^lit of ♦ • 9 D hereditary (. tj ''(H '■l.j i. W1 'i , i'M- liiii 750 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. g^m hereditary fuctcflfion to tlir Imperial crown was abo- lillied, and a tree and voluntary eledlK^ii edablKhed. About the middle of tiic thirtcentli century, the clilcf princes of Germany adliiiicd the tiili; ot elec- tors ; and, at the fame time, appropriated to them- felves the power of elefling the Ik ad of the empire. The coiporation, or body of ella'-.v over which the emperor prefides, not in .liiJlatorialbiit executive ca- pacity, confifts of three dalles, or colleges The firll of thefc is called the elcfcloral college; the fccoiid, the college of princes; and the third, the college of impe- rial towns. Theeledloral cr.Uege conlirtsof nine inein- bers, all of whom have particular offices in the impe- rial court, and in them is vcdtd tl folc power of elefling the emperor They arc ruakcd in the follow- ing order ; viz. 1. Tiic arcfibilhop of Mentz, high- fhancellcr of th^ empire in Gennany. 2. The arth- hifliop of Trevc: , high-chancehor of the •: pire in France. 3. The archbilhop of Cologne, high-chan- cellor of the empire in Italy. .]. The king, or rather elector of Bohemia, cnp-bcarer. ,5. Tlie eleflor of Br.varia, grand-fcrver, or olTicer who fcr.es out the feafts. 6. The eleclor of Saxony, grand-n^isOial of the cmp're. 7. The elciflor of Brandci^b (now king "f Prufiia) great-chanberlain. 8. T'le cledlor Palatine, great- 1 Reward, g. The ehcvcr 1 1 '/.mover, kine; of Great-Britain, arch-treafnrei- Before .Ir empe- ror calls a diet, it is ncccirary fur him '..t ! ivc tli» advice of thofe members: the dcdlors of :'>?\./.\ ind Bavaria have iiiiifdiction, the for.'-.jr over tie i)or>.hern, and the latter over the fou;' cm circles, day'- , 'he vacancy of the Imperial throne. The college of prin'^cs of ib ' r.ipiit ;_ C' inpoieil of vnoTC members, but en;' . s lei" power t'i;\nthat of the ' • ■; ral. The members of this college :ue alfo divided iiito twr- v'jirc', ecckliadii'al and temporal. '1 he ecclcH.. 'iji! !•• iiices are as abfoitite as the lempfjral ones i.i tl eif i eral do ninion'. The -'.icf of ihcii , befidcf ''ic '.',::r already mentioned, rre the irclibilhop t)f Saltlbiirgh, the bifli' ps of Bamb :rgh, V,'irtv!;,,irch, Worins, Spire, Munltcr, Strafburgh, Paderborn. Ol'na- burg, Ltibeck, &c. The chief of the f-'iilai nriiiccs are the landgrave of HelTc, tlie dukes of Bruni'wi.k, Wolfcntnittel, Wirtcmburgh, S-x<.-Gotha, Mli.:.1cii- bui"!', the marquilfL'S of Baden M\d '.'iilinba< h, with ihc princes of Nalfaii, Anhatt, Fur!l<:iburgit, and !i!an\ others, who have -ill high trtl 'iiger as 4 political Ivxiy. Gumany aljiiuids v. itli many abbots and abbeil'cs, whofe jurifdidions are likev/ife abfolute, foaie i>f them vc-ry conlidtrable, and all of themchofin by their refpedive cfjpters. The diet meets at Rati!}- m, on thr empc ror's fum- mons. This al?';.r.b!y, bcfidcs the tkiliyn of an empe- ror, makes laws, raifes taxes, deterinines' diffcrtncesi between the feveral princes imd flates, and can rclie fubjedls from the opprellions of their fovercigiis. ^* But belides this general diet of the empire, there are yearly ineetingsof the ftates of one, two, or ilirec of the circles that lie contiguous to o.ic another, cailc I from tlience correfponding circles, of which there a three rlaffes, the Upper Rhme, the Lower Rhine, and VVedphalia; Upper and Lower Saxony; Kranconia Suabia, and Aultria. Thefc alFeniblies take coBnj.' 7,ance of the coin, the public peace, the magazines' I fortifications, and commerce. ' There are in Gennany two fupreme courts, erefled for determining the great caufes uf the empire, arifinp between its refpeflive members ; namtlv, the imperial I chamber, and the Aulic-council, or chamber of Vienna The imperial chamber conlids of fifty judges or aHiffbr' The pvefident and four others are appointed by the emperor ; iach of the eleftora choofe one, and the other I princes and ftates the reft. All caufes may he bronriht into this court by appeal. The Aulic council wayori- ginally nothing more than a revenue court of the domj. n.oiis of Aiiilria. But as the power of that family increafcd, the jurifdiflion of the Aulic-council has been cxchided ; till at laft, to the great difgoft of ||,e princes of the empire, it ufiirped upon the pii-.HTS of the impel]..! chamber, and even upondiofc oi ihe diet. It con'.iiis of a prefident, a vice-chancellor, a vice- nrefldent, a certain number of Aulic-coiiiifeilors, of whom ilx are Proteftanis, befidcs other ollicers, but the emperor is in reality the fole mailer. Thefe courts decide all caufes according to ilie laws and conHitutioii of the empire, and the principles of the civil law. Alter the votes of the diet are collected, ar.d fentencc pronounced, the emperor may, on an emergency, com- mit the cxcciiiiun of it to a particular piiiicc or prin- ccfs, whofc troops live at free quarter upon the citates of the delinquent party. The conltitution of the Germanic body is of iidlf a fludy of no final! dilfiriilty. It will be needicis to enumerate the feveral checks that have fromti'ncto time been invented to abridge the imperinl puwtr, .is 't is certain that the ambition of the hmife of Aiiltrii has more than once rendered all thefc checks abortive, and even threatened the liberties of the empire, which have been laved by France; the hoiift of Aullria ha? alio lately met with a powerful oppolltion from the hoiife <)f Biandenbiirg, in c:>nfe(pienee of the a6iivi;y and martial Ipiiit of his late Pnillian majelly. It maybe nectlfaiy, in this place, to inform the reader of the meaning of a term which hasof late frequently occurred ,n the German hiliory, namely, that of the pngmatic fanflion. This is a provifion made by the eiiipcuir Charles VI. for preferving the indivilibility of the Aiillrinn dominions in the perfon of the next defccnd- cnt of the lalf pclielfor, whether male or female. This proviliun Itas be.n -often difpiited by other branches ot tliehoufc uf Aultria, wiio U:\s bccu occaiioiially iup- porlcd EOGRAPHY. ixes, determines' iliffi^rtncesl lUnJ ftate?, ami can relieve I IS of their fovercigns. il diet of the empire, there i ftatcs ol" one, two, or ihrce guoiis to o.ic another, callwl circles, of which there jre, line, tile Lower Rhine, and Lower Saxony; Franconia, | icfc aireiiiblies take cngni, blic peace, ilic magazines, ce. wo fiipreme courts, erefled :aurcs of the empire, arifiiig I ibers ; iiamtly, the imperial uncil, or chamber of Vienna, ids of fifty jiulucsoiatTeirors. ithers are appointed by the jr^ choofe one, and the other I All caiifcs may he brought The Aiilic council wa»ori- a revenue court of the domi- 5 the power of that family of the Aulio-council has , to the great (lifg"ft of the iifiivped upon the powers of even upon iliofc ot ihe diet. a vice-chancellor, a vice- er of Aulic-counfellors, of beliilcs other oHicers, but the fole mailer. Thefe courts to ilie laws and conftituiioii nciples of the civil law. et are collected, andfenlencc nay, on an emergency, com- I a pai titular piince or prin- frcc quarter upon the cltate; c Germanic body is of iiWf | ilty. It will be needkib to ccks that have fromii'nctu' dge the imperial power, as't ion of the honfc of Aiiltiii j red all tlicfe checks aboriivc, berties of the cnipiri.', whi h e ; the houft of Auitria liaj owerful oppolltion front the C'.)nre(Hieni.e of the aflivity c Prnllian majelly. It maybe o inform the reatler cf the has of late frecpicntly occurred ' nicly, that of the pragmatic h-iCion made by the cinpcior ng the indivilibility of the perfon of the next defaiid- hcthcr male or fenule. 'lliis difputed by other branches of li:-vc bccu occalionally lup- ported I kuROPE.] M N Y. 75^ .iited by France from political views, though the L'luatic faiK^lion is Ifron^ly guaranteed by almnll all k'powers of Europe. 'I'lie late ernperor, eledlor of Bavi.iai and the late king of Poland, altcmplid to ovcrihrow it, as being defcendcil from the daughters of tkcmpef ' Jofcph, elder brother to Charles VI. The court ot Spain have likcwife repeatedly oppofcd it. In France, the lives and fortunes of the fubjcfls »efc entirely at the difpofal of the grand monarque; felt few of the territories of the German princes are fo larse as to be ailigned to viceroys, to be opprelltd at nbfure by unfeeling officers ; nor are they entirely [vithuiit redrefs when they fufllr any grievance; they ir.ay appeal to the general diet or great council of the . (|„pire for relief. With rcfpcd to the burghers and (icafjiits of Germany, the former, in many places, |r,i(iy great privileges : the latter alfo, in fome parts, jsin Franconia, Suabia, and on the Rhine, are gcnc- rallva free people, or perform only certain fervices to their fiiperiors, and pay the taxes; whereas in the irarquifste of Brandenburg, I'utnerania, Lufatii. Mo- P.via, Bohein"a, Auflria, Ike. they may juflly be dcno. filiated flavcs, though in difFercnt degrees. The fiibjccls of the petty princes in Germany are generally the mod unhappy ; for thefe princes iifually affcfting ihc fplendor and grandeur of the more powerful, in ilie lumber and appearance of ti.eir officers and do- uellics, in their, palaces, gardens, pidure?, ctiriolitie*, riiards, bands of mufic, tables, drefs, and furritce, jre obliged, in order to fupport all this vain parade, to jay enormous taxes and burdens on their fubjcdis a. ' dependents. With refpefl: tn the rrveiines of the empire, we (liall only maki; thofe of the in.pcror, and a few of the mud powerfid eleiSors, the Itibjifl of this article. The annual income of the emperor is not more than j or bc^ol. fterling, principally n'lling from fome isconfidcrable fiefs in the Black Forefl. The Auffrian reicr.iics, the value of money in Gennany being c.m- llJirtd, appear imuicnfe, amountiiig to y, 7o,coc'l. ficijing ill Germany and Italy— prodigious Aim in iVfe countries. The revenue? ^ Prullian majefly caiiTOt cafily be cal ulated, but y arc nimpiited at la'f a million ftuling per am n; and his father, itho never enjoyed the Siberian revenues, left above (fvin millions ii his coffers. The reveniu.s of tne tilicr princes of Germany at in proportion fo thofe altf.idy enumerated ; but it i^ liifficuit, perhaps iinpof- f;ok', in a country compn ' ng fo many ditfeient Halts, tn make any rompi; iu ;i that can hi' fatisfac- ti'iy to the pnblic. To btlioUl the magiiificcnrc of : rany of the German courts, a (Iranger is apt to con- ceive very high ideas of ihc ininnicsof their prince.', I rtiich is chiefly owing to the iiigh price of money in iMatcciiiitry.and, of couife, the low price of provilions anil maiuilafliires. For maintaining the rtrcngth and forces of Germany, and to provide lor other coiiti -'cticies, a conftitution was fettled by Charles V. whereby every flate of the empire was to be taxed in proportion to its ability. This tax, or quota, is entered into a public regifter, tailed the matricula of the empire, and kept in the office of the cledor of Ment/ ; it contains the airelf- mcnts of men and money, which every prince and flate, who are members of the empire, io to advance, when the imperial army takes the field. The contri- butions in mon- y are called Roman inonths, on account of the monthly aireliinents formerly paid to the empe- rors when they vilited Rome; but thofe airellinents are fubjcft to great mutability. However, upon a moderate computation, the fecular princes can bring into the field 379,000 men, and the eccleliaflical 74,500 ; in all 4531.500 ; of thofe 90,000 are fuppofed to be fur- nifhcd by the emperor, as head of the houfc of Auftria. By this compulation, which is far from being exag- gerated, it appears, tliat the emperor and enipire form the mod: powerful government in Europe, and that if th . v.hoi'; force was propi-rly direiSed under an able j.encial, Germany would have nothing to fear from av. . of its ambitious neighbours; but thediffLrent inte- rclls purfued by the fcveral princes of Germanv render the power of the emperor of little confequence, except with regard to his own forces, which are indeed verv formiiuble. The lute emperor's army, in 1,7;, was .'omputcd to amount to 200,000 efFcflive men, Th'i arms of the empire arc a black eagle w'lh iwc* heads, h.>/ering with cxpandi;d wings, in a fieL of gold; and o ■"r the heads of the eagle is fccn the impc- r; .1 crown. ( )ii the brealt of tlie e.igle is an efcii'chuoii qu.i.terly, , *" eijht, f )r Hup'^ary, Njples, Jcrtiialem, / rv^on, .'>iijou, Guelder^, lir-bant, and Barr. The I invvifs-dov-. ger Eleanor, in 1662 ^.^J 1666, created, i'.vo orders '/f ladies, or female knights; and the order oi" !>' T'hcTcTa was inilitute i by the late cmprcfs-queen. Tiie er.ipcrors of Gcrtnany, as well as rhe kings of '^pain, confer the ordc of the G'J'Icn Fleece, as del'cended fri'di liie hr;ufe of Hurgundy. This order was iiilH- i'.Hcd at Bruges, ill Flanders, on the loih of January i4'i9, i y '*bilip duke of Burgundy, on the day of iiis marriat,^ witli his third wife. It is fuppofed that he chof.^ 'he badge, it being the chief of the (laple manu- faftnres .-f his country. It confuted at firit of tl.irty knight.i, including the fovcreign, who were of the firit families of the Low C'lnntrics, and it (iill confinnes to be ranked witii the molt ill'iitrio- :5 orders of knight- howl in Europe. There are at prefent two- branch' 9 of it; the emperor is fovereign of the one, an;' th kint^ of Spain of the other; all the knights muff prove iheiV noble delCMif from the ir.ih century. Tiiey ufii.illy wear a Golden Fleece proper, penilrnt to a broad plain red ribband rouii.! their necks ; but on days of cereme'iiv, they wear the collar of the order, which is compoied of double ItccK-, interwoven with flint flones emitting fparks of fire, the whole enamelled in their proper colours, at the end of ivjiich a golden U-ecc- I' 111 HBi' !t'- fiinifu it 1 .,! m\ n . T".' 752 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ■.:l^4 . ' i-'^*-^{ \t -¥' ;X&^''''>'' r*#*' Vll fleece hangs on the: breaft. The fufils arc joined two and tAvo, uj it' thuy were double BIJ s, the cypher ol Burgundy, and the Hint (lones, the ancient arms of the fovcrcigns . of tliat duchy, with their motto, Antefcrit quam Jiammd rn'uct, " He prefers what fliines witit flame. ' Tiie motto of the Order is, Pretium non vile lahoriim, " Nut a mean reward of our labours." Wc have already noticed the Teutonic Order, in our account of Orders in the Netherlands ; and ihall only adil, that this order owed its origin to fomc religious Germans at Jerufalem, during the crufades, who af- fumed the tiric of the Teutonic knights, or brethren of the hofpital of our Lady of the Germans at Jerufa- lem. Conrade, duke of Siiabia, invited them into Priiflia aSout the year 1230 ; they foon after conquered i''ullia for thcmfelves, and became one of the moll powerful orders in Europf "^ut, by the order dividing againft itfolf, they afterwa olt their power and pof- fellions ; and Albert, marrju.. jf Brandenburgh, grand- niafter of tiie order, on his abjuring Popery, abdicated the tli.iiid maderihip, fubdned Prullia, and expelled all tlie r.ipilh who followed not his example. The mem- bers ot tills order mult take the oath of celibacy. It is not certainly known when the order of the Red Eagle was inllitutcd. The margrave of Bareith is fo- vercign of it. The badge is agoK'cn fquare medal ena- melled white, on which is an eagle difplaycd red. It is worn pendent to a broad red watered ribband, edged with yellow, and worn fcarf-wife. This order is com- monly bcftowed on general officers. The C' '-r of Sincerity was clhbliflied in the year ifigo, by John George, eltflor of Saxony, and Frede- rick III. ek£lor of Brandenbiirgh, in terminating their difpntes, and as a confirmation and furety hereafter of their amity. The knights of this order wear a bracelet of gold : on one Tide are the names of '.lie two princes, with tl'.is device — Amiliefincere, " Sine .-re Friendlliip i" en the other (idcare two armed hands, joined together, and placed on two fwords, with two palm brur!<~hes eroded with this motto — Unii pour jamais, " United for ever." The order v>f the K.Me PuJJi'.n was inflitutcd in 1704, by J "I'll George, duke of Saxe Weillenfcls, of which the * black : above the crofs pattde another crofs comnof'H of five j- .vis, by which it hangs to a blnck ribband edged with white, and on the ribband thefe words-i Memen/o' msri, "Remember death," worn at th bread. They arc to avoid gambling, theatrical amufe. mcnts, and luxuries of all kiiidii. The order of /he Cvtre was inflituted in the year 1 170a, by the duke of Wirtenibiiigh, and improved m the year 1719. The hadi^e of this order is a gold crc*"! of eight pfjints eiiimelicd red ; in the fpaccs bctwcJn the branches of the crofs is an e:igle difplaycd, red.and between the puints of each traverfe a bugle lior;i'anl in the centre the letter W, pnd over it a dii^ulco'.D-iit enamelled in proper colours. It is worn pendent to"a broad fcarlet watered ilbbaiid, pafIi:)iT fLa.t-Aifi; from I the left Ihouldcr to the right fide. On tin; IcftliJi, i,,' the coat is a lilver liar embroidered, of the fame fi^,,., as the badge, in the iniddle a green circle wiih'ilic motto — Amicitia virtulifque fcvdus, " The bond of I fricndlhip and virtue." St. Hubert is the patron of this order; and the fellivalis held on his anniverfary. The order of St. Hubert was (irll inllituted b" a duke of Juliers andCle\cs, in memory of a viflorv gained by him on St Hujert's day, in 1447: it was afterwards revived in the year 1709, by the elector pa. latine. The number of counts and barons of the ordr who enjoy the memorial lands annexed to it, is liiujtej to twelve, but the number of princes and private gen. tlemen is not fixed. The elector palatine is grand- 1 mailer of the order. The badge is a crofs of eight points, from the angles ilVue rays, and in the middle of a circle is enamelled the figfe of St. Hubert kneeling before a I crucifix, placed bctvv.en the hortis of a(lagllandin?in a wood, having in the centre this device in the Rnnic language — Conjians in fidelitate, " Conltant in tideliiy," j on a red ground. All the knights have either iniliiar/ i cinpl'jyments or penfions ; before admitted, they are to prove the nobility of their defcent for four generations, and, on the day of reception, are to pay 100 ducats to I the poor. The order of St. Rupert was inflitutcd in 17C1, by I the archbifliop of Saltzburgh, in honour of the founder | and patron of the fee he held, and as the apollienf his country. It is coinpofcd *'•!• -V 11 a. 754 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 11^ V' 111 M ot" thtiV nn icriirs : tlicy conlill tiiictly of <" intclts bc- twctii tluiii and iln: pcpcs ot Ri.nic; ami irom thcfe coiuetis ihc Itirri'iiis lachoiis of tlic Cint-lphs and Glii- btliuiS, ill ih.-. i,)ili century, hail tlictr liT'; the fi'rmtr bti/ig -iltachcd '.!> the popes, and the l.ittcr to the em- peror' ; aii.i ihife, by their viniltncc uiul inveteracy ajjaiiul catli oihcr, fillcii ilic ciii|)ire with dillradlioii lor kvi-r.il c"nii.ii'.-s. I'lciitiic III. diikc of Aiillria, wh;) al'ccndcd the Imperial throne in •4JO. vvas very (la- ccf;.rul in liis wars, and enjoyed the throne fifty-lhiee years. He was fiiccceded by liis fon Maximilian I. vvhi)efpoiJl"i;d the hcirtfs ot'Charies, d^ke of Burgundy ; and by this marriage, that duchy, togcilitr with the iVventetn provinces of the Netherlands, were annexed to the hoiife of AiiHria. Charles V. the greateft prince that had filled the Im- perial throne lince Charlemagne, vras ehcled emperor, on this deatii of his grandf.ither Maximilian, which happened in tlie year 15 n). He was heir to the crown t)t Spain in right ol his moilicr Joann;!. During his reign tl;e cmpues of Mexico and Pirn in America weiv: conqneitd, by whii h he becaaic the fovercign of miich larger antlriclier tL-rritorics than any other piince in Europe. In his reign llie relormation began in Ctr- many. Chailes violently oppefed the followers of Lntl'.er, and a civil war broke out in the empire. This, to^;;her \vi;h the wars in which Ciiarles \\a>alino(t ptipetiul'y engaged ajjainlt France, reiidertd his reign exLetiiiiigly irouLlelonie. He was at tuit very fortii- iiaic, and IS faid to have been viilorious in abo\e thirty jiitched battles w liich he lonjjiit in pcrfon : in tlie de- cline ol iile his good fortune began to lorfake him ; on ^vllich he abdicated the tUrone, and retired into a mo- naflery, wi.ere he died aboni two years afur. He was fuccceded in the year ijjH Dy his brother I'lrdinand I. who w'as very n.oderatc witli regard to the leligioiis dilhiibanccs \\hieh lull coniinujd in Gernuny, and died in ijO.j, after iiaving procured his fon Maximilian to be elcCUd king of the Konians. Maximilian li. afeeiided the 1 nipt rial throne on the death of his iaihcr, without aiiv new ekdiun, purfuant to the conltiiiiiion of the enijjire. H\s reign was con- tinually dillurbeil by internal C(annuitions, chiefly on account of religion, antl aUo invaded by the Turks ; but he died in peace in i^pO, and vvas fuccceded by Rjdolph, who obtained the Impeiial fiiptrc on the death ot his father: he wa> i;no'ved in a war with the Hungarians, and oppofed by his brother Matthias. Perceiving that it would be in vain to cmleavour to re • duce the Hungarians to obetlience while they were alfided by his brother, he theretore gave that kingdom, together with the duchy of Aullria, to Mattliias. This produced the delired eifect, and Kodelph livtd in peace the remaining fart ot his reign. i):\ i.is lieath, Matthias was elected cmpeior. Unring his reign the reformrrs were divided into tv\o fe U, ealled Lutherans and Calvinilfs, and oppofed ea; h oiiier with fo iiiueh fury, that the empire was thrtaieiicd with a civil w.ir. But the ambition of Matthias, who had taken meafurcj for cxterinin.tling both parties, reconciled tlicni. At i the Time tim?, by pcrfeciiting the refornn-d in Bohemia the people Hew to arms and tluew the Imptrial cimi'. millioners out (d'a window at Prague. This uicilimn,! I a dreadful war in that kingdom, which lalfej ihinyl years. The perfccmion in Bohemia convinced bo!h the Lutherans and Calvinills that nothing Imt n cii,f^ union could prevent the dedrtidion inetlitatcil by tlif emperor. Accordingly they formed a coiil'cdcracv called the Evangelical League, at the head of which was Frederic, the eledlor palatine, then tie moll pmv. erful ProtelUnt prince in Cii.-rmaiiy, and fon-iii.|mv to 1 James i. of England. This was couiiterbalanced bya Catholic league. Ma.thias dyingin 1618, w.ts fuccceded in thclmpe. rial throne by his couliti Ferdinand II. but iheinlubi. I tants of Bohemia refufcd to acknowledge him for their I king, and ottered their crown to the eledtur paiat'iic, who vvas imprudent enough to accept it. While he continued at the head (>f the Evangelical LciJue he was very fuccelVTul ; but was not able to fupport ihe crown he had imprudently received. He was to!al!y (K feated at the battle of Pragtie, and deprived of Ins palatinate. The Catholics confidered this vi6lory over Frederic as a prelude to the dellru61ion of the Pro;eltant caufe in Germany ; but their expectations were built on a fandy foundation. The reformers had Hill generals able 10 lead their armies, among whom were the margrave uf Baden Donrlach, Chridian duke of Brunfwick, and the famous count Mansfield. Other Proteflant princes alfo ttow perceived the,nccellity of joining their brethren, in order to fupport the religion tjiey had embraced. Among thefe was Chridian IV. king of Denmark, who was placed at the head of the Evangelical League. Chrillian engaged the Imperial army commanded by count Tilly, and was totally defeated. The Protcftaiits were not however intitnidated : they formed a frefli confederacy at Loiplic, at the head of which was the celebrated Guilaviis Adolphus, king of Sweden. His' virtories fuccceded each other with afloniiliiiig rapidity, and the iioufe of Auilria trtmblt.d lor its power, when he was killed in the battle of Lntzcn, in the year 1632. Hut the Protellant caufe did not fall with Gullaviis. The generals formed under his care purfiied the piaii he had formed, and the emperor was convinced ihat there was no other method of faving the houfc of Auf- tria, than that of putting an end to the war. Accord- ingly a peace was concluded at Munller, in the yeai 16.18. By this treaty the Pioteftant religion was eda- blilhed in all parts ol Germany where it was prolelled; and the claitns and pretenlions of moll of the princes and Hates of Europe v.eie hnally fettled. Bttore this event happened, ierdinand H. died, ami iiis ton Fer- dinand HI. was placed on the Impeiial throne. Leopold fuccceded his father Ferdiiiaiid HI. in the year i6^d. He was one of the molt fcverc and uii- amiable m ORAPITY. Mu) had taken meafurcj icconcikil ilicm. At I ri:lbr!ni'(1 in Bolicniia, ri'W ihf Imperial cum. ague. Tliisi^cMlonutj n, wliiili lalK'J thiriy liL-niia loiivinccil boih It notliing l)iit II dufsl Mion rntuliLiicd by tlis foiined a confcdcracv, | at the licail of whicli lie, tlicii tit; moK pow. my, and Inn-in.|avv lo I IS couiiterbulaiiccdbva fucccedcd in the Impe. land II. but thcinhabi. iiowlcdgc liim for their I to the clcdtor palat'iic, accept it. While he ivangclical Luigue, hi; not able to fiippurt ihe ;ivcd. He was totally e, and deprived of his is vidlory over Frederic f the Proielhiitcaufcin lis were built on afandy I d Kill generals able lu I n were the margrave of eof Bninfwick, andtlie rr Proteftant primes alfo joining their brethren, )ii lliey liad embraced. v. king of Denmark, the Evangelical Lagiie. 1 army commanded by I 'eated. Tlie Prottftaiits they formed a frcfh head of which was the I king of Sweden, His'l vith afluniiliing rapidity, id lor its power, when ctzen, in the year 1632. lot fall with Giittaviit. s care ptirfued the piaii j ror was convinced ihat | iving the houfc of Aiif- d to the war. Accord- 1 MunlkT, in the yeat | jftant religion was elb- where it was proieli'ed; I ol mod of the princes lly fettled. Before this] died, ami iiii. Con Ftr- Impel ial ilironc. Perdinaiui III. in the | he moll I'cverc and mi- amiabit j inof f-'] GERM I ^jjble princes of his time, fo that he was at once hated j ^ (|,eaded by his fiibjetSls. Soon after his accellion It) the Imperial throm', he found hinil'elf opprelFed by 11*0 powerful nations, France and Turkey. Ihc jfiench look Alfacc, and many other frontier places I j( i|,e empire Irtim him ; and the Turks, after over- liunning Hungary, laid liige to Vienna. Reduced to I ife extremity, Leopold had recotJiCc to John Sobieiki, 1 king of Poland, for aliillance. That prince, though Ihehad before received very indifferent treatment from i''e houfc of Aullria, ii'iart-hed at ilu head of a powerful jrniy again ft the InhdLl-, and, being joiiiccl by the Juke of Lorrain, the Imperi.i! g'lieia',, attacked the [ belitecrs in their trenches, d,-ove thi.m from their works, and totally defeated th. grand Tuikilh army. Ill the mean time, the French purfind their eonqiulls i„fj rapid a manner, that the other powers ot Europe were alurmtd, and a grand confederacy, conftlliiig ol the titipir'-', Great-Dritain, the Dutch, and the north- ,fn power? , was formed, in order to check the progrcfs of the Frt'tich, and render abortive tlie ambitlDUs iiid diiiniii' 111 plau contrled by Louis XIV. for founding III iiiiiveri'al inoiiaicliy. Though the arms of John Sobieiki liail driven the Turks from their conquclts, ihc Hiiii"ari!>"-''> txafpcrated at the inliuitian tyranny of thi; iiiiperor, and encoiirag^, Charles, who had no male iffiie, formed a tielign for fettling his hereditary dominions on his elded daughter, the archduchefs Maria Thcrcfa. But this plan did not interrupt his alfiduity with regard to his hereditary dominions. On the citntrary, he purfucd his meafiire'; with lo high a hand, that he give great oft"'-n.;w lu George I. and, about the year 17'Jj^, a breach enfued between them. This conteit might have proved fatal to the repofe of Europe, had not each of the contending monarchs been principally attentive to a favourite objed, to the attainment of which every other particular was to be facrificed. That of the em- peror was the lettlemcnt of his hereditary dominions on his daughter ; and the aggrandifemcnt and falety of Hanover poflltVed the chiet place in the mind of the Britilh monarch. It is, therefore, no wonder that mu- tual cnivceffions in favour of thefe delirable accpiifitions (hould reltore peace and hanrrfny between the two princes. The fcttlemcnt Charles had made of his he- reditary dominions on his daughter, was confirmed by a diet of the empire, and, being guaranteed by the priiuipal powers of Europe, obtained the name of the Pragmatic Sandlion. Cliarles, having obtained this great obje£i of his at- tention, lurned his arms againft the Turks ; but his fuinoiis general, piince Eugene, was now dead, and he had no other capable of fupplying his place. The In- fidels were therefore generally vidlorioiis. The mea- fiircs of the court of France being then pacific, he ob- tained, by the mediation of that power, a much better fieace than he had realon to expedl. By this treaty k'lgradc was ceded to the Porte, and the rivers Danube and Saave made the boundaries between the two em- ])ires on the foiith. (.)n the eSih of Odober 1740, Charles VI. died, and his eldelt daughter, Maria Therela, fome time before married to the duke of Lorrain, %vas declared quetn of Hungary and Bohe- mia, and the lawful heireis of all the late emperor's , > ■ ' hereditary nil ! I| h.i'4 li'> ■n mi I ' 1; : i ''il|:y. :fd .iii 7,6 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SVSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. hereditary dominions, »greeable to the pragmatic Dtil notwilhOanding the above treaty had been gua- ranteed in the mo(t foicmn manner by uifTercnr powers, fcveral princes, on the death of Cltarlcs, fi: up claims in dircdt n|'j)oiition to that treaty. The young icing of Prullia, at tlie iicad of a powerail anny, reduced great part of Silelia, under pretence thu' it had been lonp unjudly detained from his family. The king of Spain and the elector of Bavaria alfo claimed part of tnrfe cllates, though they had never mentioned ihcir pretcii- (1on« in the time of Charles VI. The Frfiicli, per- fiiaded that a proper opportimity now oiVired I'dr reco- vering what ihcy had lolt by the treaty of L'irecht, poured their armies into Bohemia, and tlircatcnid i\c- fimfWnn to tlie houTe of Aiiliria. Thus rncoinpali'ed with armies, and in danger of falling a facrihcc to thofc very powers ho had fo lately guaranteed the pragmatic landlion, ihe archduchcfs determined to thjow herfeir into the arms of her Hungarian fiibjeiSts, though they had never ihewn any firm attachment to her ^mily. Accordingly flie fummoncd all the chiefs of that kingdom, and in a mod pathetic fprcch recom- mended herftif and her infant Ion to thii jjrotedl'on. Touched with her youth and beauty, and enragdi at the unjuft proceedings of her enemies, the Mimganaiis promifed to fpend the laft drop of their hloinrin her fervicc. This fidelity of theirs to the late niprefs- fjueen, notwiihftanding the nrovocaiums they had re- ceived from her houfc, will always be recorde ^^ '*^c/ r> o ^>. >. •> / /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 X? <^ 758 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. by the transferral of public oflices to Buda, af^brdtd to the inhabitants of tha^ city the means of felling their wines at a higher price, and oi' raifing the rents of their honfcs." Tlie late emperor Jofeph expired on the 20th of February 1790, in the 26th year of his reij^n, and the 49th of his age. As king of Hungary and Bohemia, lie was only in the 10th year. He Aiccecdud to the imperial crown on the death of his father Francis on the 10th of Angnft 1765 ; and to the hereditary do- minions in the honfc of Aiidria on the death of his niothi-r on the 29th of November 1780. He was twice married ; firlf, to a princefs of Parma j then to one of the princelTes of the houfc of Bavaria ; but having no ilfue iiy either of them, the fuc^edion devolved on his brother Peter Leopold Jofeph, grand duke of Tufcany, now Leopold IL the prefcnt reigning em- peror of Germany, who has united his forces with thofe of the other combined powers againft the French repubhc. This war continued to be vigoroufly carried un by all parties in the beginning of the year 1794. CHAP. XIX. Thk kingdom or PRUSSIA. Extenf, Boandaries, Divifum, Climate, Pnt/uce, Rt. ligion, InbahUanis, Government, Revenues, i-fc. TH E Kingdom of Prussia, formerly called DtrcAL Prussia, belongs to the houfe of Bran- dtnburg ; and is quite diftind from Royal Prufnj which is fubjetfl to Poland. Its greated length is about 160 miles, and its breadth about 112. To the north it jj bounded by part of Sumogitia ; to the fouth, by Poland Proper and Mafovia ; tot he eaft, by part of Lithuania • ,'.nd to the wed, by Poliftj Pruflia and the Baltic. ' The Borufll were the ancient inhabitants of this king- dom, and from them the prefent appellation of Pruflia is evidently derived. Pruflia, fince tne beginning of the prefent century, has become a very refpeflable power upon the continent of Europe ; but as the terntories of his Pruflian majefty lie Icattered in different parts of Germany, &c. it was thought proper to exhibit the whole in the following Table : Countries Names. Poland. f Ducal Pruflia \ Royal Pruflia r Brandenburg Upper Saxony < Pomerania (.Svvedifli Pomerania J Magdeburg \ Halberftadt /Glatz \Silefla Lower Saxony Bohemia Miiiden Weflphalia . . Eaft Friefland , Lippe , Gulich Tecklenbiirgh Netherlands... Switzerland . . . r Ravenfburg . Lingen ^ Clevcs Meurs LMark . Guelder . . . . Neufchatel Total Lenji^h. 160 118 213 150 90 42 38 196 *l 38 »5 43 10 i 44 13 34 32 Breadth. 112 104 110 63 48 SO >7 23 92 26 34 11 SI 6 43 32 4 04 6 23 20 Square Miles. 9.950 6,400 10,910 4,820 2,991 J.535 450 550 10,000 595 ISO 630 35 980 6go »5 5b8 36 360 320 52,450 Chief Cities. } Koningfljurg. Elbing. Berlin. Camin. Stettin. Magdeburg. Halberfladt. Glatz. Minden. Ravenfliurg. Lingen. Cleves. Meurs. Ham. Embden. Lipfladt. Gulich. Tecklenburgh. Guelders. Neufchatel. Beftdes the above dominions, the prefent king of Pruflia poflefles great part of Silefia, which, under various pretences, he has wreflcd from Auflria : he has alfo fcized upon Thorn, with the countries on the Villula, the Neiilcr, and other territories contiguous to his own dominionsi clofe to the walls of Dantzick. The air of Pruflia, being purifieu by frequent high 1 winds, is tolerably wholefome : the winters are iong { and fevere, and the autumns frequently wet atid (iormy. The foil, where cultivated, proves fruitful in corn and I other commodities. The woods fumifli the inhabitants | with wax, honey, pitch, and a quantity of pot-afhes, Here! Europe.] U I A. 75^ Chief Cities, urifieJ by frequent high : : the winters are iong :qucntly wet and ftortny. 3ves fruitful in corn and s fumilh the inhabitants quantity of pot-a(h«- Here Here is alfo a fort of manna, and a Tperies of worm grinfcfl cailcd kermes, from which a Ljatuifiil red colour is extrafled. Its«animal produ£)iuns are korCcs, fcetp, tie", and game, bears, wolves, lynxes, wiki boars and foxes. The rivers and lakes abound with lilli- and amber, which is thought to be formed of an oil coagulated with vitriol, is found in pits on its coillsi towards the Baltic. Wood for fuel, and pit- toal, are very plentiful. The prefent inhabitants of Pruflla are the defcendents of Germans, Lithuanians, and Poles, with a mixture of French, Englilh, and Dutch. The number of per- fons, capable of bearing arms, are computed at up- wrdiot 600,000, and, lince the year 1719, it is fup- pofed that about 34>ooa colonilts have removed thither Uom France, Switzerland, and Germany ; of which, ■17,000 were Saltzburghers. Thefe emigrants have built 400 fmall villages, eleven towns, eighty-fix feats, and fifty new churches, in that part of the country called Little Lithuania; they have likewife founded looo village-fchools. The manners of the inhabitants, and their cuftoms and diverfion^, differ but little from thofe of the other inhabitants of Germany, to which ihe reader is referred. The eftabliflied religion in Pruflla is the reformed, according to the tenets of Luther and Calvin ; but, tlirough his majefly's wifdom and moderation, Papifts, Antipxdobaptills, and almoli all o'her fc6ls, are here tolerated. Schools for the inftrudlioii of youth are dif- peifed throughout the kingdom. There is an Uni- Tctfity at Koningfburg, founded by the margrave Al- btrt in the year 1544. which has thirty-eight profclfors, cidurwe of tutors : in the fame city is a college, llyled Collegium Fredericianum. KoningHiurg, which is the capital of the whole king- dom, (lands in 54—43 N. lat. and 21 — 35 E. long, on the river Pregel, over which it has feven bridges. It is well built, contains about 60,000 inhabitants, a great number of elegant houfes, and a variety of gardens bolhpublic and private, is well fortified, and has an ex- ceeding good harbour, well furnifhed with fliips. Here is life a magnificent palace, the greater part of v.'hich VIS built by the margrave Albert. It is a ve/y ex- tenfive building, and in it nralt of the public ofliccs, courts, and colleges are held. The gardens and parks belonging to it are likewife both fpacious and beauti- ful; and near it is theGallegium Frecfericianum. In ' the year 1544, the above-mentioned Albert founded htre a college, which has thirty-eight profefTors, ex- dufive of tutors. The other public buildings of note, art, the Exchange, and Town-Houfe, both very fiatcly. Here is alfu the citadel called Frederic's- Burg, built m the year 1657, .which is a regular fquare, fur- rounded with broad ditches and the river Pregel. Mdes the hofpitals and alms-houfcs, here is a charitable fund, from which above eight hundred people receive weekly penfions. This city was lotmerly a Hanfe-Town, and its trade is flill very 2 confidcrable. In the year 175a, nrar five hundicd ihips arrived in this port. Berlin m?y with juftice be deemed one of the fii.eri and largefl cities ot Germany. It ks the royal rtli- dence, confifts of five towns imited together, but bus received aDonilhing improvements of late years, lit.; flreets are handfome, long, and capacious ; here arc fome very elegant fquarcs, and many fine palaces. One cf the principal public edifices is the royal palace, a prodigious pile, but irregular, as it was erccljcl ai different timcii, and by various architedls. It is deco- rated with admirable paintings, and beautiful tapellry, and furnilhcd with a greater quantity of plate than any other court in Europe. It contains likewife a fine cabinet of rarities, natural and ariihcial, an excellent colledUon of medals, a dirpcnfary, and one of the finell libraries m £uro{>e. Thirty miles we(i of Koningfbiurg is Pilau, a town of conliderablc ilrcngilv, with a tine harbour, buth which are defended by a ilrong fort mounted with a grest number of cannon. It is fituated at the mouth of the b.iy or lake called Frefchc-HofFi and this penin- fula is fo delightful, ihat it is called the paradifc of Prudia. Pilau is a place of good trade, and the lary^er vellllsfonligncdtoKoningfburg, deliver and take in their cargoes here, the FrefclieHofF not having a fuflicicnt depth of water to carry them tip to Koningfhiirg. In il.c village of Wogram, not far from hence, the (liir- gr^ons are boiled and [tacked up, and cavier madi; of their roes, of which the greater part is exported to Eiigland. The larged and moft wealthy town in Prullia, next to Koningfburg, is Tilfet. It (lands on the river Memel, and carries on a confidcrable trade, efpecially with Koningfburg. Here is a fait fa£lory, and a call'e , and in ihe neighbouring county, which is remarkably fertile, great numbers of cattle are bred, and excellent butter and cheefe made. For curiofities and antiquities, natural and artificial, fee Germany. The late king of Prullia, by an indefatigable at- tention to the commerce and manufactures of his kingdom, brought them into a very flotirifhing dale : he derived an amazing revenue from this country, which about a century and a half ago was the feat of boors and barbarifm. It is faid that amber alone, of which Pruflia has been coniklercd as the native country, brings him in 86,000 dollars per annum. Befides amber, the exports of this country confill of variety of naval flores, linfeed, hemp-feed, oatmeal, cavier, mead, filh, and tallow ; and ^co (hips, chiefly from Koningfburg, are faid to be employed annually in the conveyance of thefe articles to foreign countries. 'I'he manufadures of Pruflia confid principally in iron- work, copper and brafs fcroll, glafs, paper, gun- powder, cloth, filk, linen, camblet, knit ftockings, and other articles. The lakes and canals alFord great convcjiiencies for Iran fportinj merchandize j and, for its '•■ ! i ' S<'ii. 'J 1 :iH' ^ 1: M li,v'' 'J 1 t i ' ■\ if . .b ill ^ ^65> Albert, marerave of Brandenburg, and the laftgrand-mafter of the Teutonic order, concluded a peace, and entercfl into a treaty at Craco«v, in which It was flipulated that the margrave fhould be acknow- Itdscd duke of the eaft part of Pruflia, which on that jccount was called Ducal Pruflia, but flill it was to icnuiii as a fief of Poland, In this manner the fo- itreignty of the Teutonic order ended in Pruflia, after ithadfiiblilled near 300 years. In the year 1657, the e\a&ot Frederic William of Biandenburgli, furnamed the Great, had Ducal Pruffia confirmed to him; and by the conventions of Welau jnd Bromburg, it was freed from its vaflalage to Poland, andCafimir, king of Poland, acknowledged its inde- pendency. The late king of Pruflia, in his metrioiri ofihehoufe of Brandenburg, fays, that this Frederic William began his reigr under the tnoft defperate cir- cmnftances. " He was," fays he, " a prince without territories, an elcftor without power, a fuccelFor with- out iiikritancc, and juft in the flower of his youth ; a^ which, expofed to the vivacity of paflions, itndcrs mankind almoft incapable of dtrc£lion ; yet lit give marks of the moil confummate wifdom, and of every vinue that could render him worthy of com- nund. He regulated his finances, proportioned his npces to his revenues, and got rid of thofe ignorant 01 corrupt miniflers who had contributed to the mife- I tiesof hb people." And in another place this royal I suthor, in fpealcing of the fame prince, fays, •' Europe i in him beheld a prince, whofe aflions difplayed the '. noble foul, and the fuperior genius ; one while tem- I pd with prudence, another time bearing that cha- tafter of enthufiafm which forces our admiration; a uinc; whoconltantly repaired his \oiTcs witliout foreign [iiccours ; who formed all his projedls himfelf, and put them in execution v who by his wifdom retrieved I defolaied country ; by his poKcy and prudence ac- ^itednew territories;- by his valour aff^Ucd his allied, indd({<:nded his people; a prince^ in fine, who was qrally great in all his undertakings.'* This great {oncc died April 39^ 1688, of the dropfy. Frederic William the Great was fiiccieded by his fon Frederic, who was afterwards the firft king of Pruflia. This great titular alteration was chiefly owing to. the influence of the Proteftant powers; fjr as t lie reformed religion had been introduced into this coimtry by the margrave Albert, and the elciflors were of that perfuaiion, the Proteflant interef^ was made ufe of ta< raif;: Frederic to the dignity of a king, and he was accordingly foon acknowledged as fuch, not only by the empire of Germany, but by all the other powers of Europe. His grandfon, the late king of Pruflia^. in tlie memoirs of his family, gives no very favour- able pidlure of the virtues, or high opinion of the abilities of this prince ; he, however, tpcaks warmly in praife of his own father, Frederic William, who- fucceedcd Frederic, the firfl king of Pruflia, in the year 1713. This prince certainly had great talents,, and iiticommon courage, but he too frequently exerted both at the expence of that magnanimity and huma- nity which ever ought to embellifli the heart of a nio'- narch. He amaflcd fo much money during his reign,. that at his death, which happened in 1740, he left behind him the enormous Ann of 7,000,0001. fterliiig, a trcafure which afterwards enabled his fon and fucctl- fur to purfiie the mofl important plans, and which, joined to his fagacity, courage,, and great military, talents, raifcd him to be of the utmoltconfequencc iiV the political fcale of Europe. Frederic III. the late kiiigof Pruflia, was born in 17 12, married in 1733 to Eli.iabeth Chriftina, o^ Brunfwic Wolfcnbuttle, and began his rei^n, Jan. 31, 1740, fo that he was twenty-eight years of age at the commencement of his reign; This great prince died Aug. 17, 17861 aged feventy. four years, having reigned forty-fix years, two month«,. and feventeen days. He liift no ilFiie, and was fiic- ceeded in the throne by Frederic William, his cldell; brother's fon,. proclaimed king Aug. 19, 1786. Haiti iflile by his iiril confort Elizab;Lth Ulrica, vf BruiifwiL- Wolfenbuttlc, Charlotte, born May 7, 1767, married^ to the duke of York. He was married July i^, ijOo^ to- his fecond confort Frederica-Louifa, of Hille- Darmfladt. His ilFue by her are, Fred. William, honr Aug. 3i t770' Fred. Charles Louis, born Aug j,, 1773, Frcderica Sophia Wilhelmiua, born Nov. jtj, 1774, married Oil. v* 179«. to the hereditary, prince of Orange. Fred. Charlotte Aiigulhis, born May 1,. 1780. Another prince, born Dec. 20, 1781, and ano- ther in July 1783. It may not be improper here to obfcrvc, that nothing remarkable of the late king's early years hath been tranfmitted to us, aKcept that he had, when very young, a tafte for literature and the polite aits, and' (hewed a particular pifliun- for Frencii breeding an-J' delicacy of maimers, in oppoiition to the inelegaiiK cufloms that prevailed' in his father's court. After his accdflion to the throne, he improved the arts of peace,, as well as of war, and dillinguillied liiiiifelf as a poet,. 9 Q, philofuphor,, ■if ii; . .1', n ' i\ iUi I'm' inj ■.*■■;■ I' I'-" ! ' jrl ■'-' ■it.-, p. i V ma fCa A NEW AND COMPLETE StSTEM 61 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Iihilofophcr, and legiflator. We have already men- tioned lume of tlie principal tranfadtions of his icign in our account of Germany. In 1783 he publifhcd a rcfcript, (Ignifying his picaifure that no kneeling in future would be required in honour of his pctfun, af- lii^ning for his reafon, that this ad of humiliation was due only to the Divinity. In 178a, near a,ooo«coo crowns were expended by him in draiiing niarflics, cllahlifliing fa^ories, fettling colonies, relieving dif- trcfs, and in other piirpofcs of philanthropy and po- licy, for the benefit of his fiibje£)s. In the year 1786, not long before hit death, heinfti- lilted two hofpitals for the aged of both fexes, and of all countries ; and he granted 300,000 rix-dollart for the new cllablilhmcnts forming in Weftern Pruflia, bcftdes loo.cco rix-dollars for cutting a new canal from the caflern parts of Brandenbiirgh to Berlin. CHAP. XX. BOHEMIA. Sitiiatlitt, Boundaries, Extent, Divifions, Climate, Moun- tains, Manufa£luus, People, Religion, Chief Towns, Revenue, t^c. THIS kingdom is fitiiated between 48 and 58 deg. north lat. and between 12 and 19 deg. of eafl long. It is bounded on the north, by Saxony and Brandenburgh \ on the fouih, by Auftria and Bavaria; on the eaft, by Poland and Hungary ; and on the weft, by the palatinate of Bavaria, comprehendinB, formerly, Bohemia Proper, Silcda, and Moravia. It is about 300 miles in length, from north to fouth, and B50, irom eaftto weft. Bohemia Proper, W. is moftly fubje£l to the houfc of Aiiftria; its chief towns are Prague, KoningfgAtz, E. Glatz, E. and Egra W. being in length 162 miles, and 142 in breadth, and containing an area of 12,060 fquare miles. * Silelia, E. moftly fubjeft to the king of Pruflia, has for its chief towns, Brcflaw, Glogaw, N. Croflen, N. Jiigendorf. S. Tropaw, S. fubjed to the houfe of AuHiia ; and Tefchcn, S. alfo fubjeil to Auftria, being in length 196 miles, and in breadth ninety-two, and contains an area of 10,250 fqnar; miles. Moravia, S. is entirely fubicft to the houfe of Auftria ; its chief towns are, Olmutz, Brin (middle), and Igla, S. W. being in length 120 miles, and eighty- tight m breadth, and contaios a" area of 5,424 fquare miles. nir.1 ;; The climate of Bohcmiaii* rather unwholefome, owing, as is fuppofed, chiefly to the large wotwls with which it abounds. The foil is in general tolerably fertile, being well watered with rivers, particularly the Elbe, Mu'.daw, and Egcr. I'he mountains of Bohemia contain rich mints filvcr, quickfilver, copper, iron, lead, fulphur, mdl falt-pctrc ; in other refpcds, there •« nothing rtnwfjf, aU!c in them. There arc many wild beafts and ixt\a the fore/Is and woods. 'i'he chiei' manufaf^ures of Bohemia are linen cod.1 per, iron, and glafs; the exports confift chiefly ofl cattle, corn, metals, precious ftones. linen, and wincj I W'c have no certain account with regard to the| number of people in Bohemia. About the middle ufl the laft century they were computed at 3,000,000, biitl it is thought ilicy are Ufa numerous at prefent. Thuyl refemble the Germans in their perfuns and lubits' thel pcafants are naiurally brave,' and more inclined toarnul than atts \ they are open and agreeable in converfation 1 but fuperftitious, and eaflly impofed upon by artful jnill dcflgning men. There arc no gentry in Bohemiij every lord it fovereiun in his own ellate, and evcryl tenant a (lave ; but the prefent emperor has gcneroulivl difchargcd the Bohemian peafants on the imperial del mefnes, from the ftate of villenagc in which they havel been- fo long and fo unjuftly retained; and it will bel happy if his imperial majufty's example Ihouldbc rulj luwed by the Bohemian nobility, and their vafliik bel permitted t« enjoy the rights of human nature. f The Bohemians were formerly the moftlntrepid af.[ ferters of civil and' religious liberty; and accordingly,} at the lime of the reformation, nobly oppofcd the nmpe.j ror, at the head of the imperial army ; but animofnicsj prevailingamong their leaders, they were obliged, aficrj making the nioii generous ftruggleg for indcpendencyj to fubmit. Exafperatcd at their oppufition, their dcfpn-l tic mailers employed every methixl in their power toj break the fpirit of the Bohemians, in order to rend(r| them more fubmilFive to an arbitrary government, andl an ignorant, bigoted clergy. The cuftoms and divcr-l fions of Bohemia are the fame with thofc pra^ifed iai Germany, already defcribed. I The eftabliflieo religion of Bohemia is Popery. Tliel Proteftant religion was early planted here by John HufJ and Jerome of Prague ; but fince the banilhmcnt off its profelfors in the year 1639, that rclieion has notl been tolerated. A few years iince a mperious kiudl of Proteftantifm fprung up in Moravia, under thel aiifpices of count ZinzendorflT, and has been fincel propagated in various parts of the globe; they have ftillil chapel in London, and have obtained an aaof parlia'l ment fur a fettlement in the plantations. Theunlyl archbifhop in Bohemia is that of Prague; but ihcrcl are three biftiops under him; namely, thofe of Ko-I wingfgratz, Brcllau, and Olmutz. j The proper language of Biihemia is the Sclavunian, but the inhabitants generally fpcak German. I The only uiiiveility in Bohemia i« that of Prague;! it was founded by the emperor Charles I V. and lias J generally 1400 Itudents; but when the celebratcdl John Hufs was reSor of this feat of learning, it isl alleged that their number amounted to 44,000. j " Pngiif, Europe.] H U N C A k Y. -^ -r-n-- 1 7S3 le with thofc praflifed ial Prague, the capital of Bohemia ' ('»n E. Ion. 14. (leg. 10 min. N. lat. 50) is one of the moil magnificent cities in Bohemia, and fo large in circumference, that ,),j grand Pruflian army conlil never completely invert it, fo thit, in cafe of a regular fiege, it can make a tijorous defence. The bridge over the Moldaw is a iwwe flmftnre. The Orcets are fpacious, and well liidout, and many of the public flrii6lures large and magnificent ; but the eity is not very populous, con- fidcring its extent, the number of inhabitants being computed at only 70,000 Chriflians, and 30,000 Jews. The trade is notconflderable, but the Jews carry on a large commerce in jewels. Brtflaw, the capital of Silefia, we have already de- fcribcd in our account of PruHia. Olmutz, the capital of Moravia, in E. long. 16 dcg. 45 ("■"• ^- '^'- 49 ^^S' 4° '"i"- Htnated on a nafieable river called Morawa, is a neat, flrong, and' popijlous city. The rtreets are regular, and the public Itni^urcs elegant. It is a bi (hop's fee, which about tht year 880 was filled b^ St. Cyril. Here are mami- failtircs of woollen, iron, glafs, paper, and gun- pdcr; and the inhabitants carry on a great trade With Hungary, Poland, Sileda, and Auftria. There are feveral other confiderable places in B<»he- mia, fome of which are fortified ; but not remarkable either for ftrength, buildings, commerce, or manufac- tures. The conftitution of this kingdom was originally a limited and ele£live monarchy. But Ferdinand I. by his marriage with Anne, heircis of Bohemia and Hun- gary, annexing thofe kingdoms to the houfe of Auflria, they have both become hereditary, and the govern- tnents defpotic. The appearance of the old con- llituticn is indeed dill preferved, and is compofed of tk clergy, nobility, and reprefentatives of towns, forming a kind cf parliament. They meet every year ai Prague ; but never refufe to grant any thing their fovereign demands. This kingdom is irequently de- fcribed as part of Germany, but with little reafon, for it is not in any of the nine circles, nor does it con- tribute any thing to the forces or revenues of the em- pire, nor is it fubje£l to any of its laws. The affairs of Rate are dire£led by a chancellor, who has under him a vice-chancellor, and feveral alftfTors and coun- fellors. The revenues of Bohemia are faid to amount to iboiit 8o,oool. a year; but they are in general what- ever the fovereign is pleafed to cxz& from the (tates of the kingdom, when they ate annually affembled at Prague. The (landing militia of the AuRrian here- ditar; countries is 24,000, towards which Bohemia fur- nif'ics gooo. In times of war, thefe fervc to fill up the marching regiments. The Bohemian arms are, Argent, a lion gules, the ti- gifmund, king of Hungary, and afterwards emperor, filed the throne of Bohemia, the two celebrated re- forwers, John Hufs, and Jerome of Prague, were btlrnt a* Cjnflance, though the emperor had given them his proteftion. This occafioned an infnrreiVion in Bohe- mia i and the inhabitants of Prague threw three of the emperor's officers out of the windows of the council rhambers, into a ditch which furrrtunds tiiC city. The famous Zifca, alFembling an army of 40,000 Bohe- mians, routed the emperor's force? in feveral engage- ments, and drove the Impcrialirts out of the kingdom. The death of Zifca was fatal to the Huflitcs, whofc divifions among themfelves enabled the empbrors to keep pofTefTion of Bohemia ; but being afterwards con- vinced, that imlefa they aAed with more unanimit), their caufe would foon be defperate ; they accordingly formed a league, called the Union, and had once more recourfe td arms, eledling, in the year 1619, a Pro. tertant king in the perfon of prince Palatine, fon-in-biv to James I. of England. The battle of Prague put a final period to Bohemian liberty ; the eledor Palatine was totally defeated by the emperor's generals, and obliged to feek refuge in Holland ; and, during his exile, fubfiftcd on a penfion from the court of Eng- land. The Bi,i| 7^4 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Uf^r HuHgnrf, Narib of tht DnHubt. Chief Towns. PrcHiurg, liiuate on the Oaiiubr. Newliaufel. N.W. teopuldftad. N. W. Chreinnitz, N. W. .Shcmniu, in the middle. Efperie*! N. Cafchaw» N. Tokay, N. E. Zutmar, N. E. Unguar, N E. MtKigats, N. E. Waradin Great, E. Segedin, S.E. Agria, in the middle. Fed on the Danube, op- pofite to Buda. Temcfwar. Lnutr Hungary, South tf iht Danube. Chiet Towns. Boda on the Danube. Gran on the Danube, above Buda. Komorra on the Danube, in the ifland uf Scliut. Raab on the Danube, op- pofite to the ifland uf Schut. Ailenburg, nppofite to the idand ofSkhut. Weillcnbur^h, or Atba Regalis, iituated ead uf the lake called Flatten Sea. Kanifba, S. W. of the Flatten Sea. Five ChUTclies, north of the river Drave. Tcncfwar. The kft of thefe provinces was formerly governed by a4) independent king, and has been conlider«d as dillirii^t from tJungnry : it has been fcveral times in poifeiiiun (ti thq Turks; but the Auiirians gaining polibnUon of it, incorporated it with the kingdom or Hungary in 1778. it has been divided into four diitricls, namely, Ctadat, Temcfwar, Werfchez, and Lucos. The climate in the fouthern parts of Hungary is very unhealthy, 'proceeding from the number of lakes, (lag- nant waters, and marlhct, whiili infc6t the air'; but m the northern parts, where it is exceedingly mountainoui:, it is much more faliitary. The foil ofthe plain which exirmis from Freiburg to Belgrade, a tra£l uf 300 mtiets is, without exception, as rich a foil as any in the univctfr. The priiurpal rivers in Hungary arc the Danube, Drave, Save, Teylle, Merilb, and Tames. There are fcveral cxtenfive lakes in the vallics between the Carpathian mountains, and alLabound with hih. The Hungarian baths and mineral waters are eftccmed fupe- tior in quality to any in Europe, and are very nuuie- rous. While the Turks were in poflellion of this king- dom there were magnificent baths erc£led at feveral places, efpecially ait Buda; but thefe buildings have been tu&acd to decay lince the expuUion of the Intidtls. The mines in liiingary have been famous for many centuries; but at prcfeni they are not worked with the (ame vigour as formerly. The long and delbutSlive wars bctwecn.the Turks and Chrifliai\!i have greatiy^af- icil:cd the produce of the mines ; many of the works being dcflruycd, mr)ft of the orkmen- were driven ironi ihi'ir habitations, and others perilheJ by the fwurSc uf the enemy. Several of the mines are, hovv- ever, rtill worked,' to the great emolument of the na- tives, and advantage of the government. Some of thcni priHiucc gold, others filver, and many excellent copper. Vitriol, iron, orpiment, c^uickfilver, chryfo. colla, lapis calaininaris, and terra ftgillata, are airoverv plentiful here. The Hungarian gold and filvcr for. tnerly employed mint-houfcs, not only in Hungary, but in Ueruuny, and on the continent of EtiroM. 'I'lie fertile tradt above mentioned produces corn grafs. cfculcnt plants, tobacco, faifron, afparagu*', melons, hops, pulfe, millet, buck-wheat, (kljcioui wine, fruits of various kinds, peaches, mulberry-trees, chcfnuts, and woo ^^i'*' *^^^ methoil of hatching eggs bl means of dung, arc afliirmcd to be Hill in iifu among ihcieinalc gyplies in Temcfwar. The number of in- iibitants in this province is about 450,000. The religion cltabliihed in this country is the Roman Citholic: for, though the Reformation was introduced hiiher in the 16th century, and made a conlidurable [fozrefs, the profcH'ors of it are now but barely tolc- iiicil, though mucli mofe numerous than the Papills. Tlic Greeks and Jews are alfo very numerous, the lat- ({I uf whom pay double taxes. The archbiflioprics gt Prelburg, Gran, and Colocza: the bilhoprics, GiestWaradin, Agria, Vefprin, Raab, and five (hiirches. , -, The Hungarians being defcended from Germans, Sclivonians, and Walachians, it is no wonder they have a variety of dialedls, one of which (ufed by the Kopic called Zigduns) is faid to approach near the Ijcbrcw, 'i'hc principal part fpeak German, and al- nioll all, even of the common people, fpeak Latin, (ilher pure or barbarous, fo that it is ftill a kind of Eving language here. Here arc lour univerfities, viz. Firnan, Buda, Raab, ndCafcham ; the profeflTors in all which are commonly Itfuiis, wlioinflrudl the Roman Catholic youth in the arts and fcitnces. The Protellants arc brought up at German ami other univerfities ; though even in Him- gaiyihey have their gjmnaliumsand fchouls, but they jrt under feveral rcltridlions. Among the natural curiolities of this country, are the rocb and caverns : the rock called Benikora is 3000 es in perpendicular height. In a mountain near iielitze, is a cavern, the aperture of which, fronting ihefuuth, is titjh.een fathoms high and eight broad; its fiibterraneou'- paifages coiifill entirely of (olid rock, ilttidiingaway furiltcr fouih than has been yet diRo- wed; as fir as ii is pradlicablc to go, the height has kttn found to be fifty fathoms, and the breadth tweiity- lii: this cavern is faid to be exceedingly warm in the liepth of winter, and l"u prill ugly cold in the- hotlell part oflhe fiiminer: great numbers of hares, foxes, bats, owls, and uihcr animals, take up their winter abode bere. The bridees, baths, and mines of Hungary, form its chief anificial curiolities. The bridge ot EHeck, built over the Danube and Drave, is, properly fptikini;, a coniiniiatioii ot brid>4. .s, five miles in Icugiii, fo. (iiii.il vlthtQweri at ccrtaia diitance!>. Tlu:) wa.> an mipurt- ant pafs during the wars batwceii the Tiuhs and Hun- garians. Between Buda and Pc(^ is a bviil^e of boats acrofs the Danube half a inilc long; and, about twenty Hungarian miles froin Belgrade, art the remains of a bridge ereftcd by the Romans, fuppofed at ^hat time (o have been one of the moil magiiinccnt in the worhl. Some of the churches are vf admirable architecture, and feveral of the baths are exceedingly elegant. The cities and public buildings have Io(l much of their ancient magnlHceuce, but fume of the ''ortifica- tions are dill very llrong, and kept in good order. Pnf- burg, though the capital of the kingdom, is neithcr laUge nor well-built, and is dctendcd only by a double wall and ditch. Befiiles the cathedral, here arc' feverai Popilh, and one Lutheran church, a Jefuits college, three convents, and two hofpitals. Ou a hill above the town Itand^ the callle, in which the regalia were kept, but have lately been removed to Vienna. The crown was fent in the )ear 1000, by pope Sylvtfler II. to Stephen, king of Hungary, and was made after that of the Greek emperors j it is of fulid gold, oriiamentcd with fifty-three fapphires, fifty rubies, one large etn.- rald, and 33^ pearls : befides thefe floncs, arc the images of the apoliles and patriarchs. The pope added to this crown a filvcr patriarchal crofs, which was af- terwards inferted in the arms of Hungary. At the ce- remony of the coronation, a bilhop carries it before the king, who afterwards brandiOies it towards the four cardinal points, to fiiew that he will defend his country . againd all its enemies. From the crofs above-men- tioned is dcriv le title of Apodiilic King; theufeof which was renewed under the reign of the emprefs- qiicen Maria Therefa. The fccptre and the globe of the kingdom are Arabian gold. The fword is two- edged, and rounded at the point. P'irnan, on the river Tina, is a handfoti^e royal town, in which are a great number of churches and convents, and an academy of Jefuits. Czernnltz, capital of the county of Bars, is one oC the chief of the mine towns. Schemnitz is the principal mine town in Hungary. Buda, formerly the cap'tat of HiMigary, retains little of its ancient magnifi- cence, but its llr-.ngth and tortifications ; and the fame may be faid of Pert, which lies on the oppofite fide of the Danube. Raab, Gran, and Comoria, are like- wife (Irong cities. Tokay, already noticed for its ex- cellent wines, is fituaicd near the confiuence of the Theilic and Bodragh. Great Waiadin is a well-forti- fied city, niui the lee of a bilhop, fituated on the river Koros, 1 10 miles calt of Buda. 'i he principal maiiufaiaures of Hungary are thofe of copper, brafs, iron, and other haid-warcs. The ex- ports coiifilt chiefly of wine, liorfes, cattle,' metals, minerals, falTion, wool, and leather. The commerce is thiefly carried on by the Greeks and Jews. 1 he govcrniTicni of Hungary preCerves the remains cf many checks upon the regal authority; for which pi.ipofe they have- a diet or parliament, a Hungary olhce, which has fouic alliiiity to our chancery, and is 9 H licld re J 1.! .J .. ■i '^ : 41^. i I 766 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. hcKl at Vienna; and a HadihoUIcr's council, which comes pretty near the Hritilh privy-cmmcil, but has a miiniciijal jiirifdiftion, and is held at Profburf*. Kvcry royal town has its fcnate ; and the (et'r.in chats reftfrn- blc our juftices of the peace. Befidcs this, they hnve an exchequer, am! ninechanSbcrs and other fuborditiaio courts. The Hungarians have an utter avcrlion to tlic title of queen, anu even called the l.iic cninitfs, kin-" Thercfa. The etnperor can at any tiinc raifo 50,000 Mnngari.ins in their own country, but feldoin draws out of it more than 10,000, whicn troops an; well known to th ; world by the appellation of hulfars. The Iluns^ariiln infantry are termed heydiikcs, and wear feathrr": in iheir caps according to the number of enemies they jirciend to have killed. Both horfc and foot are an exLcllcitt militia, very gotxl at a piirfuit, or ravai>ing and plun- dering a country, but not ctiual to regular troops in a pitched battle. The hulfars are not near fo larj'.c as the Gcrinan horfe, ami therefore (land upon the Ihori flirrups when they rtrikc. Hungary was formerly remarkable for its coinage ; and in ire cabinets of the curious are (lil! ext.int a tum- plete collection of the coins of their ancient kirij^s ; and muiibers of curious Greek and Roman m..il;ils have been difcovcrcd in this country. The ordinary revenues of this kingdom is faid to ex- ceed a million lleriing, arifing from the mines, duties on cattle, royal d-inefncs, falt-woiks, contributions, cuftoms, &c. The history of HUNGARY. THE firft account we have of this country is, that the Huns fettled here in the third century, and gave it their owri nan^e ; for, brfore that time, it was a part of the sncient I'annonia. Jt was at tirll divided into many fmall priiicipalities : thcfe at length imited under one head, who was (iyied duke of Hungary. The lall who enjoyed that title was (leyfa, who, on being converted to Chrillianity, refigried his government to his fon Ste- phen, in the year 1000. Sttpht-n, on his afcending the throne, alftuned the title ol king ; and is faid to luvc governed his pc()j)!e with prudence and equity. Hungary however continued many years to be an elec- tive kingdom,' but generally in one family; and the conftituiion ol the government to b^ a limited inonarchy. In iji"?, Ch;'rli s-Robcrt afcendcd .he throne ol Hun- gary, and fubd'.ied IJiilj^Lifia, St-rvia, Croatia, Sclavonia, and feve;"-jl ulher provinces, which he annexed to his own dominions ; hut foi.-ie of thefe conquells were af- terwards rcdcced by the' Venetians In the ftlteenth century, the 1 urks invatle:! Hungary, when Ladilluus, an infant, hiltd the throne; but were bravely repuUecl bv the celebrated Hunniadi.-s, who continueil regent of the kingdom during the minority of Lailillaus. Oil the death of that prince, tlic Hungariaiis, in i-n^, pliccd Matthias Corvinus, the fon of Hunniali, on the throne, in gratitude for the great fcrvii;ej th ' hero had done his country. Hungary was now almnil a perpetu:d theatre of war between the inhabitanti anil the Inhdels, with various fn:cefs, till the year kjk when Lodowirk, king of Himgary, cngn^iM,,S„^a^' emperor of I'v; Tiuks wjth very unrqual (,)(,•,;,' ^,^' dekatiil .T-vl (lain in battle. By »'ii ■ vidory St)lU,J muvle himfelf ni i!Lt of great part of llnni-ary, f,|,,, waywode of Tranlylvnria, alccntled the tlir>>ne on the death of Fr).!o\vck; but -was foon alt^ir dcpofcj |,„ Kt rditiand, hroilitr to the emperor ("harles V. Sol ' man reilorcd John ; and iIuk conteft orcalioncd a wir bi-tween the GTrman and Turkilh emptrers, whi (, lal»ed near boo years. In iji', l^rrdiirmd, arluluk,' of Aullria, was placed on the Hungiimn thiune; aiii the Aullrians li;ivitig been able, dtuin!' a loiii; fcrii-s ,,1' years, to iiiliuence the elcdtioiis in fucli a niann:rasi) I ke(j) the crown in their family, it is now become an .ibfolnte her' ditary monarchy. CHAP. XXII. TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CRO.j ATIA. AND HUNGARIAN DALMATIA. Cidirrnl Dffcript'icn of tkeje Counlrles, AS we have no exaft arcoiun of the extent ami bound. irich of thtfc countries, is was judged mod 1 proper to include them luuler one (kfcriptioii. Tran. i'ylvania is bounded on the eallby Moldavia anJ Waia- chia ; on the well by the Upper and Lower Hiingan ; I on the north by Upper Hungary and I'olami; aiiJm the fouth by Walachia. Its Itngih is computed at liio mdes, and its breadth 120, and contain.s 14,403 fquare miles. This coiuitry is botli mountainous and wooJv, and its prinluce, vegetables, and animals, are nearly the fame with thofe of Hungary. The air is falutarv and temperate ; but their wine is inferior to the Hun- garian. The forells are very ext'.nlive. The cliitf livers are the Szamos, the Marro, and the Aluta. Ik'ie are fcveral remarkable fprings, gold, lilvcr, copper, leail, iron mines, &c. and minerals, the produce of I which they export into Hungary and other parts. All ' feCts are tolerated in this country. Hermanlladt, the chief city, and Krnnftadt, are both large and well-lortilied ; as arc ClaufeabiirL; and Wei- fcnburg. The other large places are Sagel'war, Millen- back, and Ncwmark. All forts of provilioiis are very j ciieap, and excellent in their kinds. The I'eat (jf gi vernment is at Hermanlladt, and the governor is allilli by a council made up ol Roman Caili(dics, Cshiiiiil and Lutherans. '1 he diet, or parliament, lULvts by I fummons, and receives the commands of the favLreign, to whom of late they have been more dcvutcd iliau fuimcrly. ;rapiiy. »hc foil of Hunn'uin, the great fcrviLtj thit tigary was now i\m'\ en the iiihabitantj anil s, till the year i55()_ iry, cng^^in{5Solym^p] ry imrqiu! fotrci, W3j y tlii'i vidory Soivnun rt of llingary. ];,!,„, I'lcil the ilinwe on the fooi\ attL-r dopofcd by ?ror ('harlcs V. Solv- nttil ofcaliuned a wif kilh enipenr'i, vvliih , I'Vrdiirmil, archdukf Inngatijii iliiDne; an I dm ill!' a long ferns of in fucTi :i m;inn;r ait) , it is now become an XXII. LAVONIA, CRO-i lANDALMATIA. thffe Countries, Hint of tlie extent ami tri'.-s, is was judged moll QUO dtfcriptioii. Ttan. i >y Moldavia and Wai.i- .-i and Lower Hungarvi I iry and l\)!aiul; and ni j ngtl) is computed at liio contains 14,403 fquatc I oiiiUaiiKUis and wuudv, | nd animals, are nearly ry. The air is fahiiarv 1 IS interior to the Hun- cxi'-iiiivc. The chitt' Marro, and the Aluta. ngs, gold, lilver, copper, nerals, the produce of I ry and other parts. All | ry- and Kronftadt, arebotii | ; Chuifenbiirg and Wei- cs arc Sagcfwar, Millen- rts of provilionsare very I nds. The i'cat of go- jl'ROrK.] TRANSYLVANIA, SC LAVONIA, Ac. 767 11 :i nd the governor is allil an Catliolics, Csivinifts 1 )r parliament, nieas by ] nmands of the fnereign, been more devotal than ] formerly. fiiiincily' Tlicy have a liberty of in.ikiiig reiuonlirariccg j»i repTcfcntatioiis wlitii aj,'i;rievei!. 'I'h ;y owe not ninth more than a nominal fubji.d^ioii ter the Aiillrijns, nho leave them in poifcllicn of moil of their privilc^, s. Their interior government Hill partaki s greatly of the inatiit feudal Tyftenii beinRcomp'ilcd of many inde- fcnJcnt Hates atid princes. The numb', r of inhabitants lathis country is not afcertaincd i but as it is allertcd llicv can bring 30,000 men infi) the field, it cannot be jnconliderable : its military fon.e is at iirefent reduced 1 tofix regiments of i^oo men each. This principality is part of the ancient Dacia, the jtople of which were a fierce and warlike race, and very troiiblcfoine to the Romans. On the decline of ilitir empire, it was firil ovci-riin by the (ioths. and jticrwards by the Hiinns. The various revolutions in their government prove tiirir impatience under ilaver\ ; jnd, though thp treaty of Carlowit/, in i6(ji), gnve the fiivercign'y of Tranlylvanii. as alfo of Sclavonia, to ihc limife of Auflria, yet the natives enjoy what may Ik called a loyal arillocracy, which their foveieigns do not think propi-T to invade. In OiSobcr j/K 4, on ac- ciiiinl of lonie (ijipredions chargcil on the nobility, near iboooallembled, anfl committed great depredations on iliofe wliofe condii^ had been blamed. Several had their palaces bi. it, and were glad to efcape with their lives. The malcontents were dif.kpjiointed in their at- ttmpt on Claufenbnrg ; and afterwards offered to fepa- uttand go home in peace, on condition of a general pardon, better treatment from the nobility, and a free- dom from vaUaiage. 15y tlic wife and lenient cundu£l ol the late emperor, thcfe dillurbances were happily (jiitlkd. Hcrmanftadt is the only bifltopric in this principality ; and indeed the Tranfylvanians at prefent fcein to trou- ble tliemfelvcs little either about learning or religion, though the Roman Catholic is the tllablifhcd church, but Proteftants are very numerous. Stephen I. king of Hungary, introduced Chriflianity here about the year i:oo,.atul the country was afterwards governed by a Hungarian vaivod, or viceroy. Sclavonia is fituated between the 16th and 23d dtg, of ead long, and the 45th and 47th of north lat. ji is bounded by the Drave on the north ; by the Saave on the fouth j by the Danube on the eaft ; and by Kiria, iflAuftria, on the welt; and is fiippofed to be about !co miles in length, and 60 in breadth. The inha- biunts arc a mixed people, like thofe of Tranfylvania; aaJ the country is equally fertile, but lies in a great mafure unimproved. The Sclavonians, from their ignorance, perhaps, are j leiloiis Roman Catholics, but there are feveral other feds, Here are two bilhoprics; that of Pofega, which I is the cnfital of the country ; and Zagrab, which lies ciuhe Drave. Kfieck is a large and itrong town, re- Mikable, as already obfcrved, for a wooden bridge j over the Drave, and adjoining marfhes fjve miles long, and lifteen paces broad, built by the TuVks. Waradin jiul I'etcrwaradin ate places noted in the wars b.twecu the Aii.'Irians and 'i'urks. Tlii> country was long fubjei"^ to the Vemrtians, .ind afierwaiil'i ti) tlie Tyrks, wh.o ceded the chief part of it to th'j lioiif,' of Aiidria at the treaty of Cariowitz, and, in 171", it was united to Hungary, by the L.tc empn I's- ijueen. 'I'h'T (lafes hold diets of ilicrr o.vn, and likewife (im\ reprefentativi's to thofe of llnnyity. A viceroy or ban prelides over Sclavonia, Croiiiu, and part of Dilinatia. Croatia is lituated bctwei:n ih-- 1 5th and 17th dtg. ofead U)ng. and tlu;4,jtli ami 4;th of north lat. being about eighty miles in length, and feven'y in brcadih. Tlie towns are all blended together, but '/.agrab is fup • p)ll:(l to be the capital ; as to the manners, cullom.s ik\'. of the Cro.ns, they are entirely llmiLr to thofe ot the Traiifylvanians. Tlieli; people had lormerlv monarchsof their own, who llyled themfelves kings of Croatia and Dalmatia; and once this country was di- vided between the Hungarians and the Turk', but, at prefent, the greateff part of it is InbjeC^ to the hotife of Aullria, which, however, cxercil'es very little power over it, except in what concerns the military arrange- ments ; for the Croats are moil excellent irregular troops, and pre celebrated in modern hillory under the apjicllation of Pandonrs. Da LM AT I A is litiiatcd in the upper part of the Adriatic Sea. In the fifteenth century the Venetians made themfclves inaifers of it, but at prefent they only polfefs the chief maritime places ; the other parts being divided among the Aiidriaiij, Turks, anri Ra^ufans. 'I'his country is exceedingly inoiintainoiis ; notwith- llanding which, it is prodigioully leriilc, for the hills are covered with olives, vines, and myrtles, and their bowels contain plenty of gold and lilver ore. The pi lins produce great quantities of p.aflure, which feed valf Hocks of Iheep, and abundaiice of cattle. The language and cullftms of the people arc Sclavonic, and they profefs the Roman Cathi lie religion. There is one archbilhopric and live bilhoprics in Dalmatia, viz. Zara, Zcngh, Modrus, Fenen, Scbenico, and Tran. The principal town is Zara, which Hands on a finall peninfula, being divided from the land only by a deep ditch, into which the fea flows at high-water, under a draw-bridge: it is fo well fortified as to be dsemed im- pregnable; and the inhabitants pretend that the body of St, Simeon, who took the infant Jefus in his arms, lays in their cath.-dral, which is dedicated to that faint. There are feveral magnificent ftrudures in Zara, parti- cularly the archbilhop's palace, convents, hofpita4s, the arfenal, magazines, and barracks. S.'gna is a royal free town, fortihed both by nature and art, and is fituated near the fta, in a bleak, mountainous, and liarren foil. The bifhop of this place is a fntfragan to the arch- bilhop of Spalatro. Oltofchatz is a Irontier foi-tilici- tion on the river Gatzka. 'I'hc governor refides in the old palace called the Royal Callle. Under Dalmatia is included Moilachia, a country 3 t"'» u\ f*lH »V ■ I t"??' 768 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. lull i)}'!)!^!) in>ititit.iiri«, btini; u p.ut ol the atioicnr Li- liiiiiiia : It IS iibont fixly tiiili» in Imgth, unci eighty in bnuiith. The inliabitaiii< .ircol Waiiicltiiin cxtrdiHion, aiul bear a |>l'iI(<11 icftinblancc to that people in ilicir iiiaiittcr ol lit ill);, fic. Tlic proplc lullid Morlackx, or Munaahi, inhabit Morluchia, which Wvi amung ilic iitluiul inoiintaini ul Dalinatia, :i country rxtcmling aloii^ ihc N. E. coult «)f the gnl( of Vtiiuc. 'I he abbe I'Crtis, who has piibliflu-d a voltin (' ot " Tiuvi-ls into l).iimatia," lus u'lated many curious ami iiiic-ri.ning particulais con- ccrnirg them. With regard to thtir tharadcr, wcare intormtd that thry arc m ich injured by their inaritimt neighbours. The inh.ibiiaiits ( t ilie lea ciiad ol Pal- matia t< II many riigiitfiil Itorics of ilicir avarice and rrucliy : but tliele, in our ainliur\ opiniuu, are all cither oFan ancient date, or, if any liave happened in latter times, they ought ralhrr to be aferibed to the corruption of a few individuals, than to the bad difpu- fition of the nation in general; and, thutigh thieviOi trit:ks are frequent aimuig them, he inlorins us, that u (trangcr may travel feciiiily through their country, where he i.s faithfully efeoitcd, and liofpitably treats il The grcatell danger is from the Maiduks or Uanditii, of whom lliere are great numbers among the wooils and caves ot thefe dieadlul mouniains on tlic coniincs. There, fjjs our author, a man ought to get hiinfclf ciVorted by a couple of thcfe " hoiull fellows /' for I hey arc not capable of betraying him, alth«iugh a ban- ditti i and their liiuaiion is cotniuonly more apt to raife companion than difiid'-ncc. 'I'hcy lead thei.- life among the wolves, wandering from one precipice to another, txpofcd to the feverily of the feafons, and frequently languill) in want of the neccHaries of life, in the molt hideous and folitary caverns : yet they very fcldom tlidurb the tranquillity of others, and pro\e always faith- ful guiilcs to travellers ; the chief objeifls of their ra- pine being ihecp and oxen, to fupply themfclvcs with toud and Ihoe^. Sometimes it happen;, that, in their exircme neccHity, the Ilaiduks go in parties to the Ihepherds cottager, and rudely demand fuaicthing to eat; which they do not tail to take immediately by force if the leali hefitation is made. It is feldom indeed that they meet with a refufal, or with refillancc, as their icfoUition and fury are well known to be equal to the lavage life they lead. Four Haidiiks are not afraid to .iffault a caravan of fifteen or iweiiiy Tiiiks, and gene- rally plunder and put them to flight. The greateil part of the Haidnks look upon it as a meritorious ad\ion to Uicd the blood of the Tui k*; ; to which cruelty they are cafily led by thpir natural ferocity, inflamed by a mif- taken zeal for religion, and the difcourfes of their fana- tic priefls. As to the Morlacchi thLinfclvc*, they arc reprefented as open and linccrc, to fucli a degree that they would be taken for timpktons in any otlier country ; and, by means of this quality, they have been fo ofl'.n duped by the lulian», that thejuiih i^f an Itai'.an, and the faith oj a i/i£, arc fynonyinoui tmong the Morlu arc very holoitable to (Irangers ; and their huip,,; „. 1 equally cohlpicuous among the riih and p:K)r. Jhe rich prepare* a roalled lamb or lliccp ; jiuj the pn<„ with equal enrdlality, olTcrs whatever he lu*; n^,'. this gcncrofity confined to Grangers, but g'ncrally ex. tends iifelf to all who are in want. Wlun i Murljclt is on a journey, and comes to lodge at a friciur*h(iiift: the eldelt daughter of the family, or the ncw-inarricii bride, if there haijpcns to be one, receives ;uiil kjiri, him when he aligliis from his hurfe, or at the d.mr if the houfe : bni a loreigner is rarely favotire,! wiili ihcfc female civilities ; oil the contrar;, the wouiL-n, if they afc young, hide thcmfelves and keep out ol hh way, '1 ho Morlaechi in general have little notion ol do. mellic economy, and readily confume in a wcik as much as would be fuftieient lor fevcral miiniln, y^jn.,,. ever any oecallon of merriment prefcnts itfelt. A mar. riagc, the holiday t)t the faint, proieilor of the family, the .nrrival of relations or Iritnd.-i, or any oilur joyful incident, confumcs of rourfe all that there i-, to cat and drink in the houfe. Yet the Morlaek is a great eco. nomill in the ufc of his wearing app.ircl ; tor, rjihcr than fpoil his new cap, he takes it off, let it rain cur fo hard, and goes bareheaded in. the Ihirin. In ihc j fame manner he treats his llioes, if the mail is diny and tliiy are not very old. Nothing but an ahfulmc impodibility hinders u Morlaek from being pumiluii and, if he cannot repay the money he burit)«idai the appointed time, he carries a fmall prellnt to liiscrcdiinr, and rcquells a longer term. Thus it happens fume times, that from term to term, and prefent to prcftnt, he pays double what he owed; without i •lieiilingouit, Friendlhip, that among us is lb fuliject toclun;;i..on the llighttll motives, is lalting among the Morlacchi, They liave even made it a kind of religious point, ami tic the facred bond at the foot of the altar. TheS'j. vonian ritual contains a particular benediction fdc the i folemii union of two male or two female frieiidi in tlie prefence of the congreg;f ihc ijMiir)<'<'hi> who atiribiils the depravation of their nuniryiiK'n to their intcrcourfe with the Itnlians. Wiflt »"'' '^'■"'•R liqu"f»» of which the nation it begin- ,„ (Q iTiA' (laily abufe, will of courfe produce tlic kiic bill t*f ''^=* " i«n""ig others. But as *•'*■ friendlhips of the Morlacchi are ftrong lf_,^fi:il, fo thtir miarrels are commonly imextio- miilhablc. They pus from father to fon^ and the P' their children in mind of their „,„tiicrs fail not to put . , , ^ . , diitv to rcvi-ngc llieir lather, il lie has had the misroitiinc lobe kill"'. a"d to Ihew them often the bloody (kiit uid jniis ot the dead. And fo deeply is revenge rooted inihcniiiid'i of this nation, that all the milHonaries in ilic wotl'l would not be able to eradicate it. A Mor- L|;is iia'iirally inclined to do good to his fellow- ciciiiirf , .ind is full of gratitude tor the fmalleft bcne- Si, but implacable if injured or infrtlted. 'Wli'ilak who has killed another of a powerful fimilv, i!> commonlv obliged to favc hinifelf by flight, jiid m keep out of tnc way for fevcral years. II, during ihit U.Tic, lie has been fortunate enoujjh to efcapc the fcarchof his purfucrs, and has got a Imall fum of nio- nty, 111! endeavours tp obtain pardon and peace ; and, that he may treat about the conditions in pcrfon, he alks and obtains a fafc conduct, which is faithfully maintained, though only verbally granted. Then he finds mediators ; and, on the appointed day, the rela- tions of the twohollile families arc airemblcd, and the criminal is introduced, dragging himfcif along on his hands and feet, the muflcct, piUol, or cutlaTs, with which he committed the murder, hune about his neck; ind, while he continues in that humble poHiirc, one or more of the relations recites a panegyric on the dead, whiihfi)metiines "rekindles the names of Revenge, and puts the poor prollratc in no fmall dangir. It is the cuHom in fome places for the offended party to threaten the criminal, holding all kinds of arms to his throat, and, after much entreaty, to confent at lull to accept of his tanfum. Thcfe pacifications cod dear in Albania ; but tiie Morlacchi make up matters at a fmall cxpence ; and evcry-wherc the buiinefs is concluded with a full at the offc.Jer's charge. The Morlacks, whether they happen to be of the Roman or of the Greek church, have very lingular ideas about religion ; and the ignorance of liitir teachers daily augments this monllrous evil. They are as firmly pttuiaded of the reality of witches, fairies, eiuhant- ntnt«, nodurnal apparitions, and fonikges, as if they liad fien a thoufand examples of them. Nor do they maiiethe liafl doubt about the exifteiicc of vampires ; indiitiibuteto them, as in Tranlylvania, the fuiking the blond of infants. .iitnfire, v\ hen • man diei fiirj>vv''lr(|nf becmninj; a vairpirc, or viikoiilak, a.s hejr cull It, they cut liis ham*, and piick hii> whole Ixxty with pins; pretenitint; thai, alter this npcraiion, ho cannot walk about. 't\\ae are even inrtanies of Mor- lacchi, who, imagining that they may pofhbly tliirfl for children's blocnl after death, entreat their heirs, anrf fometimcs oblige them to promifc, to treat them a» vaiTijiires when they die. 'I he boldill Haiduk would fly trembling from the apparition of a fpeilre, gholl, phantom, or fmh like gonlins ns the heated imauirwitions «f credulous nnif prepolfeiicd people never Fail to fee. Nor arc ihty afhained when ridiculed for this terror, but anfwcr, much in the words of Pindar, •• Fear that proceeds from fpirits caufes even the fons of the eods tofly." The wometi, as may naturally be fuppofeJ, arc a hiindrul times more timorous and vifionary than the men \ and fome of them, by frequently hearing themfelvcs calltJ witches, adually believe they are fo. A moft perfect difcord reigns in Moriachia, as it ge- nerally does in other parts, between the Latin and Greek communion, which their refpedlivc priells fail not to foirent, and tell a thoiifand little fi.atulaloiis flo- rics of each other. Tha churches of the Latins arc poor, but not very dirty : ihofe of ;hc Greek,-, are equally poor, and (hamefnlly ill kept. Our author has feen the curate of a Morlack village fitting on the ground in the church-yard, to hear the confeHion of women on their knees by his fide : a ftrange pnllnre indeed ! but a proof of the innocent manners of thofc good people, who have the moft profound veneration for their fpiritual pallors, and a total dependence upon them i who, on their part, frequently make ufe of a difcipjinc rather military, and corredl the bodies of their offending flock with the cudgel. Perhaps this f (articular is carried to an abufe as well as that of pub- ic penance, which they pretend to inflid after the manner of the ancient church. They moreover, through the filly credulity of thofe poor mountaineers, draw il- licit profits, by felling certain fuperllitious fcrolls and other fcandaloiis merchandife of that kind. I'hey write in a capricious manner on the fcrolls calltd zapiz, facrcd names which ought not to be trifled with, and fome- timcs adding others very improperly joined. The vir- tues attributed to thefe zapiz are much of the fame na- ture as thofe whicli 'he Bafilians attributed to their monrtroufly cut ftones. The Morlacchi ufe to carry them fuwed to their cap', to cure or to prevent difeafes; and they alfo tie them for the fame purpofe to the horns of their oxen. The compofers of this trumpery take every method to maintain the credit of their pro*-':»bl«l trade, in fpite of its abfurdity, and the freqiie:, ; wfs of its inutility. And fo great has their fiicccls ■ n, that not only the Morlacchi, but even the Turks nca, the borders, provide ihemfeivts picniiliilly with xapiz from the Chriltian prieits, which not a little increafes theit income, as well as the reiniiation of the commuli'y. 9 I Tha ;,) 770 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Tl>c Morlacchi have alfo much devotion, and many of the ignorant people in Italy have little lefs, to certain copper and filvcr coins of the low empire ; or to Vene- tian cotcmporary pieces, which pafs among them for medals of St. Helen ; and they think they cure the cpi- lepfy and fuch like. They are equally fond of a Hun- garian coin called pctizza, which has the virgin and child on the reverfc: and one of tliefc is a moll accept- able prefent to a Morlack. The bordering Turks not only keep with devotion the fuperftitlons zapiz, but frequently bring prefents and caufc malfes to be celebrated to the images of the Virgin ; which is doabtlefs in contradiiElion to the al- coran ; yet when faluted, in the ufual manner in that country, by the name of Jefus, they do not anfwer. Hrnco» when the Morlacchi, or other travellers, meet them on the confines, they do not fay, Huaglian I£'us, «' Jefus be praifed ;" but, Huaglian Bog, " God be praifed." Innocence, and the natural liberty of 'paftoral ages, sire ftill preferved among the Morlacchi, or at leaft many traces of them remain in the places further diftant from our fettlements. Pure cordiality of fentiment is not there reftrained by other regards, and difplays itfelf without any diftinflion of circumftances. A young hapdfome Morlack girl, who meets a man of her dif- tridl on the road, kilfes him afFeflionately, without the leaf\ vicious or immoded thought ; and our author has fecn all the women and girls, all the young men ; nd old, killing one another as they came into the chuich- yard on a holiday ; fo that they looked as if they had been all belonging to one family. He has often ob- fcrved the fame thing on the road, and at the fairs in the maritime towns, wheie the Morlacchi came to fell their commodities. In times of feafting and merri- ment, bellde the kiffcs, fome other little liberties are taken with the hands, which we wotild not reckon de- cent, but are not minded among them ; and, when they arc told of it, they anfwer, it is only toying, and means nothing. From this toying, however, their amours often take their beginning, and frequently end ferioudy when the two lovers are once agreed. For it rarely happens, in places far diftant from thecoalt, that a Morlack carries off a girl againft her will, or dilho- iiours her : and, were fuch attempts made, the young tvoman would, no doubt, be .ib\c to defend htrfelf : the women in tii.it country being generally very liiile kTs robuit than the men. But the cullom is, ior the woman herfcif to appoint the time and place of being carried off; and Ihc docs fo in order to extricate her- ftlf from other fuitors, from whom flic niuy have re- ceived fome love-token, fuch as a brafs ring, a little knife, or fucli like triiies. 'I'lie Morlack women keep thcmfclves fome^hai noat till they get a liiifband ; but, alter marriage, they abamlon thcinfulves totally to a loathibine dirtinefs, as if they inttiidtd to judify the contempt witii which they are trcatcil. Indeed it can- not be faid that even the young women have a grateful odour, as they are iifed to anoint their hair wi th butt which, foon becoming rancid, exhales no aor^PoM' effluvia. "breeable The unmarried women drefs in the moft coiddI- and whimfical manner, in refpca to the ornaments "f the head; for when married they are not allowed t wear any thing clfe but a handkerchief", either wh t or coloured, tied about it. The girls ufe a fcarletc^ to which they commonly hang a veil falling down on the moulders, as a mark of their virginity? Th better fort adorn their caps with firings of fiive'r coin * among which are frequently feen very ancient and vi' luable ones ; they have moreover ear-rings of very cu rious work, and fmall filvcr chains with the figures of half moons faftened to the ends of them. But the noo are forced to content themfelves with plain caps • o' if they have any ornaments, they confilf only of fmjii exotic fhells, round glafs beads, or bits of tin. Th principal merit of thcfe caps, which conftitute the good tafte as well as vanity of the Morlack youi,2 ladies, is to attract and fix the eyes of all who are near them by the multitude of ornaments, and the noife they K..\kc on the Icaft motion of their heads. Hence half-movins of filver, or of tin, little chains and hearts falfe ftouv-s and fhells, together with all kind of fpkn.' did trump'iry, are readily admitted into their headi jiefs. In fome diflrifls, they fix tufts of various coloured feathers, refeinbling two horns, on their caps ; in others, tremulous plumes of glafs; and, in others, artificial flowers, which they purchafe in the fea-port towns- and, in the variety of thofe capricious and barbarous ornaments, fometimes a fancy not inelegant isdifplayed. Tiicir holiday-lhifts are embroidered v.ith red filjc and fometimes with gold, which they work themfelvej while they attend their flocks ; and it is furpriling lo fee how nicely this work is executed. Both old and young women wear about their necks large firings of round glafs-beads, of various fize and colour; and many rings of brafs, tin, or i i.t, on their lingers. Their bracelets are of leather, covered with wrought tin or filver; and they embroider their ftomachcrs, or adorn them with beads or fheljs. But the ufe of (lays is unknown, nor do they put whalebone or iron in ihc flomacher. A broad woollen girdle fiirrounds their petticoat, which is commonly decked with flielLs and of blue colour, and therefore called inodrina. Their gown, as well as petticoat, is a kind of ferge ; and boibreath near to the ancle: the gown is biirdtn.il with fcarkt, and called fadaL. They ufe no inodruia in fiimmer, and only wear the fadak without lleevcs over a linen petticoat or fhitt. The girls always wear red Hock- ing-i ; and their fhoes are like thcfe of ilie men, calkil opankc. The t^U: is of uiulieHtd ox-hide, and the upper part ol fliccps-fkin thongs knotted, which ilicy call apute ; and tliefc they fallen above the aniks, fomctiiing like the ancient ccJ.u'nus. The unmartitJ women, GRAPHY. their hair wi ih butter, exhales no agreeable 1 in the moft complex ft to the ornaments of ley are not allowed to ikerchicf, either white girls ufe a fcariet cap, g a veil falling down their virginity. The ftringi of filver coins, m very ancient and va- :r ear-rings of very cu- ains with the figures of of them. But the poor 'es with plain caps; or ley confirt only of fmall s, or bits of tin. The 1 , which conftitute the of the Morlack young j syes of all who are near laments, and the noife of their heads. Hence little chains and hearts, with all kind of fpltn- mittcd into their head- ufts of various colourtd on their caps ; in others, ind, in others, artificial in the fea-port towns; apricious and barbarous ot inelegant isdifphyed. oidercd with red filk, ,h they work themfelvej 1 ; and it is furpriling to xccuted. Both old and cir necks large firings of fize and colour; and 1 u*r, on their lingers. ■, covered with wrought ider their ftomachers, or Is. But the ufe of (lays whalebone or iron in ik irrounils their petticoat, I'nh fliells, and of blue Oilrina. Their gown, as r Pjrgc ; .ind both reach is bordtit'.l with fctrkt, no inodriiia in fummer, Diit llcevcs over a limn always wear red Hock- tin II- lif the nien, calkJ Irtllcd ox-hi(lc, anU the gs knotted, which ilicy I'ltcn above the aiKics, El-rope.] TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &#. 771 hu'nus. The ur.matriiii women, women, even of the richeft females, are not permitted m wear any other fort of fliocs ; though after marriage ,i,«y may, if they will, lay afidc the opanke, and uft the Turkifli flippers. The girls keep their hair treflTed under thcr caps, luit when married they let it fall diflievelled on the bread i fometimes they tie it under the chin ; and al- wys have medals, beads, or bored coins, in the Tartar or American mode, twiftcd among it. An unmarried woman, who falls under the imputation of want of chaititVi nins the rifle of havine her red cap torn off tier head publicly in church by tne curate, and her hair (Ut by fonie relation, in token of infamy. Hence, if any of them happen to have fallen into an illicit imoiiri they commonly of their ov/n accord lay alide the badge of virginity, and remove into anot.her part of the country. _ _ _ Among the Morlacchi, nothing is more common than marriages concluded between the old people of the re- fpedive families, efpecially when the parties live at a peat diftance, and neither fee nor know each other ; ind the ordinary motive of thefe alliances is the am- bition of being related to a numerous and powerful familyi famous for having prodiicid valiant men. The father of the future bridegroom, or fome other near relation of mature age, goes to alk the young woman, orratlier a young woman of fuel, a family, not having commonly any determinate choice. Upon vhis all the jjirls of the houfe are (hewn to him, and he choofcs which pleafes him bell, though generally refpefting the right of ftniority. A denial in fuch cafes is very rare ; nor does the father of the maid inquire much into the circumftances of the family thai aflcs her. Sometimes adaughterof the malter is givr,. -n marriage to the fervant or tenant, as was nfiu,! in patriarchal times; (o little are the women rf.garded in this country. On thefe occafions.howev;, the Morlacchi girls enjoy a piivlege wl.!""'' 'Wf- would alfo wi(h to have, as in jullice they certainly ought. For he who a£ls by proxy, having obtained his fuit, is obliged to go and bring the biidcgroom ; and if. on feeing each other, the young people are reciprocally content, the marriage is con- cluded, but not otherwife. In fome parts it is the cuflom for the bride to go to fetthehoulc and family of the propofed hufband, be- fiie Ik gives a definitive anfwer ; and if the place or pcrfons are difagrceable to her, fhe is at liberty to jntrii! the contraft : but if fhe is contented, P-.e re- turns to her father's houfe, cl'orted by the bridegroom and Dcarcit relations. There the marriage day is ap- Eainied; on whic'i the bridegroom comes to the bride's oufc, attended by all his friends of grealeil note, who on this occalion arc called fvn/i, and arc all armed, and on horfeback, in their holiday-clothes, with a pea- cucl'.'s feather in their cap, which is the dillimitivc ornament ulcd by ihofe who are invited to weddings. The company goes armed, to rcpulfe any attack or ambufli that mi^lit be intended to difluib the fcafl ; for in old times thefe encoimters were not iinfrequcnt, according to the records of many national heroic fongs. The bride is then condudted to a church veiled, and fiirrounded by the fvati on horfeback ; and the facred ceremony is performed amid the noife of mulkets,. pilfols, barbaric (houts an4 acclamations, which con- tinue till (he returns to her father's houfe, or to that of her hiifband, if not far o(F. Each of the fvati haf his particular infpeflion, as- well during the cavakade as at the marriage-f^eaft, which begins immediately on their return from church. The parvinaz precedes all the reft, (inging fuch fongs as he thinks fuitable to the occafion. The bariadar brandi(hes a lance with a filken banner faftened to it,, and an apple ftuck on the point ; there are two ba- riadars, and fometimes four, at the more noble mar- riages. Theftarifvat is the principal perfonage of the; brigade ; and the moft refpedlable relation is com- monly inverted with this dignity. The ftacheo's duty is to receive and obey the orders of the ftarifvat. Tha- two diveri, who ought to be the bridegroom's brothers when he has any,, are appointed to ferve the bride. The knum correfpondp to our fponfors ; and the ko- morgia, or feklbna, is deputed to receive and guard: the dowry. A ciaous carries the mace, and attends- to the order of the march, as mafter of the ceremo- nies : he gcKS liuging aloud, Breberl, Davori, Dobra- fruhia, Jcira, Pico ; names of ancient propitious dei- ties. Buklia is the cup-bearer of the company, as well on the march as at table ; and all thefe oflices are doubled, and fometimes tripled, in proportion tv the ninnbcr of the company. The entertainment on the Hrft day is fometimes made at the bride's houfe, but generally at the bridegroom's, whither the fvati hallen inmiediately after the nuptial benediilion ; and at the fame time three or four men. run on foot to tell the good news ; the (irft who gets to the houfe has a icind of towel, embroidered at the ends, as a premium. The- domachin, or head of the houfe, comi;s out to meet his daughter-ia-law ; and a child is handed to her, b'.tore (he a\\\i , to carefs ir ; and if there happens to be none in the houfe, the chilci is borrowed from one of the neighbours. When (he alights, (he kneels down, and kiii'es the threlliold.— Then the mother-in-law, or in her place fome other female relation, prefents a corn-ficve, full of dilFercnt kinds of gram, nuts, almonds, and other fmall friiir, which the bride fcatters upon the fvati, by handtuls, behind her back. The bride does not fit at the great table fhe firft day, Inn has one apart for l.erfelf, the two divcri, and the llacheo. The bridegrooin fits at table with the fvati ; but in all that day, cunfecrated to the matrimoni.il union, he mud neither unlcx)fen or cut any thing v.'hntcvt;i-. The knum carves^ iiis meat, and cuts his bread. It is the domachin's bulinefs to give the toails ; and the llarlf- vat is the firft who pledges him. Generally the biik- kara, a very large wooden cup, goes round, firft to the I -lint \\\ U: I ■Mi v'tl' ■ i ■ ' i; ! u . V, ■ <)■■ s' ■( ■■ ■ ' 15 ,, K I'll S. ■ ■ ' ( m \ ij-'i-ii ;* hI •yy* A NEW a»d COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. faint protcvho may naturally be fnppofed drunk at that hour) inuIJ, at one blow with his naked broad fword, ftrike the bride's crown of flowers ofFher head when flic is readv to go to bed. And in the illandof Pago, in the village of Novo§lia (probably the Gift of ancient geographers) there is a cuftom morecomi- cal, and lefs dangerous, but equally favage and bniuf. After the marriage-contradl is fetf -d, and the bndc! groom comes to condud his bride to church, her father 1 or mother, in delivering her over to hiin, inakcs an exaggerated enumeration of her ill qualities: "Knmv i lince thou wilt have her, that flie is good for nothing,' ill-natured, oblfinate," &c. On which the briJcgrooui,' afftding an angry look, turns to the young woinan | with an "Ah! fince it is fo, I will teach yon to be-' have l»etter ;" and at the fame time regales her with a I blow or a kick, or fome |)iece of fiinilar gailantrv, which is by no means tigiirative. And it femis m j general, that the Moriack women, and pcrhaj/nhe greaieft part of the Dalmatians, the inhabiiaiitv ot' tii.- cities excepted, do not dillike a beating either from their hufl)ands or lovers. The women in the neighbourhood of Dernilli are I obliged, during the hrft year afur marriage, to kifs all their natiimal arciuaintances who come to the lioiife ; | bill after the full ) -ar they are difpciifed from that, uiii- pliment ; and in.lecd they become fo iiK'ilcrably liai'v, j that they a... no longer fit to pradlife it. Perhaps the mortifying manner in which tlicv aetrca'edby their hulbandj and relations is,* at the Lms tinic, both the caufc and elfeel of their Ihamefiil ncylctt ol their | pcifons. When a Moriack hiifband mentions his wii'e, he I tups, a which jenius o: Tliert ^a*;?'^ 5RAPHY. ■ snts, infteadof giving t fomeihing from the • morning, to wafli tiie the flatting lalls ; and ece of moimy into tlie iflion, wliicii is a very jg on f«ch occafions. raife other little con- iding their Oiocs, caps, part of their equipage, n by a piece of money, s it. Anil, bcfide all tributions already mcn- mc prefent to the new. ;he lart day of the filra- ites fome trifles in re. a Ihirts, caps, handker- in the performance of ; vaft country inhabiicd ufc aitinng the peafanis coaft of Dalniatia, Idria, from them. Yet among e is one of the ifland Icable enough ; for there illy be fiippofed drunk at r with his naked broad 1 of flowers off her head, . And in the illandof »glia (probably the Gift is a ciiftom more coini- [ually favagc and bnnaf. fett 'd, and the bride- ride to church, her father over to hiin, makes an ;r ill qualities : " Know, flie is good for notliing, >n which the bril'grocmi, to the young woman, I will teach you to bc- time regales her with a ece of fiinilar gallantry, ative. And it fe»ms m vomen, and perhai' the the inhabitants ol tii: a beating cither from their )oiirhood of Dernilh are fur marriajje, to klfs all v\1k) coine to the lioufe; J tlifpciifcd from that, uiii- come fo ini'ilcpMy i.aily, to pradife it. Perhaps khich thcv acfrca'cJby ,♦ at the f..ms time, both Ihimi-fiil iH-gle^-H ol iheir ui(bandm«;niionsiiiswi'e, he EUROPK.] TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &c. 773'. e ke always premifes, By your leave, or begging your tdon. And when the hufband has a bedltead, the f'rg ^'iiil fleep on the floor near it. Our aiithor often y J in Morlack houfes, and obfervcd that the female f i IS iiniverk'-illy treated with contempt : it is true, ihit the women are by no means amiable in that country; they even deform and fpoil the gifts of '^Among us, where the ladies fuffer fo much, not- vithflanding all the care and circumfpedlion ufed be- fore and after labour, the pregnancy and births of thefc vonien would be thought very extraordinary: flnce Morlack woman neither changes her food, nor in- terrupts her daily fatigue, on account of her preg- uncv' and is frequently delivered in the ficliis, or oil the' road, by herfelf ; and takes the infant, walhes ii in the lirlt water flie finds, carries it home, and re- turns the day after to her ufual labour, or to feed her Jock. The little creatures, thus carelefsly treated in their tendereft moments, are afterward wrapt in mife- lablc rags, where they remain three or four months, under the fame ungentle management ; and when that term is elapfed, they are fet at liberty, and left to crawl ibout the cottage and before the door, till they learn to walk upright by themfelves ; and at the fame time ac- miirc that lingular degree of ftrci^gth and health with which the Morlacchi are endowed, and arc able, with- out t.ie leaft inconvenience, to expofe their naked breads to the fevered frofts and fnow. The infants are allowed to fuck their mother's milk while llie has any, or till flie is with child again ; and if that fiioiild not happen for tlirce, four, or fix years, they continue all that time to receive nourilliinent from ihebreaft. The prodigious length of the brcalls of the Morlacchian women is fomewhat extraordinary; lorit is very rcrtain, that they can give the nipple to their children over their flijulders, or under their arms. They let the boys run about, without breeches, in a Diitt that reaches only to the knee, till the age of ihirteen or fourteen, following the cuffom of Bollina, fubjeft to the Porte, where no haraz or capitatiori- lax is paid for the boys till they wear breeches, they being conlldered hcfo/e that time as children, not capable of labouring: or of earning their bread. (.)i\ [k occalion of births, and cfpecially of the firft, all the relations and friends fend prcfents of eatables to the woman in childbed, or rather to the woman de- livered; and the family inakcs a fupper of all tliofc prefents together. The womca do not cuter tiic church 1 forty days after child-birth. While young, the Morlacchi pafs their time in the wwds, attending their Hocks and herils ; and in tiiut i.le of quiet and leif r. they often become dexterous in carving with a lit; [.le knife: they niaki; woodm (ups, and whilllcs admned with fanciful balFc-reliefs, »hich are not void if merit, and at lealt flicw the jenius of the people. There is a people in this country and Carniula, called Ufcocs, a rough favage race, large-bodied, courageous, and much addidted to rapine ; they are alfo noted for their agility, fkipping like goats among the mountains, from rock to rock : fome of them live in fcattcred houfes, and others in large villages. Their language is Wdachian, and their religion the Greek, or fomeihing like it. Tbjfe people, being galted by oppieiTion, efcaped out of Dalmatia ; from which cir- ciiinflance they obtained the name of Ufcocs, from the word Scaco, a dejerttr. The duchy of Carniola, which is a fubdivifion of Atiftria, in Germany, is bounded by the gulf of Ve- nice to the wefi, by Sclavonic and Croatia to the eaff, by Carinthia and Stiria to the north, and by the Adria- tic Sea to the fouth. It is i lo miles long, ,50 broad, rather cold, but, at the fame time, tolerably fertile. The lower clafs of people fpeak the Sclavonian, or Wcndidi language, the better fort German, but botiv with a very indirterent dialedl. The prafants are a very hardy fet of people, going barefoot in the midft of win- ter, never covering their brcafls frcm the inclemency of the weather, and flecping on a hatJ bench, without bed or bolfter. In the Upper and Lower Krain the: people wear long beards ; and fuch as live by ex- porting the commodities of the country on pack-horfcs arc called Samers, or, more properly, Saumers. Tl e flatcs of Carniola confift of the clergy, the nobility, knights, and royal towns. Chriftianity was firft planted in this country about the middle of the eighth century,. and, in the fixteei h, Lutheranifni made a confie'erable progrefs in it; bi.i, excepting the Walachinns or Uf- cocs, who arc of the Greek church, and flyle thcmfclves Staiaverzi, i. e. Old Believers, all the inhabitants at prefent are Roman Catholics. In the whole (tiicliy are three billiopric , twenty-four cloifkrs, four command- eries, and 134 parifhes; but to the billioprii? of l.iy- bacli belong alio many pariflics in Stiria and Carinlliia. The number of inhabitants are fuppofed to amount to 140,000. The principal coinmodities exported fro.n hence arc iron, (ieel, quick-filver, white and red wine, oil of olives, cattle, fliecp, chcefe, linen, and a kind of woollen IhifV called Mahalan, Spanifli leather, honey, walnuts, and timber, together with all manner of wood- work, as boxes, dillits, trenchers, fpoons, iievcs, is.c. Carniola was l-jiig a marqnifate or margravatc ; but, in the year la^i, was crcfled into a duchy. The arms of Carniola arc an eagle crowned, in whofc bread and ex- pandotl wings is to be feen a iliccdcrefcent. We fliall here {;iva a dcfcription of the fiirprifiiig lake in Carniola, called by the natives the Zirchniizer- S'.a: This lake has fuch very remarkable qualities in its filling and emptying, and tlic iifis it is of to the neigliboiuiiig people a. . fo many and various, that im hilUiiians from the oldefl times, of which we have any account, have omitted to name it ; yet ntitlur the ancients noi moderns have well defcnbrd it, nor is there any explanu'.ion of its pliaiionietia ^iven in any of our books of travels ^ whircruic it may be accept- 9 K aijle- i U, i- 1 i ■ \\%l ! .fl {^■■'^X. H ^a*>^ 774 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. able to the curious reader, to have a fiiU account both of its nature and origin, and the leafons of all its changes prcfervcd here. It was called by the ancients Lugea Palus, or Lacus Lugeus, the Lugean Lake ; but it is now generally known by the name of Zirchoitzer-Lake, which it has from the toiyn of Zirknitz, near which it is fituated. The bafon of this lake is three miles and three quarters in length, its breadth is two miles in fame places, and a mile and half in the narrowed, and its depth, when full of water, is thirty-five feet in the middle, and from that to twelve or fifteen fieet in the Ihalluws. It lies in a fmall flal^ every wav furrounded with vaft mountains, running many mil-s into the country, feveral ways. 'I htie run at f'A times into this lake cjght rivers ; the two lealt are called Bellc- brech and T refnez, and are trifling ; but the others are all large rivers. With all this vaft fupply of water the lake never runs over, but has two large holes, in at which the water runs, and is carried on under the mountains. Befide thcfe there is a third courfe, or fubterraneous pafliige, which probably communicates with th( m alfo. All thci'e come out together on the other fide of the mountain, into which they are received, and form the river Jefero ; this river, after it has run a mile above ground, enters a (tony cavern, and running flowly under the hill, about four hundred yards, it comes out again, and running about a quarter of a mile above f round, after this plunges into the e%rth again, and aving pafTed about half a mile, it falls down a pre- cipice, and is difperfed through all the adjoinine country. All the mountains hereabout are full of vau caverns, formed by nature, and ornamented by the fame great hand, with a vad variety of figures, in the manner of thofe in the grotto of Antiparos, fo ele- gantly defcribed by fome travellers. The number and lize of the caverns eive us great rcafon to believe there may be others yet larger, which we cannot arrive at ; and as thofe which we know are fometimes dry, and fometimes full of water, we may rationally fuppufe the others to be fubjed to the fame alterations. This fair fuppoOtion will account for all the changes of the Zirchnitzer-Lake, and the reader, we hope, will not think this previous account of the face of the country tedious, as it will be necelTary to the hiftory of the lake iifelf. In the latter end of July, or beginning of Auguft, this lake ufually begins tu fink, and the water is wholly gone out of it in about (ixteen days ; it then remains dr) till the middle of November, when it fills aguin. This is the common method, though not certain, for it fomeiinfs fills three times a year. There are vafi numbers of hui and fowl brought up with the water, and deferted at its going off, which anord a vail advantage to the fix or feven neighbouring towns, who have a right to the profit. There are three iflands in the lake, and feveral pits io its bottom, of different breadths and depths. According to this difference i depth, thefe pits empty in different order of time n " after another, and give a much better opponuni'tv of felling the fi(h, than if they all were to be taken once. When the water begins to nin off", the pit Maj joberch is emptied in three days ; the church bell givej notice of this, and all the inhabitants, men and wt^en lay afide all other bufinefs, and with it all fliameand inodefly» and run into the pit naked as they were born The water runs out at the bottom of this, and of the other pits, by holes too fmall to admit the fifh, fo ,|,j„ are all caught ; half is given to the lord of the manor and the other half is the people's. ' The pit Velkioberch is emptythree days after this • three hours after this the pit iCamine empties ■ one hour after this another ; five days after that another large one empties, but the holes are fo large at the bottom of this, that they are forced to ufe nets to take the filh, which would otherwife ^ out at them. A day and a half after this, another pit empties ; twelve hours after this another empties ; and three days after that, a very large one, called Refchetto ; this is iilh«i with nets, and often affords time for three hawls, u the water gots off; and by thefe they will fometimes get between twenty and thirty carts ot fifli. A few hours after this there is another emptied- in this pit they fifti under ground, for there is a great hole in the (lone at the bottom, and the men go down at this with lighted torches into a vaft fubterranean caveni, the bottom of which is of hard ftone, but is full of holes, like a fieve } thefc let the water out, and the fi(h are all taken. The pits are eighteen in number, and thus gradually become empty, fo that in the whole there is time for the making the mod of the fiihing ; but thuiigh they empty fo long after one another, jret when they once begin to let out the water at all, it is all run out to the laft drop in the fpace of a few minutes, though fome of them arc eighty feet wide, and thirty or more deep. When the regular iilhing is over, the church bells give the fignal all over the neighbouring country, and the inhabitants of towns, manv miles diltant, run to the lake, and enter all (lark naked, to look for fifh among the weeds, and in the fubterranean caverns, of which there are many which have ways into them through holes in the bottoms of the pits. This gleaning of the fifh is free for every body. Some of thefe caverns are of immenfe flze, and when there is thunder or lightning, thofe are fubjec{| to terrible noifcs within; the fifh alfo, while the pitsl are yet full of water, are fometimes fo dunned with lightning, that they float to the furfacc, and are taken out in vafl numbers; but they come to themfelves when thrown into other water. In one of the latgefl mountains near this lake, thcrel are two vaft caverns, which, though generally dm yet| when it thunders, generally pour forth out of iheii mouths a vaft quantity of water, in form of a coluDin, ofl Eo»»"'] TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA. Ac. 775 f twelve or fourtten feet dimAeter, and to the height r ^ nfany feet ; this throws into the lake with it a -ft number of fifli, and of wild fowl, as ducks and dK like ; and thefe at iirft are all blind, and very bald J feathers, and the people cafiiy catch them in great numbers ; but in about a fortniebt they recover their m. •"«* have win» enough to fy with. When one of thefe cafcadcs of water has begun, the Kft all follow, and it is a terrible, but pleafing fight, to fee 6fty of thefe columns of water toifed up from different openings in the mountains at once, and twice g many from the dry bottom of the lake itfelf. The rivers that run conftantly into this lake, while Jiy, are all received into the holes at the bottom, and iKv'er drown any part of it ; but when the water is thus thrown up >t many mouths at once, from fome per- pcndicularly, from others obliquely, but from all in [gM columns, the whole lake will be filled in one day's time from being dry. The fird fignal of the lake's filline, is a white va- pour like a cloud, iflfuing out of the holes in the moun- [lins ; this is followed by thunder, liehtning, and the gull violent rains ; and the Lake nils to a certain fljndard, and never higher. Th<; fowl are brought up with the water, and they lefort from other places to it, from the neighbouring country for food, as long as the water remams in the like. When it dries up, they have the vaft advantage of the fifliery, before aelcribed ; as foon as that is all ofcr. and the bottom is thoroughly dry, they pull up nil quantities of rulhes there, which ferve for many ■Kceila^ ufes of life, and are fine litter for their cattle. The foil of the water makes the land fo rich, that in twenty days the whole bottom is covered with fine mfs for nay ; and after they have got this in, they plough it and fow millet, which tjuickly ripens, and tields a prodigious increafe ; but this is fometimes de- dioyed Dy the too early filline again of the lake ; if got, as foon as this is got in, there is a fine pafture left for their cattle, and all the while it is on the ground, thty have a vaft quantity of quails among it : always vhen the bottom is dry there is fine hunting in it, the hues, deer, bears, and fwine, coming down into it out of the woods and mountains, in great numbers. The advantages this lake brings the neighbouring people are therefore infinitely greater than thofe of any other fpot of ground in the world, and alt thefe are bought on in the fpace of one year, thus fucceflively me after the other. The pike of this lake are found of thirty or forty pound weight, tench of fix or feven pounds are very freouent, and eel-pouts of two or three pounds, very mil tailed ; there are crabs always foimd in great pbty in two of the pits, but none in any others, and they are not well tailed. The blind ducks being tolTed ip with the water may feem a very wonderful incident io other places, but there it is fo common that no body dt it as a (Irange thing; and not only this lake, but all the other places, where the water gtilhes out of the caverns in mnuiuains thereabout lu tite fame mac- ner, atfurd more or lefs of them. The true Aicotint of the rilling of the La re. The caufe of thefe flrange changes in the lake from full to dry, and all its other phenomena, may be accounted for in the following manner. There is under the bottom of this lake another fubterraneous one, with which it communicates by means of the holes in its bottom i and there are alio many fubterrancan lakes in the mountain Javornick, whofe fiirface is much higher than that of this lake. This upper lake is filled by fome of thofe fubterraneous rivers, which we find are frequent in this country, and has an out- palTage, which is big enough to carry what they ufiially bring into it ; but when thefe thunder ftorms and vio- lent rains come, the whole furface of the neighbouring mountains pour into thefe rivers all the water they re- ceive ; this is too much to be carried off by the com- mon out-palTage of the upper lake, and fwelling it beyond its common furface, carries it up to places where there are holes in the locks, by which all this mafs of water is precipitately conduced into the fnb- terranean lake, that lies under the bottom of the Zirchnitzer-Lake ; and this water, when it has filled that lake, is thrown : ^ through the holes in its 'od, and in the fides of the mountains in vail columns, to the height of the fubterraneous lake in the moun- tain Javornick. This muft be the confequence of thefe accidents, according to the known laws of hydro- Ratics. Such of thc'e pafTages as have been level with the furface of the water in the lake of Javornick, bring away with the water the ducks of that lake, and thele creatures are found in all the fubterranean lakes of this country, covered but poorly with feathers, and their eyes being ufed only to fo finall a quantity of light as is in thefe darkfome regions, when they are thrown up at once into broad day-light, are not able to bear it, but the creatures are blinded for fome time, till cuftom makes it eafy to thein. Thofe paiTages which are wholly under water may throw up hfli, though no ducks can belong to them, and many others too Tmall to admit either ducks or ti(h, can throw up only water. Thus it is that the lake is fuddenly filled^ and that fome of its feeding dreams bring up oily water, others water and filh, and others water, filh, and ducks. The Account of the Emptying the Lake. When the lake has been thus filled, it mult con- tinue full as long as the other lakes which fiipplied it are in the fame fulnefs; but as foon as the lake under the mountain Javornick, being no longer over- filled itfcU, defcends below the channels, by means of which it fupplied tht. lake under the Zirchnitzer-Lake, then the draughts from this under lake are greater than Pi* ^ W^ t ■ I i Kit:- i 776 A NEV AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ar UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. •?0f •; I con- ihnn the Dreams into the upper lake can fupplvt c feqiicntly the Zirchniizer-Lake finks graduallyt ac« rordintr to the cxcefs of the water that runs out above tliat wnich comes in. Thus things arc reduced to their natural (late again, till a fccond land flood comes to nxcr-fill the lake in Javornick, and Co fill up in con- fequence the Zirchnitzer-Lake aeain ; as the feveral pits in the bottom of this lake Tie higher and lower, they arc emptied regularly, one after another, accord* ' ing to this lituation, the higheft firft ; when this ac- cidental quantity of water is carried off, all that the common fupply of the rivers bring into it, is received in holes at the bottom, and running into the under lake, is difcharged by the river Jefero, in the country ttn the other fide the mountain. All the ducks dif-| charged up virith the water, are bred in the lake underi Javornick, they are all black, only that they have a white fpot on the forehead, and they are well tailed, but too fat. CHAP. XXIII. O N D, Extent, Boundaries, Situation, Divijions, Climate, Priducet Rivers, Animals, Inhabitants, Religion, Uc. THIS kingdom, before the late difmemberment, was very cxtenfive, being 700 miles in length, and 680 in breadth ; and (with the great duchy of Lithuania, anciently called Sarmalia, annexed) was bounded on the north by Livonia, Mufcovy, and the Baltic fea ; by Mufcovy, or Ruflia, on the eaft ; by Hungary, Tuikcy, and Little Tartary, onthcfuuth; and by Germany, on the weft. The fituation, between 46 and 57 deg. north lat. and between 16 and 34 dcg. raft long. 1 his country is divided into the twelve foU lowing provinces ; viz. 1. Courland (fubjcdl (o Ruflia) 174 miles in length, and 80 in breadth, containing 4,114 fquare miles ; its chief city, Mittaw. 2. Lithuania ; 333 miles in length, 310 in breadth, contains 6j,i»OPBv|] P 6 N D. 77* Or chief city, Bteflici. So in breadth ; con. I ief city, Wirfaw. gth, 08 in breadih; chief city, Rafiun. ufliai 118 milei in I 6,400 ftjuare milei ; II. Polachia; 13 J contains 4000 fquate d from Polu, a Scla. y proper for hunting, I plains, ^ oods, *ili| n general temperate, hole of fuch norihetn th parts, however, tht Carpathian mountains, tgary, are covered witii n been known to fall I B foil is extremely rich I i clays are found fit for peat quantities of which | it likewife produces I rich beyond exprefiion,! hem can hardly be feen M. kinds of herbs and l many places there aie I ble to the talle, but the ' proves (harp. Itttln :cies of manna fails on I the morning is colleficd th the dew, into fieves : I K>n a great delicacy, and le it> The interior parts I furnifli timber in fuch I oyed in houfe-buildind les. 1 :opper, lead, iron, fait, I s in iron ochre, black | r and iron pyrites, and! ious (\ones, andmarmc| •oduftions are falt-pttti, apis calatninaris ; and! rge quantities of amkr. boiled into fait, tingdom arc the Vill jier or BoriUhencs, tlie| wina. . ts defcription, is Gopio,! Brials, which is faid io| rho work in it. d (heltcr to a great Hum. .en, boars, wolves, clksj ;bits. Here are greatl the 6efli of which, when! acy by the Poles. Herd I) 1 kiiiii ttf ttrolf ref^mbling a hart, with fpots on his I (ellr if^^ '^S*' *'^^ dfibrds excellent ftirs. jh* elk is »try common ih PrurtisI, Courland, Li- vonia, Norway, Pdatld, and other northern countries. ]t ii ii high, aiid every vvay as lar^e as a horfe, but its Ihipc ri'fembles (hat of a dee^: its feet aru broad and tloveti, and its horns large, rough and broad, like (hofe of a wild goat. Upon ditfefling one of thefe inimsl*.:^ valtniimbet- of large flies were found inits head, which had nearly devoured the brain. To\Vards winter ihtfe foot creatures are always attacked by thefe iii- feflt, whicb* through the paftage of its ears find a way inid its he^d, and there retnain during that cold feafon : Ilit humming of thefe vermin, and the continual tor- ture occdfioned by their feeding on the brain, fubjefls the elk to the epilcpfy, when he is eafily taken, which would otherwife prove a very difficult talk. The flefli of this animal is eaten by the nobility, andedeemcda mat delicacy. The bohac refemblcs A Guinea-pig. Thefe little InimalS dig holes Irt the ground, which they enter in Odober, and do not quit their lodgings till April, iin- lefi cottiptUcd to it fof wailt of food; and iti that cafe, they always fet one or two as ceiitinels, who on the Inft appeararite of danger give the alarm by making a nry peculiar noilb, which being underftood by their companions, th.o of I'tuils have been fcj)aratcd from their an- Icientkingiliim; fmce the piovintes fuizcd by the Ruf- jEins contain 1,500,000; ihofc by the Aullrians, hijcoicooi and thofc by the Prullians amount to about 86o,obo. The Pole*, irt fhci^ perfdns, stre hindfome and well fhaped. With fair cotnplexions; in their man- ners, brave, honcft, hofpitilblf, iflive, and hardy ; the vvomen are faid to be of exemplary piety and viraie, both in their public and private ct)bdu£t. Thefe peo- ple are divided into three claffes, namely, nobles, c4ti- ^ens, and peafants ; the nobility tri all bn i level, cX' cept the difference that arifes from the public ports they enjoy,aiidtheonly title they value ik that of a gentlemad of Poland. The nobles poiTefs great privileges: theV have a power of life and dedth Over their tenants and val- fals, pay no taxes, are fiibjc^t to none but the king, may choofc whom theyjjleafe for their fuvcfeign, and lay him under what I'citraint they think proper ; and none but themfelvcs, and the burghers of lome particu- lar towns, can ptirchafe lands. Many of them enjoy eflates frotn^five tothit^ty leagues in extent, and are alio hereditary foVcreigiis of cities with which the king has rto concern. Some of them can raife eight or ten thoii- fand men, and they have always a number of troops in their pay, who do duty night and day bfcfore their pa- laces, and in their ante-cnamberS, march before iheiti when they go abroad, and particidarly when they ap- beiif At the diet, many of them, on this lafl occafion, having 5000 guards and attendants : for their debates In this great meeting are often determined by tht fword. It frequently happens that two Polifh noblemen go tb \ uuCes a little wooden hut to be built near it, in w hich lie fet- tles a peafant and his family, giving him a cow, two liorfes, a certain nninber of geefe, hens, tS:c. and aS much corn as is fulficient to maintain him for the rirll year ; and in return, the peafant is to improve the land for his own future fubfidonce, and the advan .it;e of his lord. Thus are thefe poor creatures lioni aiui kept in a ftatc of perpetual fervitude, of which they n < r fee the end, unlefs by the permilfion of their tyrants, fn m ^ L wiioin I Mil ^'W , » tell 77« A NfiW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. SASaf whom they frequently fuflvMhe mod cruel and wanton infulli. Somctiinet thefe monfleri proceed fo far as to injure their wives and dliughters. wrongs which mud roufo the rage, of every betog but a Folilh peafant, whofe fpirit, throush opprelfion, is funk into a ftaie oV total inrenfibility, fcztce ever being heard to repine at his hard lot, or wifli for « better ; particuIarUr, if his marterfiwds him well, thinking it impoifible ior a man to be miferable who has fufficient tu eat ; and in this cafe, they are always ready to facrifice thcmfdves and their families for their lords, whom they are taught to regard as a fuperior order of beingt. Lately indeed, a few nobles of enlightened iinderllandings have ven- tured to give liberty to their vailals. Zamoiiki, formerly Sreat chancellor, was the firll who granted this frec- om i qndin 1760 enfranchiied fiK villages in the pala- tinate of Mafovia, and afterwards on all hisedates. The event has (licwcd this a£l to be no lefs judicious than humane ; conducive to the noble's own inierells as well as the happinefso/* the peafants: for it appears, that in the didrios in which this new arrangement hath been introduced, the population of the villages is confider- ably incrcafed, and the revenues of their cdates aug- mented in a triple proportion. Prince Staniflaus, ne- phew of the king of roland, hath verv lately enfran- chifed four villages near Warfaw, and hath not only freed his peafants from ilavcry, but condefcends to di- re£l their affairs. This condu6l is truly laudable, and betokens better times to the lower clafs m this ditbrelTed .country. The Potidi nobility alTume great (late upon all oc- •aftons, particularly in their equipages and maimer of Kving. It is no unuftial thing for the lady of a Polilh grandee, on a common vifit, to be attended by a coach and i)X, and a great number of domellics, among which are an old gentleman-uiher, an old governante, and a dwarf uf each Ccx to hold up her train : if it happens to bean evening vifir, the grandeur of the fcene is aug- mented by the number oiflambeaux which furround her coach. When they fit down to table, a number of gen- tlemen wait upon them with the greatell refpefl, and thefe are uAully fome of the poor nobility, who, not daring to demean thcmfelves by trade, are i>fad to earn a fublidence by thusfervilcly waiting on their equals in birth, though fiiperiors in fortune. It generally hap- pens, however, th^t this mode of life is rendered very eafy to ihcm, for their patron ufiially treats them with the greateft civility ; pcrmittiiig llie oldeil among them to fit down, with his cap uflT at the fame table with him, arid giving the roll part of his meat, which tiicy cat (landing : they likewil'c ail drink out of his cup, and have each a peafant buy kept to wait on them. At a Pulidi entertainment thi-rc are neither knives, forks, or fpjions laid upon tliu tabic, but every Kiicfl brings them with him. When the company are ailfcated, the doors arc (hut, and not opened ayain till tiiey have done eat- ing ; and the v\hoie time of the rcpalf, they are enter- tained with mulic, uf which cvcty nobleman keeps a band. Bumpers are as much the fafhion in Poland » in Ireland ; and r Granger will find it ai> difGcult to re' turn fober from a feall in one country as the other. The Polilh \i(e(i ii; pretty remarkable. They cutih hftir-of their. beads ll^ort, and (have their bcaids, kn'tnl ua\f large. whj.pfcri. - They wear a veft which reachci down to ihe rnddU of the leg, and a kind of gown over it lined with fur, and girded with a fa(h, but thefletvei lit as clofe to their arms as a waiOcoat. Their breeches are wide and make but one piece with their llockitin They wear a fur rap or bonnet ; tlieir (hirts are with/?,! y wear a lur rap or oonnet i incir inirts are without collar or wrillbands, and they wear neither (lock neckcloths. nor IS. Inllead of lhocii,'they wear Turkey !«. thur boots with thin foles and deep iron hecUbciitlikei halt°-m«>oii. They carry a pole-ax and a f.»bre or cmlafj by their lidcs. When thev appear on horftback, the/ wear over all a fliort cloak, which is commonly co- vcrcJ with furs, both within and without. The modIc ol laihion wear fabWs, and others the (kins of tyms leopards, &c. Some of them have 50 fuits of clothes' exceeding rich, which defcend from father tu fon, The habit of the women very much refembles that of the men, being a limple Polonaifo, or lung robe edged wiih fur ; but fomc pet'ple of fafhion, of both knes, aft'ctt the French or Englidi modes. The peafants, in win- ter, wear a (heep-lkin with the wool inwards, and in j fuinmer a thick coarfe cloth ; but they wear no linen, Their boots are the rinds of trees wrapped about their legs, with the thicker parts to guard the fulcs of their feet. The women have a watchful eye ov«r their daughters i and in the di{lri£l of Samogitia, that (her may know where they are, and what they are doing, make them wear little bells before and behind. The ho'ifes in Poland confid entirely of a ground- floor, and the apartments are not joined to each other,] but rather form a fqiiarc court, on one fide of which is] the kitchen, the liable on the other, the dwelling-houfej en the third, and the gate in front. I'hc inns of this I country are nothing more than long ILblus built with I boards, and covered with draw, without windows or] fiirnhurc. At one end there is a chamber, which ufu-i ally fwarms with fleas and other vermin ; lb that tra- vellers rather choofe to lodge among the horfes :han goj into it. They are obliged to carry provilions wiihj them, and when foreigners want a lupply, they in.| form the lord of the village, who immediately proviilesl them with nectlTaries. r The iifual diverlions of the Poles are vaulting, danc- ing, hunting, (kating, bull and bear-baiting, and ri-i ding; of which excrcife they are fo exceedingly fond,! that they will not dir a hundred yards without thcirl horfes. They are fo extremely hardy, thai, if b/l chance they are benight'^d, they Ikep upon the groundj^ in frod and fnow, without any covering, excc|)t thcirj ufiial clothing. Warfaw, the capital of Poland, dands nearly inthd centre of the kingdom, on the river Villula, over which is a curious wooden bridge. This city is large, pupuJ lousj APHY. afliion in Puland » it R!> difficult to te. ry as the other, able. They cut the their beards, leaving I vcd which reachei I kind uf guwn over falh, but the flecvei oat. Their breeches with their rtockings. cir Ihirts are without ar iieiihcr (lock nor sy wear Turkey !«. I iron heels bent like} and a fabre or rmlarj r on horfcback, ihcy :h is commonly co- rithout. The people i the (Icins of tygers, re 50 fuitj of cloihcs, im father to fon. The refentbles that of the long robe edged with of both fcxes, affeti fhe pcafants, in win- wool inwards, and in : they wear no linen. !S wrapped about their iiard the fulcs of their tchful eye over their ( Samogitia. that they what they are doing, e and behind, entirely of a ground- t joined to each other,! )n one fide of which is I ler, the dwelling-hoiifel lit. The inns of this | long ibblus built with I without windows or I a chamber, which ufu-| r vermin ; lo that tra- ong the horfes than goj carry provilions with I tnt a fiipply. they in.l 10 immediaieiy proviiksj oles are vaulting, danc- i bear-baiting, and ri- re fo exceedingly foiidj ed vani> without thcitj ly 'hardy, that, if ' y Ikep upon the groundi jT covering, except thtitj ind, flands nearly in t!i(j river Villula,over wli This city is large, m^ 5-ii li»j I 9 .4 .^.•i. .a^f' f. S *r' w Europe.] N D. 779 ^SUjj, louf, tolerably well furtifted, und containi both wiihm indwiihout the walls acunfiJerable number ufchurches, ntlices, and convents. The king uftiaily keeps his niurt hcrr, in a noble palace wtiich t'urnis a large {(luare, furroiiuded with delicious gardens and eruvcs. Here are likewife held the general diets, to which I'uch multitudes of people refort, that ^reat numbers are obliged 10 relide in tents. The ordinary diets are held It the royal palace; but during the interregnum, in a field, not far from the city, near the village of Wola. In the year 1746, was opiened count Zaiuflci's library, fvhich is faid to contain two hundred thoufand volumes. Goods are brought to the city, by tlie Vidula and other rivers, and fent from thence to Dantzick. Here is a iUtely talUc, and an arfcnal ; and near the city are two loyal palaces, viz. Viafdow, and Viallanow. The edablilhed rclijgion in Toland is that of the church of Rome, earned to the higheft pitch uf cnihu- lufm : the I'olifh clergy bcine molt illiterate bigots, and the monks fome of the molt profligate of mankind ; and it is chiefly owing to the conduct and intlucnce of (he Popilh clergy, that the peafants of Poland arc fo miferable. The monailerics in Poland are faid to amount to 576, and the nunneries to 117, befides 246 reminaries or colleges, and 31 abbics. There are in this country, great numbers uf Lutherans, CalviniAs, and members of the Greek church, who arc all didin- riiilt'cd by the common name of dijlidents, and, by the laws uf that kingdom, are entitled to toleration and pr no wonder, as before his time, it is computed, 32 mngregations denied the doflrine of the Trinity. It is at length refolved, that all dillidents (liall be tolerated, but to have no ftat in the diet, fenate, or permanent council, though they may fit in the inferior courts of jiillice. The Polifh language is a dialcdl of the Sclavonic, be- ing neither cupiou!) nor harmonious:, but abounds in con- fouants, and many of the words have not a fingle vowel in them. The Lithuanians and Livonians talk a lan- guage peculiar to themfelves, among which arc found levcral conuptcd Latin words; but the Rullian and German tongues are underflood in the provinces border- deringon thofc countries. The High Dutch and Latin arc frequently fpukc here, but very incorrciSlly. In Poland arc two arclibifhoprics, viz. Gncfna and Lemburg. The former ofthcfe i^ always a cardinal, and, during an interregnum, prince regent, or intcrrcx . uf the kingdom. Gntfna has for its fuffragans the bifhops of Cracow, CuiavU, Culin, Liuke, Mednick, Pofna, Ploiko, and WilcA; and thofe of Lemburg are the bilhops of Cholm, Kaminieck, atid Prenyzil. There were three univerfiiics here, viz. Cracow, Pof- - na or Pofen, apd Wilna, but they are now almofl en- tirely ncgledled'. The firft cunfills of eleven collegei, and has tlicfuperviforlliip of fourteen grammar- fchooU, which are difperfcd through that city > in 1778, the nuniber of Hudents amoiuitcd to.^oo- That of Pofna is rather ajcfuits College than an iiniverflty ; Wilna was under the fuperintcndenceof the Jefuits; but fince their fupprcllion, the king hath ellablifhed a committee of education, who appoint proffil'ors, and diredt their falariesand lludies. Learning in Poland is in a very low date, notwith. (landing feveral efforts have been made to raife it. The clergy, we have already obfervcd, arc illiterate bigots, . conlequentl]^ avcrfe to the lidit of learning. The no« bility defpife it, placing their chief importance in the privileges of their rank ; an(l the lower clafs arc too wretched ever to think of fluayj of late, however, a tafle for fcience has begun to fpread iifelf among the nobles, and begins to be regarded as an accomplinimcnt. This kingdom has formerly produced^ feveral great geniufes, particularly Copernicus, Vorflius, and fome Protcflanr divines, who ure highly received by the literati of Eu- rope. The natural curiofities of Poland are more numerous than the artificial. Under the mountains adjoining to Kiow, in the defcrts of Podolia, arc feveral grottoes containing a great number of human bodies, which, notwithflanding the time they miifl have lain thei'e, are (HII entire : and among them are two princes in the habits they tifed to wear. Thefc bodies arc neither fo hard nor fo black as the Egyptian mummies, and no art having to all appearance been iifecl f(jr their prcferva- tion, this pha::nomcnon is attributed to the nature of the foil, which in that part is dry and fandy. The fait mines may be juiTly placed among the natural curio- fities of Poland. A modern traveller has given us the following accu- rate defcription of thofe at Wielillka, which arelituated within eight miles of Cracow : " Thefe mines," fays he, " are excavated on a ridge of hills at the northern extremity ol the chain which joins to the Carpathian mourrtains: they, take their appellation from the finall village of Wielitlka; but.-iie (ometimcs called, in fo- reign couiitrie.s, the mines of Cracow, from tlieir vici- nity to that city. " Upon our arriyal at Wielitlka, we repaired to the mouth of the mine : having faftencd three feparato hammocks ■■ wm¥^M\ %: 11:!',. !' :/:trniVi>. y., > ~^' "" S ►^V I A ySo A NEW AND COMPLfeTE SYStEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Iiaintiiock.s in a circle round the great rope that is ufbd in (Ir.iVvilig lip the fait, we ftateJ ourlelvcs in a com- modious maimer, and we*-, let down gently, without the leall approhcnfion of danger, abotit i6o yards be- low tiie fiill layer of fait : quitting our hammocks, vrt palfed a long and graduail ad depth 7.13; and the belt judges on the fpot fuppofc, with the greatcft appearance of probability, this (o!it. body of fait to branch into various diredtions, the extent of which cannot be known : ot that pan which has been perforated, the depth is only calculated as far as they have hitherto dug ; and who lan tell how mticli further it may defcend ? The revenue arifing from theft and, other falt-iiiines is very conliderablei and •'i'urmed part of tlie royal revenue before fei/.ed by Aul- tria : the annual average profit of thofe of Wieliilka was about (jS.oocl. (Icrling. *' (Jiir guide did i\ot omit pointing out to us what he coiilidered as < ,ie of the muli remarkable curiofitics of thi; place— fevcral fmall chaj^els excavated in the fait, in V hich mals is fatd on ccn^iik days in the year : one' bf thoft thapels Is thirty ftet long, And twenty>.fivi brt^ad ; the altar, the crucifix, the orniiitienn of th« church, the ftaiues of the fitintii, are all ciirVed cut of the fait. "Manyof the excavations, or chambers, frotn whence the fajt has been dug, art of an iliimenfe fize ; fome are fiipported Vpith timber, others by raft pillirs of fait, which are left ftatiding fot that purpofe ; fcveral of vaft dimenfioTvs arc without any filpport in the middle. I rciriarkedoneofthisIatterfortinpartrcular,whichwasceri tainly eight feet in hti^ht.and foextremcly longand brnadj as almoll to appear amid the fubferraneOits gluom with- ou; limits. The roofs of thofe vaults are not arched, but flat. Tne immenfe fize of the chambers, whh thi chapels above mentioned, and a few (heds built for fhfe horfes, which are foddered below, probably tnay rift to the exaggerated accounts of fome travellers, that thofe mines contain feveral villages inhabited by coloi nies of miners, who never fee the light. It is certaiii that there is room fufficient for fitch purpofcs; but the fa6t is, that the miners have no dwelling Under grouBct, ttoneof theiti reniaining below more than eight hoursat a time, when they are relieved by Othcis from above. In truth, fhofe mines are of- a tnoft ftupendous eicteiit and depth, and are fufficiently wonderful without the leaft ex.Tggeration. We found tllcm as dry as a room, without the leaft damp, ormoillilre; obftttf ing only in oitr whole progrefs one fmall fpring of water, which ik impregnated with fait, as it runs through the mine. •• Such an enormous irlafs of fait exhibits a wonder- ful phenomenon in thn(iderable is the trade of^this city, that a whole fleet .ome hither every year to load with corn alone ; and it is computea, th^f 365,000 lads of Polifh wheat are (hipped Irom hence one year with another. Its iioufei arc generally five dories high ; and many of its dreets are planted with chefnut trees. It has a fin« harbour, and is dill a mod eminent commercial city, thoi'igh it feems to be fomewhat pad its meridian glory, its irade |;etting into other channels, and dailydiminidi* ing. It IS a republic, claiming a fmall adjacent terri^ tory, about 40 miles round it, which were under ths proteiSion pf-the king and republic of Poland. Its ma- gidracy, and the majority of inhabitants, are Luthe" rans ; although the Romanids and Calvinids are equally tolerated in it. This Qity is rich, contains 26 pari(hes, with feveral public buildmgs, convents, and hofpitals. The inhabitants are computed at 150,000 : they havo often changed their mafters, and have fometimes been urdwr the protedlion of the Engli(h and Dutch ; but have generally (hewn a peculiar regard for ihe kingdom and republic of Poland, as being lefs likely to rival them in their *.rade, or abridge them of their valuable privi- leges, among which are thofe of coining money, ga- thering amber, and fending reprefentatives tothe general diet ot Poland and the Pruflian fcnate. Though (Trongly fortified, and polTenred of 150 large brafs cannon, it could not, through its fituation, dand a regular fii ,,vl)ich it was agreed, ihat the place and trade of the city flioiild be reftored to its former lability. Thorn, an ancient city in PoH(h Pruffia, is alfo fi- tijated on the Villula. This town is defended by a double wall and moats, and is faid to be the handfome(t andbeft built in this country. The ftrects are broader, and the houfcs more elegant, than ihofeat Dantzick. This city has (hareil the fate of that above-mentioned, and is now added to the dominion of the king of Pruf- fia, law and jiillicc giving place to the largelt fword — ratio ultima regum. Commerce, in this cotmtry, is entirely confined to the city of Dantzick, and the other towns on the Vif- tula and Baltic : fome linen and woollen cloths, and )iard-warcs, arc their principal manufa£lurts, which art carried on in the interio/ parts. Concerning the form of government in Poland, it is to be obfervcd, that the Poles live under one head, who bears the title, and lives in the fplendor becomiiig a king; but if you confuler his power, as it is circutii- fcrioed within very narrow bounds, he is in efFeft ho more than the prime or chief regent in a free common- >vealth ; fincc he can do nothing without the bounds of that authority which the law^ of the land have given him. and the nobles take care to maintain. The people cleft the king on horfeback ; and in cafe there fliould be a refraftory minority, the majority has no control over them, but to cut them ih pieces with their fabres ; but if the minority are fufficiently ftrong, a civil war enfues. The king, immediately after his deftion, fignsthe pa£ia cemtnta, by which he engages to introduce no foreigners into the kingdom or govern- ment ; fo that in fa<^, he is no more tnan prel^ent of the fenate, which ii corhpofed of the primate, the arch- bifhop of Lemburg, fifteen bifhops, and 130 laymen, conniling of the great officers of ftate, the Palatines, and the CaftcIIanS ; in all, 147. The Polifli diets arc of two kinds, viz. cither ordi- nary or extraordinary. The ordinary diets meet every fcconJ year, but the extraordinary diets only uponpar- ticular occafions when fummoned by the king. They fit but fix weeks, and the diflcnting voice impedes the pafiing of any law, or coming to any final rcfolution concerning what had bren propofed by the throne. Here are not only general di-zts. Hut dietines or provin- cial diets, and when the nobility enter into an alfocia- tjon, Lither during an interregnum, or while the king is living, it is termed a confedcncy. Indeed, to the great misfortune of the cotmtry, confederacies have been too frequent, as anarchy and confulion are ufually their certain confequences. The chief fecular fcnators arc, in niimbcr, 36, viz. 3a palatiiKs, who are, properly, governors of pro- vinces; three caftellanj, viz. of Cricow, Wilna, and Troki; and the rtarol^ of Samogitia. It is obfervcd, that though the reality of cadcllan and flarotla i& infe- rior to that of palatine, thefe four laft-mem^dncd, pof. fcfs almod the firft rank among the lay fenators. ' The office of a palatine is, to lead the troops of hj. paKitinate to the army, to prefide in the alfembliesof th? nobilitjr in his p-Dvince, to fet a price upon goods and merchandize, to fee that the weights antl meafurcs be not altered, and to judge and defend the Jews. He has a vice-palatine under him, who rtiuft take an oath to him, and who ought to have an cftatc in land, vvliic* they call PolTeflionatus, The cartel lans are the next in dignity to the palj. tines, and there are two forts of them in the kingdom' who are ufually diftinguiftied by the title of great caf- tellans, and petty dr fno-caftellans. The number of the former, both in the kingdom ahd duchy, amount to -jj and that of the latter to 49 ; and they are all fenators* lieutenants, or deputies of the palatines, and heads of the nobility in their refpeftive jurifdiftions. A king of Poland may nominate the great officers of rtatc, but they are accountable only to the fenate ; neitlier can he difplace them when once a{)pointed : he alfo makes arclibilhops, bifhops, &c. appoints judges and inagiftrates of provinces ; and upon invafions or rebel- lions, can fummoi^ the nobility to his rtandard ; he hat all powder to remit 5ines and capital punifliments : but he can neither marry, nordiyorce a wife, without con- fent of the republic; and if he marries after his corona- tion, thequeen cannot be crowned without his all(in» their confent, nor even then, ur.iefs (he be a Roman C?.tholic. From the imperfeft (ketch above given of this motley conrtitutioii, we may difcern the great outlines of a no- ble and free eovernment. The precautions taken to limit the king s power, and yet invert him with an am- Sle prerogative, arc worthy of a wife people. The in- itutions of the diet and dirtines, arc tavorable to public liberty, as are many other provifions in the common- wealth : but even in its bcrt (late, it has laboured under incxiriiblc difordets. The cxercife of the veto, or nega- tive verted in each member of the aflembly, mud never- thelefs be dcrtruftive of order, ahd embarrafTing to go- vernment ; and appears to be founded up6nl Gothic principles, ind that unlimited jurifdiftion which the great lords, in former iges, ufed to enjoy all over Eu- rope. The government of Poland cannot be otherwife improved than by the introduftion of arts, nianiifaflures, and commerce, which would in a (hoit time render ;iic common people independent on the nobility ; and pre- vent the latter from having it in their power to annoy iheir fovereign, ahd to maintain thofe unequal privileges which are fo prejudicial to the community. Befides difmembcring the beft provinces of Poland, the partitioning powers have proceeded to change and fix the conftitution and government, under pretence of amending it ; confirming all its defefts, and endeavour- ing to perpetuate the principles of anarchy and «.oijfii- fion. The more clF-ftually to 'accomplilh their de- 3 figns, EUHOPE.]* N D. 7h liens, they infifted upon the four following principal lavrs to be ratified ; which was at laft obtained. Thefe were, I. That "the crown of Poland fliall be forever lleftive. and all order of fucceflion profcribed :" thus theexdufion of the king's male heirs removes the prof- pcft of an herrditary fovereignty, a[id entails upon the kingdom all the evils infeperable to an eleflive mo- narchy. II. That " foreign candidates to the throne fliall be txcliided,and,for the future, no perfon can be chofen king (jf Poland, excepting a native Pole of noble origin, and poiTefline land in the kihgdom:'* by which law, the Houfe or Saxony, and all foreign princes who might be likely to give weight to Poland by their hereditary do- minions, and reftofe its provinces and libcrlies, are fet afide. III. That " the government of Poland fliall be for ever free, independent, and of a republican form :" thus confirming the liberum veto, and all the exorbitant pri- vileges of the equeftriati order, in their utmod lati- tude. IV. " A permanent cotmcil fliall be eflabliflied, in which the executive power fliall be vefled:" in this council are to be admitted the equeftrian order, hither- loexcluded from the adminiftration of affairs in the in- ttrval of diets, by Which means the prerogatives of the crown are ftill further diminiflied. It may be eafily perceived, that this change of the conftitution was intended by the partitioning powers to give a large fcopc to influence and fadtion over thai part of the kingdom they had not feized, in order the more tifeaiially to ferve their own finill r purpofes. Therevenu- of the king of P.)land is clear to him- fclf, and fufficient to maintain him and his houfehoid with great fplcndor ; for he pays no troops, not even kis own body-guards; all ;he public expences being Erovided for by the fenate ; and all the officers of the oufehold are Polifti gentlemen, who ferve without fa- lary, in e>iie(5lation of foine office. '1 he prefent king had one million and a half o*" i'urins fat 3s. 6d. eachj fettled upon him by the comir.ilTion of (tate ; and the in- come of his predeceflbl-s generally amounted to 140,000!, ikriing. The public revenues were colleftod chiefly from the ciown-lands, the falt-n.'ines in the palatinate of Ci ow, now in Auftrian Poland, which alone amounted to nearly loo.oool. (terling ; die rents of Marienburg, DirHiau, and Rogenhus, and of the govermneiu of Cracow, and didridi of Niepoliomiez, befidcs an- cient tolls and cuftoms, particularly thofe of '".Ibing and Dantzick. Thegreafeft lofs to Poland was Wcflern Pniflia, as by the difmemberment of that province the navigation of the Vilhila depends entirely upon the king of Pnillia. This was a fatal blow to the trade of Poland, linre PmlTia has laid fuch heavy duties on the merchandize palling to Dantzick, as greatly todiminifli the trade of ihittown, and to transfer a confidcrablc part of it to Mc- mel and Koningfburgh ; fo that Poland having, by the difmemberment, lofl near half her annual income, it became neceirary to new-modei ''nd increafe the .tauMi in order to fupply this deficiency. All the imports in 1773 amounted to 333,0181. the nett revenue of the kine (which arifes from his royal demefnes, ftarofties, and74,o74l. out of the treafurv) is 194,5001. out of which he oiily pays his houfehoid expences and menial fervants. The whole revenue is 443,9381. out af which if we deduA- 194,500!. for the king's privy purfe, there will remain the fum of 249,4381. for army, ftate officers, and all other charges. Refpcdling the m;litary ftrength of Poland, we have already obferved, that the innate pride of the Polifli no- bility is fo great, that they always appear in the field on horieback, and hence the principal force of the kingdom confifts in cavalry ; indeed, the infantry, which are ge- nerally hired from Germany, and foon difmifTed, a^e feldom confidercd as any part of the Poiifti ariT>/. The nobility who have feized the reins of governn.ent, to- gether with all the honours and emoluments of the date, havealfo undertaken to defend it, leaving all the reft of the nation to cultivate the lands. Hence the Polish ca- valry are all gentlemen ; and it is faid that Poland cjin raife 100,000, and Lithuania 70,000 of fuch horfemen, including their fervants, who always attend their mi f- ters on horfeback in the field- This combined arn-y, or rather two armies, confiding of Polifli and Lithua- nian cavalry, hav- each their grand general; entirely in- dependent of each other. It has been .already obferved that the office of grand-marfhal is the fecond n dignity, but the grand-general is fuperiur in power, being con- fined only by the limits he prefcribes to himfelf, nor is this authority ever fufpended but when the king com- mands the army iii perfon. Befides thcfe, there is a third army called the pofpo- lite, confifting of all the nobility and their followers in the kingdom, except the llarofts and generals of the frontier places. This army can be ftimmoned by the king on extraordinary occafions ; but he cannot keep them above fix weeks in arms, nor arc they obliged to march above three leagues beyond the frontiers of the kingdom. A fourth army has been for fome time maintained in Poland, confiding of infantry and light horfe, gene- rally called liuffars. The latter are reckoned the fineft and moft Ihowy body of. troops in Europe. They wear defenfive araio;ir, and their horfes are remarkably fwifr, fo that they greatly harafs the army of an enemy.. But want of difcipline has rendered the Polilh troops,, notwithllanding all their bravery, very incapable of lacing an army of veterans belonging to th« other powers ot Ei"-opc in the field. Formerlv indeed, cfpecially tmder the cprrimand of the famous John Sobicfki, they made a noble figure againft the Turks, ai;d proved the bulwark of Europe againft all the attacks of the intidcis : but the S.iyou princes, who fuccceddd. m ii- Hi mn ■.., f \k "^ ■ t- m\ \ 'ilil ";l 'U i'^, ' A f^i A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. fiiccccded that hero, did not think it prudent to en- courage the martial fpirit of the Poles. On the con- trary, they perpetually overawed them with their elec- toral troops. At the fame time they negledled to in- troduce any reformation among them, either civil or military : the ignorance of the Poles fuitcd better with their plan of fuoordination. This negled. which was not felt for many years, has now been fevercly felt in this devoted kingdom. A great variety of coins have been (Iruck in Poland ; but tne following only are at prefeiit current in that kingdom, viz. the gold ducat of Poland, valued at 9s. 3d. thr old illver dollar of Dantzick, 4s. 6d. the old rix-doltar of Thorn, 4s. jd. the rix-dollar of Sigif- tnund in. and Uladiflaus IV. 4$. 6J. The Poles never had any order of knighthood before that of the Immaculate Conception, eredlcd by Sigif- Anund III. with fome privileges above the red of the geBtry,i who fo much defpifed it, that the order foon came to nothing. King Aiigullu!, in 1700* revived the order of the White Eagle, in remembrance of his happily meeting the diet in Lithuania, when the Swedes and Staniflaus thought to have intercepted him. This order was Ml inftitutcd by Uladillaus, in the year 1325. The badge is a white eagle, crowned with dia- monds. He conferred it on feveral lords, but the fe- nators are dillinguilhed by wearing a golden crofs, with a badge in the middle of it : the motto U, pro fidt rtge. It Itgt \ " for the faith, the king, and the law."— His late majcdy, oa the e6th ot September 1736 (which was the anniverfary of his birth) created eight knights of a ntw order, in honor of St. Henry, of which he alfumed the title of grand-mafter. The badge of this order is a red (lar with eight points, in the mid- dle of which there is a reprefentation of the emperor Hr.ir)', and upon each ray or point appears the elec- 4 jral fword of Sgxony. The (tar is appendent, by a iilver ftring, to a ribband of crimfon velvet. The prefent king, foon after his ele£lion to lb', jrown in 1765, indituted the order of St. Staniflaus. The badge is a gold crofs enamelled red, and in the centre of it a medallion with the image of St. Staniflaus enam- elled in proper colours. It is worn pendent to a red ribband edged with white. The ftar of the order is filver, and in the centre is a cypherof S. A. R. (Stani- slaus Augudus Rex) encircled with the motto, Pre- wuade incital ; *' he itirs up b) opprefldng." The HISTORY of POLAND. TPIIS kingdom was originally inhabited by the Sar- matians, who were expelled by the Rufs and'Tartars. The government was, in procefs of time, divided be- tween twelve palatines, who were fovereigns of fo many diftrii^s, and independent of each other. About the year 700, one Cracus, either by force, or by confent ef tnefc petty p'inces, became fovercign of the whole, and he it was that built the city of Cracow. The line of Cracus being extin£l, Poland was again gcverncd by twelve palatines, who agreed, in the year 760, to elcfl Lelciis their fovcreign, with the title of dilke which was retained till the year 999, when Boleflaus lirfl afliimed the title of king ; and, about this time Chriflianity wasfirfteflablilhed in Poland; fincewhicli it appears to have been an hereditary monarchy, hit poltcrity fucceeding to the throne for feveral genera- tions, among whom was Caflfimir I. Boleflaus I[ marrying Viciflava, the daughter and heircfs of Rej Riiflia, that province was united to Poland anno locq. The kings of Poland, among whom was Cafimir III' were abfolute fovereiens untilthe reign of Lewis, anno 1370, but then the Poles infided.on limiting the prero- gative, probably becaiife Lewis was king affo of Hun- gary, and they fufpefled he would favour his native country to their prejudict. Lewis being fucceedcd by his daughter and heircfs, Hedwigis, anno 1382, fte married uladiflaus V. great duke of Lithuania, on con- dition he Ihould become a Chriflian, and their ilfiie fliould fuccced both to the crown of Poland and the duchy of Lithuania, which have been united ever lince. Uladiflaus, their fon, fucceeded them, who was alfo king of Hungary. This prince was killed in a battle with Amuratn, the Turkilh emperor, and, leaving no ifluc, was fucceeded by his brother Caflinir I V. between whom and the knights of the Teutonic order, who had been placed in Prullia by the pope, there were continiial wars, until it was agreed, that the knights flioulj re- main pofleiTed of Eaflern or Ducai Prullia, the grand- mafler taking an oath of fealty to the king of Poland. In the reign of Sigifmund 11. the Ruflians invaded Li- vonia, then poflclTed by the Teutonic knights, who called in the Poles to their afliflance ; other provincet called in the Swedes, and thefe three powers contended for the dominion of Livonia many years. Henry of Valois, duke of Anjou, was elected king of Poland anno 1^74 ; but his brother Charles, the French king, dyiiig, he quitted Poland, and fucceeded to the crown of France anno 1577. Stephen Batory, prince of Tranfylvania, was ele^led king of Poland on the abdi- cation of Henry. In his reign the fupreme courts of jultice were (irtt erected, betore whicn time the king and council were the lad refort in cafes of appeal. Si- gifmund III. fon of John, kingof Sweden, was e!e£ied king on his renouncing Liitheranifm, anno 1587. Uladiflaus, his fon, fucceeded him, anno 163s, and invading Ruflia, took the capital city of Mufcow, and, in a treaty that enfued, he obliged the Ruflians to confirm the provinces of Smolenflco and Zcrnigoff to Poland. Uladiflaus, Laving no ilfue, was fucceeded by his bro- ther John Caflimir, anno 1648, though he was then a cardinal. In this reign, the old Coliacks, being dif- obliged, renounced their allegiance to the Poles, and became fubjei^s to the Ruflians and Turks. Charles j Guflavus, kingof Sweden, conc^uered Poland, but loll it again in fix months j after which, John CaUiralr in- \ troduccd - > Europe.] P O N D. 785 troduccd an army of 30,000 Germans to defend the I lingilom againlf (he Swedes; wit tneioie», tuipcCTiivg he iiitcndc!< to render himfeif abfolute, depofed him \ whereupon lie retired into France, and was made abbot „(■ the abbey of St. Germain. Michael Wifnoweilki being elc£lca in 1670, the l^urks conquered Podolia in his reign, but were defeated by John Sobieflci, who was cledkd king on the death 01 WiAiowe'iflci. This prince died after a glorious reign, in the year 1696, and thegreated anarchy and confufion fucceeded. Confe- (Icracies were formed in fupport of different candidates, and the moft horrid ravages were comi^ittcd on the territories of each party. In the mean time, Poland >vas infultcd by the I'artars, and its crown in a manner offered to the higheft bidder. In 1693, Frederic Au- gudus, ele£lor of Saxony, was placed on the throne, in oppofiiion to the prince of Conti, who had been pro- claimed king by the French faflion ; but, being unableto fupport his pretf nitons againft the armies of Auguftus, ht reiirad into France ; but it was not till the year 1712 that Augiilius was fully confirmed on the throne, which he held upon precarious and difagreeablc terms. The year after his acceflion, the Turks, by the peace of Carlowitz, leflored the province of Podolia to Poland. Augullus was not fo fortunate in his alliances againll Charles XII. of Sweden. He was defeated in feveral battles, and afterwards depofed by that monarch, who placed Staniflaus Lefczinfki on the throne of Poland in 1704. That prince continued to enjoy the royal dig- nity till the year 1709, when Charles XII. being to- tally defeated at the battle of Pultowa, and obliged to take refuge among the Turks, Augudus was replaced on the throne of Poland by Peter the Great. The Poles were, however, fo flrongly attached to the interefl of their countryman Staniflaus, that Augudus was obliged to maintain his authority by means of his Saxon forces. In the year 172,5, his natural fon prince Maurice, afterwards the famous count Saxe, was eleded duke of Caurland ; but Auguftus was not able to fupport him in his new dignity. Auguftus died in 17331 ^^^^^ doing every thing in his power to infure the lucceftion of the throne of Po- lana to his fon Auguftus II. but Staniflaus being ele^ed by a coniiderable party, with the primate at their head, Augultus found it nectlfary to fupport his pretenfions with the fword. This brought on a war, in which the intcreft of Staniflaus was fupported by the French. But Auguftus entering Poland at the head of a powerful army, compofcd ot Saxuiis and Ruliians, Sianillaus was obliged to retreat to Dantzick, from whence he afterwards, with great dilficiilty, efcaped into France. AuguftuS, however, could not acquire the affciStions of his PoliOi fubjedls : fo that when he was driven from his eledorate by his Prullian majelly, he could obtain nothing more than (hclter tor himfelt and his friends j the Poles abfoluttly refilling to take any part in the war. Auguftus died at Drelden in 1763, whiyi count Staniflaus Poniatowfki was unanimoufly chofen king by the name of Staiiiliaus Augudus. He was born in 1732, and crowned king of Poland ii'i 1764. While a private nobleman, he rclidcd fomc tiire in London, and is a member of the Royal Society. As he was peculiarly favoured by the empref? of Ruflia and fome Proiedant powers, the papers which he (igned, at the time of his cletSlion, werB deemed too favourable to the Protcdants in general, and the Greeks in particular. Hence the army, which the emprefs of Ruftia had in Poland, gave a pretence for various confederacies to be formed againft the king by the Roman Catholics ; and the confpiring nobles at length were fo unnatural as to throw off all allegiance to the fovereign, and to put themfelves under the pro- te£tion of the grand feignior. This mad ftepofiome of the Polifti nobles occafioned the Ottoman Porte t(» declare war againft Rullia, and to invade Poland with a powerful army. Since which time, that unhappy country has been a fcene of confufion, rapine,' horror, oppredion, and bloodftied. Hurried on either by blind zeal, or midaken bigotry, the confederates precipitated the ruin of their devoted coimtry, and foir.e of tli» neighbouring powers, invited by their incautious en- thuiiafm, took an advantage of this abfurd civil war, and, under the m;. alarm liim, that flic had never entertained a thought of fetzing any part cf his dominions, nor wotild even AifTer any other power to do it." Yet theft- very fovcreigns, Aj liberal in thtir protelUtions of protedion, and warm in their profellions of fricndlhip, are the perfons who have jointly invaded the unhappy kinEdoin of Poland, dif- treired its inhabitants, fcized on its tnoll valuable reve- nues, difmcmbercd its palatinates, duchies, &:c. and partitioned out fome of its richefl cities and provinces among thcmfclves. 6uch is the political laiih of princes ! and hence may be afcertained the dependence that is to be placed upon their n>o(l folemn promifes. Since thefc illuftvc declarations and fallacious pro- teflations \>cre made and given, the partitioning pt^wers f)iibUlhed each a manifeflo, in which they rcfpeiilively aid claim to certain of the Polilh territories. In thelc pretcnlions the king of PruHia ihewed himfelf a deep fmlitician, by contriving to lay claim to the mod va- uable fliare, and thereby obtaining the richelt, mofl populous, and inofl commercial parts, It was in the year 1770 that thcii:: falfc and pretended friends threw otFthe malk, and began to avow their intentions. The Fruffian ccnful, having received his political IclFon, took occafion to quarrel with the magiltrates of Dant- zick, and having been palpably the aggrelFor, was, ac- cording to his inftruftions, the firft to complain. The king of Prullia pretended to be highly offended: butin- ftead of coming to an explanation, or hearing both par- ties, he determined to be at once judge, jury, and exe- cutioner ; he, therefore, to make a decifion, not by the fwnrd of juftice, but by the fword military, fud- denly furprifed the city with a flrong body of troops, lined the magiOratcs loo.oco ducats for what he termed their infolence, feizcd upon 1000 men to recruit his army, and, having thus executed his intentions fird, he began very calmly to argue the matter with the magif- trates afterwards ; and having coolly remonflrated with thein on their imprudence, as he called it, told them to do fo no more, and he would freely forgive them. Amazing condefcenfion, and truly charadlcriltic f the moderation t*" an arbitrary prince I This, however, was a trifling prelude to what was to follow ; for in the enfiing year, 1771, the Prufl]an troops entered Great Poland, and carried off from that province and its neighbourhood above i2,oco families ; and, about the latter end of the fame year^ his Pruilian majefty publilhcd an edi6l, commanding, under the moll fcvere penalties, that all perfons fhould take in payment for forage, provifions, corn, horfes, &c. the money otfered by his troops and commilTaries. This money was" cither iilver bearing the impredion of Po- land, and woith only one-third of its nominal value, ^JT ducats (Iruck in imitation of Dutch ducats, but above fevcntttn per cent, inferior in value to the real ducats •)f Holland. With this very bafc money he bought up a fiitnciciit quantity of forngc and provifions to ftotk kis uia^aicinLS and fupply liij army lur two ycurs : and the poor ihhabitants, after having been thus obligea i part frf;m their property much below Its value, were through neceHity, compelled to come to repiiri;ha're corn' from tliofe magazines, and to pay good fubllantial uio. ney for it ; for the Prullian commilfaries abfolntcly re' fufed to receive again the fame coin which they li.ij paid : from this curious, though not very honeli ma- noeuvre, the king of Pruffia cleared 7,000,000 of ilojl lars. The country being thus dripped of money ami provifions, the next plan of his Pru/lian majcdy was to clear it of its inhabitants. To incrcafe the popniaiion of his own dominions, at the cxpcnce of Poland, had long been his aim. To this end he enafled, that every city town, village, &c. in the places which his troops pof.! felFcd, fliould furnifli a certain number of marriageable young women, and (he parents were ordered to give, as a portion, a feather bed, four pillows, a cow, two hogs and three ducats in gold. This cruel order was rigo^ roudy executed. The parents were dripped, in the mod tyrannical and oppredive manner, to fupply ex- torted portions for the children ravidied from their arms. The young women were inhumanly dragged from their parents, their friends, and their connexions ; and, be< ing bound hand and foot, like criminals, were carried oft, in fpite of the lamentations of themfelves and rela- tions, in carts, waggons, &c. After this horrid exer- tion of arbitrary power, the exa£lions from the abbeys, convents, cathedrals, nobles, &c. were fo great and unreafonable, that the people of fortune fled from their edates, and retired into foreign countries, and the priefts abandoned their churches. Thefe exa£lions continued with unabated rigour, from the year 1771, to the time the treaty of partition was declared, and pod'cHion taken of the provinces wrefled from Poland; when Polilh Prudia, and fome didrids bordering upon Brunden- burgh, were allotted to the king of Pruliia ; alinuli all the fouth-eaftern parts of the kingdom, with the rich falt-works of the crown, fell to the emprcfs-queen of Hungary : and the emprefs of Ruflia took polfefiion of a large territory about Mohilow. Every perfon of good ienfe, moderation, and equity, will certainly confider the violent difmembertnent and partition of Poland as the fird great breach in the mo- dern political fydem of Europe ; and notwithrtanding the dcdrudlion of a great kingdom, with the coiifcqiient difarrangement of power, dominion, and commerce, has been beheld by the other nations of Europe with the mod adonifhing indifference and unconcern, yet future ages will regard this unjudifiablc meafurc with t'le grcated indignation ; thofe who projected it with hor- ror ; and thofe who acquiefccd in it with contempt. The courts of London, Paris, Stockholm, and Copen- hagen, remonlirated againd the ufurpntiuns, but made no attempt to oppofe them ; fo that Poland was forced to fubinit, and the partition was ratified by their diet, held under the bribes and threats of the three powers, There was a majority of fix in the fenate ; but, in ilio lower houfc, ihc adembly uf nuncios, there was a ba- laiicc. EuROPF-] Tlivg,'>03a .1/, P •' O L AND. 7H laiicc of but one »ote in favour of the meafure, fifty-four againft fifiy-tliree. This is a very alarmip^ circiitn- (lancc, and (hews that a moll important, though not liappy change, has taken place in that general fy(tem of Eolicy, and arrangement of power and dominion, which ad been for fome ages an objeil of unremitting atten- tion with moll of the ftates of Europe. REVOLUTION in POLAND, fFhich took Place in 1791. EVERY pcrfon, whofe attention has at all been di- reflud to political events, muft recoiled with indign- lion the infamous difmemberment of Poland in the year 1713. From that period the republic has been reduced loamoft humUiatiitg (late of fervitude and dependence upon Rullia. Notwithrtanding the advances of Pruflia were favourably received by the nation during Riiflia's conteft with the Porte ; yet the enlightened part of the Folilh patriots flattered themfelves with no advantages from Pruflia, which were not to be paid by facrificing the bell interefts of the republic ; they determined, therefore, to make a wifer ufe of the interval of relief from foreign oppreflion, which they now enjoyed ; and tltey found themfelves warmly feconded in their views by the groateft part of the nation, when it appeared iliat the ceflion of Thorn and Dantzick to Pruilia WIS the immediate object of that infatiabld court. Every nation mud iind its own fiipport within itfelf; fince, by depending on a foreign power, it will ever find its profperity precarious, and its government con- temptible. Poland wanted not indullry nor valour; but what (he (lood moft in need of was unity, a confti- liition, an a£tive and eRicient government. Happily for her, (he was at this time poirdTed of fome men of the moft rational abilities, anu apparently of the mod txalted patriotifm. The king had indeed been elcdled by the Ruflian intereft ; but he has (hewn that foreign obligations have not been able to eradicate from his breailan attachment to his country. During the felTion of the diet many excellent decrees hadbeen paflTcd in favour of general liberty, and calcii- Ijicd to attach the citizens to the interefls of their country : that of the 18th of April 1791, in particular, which fecured to the frceitien the rights which had been previoufly confined to the order of nobles, and which opened the door of nobility to the interior orders, w as a confiderable advance in favour of human nature, in a nation which had fo long been devoted to the (lavilh principles of the feudal (yllem. The minds of \he public were alfo prepared for the change, by the appre- rcnfions which the defigns of Prudia upon Thorn and Dantzick had excited, and by the jull alarms, which agitated the people, of a future divilion of their itrriiory. The new conllitution, however, was %(lcd and prepared with the utmod fccicf/ and caution; and but few were intruded with the projc6lciL dcftgn. On the memorable 3d of May 1791, at three oVloclc in the morning, a felcdl body of patriots alfcmbled in. the royal chamber; there^ \n prefence of tlic king„ they folemnly engaged never to fcoarate till the intended revolution Ihould be happily „.cwnpli(hed. The gal- leries of the hall, in which the diet was held, were crowded at an early hour, as if i.. expeftation of fume, important event. The feldon was opened by the king in perfon, indead of the marflial; and inftead of recurring to the order of the day, which was a report on the finances, his. majudy addrelfed the aflembly on the general date of the nation •■, and obfervcd, that " whatever adurances foreign powers might amufe them with, he had un- doubted proofs that the alarming rinnours which had. been fprcad concerning a frelh difmcmberincnt of the territories of the republic, reded upon too fure a foun- dation; and that the contending powers were about tO' terminate their ditFererices at the cxpencc of Poland. That one way remained, and but one, to fecure the polJeHions of the republic, and to'prefervc the date from ruin ; and that was, to give it (iich a conditution. ?- rv.lght impart unity to its government, and attach, the people to its»fupport. 1 hat, with this view, a.' conditution had been prepared, principally founded on the Englilh and American conditutions, and adapted as- much as podible to the circumllances of the country : and he truded that they would adopt this conditution. A tumultuous debate cnfucd, after the reading of the conditution. The nuncios of Volhynia and Podolia- proteded againlt the proceeding. M. Surhorzowiky,. who has been the author of the decree in favour of the citizens, threw himfcif at the feet of the throne, and be- Ibught his majedy, that he would not perlid in his in- tention to make the crown heredita.y. Others referred to the indructions of their condituents, and entreated', that the further confideration of this bufinefs (hould be deferred to a future day ; but this piopofal did not meet with thefentiments of the majority. The king then, rifing from his feat, rcfpcdlfully called the bilhop ot Cracoviar and took a foleinn oath to maintain the con- ditution : "lie that loves his country," exclaimed hi* majedy, " let him follow me to the church, and repeat this oath at the foot of the altar." The king was at- tended to the church by all the nuncios, except between, thirty and forty. Te Dcum was fung; all the deputies prefent look the oaih ; and the n^v conditution was announced to the people by the firing of 200 pieces of. cannon. It v-ias reported that, on the preceding day, a foreign minider had dillributcd the fum of jo.ooo du- eats for the purpofe of obdrufling the revolution. The attempt, however, proved abortive; the mod peifcct tranquillity prevailed; and notliing but exclamations of joy Was heard throughout W'arlaw. Thus without: bloodlhed, and even without tiunult, was effcfled a re- volution bonourablc to thofc whj grojctSled it, and, promilinj^ 'If w: wm' i| Vj. 788 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. prnminng to be eflcntially conducive to the hnpptnei's ul the people. (JENERAL OUTLINES OP THE- NEW POLISH CONSTITUTION. " BY this pcw conftitution, a full and free tolera- tion is permitted to all fc^ls and religions ; the peafants, who were formerly in a (late of the mofl abjcd valTal- *!^c, or rather flavery, are received under the protedtion ut national law and government, and all contrails be- tween the lords and valTals are declared equally binding. The fovereignty is declared to refidc altogether in the will of the people ; and three diftinil powers arc eda- blifhed in the government — the Icgiilativc, the execu- tive, and the judicial. With refpedl to the Hrfl of thefc powers, the diet or IcgKIaturc is to be clcdled every two years from the order of nobles, and is ilivided into two houfcs, namely, the houfe of nuncios and the fenatc ; the former, however, poirefFcs the pre- eminence, and every law which palTes iu it is imme- iliatcly to be fcnt to the fenatc, where, if it is accepted, it becomes a law in full force: if fiiperftdcd, it mult be refumed at the next diet ; and if a i'econd time it palFcs the houfe of nuncios, the fenatc mult fubmit to it. ■•• With refpe6l to individuals the crown of Poland is hereditary, and elective as to families ; and the houfe of Saxony IS the family now (1791) chofen for the va- grancy. To the king and his council is intrufted the execution of laws. I'he king's perfon is inviolable. He may pardon all criminals but (tate prifoners ; he commands the forces, appoints commanders, patentees, officers, biftiops, fenators, minilters. But no miailter or fcnatorcan lit in the houfe of nuncios. " The judiciary power is thus divided : firll, primary courts in each di(tri«it or palatinate ; fecond, courts of appeal in each of the three provinces. There are fomc other local inferior courts, and a comitial tribunal for the trial of crimes againR the (tate. " Citizens in general arc impowered to purchafe landed citates ; and, whoever purchafes a v liage or tuwnlliip, paying 200 florins land' tax, is ennobled. Thirty citizens are alfo ennobled at every diet. The army, the law, andl the church, are all thrown open to the citizens. Perfed and entire liberty is proclaimed to all new fcttlcrs, whether foreigners, or emigrants re- turned from foreign parts." The oppofition which at firft was made to the conlti- tution, chiefly on account of the hereditary fucceflion, foon began to fubfule. Count Braniki, grand-general of the kingdom, who at firll had declared againft the conditution, acceded to it, and (igncd it at the diet on the 5th ; and the celebrated friend of liberty, Malack- owlky, great chancellor of the crown, who on that event had refigned the feals, re-accepted them at the requiiiiion of the diet, and accepted the office of mi- niltcr of juftice, and for the interior department. On Si the 17th M. Goltz, charge de» aifairei from the court of Berlin, announced his Prullian majcfly's approbation of the new arrangement, though there has been fome rca. fon to Cufpeft that this profellion was not accompanic'l with much fincerity ; which can only be «fccrtaiiicd by the future condudl of that prince. ' The ready concurrence of the king of Poland in t meafurc adapted to promote the welfare of his people and the animated fupport which he gave to the new con(titution, evinced the goodnefs of his heart, and the liberality of his principles. But here our commendation mud end : we cannot give to his PolKh majcfly the praife of political fagacity, of forelight, of aftiviiy, or even ol^ courage. Lulled into a fatal fecurity by the inlidious profedions of a court, noted for its perfidy, » well as tor its verfaiile and felfWh politics ; a court which appeared to promote the revolution, while it meditated fecrctly the difmemberment of Poland ; the unfortunate monarch appears to have neglefted every means of defence ; nor was even the helitating and imdecided condudt of Saxony fufEcient to excite his vigilance. No alliances were formed, no preparations made for fupporting with vigor the infant conditution. In the predicament in which Poland then flood, if Prudia was averfe to forming a permanent and lincere alliance, or if the faith of Prullia could not be de> pcnded upon ; if Great-Britain had been found imprac ticable, and determined tofacri(iceherreal intereltsand thofc of Europe to the ambition of Pruflia, it was then the part of Poland to look forward to other connexions, to cultivate, if polfible, the friendlhip of France, of Denmark, and of Sweden. Such a combination, founded upon the moderate principle of mutual defence, would have fuccefsfully reliited the mod determined at- tacks of impe«ial plunderers. Something of this kind ought to have been at- tempted ; but the Poli(h minidry permitted itfclf to be amufed by fruitlefs negotiatioHS at the court ofDref- den, by the vague profedions of Prulfla ; nor was it even roufed to adion by the cool reception which its ambadador experienced from the haughty defpot of Vienna. This negleft, great as it was, was even exceeded by the indilR-rcnce o( the king as to the means of internal defence. While the dilcontented nobles, who from pcrfonal refentment, or difappointed ambition, mani- icdcd the molt earned lioltility to the conltitution ; | while thefe were openly received and encouraged at Pcterfburg, neither the danding force of Poland was properly organized, nor the militii embodied. Not a magazine was ereded, nor an intrenchment thrown up to oppofe the entrance of the enemy. It was all a dead calm, and the Rudians appeared upon their fron- tiers before the diet had recovered from its furprif; at the firft hodile declaration of the emprefs. On the 21ft of April 1792, the diet received the fird notification from the king, of the inimical and unjult ing of Poland in a fare of his people; ; gave to tlie new f liis heart, and the : our coiinnendation Polilh majcfty the cfight, of aftivity, fatal fecnrity by the :d for its perfidy, as li politics \ a court revolution, while it lent of Poland ; the ave neelefted every 1 the hefitating and ficient tu excite his nod, no preparations e infant conftitiition. oland then (lood, if :rmanent and fincere a could not be de- 1 been found imprac- : her real interelh and ; PruflTia, it was then i to other connexions, idlhip of France, of iuch a combination, lie of mutual defence, moll determined at- U to have been at- )erinitted itfclf to be at the court of Dref- Pruffia; nor was it jI reception which its le haughty defpot of was even exceeded by the means of internal ed nobles, who from ntcd ambition, mani- to the conftitution; j :d and encouraged at force of Poland was ilitii embodied. Not intrcnchmcnt thrown enemy. It was all a eared upon their fron- ed from its furprifi at cmprefs. the diet received the , of tho inimical and imjull EUROPE.l' '''-'' ^'• O N D. 7«9 He informed them, that without the (hadowof prerenrc, this avowed enemy of anjiilV intentions of Ruflia. the rights of mankincf had determined to invade the territory of the republic with an army of 60,000 men. 'lliii formidable bandini, commanded by generals Sol- (ikow, Michelfon, and Kofakowfki, was afterwards to be fnpportcd by a corps of bo.ooo, and by the troops then adlir.g in Moldav'n, amounting to 70,000. The kingi however, profelfed that he was not difcouraged, and declared his readinefs to put himfcif at the head of the national troops, and to terminate his exigence in jelorious conteft for the liberties of his country. Then, wid not betore, the diet decreed the organization of the army, and its augmentation to 100,000. The king ind thv council of mfpeftion were inverted with un- limited authority in cv«ry thing that regarded the de- fence 'if the kingdom. Magazines were ordered to be cjnilru£led, when it was too late, and quarters to be •rovided for the army. In confcquence 01 thcfe preparations, the diet and the nation rofc, as one man, to maintain their inde- pendence. All private animofities were obliterated, all private intcrefls were facrificed ; the grcatcftciicouragc- mcnts were held forth to volunteers to enroll r icmfclves under the national Oandard, and it was unanii loully de- creed bv the diet, that all private lolFcs ihould be com- pcnfatec out of the public treafurv. In 17921 Riitlia, feeing war declared between Aiif- tria and France, and finding htrfelf likely to be called upon to fulfil her engagements with the former of thofe powers, avowed her intentions, in the month of May, 10 overturn the prefent conftitution of Poland, and give it a form of government which might beft fuit kifelf. An official declaration was accordingly deli- vered to the Polifh government on this fubjcdl, dated the tSthof May, and filling twelve pages, in the Poli(h, French, ana Ruffian langtiages : it announces the cn- tfanceof the Ruffian troops on the territory of Poland, and the formation of a new confederacy. When the declaration of the court of Ruffia was read at the diet, the king immediately rofc, and explained to the mem- bers how far he thought the republic menaced, and its independence wounded ; and declared he thou^jht there were but two ways left for the republic to choolc out of, tiz. whether they fliould go to war, or ciide.T our to keep the republic at peace by means of necotiatum ; if the lad is refolvcd upon, the kings of Hungary and Pnidia, and the eledlor of Saxony, fliould be rcqueftcd 10 life their good offices. His majefty faid, that with fefpcft to himfcif, he JhouM always ho found, where- ner he could, cither by council or perfonally, to render moll fervice to his country, without any regard to his own life. The king faid, what hurt him moft was, itiat for their criticaT fituation they were indebted to Polandcrs by birth, who mifreprefented every thing to tlicemprefi of Ruffia, and concluded by recommeiul- i»g the nccellary arrangements to be immediately bkcn. I With rcfpcft to the declaration itfelf, it was in General confidercd as atiffiic offalfchood and hypocrifjf. t allerted, that this wanton invalion, which was cvi- , dentty againft the fenfe of almod every individual Polander, was meant entirely for the good of the republic. It cenfurcd the precipitancy with which the new conftitution was adopted, and afcribed the ready confent of the diet to the influence of the Warfaw mob. It rcprefented the conftitution as a violation of the principles on which the Polilh republic was founded — complained of the licentioufnefs with which the fa- crcd name of the cmprcfs was treated, in fome fpccches of the members; and concluded, by profcffing. iliat on thefe accounts and in behalf of the emigrant Poles, her imperial majcfty had ordered her troops to enter the territories of the republic. This declaration was no fooner delivered to the diet,. than the Ri. 'ian troops, accompanied by counts Po- tocki, Rzcwuftci, Branicki, and a few Polifli apoftutes,. appearcil upon the frontiers, and entered the territories of the republic, in feveral columns, before the clofe of the month. The fpirit inanifcfted by the nobility was truly honourable. Some of them delivered in their plate to the mint. Prince Radzivil engaged voluntarily to fiirnifli 10,000 ftand of arms, and another a train of artillery. The courage of the new and haftily eifrbo-- dicd fuldicrs, corrcfponded with the patriotifin oflheir nobles. Prince Poniatowfki, nephew to the king, was appointed commander in chief, anil though his force was greatly inferior to the eneiny, it iniift be confefled that he made a noble ftand. On the r-^tlr of May, the: enemy's coifacks were repulfcd, and piirfiicd by the pa- troles of the republic to the very entrenchments. On' the 26th, about one o'clock, the piquets of the repub- lic difcovercd a large body of Don Coflacks approach- ing the outpofts; and a fqiiadron of cavalry, com- manded by lieutenant Kwafhiewfkii fupported by lieu, tenant Golejowlki, with two fquadrons more, in alF about 300, marched out to meet them. They at- tacked the CoH'acks with fucccfs, out purfued thein* with more valour than prudence, to the fide of a wood,, where they found thtmfclves drawn into an ambufcade,. and furrounded by 20CO horfe, two battalions of chaf- fciirs, and fix pieces of cannon. The intrepid Poles • bravely fought their way through the Ruffian line, andi killed upwards of aco of the eneiny. The Pule?, in; this engagement, loft 100 men, and two officers ; one- of whom, lieutenant Kvi'afniewfl^i, was woiinded, aniii made prifoncr. The remainder of the detachment- reached their quarte.s in fafcty. The hiftory of man can fcarccly furniflT an inftance- of perfidy, meanncfs, and duplicity, equal to that which was manifefted by Priiffia on this occafion. By- the treaty of dcfenfivc alliance, folcmnly contrafled be-- twcen the republic of Poland and the king of Pniffia,. and r.-itificd on the 23d of April 1790, it is exprefsly tlipulated, " That the contradling parties ffiall do all: ill their power to guarantee and prcicrve to each other' 9 O reciprocally/ U' Ifw i,r- III ' ■■»!.! • 1 s ,u / 1 790 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. rfciprocjlly the wlinlc of the tirritories wliich they rc- fpcdlivcly pontfe<[table defence. On the i8th, a general engagc- meiu took place between the two armies. The Ruf- fian line extended oppofite Dubienka, along the river Bug, af far as Opahn. The principal column, conllll- ing of 14,000 men, was chiefly diredled againfl thedi- vidon of general Kofciuflco, which confilled of 5CC0.. men only. After a mod vigorous refidance, in which the Rudians lod upwards of 4000 men, and the troops of the republic only foine htindreds, the latter was com- pelled to give way before the Aiperior numbers of the, I enemy, and to retire further into the country. Thus was this unequal conteft at length prematurely termi-* nated. The king, whofc benevolent intentions were, per- haps E««opr..'] N D. 791 ,„rr-,-.,- refill lUnU againit re gave orders to ticiKfiJ a prccipi. ic Foil ill rear vv IS vs, till arriving u nfortunatuly guvc Iry. The enemy, llcry lo play npdn varils of li^o men. :oiirfe toward Zic- with a reiiit'orce- e battle to the en''- of j/.coo itrong, \, and the forie of r a furious contcll : in the aitcrnoon, to retreat, and leave the patriots. The it 4000 men in this too. fe exertions, were heir niimcrons and ^ilna, Minik, and lence, fell into their ruce being propoi'ed , the propiifal was rtion of vice briga- who preferred dilho- d a tottering caiife. ithartne was marked , fuch was the aver- : and the manner of jachcd, the country id fcarcely a human lening in the mean of the commanders, raifed troops, appear at once to dilirefs leir country. Prince and on the i7ih of very fupcrior force, gh the (kill and coii- him to make a mod, , a general engage- armies. The Ruf- nka, along the river cipal column, confm- irefted againft thedi- , -h confided of 5CC0,. s reliftance, in which men, and the troops .J, the latter was com- erior numbers of ths. the country. Thus h prematurely termi- l„p^jOVcr|w)vvTTwl1)y hh mental imbecillity, and whofc gm' and itiliritli(<» 1 il '^' 'i ii : !,f:fi!| it IftV ill f|i;r :hvi liii*iil 79a ANEW AM* COMPLETE SYSTf.M df UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPHY. Ik' the real nbji£l of this roiiibination wliut it niay, it is liicli all DO fciiind poliiiciun can ublcrvc vviili iii- ililHitncc. 'lilt; precedent is laial, the proccciiinKs iire (iiiiiiiDUs. ll the objc^ is ultimately the grati- fiLMtiim ot pcrfoiul ambition in the pariiv!i c-oiucnied ; it' tlic-y liiivc rcully, as fume arc difporecl to hdicvci lorincd u IliTLi agreement to divide nnioii^; tlK'nifclves, »« fiiits ilirir ihlcrill or their incliiutioii, or as 9 8 II flO i6 lO 8,370 47a 360 168 lOO 320 i,aH7 u;u 144 Coire. Chiavanna. Sondrio. Licchtcnfteg. Geneva. Ncufchatel. , Si(in. DcHperff. St.Ciair Ti> thefe, Miilhaufen in Alfacc is alio united. PupilU.... ^valtclinc / rTocklenburg Calvinids .. . .< Geneva 1 Ncufchatel fValais Pamfti ..•...< Baflc St.Gall Total 5.4,5' Switzerland enjoyx in general a healthy climate. The lir, in winter, is exceedingly cold, both in the vallics ind on the mountains ; but during the fummer it is de- lightfully cool in the latter, though fultry hot in the former. The inequality of the foil renders the fame- province very unequal in it.i feafons : fometimes the north fide of a mountain will be clothtd in all the horrors »'f winter, while the oppofitc is decked in the checrfnl robes of fummer: on one lide of the moun- tiini the inhabitants are often reaping, while they arc fowing on another. The vallics arc, however, warm, fiiiiitul. and welUcultivated, and the fummer months in this charmine country are extremely delightful. The witer IS generally excellent. The principal rivers are the Rhine, the Aar, the Rufs, the lull, the Rhone, the TcHn, the Oglio, and the Lutfchincn. A very curious phxnomenon prefents itfelf to our obftrvation with rtfpeft to the dangerous bridge over the lail mentioned river Lutfchinen, in the bailtiage of Interlackcn, and canton nt Berne, in Switzerland. This river is formeil by ilie jnncVion of two llreanis : the one, called the VVcifs Lutfciiinen, flowing through the valley of LaiitcrliMiiincn ; and the other called the Schwartz Lutfchinen, which comes from the valley of Grindilwalde. Having left the fertile plains of Gif- leig, and palled the village of VVilderfwyl, the hieadth of the valley IclFcns, ami continues to gro\ • fo nar- row, that the ffream uf the Lutfciiinen can liar up- on them, as tending towards an introduflion of extra- vagance ami luxury into the country. ilic Switzers arc in general a very enligliiened na- tion ; Europe.] SWITZERLAND. 795 (ion; their common people are far more intelligent than the fane rank of men in mod oilier countries ; a talte for literature is very prevalent among thofe who are in better cirtiimflanccs, and wen amongll many of the loAcr rank ; and a genuine and unartful good-breeding is extremely confpicuous in the Svvifs gentry. On the lifft entrance into this country, a traveller cannot but obferve the air of content and fatisfadlion which ap- pears in the countenances of the inhabitants : a gene* lal (iinplicity of manners, an open and unafFe£led frank- nds joined with an invincible fpirit of treedom, aie their tlilUnguifticd charafleriftics, With refpci!;^ to Joniefiic oeconomy, the cleanliiiefs of the houlcs and of the people is peculiarly ftriking; in Ihort, in all theii manners, behaviour, and drefs, feme ftrong out- lines may be traced which dilHnguilh this happy peo- ple from the neighbouring natfoiis, who labour under tbe opprellions ot dcfpotic government. The two eftablilhed religions in Switzerland arc Calvinifm and Popery, which differences formerly oc- cafiontd great commotions, but at prefcnt they are en- tirely fiibfided. Proteftantifm was introduced fnto this country by Zuing, or Ziiinglius, and is profeifed in the cantons of Zurich and Berne, the towns of St. Gall, Geneva, Mulhaufen, and Biel, the principality of Neufchatel, the greater part of Bafil, SchafFliaufen, the country of the Grifons, theThurgau, Toggenburg, Claris, and the Rhine valley, the frontiers of Appen- zcl, with a fmall part of Solothurn, and fome places in the countries of Baden and Sargans. All the other parts of Switzerland profefs the tenets of the church of Rome. Several languages are fpoken in Switzerland, but the molt common is the German, and in that all public af- fairs are tranfaded. In thecantons bordering on Italy, the inhabitants fpeak a corrupted Latin, or Italian. The Swifs are not celebr- • I for their extenfive learning or deep erLdition, though there are among them many learned men, but their knowledge is gene- rally confined to divinity and law. RoulVcau, whofe works have been much admired in the prefcnt age, and who gave a furprifing force to the French language, was a native of Geneva, where the laws indituted by Calvin for that city are held in high eilecm. M. Bon- net, and Meir. dc SaulTurc a.id deXuc will alfobe men- tioned with applaufe to the latert pofterity. Some Sivitzers have alfo diftinguiihed themfelves in the fine arts particularly painting and engraving. The only univerfity in Switzerland, is that of Bafll ; it was founded in 14,59, and has a curious phyficgardcii, well flocked with choice ex. tics. The library ami ujii- icum belonging to it arc very noble, and contain foine uluablc manufcripts, with an excellent collcdioii of medals and paintings. In the cabinets of Erafnuis and Aiiierbach, which alfo belong to this univcilitv, there arc no lefs than 20 original pieces of Holbein ; for one of which, reprefenting a dead Chrill, jcoo ducats have been oifercd. The colleges arc thofc of Zurich, Bern, Laufanne, and Geneva ; befides which, there are gyninafiiims, and fchoix illulhes, in mod of the cantons: they have alfo fome focieties for the im- provement of the German language, and the fciences. The natural curiofities of Siwit/.erland are very nu- merous, but none are more deferving of notice than the ghicicres, or ice-vallies, which, notwiihftanding this appellation, are fituated a confiderable height above the contiguous rivers and lakes. The afcent to them is very Ueep, craggy, and flippery. Thefe vallies are only frequented in July and Aiiguft, when the ice is found to be eight feet thick, and in fome places of fuch a height, that it feems to have been accumulating ever fince the creation. There are alfo feveral won- derful hermUagcs in Switzerland, efpecially one, about two leagues from Kribourg, among woods and rocks, which confpire to f >rm a moft beautiful folitude. It confifts of a cli;ipel, oratory, IL-eple, hall, refedlory, kitchen, rooms, lla rs, cellar, well, and other conve- niences, all hewn out of a rock, even to the chimney and fteeple, though the latter is fifty-four feet in height. The aflonilhmcnt, which this of iifelf may excite, will not be a little incrcafed, when it is known to have been the labour only of a (ingle man and a boy. Nature had indeed provided a fine fpring, but the induflriotis architcdt had hewn little channels for bringing the wa- ter of the rock into fmall cillerns ; and of earth brought from other places, he made a fmall kitchen-garden.— This edifice it is impoflible to view without pleafure, but likewife a mixture of concern for the fate of its owner, a man of fuch contrivance and induftry : in the year 1708, in carrying back fome young people who caine to vilit him on the confecration of his chapel, he was drowned in the river Sane, running by the her- mitage, on which river he ufcd once a week to fetch ne- celfaries from the town in a little boat. AtLaiifFen,onthe north-eaffpartof the canton of Zu- rich, is a wonderful cataraft of the Rhine, which falls from a height of between 4oand 50 cubits, with a nolle that, in a calm night, may be heard at the diflance of two leagues. And in the bailiwick of Intcrlackcn and can- ton of Bern, in Switzerland, is Lauterbrnnnen, a village, or rather colleflion of cottages, fprinkled, like thofe of Grindelwald, about the valley and acccHible parts of the hills. Near the clergyman's lioiifc is the celebrated ca- taratl of Staubbach, to view which is almod the only motive that induces a great number of travellers, every fiiinmer, to vifit the valley of Lauterbrnnnen. " This torrent," fays Mr. Coxe, " rolls perpeiulicularly from fo conlicleiable a licight, as to refolve Itfelf into a fine fpray; the grcatelf part of it falls clear of the over- hanging mountain, during its whole defcent : but the reinainclcr dallies about half way againll a projection irom the rock, and flies off with great violence. 'J'hc ( i' igyman nieafiired, a Ihort time ago, its perpendicular licight, and foiinil it nine huiulied and thirty feet. The fun iliining ill an oppofite direction, a ininiature rain- bow. was icflctSltd toward the bottom of the fall: while - I Itood ;!» ■ .ll'.li ','f; sft 70 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. J (lood at fome dilhncc, the rainbow aflumed a femi- circiiiar figure ; as I approached, the extreme points gradually coincided, and formed a complete circle of the molt lively and brilliant colours. In order to have a Oill finer view, I ventured nearer and nearer ; the circle at the fame time becoming fmaller and fmaller ; .and as I flood quite under the fall, it fuddeniy difap- peared. When I looked up to the torrent, in this fiiu- aiion, itrcfembled a cloud of duft: and from this cir- cumltance indeed it takes its name; Staubbach (ignify- ing, in the German language, a fpring of dult. 1 paid for my curiofity, by being extremely wet ; but then I had the fatisfaif ion, at the fame time, of feeing a rain- bow in miniature : no uncommon phanomcnon, as it may be obfervcd in any cafcade, upon which ttie fun f])ines diredly in a certain politiun. In the prelent in- llance, fiowtver, it was fome confolation tome, that the obJL-ct happened to be peculiarly (triking." The engraved view exhibits the profile of this magni- ficent cafcade. With fuch impetuous violence the tor- rent rulhesdown a precipice upward of nine hundred feet high, that its waters, in a manner, leave near two thirds of the rock dry, and do not reach, but at this diltance, the lower projecling rocks which it covers with frmh, rufhing with a roaring noife into the ba- fon below ; accompanied by a tempeit, occalioned by the violent agitation of the air, excited by the rapidity of this fall. The circular hillock, near the rainbow, at the foot of the rock, from the top of which we may coiUernplatc this beauiilul phaenomenon, forms one of the (ides of the reftrvoir. Above the great torrent, is fcen another fmaller tall, floating in the air, at the plea- furc of the winds. This brook is named the Kupfcr- backlein, or Rivulet of Copper. The fide of the rock, beyond that of Staubbach, is called SchnepfF. At the extreinity of it, which is almoft perpendicular, a mafs of rock overhangs, and from which rufhesaconfiderabie brook. Onthe oppolitepart of the landlcape, is feen, at the extremity of the mount of the Virgin, an inlblated conical point, called the Monk, from its txati refcin- biance to a tnonk's hood. In the diltance appear mountains of fnow and glaciers. Among the other natural curiolities of this cotmtry may be reckoned two wells, one of which ebbs and flows once a day ^ and another which flows three months, and is dry the other three; and alio the mar- cafites, falfe diamonds, which are pieces ol the pureft cryltal, and olhet liones, found in the mountains. The moll conliderable city, and the capital of Swit- zerland, is Btrne, Handing on the river Aar. Tl;e houRs are inoftly built of while free (tone, with piazza*:, f(ir (liciicring the pallliigers from rain. Tliis city and canton, it is faid, forms almod a third of the Helvetic confederacy, and can, upon occafion, fit out 100,000 armed nun. Laiiranne, lapitjl cif the Pais dc Vaud, confifts of deep allcnts and li •kcnts; at the call lide is a picaljiit walk, witlt a beautiful view of the city, and of the country round, wh ch-is a delightful variety of hills yallies, corn-fields, meadows, vineyards, and woods! The great church, faid to have been 200 years in build! ing, is a noble Gothic 'tixiflure. Balil is the laigelt town in Svvitzerland, having aao (treets, and fix market-places, or ftjuares. It isfituaied in a fertile and delightful country, on the banks of the Rhine, and the confines of Alface am! the empire; the Rhine divides it into the Upper and Lower Town. The town-houfe, which (lands on the river Birfec is fupported by very large pillars, and its large hall is finely painted by the celebrated Hans Holbein, who was a native of Balil, which is confidered as one of the keys of Svvitzerland. Zurich is far lefsconfiderable than Birne. The (Ireets arc neat, and houfes well built, but not magnificent. In the atfcnal is (hewn the bow of the famous William Tell, with the crofs-bow from which he Puck the apple from his child's head ; and in the library is a ma- nufcript of excellent letters written by the unfortunate lady Jane Gray to the judicious reformer Bullinger, in elegant Litin and German. This town is fortified in the modern way, and has wide ditches faced with free- (lone. Ihe fumptuary laws arc obferved here. Baden is an ancient town, lituated on the Limmot: it is famous for its hot-baths : here are feveral churches and convents, and a council-houfe. Geneva, though an alfociate of Switzerland, and un- der the protection of the Helvetic body, is an indepen- dent date and republic. It is a large, handfome, wdl- tortihed place, containing 24,000 inhabitants, chiefly Calvinilts ; and is lituated partly on an illand in the Rhone, and partly on the banks on each fide. Ths trade of this place is very confivlerable, it being a great thoroughfare from GermaJiy, Fr-.nce, and Italy; and has a variety of manufadlures ^wd artifts, particularly in tlie watch-making branch. Here are fix churches, a guildhall, and an arfenal. This city (or rather its ma- giitrales and council, the partizans of arillocracy) has been under the protedtion of France ; in conCequence of which, many of its valuable inhabitants left the place, and fought reliige and prote£lion in Ireland, and other countries, which they have enriched with theii ufcful nianutadturcs. For the entertainment as well as information of ouf readers, we thail here infert an aci oiiiit of the fmallcil republic in Europe. It is the village of Gcrifau, which is lituated on the eaftern branch of the lake of Schwciii, at the foot of Mount Kigi. Its territory is only fix miles in length, and three in bicadih ; lituated partly on a fmall neck of land at the edge of the lake, and partly lying iipon the rapid declivity of the. Rigi. it contains about laoo inhabitants. I'hey have their general alfcnibly i;f btirgell'es, their laiuLaiman, ihcir council of regency, their courts of jiillice, and their militia: but there is not a (ingle horfe in the wlwle territory of the republic, as iiuteed may well be lup- polVd i for the only way of arriving at the town is (jy Vratcr, Europe.] SWITZERLAND. 797 111 variety of hills, ■yards, and woods. 200 years in build. in Birnc.Thc ftreets but not magniHcent. the famous William which he Onck the 11 the library is a ma- D by the unfortunate efornier Bullinger, in s town is fortititd in ches faced with free- (bfcrved here, itcd on the Liminot : c arc fevcral churches e. Switzerland, and un- boily, is an indcpen- *rge, handfome, wtU- o inhabitants, chitfly on an itland in the on each fide. The rable, it being a great •.-.nee, and Italy ; and id artilts, particularly ere are fix churches, a ci'.y (or rather its ma- ns of ariftocracy) has ince ; in confequence e inhabitants left the cftion in Ireland, and e enriched with iheit as information of oup ci.oiint of the fmalkil iaj^'J of Gcrifau, which .! the lake ot Schwciti, i territory is only iix caJdi ; fnuated partly edge ot lire lake, and llvity of the Rigi. It Its. 'I'h'jy have their heir land.t'aiman, their |ts of jnilice, and ihcir ,.lc horfc inthewlwle k-ed may well be lup- ving at the town is by ViTatcr, water, excepting a nnrrow p:i»h down the fleep fides of j the mountain, which is ahnofl impairable. Gcrifau Is compofed entirely of ffattcred houfcs and cottag.-s, of a verv neat and pir^liircfquu appearance. Each dwelling is provided with a lield or fmall garlcn. The inhabi- tants arc much employed in preparing filk for the nia- nufi-^u'cs of Ballc. This Kttic republic i.'. under the protedion of the four csiitons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwcitz, and Underwaldcw; and, in cafe of war, lirniflics its quota of men. '!"(> the ambitious politi- cian, who judges of go\'^vnment by extent of domi- nion and power, fiicli a diminutive republic, thrown into an obfcurc corner, and fcarcely known out of its own contradted tcriitory, inull appear unworthy of notice; but the finallcft fpot of earth on which true civil freedom is cultivated aad flotirilhcs, cannot fail to inierell tliofe who know the real value of liberty and independence, and are convinced that political happinefs does not confilf in great opulence and extenfive empire. With rcfped^ to maniifaftures, the principal are fniifF jnd tobacco, linen of feveral forts, lace, thread, filk and worfted (lockings, neckcloths, cotton ftuffs, gloves, handkerchiefs, filks of feveral forts, gold and filver brocades, a variety of woollen manufadliires, hats, p:intr, leather of all forts, earthen wares, porcelain, toys watches, clocks, and other hardwares, &c. The trade o' Switzerland is greatly promoted by many navi- wble lakes and rivers. In fome of the above manu- failurcs, and in cheefe, butter, Iheep, horfcs, black cattle, hides, and (kins, the exports arc confidcrable ; and as the imports are chiefly grain and fait, with fome American and Afiatic goods, there is probably a large balance in their favour. Before we give an account of the government and coniVitution of Switzerland, it may not be amifs to ob- fervcin general, that there is no part of Europe which contains, within the fame extent of territory, fo many in- dependent commonwealths, and fuch a variety ofdifTercnt governments, as are collected together in this remarkable and delightful country ; and yet with fuch wifdom was thcHelvetlc union compofed, and fo little have theSwifs, of late years, been adluated by the fpirit of conqueft, that, fince the firm and complete eftablifhment of their ge- ii.;ral confederacy, tiiey have fcarcely ever had occafion to employ their arms againft a foreign enemy ; and have had no hodile commotions among themfelvcs that were not foon happily terminated : an-', indeed, there is no coimtry in which happinefs ana content more imiverfally prevail among the people ; for, whether the government be ariltocratical, democratical, or mixed, a general fpirit of liberty pervades and afluates the fe- vcral conllitii'ions ; fo that even the oligarchical flates, which aic ufually the mofl tyrannical, are here pecu- liarly mild ; and the propcity of the fubjecl is fecurcly guarded againll every kind of violation. A harmony is maintaiiitd by the concurrence of ihcir muiiial felicity; aid their fumptiiary laws, and equal divifion of their fortunes among their c'lildrcn, fcem to enfurc its con- tinuance. But, to be more particular rcfpedling the nature of the Swifs conflitutio'R : In fome of the cantons the government is ariflocra- tical, and in others democratical. The former aro thofc of Zu-ich, Berne, Lucerne, Bafil, Friburg, So- lothurn, and SchafFhaufen ; the other fix are dtnjocra- tical. In t'v; frrft, both the Icgiflative and executive power is lodged i;i the burghers, or citizens of the ca» pital of each canton ; and in the latter the legiilativn power is lodged in the whole body of the people ; and every male, above fixtcen, whether malfer or fervant, has a vote in making laws, and in the choice of ma-ji- ftrates. The thirteen cantons arc in faft fo many indepen- dent ihtes, only united by fhicl alliances for their mutual defence. This confederacy, confidcred as a re- public, comprehends three divifions : firfl, the Switzer j,' properly fo called ; fecondly, the Grifons, or the ftates confederated with the Switzcrs for their common pro- te£lion ; and, thirdly, thofe prcfedlures, which, though fubjedl to the other two, by yurchafe or otherw.fe, preferve each its ovfn particular magiftrates. In Switzerland, there arc two kind of diets held ; general and partial. The general diet, which repre- ients the whole Helvetic body, ufually fits at Baden, and conlifts of two deputies from each canton ; befides which, the abbot of St. Gall, and the cities of St. Gall and of Bienne, ffend deputies as allies. When any con- trovcrfy arlfes that may afFedl the whole confederacy, it is referred to the general diet, where each canton hav- ing a vote, every queflion is decided by the majority. The genera! diet aflembles annually on the feaft of St^ John the Baptifl, and feldom fits longer than a month. The partial orextraordinary diets are Iiimmoned accord- ing to the wi'l of the refpe£live ftates which conflitute them. The revenues of the different cantons cannot eafily be afcertained, but it is fuppofed that thofe of Berne, which is the largeft, amount to 300,000 crowns ; thofc of Zurich to 150,000; and thofe of the other cantons in propor''on to thei'f produce and manufadtires. Whatever remains, after the neceffary expcnces of go- vernment are defrayed, is laid up in the treafury. The SwilFes at-e faid to be pofTefTed of 500,000!. fterling in the Englifh funds, befides monies in other banks. Their revenues arife chiefly from the profits of the dc mefne lands ; the tenth of the produce of all the lands in the country, the cuftomsand duties on merchandize, fome cafual taxes, and tke fale of fait ; bu. this lad ar- ticle forms by far the moll conliderable part. The Switzers maintain but few regular troops, and thofe are employed in the garrifons. Their internal flrength (independent of the militia, which is clfeemcd the bell in Europe) confids of 13,400 inen, raifcd ac- cording to the population and abilities of each canton. Every burgher, peafant, and fubjed, is obliged to learn the ufe of arms, appear on the days appointed for flioot- ing at a mark, furnilh himfeU wiUi proper clothing, n Q' ■ . -- ' acc«i*trcme:Uj, Hi ,1^ its' 1 "^v 798 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. accoutrements, powder, and ball ; and lo be always ready for the delcnce of4lis country. The Swifs engage in the fcrvice of foreign princes or dates, either as guards or in inarching regiments. Such powers as are in alliance with thr cantons, are, on paying them an annual fubfidy, allowed to make levies there, when the inhabitants may cnlifl with their own confent, and with the concurrence of the magiOracy, for what num- ber qf years they pleafe ; at the expiration of which they are always at liberty to return home Thus the fcrvice of foreign princes forms a fchool for the young recruits of Switzerland, where, having perfedlly learnt the art of war, they return to their native country able and experienced ofliccrs and foldicrs, or die nobly in endeavouring to obtain thofe clLiradicrs in the fervicc. Tlie coins of Germany, France, and Italy, p-ifs curretit in Switzerland, thtrc being none peculiar to the country. The history of SWITZERLAND. THE Switzers and Grifons arc the defccndents of the ancient Helvctii, and wqis rcuuccd luuler the Ro- man yoke by Julius Ca:far, who added their country to the province of Gaul. They continued under the Ro- man government till the time of Honorius and Valen- tinian II. when their country was conquered by the Burgimdians and Germans ; but their government was little more than nominal. About the year 635, part of Switzeilantt was given to Sigebert, count of Hapfburg, the founder of the houfe of Auftria : and, ia the year 1032, the reft of this country was given by Rudolph, the laft king of Burgtmdy, to Co.nrad II. empefOr of Germany, and, from that period, Switzerland was con- lideied as part of that empire. This government con- tinued about 300 year?, during which period the Auf- irtan governors excrcifed al molt every fpecics of op- ore Hion. Wearied with continual a£ls of injuftice, the Switzers applied to Albert I. for redrefs ; but this, petition was fo far from procuring the removal of their grievances,, that their hardships were increafed. Grefler, the Auf- trian governor, exafperated at their laying their com- plaints before, the emperor, exerted the moft wanton tyranny. He even placed a hat upon the top of a pole, commaniling tlie Switzers to pay the fptie rcfpeft lo that mock npri-fentation of authority, c? to himfclf. William Tell, a native of Berne, and one of the beft markfmen of (he :igc, btlield this inllance of Grcllcr's malice v.iih contempt ; he paid no regard to the Aiif- trian's ridiculous couimands, and trecjucntly palled the fpot without taking the leall notice ol the hat. Kxaf- perated at the dilobcilicnce of Ttll, the tyrant con- demned him to fuffer deaih, nnlefs he clelt an af>|jie placed on his own fon's head, who (lood at a ctrtain dillaiice, wiiii an arrow. Tell performed the talk with amazing dexterity ; and Gicflcr oblerving another ar- r3w (tiK-k in his belt, told him, he imagined a (ing'c arrow wa|i all he coulJ want on this occjiion. Tell nobly replied, " That arrow was intended to have f)ierced your heart, had the firll unfortunately killed my on." Provoked at this reply, Grefler fcnt Tell to prifon ; but the Swifs efcaping from his confincmeiu, watched an opportunity, aid fliot the governor, h appears, however, that a plan had been for fomc time concerted by the principal perfons of this dillreffcd country, for the recovery ol their liberty ; and this atlion of Tell haftened its execution. They defeated the forces of Auftria and France, an union of the can- tons was formed, and thcv defended the liberty they had obtained with fo inuch valour and intrepidity, that by the treaty of Munltcr, often called the treaty of Weftphalia, concluded in 1648, their confederacy was declared to be a free and independent (late. Their union was effedled in the following manneri Zurich, driven by oppredion, fought firft an alliance with Lucerne, Uri, SuilFc, and UnderwaUl, on the principles of mutual defence ; and the frequent fu'-celFcs of their arms againd Albert, duke of Aulhia, infenfibly formed the grand Helvetic union. They firft conquered Glafis and Zug, and admitted them to an equal partici- pitation of their rights. Berne united itfelf in 13,33 ; Fri- burg andSoleure 130 years after; BafilandSchalFhaufen in 1501; and, in 1513, Appcnzal completed the con- federacy, which repeatedly defeated the united powers of France and Germany ; till, at the treaty' of Wefl- phalia in 1648, their mutual alliance was acKuowledged as a free and independent flate. Since the year 1707, Neufchatel hath been fii' . to Pxuflia, but the inhaLitants are nevertliclefs free lu fcrve any prince whatever, and not compellable to take an ad\ive part in his wars. The king, may recruit among them, and name a governor; but he derives from them a revenue of only 5000I. yearly, great part of which is expended on the roads and other public works. C H A P. XXV. SPAIN. Siliiat'iori, Extent, Boundtirles, Divifons, CUmale, Soil, Ani- mah, yegetables, Fijh, Corn, Fruits, Riven, Bayu Papli, Learning, Commerce, Religion, Language, Uijhrj. THIS kingdom, including Portugal, was anciently called Iberia, from the river Jbcrus; ami Htfpe- ria, from its lituati)n, befng the moll wtliern part of the conlinci\t of Europe. It lies between the j^oth and 44th dcg. of north lat. and between the 3d of tali and 10th dcg. of well long. Its grcaicll Itiigih, I'rom eai'i lo well, i.s about 700 miles ; ami its grcatcil breadth, Ikou north to fouth, about 4SJ; being boimdeJ by the Me- diterranean on the eaii ; liy Foriiigal and the Atlantic Ocean on the well ; by the Bay ot Bifcay and the I'v- rcnman-Hills I'll the north ; and by tlkc Sirei^liis of Gibraltar on the fouth. Spain is now thrown into fourteen grand divifions, bclidcb the illands belonging to it. Mawes VPHY. intended to have [unately killed my flcr fcnt Tell to his confinement, he governor. It ;en Tor fome time of this dilheffcd liberty ; and this I, 1 hey defeated union of the can- l tiie liberty they i intrepidity, that led the treaty of r confederacy was flate. allowing manner: ,t firfl an alliance ndcrwald, on the ! frequeiit fii'jcelfcs Audria, infciifibly hey firfl coiujiiercd an equal partici- tfclf in 13,33; Fri- ll and SchalFhaufcn oinpleted the con- thc united powers c treaty of Weft- was acKnowledged hath been fn' . evcrthelefs free iv, ompcllable to take king, may recruit ir; but he derives yearly, great part of ither public works. XV. k. , Ciimalt, Soil, Ani' 'iivers, Bay:, Pcjplt, •unge, IJiJhry, gal, w.is anciently bcrus ; and Hcfpe- oll wcilcrit part of It ween the (jOih a:itl the o,d of cult and Itiigih; I'ronieaii 10 :iiteil breadth, lic;u oundcJ by the Me- 1 and the Atlantic Bifoay and the I'y- ly tiki; Streij;his of ccn "rand divifion?. It' III Names »^ fttf itih^tUK . Bilhopric I Lugo, eh. Ttriiior OliKT CO iiiiina, l''( Principa Mm (Ic i'lajorfliii I 0!i:a, cl.. I t;:tlla, cli. in OPE.] N. 799 Names of Provinces. Callilc.Ncw AndaluruT Cartilc.Old Arragon Eltremadura Galicia Leon - Catalonia Granada Valencia Bifcny and Ipufcoa Aftiiria Miircia Upper Navarre Ilbnds in the Mediterranean. Majorca Yvica Minorca To'tal Length. I220 1()0 180 16,5 167 172 aoo 180 X40 124 «7 92 58 37 4> Breadth. Sq. Miles. 180 27,840 13.5 16,500 140 105 123 14,400 13.818 12,600 120 12,000 96 1 1,200 110 9,000 45 75 55 55 63 8,100 6,800 4.760 4,600 3.600 45 3.000 40 25 1,400 625 20 520 "50.763 Chief Citl^s. Madrid, N.lat. 40-30. W. long. 4-15. Seville. Burgos. Saragoira. Badajos. Compoftella. Leon. Barcelona. Granada. Valencia. Bilboa. Oviedo. Miircia. Pampeluna; Majorca; Yvica. Citadclla. The town and fortrefs of Gibraltar are fubjcd to Great-Britain. The S'^adivifions of Spain are : 1. Galicia, Kingdom, N. W. Arrchbilhopric of Compoftella; chief town Com- I poik'lla. Bilhoprics of Mondoncdo, ch. town Mondonedo ; LuM.ih. town Lugo ; Ortenl'c, ch. town Ortenfe. Tcriitory of Tuy, ch. townTuy. Other confidfrable towns in this province are, Co- Biiina, Terrol, Vigo, Betawzcs, and Rivadavia. 2. Austria, Principalitv, N. Principality of Auftria de Oviedo, ch. town Oviedo; Auihiacle Sa'ntillana; ch. tDwn Santillana. Other confidcrnble towns in this province are, Avilles an* St. Vincent. 3. Biscay, Lordship, N. W. Bifcay Proper, ch. town Bilboa ; Guipufco, cli. town [Tholdfa; Alva, ch. town Vittoria. Other coiilklcrablc towns in this province are, Fon- I iatal)ia, St. Andrew, I.accdo, Ordunna, and Placentia. 4. Navarre, Kingdom, N. Majorfliips of Pampehma, ch. town P.impeliina ; 0!i:,i, c'l. town Olita ; Tudela, ch. town 'i'udcla ; tWla, ch. town EllcUa ; Sanguefa, ch. town San- 5. Arragon, Kingdom, E. Archbifliopric of Saragofla, ch. town Saragofla. Bifhoprics of Jaca, ch. town Jaca ; Huefca, ch. towa Hucfca ; Balbellro, ch. town Baibeftro; Taracona, ch. town Taracona ; Albarafin, ch. town Albaralin ; Tc- rucl, ch. town Teruel ; Sobarbe, ch. town Ainfa. Other confiderable towns in this province are, Cala- taiud, and Borial 6. Catalonia, Principality, E. Diflri<3s of Barcelona, ch. town Barcelona ; Urgel, ch. town Urgel ; Balaguer, ch. town Balaguer ; Lc- rida, ch. town Lcrida ; Tortofa, ch. town Tortofli ; Girona, ch. town Girona ; Tarragona, ch. town Tar- ragona ; Lampredun, ch. town Rofes; Vich, ch. town Vich ; Cardoiina, ch. town Cardonna ; Solfonna, ch. town Solfonna; Puycerda, ch. town PiiycerdB. Maurefa is another confiderable town in this pro- vince. 7. Valencia, Kingdom, S. E. Diftrids of Xticar, ch. town Valencia ; Millaros, ch. town Villa IIcriTiofa ; Segiira, ch. town Origiicla. Other principal towns in this province are, Scgorbe, Xativa, Alicant, penia, Gandi.i, Morviedro, Villarcal, Alzira, Altca. 8. MURCIA, !i ; w i ( 1 ^ '1 • i>v t- ilil : !. > ** .« lOQ A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL CEOORAIMIY. 8. MUKCIA, KiNCpOM, S. Diflrifls of Murcia Proper, ch. town Miircia ; Lc- rea, cli. town Lcrca; Curthagcna, cli. town Curtliu- gcna. Caravaca and Mula arc tlic other confidcrabk towns in this province. 9. Granada, Kingdom, S. Archbiftiopric of Granada, ch. town Granada ; Ma- laga, ch. town Malaga ; Ahncriu, ch. town Alineria, Goadix, ch. town Giiadix. (Ifhcr confiderable towns in this province arc, Rcnda, Antiqticra, Braga, and Loya. 10. Andalusia, Province, S. W. Arclibiftiopric of Seville, ch. town Seville. BiHiopriis of Jacn, ch. town Jacn ; Corduba, cli. town Ci)rdiiba. Duchy of Medina Sidonia, ch. town Medina Sidonia. Other confiderable towns in this province are, Cadiz, Gibraltar, Port St. Mary, Ezcja, Baeza, Ofl'una, St. Lucar, Andiixar, Carmona, Alcalareal, Lnena, Arcos, Marchena, Ayamont, Ubeda, and Mogner. 11. Old Castile Province, near the Middle. Burgos, ch. town Burgos; Rioxa. ch. town Rioxa ; Calahorra, th. town Calahorra ; Soria, ch. town Soria ; Ofnia, ch. town (3fiTia ; Valladolid, ch. town Valla- dolid ; Segovia, ch. town Segovia ; Avila, ch. town Avila; Siguciifa, ch. town Sigucnfa. The otlier confiderable towns in this province are, Roa, Aranda, Calzada, Negera, and St. Domingo. 12. New Castile, in the Middle. N. of the Tajo, ch. town Madrid ; Upon the Tajo, cli. town Toledo ; E. of Toledo, ch. town Cuen^a ; On the Guadiana, ch. town Cividad Real ; E. of Ma- drid, ch. town Alcalade Henarcz ; Frontiers of Va- lencia, ch. town Almanza ; N. \V. of Madrid, ch. town Efcurial ; N. E. of Madrid, ch. towns Guada- laxara, lirihucga ; La Moutha, S. La Sierra, E. ( )n the Guadiana, ch. town Calatrava ; Eroutiers of Valencia, ch. town Villena Rcqucna. 13. Leon, Kingdom, N. E. North of Douro, ch. towns, Leon, Palcncia or Placentia, Toro, Zamora, Attorga. South of Douro, ch. towns Salamanca, Alva, Cividad Kodrigo. 14. ESTREMADURA, PROVINCE, S. W. On the Guadina, ch. towns Meridn, Badajox ; North of the Tago, ch. towns Placentia, Coria. Between the'I'ajo and Guadina, ch. town Truxillo; South of the Guadina, ch. town Ltrcna, or Llkrcna ; on the Tajo, ch. town Alcsuitara ; on the Guadina, ch. town Medelin, 3 Spanish Ij»lands, E, M.ijorca. ch. Unvn M.ijorca ; Minorca, di. ,„ Ciiadclla, I'oit Malion ; Yvica, ch. town Yviea. "' The clima'c and air of Sjiatn vary greatly in (];«■, em [larts. hi the fouih, the htat is exccliivc diiip" tlu niontlisof June, July, and Angull, and wonlj 1^ almoll iii'"upporiablt, were it not lor tiic coolbrccz' which blow off the tnountain.s, but the rcnuin(u"f the )Lar is dcliglitlul and tciiipcraie. Ii. the noriji Jj near tlic fca-cualt, the uir in fuauncris much Itfj fn'i, and in winter very cold. If the iiauiral luxury (,1,? foil in Spain was fecoiidcd by tlu; indullry ofhcr i„||f bitauis, It would be the mud fruitful country in t^f , ," In many places it products fruit almolt fi)oiiiaiicout' and lorinerly vaft ipiantiiics of corn grew t!iac but t prcfLUt there is a great fcarcity of it, cntuciv owi,,.! the want ol tillage, and not, as fomc have aliened ,0 the barrennefs ol the foil : for, excepting funic faiid/de fi-rts in the louth, and the mountains in the nonh u ii exceeding rich, particulaily in the plains and vjifa' and were it not for the gtncrou.s qualities oi the fuj|' the valt number of inhabitants in this country »ho nciiher toil nor fpin.for their food, could never i,, maintained. The Spanifli wheat is eflecmcd the fined inEimpr b.irley is produced there in great quantities, and vrv good: It IS the common food for the horf.s and mult ' oats and hay being very fcarcc in that kingduni, and there is not much flax or hemp. Belidt.s the f,uiis which arc produced in England, Spain yields citrons, lemons, oranges, almond.s, raifins, prunes, olives! dates, figs, chefnuts, pomegranates, and capers. Va- 1 lencia is famous for the growth of lemons j and in tie kingdom of Arragon, the tree.; bear fruit three, and fomc. times four times in a year. Grapes arc cuhivatedJi molt parts with the greateft fucccls, and produce fome exceeding rich wines, among which arefack and Ihcm. Dr. Bufchin fays, that the inhabitants of Malaga, and the neighbouring country, export wines and railins 10 the amount of 268,759!. fterling annually. Sugar- canes and faftron are cultivated in Granada ; ami ilie kingdom of Murcia abounds in mulberry-trees, forilie fuQenancc of its filk- worms, which are faid to prixliic: 20o,i)col. worth of raw filk every year. The iiwa- tainous parts yield prodigious quantities of \vildth)w, marjoram, and other aromatic herbs, which rcmlers the tallt; of their kids and iheep, that feed on tlicra, of a mod delicate flavour. Villa Franca produces the licil) cfcurionera, cflecmed by the Spaniards an aiiiid«l againll all forts of pijifons, and a certain cure in ilicl plague : likewife the herb euflracia, which kingl foaked in warm wine, and the eyes walhcd with it, ill very beneficial to the fight. (ireat quantities of ihcj plant efparto arc found on the rocky lands, of wliidif they make r^)|)ts and other cordage ; and upon the banlisj of the river Guadina, there grows a very extraurJinaiyJ ihrub called the laurel-rofe, from tkc rcfeniblwctj wtlicM ,NDS, K. it i Mii»orc«, di. to^Dt I, ch. town Yvica, in vary greatly in dilTiT. liuut is cxccllivc (tuiini> I Aiigull, and woiiM be not lor the cool brcczci )S, but llic rcnuiiuiiT of jcraic. Ill the north, ai.J iiiimeriii iniich Itfs fnliry, tl)c nauiral luxury iit'thc tlu; iiuUiHry of licr inlu. ruiitul country in Europe. ruit ainiolt fpuntaiicouily, )t' corn gruw there, but it ty of it, cntucly owiii^i;) , as foinc have aDcricil, to r, excepting foinc faiidydc. ountains in the north, it is in the plains and vjlliis; crous qualities ut'the full, iits in this country, who .heir food, could never be :cmcd the fined inEiirofc; great tjuantlties, and very )d for the horfos and miiiis, :arco in that kinj;dc hemp. gland, Spain yields citrons, p, raifins, piuncs, ulivcs, '^granatcs, and capers. Va- vvth of lemons ; and in thi; bear fruit three, and fomt- ] Grapes arc cultivated in j "ucccls, and produce futiie ig which are fack and Ihcrry. niiabitants of Malaga, and export wines and railins to ftcrling annually. Sugjr- ...itcd in Granada; and the ds in mnlberry-trccs, for the | which are faid to piodiic: dk every year. The moun- )us quantities of wiklthym*,! natic herbs, which rcndeiil Ihecp, that feed on thtra, of j Ua Franca produces the heiil the Spaniards an antidotal and a certain ciireiniliel crb eviaracia, which kinsj id the eyes walhcd with it, i!| t Great quaiuitit-'s «f ilie| u" the rockv lands, mount Abyla, in Africa : thcfe two mounts were called Hercules' Pillars by the ancients. Among the moun- tains of Spain, Montferrat is particularly w orthy the at- tention of the curious traveller, being one of the mod fingular in the world for dtuation, Inapc, and compo- fition. It dands in a vad plain, about 30 miles from Barcelona, and nearly in the centre of the principality of Catalonia. When this mountain is iird feen at a didance, it has the appearance of an infinite number of rocks cut into conical forms, and built one upon another to a prodigious heicht, or like a pile of grotto- work, or Gothic fpircs. Upon a nearer view, each cove appears of iifelf a mountain, and the whole com- pofes an enormous mafs about 14 miles in circumfe- rence : the Spaniards compute u to be two leagues in height, but Mr. Swinburne cdimates its height at only 3,300 feet. This wonderful mountain appears, at a didant view, to be the work of man ; but on a nearer approach, the obferver is convinced that it is the pro- dudion of the God of nature. The principal rivers in Spain are, the Ebrs, the ancient Abertis ; the Douro, formerly Durius ; the Turo, formerly Guadalaviar ; the Guadiaiia, formerly the Anas ; the Tajo, the ancient Tagiis ; and the Bueti>:. Here is alfo the famous river Tinto, the qualities uf which are very extraordinary : it rifes' in Sierra More- na, and has the name uf Tinto given it from the tinge of its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, harden- ing and ptitrifying the fand, in a mod furpriling man- ner. If a done happens to fall in, and reds upon another, they both become in a year perleilly conglu- tinatcd and united. This river withers all the plants on its banks, as wdl as the roots of trees, which it dies of the fame htie as the waters. No kind of ver- dure will fpring up where it reaches, nor any fidi live in its dream. It kills worms in cattle when given then* to drink ; but no anim.ils will diink out ot the river, excepting goats, whole flcfli has ncvertheltfs an ex- cellent Itavour. Thefe fingular properties continue till other rivulets run into it, and alter its nature; lur when it pallos by Niebia, it is iiotdift'erent from other rivers, and ftUs into the Mediterrenean feS, fix leagues lower down, nearHuelva. The chief lakes are, 1. Bonaventa, which runs in the middle with fuch violence, that waves rife like tltoi'e in the fea ; it abounds with tilh, particularly excellent 9 R trout. 'I •\ ' A\' ■'■ t; HiWm *>■ ii. i\. i)( ill 8o8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. trout. 3. A lake on the top of the Pyreneci, of vafl depth t it is alliertcJ, that a (tone liiing into it, caufei a prodigious vapour. 3. A lake near Aiiliqucra, the wa- ters of wiiicfi are by the heat of the fun made into fair. There are many bays bclon^ng to this country, the fliiof of v\iii(*h are, liifcay, Fcrrol, Coriinna (com- monly called tite Groyne) Vigo, Cadiz, Gibraltar, Car- thagena, Alicant, Altea, Valencia, Kofci, Majorca, and Fort Mahon in Minorca. There were formerly mines of gold and filvcr in this kingdom, and the latter in fnch plenty, that Straboob- ffrve.>^, wlirn the Carth.igenians took poircfllnn of Spain, they found the domcOic and agriciiitiiral utcniils of that mclal. 'I'hi-re is no doubt, but that thefc mines arc Hill in the country, but they have been entirely neg- k-(5k'd Tmk'c the Spaniards have been able to draw fuch iinmcnre quantities from .\merica. Here are miius of lead, copper, and iron, the bell of which is dug from ilic iiKiiiiitjinKof Bifcay, and fent all over Europe, as exceeding any other in goodnefs. Here is alfo great plenty of fulphur, alum, calamine, vermilion, and quickfilver, of which they fend large quantities to the Well-Indies. Near the town of Cardona are mines of (alt of various colours, which the inhabitants term fof- file fait : it is dug out like (tones, and grows very fad. At Antiquera, ki the diocefc of Malaga, arc excellent falt-pits, and the water that rims from them is evapo- rated into fair, by the heat of the fun. Santa Maria, in the province of Andalulia, and Mengravica, arc likewife famous for their mitics of white fait. Many places in Spain are nottd for beautiful marble, alahaf- ler, granatc, cryllal, jafper, jet, agate, cornelian, and other (lones. The number of inhabitants in Spain has been com- puted, by one of their own writers, at q, 2,50,000. This kingdom was formerly one of the moA populous in Europe, but has never recovered the blow given to it by the cxpulfion of the Moors, who, from motives of religion, were banilhed to the amount of 100,000. Other great caufes of this depopulation arc the great drains of people fent to America; the indolence of the natives, who do not provide food for their families; and the prodigious numbers of both fexes, whc live in a ftate of rt-ligious celibacy ; to which may likiwife be aiided, the natural fterility of the women. In tlieir peilons, the Spaniards arc of a middle (fa- turc, rather lean, but well made, of an olive com- plexion, with black gl.>ny hair, fine eye?, and exprcf- (ivc cotintenanccs. They have a natural gravity in their air, great coldncfs and rcferve in their deportment, and arc far from biing communicative toHrangcrs; but when once they arc thoroughly acquainted, and have contradlcfl an intimacy, they are converlible, fucial, and friendiy. They have great probity and integrity of principle, and pofTefs the highell notions of honour, even toexrcfs, which is aflill viftblc cS'<£l of their an- '.ient love of chivalry, arid was the ;uiunating fpirit of that enthunafm. Thev pcrfevcro with great fi(lclii» and zeal in their fricndlhipi ; but are warm, vindidtike •and implacable in their rcfeniincnls. They arc oenc' rolls, liberal, magnihcent, charitable, and rcligim,,! bill their devotion too frequently degenerates into fu.' perflition. The predominant foible of the people is pride, which at different periods has led ihem to form ilie wi|(|^(( chimeras ; fiicli as, that the fun only rofc and fct in their dominions ; that their langiia'^e was the only one (it to addicfs the Almighty in ; thai they wen; thew. culiar favourites of heaven ; and that wiCdoni, ylory power, riches, and dominion, were t.icir folc monopoly.' Though ihcfc lofty conceits are at prcfunt in I'omo nicj.' Hire eradicated, it is owing to (hem that they are lli|| po(ri.ired with the highed notions of nr)bility, hwvk and blood ; for the mountaineer of Allurias thuimh 3 oeafant, will plume himfcif as much upon Im ircnu. togy and defcent, as the (irft grandee ; and the Cafli- lian, with his coat-armour, looks upon the Gaiician with fovereign contempt. This pride, however ridi. culous inilfelf, is certainly pro rmtiiandperfevcrancc; 1 of the provinces, par- Andalulia, have thrown loyed tlteiufelves alfidu- aures, it is to be hoped y all their countrynieni anting to render Spain kingdom in Europe. ,ral turn for fo\\m, I the natural inierelisot the common peafants on public UanfaflwiiS to a lenator. ctal exceedingly na'"'- fume l\i%ort^ ^ J* A fofflc, but are more famed for their wit, vivacity, and politenefs, than ft)r their biauty. They arc fmall and lldidcr in their pcrfoiii, on which ihcy t)cllow a prolii. lion of art, not only painting their facen, but lilcewifc itieir necks, arms, and hands; and there is not a dcfe6l in nature, which they have not the fecret of hiding, or at leall of palliating; b fpacious magnificent (Irudure, confiding of three courts, and commands a very fine profpeft. Befides this, there are feveral noble palaces. Madrid alfo contains a great number of churches, convents, and hofpitals : among the lad is one open for pa- tients of all nations and diftempers, fupported by a large levenue. Here are three royal academies, one for the improvement of the Spanifh language, another for hiftory, and another for medicine. There are two Hately bridges over the Manzanares ; and roimd the Placa-mayor, or grand fquare, are piazzas, with houfes all uniform, and a continued line of balconies, for viewing the bnll-fights and other public (hews exhi- bied there. At the eaft end of the city is the Strado, adelightful plain, planted with regular rows of poplar trees, and watered with a great many fountains ; here the nobility and gentry take the air on horfeback, or in their coaches, and the common people on foot. The compafs of the whole city is computed at about nine miles; it is well fupplied with provifions of all kinds, atieafonable rates; and the court, with the re- fidcnce rf the quality, and the high colleges and offices that are kept here, occafion a brifk trade. The environs are very pleafant, and contain feveral royal feats, among which, the mod magnificent is the Efcurial, which takes its name from a village in the neighbourhooii, above as miles north-weft from Ma- drid. It is a fpacious flruflure, built of curious white fpeckled (lone, with ornaments of various forts of mar- ble, jafper, &c. It is faid to have about 11,000 win- dnws, and contains, befides the royal apartments and offites, a mod fplendid church, in which jre forty chapels, and as many altars, exceedingly rich ; a con- tent of Jeromitcs, a college, feveral hofpitals or infir- maries, and a noble library, containing a large and {hoice oolledion of books in all languages and facul- lits. Here is likewife the burial-place of the kings and queens uf Spain, called the Pantheon. In Ihoit, the whole forms fo amazing an edifice, that it rc- liimbles more a town than a palace. The apartments art decorated with an alloniliiiiig variety of paintings, , tulpture, tapellry, ornaments ot gold and lilvcr, mar- kle, jafper, gems, and other curious ftoiies, furpalling >!l imagination. Aranjuez, which is (imatcd on the r>Sut, about thirty miles fouth of Madrid, i^i another royal palace, which is greatly admired, particularly for its noble gardens and fiirprifingjivater-worKs. Toledo is fituated on the Tagiis, about 36 miles fouth of Madrid. It is an ancient, large, and well- fortified city. Here are many ftately edifices, fqnares, convents, churches, and hofpitals : the cathedral is a noble ftruftiire, built of a beautiful white Itone, en- riched with fculpture ^ the roof of it is fupported by eighty-eight ftately columns, and it has eight-large beautiful gates of brafs, with above thirty chapels, fome of them large enough to pafs for churches. The treafure of this cathedral is of ineftimable value, and the annual reveniie of about one hundred thoufand du- cats. The jurifdi£lion, power, and grandeur of this fee, is inferior only to that of Rome. Here is alfo an univeriity, a roya( palace, and a court of inqiiifiiion. There are three noble bridges over the river ; and with- out the walls, on the north fide, are dill to be feen the ruins ofa Romam amphitheatre ; and tinder tl)e city is a large common-fewer, which is alfo faid to be a Ro- man work. Seville is fituated 200 miles fouth-wcft of Madrid, and 57 from the mouth of the river, in the Gtiadal- qtiivcr. This city contains a great number of con- vents, churches, fqnares, hofpitals, a royal palace, which is now going to decay, an exchange, a ctiftom- houfe, an iiniverfity, and a cathedral, the largcd and fined in all Spain, and is edcemcd inferior to none ex- cept St. Peter's at Rome. On the top of the high tower is the datue of a woman, which turns with tlhe ' wind like a weather-cock ; 500 maftes are faid every day in this cathedral. The archbilhop has a revenue of 100,000 ducats. Here is a bridge of boats over the Guadalqniver, which is navigable tor large velfcls forty miles from its mouth ; all along the river are a great many commodious quays, near which is alfo a datcly tower, called the Golden Tower, which entirely coin- mands the river, city, and fuburbs. This city car- ries on a great trade, and has many manufactures, par- ticularly of filk and filvcr-ftuffs, earthen- ware, foap, and fait : but their commerce has been declining for fome years pad. Here is a mint, which can coin ia one day feven ktindred marks, each containing eight ounces of gold or filver. The compafs of the city walls is eight miles, and the number of its inhabitants is computed at 300,000. Placentia is fituated on the banks of the little river Xertc, about fevcnty miles fouth-well from Madrid, and one hundred and twenty fowth from Mecida. This is a well-built handfome city, it is defended by ftropg walls, and a cadle; there are three bridges over tlie river Xerte ; it is a biihop's fee, and takes its nane from the delightfulnefs of its fituaiion, in the midll of La Vera de Placentia, or the orchard of Placcnti.i, which is diverlified with beaiiiil'iil Icats, villages, gar- dens, and groves of the fined citron, lemon, orange, and fig-trees. Salamanca ftands on the rivtr Tonnes, about 7,5 9 S mKus, ■5! , i ^ i.rl 1 1] i:''mA Mf h] 'V.^ rm 1 \tt ^f l';iHH 8?6 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM 6t UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. miles north-weft from Madrid ; it is an ancient, large, rich, and populous city. Here is an imiverllty, and igany magnificent palaces, convents, colleges, chapels, churches, hofpirals, and fquares. A Roman way leads from iienre to Mc-rida and Seville ; and there is an old iRoman bridge over the river Tormes. The molt biaiitiliil partof this city isthegreatfquarc, built about 40 years ago. In this fquare the bull-fights are exhi- iMtc'd (or three days, in the month of June. Cadiz, which is fuppofcd to have been built by the Tyrians, Hands on an illand, and is joii^cdto the main land by means ot the bridge Suaco, which is defended al botli ends by redoubts, and other works thrown up of earth. The iiland, from Fort St. Catalina to the illand of St. iVdro, is five miles long, and from the fouth point near the latter to the north point, juft by the above-mentioned bridge, almoll two miks broad. Moft. of the llreets are narrow, crooked, indifferently paved, and dirty. The houfes are in general four ilories high, handfomely built, and have each a qua- drangular area. This city is computed to contain about ,5POO houfes, one parilh church, twelve convents, and a Jefuits college, fuppofed, at the time it was inhabited by that order, to be the fineft in all Andalufia. The population iseflimated at 140,000 inhabitants, of which i2iOGO are French, and as many Italians. H-re is the loyal audience of the Indies, or the Indian board of trade, which was formerly held at Seville. The adja- cent country is extremely rural and pleafant. The harbour and bay of Cadiz are very fine and fpa- cious : the entrance is defended by Fort Matagorda, and Fort Pontal, the latter of which is fituatcd oppo- fjtc (o if, upon apoint of the neck of land on which tjic city is built. The entrance info the harbour is about five hundrid fathoms broad, ;md the harbour itfelf about ten leagues in circuit, but, at ebb tide, great part of it lies dry. The only fafe landing-place isonthc fouih-weft lidc, which is defended by a f^mall fort called St. Catalina. The number of foreigners in Cadiz are faid to amount to 50,000, who refide there for the fake wf trade, and its common inhabitants are computed at 40,000. Barcelona is fituatcd on the Mediterranean, between the rivers Llobregaf and Befus, at the foot of the moun- tain Monjoiiy, on which are fevcral forts, command- ing the town and harbour. The city itfelf is well fortified, the ftreets fpacioiis, in which arc 15,000 houfes, b. (ides churches, colleges, hofpitals, fountains, gardens, convents, an nniverfity, an academy of arts and fciences, founded in 175a, a court of inquifition, and the court of royal aiilience for Catalonia. The cathedral is a large and in;ignificent edifice, and there ■re a number of antiquities about the town, which prove if to have been aconridcrablc place in the tirn<' of the Romans, when it was called Kavi nfia. This city was formtrly the rclidenccof feveral (Jt.thic king«. and was afterwards fubjccl for a longtime locounts of its uwn« It carries oa a conliderable trade, and the country around is very fertile and dtlightful. fiu number of inhabitants is fuppofed to be nearly 150,000. Valencia, 180 miles foufh-eaft from Madrid, is fi. tuatedon, and has five bridges over the Guadalquiver It is a large, handfome, populous, trading city, ani has a port within two miles of it. It is the fee of an archbiOiop, whofe income amounts to 40,0001. fterline a year, and contains a tribunal or inquifition, a fove- reign court of judicature, an iinivertity, and a flou- rifliing woollen manufadlory. Priefts, nuns, and friars of every garb, fwarm in this city, whofe inhabitants arc reckoned to be 80,000. Carthagena is a famed fea-port in the province of Murcia, in Spain, on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the river Guadalentin near Cape Palos, and about one hundred ^nd eighty miles foiith-wcfl from Madrid, Its harbour is defended by_ forty pieces of cannon • being one of the fineft ports in the Mediterranean, and* one of the three royal marine departments; the other two are Cadiz and Ferrol. It is a city, and the fee of a biftiop, who is fufFragan to the archbifhop of To- ledo, and har a revenue of twenty-four thoufand ducais per annum. Carthagena is announced at a diflance by viirages, farms, country-houfes, and feveral pleafant walks. This city remained in the poffeflion of the defcendcnts of Afdrubal till the year ao8 before Chrift; when it was conquered by Publius Scipio and Caius Lalius. It was at that time governed by Nago, the lad Car- thaginian chief. Livy informs us, that, at the arrival of Scipio in Spain, Carthagena was, after Rome, one of the richeft cities in the worid, and full of arms and foldicrs. But, notwithftanding all its refources, Scipio took it, and delivered it up to pillage. He carried away with him fixty-four military banners, two hun- dred and fevcnty-fix golden cups, and eighteen thou- fand three hundred marks of filver, befides velTelsof the fame metal ; forty thoufand meafiires of wheat, and an hundred and fixty thoufand meafures of oats. In a word, he acquired there fuch immenfe riches, that, the hiftorian fays, the city itfelf was the leaft thing the Romans gained by the expedition. After this conqiieft Scipio fet the great example of chaftiiy and generofity, fo much celebrated in that and the prcfcnt age. We learn from hiltory, that fome foldiers brought him a young female captive of noble extradion, whofe beauty attra£led the eyes and admi- ration of the whole camp. Scipio, hearing that fl:c had been promifed in marriage by her parents, 10 Lu- cius, prince of the Celtibtrians. and that the two lovers had :. great afficfion lor each other, feat for the young prince i rcftorcd to him the lady; forced him to taKL, a^ a marriage portion, the fiii.i of s,>iU iter fri-nils had brought for her ranfoi.i, and offeitd ihem, at the fame time, the fricndlhip of the Roinin people. f L D Carthagena was a long, time the Indies of theKo- RAPHY. id *ligh«ful. The pofed to be nearly I from Madrid, is fi. er the Guadalquiver. OS, trading city, ar.-l It is the fee of an Its to 40,0001. fterling )r inquifition, a fove- niveriity, and a flou> ricfts, riuns, and friars, tv. whofc inhabitants port in the province of lerranean, at the mouth Cape Pales, and about iiitlj-weft from Madrid. rty pieces of cannon; the Mediterranean, and departments \ the other is a city, and the fee of the archbithop ofTo- ity-four thoufand ducats t a diflance by vilfages, feveral pleafant waliis. :flion of the defcendents ; before Chrift ; when it ripio and Caius Lxlius. 1 by Nago, the lad Car- s us, that, at the ariivai na was, after Rome, one •IJ, and full of arms and g all its refources, Scipio to pillage. He carried ilitary banners, two hun- cups, and eighteen thou- ■ filver, befides veflfelsof and meafiires of wheat, loufand meafures of oats. re fuch itnmenfe riches, city itfelf was the leaft je expedition. fet the great example uch celebrated in that and from hillory, that fonie , female captive of noble ■afted the eyes and admi- Scipio, hearing that ilw . by her parents, to lu- rial and that the t|vo ! ,r ,..ar.U other, feiUtottlie „m theUiy;forcca>n|J on, thefuuof^oinc f her ranfoi.i, ^^ f''^. friendihip oftheRoiMn| -the Indies of. be Ro-^ EuropeJ A IT.. 8877 «ans ; and there are Aili filver mines in the environs, lilip n* t>3<' '^'^^ "^ t'*<^ ^t'^^f nnclted, to edimate the expence of working, and the produce. The lead mines in the village of los Alumbres are very rich ; ainethyits and other precious ftones are found ntar Cuevas de Porman ; and, not far from Hcllin, there is 2 very confldcrabk mine of fulphur. The coutitry round Carihagcna was formerly called Campo Spar- tariai 3"^ the appellation of Spartarians was alfo given to the city, on account of the great quantities of Jpur- m, or Spanifli broom, found in the plains and moun- Thiscity was totally deftroyed in the warsof Atana- pilda, with Agila king of the Goths in Spain : ftveral antique (tones, with infcriptions,- have been found among tbe ruins. One of thcfc is now in a garden in the town of Efpinardo, near Murcia. On one fide it has the (lern of a fliip, and on the other the figure ^Pallas, holding an olive branch; at her feet are a cornucopia and the caduceus of Mercury. Cafcales attributes this monument to Julius CieUr, and fup- nofes it to have been eredlcd by i)im at the time he formed the defign of fubjugating the world, and his country. On the land fide, fays Bourgoanne, Carthagena is defended by a mountain formed by three hills ;. one v>f which was formerly called Phefto, another Alefto,' and the third Chrono. In the middle of the city is a high hill, with a fort, now almoft in ruins : it was anciently called Mercurius Thfutates, from a temple eredled there in honour of that deity. The harbour is fpacious, and fo deep that (hips may moor clofc to the land. It is a bafon hollowed by nature, which feems to have (hel- tered it from the winds by feveral hills placed round it at eqoal diflances ; fo that» from the mole, nothing but the entrance of the harbour and the bafon are to be feen. No port can be compared to this for fafety and Kgulariiy. Virgil, wifliing to give, at the landing of £ncas in Italy, the dtfcription of a port as perfect as art and nature could make it, feems to have taken for his model the harbour of Carthagena, EJl in feceJJ'u knit kcus ! infula porlum, He. The entrance is defended by two redoubts which are not yet fortified : the mole is protefted by twelve pieces of cannon. The arfenal is extremely large, and pvideil with every thing that can facilitate the build- ing and fitting out of (hips. Every requifite is there in fuch readincfs, that a (hip of the line may be got ready for fea in three days. At the pleafure of the builder the water (ills the magnihcera bafons, which ferve as flocks, and the (hip Hides of itfelf into the fca. Each (hip has in this arfenal its particular ilorc- koufc, which contains all the rigging ncceifary to it : ihepr viliun of fmall timber is conliderable, but great tieccs are fcarce as well as mails. It is faid, that the ing of Spain, or his contraf^ors, procuring timber and liggingat the third hand, pay a fourth more than the vHue fur thetn. Thete ate great numbers of workinent in they are (li- the docks. Moors, and galley-flaves, in the arfenal : vidcd into companies, and diilributed magazines, rope-yards, and forges. Mr. Swinburne fays, '• Every feeling of humanity w.i«» put to the torture, on his obferving i!ie extreme haid- fhips and fufFerings of thefc (laves ; of which he gives the following narrative : the (hips are hove down in a dry dock, which, by reafon of the back, water, and tile fprings which ooze through the niarfhy foil, v/ould never be clear of water, were it not for the (ire engines continually going ; and for the great pump, which is plied without -intermilTIon by Spanilh criminals and Barbary Haves. Of the former they, have eight hun- dred ; of the latter, fix hundred. Mod of thefe wretches arc kept at it fix teen hours out of the wenty- four, by four hours at a time: fome work only twelve, and moll of the Moors only eight hours. It is the liardefl labour in the world : ten men are fet to each pump, to the amount of above a hundred in the room, above-ground, and as many in a kind of a dungeon below. , In fummer time fcarce a day palTes without fome of them dropping down dead at their work ; and' even at the cool feafon of the year we have met every day fome of them carrying to the hofpital. The de- fpair which ("eizes them is fo outrageous, that, if they can get withiii reach of a weapon, there are many in- tl«m.es of their having plunged it into their own breaff, or that of fome perfon near them, which anfwers the fame purpofe, a (peedy deliverance from all. their woes by death. As we were looking on them, a dirty little keeper (truck a fine tall Moor over the head, for leaving his pump to beg of us. The MufTulman darted a look of indignation at his tyrant, and refumed his work, without fayitig a word, or fhrinking from his blow- On our leaving this houfe of forrow, we met feveral firings of galley (laves,, gf-'ng to relieve thofe a». work,, or to fetch their provifions. The Moors had an M on the fack-cloth which covers them, and the whole gang, were ftriking pidures of malady and defpair. The king allows them a piflreen a day, but 1 am afraid they are defrauded of their allowance ; for we faw them making their dinner upoivblack bread, and horfe-bean? boiled in falt-water. We returned quite melancholy from this fcene of woe. The only recolledtion which diminilhes our compaffion, is the atrocioufnefs of the: aimcs which have brought the Cl.ultians to the chain ; none are here who have not deferved dertli in fifty Ihapes. Qne boy, of fifteen years old, is hi;re for the murder of his father and mother ; and either murder,, facrilege, or fome fuch enormous and horrible olTence,. have been perpetrated by almoll all thofe who are con- demned for lite to this puniihment." Swinburne, in hi.'; travels, obfervcs, that the feverity cxercifed over the Moorilh. captives is not fo eallly reconciled to the principles of humanity, and the meek do6lrine of. Chriltianity : retaliation does not feem a fufTicient pica. The fame author, however, fpcaks highly of the ac- commodiuioiu in this city. '• Wc lodged,, fays he. at. : tint '\ V':' •M. '. ^i f"' m Rdi it ::;■': i ti P;' %, x,'\rW'' ^ 1: .: I-. «oB A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. the Golden Eagle, kept by a Frcnchma.i, the hcjl aok ill the belt inn we have met with in Spain." This city is large, but has few good streets, and dill fL-wer grand or remarkable buildings. The hofpitai is a large fqiiare houfc, round two courts, three (lories high towards tlic fca, and only one towards the land: the architediire and method ot laying out the plan are good ; but the (tone is ot" Co foft and friable a con- texture, that the fca air has corroded it, and caufcd much of it to crumble away. Further call, at the foot of the fummer-evening walk, is a fmaN church, eredcd in honour of St. James, the patron of Spain, who is pioudy believed to have landed here when he came from Paleitme to convert this cdUntry to'Chriftianity- Carthagena much refcmbles Plymouth : there are two dry dockst which were con(tru£led by the late Don Jorge Juan. Here are two public walks : that of the Almeda is very long, and planted with double rows of white elms ; that of Santa Lucia is near the har- bour. The town is chiefly inhabited by officers of the army and navy, who arc always obliged to wear their uniform; and none under th? degree of captain are permitted to carry a cnne. The port of Carthagena is the bed in the kingdom, and not much inferior to any one in Europe. It is fcatcd at the bottom of a fmall bay, five hundred paces in length, and about (Ix or feven hundred at the mouth. The anchoring is very good: the bay abounds in fi(h, particularly mackerel. The air here is temperate in fummer, and fo mild in winter, that the rofes blow as fine at Chrifimas as they do in England at Midfummer. Great quantities of fine wool are exported from this city. Malaga, an ancient, large, well built, well fortified, and popul jus city, with a fine harbour on the Mediter- ranean, is 260 miles fuuih of Madrid, and 75 fouth-wed from Granada. The city is of a circular form, cn- compalfcd with a double wall, and defended by two caflles : the houfes are folid and lofty, and the Itrccts well paved and level. So great is the exportation of wines, railinsr almonds, figs, lemons, oranges, and other fruits, from hence, belides wool and oil, that the duties on them are faid to yield the king 8oo,oco du- cats per annum. The harbour runs up into the town ,530 common paces, with a good breadth, and four itairs to take water at, and 94 pillars of jafper (tone to fallen the Ihips to. The city is fuppofed to have been founded by the Phoenicians. The bifhop is fubjed to the archbilhop of Seville, and has a revenue ut 20,000 ducats per annum. Granada is fituated at the conflux of the Xcnil and Dauro, 180 miles fuuth of Madrid. It (lands in the midftof a fruiifukmtntry, has a fine air, is capacious and populous, being one of the larged cities in Spain, and containing upwards of yo.oco inhabitants. It is divided into four quarters, and has 12 gates, which are always open. It is an archbidiopric, and contains 24 pariincK, and 29 convents, with a church to each, 11 nofpitals, and lour colleges. The ilrccts are narrow, s crooked, and badly paved, and the houfes in general mean : here is an nniverfiiy, and a royal chancery. TNI amphitheatre, for bull feads, is built of done, and one of the bed in Spain, and the environs of the city are dill pleafing and healthful. Of 50,000 inhabitants only iH.ooo are reckoned ufeful ; the furplus beini; made of clergy, lawyers, chiyren, and beggars. Bilboa, the capital of fiifcay, is pleala^tly fituated on the banks of the river Ybaizabal, fix miles from the fca, where it has a good port, and a great trade in iron, wrought and anwrought, wool, faffron, and chef- nuts. This city contains about 800 houfes, which are folid and lofty, and the dreets well paved and level • and the water isfo conveyed into the hreets, that they may be waflied at pleafure, which renders Bilboa one of the neatcd towns in Europe. None are fiifferedto fettle here, or in any part of the province, unlefs they can prove their defcent from the ancient Gothic Chrif. tians, and that their blood is untainted with that of Jews or Moors. Lurgos, the capital of Old Caftile, is fituated bythe river Arlan9on, 120 miles north of Madrid. Itisa large, but not a fine city. The cathedral, built in the Gothic ttyle, is one of the nobled and riched in Spain; the archbidiop has a revenue of 40,000 ducats per annum, and the king is always the fird of the canons. Among other convents, here is one for ladies of quality, called Las Huelgos, the revenue of which is faid to be 80,000 ducats per ann. The abbefs, who is gene- rally a lady of one of the firft families in Spain, has 17 other convents, 14 towns, and 50 villages fubjetlto her: (he has alfu the difpofal of 12 commanderies, and takes place of all ladies, except thofe of the royal family. Gibraltar being once a celebrated town and fortrefs of Andalulia, though at prcfent in the poU'ellion of Great-Britain:, claims our attention here from itsfitu. ation. It was taken from the Spaniards by theconfc- derate fleet of the Englidi and Dutch, under the com- mand of Sir George Rooke, in the year 1704, and, af- ter many fruitlefs attempts to recover it, was confirmed to the Engli(h by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713; re- Eeated attempts nave been fince made to wreli it from England, but without fuccefs : the lad war made it more famous than ever, when it underwent a longfiege againd the united forces of Spain and France by fca and land, but was gallantly defended by general Elliot and hisgarrifon, to the great lofs, difgrace, anddifap- pointment of the bcfiegers; though it mud be granted, the place is by nature almod impregnable. Near 300 pieces of cannon of different bores, and chiefly brafs, which were funk before the harbour in the 10 floating batteries dedroycd by the red-hot bullets, have been raifed, and fold, and the money ariling therefrom dil- tributed among the garrifon, as a reward for their toil and bravery. But oi this fiege, and its difaftrous illi e to Spain, we have already given a dcfcription in p. 699. It is a commodious port, and lormtid by nature lur commajiding Europe.] S I N. 809 commanding the paffage of the Streights. The town is neither large nor beautiful, yet, on account of its fortifications, is cneemed the key of Spain, and is always furnilhed with a garrifon, well provided, for iis dcicnce. It is built upon a rock, in a pcninfula, to which on the land-fide is only a narrow patVage between ihe rock and the fea, which paflage is walled and for- tified both by art and nature. Acrofs'this iflhmus the Spaniards have drawn a fortified line, in order to pre- vent the garrifon of Gibraltar from having any inter- courfe with the country : notwithftanding which they carry on a clandeltine trade, particularly in tobacco, of which the Spaniards are exceedingly fond. Th.e gar- fifon is confined within very narrow limits, and the ground fcarcely produces any thing, fo that it is fup- p'lied with provilions either from England, or from Ceuta on the Barbary coaft; Formerly Gibraltar was en- tirelyunder military government; but findingthatpower was carried to an extravagant height, the parliament though* proper to ereft it into a body corporate, and the civil power is now lodged in its magiftrates. The road of Gibraltar is neither fafe againlt an enemy nor (torins, and is not convenient for refitting of velTels, though they may be laid on their fides for careening. The Streights are twenty-four miles long, and about fifteen broad ; through which fets a current from the Atlantic ocean into the Mediterranean, and for the itemming of it a briflc gale is required. The principal illands of Spain are Majorca, Minor- ca, and Yvica. Majorca is fituated lao miles eaftward of Spain, and oppofite to Valencia ; it is about 60 miles in length fromeaft to weft, and about 56 in breadth from north to fouth. In fome parts of it, there are large and fmall cattle, game, corn, lafFron, fruits, honey, &c. Minorca, 33 miles E. N. E- of Majorca, is about 08 miles long, and 15 broad. This ifland produces no corn, but vields wine, oil, and fruit : it alfo feeds a number of fmall cattle. It was firft taken by the Englilh in 1708; from whom the French took it in J758; was reftored to the Englilh at the peace of 1763, from whom the Spaniards took it in 1782, to whom it was ceded by the peace in 1783. Yvica, fituated between Majorca and Valencia, is about 40 miles in length, and 22 in breadth. Its chief produdiions are corn, wine, oil, fruits, and drugs: here arc alio falt-rocks and mines. Among the natural curiofities of Spain is a very deep cavern at Algezira.the defcent to the entrance of whicii is by an hundred Heps; when the fpedlator has at- tained the mouth, he murt be very cautious how he proceeds, for the palfage is very narrow, and on a great declivity for a conliderable way. This palfage leads to alcit ot'labyrinth, which abounds in cryltallizations, trom whence there is a coniinimication to a iniiih larger cave, filled with an infinite number of various kinds (if figures, which reficdl the light of the torches ma molt fiirprifing manner. It is laid that ti\e echo in this cave is fo great, that if a fingle piftol is dif- chargcd there, the found will i-vcrberate for the (pace of feven minutes. In blowing up the rock of Gib- raL'ar, many pieces of bones and teeth have been found incorporated vvhh the (lone, fome of which have been brought to England, and depofited in the Britilli Mufe- ttm. On the weft fide of the tnountain is St. Michael's cave, 1110 feet above the horizon. Many pillars of various fizes, fome of them two feet in diame'?r, have been formed in it by the droppings of water.which have petrified in falling. The other natural curiofities of Spain confift in the lakes and fprings already de- fcribed. In fcveral parts of this country are the remains of Roman and Moorifh antiquities, confifting of Roman ways, aquedu6ls, theatres, and palaces. Near the city of Salamanca are the remains of a Roman way, paved with large ftones ; it was continued to Merida, and from thence to Seville. This way was repaired by the em- peror Adrian, but it is now greatly injured by time, though t' -re arc ftill the ruins of fome of the columns to be feeii. Near Segovia is a giand aquedudl ercdted by Traijan, which extends over a deep valley,N)etween two hills, and is ftipported by a noble row of 152 ar- ches. Notwithflanding this aquedudt has (tood fo many centuries, it dill retains its ftrength and beauty. Near Murviedro (once the faithful Saguntum, deftroyed by Hannibal) arc the reinains of an old Roinan theatre',' an exaft femicircle, about 82 yards diami;ter, fome of the galleries are cut out of the rock, and yooo per- fons might attend the exhibition without inconve- nience: and at Cordova is an edifice, which was for- merly a mofquc, but is now converted into a church, faid to be one of the wonders of the world. It is 600 feel in length, 500 in breadth, and of a proportionable height ; the roof, which is amazingly bolcl and lofty, is liipportcd by 350 pillars of fine marble, in ten rows, foritilng eleven ailles, in which are 366 altars, and 24 gates ; every part being enriched and ailorned with the molt noble and coftly ornaments. At Granada is to be feen great part of a mod magnificent palace called the Alhambra, belonging to the Moorifh kings. The infide is overlaid with jafpcr and porphyry, and the walls contain many Arabic infcriptions. The whole edifice is executed in the Gothic tafte. This noble royal ftrudure was built in 1280, by the fccond Moor- ilh king of Granada ; and in 1492, in the reign of their eighteenth king, was t.iken by the Spaniards. With refpiiit to commerce ; the articles exported tVom Spain to other parts of Europe, arc wine?, fine oil, \inegar, fruits of various kinds, iiuiigo, cochineal, materials for dyeing, kali or barilla, quickfilver, fome wrought filks, ballam of IVni, vanilla, cakc-choco- lale, larfaparilla, falt-petrc, fait, woollen cotinurpanes, a very fine fort of blankets, iron, Toledo Iwdid-bladcs, gun and pillol-barrels, vermilion, S;;viile and Havan- iiali fiuiff, anil fcveral forts ol roots of Spanifh and American growth. y T . The 4,1 ^; mm )S ", ti' IJ::' ■?:■:'< 1 V: l-I'lli' Bto A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The SpaniaH' import principally from England dried and i'jltcd fifh. meat, butter, clieefe, beer, corn, rice, pepper, warlike and naval (lores, particularly ca- ble*! ami anchors; cntlcry-ware, watches, wrot'yht brafs ^nil piinccs metal, matheinntical inflruments, toys, mahogany cabinet-work, wrought and nnwroiight tin, lead, leather,, various kinds ot filk and woollen iliiffji, and broad cloths. They import from Ainerica gold, filver, cochineal, indigo, cucoa or chocolate- nuts, logwood, and other dyeing woods, fugar, tobacco, liiiitF, and other valuable American produdtions. Spain formerly extended the chief part of her foreign Kiiropcan trade to England ; but it is no\r one-third lefs than it was fifty years ago, owing in fome meafiire to the enablidiment of fome arts and manufadures in that kingdom fincn the above period. Unhappily, however, for themfclves, they make gold and hiver ilic chief branches both for their exports and iniports. This trade is chiefly carried on from the port of Cadiz; and to this port other European nations fend their mer- chandize to be fliipped off in Spanifh bottoms for Ame- rica, feciired under the name of Spanifh fadlors ; for the merchandize properly belonging to Spain forms the leaff part of the freight which thefe fhips carry to America. The merchants of England, Holland, France, &c. have agents and correfpondcnts at Cadiz, who tranfallL"d, humbled, and even punilhed by it. Their Auto da Fc's, or folemn adls of faith, iifcd commonly to be exhibited when their princes came of age, or at tlfir accelTion. But the power of this ollice is now greatly diininilhcd ; the officers bclons^inj; t". it can carry no fentcnce into execution wiihoiit the royal au- thority, and there has not been an Auto da Fc at Madrid for fome vcars. Add to this, that fome of the r more ^ and in thefe EUROPE.] S P i ^.a- ' ' -^ late pnpcs, and the prcfcnt, appearing to be in a ^ood degree protcllanlized, and divellcd of the fuperftilion jiid bloody zeal of their prcdccefTors, •'•p c arc hopes ihai the remaining errors and blind bigotry of that curriipt church will continue to evaporate, and at length give place to the light of reafon, good fenfe, and the precepts of divine revelation. The government of Spanilh America forms a fyftem of itfelf, and is dele- gated tu viceroys and other magidratcs, who are in their refpedUve diftri£is almoll abfolute. — The towns (if Cciita, Oran, and MafuTqiiivir, on the coaft of Barbary in Africa ; and the iiianc!s of St. Lazaro, the Pliilippincs, and Ladroncs in Ada, arc among the foreign pofTcnions of the crown of Spain. The revenues arifing to the crown from Old Spain amount to five millions (lerling per annum, which arife cliicHy from taxes on all kinds of goods, houfes, lands, limber, and provifioiis i befiiics which, a fifth of tjie produce of all the fllvcr mines in Am.rica belongs to ''C king, l)iit this part of his reveiine is ufually very ill accounted for, and he feldom receives it without part having been previoully embezzled. The gold coins in Spain are piftoles or doubloons, worth about 17s. and double and quadruple, half and quarter pirtoles. The filver coins are reals de Plata, worth about 6d. of our money ; piaflres, or pieces of eight, worth about 4s. 6d. and half and quarter pieces of eight, but thefe are not common. The brafs money confifl of quartos and oftavos!, which anfvver to our halfpence and farthings. The Spaniili efcudos, or crowns and drcats, are imaginary coins, and both of the value of about 6s. of our money. There are alfo imaginary piaftrcs and piflolcs. The land-forces of Spain, in time of peace, are computed at about 80,000, but in time ot war they commonly amount to 100,000, or upwards. The marine of that kingdom, at this time, exceeds 70 (hips of the line, owing to the great attention which has been paid loitby the prefent monarch. There are watch-towers from mile to mile, all along the coafls of Spain : thefe arc provided with lights and guards at night, fo that from Cadiz to Barcelona, and from Bilboa to Ferrol, the whole kingdom, in cafe of an invafion, may be foon alarmed. The king of Spain formerly enumerated twelve king- doms, and other places, to the amount of thirty-two, in his royal titles; but this abfurd cullom is now only occalionally contrived, and he is generally contenttd with the appellation of His Catholic Majclly. The cullom, liuvvevcr, of giving a number of names to tiie childrtn of the royal lauiily t)f Spain is dill obfcrved, the prince who was born in June 1786, being the fon of the Infant Don Gabriel, by the Infanta Donna- Mariana Vidoria, was baptized by the names of Pedro- Charles— Antonio— Raphael— Jofeph—Janvicr— Francis- Jnhn-Ni'poiiiucene-Thomas-de-Villciienf-Mark-colin- Vincciit— Fcrricr—Rainfon— Pcter-de-.\lcantara- Fcrdi- sand. I'he Spaniili kir.g is never crowned, but ia- I N. 81 1 augurated by the delivery of a fword. His (l^natiire is, I ihe King, His eldeft fon is ftyled prince of .-\ilii- rias, and his yoiuiger children of both fexes are called infants or infanta's, by way of didindlion. The arms of the kings of Spain confirt of a fliield, divided into four quarters, the uppermblt of which on the right hand, ar.d the lowermoft on the left, contain a caRle, Or, with three towcrs^for Caftile ; and in the uppermod on the left, and the lowcrmoft on the right, are three lions, gules, for Leon ; with three lilies in the centre for Anjou. The armorial bearings arc loaded with the arms of all the kingdoms. The higher nobility here confift of counts, marquifcs,, and dukes. The grandees, who have precedence of all others, next the king and princes of the blood, are named out of thefe. Like thofe of Portugal, they have the privilege of being covered in the king's prefencc, who ftyles them in his letters, Illudrious ; and, in fpeaking to them, or of them, their Eminences : but there are others, befidcs the grandees, who are covered in the king's p—O-.ice, as cajdinals, nuncios^ archbifliops, the grand prior of Caftile, and thfe grand prior of Malta, the generals of the orders of St. Dominic and St. Francis, ambalTadors of crowncdi heads, the knights of the golden fleece, and of the three military orders of St. James, Calatrava, and Alcantara, when the king aflifts at their refpeflive chapters, in quality of grand mafter. No grandee can be apprehended for any crime, but by the exprefs order of the king, and they have many other privileges befides thefe. The inferior nobility flyle themfelves cavalleros and hidalgos. The latter of thefe is ap- plied to thofe who are unmixed with the Moorilh. blood. There are fcven orders of knighthood in Spain ; viz.. 1. The order of the Golden Fleece, inlHtuted in 1430, by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, and is common now to the kings of Spain and the hoiife of Audria : it is generally conferred on princes and fove- reign dukes ; but the Spanilh branch of it hath many French and Italian nobility : there arc nocommandericj or revenues annexed to it. 2. The order of St. James, or St. Jago de Compo- ftclla, which is the richelt of all the orders of Siuin : it was inflitiited in 1175, by Ferdinand II. king of Leon. The badge is a crofs of gold enamelled crim- fon, edged with gold, and worn round the neck, pen- dent to a broad ribband ; it is charged on the centre with, an cfcallop-nicU white : it is only conferred on pejfons of noble I'amilies. 3. The order of Calatrava, founded by Snncho I'll, of Caftile. Tiieir budge is, a crufs tkuvi, red, warn, at the brcaf}, pendent to a broad ribband, the whole differing only in colour from the badge of Alcantara:, the ceremonial mantle is of white lilk, tied wiih a ciirdoa and talfels, like thofe of tlie C-arter, and on the left arm a crofs fleuri embroidered, giiles. 4. The order of AlcantaJM owes its inflitmion to^ FerdiitaiiiL i !« fVJTfc'i I n 111;! :.. »;ti ■8i2 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. I'liiliiKiiid II. king of Leon. Tiic badge is a gold cmfs, fli'iiri, ciianiLllcd green, and worn pendu..! to a broad ribband on the brinll. This order is higMy tdccmcd, and conferred only on ptrfons of ancient . compofcd of f.inr tlalli-s, varioully diftingnillied. This order is conferred on none but pcrfuns of noble defocnt. The hlflory of Spain will be . liioduccd at the end of our cnfiiing account of I'ortugal, as the events re- lative to both tliefe kingdoms are li) intimately bicnued antl connected together, as not eafdy to admit of a re[)aration with propriety. Charles III. the late king cit Spain, was burn in 1716, and iiiccceded to the throne in 1751). He died Dec. 1788, in the 73d year of his ago, and 30th of his reign. He was the fccond Ion of Philip V. by the princcl's of Parma, and f;randfon of Louis XI V. of 1' ranee. He left illiie by lis late queen, 1. Maria-Jofepha, born in 1744. 2. Maria Louifa, born in 174,5, married in 176,5, to the archduke Leopold of Ai'ltria, great duke of Tufcany, atid brother o the late emperor of Germany. ;j. •Philip-Anthony, duke of Calabria, born in- 1747, but incapacitated from fuccceding to the throne by a de- fect of nnderflandiiig. 4. Charles-Anthony, prince ef Auflria, bom in 1748, married in 17(1,5, to Loiiifa- Maria-Thcicfa, prinvcf, of Parma. ,5. Ferdinand-An- tony, king of Naples, bmn in 1751, married in 1768, to the ari.luluchcf', M:iry Cardire-Lonifa, filler to the ihen cmprefs ot (jcriiiany. 6. Gabriel-Antony, born in 17J2, grand prior of the kingdom of Spain. 7. An- thony-raff.il, born in 17,5,5. 8. Francis-Xavier, born in 17,57. J^on Liwis, the king's brother, is a cardi- nal and aiclihilhop of I'olcdo. Charles IV. fucceedcd his lather Char!e<; III. in Dec. 1788, He married, S..'pt. .J, J 7(>j, pjinccls Louifa of Parma. Their fur- vivini; illiio arc, Ferdinand Antony, prcfent king of Naplea, and Antony Pafchal, born Dec. 31 j,,, Spain, as well as Portugal, acceding to the grand con- fedeiacy of the other Ktiropean powers againrt iht French republic, joined their naval llrcngth to th»t of F^nglaiul in that uar. CHAP. XXVI. PORTUGAL. Siiuatlon, Enlent, Boundaries, Produce, Mowiiahi Rivers, Populution, Inhabitants, Religion, Languati Learning, Cities and Towns, Curiofities, Commerce and ManfaSttirci, Conjiituiisu and Government, Jitwiui Hiyiory, (Jc. THIS kingdom is fitiiated between the 7th and loth degrees of wed long, and between the STih and 42d degrees of north lat. being about 300 miles iu length and 100 in breadth. It is the moft Wpftern kingdom on the continent of Europe, being bounded on the fnuth and weft by the Atlantic ocean, and on the north and cafl by Spain. This is the Lulitaniaof the Romans i but the etymology of its prcfent name is uncertain. The kingdom of Portugal is ufnally divided into three parts, vi/. the northern, middle, and fouthem provinces. The North Division contains Entre Mino, chief townBraga; Douid, ch. towns Oporto and Viana ; Tra los Monies, ch. towns i3ra- ganza, Miranda, and Villa-Real : containing 6814 fquarc miles. The Middle Division contains Beira, chief towns Coimbra, Guarda; Ellremadiira, ch. towns Liflion, Ubcs, and Lcira: containing 12,640 fquare miles. The South Division contains Entre Tajo, chief town Ebora, or Evora ; Giudla. na, ch. towns Portalegrc, Elvas, and Bira; Alentejo, ch. town Lagos ; Algarva, ch. towns Faro, Tavora, and Silvcs : conaining 8397 fquare miles. The air in Portugal, efpecially about Lifton, is reckoned foft and beneficial to confiimptivc patients; it is not fo fearching as that of Spain, being rclreOitd by breezes from the fea. 'Ihe foil is not in general equal to that of Sjiain for fertility, efpecially in com, which they import from other countries. Some places proituce good paflnre, btit in general it is very coarfe. The fruits here are the fame as in Spain, but not lo highly flavoured. Herbs and flowers are very plentiful, from the wloriferous kinds of which great (jiian- tities of perfumed waters are diflilled. 'Ihey arc pat- licuiaiiy GRAPHY. ony, prcfent king of born Dec. 31 17^5. ling to the grand con- \ powers againft tht val ilrength to th»t of XXVI. GAL. Produce, Mmilahs, ts. Religion, Languqt, urloji/ies, Comment md Government, Rtimt, between the 7th and ;. and between the 37111 :ing about 300 miksiu t is the moft Wfftsrn Europe, being bounded Atlantic ocean, and on rhisis the Lufitaniaof y of its prefcnt name is is ufually divided into , miildle, and foutiiem ON CONTAINS aga \ Doui©, ch. towns lontes, ch. towns Bra- leal : containing 6814 ION CONTAINS Guarda; Ertremsdura, nd Leira : cuntaining ON CONTAINS )ra, or Evora ; Giiadia- as, and Bira; Alentejo, towns Faro, Tavora, nare miles, cially about Liflion, is confumptivc piiienis; )f Spain, being icfreOitd he foil is not in general tility, cfpecially in corn, countries. Sunie places ;cncral it is very coarfe. t as in Spain, but not In lowers are very plentiful, ol whicli great qua"- didilkd. They arc par- iicuaiiy KuROPg. ] > ^P O R T tiiulariy attentive to tlie culture of their vineyards, whicli yield excellent grapes. The cattle in the northern uaris arc large and hne, but in the fouthern they are hull and lean, and are in general, as well as their poultry, but indifferent eating. Their horfesaro brifk and lively, hut extremely (light. The iifti on the coall irc very tine, and the birds refeinble thofc of Spain. Vail quantities of delicious honey are produced in this country. Here are loines, but they are not worked ; ilfo variety of gems, marbles, and miU-dones, and a |in« mine of falt-petre, near Lifbon. The principal mountains in Portugal arc thofe which divide Algarva from Alentejo; thofe in Tralos Monies, and the rock of Lifbon, at the mouth of the Tajo: but they are for the inofl part barren. The chief rivers of Portugal have been mentioned in the account of Spain. The others arc, the Mondcgo, the Limia, Sadao, Vanga, Lefa, Ave, Cavado, Ze- Mte, Alba, Goa, Laura. Canha, and Cafa. TheTagus, or Tajo, was celebrated for its golden fand. There ire alio feveral remarkable lakes and fpring; in this kingdom ; ibme of them will abforb even th'j lighted fubilances, as feathers, cork, &c. fome are medicitial and fanative, particularly cne about 45 miles from Lif- bon, and fome hot kjxhl are found in the province of Algarva. . The numbv ofinhabitants in Portugal, according to the bell calculation, amount to about two millions. In i732> ihe kingdom contained 3344 parilhcs, ,. .2,230 lay perfons, and about 300,000 ecclefiadics of both fexes. The Portnguefe are neither fo tall, iwr To well made as the Spaniards. The ladies are of an olive complexion, but, while young, exceedingly handfome ; and their eyes, which are black and fpark- ling, retain their brilliancy long after their other charms ate upon the decline. In their manners they are ex- ceeding lively and witty, but at the fame time poflers theniceft fenfe of female virtue and honour. The Portuguefe are generally accufed of being haughty, treacherous, and crafty in their dealings; malicious, cruel, and vindidive in their tempers ; much given to avarice and ufury, and the meaner fort extremely addifted to thieving. This charader, though bad, may in a great meafure be juft, but charity obliges us to fuppofe that it is not general, and that, among fuiih a number of inhabitants, many may be found, whofe fentiments and manners are an honour to their country; for it is certain that no people whatever are lefs beholden to the reports of hiltorians and travellers than the Portuguefe. We will, however, hope that fome alteration will be made in their charadler by the ex- piilfion of the Jcfuits, and the diminution of the papal influence among them. In their manner of living, fulloms, and divcrfions, they nearly refemble the Spaniards, but they are, if pnllible, more fuperftitious, and afFeft greater ftate. They keep an incredible mimberof domeftics, for they never difcharge any who hrvivc after ferving their anccllors j but they e\A£i ia u L. 813 veneration fronn them which falls little fhort of the mod abjedl ilavery ; and the ladies, in particular, are treated by theni with the fame homage as is paid to fterfbns of the blood royal in other countries, l^e loufes, particularly thofe of the grandees, arc furniflicd in the richeft and mo(t fiiperb tallc ; but the poorer fort have fcarcely any furniture at all, and lit always crofs-legged on the ground, like the Moors. Tiieir drcfs, like that of the Spaniards, never ufed to vary till very lately, particularly among the men ; but now both (exes conform greatly to the modes of France. The ladies wear exceeding rich clothes, and when they walk out, put on long veils over their heads, but leave their laces uncovered. Both men and \ unen make great ufe of fpe6lacles, and that often not fo much to alM their fight, as to give them an appear- ance of wifdom and gravity. The eftablilhed religion in Portugal, and the only one tolerated there, is Popery. Jews, however, arc found there in vail numbers, but they fometinies efcape the fcrutiny of the inquifition with great difficulty, and if the^ /e unhappy enough to fall under its cenfure, are treated with the utmod cruelty. The Englidi Pro- tedants are permitted the exercife of their religion ; but they mud be careful not to ridicule that of the country, nor endeavour to make profelytes. The power of his holinefs, as well as that of the inquifition in Portugal, have been very much contra6led of late. The only difference between the ecclefiadical go- vernment of Spain and Portugal is, that about 20 years ago there wasereded a ■I , ■i I ;: h' K lf'¥l'^ M • ■ v< 814 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVTRSAL GEOGRAPHY. wh'ch waji foiinticJ in the year lapi, by king Dennis, and conlilU of a re£tor, rcformator, or governor, a chancellori with ftl'ty profelRirs, and other officers. The niniibcr of iludcnts arc about aooo \ and the buiUI- *ng.s of the tinivcrfity arc very magnihccnt. The iini> verlity at fivora wan founded in the year 1,^,59, and is well endowed. There is alfo at Li(lK)n a college, where the young nobility aie educated in the fcicncus, sod every branch of polite learning. The I'ortugucfe antiquities chiefly confift in the re- mains of fome Mooril'i lallles, the Roman bridge and aqucduf thefe tribu- nals at Goa, but none at the Bralils ; the power of the Poringiiere inotiifnions has, however, been of late greatly circuinfcribed. The revenues of Portii^-"' (incc the difcovcry of the Bralils. have been very conlidcrable, and it is comput- ed that they amotnu to three millions and a half an- riiallv. A conlidcrable part of this arifes from the iiilioi'ns and duties on goods cxpcwted and imported, which are urnally farmed out by the crown, and are im- minldy high. Foreign mcichandi/,e p;iys twenty- three per cent, on importation, attd tilh tiom New- foundland twenty-five per ceni. Filh taken in the neighbouring feas and rivers pav twenty-feven percent. and the ta;; upon land and cattle which are fold, is ten percent. The duty upon fnufF alone amounts to fifty ihoufand crowns ; and the king draws a confiderable revenue from the feveral orders of kni^^hthood, of which he is always graiid-maflcr. The pope alfo, in contention o( the large futns he draws out of this kingdom, gives the king the money ariling from indul- gences and licences to eat flcfh at times prohibited,&c. The iiobiliiy of Portugal are not taxed but upon ex- tnordinary emergencies, and then not very high. By ihcfupprcllion ol the Jcfiiits, and other iifclefs religious ofiitrs and inltitutions, the king's revenue is greatly invTcafed. The king's titles arc, " King of Portugal and the Al- gatves.on this fide and the other (ide the lea of Africa ; lord of Guinea, and of the navigation, conciucrts, and commerce, in Ethiopia, Arabia, Perfia, India, &c. The king's cidcfl fon is flylcd prince of Brafil." In the ytiir 1749, pope Bcncdid XlV. dignified the king with ihetitleof his Moll Faiiliful Majelly. The arms of Portugal are Argent, five cfcutcheons, aiutc, placed crofs-wil'c, each charged with as many befanis as the firif, placed falter-wifc aiul poiiueii, f.ble, for Poitngal. The fliicui bordered, gules, cliarg- fil with fevcn towers. Or, three in chief, and two 111 tichtianch. Th-: Aippnrters are two winded drag<-ns, «ikI t! c crcli adr.igou, Or, under the two llaiiclics, a^>i I l!ic bafe c the Oiield appears at the end of it ; tvro crolfes, the firll fleur-dc-luce, vert, which is for tha order of Avic/., and the fecond iMtee, gules, for the order of Ctirill ; the motto is changeable, etch king afTuming a new one ; but it frequently confifls of thelo worvls Pre Rtre et Creiu, " For the King and the People. His Moil FaitlifulMajelly, Peter HI. late king of Portugal, died in July 1786, of an apoplexy, in the 6i;th year of his age. He was fucceecled in the throtio by his confort Maria Frances Ifabella. There arc feveral orders of '-..Igntliood here, viz, 1. The order of Chrifl, founded in 1317. by Dennis 1. of Portugal, the badge of which is a red crofs within a white one, and the number of the commanderies 454. 2. The order of St. James, intlifiited in 1310, by the lall-mentioned prince, the badge of which is a red fword, in the (iiape of a crofj. A great number of towns and commandeiies belong to this order, 3. The order of Aviz, or Aviez, inlliiiited by AlphonfusHcn- riquez king of Portugal, in 1147,88 a military and religi- ous order, whofe badge is a green crofs, in form of a lily, and the number of its commanderies 49. Though thefe three orders arc religious, yet the knights are at liberty to marry. 4. Tlie order of St. John, whicU has alfo feveral commanderies. The HISTORY of SPAIN and PORTUGAL. SPAlN.logether with Portugal, anciently formed but one kingdom, fuppofed to have been tirlt peopled from Gaul, to which it is contiguous; or from Africa, from which it is only feparated by the narrow flreight of Gibraltar. The Phoenicians fcnt colonies thither, and built Cadiz and Malaga. Afterwards, upon the rife of Rome and Carthage, the polfeflion of this kingdom became an objetSl of contention between thofe power- ful republics ; but at length the Roman arms prevailed, and Spain remained in their poifellion until the fall of that empire, when it became a prey to the Goths. Thefe in their turn were invaded by the Saracens, who about the end of the 7th century had poireffed tliemlelves of the tineft kingdoms of Alia and Africa; and not content with the imm(.-nfe regions that formerly compofeil great part of the Alfyrian, Greek, and Ro- man empires, they croll'ed the Mediterranean, ravaged Spain, and edablilhed themielves in the fuutherly pro- vinces of that kingdom. The tirft Spanifh prince, mentioned in the hiflory of iciis country was Don Pelago, whodilfinguilhed hini- ftlf againf 'fe infidels (afterwards known by the name of Ivioois) ; and, about the year 720, took upon himfclf the title of king of Aliuria. His fuccitfes animated other Chriilian princes to take arms likcwife, and the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal for many ages were perpetually embroiled in bloody wars. In the mean time every adventurer was entitled to the con- quells he made upon the Moors, till Spain was at lall divided into twelve kingdums ; and about the year I icy^j Henry of Bur^unily was dccla cd, by the king of W% 1 8i6 A MEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. of Leoni court of Portugal \ but his fon Alplumfo llircMT off hit depcixlcnco un Lcun, and declared him- fclf kirig- A lucccfliun of brave princct gavo the Moon repeated overthrowi in Spain, till abnut the year I47j« when all the Spanifh kingdums, Portugal excepted, were united by the marriage of Ferdinand king of Arragon, and liabclla the hcirefi and after- wards qutien of Caililc, who t(A>k Granada, and ex* ^lled the Moon and Jcwi, to the ntiinbcr of 170,000 families, out of Spain. Thit expullion greatly de- populated the country of arlids, labourers, and tnanu- fadturcni and the diicovery of America (which happen- ed a few yean aflfr) not only added to that calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniards mofl deplorably indolent. To complete incir miflortunes, Ferdinand and Ifabella introduced the Popilh imtuilition, with ail its horrors^ itilo their dominions, as a fafeguard againft tlie return of the M»or and Jews. Ferdinand was fucce-.-dcd by his srandfon Charles V. of the houfe of AuOrii;, afterward) emperor of Ger« many. The extenfive- poflelSons of tiie houfe of Aufttia in Europe, Africa, and above all, America, from whence he drew immenfe treafiirea, began to alarin the jealoufy of neighbouring princes, but could nut fatisfy the ambition of Charles: he wasalmoft con- llanily engaged in foreign wars, or with his Proteftant fubjeas in Germany, whom he in vain attempted to bring back to the Catholic church. At length, after a long and turbulent reign, he refolved to withdraw him- feu entirely from tuny concern in worldly attuirs, in order that he might (pend the remainder of hi) days in retirement and folitude. in confequence of this refolution he reiigned Spain and the Netherlands to his fon Philip n. but could not prevail on the princes of Germany to ele£l him emperor, which they cuofcrrcd on Ferdinand, Charles's brother.dividing the dangerous power of the houfe of Auftria with two brandies. Spain, with all its poiTefTions in Africa and the New World, alfo'thc Netherlands, and foroe Italian (tates, remained with the elder branch, whilfl the empire, Hungary, and Bohemia, fell to the lot of the younger. Philip II. inherited all his father's vices, but ooi- felTcd few of his good qualities. He was aultcre, haughty, immoderately ambitious, and through his whole- life a rrucl bigot in the caufe of Popery. He married Mar] queen of England, an unfeeling bigot like himfelf ; and after her death he paid his addiclfcs to her filler Eiizubeth, but without fiicccrj. His re- fentmcnton this occalion produced very difadvantageous wars with that pri iccfs, which occafiuncd the revolt and lofs of the IJniicd Provinces. But in Portugal he wat more fucccfstul. That kingdom, after being gii- vcrntd by a race uf wife and brave princes, fell to Scbadiaii about the yc.ir 1 j^y. Scbaftian lolt his life ^iid a fine army, in a hcadllrong, iinjufl, and ill-con- certed expedition again!! the Moors in Africa; and foon after Philip united Portugal to his own dominions, though the Ijraganza family of Portugal pretended to a prior right. By tiiis acquifition Spain became pof. ftitlcd of the I'ortugacfe fcitlemcnis in India, funic of which Ihe Hill retains. The dcfcendcnts of Philip proved to be very wtik princes \ but Philip and his tatner had fo totally ruined the ancient liberties of Spain, that they reigned almoi) unmulefted in their own dominions. Their vicenivjr however, were at onco fo tyrannical and infolcntovcr the Pnrtugucfe, that in the year 1640 the nobility of that nation, by a well concerted confjpiracy, cxpelleJ their tyrants, and placed the duke of Bragan/.a on the throne by the title of John IV. almoft without bloodlhcd i and the foreign fcttlcments alfo acknoA. ledged him as their fovereign. A tierce war fublillcd for^rnany years between the two kingdoms, and all the elFoVts uf the Spaniards to re-unile iliein proved vain fo that a treaty was concluded in February 1668; by which Poitusal was declared to be free and independent, and has ever lince been a diiUn£l kingdom from Spain! The kings of Spain, of the Auftrian line, failing in the pcrfon uf Charles II. who left no ilfue, Philip, duke of Anjou, fecond fon to the dauphin of France,' and grandfon to Lewis XIV. mounted the throne, by virtue of his prcdeceifor's will, |n the name of Philip V. anno 1701 \ and after a long and bloody (Irngglv with the German branch of the houfe of Aultria, jup- ported by England, he was confirmed in his dignity at theconclufion of the peace of Utrecht in the year 1713. And Lewis XIV. through a mafterly train of politics accompliflied his favourite project of transfernng the kingdom of Spain, with all its rich polTellions in Ame- rica and the Eafl-Indics, from the houfe of Auftria to that of his own family of Bourbon ; an event which proved fatal to the commerce of Great- Britain; el- [lecially in the American Teas, where a glaring pariia- ity has been fhcwn to the French nation ever iince, and renders the tnulifh b<;ing poirciTcd of a port in the South-Seas of equalimportancetothat of Gibraltar, at the entrance of the Mediterranean, which fetveii at a curb on the united (Irength uf France and Spain in Europe. Philip, after a long and turbulent reign, which wai difliirbcd by the ambition of his wife, Elizabeth uf Parma, died in 1746, and was fiicceeded by his fun Ferdinand VI. a mild and peaceable prince, who re- formed many abufes, and was definms of promoting the commerce and profperity of his kingdom; but he died in 17;$9 without ilfue, through grief for ihelofs of his wife. Ferdinand was fucceeded by his brother Charles III. the late reigning monarch uf Spain. The Portuguefe could not have fnpportedthemfeivcs under thtir revolt from Spain, had not the latter power been engaged in wars with England and Holiantl ; and upon the rcltoration of Charles II. of England, that prince having married a princefs of Portugal, pre- vailed with the crown of Spain, in 1668, togiveiipall frctenfions to that kingdom. Alphonfo, fon to John V. was their king of Portugal. He had the mistor- tune !^r «-j ifil ■ '•*! t iMr. m.^ ^,r^ MAP Hn-rtji' -•*,«. _ v/4;, COIXSICA lt:Cf*'** n, SAROINIA t\fMan mkditerran: EoRofr..] I t A L y. 81;^ mil bed tune tu difagree with hu wife and his brother Peter, j anJ thuy uniting their interefts, not only forced Al- phonfo to refign his crown, but obtained a difpenfation ffom the pope for their marriage, which was adtually confuminated. They had a daughter ^ but Peter, by a fecond marriage, had fons, the elded of whom was John, ills fucceffor, and father to his late Portuguefe majelly. John, liiie his father, joined the grand con- federacy formed by king William } but neither of them . wereot much fervice in humbling the power of France. On the contrary, they had almoit ruined the allies, by occafioning the lofs of the great battle of Almanza in J707. John died in 1750, and Was fuccceded by his fon Jofcph, who, in 1760, was attacked by fome aflaf- (ins, and narrowlv efcaped with his life. From this confpiracy is dated fhe expulfion of thejefuits (who were fuppofed to have been deeply concerned in it) from all parts of the Portugoeie dominions. Jofeph hiving no fon, his ckied daughter Was married, by difpenfation from the pope, to Don Pedro, htt own jiide, to prevent the crown falling into a foreign fa- ily; and the next vear 1761, (he was brought to :d of a fon, called the prince of Beira. When the war broke out between England aind Sjain Vii 1762, the Spaniards, and their allies the French, pretended to force Jofeph into their alliance, ind to gariifon his fea-towns againfl the Englilh with their troops. The king of PurtHgal rsjedled this pro- pofal, and declared war againfl the Spaniards, who, nithout refiftance, entered Portugal with a confulerable inny, while a whole borfy of French threatened it from another quarter. But by the afliflance of the Englilh, an effedlual Aop was put to the invafion ; and I peace was concluded at Fontainbleau in 1763. Jofeph died on the BAth of Februar)F 1777, and was fiicceeded by his niece Maria Frances Ifabclla, one of whofe firfl afts was, the removing from power the mar- quis de Pombal, an event which excited univerfal joy throughout the kingdom, iince his arbitrary and op- prelfive adminiftration had rendered him odious to the people ; though it has been alleged in his favour, that leveral of the public meafures he .had adopted were calculated to promote the real inteieftsof the country. Maria Frances Ifabella, queen of Portugal, vvasborit In 1734, and married her uncle Don Pedro in 1760; the king was •■ -)m in J^i?* and, with the queen, was joint fovereign of the PorUiguefe dominions, till his Jeaih, which happened in June 1786, aged 69. The prince of Brafil, heir apparent to the croWn of Portu- gal, was born in 1761, and married in 1777 to hi» aunt Mary-Francifca Benedi^ta, born in »74ti. The reft of theiirue of thrlate king'are, John Maria Jofeph, bora in 1767 ; Maria-Anna- Viftoria, born in 1768 ; andMaria Clementina, born in 1774. Charles III. of Spain was fo warmly attached to the family compa£i concluded with the huufc of Bourbun, that two years after hisucefllon he even hazarded his Aitierican doitlinbns to fiipporf it. War being fle- cUrtd between him and EngLand, the latter took From him the famous port and city of Havannah, in the ifland of Cuba, and thereby rendered herfelf entirely miltrefs of the navigation of the Spanifli plate fleets. Notwithflanding the fuccefs of the Englifli, their mi- niflry thdughi proper haflify to ccinclude a peace, in conftiquence of which,- Havannah was reflored to Spain. Ib t775 an expedition was concfcrted againd Algiers by the Spanifli miniftry, which had a niofl uiifucceft- ful terminatiort. The troops, v*hich amounted to upwards of 24,000, and who wtte commanded bjr lieuttnant-genetal Conde de O'Rc'iHy, landed about a league and a half from the city of Algiers j but weredif- graceftiUy beaten back, and obliged to take Ihelter on board their fljips, having 27 diRcers killed, and igt wouAded^ befides 501 rank and file killed, and 20H81. wounded. In the years 1783 arid 1784, they alfo renewed their attacks by fea fo ddtroy the place ( but after fpending much ammunition, and lofrng many lives, were forced to retire withi>, that thi» innpbrtaAt fortrefs Ihould be polFeifed by thfe Englilh : they ac- cordingly clofely befieged i( both by fca .I'nd land. For an account of the deftrudion of .this formidable armafda, and the Spanifli gun-boats, by the garrifon undelr general Elliot, the riader is reterred to page 699. mtt^ iiiH 11 C H At XXVIl. 1 y. situation, Extent, Boundaries, Divijions, Climate, Soil, Produce, Mountains, Seai, Springs, Population, In- habitants, Religion, Cyvernmeni :-ider iht 'Pope, Cu~ riofities, ItaliaA SfJes, HiJIory, Wf. ^P'HIS country is fituated between the 7th and lotH' Jl deg. of call long, and 37 and 46th deg. of north lat. being about 600 miles in length, and in fome places ne.-ir 400 broad ; but its form is fo irregular, that in fome parts the breadth does not exceed 25 iTtiles. On the nprth, it is bounded by France, Swit- zerland, and Clermany \ on tha eafl, by the gtilf of Venice, or Adriatic fea i and un the fuuth and weft by the Mediterranean. 9 X Tb« n : 1 . n ^ % J I: H •.Tfpwr,, j^^^ uu,kJ'' .^^L^/'tf^r""'^ / K*? t-X Y'<^",'c(^:'7'>" 4 '/iimitij/ ^-^ftSe*^ ^ «-- ^ B 'd ^» l^ H _'7| '^d <2l ^id J^ '^l j-rS- _ ^ Raiia A' /> /<»■ ■«■ ■» "^ — 1? //? /.<* ?r»^ ;7 ?/l AT 8^8 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The following Table contains the -whole of the Italian Dominions, including CurOca, Sar. dinia, the Venetian, and other Iflands; with the Lengthy Breadth, Number of fquare Miles and chief City in each. Countries Names. Length. Breadth. Sq. Milts. Principal Cities. Papists. ^Piedmont.. ,..•■••. % 4° »7 24 »35 ^75 180 135 47 »9 «35 fs 22 12 b8 160 00 i75 6 «35 40 a» «3 12 7 1 22 so 7 57 soo 92 70 »7 10 M3 94 11 37 !l 4 »S fl5 38 95 32 so 18 10 12 7 3 6619 3.572 446 204 13B 6609 22, coo 9400 543« 700 120 14,348 6640 8a 1185 1560 100 28^ 8 2400 2520 8434 >245 1400 1364 428 »94 120 56 >4 Ssvov >>•••■•«••■■ Chambery. Caflal. Alexandria, Oneglia Caghari. Naples. Palermo. Subjea to the ) Montferrat king of Sardinia. V Aleflandrine Oncglia .• .•.•>... LSardinia Ifland To tke kinp of f NauleS Naples. \ Sicily Ifland rMilan Emoeror J Mantua .......... Mantua. , ^Mirandola Pope's territories . ^Tufcanv ......... Mirandola. Rome, N.lat. 41.54. E.long. 12-45. Florence. „ .. ^ , . I MafTa Mafla. Subjea to their J ^J';; ......... Parmat refpeaive < Eena ......... ^4^odenx. princes.... piombino ..*...'.*;: LMonaco... f Lucca. .......... . Piombino. Monaco. Lucca. Republics .... ^ St. Marino lOcno* ..•••••. ... St. Marino. Genoa. Baflia. Venice. Cabo d'Iflria. Zara. Cephalonia: Corfu. Zant. S:. Maura. To France .... CorGca Ifland fVenice .......... R( Dublic of Ve- 1 Iftria. P. K-ci........ 1 Dalmatia, P ^liles of Dalmatia.. r Cephalonia zn J • »!. Corfu, or Corcyra . ifland, ,n the 2:ant. or Zacynthus Vetietiando-^ St. Maura...' miuipns-.... LittleCephalonia"! L olim Ithaca . / Total 97'57* SUBOIVISONS ov Itaiv. ■ Piedmont, Savoy, Montferrat, the ifland of Sardi- nia, part of the Milanefe, ai.d of Genoa, fubjeA to the kmg of Sardinia. Piedmont proper, ch. townr Turin» Pignerol, Ca- rignan; Vt-rccil, lordlhip, ch. town Vcrceil; Mafleran, rrincipalitv, ch. town Mafleran ; Ivrea, marq.ch. town vrea ; Afti, county, ch. town Afti ; Sufa, marq. ch. town Sufa ; Saluzzo, marq;. ch. towns Saluzzo, Coni ; Vaudois, Vallies, ch. town Proglas, orChifon ; Nice, territory, ch. town Nice; Tende»co»cb. aw.l Tende } Auufle, county, ch. town Aoufte. Savoy, duchy, ch. town Savoy ; Geneva, county, ch. t.3wn Annacy i Chablais, county, ch. town Tonor,or Thonon iTarantaifc, ^h. town Monflriers ; Maucien- !ie, valley, ch. town St. John de Maurienne; Fuf- figny, ch. town Bonneville. Montferrat, duchy, ch. towns Cafal, Alby, Aqiii. Milanelie — Tortonefe, chk town Tortona; Alelfan- drine, ch. town Alexandria ; Laumclin, ch. town Laumello. Oneglia, territory, ch. town Oneglia. Dominions op the Kino of Naples, Lavora» ch. towns Naples, Capua, Gaeia ; Ultra, pnncipalit]!, Hw'-tOPE.] Y. «i( 1.54. E.long. 12-45. ly; Geneva, county, ch. ty, ch. town Tonor.ot I Mondriers ; Maurien- n de Mauricnne ; Fof- principalityi ch. town B< nevento ; Citra, principality, ch. town Salerno ; Muliic, ch. town Bojano; BaCih- cata.ch. town Cerenza ; Citra Calabria, ch.town Co- feiiza; Ultra Calabria, ch. town Reggio; Ultra Ab- J^^llo, ch. town Aquila ; Citra Abruzza, ch. town Chieti; Capitinate, or Apulia, (h. towns Manfrerjonia, Lucca ; Ban, ch. town Bari ; 0«anto, ch. towns Otran- io, Btundili, TarcnU. Sicilian Islands. Va! de Mazara, ch. town Palermo ; Val de Demo- na, ch. town Meflina ; Val de Nolo, ch. towns Cata- nia, Syracufc, Noto. LiPARi Islands, N. OF Sicily. Lipari, Strotpbolo, Rotte, Panaria, Elicufa. ISLAN- J ON THE W. CoAST OK ItALY. Capri, Ifchia, Penza, Giglio ; Elbaiits, ch. town Porto Longone, fubjedt to Sicily ; Piamofa, ch. town Porto Ferraro, fubjeft to Tufcany j Capraria, Gor- gona. The Muaicese, Mantua, and Tuscany, pd?- S8SSED by THH HoUSE OF AUSTRIA. Milanere— Milanefe proper, ch. towii Milan ; Pa- vefan, ch. town Pavia ; Navarefe, ch. town Navara;. Comafco, ch. town Como ; Lodefan, ch, town Lodi ;. Cremon€fe,ch. town Cremona. Tufcany — Florervtina, ch. town Florence ; Siennefe, ch. town Sienna ; Pifa^ ch. towns Pifa, Leghorn, Piombino. Mantua proper, ch. town Mantua. Note. — The republic of Lucca is in Tiircany,.and the principality of Mafia Carara, Aibjedl to its own prince ; alfo the coad del Prefidii, fubje^t to the king «f Naples, the capital of which is Orbitello. The duchies ot Parma, Placentia, and Giiadella, are bbjeft to the duke of Parma, their chief tow ns are of the fame name. The Genoefc territories contain the following : Genoa proper, ch. town Genoa ; Savona, territory, ch. town oavona; Vado, ter.ch.townVadojNoli, terri- tory, ch, town Noli ; Final, territory, ch. town Final; Albenga, territory, ch. town Albenga; Oncglia (to Sardini:i) ch. town Oneglia ; St. Remo, territory, ch. town St. ftemoj Ventimiglia, territory, ch. tov n Ven- timigiia; Monaco, principality, ch. town Monaco ; Ra- utlo, territory, ch. town Rapallo; Lavigna, ch. town Lavigna ; Spezia, ch. town Spezia. Modena, Dochy, subject to its own Dukf. Modcna, ch. town Modena; Mirandola, ch. town Mirandola; Rhegio, ch. towns Rhegio, Borfdlo, Carpi, The Republic OF Venice. Venice, D. cb« town V«nice; Paduan, ch. town Padua ; Veronefe, ch. town Verona ; Brefciano, ch. town Brefcia ; Cremafco, ch. town Crema ; Berga- m^co, ch. town Bergamo; Vincentino, ch. town Vin- cenza ; Rovigno, ch. townRovigno; Trevegiano, ch. town Trevifo; Bellunefe, ch.town Bellunn; Fritili, ch. town Aqnileia ; Udinefe> ch. town Udia ; Iftria, ch. town Cabo de Iftria. The Pope's Territories, or the Patriar- chate. Campania di Roma, ch. towns Rome, Ti vol i, FreP- eati, Ofbia, Albano. St. Peter's Patrimony, ch. towns Vitcrbo, Civitar. Vecchiff. Bracciano, Caltro, Orvietto, Aquapendente. Ombria, or Spoletto^ ch. towns Spoletto, Narni,. Terni, Perugia. Ancona, marquil'ate, ch. towns Ancona, Loretto, Urbino, Pefaro, Semigalia. Romania, ch. towns Ravenna, Rimini ; Bolognefe,, ch. town Bologna ;. Ferrarefe, ch. towns Ferrara, Co- machia. ' Republic of St. Marino, ch. town St. Marino; The illand of Corflca 19 fubjed to the French^ ch.. towns Baftiaand Bonifacio. The ifland of Malta or Melita, .s ftibjefl to ther knights of St. John of. Jerufalem^ its chief town is^ Malta, or Valetta. The air of Italy is very diflerent; according to the- different fituations of the feveral countries contained itt> it^ I'D thofe on-the north of the Apennines it is more temperate, but in thofe on the f6uth generally very- warm. The air of the Campania of Rome, and of the- Ferrarefe, is unhealthful, which is owing to the lands^ not being duly cultivated, nor the marfhes drained.. That of the other parts is generally pui<:,. dry, and. healthy. In fummer the heat is verv great in the- kingdom of Naples, and would be altr oft intolerable,, if it was not fomewhat alleviated by the fea-breezes... The foil of Italy in general is very fertile, being wa- tetcd by a great number of rivers. It produces a va- riety of v/ines, and the bed oil in Europe ; excellent? filk in abundance, corn af all forts, but not in fuciv plenty as in fome other countries ; oranges, lemons,, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raifins, fugar, mul- berry-trees without number, figs, peaches, nedarines,. apricots, pears, apples, filberts, chefnuts, &c. Molt' of thefe fruits were at firft imported by the Romans fio.n Alia Minor, Greece, Africa, and Syria, and were not the natural produfls of the foil. The tender plants are covered in winter on the north-fide of the Apennines, but on the fouth-fide they have no need' ot it. This country alfo yields good pafiure, and' .abounds with cattle, Iheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules, and horfcs. The forefts are well ftored with, game, and the mountains yield not on'.) o.ines of iron,', lead, alum, fulphur, marble of all forts* alabafteri. jafper, porphyry, &c. but all > gold and filver, with a great variety ol aromatic herbs, trees, ihrubs, and ever- greens, , ill vr. l-\ri' «. '8?d A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UN1*,ERSAL GEOGRAPHY. grociu, «i thytnoi L^vtndcr, laurol, iind hays, wild <>live*(Tee«, tamarindfi, juniper, oikt, pines, 6k, In fine, luly well merits the appslUtion which it ha* ob- t«ined, Vt/%. ih« Qardeo or Europe. . li.* chief mountains of Italy are the Apennines ond the AI^J i the^former run the whole length of the country from north-welt to fouth-ead ; the latter ex- tend from -the river V»r near Nice, to the Adriatic. The prjncipl river is, the Po, which rtfis in Fied- :tnoiit, and difL-mbogucs itfell' into the Adriatic. The if««s of Italy are, the gulf of Veoice, or the Adriatic Tea ; the feas of Naples, Tur(;any, and Ge> iioa ; the ttays or baibours of Nice. VilU Franca, <>neg!ia, Final, Savona, Vado, !>pe%zia, Lucca, Pifa. Leghorn, Piombino, Civita Vecchia, Gaeta, Naples, Salerno, Policaftro, Rhegiu, duilace, Tarento, Mali- {fredonisw Ravenna, Venice, Trieftc, Illria, and Fi- time; CopeSpartavento del Alice, Otranto, and Aocona; and the Straight of MefliiM> between Italy and Sicily. Thq gulfs and bays in the Italian iflands are thofe of Fiorenzo, BaOia, Tolada, Porto Novo, Cape CorC», Bonifacio, and Ferro in C^rfica i and the Straight of ]^ifi|ci<>botweea Corfica and Sardisi^. The bays of Cagliari and Oriflagni ; Cape 4e Svdis, Cavello, Monte Sai^ioi, apd Pulo^ in Sardini*. TWe gul£$ of MeflUna, JVIela^zo, Palermo. MazarOiL Syracufe, and Catania ; Cape Faro, Melazzo, Orlando, Gal to, Tri»pano» Paf- ^o, and AUITki, i^ Sicily ; and the bays of Puirta Fe- raic^ and Porto Longoiie, in the iQaod Qf £tt>«. Wc \u,vo thuw^ht it neceUary t9 give a pcM'tlqulai:. account '«;tcat knoiwledge of thefe, neithe* th« ^^ient Romaa amburs, ntK the hillory nor geography of ibe refpe^ive countries, can be well underftoodi. Mineral fpiings ajtotiad ia. n^a^y pacts of Italy ; foiae c^ them afehor, fooie warm, andmaoy of fulphurows, i^halybeat, and medicinal qualities, of lu'e in maay dif- tea>peFs. S«vera.l of the mountains contain mines that produce great qiiantities of emeiralds, jafper, agfUe, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and other valuable dunes i beautiful marble is alfo found all over the kingdom. The ridgy parts uf Sardinia yield a great quantity of ijaetajf and minerals as gold, filver, lead, iron, fulr phur, apd a|un)i curious cryOals and coral are found, on t^ecoaft of Corfica. Near Tivoli iit Naples, a mill is «re£ied for forging and fabricasing iron and copper. With refpcft to (he popNlatica of Italy, the num- ber of inhabitants, ii) the tupe of Pliny, was compute a4> i^,ooo,oqo ; buta: ih« tjiodern Italians are in a great wearure free from the uniotcrmitting wars, and colo- xiimtions, which, till about, two centuries ago, had air q)i)fl depopulated their country, it nny, therefore not ijpi thought extravagant, if we e(ti.iiatc their, at %p.ooo,ooo i towards which, the king of Sarjioia's ftibje£)s are reckoned. a|4,3oo,ooQ; the city, of Milan, t^ Uie bf^ covipuution, contains j(QQ,Qoq» aad the duchy is.proportiunably populous ; and population hac &o oil, and the hinder parts of frogs, are eilecflWfl delttc (M to be very (lifgulU tu4 to an Englifhman. In th' ir drefs, they conform ta the fafhions of thecountries on which they border, or to which they are fubjcft i but in general they afR-ft a medium between the FreiKh volibility, and the iokin- nity of the Spaniards. They neither hunt, walk, ride, play at bowls, or take- any other manly exercife, fo much have they degenerated from thofe nerocs wliofe dsfcendents they without fhame boaft themfelves to be, and on that very account look upon the reft of man- kind with contempt. Mafquerades, operas, and other mufical entertainments, gaming, horfe-races without riders, alTemblies, and pompous religious exhibition;, are their only amufements. We muft not, however, omit a defcription of the Cocagna, which is a diverfion relilhedby peoideof the firrt rank in tiie pulilhed city of Naples, where they pretend to tell us that the very vagrants in the (Irfcts are inflru£led in hiftory, and the human mind i<: refined by poetry, foftened by miific, ami elevated by ielii;ion. ;The Cocaena is an entertainment given to the people ; four fucceeding Sundays durii' ; the carnival. Oppuliie ,tQ the palace-. » kind u£woodeiuunphitheatrei»ereAcd. Europe.] I L Y. 821 'I'his being covered with branclics of trees, bufties, and vinous plants, real and artificial, has the appearance of ] green hill' (^)n this hill arc little buildings, orna- menitd with pillars of loaves of bread, with joints of meat, and dried filji, varniflied and curioudy arranged b" way of capitals. Amt)i)!; the trees and bullies arc fume oxen, a conliderable nninber of calves, (beep, hogs, and lambs, all alive and tied to polls. Tiicrc are, be- tides, a great niinibcr of living turkics, gc(,fe, hens, pigcdns, and other fowls, nailed by the wioL^^ to the fcatFuUlliig- Ctrtain heathen deities appear aUb oc- cafionally upon this hill, but not with a delign to pro- tcil it. The guards are drawn up in three ranks, to keep oft" the populace. Tlic royal family, with all the nobiiitv of theconit, crowd the windows and balconies of the palace, to enjoy this tnagnilicciU light. When hisinajelly waves his handkerchief, the guards open to the right ami left; the rabble pour in from all quarters, anil the entertainment commences. You may ealily conceive what a delightful light it muft be to fee fcvcral thoiiUi'.d hungry beggars rum in like a torrent, dcilroy the whuK; fabric of loaves, filhcs, and joints of meat, overturn t'le heathen deities f )r the honour of ChrilHa- fity, plu.k the fowls, at the expcnce of their wings, froi.i the pulls to which ihey were nailed ; and in the fury of their liruggllMg and lighting for their prey, olieii tearing the niiferable animals to pieces, and fome- timcs liabl)ing one another. It mull be obferved, that fli laie years the larger cattle have been previouUy killed. The d.iv here is reckoned from fim-fct to fun-fet, and their clocks are made to llrike the 24 hours. The houfes in Italy are far inferior to thofe in England for convenience, the accommodations at the inns very coarfe and llovenly, aiul, which is the greatell evil of all, travellers are infclled day and night with infinite numbers of gnats, tlcas, bugs, and lice. The Roman-Catholic religion 's the only one efla- bliOied in Ilaly ; but all fedts, though not tolerated, are found there, provi'ded they do not feoff at or in- fuitthe worlhii" of the coimtry. The moll folid foundations for the temporal power of the P^ijiacy were laiil by the famous Matilda, coun- ttis of Tiilcany, and li'^refs to the greated part of Italy, wlio bequeathed a large portion of her domi- iiionsto the famous pope Gregory VII. who, before liii acccdion in 1073, was well known by ihe name of Hildebraiid. The ignoiancc ot the laity, and other uulcs operated to tiie aggrandilevncnt ol the popes, atid'he cxtenlion of their authority, previous to the rEformatioii. Ever lince that a.ra, the (late of Europe has bt'cn i'uch., tliat the Roinan pontilfs havt; hail more than one gic.tt wci;jlu in its public affairs, chi'^lly thro' llic wtakiitls and bij/.i.try ot icm])oral prir.ccs, who fttiii now to bo rtcovt.uig trom thcirr-jligious dLlulions ; and the papal intiuenco has received a conliderable ciicik iiom tlic wife conuufl and modtration of the emperor of Germany. The chief part of the religion of the Italians con- firts in a-i external obfcrvance and practice of ccclefi- aflical rites, ceremonies, and injnn«5lions. An Italiait, not enlightened by refledlion andexpeticnce.wil! Iboner commit adultery than eat any tlctli meat on a Friday ; but a foreigner, who wifhes to pafs for a Roman- Catholic, need only toalTix to his window an attella- tion, by a phyficinti, that his ftate of health requires a flelli meat diet i and he may, without any rilk, eat flelll meat in Lent: fiith attellations may be pnrchafed in coffcc-houfcs in Florence. The ecclefiallical govern- ment of the Papifts is centered in the popes and car- dinals i the latter tliould be 70 iu numbeT, but it is feldoin complete. They are always appointed by his holinefs, who takes care to have a in.ijority of Italians aiiiong them, that ihe chair may not bo removed fvotn Rome, as it was once to A ignon in France, the tl>»:a pope being a Frenchman. When foreign prelates arc to be promoted to the cardinaUhip, the pope regulatef himfelf according to the nomination of the princes who profefs the tenets of the churc)i of Rome. Hi» chief minifter is ftyled the cardinal patron, an«l is gene- rally a nephew, or fome other near relation. In the conliilory, which is a meeting of the pope and cardinal'* the latter pretend to control the former in matters both fpiritual and temporal, and they hive ■'"■n been known to prevail ; but this rarely happens, '.'..c conclave is an allembly of the cardinals upon urgent occafions, particularly at the ele£lion of a pope ; when it has been known, particidarly in J721, tliat animodties aqd difputes have rim fo high, that, forgetting they were to attend to divine infpiration in their proceedings, they came to blows with both their hands and feet, and threw the ink-ftands at each other, thus tranfmuting the conclave, for a time, into a boxing-ftage. The reign of a pope is feldom of long duration, being generally old men at the time of their eledion. The pope, on his elevation to the chair, gives in his creed, which, refpedling the inferior articles, is in fnb- ftance as follows : That he firmly admits the apoltoli- cal and eccleiiaftical traditions, and the conllitutions of the church of Rome, — admits the Holy Scriptures in the fame fenfe that holy mother church doth, — believes in fcven facraments, as inftituted by Jefus Chrift, and neccllary to falvation,namely,baptifm, confirmation, eii- charilt, penance, extreme unfction, orders, and marriage, — embraces all the determinations of the council of Trent, rcfpedting original fin and jollification, — profelTes, that in the mafs there is offered to God a propitiatory facri- ficc for quick and dead ; that the bread and wine are tranfubllantiated into the very body and blood of Chrifl, — and that the cup is to be denied to the l,iy people, — that there is a purgatory, — that departed fr.ints are to be wor'hipped and prayed to, — that they offer to God the prayers of the faithful, and their relics are to be revered,— that the images of Chrift, the Virgin Mary, and other faints, are to be honoured and had in vene- ration,— that Chrill left the power of indulgences, for , 9 Y the iiW" ■> [ ) ■ ^,' 8atf A NEW and COMPl.KTK SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. tSc benefit of Cluiftian people, — that the holy, catholic, and apodolic Roman church, is lliu mother and i\ii(trcfs ot alt churches, and that true obcdienct- is (o be paid to the bi(hop of Rome, as the fncccn'or of St. I'ctcr, the prince of the apodles, and the vicar of Jcfiis Chrill, ^— h.lieve ail that the councils, canons, and holy Uwn] of Trent, enjoin, and condemn and n-yS. all other things contrary thereto. The whole of the confellton of fai'h, from which the above articles arc extradled, "■ < del vered to the conclave by pope I'ins IV. in ijfio, ', .t.vious to his elcd\ion. IV^'i- fliall conchkle this head with an account of at". Ih 'ilh tftveller, who, fpeaking of a religious pro- ".'.u;. A fome years ago at Florence, in Italy, dcfeiibts ttitt (: *"ollow'ing manner : " 1 had occallon, fays he, to' fee A _roccfIi()n, where all the nobltiFe of tlic city attertded in their coaches. It was the annivtrfary of a charitable inftimtion in favotir of poor maidens, g certain number of whom arc portioned every year. About 200 of thefe virgins walked in proceilion, two and two together. They were preceded and followed by an irregular mob of penitents, in fackcloth. witn lighted tapers, and inonks with crucifixes, bawling and bellowing the litanies 1 but the greatcll objed was the figure of the Virgin Mary, as big as ilic life, (landing within a gilr frame, drelFed in a pold duff, with a large hoop, a great qiianiiiy of filfe jewel*, her face painted and patched, and her hair fri^/.kd and curled in the very extremity of the falhion. Very little re- gard had been paid to the ima^e of our Saviour on the crofs ; but when the Lady Mother appeared on the Uiouldcrs of three or four lufty friars, the w hole popu> lace fell upon tlicir knees in the dirt." 1'he In(]tii(iiion in Italy is little more than a found. The papal power, as we have already hinted, is now evidently at low ebb. The order of Jtfuits, who are not impioperly called its Janilfaries, has been exter- fninatcd out of France, Spain, Naples, and Portugal ; and is but iiifl' tolerated in other P(>pi(h countries. The poj-vc h'wiftlf is treated by Roinan-Catholic princes with very little more ceremony lluin is due to him as bilhop oi Rome, and polfclied of a te:>^ooral princi- n;ility. Tliis humiliation, it is reaf(inabi>' to believe, ymII tcrminaic in a total leparation from the holy ("cc of all its foreign emolimients, which ever , lince the b'-i;inning of the prdciit century, were imiiienfc, and ui the rtdncir^? his holiiit-fs to the exercife of his ocdfliallic.Ti fnndioiis as firii bilhop of CtirilU-ndom. ■ John Angelo Brallhi, born in 17 17, was elei'\e(l to rhc psp'l dignity m ifV'j, and took upon liiin the name of" Pius VI'. With nfpirt ti the chara.'lcr of the ccclefiriRica! l+aio, it may be prcjper to ilt'er thefe gciK-ral obfer- vatinns: a Ciirilliin, a phi! jfc'pher, and a patriot, will bwcfiiially (Vandali/.t.i !iv the tcinpiMal LingdnTi of the cl'.Ttjy ; and the local ". ijfdy i,f Rome, the remem- brance of her conftiis and triunipiii, may fi'-m to im- kitlcr the fcnfe, and aggravate the lii-me of her fl.ivery. If we calmly weigh the merits and defects of the ecdeli.iUical government, it may be praifed, in m prefcnt flale, as a mild, decent, and tranquil fylfcm exempt from the dangers of u iiiin-»rity ; exempt from the fallics of yoiiiii, the expcnces of luxury, ami (he calatiiitics of war. But thefe advantages are over- balanced by a frequent, perhaps a feptcnnial eleiaion of a fovereipn, who is fcldmn a native of the country: the reign ol a youti^ (fatefman of threefcore, in itnJ decline of his life and abilities, without hope to ac- coniplilh, and without children to inherit, tlic latjiirs of his tranfitory reign. The fnccefr.ful c.indidatc is drawn fiom the church, and even the convent j JroiTi the mode of education and life the moll atlverfe to rca- foil, huiiiaiiii;', and freedom. In the trammels of fcr- vile faith, he has learned to believe, bccanfe it is ab. furd ; to revere all that is contemptible ; and lo dc fpifc whatever might deferve the ellccm of a rational being; to punifli error as a crime; to r.-waid niur- tffication and celibacy, as ths firlt of virtues ; to place the faints of the calendar above the molt renownui> charadcrs of Rome or Athens ; and to confider the milFal, or the crucihx, as more valuable than ihc Bible, or more tifcful indruments than the plough or the Io(mi, In the oflice of nuncio, or the ranks of cardi- nal, he may acquire foine knowledge of the world ■ but the primitive Itain will adhere to his mind and manners: from ihidy and experience he may fnfpca the myllery of his profellion ; but the faccrdotai artift will imbibe fomc portion of the bigotry which he in- cnlcates. In Italy, there are thirty-eight archbillioprirs, but the number of fiiffragans, tho\igh very great, cannot be afcertaincd, as the creation or fupprellion of them depends entirely on the pleafiire of the pope. The Italian latif^nage, which in the prcfenf act is fo much admired for its (bftnefs, and fpoken by theac- complilhed in moil parts of E^uropc, is originally the old Latin, blended and corrupted with the jargons of the northern nations that over-ran tliis countrv after the dcclenlion of tlic Roman empire ; hut po'ilhcd, refined, and improved fo, as to render it loft, fmonth, harrnonious, and the belt adapted to poetry and mii'ic of any in the worlil. Almod every Ita'e in Italy ha? a different dialed : the Tufcan (lyle and dialed is moll in reqiicil at prtTent. The alhnity between the Italian and the ancient Latin, will appear bv the folhuvins; fpecimrn of their Lord's praver: " Padre noOro, the fei ncl cieh), lia fandilieato ill liio nomc ; ill t no reg- no venga ; la tiia volunia lia latia !lc conic in litlo coli anche in terra; dacri o^gi ill nollro pane cotiJi- ana ; c rimeitici i nollri dchiia, fie come iioi an- rora riinettiamo a' nollri dihitori ; e non indiicici in teiiiaiioiie, ma libfraci da' maligno; percliiochi; tiio e il regno, c la poleiiza, c la gloria in fempitcrno. Amen." With refped to learning and leariVHl men, no coun- try has produced belter liillorians and p' ets, both ancient ani Europe ■] riI:^MX I. Y. 823 „»1 inuilcrn, than Italy. Among the former of thcfu, ,[(; Cicero, Virail, Horace, I. ivy, Tacitus, aiul Lu- ctciiiis. Alter tnc rtdudiop of the Roman empire, learniiiii fiifFcred a total eclipfl- ; but lince the revival of it, "fomc Italians have fiiccecded in controverjial learning, though tlicy are chiiiiy celebrati.d by bigots of their own peifualiou. Galileo, Torricclli, Mal- pighi, Borelli, and feveral others, have llioi'e in the [pmhcinalics and natural philofopiiy. Strada, Fia. Paoli, Guicciardin, lientivoglio, Davila, and Machiu- vel, have all been celebrated as excellent hiltorians j and the latter yields the palm to few of his fuccelfors, ejrhcr as a political or comic writer. Boccace has been clteemcd as one of the moft pure and correal vvritcrs wiih refped to (lyle : he was a very natural painter ot life and manners, but wrote in too licentious a fpirit. Metailafio has actji'ired great n puta'' -n by his dra- matic pieces fet to mufic. Sannaz- ..\ '''' icailorlu:;, Bcmbo, Vida, and fomc others, h. 'e • iiguillied thtinfelves by the elegance, corrc •" lefs, fpirit of their Latin poetry ; as Tiillb and .. '\i- li' >. for their Italian. The painters, fculpto!, archiioc-xf ;' J mulicians of Italy, have never yet been eqiailei ov hofe of any oher nation. Raphael, Titi^ir |ulio Romano, Cor- rcggio, Caraccio, Veronefc, . .-"f ^ •^"f*-", remain unnvalled in the fir(l of thefe a..s, ..s Michael Angelo does in all three. Bramantc, Bernini, with feveral more of their countrymen, carried fculpture and archi- tefliire to an amazing degree of perfedion. Their pro- ftflbrs of mufic, at the head ot which ftands Corelli, are almoll innumerable, and moft of them inimitable. The univerfities in Italy are thofeat Rome, Venice, Florence, Mantua, Padua, Parma, Verona, Milan, Pavia, Bologna, Ferrara, Pifa, Naples, Salerno, and Penirii. Pifa hath forty-fix profellors. The natural and artificial curiofities of Italy, both in ancient and modern times, are alike llupendous, great, and beautiful. Mount Vefuvius, five miles dif- tant from Naples, is remarkable for its eruptions of lire from the top. Its height has been computi;d to be 3900 feet above the furfacc of the fea. T he younger Pliny, who was a witnefs to what he wrote, hai given a (Irikiiig dcfcription of its ravages in the year 79. In 1631 it broki; out with great fury, and fpread de- fiilatiun fur feveral miles around. There was a (fill greater cruinion in ili[)^, which continued near a month, vlien burning matter was thrown out with io iinich tnrce, that fonie of it extended thirty miles, and a valf qiianiily of incltci! minerals, mixed with other matter, ran ddwn like a river for three miles, carrying cvciy thing birorc it. In 1707 another cn.ption happtncd, when fiuh (pianii'ics ot cinders and aflius were iliroun w!t, that it was dark at Naples at nocni-ilay. A violent tiiipticii in 171)7, when the allies, or rather fniall cir,ilcrj, fhowtrcd down fo fait at Naples, that tl e pcdple in the (Irteis wore obliged to tile iinibrcUus, or uilicrc and luibago wall vvhiih it is evcry-wherccovere;-'. The other remarkable burning mountain is that of i^tna, in bicily, of a circular form, and terminates \n a cone ; it is 10,1)54 '"'•■'^' '" height, and has been com- puted to be lixty miles in compufs. Its liery eruptions have always rendered it celebrated in hiHory : in one of thefe, which happened- in 1O69, fourteen towns and villages were deflroyed, and there have been feveral terrible eruptions lince that time. An earthquake, very dellrliclive m its efFecb, commonly precedes the erup- tion from this mountain. In i(>*j;j, the port-town of Catania was overturned, and 18, ceo people perilhed. The lower parts of the nuniniain are very fruitful in corn and fugar-cancs ; the niiddle abounds with vvoodf, olive-trees, and vines ; and the upper part is ahnol'l thu whole year covered with fnow. Mount ^^Miia is by the Italians called Monic Gibello, or Mongibello : it is fo high, that it harbtiurs many wild bealfs. The valley of Soitafaii, between the lakes Agnano and Puzzeli, is remarkable for the valt quantities of fulpluir that are continually forced out of the clilts by fubterrancous hres. The grotto del Cani is alfu noted for its poifonous lleams, and is fo called from their killing dogs that enter it, if for- ed to remain there. Scor- pions, vipers, and fer|ients, arc faid to be very nu- merous in Apulia. To the natural curioliiies of Italy, we may likew ife add tliofe vail bodies of fnow and ice called glaciers and ice-valiies. Of thefe there are five, which reach almoft to the plain of the vale tf Ciio- mouny, and arc feparattd by wilil forelts, corn fields, and rich meadows ; the whole aifordinga very ronian'.ic and llriking appearance. Thefe feveia! \.i!lits of ice, which lie chiefly in the hollows of the mountains, anil are fome leagues in length, unite together at ihe foeit of Moimt Blanc ; the highelf mountain in Europe, and probably of the ancient world ; its heifht, above the level of the lea, being 23e)i,'^ French toifes, or 1,3, .'joj Englilh feet. A great variety of artificial ciiriofiticr., and monu- ments of antiquity, ;ire to be l>.ui)(l in the city of Rome only ; among whicli arc, the aqueducls and fountains; the Vatuan, and the other palaces; the Campielolio, where 'lie Roiiian fenatc relij-.s ; the Piia Miliaiia, of fine marble , the equellrlan bials llatue of Marcus ]\ \ 'M mw.A 'If';*"' v. 8«4 ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNTVERSAI, GEOGRAPHY. Marcus Aureliiis Antoninus; tho marble momiinrnt of the enipcror Alcxaiidir Scvciiis: marb'c biilfs of the emperors and their conforts; tlirec brick aitlies nJ the tcn)i>lc of Peace, built U\ the emperor Vcfpi»n.in, and that ut' Concoril ; the ColilVo, or amphitlicatrc, built by the emperor Vefpadaii, in tin' .(itiitriittion ot which la.ooo Jevvilli t'a|)iives were employed; it !•< faid to have contained S/.coo fpeftators fiaied, and ao.oco flaiidiiig; the triumphal aii.h of Scptinuis Scvcriis, of Titus, of (jalitnus, and the temple of Antoninus ; fomc parts of the cloaca, maxima; the colnmna Antonina, ri-prifcnting the ])rincipal aflions of Marcus Aureliiis ; the colnmna Trajani, or Trajun's I'lllar; I'onie frag- menis of the Dalilic.i, or palace of Antoninus Fins, now the cnllom-houff, and of Narva's forum ; the niaufDleiim of Augufius in the Strada Poniitici ; the x^mains of the emperor Sjverus's tomb without St. John's Ciate ; thu pyramid of Cains Cefli s near St. Paul's Ciaic ; the porphyry coifin of St. Helen, and the original (latue of CoiiHantine liu- Great, in the church of St. John ircs ; it contains about 60,000 inhabi- tints; but the country of Savoy is mountainous and barren, and its natives, who arc eUccmcd a (implt-, but ycfy luincll people, arc furccd to feck their bread all over tlie world. The king's ordinary revenue, beliiles his own family provinces, amounts to^oo.oool. Iler- liiig at Icaft, out of which he maintains 1 j.oco men in time of peace; but, duiinija war, when adillnl by foreign fubiidies, he can bring ,io,coo men into the ficKl° T '"" pfi'i'^c has long been an ally of Grcat- liritain, lor the prcfcrvation of the balance of power inKiiropc, and to that circumnancf, in whicli alfo his natural imercll conliiVs he primipally owes his ng- gramlizcnicnt. The king being abfolutc, can k\y what monies hC pleafes upon his fubjcfls. W'c have btcii favoured with the following bio- rraphiial anecdotes of the prince royal of Sanliiiia : I' Charles-Kmanucl- Ferdinand-Maria, heir to the throne ol Sardinia, was born on the 24th of Mav 1-51. He was educated imdcr cardinal CJcrdil, a mull acioiiii'lillicd cccleliartic, whoinfpired him with a fincere pictv.and at the fame time inculcated a love for letters into Ills youthful mind. It was he too, who b.milhcd ffom liis bofom that hereditary attachment to military nicn, whi^h has been fo prejudicial to his family. " The prince of Piedmont evinces the molt diitifMl rcfpeill for his father, and a lincerc atfetilion for his wile, his brothers, and his fiflers. He is of a religious difpoliiion, but there is nothing glooiny, fanguinary, or hypocritical in his devotion. "His lilial duty often forces him to conceal his aver- finn to the grandees who fiirround and often difgrace theihruiie;andherefufes toallilt at the cabinet councils, js he lias been taught by experience, that he pollellcs butliule iiilhience there. " His ir.ajelly, one day finding himfcif cinbnrraired by the blunders of his minincrs, comnuuiirated his chagrin to liie heir apparent. — 'Sire, (replied the ftiiice, at the fame time producing his vsnicti) behold this little piice of inechanifi^i: it always goes well; jtidthe rcafoii is, bccaufe I always regulate it with my own hands. —The king was not infcnfiblc to the true meaning of this reply. " Ills al.vays with great regret that liis highncfs fees his father giving up the whole of his attention to the war department. When the Savoyards exclaim againft the '.yranny of their governors, it is the prince of Piedmont alone who prevents their cottages from king rctliictd to aflies ; if it were not for this prince, Graiitti would be inllan'ly dlfmilled horn ollice ; and this great niiniller, who is tiie friend of jnirue and of humanity, would be obliged to make way lor funic ignorant pretender. "Tins prince, always occupied in doing j»oo:!, fh.Tres b'jtliitlc in the plcafure!- I'f the court (jl Turin ; t!)e nobles, by way of ridicule, call hhn Ifyj-jrcm.').' :r ; but is he not belter ciitultd lo the appellation of the imili!"' Viflor-Ainadeiis-Marii, king of Sardinia and duke of Savoy, was born Jimc art, 172(1; married April 12, 1 7,50, to Maria- Antonietta-rcrdinatida,infantaof Spain; afcended the throne on the death of his father, I'ebni- ary 20, 177;^. Their iinic are, i. Charlcs-Lmanuel- Ferdinand-Maria, prince of Piedmont, born May S|, 17-,!. — 2. Maria-jofepha-Louifa, born Sept. u, t?^;); married to the count de I'rovcnce. — 3. Maria-Thercfii, born Jan. ^i, 1756 ; married to the count d'Artois.— t. AnnaM,iria-Carolina, born Dec. 17, 17,07. — .O- 'idor-Kuraiiuel-Cajetan, due d'Aode, born julyB.j, '759—6. Maurica-I.ifej)h-Maria, due de Montferrar, born Sept. 19., 1762.-7. Maria-Charlotta, born Jan. 17, I7().i.— H. Charles-Jofi ph, due de Genevois, horn April 6, 176 -,— (J. Jofeph-iienedid, comtc de Mau- lieiuic, born Oct. j. 1766. The Mir,ANr:sF.,!ntht polFellionof thchoiife of AiiT- tria, is a v^ry formidiihle ihite ; and formeily, whtii governed by its own diik' s, gave law to Italy. Milan, its cajiital, is fortified with a wall and r.unpart ; and has a citadel, in which is a i'oiindery for cannon, ai4il an arfcnal furnilhcd with arms for la.ccy men. Tlie environs are very plealant, being adorned wiiii beauiilul feats, gardens, orcluirds, iVc. Here is ;■ inagniticent cathedral in the Gothic lalle, which contains a very rich tiealury, conlilling chielly of ecclciiaftiral furni- ture compofed of gold, lilver, aiul precious Itones. The natives are fond ot literary and political alVemhlics, where they converfe almofl on all fubjecls; their num- ber is computed at about 250,000. The annual re- venue of tile duchy is above 300,000!. by which an army of 30,000 men is maintained. Thirc arc bur few exports from hence ; lu that its revenue, unkf>! the cutiit of Vienna (Iionld pnrAic fome other f}iU 111 'if improvement, cannot be much bettccd. The bct'.gns 111 re- alk alms by huUling out a dilh in which is pla.td, a human fcuU. The ducliy of Mantua being now in- corporated with the Milaiul'i', the name of Aulliiati Lombardy is given to the wh( to anyone of them., Its maritime power is dwindled down to fix gnlli'"!!. 'File conunon people are wretch- -ed beyond expreili n, as is the foil of its territory. S)ll aj^jin till adirlivr \iais. The cminic of tin; fia v% as liir many years ililpuictl between thia Hate and tiiat ol Venice. Wc (hall here uitroducc an afTcfling and accurate iliriiptiiin of the gallcy-davcs of Italy: "Five forts ut on the ground, and on the upper floor ? They can fcarcely crawl. — Thofe hiedous heads, which peep out from beneath the blankets, are covered wiih long hair ; their looks are wants. lliipid and ferocious. Do they eat nothing but this hard black bread ?— Certainly not. Do they always cominue lying? — Yes How long have tlicy been j,.,re ? Twenty years. — How old uic they ? — Seventy. What do you call ihcm? — Turks. •' 'I h*>»'' acccl's to ilic hgiilc df every iiKlivi(Ui.il iiitlic lljttf. 'I hey coiitiiuic in olFiic only nneycur, but .\\v ^jt aftir^ards rt^lpoiiliblu t.>r tlicir cutului^t while in iiiilmriiy. '1 lie k.iiy of Venice is fiiiiatcd on 7.! illands at the b,ittoiTi la^ k gowns large wigs, and caps which they hold in thei. hands. With refpeil to their perfons, the Venetians are in ociicral tall and well-made, and many fine manly eoun- tcnancis are fecn in the dreet.' if Venice; they arc a'fo a lively, ingenious people, extravagantly fond of public amufements, with an uncommon rcli(h for humour. The women arc of a fine ftylc of counte- nance, with cxprelUvc features, and arc of an eafy ad- (irefs. The common people are remarkably fober, obliging to llrangers, and gentle in their intercourfe Willi each other. '1 hedivedionsofiheVenetiansarcchieHy mafqueradiiig, cfpecially during the carnivals, and other feltivals, when debauchery, riot, and licentiothfncfs are faid to be carried to their greatelt height ; but this opi- nion ftcms to exceed the truth: they havealfo ridottos, operas, and plays, which are commonly wretched per- formances. There are eight or nine theatres here, in- cluding the opera houfes. Great numbers of tlrangers vilit Venice during the time of the carnival. The grand 'cene of all the (hews and follies during the feltivals, is the fquare of St. Mark, in which bulls are lometimes baited, aud where, at fucli times, 15,000 pcnpic, it is faid, ottcn alfemble. The inhabitants, who are computed at 1200,000, walk on foot, except the principal ladies of falhion, who are carried in chairs, thcllrecii being loo narrow, flcep, and crooked, to admit of ^^'hecl carriages. The Venetians have ftill fome manufatSures in fcir- let cloth, gold and filver Huffs, and, above all, fuie looking glalles, all which bring in a conliderable re- venue to the owners; that of the fard annually is faid to nmount to 8,ooo,oco of Italian ducats., each *4- lucdatzod. of our money: cut of this are defrayed the cxpcnces of the (late, and the p.v' 6,,ooo regular troiijK, iimlir the ei'niinaiid ot a loreij^n gentral, and lo.oco militia. Their liict, which is but fni.ill, prir,- clpally cniilill'* of gallies, for ( uibinij '''o iiiri>|cncit« ol the piratical dales of Ilaibary.' 'I he V. leiians are, however, llill reckoned the greati ll n ival power in Ii.ily, line .ue two prfiriarehs, which prelide over rcclell- adic.il matters ; the ainliorily ol one reaches ovir all the provinces, but neither of them have much power ; and tjoih of them arc cliofen by the fcnate : every re- ligious fe(.l, even the Mahometan and Pagan, excepting Frotedants, uie tolerated here in the free 1 xercife of llieir religion. The inipiilition is under great rellrit.- tions litre. The Venetian dominions confift of a confulcrable part iif iJalmatla, of lour towns in Greece, and of the illiiids of Corfu, Paehfu, Aii'ipaehfu, Santa Mau- ra, Ciiiv.olari,Valdi Compare, Cephalonia, and Zante. '1 heir terittorics in Italy contain, belidcs the (Ui> chy ot Venice, the Padiianefe, the pcninfula of Ro- vii^o, the Vcrontfe, the territories of Viccnza ami Biefcia, the dilltids of Bi.rgamo, Cremafco, and the iVlatca Trurgian.1, with part of the country ot Friuli. The fiihjecJfs of the Venetian republic are not op- prelfed ; the fenate being fenhble, that mild and gen- tic treatment conduce more etTLiffually than feverity to the welfare of the llatc and the happinefs of individual?. One of the fmjllclf pieces of money at Venice is ca.led gaietta ; and the firll news-papers, piiblilhed there, on a lingle leaf, having been fold for that apiece, news-papers were from thence llyled gazettes. The grand duchy of Tuscan v is now polTefled by a younger branch of the houfc of Audiia, under th« title of grand duke of Tufcany. Its a;iiiiial revenues are, at prefent, computed at /, 50,0001. iferling ; and it is thought that the duchy of Tufcany e.m bring 30,000 men into the field. 1 he inhabitants alFeft great llatc, but do not eftcein trade as beneath the firll nobleman. Accordingly, it is not uncommon for the gentry, and even fome of the nobility, to fell wine by retail from their cellars. But the principal trade of this duchy is carried on at Leghorn, a haiulfomc tow n, and a free- port, fituaied in the territories of i'ifa, about thirly- tive rniles fjuth-weft of Florence. Tlie numbc r of inhabitants in Leghorn are faid to be about 40,000, among whom are reckoned 20,000 Jews, who live in a particular quarter of the city, liavc a hiuidfomc fyn.i- gogiie, and, though fubjed to very heavy taxe.s, are in a thriving condition, the gr^^atelt part of the com- merce of this city being carried on by thcfo people. Florence, the capital of Tufcany, is filiated on tire river Arno, over which are tour Hone brldg^is, and ile- fended by a good citadel. The ilreets, in general, nro very narrow and crooked, are paved with a grcyiih ffone, and are tolerably clean. There are a great num- ber . >' palaces, churches, convenis, and holpitals: tliB caiiitilral is a very noble ctliiice, the outfide is entirely biilt vi(h pglilhed tnacblc, and enriched with cxquiiiie architedure M iSdi i ,]' ' • I irui 8^8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. arcliiic(i\iire and fcrlptiirc; and from the ball over the ciipob, there is a dcligiithil profpciJl of all the palaces, churches, monallerics, Sec. within the walls, and of near two thotifand villas without. By the church Hands the much celebrated Cainpaiiile, or fijiiare (Ictplc, vhichis one hundiedand eighty feel high, all of iinc ivarblc, of feveral colours, and curioully wrought. The baptillery, or font, where all the children of the ciiy are ba|)ti/.ed, is well worthy attention. The red tit the chiirclet. in general are vtry beautiful, and con- tain iiuiiy iinc paintings and other pieces of art. I'his city was iong polRllarby the illulhious houfe of Me- dic is, who made it tlic repolitory (jf all that was valu- able, rich, and maderly in archiiedure, literature, and arts, efpecially thofe o( painting and fciilptiirc. The celtbiaied Venus of Mcdicis, whiih has long been confuU-itd as tlk' llandard o*' t.tlle in female beauty and l^roportion, flanJ.s in a room called the Tribunal, in a group of other ancient ftatiies, foinc of which are faid to be the works of Praxiteles, and other Greek mailers. It is (if white maible, and appears, from an infcrip- tion on the bafe of ilic (latue, to have been the per- lorniiince cf CIcomenes, an Athenian, the fon of Apol- lodortis. The duke has alfo feveral noble country feats, enriched and adorned in the fame inagniHcent manner. The ardnal is a (lately building, and well ftirnilhed with all Airts of weapons of war. Florence is adorned with fevLi) fountains, ii\ columns, two pvranjids, and about an hundred and lixty public llatues. '.Khe great piazza, or Apiare, is very fpacions and magniticen!, with a noble fountain iri the centre of it. The city j'. thought to contain 70.000 inhabitants. They deal, bcfides wine atui tiuiis, in gold and (ilver Hurts. The inli.ifc:taur> bi'all of the impr()\ements they have made in the Italian toiigiic, by means of their Acatlemia clell.i Crufca : feveral other academics arc now ella- blilhed in I'lorencc. Since the acceliion of the arch- duke Leopold, brother of the prefent emperor, to this dually, a great reformation has been introduced, both into the govern.nunt and maniifadures, to the great bcnetit of the finances. The other ]Mincipal towns ol Tiifcany are IMa, and Sienna, which arc now much decayed. Lucca is a fmall lepublic, iimlcr the protr(^!on of the emperor, and lituaiedon the Ttikan (ea, in a moll tleliglittul plam. It is nut above thirty Italian iniles in circumkrence, but exceeding fruitful and populous. The iidia'uitaiil'^, who arc faid to ainount to upwards of i'J^.-jOO, are remarkable for their indiillry and love of liberty : being in full polfellinn of freedom, they appear with an air of cheerlulncfs and pleniy, feldorn to be tnet wiili among their neighbours. I'hey have improved their countiy into a beautifid g^anien, fo that tlie a;iiMi:d revenue of the /late amounts to 80.000!. (krlitiLi;. Th'-y are ii.'nlcr the proteilion of the houfe uf Auitria. JL licii capital, LuccUi is an ancient city about three Italian miles in circiiinfercnce. The hdufcs in general, are well bii'lt, the (Ireets broad and wdl paved, but irregular, and the number of inhabitaits about 40,000. Several mainifa(nures, efpecially thofe of filk, are carried on here ; and the fined oil of any in Italy is made in this republic. Sr. Marino tnay bo conlidered as a geographical curiolity, confilHng only of a (ingle mountain, and a few hillocks fcattcred round the bolf(»in of it. 'J'he founder ot this republic was a Dalmatian inafon.caikij Marino, who, about the year 460, turned hermit, and chofe this mountain for the place of his abode. H;j devotion and aullerity foon gained him a great rcpma. tion lor fandity, and the princefs of that country mads him a prefent of the mountain. Many, out of vcuc. ration for the faint, fettled there, and laid the fouuda- .ion of a republic which flill fubfifls, and bears the natne of the faint. The town is fituated on the fnm- mi; of the mountain, and can be approached by one path only. It is tinder the, protection of the pope, and the number of inhabitants are computed at ,5000. The manners if this people are very inoffen live, and the go\ eminent is in tht; hands of a council, coir.pofed of hall nobles and half plebeians. ^ « Parma, Pi.ACiiNTiA, and Guastalla, format prefent one of the mod tloiiri filing (fates in Italy, for its extent. The prefent duke is a prince of the houfe of Bourbon, and Ibn to the late Don Philip, the king of Spain's younger brother. The foil is rcmarkablv fertile, |>rodiices the hncft fruits and richell palhirage, ar.d the country contains confiderable manuladiiires of fill;. 'I he annual revenues .are computed at loo.oool lltr- ling. Parma is liippoled to contain 50,000 inhabi- tants, and Placentia about u8, 000. Here is a bilhop's fee and an univcrlity ; and fome of its magnificcit churches are painted by the famous Cotreggio. The cities of Parma and Plaeentia are enriched with mag- nilicent buildings: but his Catholic najefiy, on his acceliion to the throne of Naples, tarried aw.iyivith him tr.any ol the mo'f remarkable pidlures and moveable curiolities. The duke's court is thought to be the po- iitelt of any in Italy. 'Jhis tountry was for fome years palt the feat of a bloody war between ihc Auf. trians, Spaniards, and Neapolitans. Mantua, f>rmerlv a rich duchy, is now much de- cayed. Its govern.iient is annexed to that of i(ie Mi- laiiele. The capital is one ol the llroiigelf fnrireircsin Europe, and contains about 16,000 iniiabiiants, who claim Virgil as their countryman. iJy an ordertf the emperor in 17S5, this dur'iy is iiuorpuratcil wiihihat of .Milan into one province, and is now to be called Aiiltrian Lombaidy. Ii formerly broUj,ht to its own dukes ^oo.oco crowns a year. MuDENA is flill governed by its own duke the Is. ih- # * Europe.] I Y. 829 uhy.is now much de- xal to tluit ot itie Mi- llie llroiigfltl'irtrdK'sin 1.000 iniubitants, who 111. By an order it the , iiuorpoiateil wiihilut 1.1 is now to be cilled rly brought to its own folute within his own dominions; but a valFalofthe tmpire, and under the proteftion of the houfe of Aii- ilria. The capital, alfo called Modena, is a large and populous, but not a handfome city. The ducal palace IS a noble edifice, in which, among other fine piclur^s, the birth of Chrift by Corrcgio, called la Noite de Felice, is greatly admired. Corregio was a native of MoJeiia. Here is a college founded by St. Carlo Bor- romeo, in which between 70 and 80* young noblemen are maintained and inftrudled in the fciences and gen- teel excrcifes. This duchy was greatly wafted by the late belligerent powers of Europe, but is very im- provable. The Ecclesiastical State, of which Rome is the capital, lies in the centrj of Italy. Under the an- cient Rom.'ns this fpot was a tc.rreftrial paradife. Here itioft of the beautiful villas of antiquity were fituated, and every part of it cultivated with the molt adiduous care; but Popilh fuperftition, bigotry, and oppreflion, have rendered it thin of people, and ill cultivated : fo that many of the luxuriant tradls are now become marflics and quagmires, whofe putrid effluvia render the capital itfelf very unhealthy at fonie feafons of the year. Several of the popes have endeavoured to im- prove their country, and revive that fpirit of induftry vhich was fo prevalent in former times, but their la- bours have proved abortive. Indeed the difcourage- mcntof induftry and agriculture, feem to be interwo- ten in the very conftitution of the papal government, which is vefted in proud lazy ecclcfiaftics. This beau- tiful country is now a mere dcfert, and the wretchtd inhabitants muft perifli with want, dii not the amaz- in» fertility of tiie foil fpontancoufly i'lFord them a fcanty fubfiftcnce. Though the pope is truly defpotic, and pofTcftesone of the moft fertile countries in the world, the revenues of his territorial poftcflions do not amount to more than a million fterling annually. His accidental income indeed formerly far exceeded that fiim ; but this is now greatly diminilhed by the feparation of the Fro- tcftani powers, and the meafurcs lately taken by thofc ihatliill prufc'fs the Romilh religion, to prevent the great rtiniitaiices of money to Rome ; add to this, the almoll total fnpprcffion of the order of Jefuits, from whom he drew vail fupplics ; fo that the taxes upon provifions and lodgings furnilhtd to foreigners, who annually fpcnd immenfe Aims in viliting his domini- ons, form, at prefcnt, the greater part of the pope's jccidintal revenues. From what has happened within ihefc 30 years pull, there is reafon to believe that the pope's territories will be reduced to the limits which the houfes of Anftria and France (liall pleafe to ptcfcribc. The pope has liis guards, or Sbirri, like other princes, and tiiefe, under proper iiiagilhatcs, take care uf ihc peace of the capital. The Campagria di Ro- ma, la which itic capital is fituated, i^ under the im- mediate infpeiftion of his holinefs ; but the other pro- vinces are governed by legates and vice- legates. He monopolizes all the corn in his territories, and has al- w.ys a fufficient number of troops to keep the pro- vinces in awe. Few manufa£lures are carried on in the Ecclefiailical State- confequently its exports are of little value. Formerly all the Chriftian powers of Eu- rope trembled at the nod of the pope, but affairs have now taken a very different turn ; and his power, which, as a temporal prince, has been for fome years contemptible, will probably be ftill more abridge ', by the ambitions projeds of the houfe of Anftria and other ftates. The prcfent pope, who has taken the name of Clement XIV. very wifely difclaimed all intentioa of oppofing the forces of the adjacent princes, with any other arms but thofi, f prayers and fupplications. The pope's eccleiiafdcal ^jvernment has been already men- tioned. Rome, the capital of the Ecclefiaftical State, is fi- tuated oa the Tyber. ten miles from the T-ifcan fca. In the magnifxence of its buildings, fhc number of its monuments, curiofities, and antiquities, together with the fingularity and importance of its hiftorical events, it far furpalfes any city in the world. It is the centre and repofitory as it were of all that is exquilits in painting, fculpture, and architeflure. From an ac- count taken in the year 1714, the rumber of its inha')i- tants waa found to amount to 145,000, The Tyber runs through the city from north to fouth, forming an ifland. In external fplendor, and the magnifucnce of its teiTipl;;s and palaces, modern Rome is, at leaft, equal to, if it does not excel, the ancient. The ntini- ber of the churches are computed at about three hun- dred, the nobkft and moft elegantly bcautilul is St.. Peter's, which for the harmony of its archittclure, finenefs and great variety of carved and gilt works paintings, ftatues, &c. cannot be viewed without a pleafmg aftonilhment. Before it is a fpacious and magnwccnt piazza, in the middle of which is an obe- lific of granate or black marble, brought from Egypt, and reared at a prodigious expcnce. It is eighty feet high, and the pedeftal on which it ftands is thirty ; on the top of it is a brafs gilt crofs. The annual reve- nue belonging to this church is upwards of ao.oool — The Pantheon, commonly called the Rotunda, tiioiigh it ha' loft much of its priftine grandeur, is ftill one of the niort entire ftruftuies of the ancients in Italy. The citizens of Rome are more polite than in any other place in Europe ; and are faid to be entirely free from that fpirit of bigotry and perfecution which prevails in other Roman-Catholic countries. Here is plenty of all fi)rts of provifions, and a griat variety of excellent wincK ; but in Rome they are drunk very moderately, and generally mixed with water. Bologna, the capital of the Bolognefe, is the fecond city ii. the EcclcliaC.ical State. The number of its in- ; habitants is computed at upwards of eighty thoufand. ^ . JO A The 1 ■ • 830 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The fortifications are very inconlidcrable, being o-ily defended by a flrong, high brick wall, adorned with a great number of towers, at certain didances. There are many fine palaces, convents, and cinirthcs in I'o- logna, adornL(l with a prodigious variety of fine paint- ings, Itatues, &c. The palace when; the governor re- fides, and tlic courts of juftice are held, (lands in the great market-place, and is 20^ common paces in length. Here is an univcrfity, and a iiiiifeiim. The inns at Bologna are the bed in Italy, and all kinds of [)rovifions are very plentiful. The inhabitants of Bo- ogna are more indiiflrious than in other parts of Italy, and remarkably polite to Urangers ; the women enjoy a great (liare of liberty ; and the nuns arc particularly ingenious in making artificial iiowers, and imitating all kinds of fruits. Ferrara, Ravenna, Rimini, Urbino, Ancona, and inany other cities, illiiflrious in former times, now ex- hibit a melancholy fceneof ruin and dcvaftation. Loretio, never thought or heard of in times of an- tiquity, is now the admiration of the world, for the riches it contains, the prodigious refort of pilgriins, and other devotee's, to pay their devotions ; it having been induftrioufly reported by the Romilh clergy, that the Santa Cafu, or lloly Hoiife, in which the Virgin Mary dwelt at Nazaretli, was carried hither through the air by angels, towards the end of the thirteenth century, attendeil with many inirnculouscirciimllances. The votive pieces and jewels in this holy houfe and trcafury, are i.f immenfe value, being the offerings of princes, p.-incelfes, and other great pcrfonagcs : the riches contained in the treafury arc \alucd at nine mil- lions of rix-dollars. Seventeen golden lamps are con- tinually burning before the Virgin, and thirly-fcvm lilver ones in the other parts of the houfe. The gold chains, rings, jewels, emeralds, pearls, and rubies, wherewith the image of the Holy Mither is, or was loaded, are of incdimable vakic ; and the angels of fo- Jid ijold, placed on every fide, are equally enriched with the moft precious diamonds. To the fuperflition of Roman-Catholic princes, Loretto In chicflv indebted for "this inafs of treafine. The pavement of this houfe is of fc|uare pieces of red and white marble, anil the whole is cafed on ilic outfule with the iincft marble, adorned with rtatues, fciilptiires, and pillars of the Corinthian ordfer ; atui «vcr all is a fire Ipacioiis church, to pre- ferve it from the injuries of the weather. One liim- d-cd and twtnty-thiee m.aifcs arc daily faid in this church, and the Santa Cafa. Nai'LFs and Sicily, or the Two Sicilies, cotnpre- hcnding the ancient countries of Samnium, Campania, Apulia, Magiia-Grcci.", and the illand of Sicily, form the largcd knigdom ii, Italy, cotituining about 32,000 f(liiare miles. This country is bounded on all fides by ilu- Mediterranean and Adriatic, except on the north- wclf, where it terminates on the Kccleliaflical State. The foil is very fruitful, and much better ciiliivatcH than in the Kcckliallical State; and the anniial u-\ nues amoiMit to about 750,0001. ficrling. Tiicclti''" are very numerous; but their infiuciicc and reveni"^ have been lately abridged. "^* The capital is Naples, faid to be the firll city for ftrength and iieatnefs in Italy. It is moll adviiitaoc oiifly fituatcd, having a delightful country on one lide" and a noble bay of the Meditenanean on the other' with a fpacious harbour, which is kept in gjod repair' and fortified with a mole, extending above a quarter o!" a mile into the fca, and having at the extremity a hi-Ii lantern to dired lliips fafely into the hai hour diirim' the night. The bay is one of the fincfl in the world being aliiioft of a femicirciilar figure, about thirty miles in diameter, and three parts of it fheltcred by a circuit of woods and mountains. Tlie circumference of the city, including the fuburbs, is not Icfs than 18 Italian miles, and the number of inhabitants about 300,000. The (Irects arc well paved, but they are not lighted at night, and in many places are disfigured by flails, on which provilions are expofed to fale. The houfcs arc of (lone, fiat-roofed, and generally lofty and uniform ; but many of them have halconie;, wiih lattice windows. Naples abounds with fine churches convents, fountaiis, and palaces of the nobility, many of whom condaiitly r^-fide here. The inagnificencco'f many of the churches exceeds all imagination ; theca- thcdral, though of the Gothic order, is a very grand fplcndid edihcc. The palace belonging to the km? is very magnificent, and in the bctl (lylc of architecture. Here is an imivcrfiiy and two academies of uits, one of which is called Gli Ardentc, and the other Gli'oii- oli. The arfenal is thought to contain arms for lifty thoufand men. There are five piazzas, or fqiiares, in the city, appropriated to the Mobility, viz. Capiiana, Nido, Montagna, Porto, and Porta Nova. The in- habitants frequently walk on the tops of tlicir hoiifcs in the evening, to breathe the cool air, after a hot ftiltry day ; and from fome of the religious hcufes, there arc fevcral delightful profpei^s. The climate is fo inild and warm in winter, that plenty of grccn- peafc, artichokes, afparagus. and other vegetabks may be had all the winter: the city is fnpplied with water by means of an aqueduct from the foot of Mount ytfiiviiis. TTic people life great qi.antitics of fnow indead of ice for cooling their liquors; and certain perfons who farm the monopoly of it from the govern- ment, fiipply the city all the year round from a moun- tain about eighteen miles diilant. The kingdom of Naples is a fief of the Ecclelialllcal State, and his Neapolitan majedy annually prcfents the pope with a palfrey as an acknowlcdgenitiit of his vaf- ialagc ; but notwithdanding this cultomary iioniagf, his liolincfs has no eivil power in this kingdom, iioris the inquilition efbblifhcd in Naples. The kiiii^'s pre- fent revenues amount to above /jO.ocol. dcrling per annum, but it ii more than probable that, by the miv- cflablidicd Europe.] I T cdablilhcd regulations purfiicd by the national cpn- vciition of France, of diminifhing the influence and re- venues of the clergy, his Ncspulitan inajtlly's annual income will condderably exceed a million ftcrling. The exports of the kingdom are pulfe, hemp, anifeed, wool, oil, wine, chcefe, filb, honey, wax, manna, faiFron, gums, capers, macaroni, fait, pot-a(h, flax, cotton, lilk» !'"'' divers manufaiSlures. The king has a numerous, but generally poor nobility, confifting of princes, dukes, marquifes, ; .d other pompous titles; and his capital, by far the mofl populous ift Italy, contains, at leaft, 350,000 inhabitants-; amongft which ate about 30,000 lazaroni, or blackguards, the greateft part of whom, having no dwelling-houfes, flcep in fum- incr-nights under porticoes, piazzas, or wherever they can fi'«l flielter; and in the winter feafon, which is generally of feveral weeks continuance, and attended with very heavy rains, they refort to the caves tinder Capodi Monte, where they flecp promifcuoufly like [jieep in a fold: fuch as have wives and children, live in the fuburbs of Naples, near Paufilippo, in huts, or in caves or holes dug out of that mountain. Some of thefe wretched beings gain a livelihood by fifhing, othtTS by carrying burthens to and from the ihipping, and many ply i" 'he ftreets in order to be employed on errands, or perform any labour they are capable of for ^ very fmall recompence ; but as they do not always meet with einploynif'nt, and what they gain not being fuflicicnt for their fupport, they are in fomc degree itiieved at the doors of the convents, by the foup and bread didributed there. Notvvithftanding the lower clafs 01 people are fo ex- tremely indigent, there is a great ap])earance of wealth among fome of the great, many ot whom are exccf- fively fond of fplendor and flicvv, brilliant equipages, numerous attendants, rich drclles, higli-foimdiug titles. A late traveller into thefe parts has made it appear that luxury has within thefe few years advanced with gigan- licrtrides in Naples : " Forty years ago, fays he, the Neapolitan ladies wore nets and ribbands on their heads as the Spanifh women do to this day, and not twenty of thcin were poflefled of a cap : but hair plain- ly drelftd is a mode now confined to the lowcll order of inhabitants; and all diftindion of drcfs between the wife of a nobleman and that of a citizen is entirely laid afide. Expence and extravagance are here in the cx- ircme. 1 he great families arc opprelled with a load of debt; the working part of the comminiity always fpcnd the price of their labour before they icceive it : and the citizen is reduced to great parlimony, and al- m(i!> penury, in his houfe-kceping, in order to anfwer thefe demands ot external Ihew : (liort commons at home whet his appetite when invited out to dinner ; and 't is fcarcely credible what quantities of vicluals \\i will devour. The nobility in general arc well lerved, and live comfortably, but it is not their cuftom to admit llrangers to their table ; the number of poor ilependcuis who dine with tl;cm, and cannot properly 8 m be introduced into company, prevents the great families from inviting foreigners ; another reafon may be, their deeping after dinner in fo regular a manner as to un- drefs and go to bed j no ladies or gentlemen finilh their toilette till the afternoon, on which a.count they din; at twelve or one o'clock. l"he great officers of (late, and miniiters, live in a different manner, and keep fumptuous tables, to which ftrangers and others have frequent invitations." The banditti of Naples arc very numerous, nd en- joy the,prote£lion of the people of quality, have a great number of afylums or places of refuge, and are punc- tually paid fo' every murder they commit. But this reward is but a trifie ; and often the price fixed upon a man's life, is only a couple of zechins (about \Hs.) I myfelf have feen fuch an aft of horror. One night, when the opera being ended, the avenues to the theatre were full of people ; two perfons, one of them an of- ficer, were the deftined vidlims ; they were fufi^ercd very quietly to get into their carriage, and before the coachman could drive off, on account of the great crowds of people, two banditti approached at once the doors of the carriage, aimed and thrufl their daggers into the breaft of two found, unfufpefting perfons, and made them in a moment two dead corpfes. The day following a report was circulated all over the city, that the profligate and ruthlefs fon of a great minifter was the author of this more than favage affaflination ; yet the deed had no further confequences. It would be a miilake to conlider thefe banditti as monflers. Although they are fo in our idea, yet they themfelves, jiiftified by education, laws, and religious notions, do not rcgsrd their h}ne/i profellion in fo black a light. That they lin in committing murder, they are perfedlly fenfible of, but it is only a fin of which the next confellion-feat will clear them. Thus they; have nothing to mind but their penitential a6ls, which the father confellbrs order them to perform ; and to calculate the proportion between thefe, which moftly confill in prayers and the blood-money they have earned. As tlie greatcll part of thefe crimes remain unpuniflied, and fuch as arc punifhcd conlill only in fentencing the murderer to row the gallies lor two or three years, I do not know what fliould imprefs the ignorant banditto with a proper fcnfe of his infamous, deteilable profeflion- It being a more lucrative than honeil employ, and the reward being gained by idle- nefs, a circumilance fo much attended to in this cli- mate, they follow quietly their bufinefs, and continue nuirdering with the grcatell unconcern. But they never forget to put their rofary in the fame place which hides the dagger, in order to atone immediately, by muttering foiiie Ave M;irias for tiie mofl heino'is crimes they have committed. H.iving done this, th« banditti clear themfelves of all ilns, and only wait for frelli opportunities of imbruing their guilty hands with innocent blood. The great number of ihofe accidents made the people ot I S .Y '■-• •'! ■ ''I.' 'r ir«f f !■ ii tH :( 832 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. tmm iii r ,'('?!' .,®| ^nfjK's ''••^ "I^^^^Sk ^^|f'«^»l kI 0U K^ ^^ of Naples fo imlifferent about them, *'^at fti.ingers are Allocked at it. They fpeak here of a man that has been murdered, nearly in the fame tone as we do of a pcrfoH who accidentally fails down in our ftreets. If the murderer is u'lt one of the banditti, but another perfon, who commits the deed for the fake of his own private inlereft, he may furely rely on the pity of the iurrounding people, who will doc»ery thing to facili-. tate his efcape. From all fides re-echoes the word, foveri.'lo, (poor fellow) not to pity the perfon aHalfi- iiated, but nis atfalfin. What an immenfe contralt with England ! where the life of the meanelt plebeian is an objeft of general attention, where neither rank nor riches can fave the murderer, and wh re even people of quality will hinder him from riiaking his efcaiie, The banditti confefs very often, go diligently to hear mafs, obferve moft fcriipuloufly their fafts, and invokr daily St. Januarius. Thus they fuppofe to fulfil every duty of religion, and to go with piety into falvation. A few years ago, abanditto, who had committed many murders, was brought to jiiftice : he confclfed hs crimes without being alk-d, and added feveral other atls of horror, wh'.cb had been concealed to that ver^ 1 moment. But i-pon being afked anrong other thing;- . | whether he had obferved his fafts, iie founo aiml 'f , affronted : he thought this queftion fuch an outraj^f that he afked the judges with bitterncfs, " wh(vtb;:rthey did not look upon him as a Chriilian !" One of the inicdts almoft pec>di;r to the kla^QOin of Naples is the tarantula, or kmd of fpidvr, th which it abounds. The perfons bit b" i'r - 'nf. t ^ " called by the Italians tarantJiati, Few of i'i:ii './r>l' p, , perfons cr»n bear the fight of bl?(. . or i iue ; but fucm d-jlightc ' "■■■' red and g.ccn objcdh. They ac alfo fcizod v ith ^a avf -'"..-.' *.(> eating fruit or vegetables. A melancholy file; t. j.m' ^ fixed eye, arc the tiril fymp- toi . ny whi-h :hc biu. ' 'the tsrintuladifcovcrsi«'"'.-lf ; ami tijc niuiic '* ■ « ic•^-«•ly called in to rou/e the pr- tient to a violent motion, and by that means to pro- mote pcrfpiration and a copious fweat. The ini.ru- nients chiefly ul'ed are the gnittar, hautboy, trumpet, violin, and Sicilian kettle drum, 'ilie couiitry pc/^le, who are more or Icfs Ikiiled in all thef-^; iiiltrumeiits, enforce the operation of their inufic by grimaces aiMJ odd gelHciilations. The tarantolati, on their fide, vi- gtiroully exert themfelves, regulating their motions ac- «ordi/ig to the muf.c, till tlj« '' "om is quite expelled. Thi!. excrcifc and ci're fometmics takes up five or fix days; not that they are kcyf continually dancing all that ti.Tic, but when nature I'tcins to be exhaufttd, the mufic is iufpendcd, and the patient put to bed, well covered, and a fudoritic cordial .-nlminiitered. It is re- ■narkublc, that the patient, ou recovery, remembers nothing of what palftd during the prevaltiicc of the difordcr ; and that if the cure be not perfeflly ct- fedied, and the poifon entirely rxpcllcd, the fame fymploms return tiic fuct cJing year, efpccially during the fummer heats ; and fome have laboured under this terrible diforder, at intervals, for ten, twenty, or thirty years. In this kingdom there are ftill traces of the meino- rable town of Canne, as altars, cornices, gates, walls vaults, 5cc. the fcene of adlion alfo between Hiunibal and the Romans, in which the latter n-ere overthrown with the lofs of 40,000 men, is fl 11 pointed out to travellers by the name of pnzo di Jangut, or the field of blood. Taranto, a city that was once the rival of Romj and inhabited by the Spartans, is now remarkable fur little clfe than its fifheries. The city Sorento is placed on the brink of flepp rocks that overhang the bay, and enjoys a more deljeht- lul climate than any other place in the kingdom, Njla, fourteen miles from Naples, was once fa- mous for its amphitheatres, and as the place whers Auguflus Cxfar uif.J, but retains rt prefcnt but few marks of its ancient fplendor. Brundusium, now Brindisi, which anciently fur. nifhed t fupply of oyfters for the Roman tables, haih ftill a cominodious harbour, but the buildings are poor nd ruinous : it was reduced to a ftate of inadivityand r.overty on the fubjedlion of the Grecian empire to 1 he Turks, and continues to be a very inconfulerable )lace. Beneventc can boaft of many remains of ancient fculpt'ire : (he arch of Trajan, one of the moft mag- nificent veftiges of Roman grandeur out of Rome, erefted in the year 114, is ftill in tolerable prelervation h^r;. i! EGG 10 is only remarkable for its Gothic cathedral. This city was deftroyed by an earthquake before thv, Marfian war, and was rebuilt by Julius Ci'far ; part of the wall ftill remains, and fuffercd greatly by the earih- qur>cc in 1783; but only 126 perfons loll their hvcs out i)f 16,000 that were in the place. (^ppiDO, an ancient city, was entirely ruined by the -arthquake on Feb. 5, 1783, the grcateft force nf which feems to have been diredlcd to that fpot, Cafal Nuova, and Terra Nuova. Moft of the towns and villages, from Tropea to Squillace, were either ti,tally ;r in part overthrown, and many of the inhabitanis buried iu the ruins : this dreadful earthquake extended its ravages to the fpace of fevciity-two miles, but the towns and villages that have been utterly ruined by it, and the fpots where the greateft mortality has hapiKncd, were within twenty-two miles of this city. CHAP. XXVIII. ITALIAN ISLANDS. SICILY, which forms a part of his Neapolitan ma- jcfty's dominions, was once confidcrcd as the gra- nary of Italy for cor;i, and Itill produces conlidcrable qiuntitiib ; Europe.] ITALIAN ISLANDS. »33 fluantitifis ; but agriculture is now- much negkj^ed, ind, in confequence, its fertility greatly diminiflied. This ifland is divided from Italy by a narrow channel, cjlled the Strdght or Faro of Medina. It coiwains iboiit 500,000 inhabitants, who carry on a very con- llderable trade, particularly in filk, both raw^ and manu- faflured. There are a great number of fine remains of antiquity here. Some parts of this illand are re- markable for the beauty of its female inhabitants. Its capital is Palermo, a large, rich, and well-built city, fituatcd at the bottom of a gulf of the fame name. It is decorated with a great number of public ftruftures, finely adorned, and is faid tocontain near iso.oco inha- bitants. The two principal ftrects, and which crofs och other, are very fine. This town carries on a ron- fiJeraWe trade, and is faid to be the only one in all Itaiv which is lighted at the public cxpence. jitelFina isfituated at the bottom of a fpacious tirbour, onthe ftreight which feparates Sicily from Calabria The public llruftures are extremely gran(', and the city was till! of people till the year 17. , when near two thirds of the inhabitants were fwept away by a dread- ful peftilence. Vhe ancient capital of Sicily was Syra- tufe, which was near twenty-two miles in circum- ference. It exhibited fome few remains of its former grandeur, was a large well-built city, and contained many churches and convents, in general elegant flruc- tjres, and carried on a confiderable trade, till the earthquake in 1783. By that earthquake, as the account tranfinitted from thence informs us, a great part ol the lower diftrift of the city and of the fort was dcllro3"'<, and confiderable damage done to the lofty uniform buildings called the Palazzato, in the flupe of a cre- fcent i out the force of the earthquake, though violent, was nothing at Medina or Reggio, to wha» it was in the plain ; for of 30,000, the luppofed number of in- habitants in the city, only 700 are faid to have perilhed, Thegreateft mortality fell upon thofe towns and conn- triesfituated in the plain of Calabria Ultra, on the weftern fideof the mountains Dejo,Sacro,and Caulone. At Ca'.'al Nuovo, the princefs Gerace, and ui ards of 4000 of •lie inhabitants, loft their lives; at P ira, the number of deud amounted to 3017 ; at , about30ooeach ; Terra Nuova, ab flill more. The fum total of 1 talabriat and in Sicily, by the e^ cording to the returns in the ft at Naples, is 32,367 ; but it is b-iieved, that including flrangers, the number of live' M\ mult have been f ,cco at lead. Sardinia, which gives a royal title to the duke of Sa- »ny,islitiiatfdin the Mediterraiieai fea, about 150 miles well ot Leghorn, and has feven iitics or towns. It isabinit 160 miles in length from north to ftiuth, and 80 ill breadth from call to wed. The foil, where it is properly cultivated, is very fruitful, producing corn, wine, and oil in great plenty, together with very fine fruits of various kinds ; but it is in general fo badly cul- tivated, that the revenues do not exceed 5000I. fterling a year. Its capital is Cagliari, the feat of a viceroy, an archbitliop, and an univerfity. The cathedral is very magnificent, but the other buildings have little to boaft, nor is the trade confiderab'e, though the harbour is fpacious. This ifland was formerly annexed to the crown of Spain ; at the peace of Utrecht it was given to the emperor, and ceded to the huufe of Savoy in 1/19. Corsica is fituated a little to the north of Sardinia, from which it is feparated by the flreight of Bonifacio, about twenty miles in breadth. It is a very mountain- ous country, and partly overgrown with wood ; but the low lands in fome of the vallies yield plenty of corn, wine, figs, almonds, o'ives, oranges, citroiis, and other fruits. The (Ir^nuous efforts whif^h the natives of this iflatid, for a number of years, made for the recovery of then liberty, have rendered thtm famous, but they were obliged at laft to fubiiiit to the French. Many ef th^ maleconients, howevei, are not yet reconciled* to the govrrinmeiit of their nev« mailers. The number of mhabitants is about iso,ooo ; but the trade of tha ilknH is Mconfiderable. It has a good breed cf cattla und horfcs, and ihe woods and toreds abound 'vitK gaine ; it is alfo p.lentifuily ftipplied.both by fea arn) t neiii with f^.fa. Baitia is the capital of the iOand, but ht» iiuthing lea^arkabie. ,f, and other fmall iflands on the coafl of V famous only tor iwe ruins of antiquity '..jy abound. Many of ttn.m are fr"'''"'il .iu^- ; and two of them, Hiera and Strom- jkaaoes. Th t Lip/ 1 '"f ar- nt. w AO (.".'hich '>; i (A.: Cl uiiCl bili. nave ma and Palmi 1400 ; Seminari, mortality in both '1 quakes alone, ac- irv of date's office Caprt, 01 Caprf.., is much taken notice of for thf nobit r.iinson it, the modconfiderableof which are at thev -v : xtreinity of the eadcrn promontory. It is about fou' miles long, and one broad, and is fituatcd at the entrance of the gulf of Naples, about three miles from the sontinent. This ifle was the refidcnce of the emperor Augudus, for fon.e time ; and after- wards of Tiberius, for many years. Wh.»t chiefly re- commended this idand to Tiberius was its temptnao healthful air, being warm in winter, and cool in fun" ■ mer ; and the nature of its coad, which is fo very deep, that a fmall number of men may defend it againd x great army. 1 he furface of the ifland was then cut into eafy afcents, adorned with the emperor's ando.hcr Mlace:;, and planted with a v.aiety of groves and gardens. The rocks alfo underneath were cut into highways, grottoes, galleries, bagnios, and fubterraneous retiic- mems, which fuited the b.'uul plealures of that cm- 10 B nerori :'\\ fnTTTfr'i 834 >i NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. peror ; and were afterwards defaced or dcmoliflicd by the Romans, iti dctcftation of the laf. ivioiis unnatural fcenes which had been a£led there by Tiberius. It contains about 1500 inhabitants, wlio arc exempt from all tixes : and belongs to the province of Lovoro, in the kingdom of Naples. There arc fevcral fprings of frefh water in it; and in a delightful valley between the mountains, at 'the two extremities, (lands a city of the fame name with the illand, which is the fee of a biHiop, whofe revenue arifes chiefly from the pro- digious flights of quails that come thither at certain feafons, particularly in March, when vafl quantities of th(m are fent to Naples, and fold for four-j)ence and fivtoencc per dozen. Onthis aircount, the biftiopric la fomeiikies jocofely flyled the bifhopric of Quails. IscHiA, a fmall but pleafant ar 'tile iftand, lies on the Neapolitan coalt, about two iles from the Cape of Medina, and 25 from Naples Mi)ft of it is furruundcd with high, craggy, and inacceflble rocks, which ihclter ii from winds, and defend it from in- vaders. Some parts of it are rich and delightful, yield- ing all manner of delicious fruits, and excellent wines; but others arc as difmal and barret.. It was anciently c«llcd Inarime; and was much fiibjeifl to earthquakes, and the poets tell us, Jupiter laid the vanquiflied Titan or Typhoii under it, and that the earthquakes arc occafioned by his efforts to throw off the load. There are fevcral h it baths and inedicinal waters in it, with a number of pleafant *nwns and villages. I'"vB\hath bcenfrcim time immemorial celebrated for its inuics. Virgil and Ariltotlc mention it. The fruits and wii^.cof llie iflnnd are very good ; and the tannriy, ti/hcrv, and fait prmluce a good ri venue. Its fitiiation •".. about JO tnilts fouih-well from Tnt'cany, is Simmies n civcinnfcTni-c, and contains 7000 Mihabitan's ; it is divMccl bcween the king of Naples (to whotn Porto Longunc bciong-^^i the i;rcit di-kc of 'riifcanv ; who is maliu of Porto Ferraio; and the prince of J'ioinbino. Malta, though not proptrly one of the Italian iflands, is generally coinpr>.hended, by geographers, in defcriptioiis of them. It lies abc ancients, and is of an tival figure, twenty miles lonj', and twelve bii>ad. 1 he air is clear and ln.a'it!>fiil, b>n > \cclli\e hot, when not cooled by till- kabreczps. '1 he wiiole -Hand is compofed of a white full rock, covered wiili a good vet;etahlc earth, about a foot deep. It is exceedingly fertiJc, producing great qiiaiiiitics of cotton, indigo, oranges, lemons, olives, tti^s, and mlier fruns, and affords plenty ot ho- •ley, wax, good paltures, pullc, rcx'ts, herbs, and garden- fluff; but not .I, fufiicient quantity of corn, wine, or wood, to fiipply tho coafumption of the inhabitants, svJioare computed at llxty thoufand. 'i his illand was j given by Charles V to the knights of St. John of Jerufalcm, on their being driven cut of Rhodes by the Turks, which happened in the yt'ar 1330. Soon after their fcttlement in this illand, they took the name of knights of Malta. The knights confift of eight na- tions, the chief of which are France, Italy, Spain England, and Germany. They have comnianderies' or cftates, in mofl of the Ronun-Cithulic coimirit/ and arc faid to amount to about three thoufand. Thi:» carry on a pt.-rpetual war againft the Turks, ami arc under vows of celibacy and chalHty, but obh-rvc o:\\v the < irmer. Tiiey are conlidcred as the bulwark of Chrillrndom againft the Turks, on that fide ; nor have they ever dcgeneiated from the military glory of th'.'ir aiKtrtors. They are governed by a gtanJ maflcr, who isekfled for life: on iiis death, they ftiffcr novclTcho go out of the illand till another is chofen, to picvcnt the popi- from interfering in the eledlion : he is chofen out of the 16 great crofTcs, and his title is, The moll illullrious and mofl reverend prince, the lord friar A. B. great maftcr of the hofpital of St. John of Jirulalim, prince of Malta and Gaza. They wear crolfes of a particular form, and the grand marter has a large jj'lden kev of the holy fepulchte pendent at his fide. '^They arc generally of noble families, and ranked according to their nation. The capital of the ifiand is called Valetta, or Malta: it is a handfomc city, flrongly fortified, and has an ex- cellent harbour. The palace of the grand mailer, and the cathedral, dedicated to St. John, are fp.'cioiis and elegant flrudiures. The whole ifJand. or rather rock, is fo flrongly fortified, that it is conlidercd as impreg- nable by all the forces the Infidels can bring againll it; and they have accordingly laid alide ail thoughts of making theinfclves mailers of the ifiand. On the 8ih of September there is an annual proccllion at Malta, in memory of the Turks railing the ficgc 011 tiiat day (1633) after four months aflault, leaving their ariiilay, &.C. behind then. The history of ITALY. ITALY has been, from the carlied ages of hidori- cal narration, either the feat of empire, or the ihwtrc of war. VVh';n Romulus, the leader of a few Lwlcf^ and wandering banditti, fettled here, and laitl ihcloun- dation of Rome, 7^3 years before the Cliriilian ;i'ra, Italy was in the fa*ne fituation as at prtfcnt, (]uKii.d into little kingdoms and flatcs, all li\ing in diilrull, at leaft, if not in open war with one another. The Ro- man commonwealth changed the face of things hy re- ducing them all, and making herfelf the head and niil- trcfs'.f Italy. Her empire was exlendud over the greaiir part of the known world ; but at lall h'xury and erte- minancy efteded what force had attvinptcd iii vain; the Goths, the Vandals, and other barhat.ms nation of the north broke in, ai;J hailciicd her deHruai. n. 3 "' £Urope.J y. 8,^^ I<»lv was again divided into imall principalities, and coBtinued in the f;in»; flare till the time of Charle- maene. Thcfiicceirors otthat celebrated princcclaimed, and for fomc time poircH'cd, the fovcrcignty of Italy : but, engagc tuMaria-Caroliiia-LDuifa.archduchcfs of Aiidria, filler tu the emperor «i Grmany, by whom he hath liiiie, I. Maria-Therifa-Caroline, bf>rn June 6, 1772; B. Louifa-Maria-Amtlia, born July s8, 1773; 3. Mary- Anne Jofepha, born i77i ; 4- Francis Janvier, born J777 ; and, 5. Mary-Chriltina, born in 1779. With rcfpcd to the Miianefe, that delightful coun- try experienced various changes : the Vilcontis were fticcecded by the Gulcozzos and the Sforzfts ; but it fell into the hands of the emperor Charles V. about the year 1,525, who gave it to his fon Philip II. king of Spain. That crown kept polfe/iion of it till 1706, when the French wsrc driven out of Italy by the Im- perialilis. In 1743 ht-y were difpoH'cllcd of it; but when the emperor ceded Naples and Sicily to the late king of Spain, it returned to the houlc of Auf- jria, whofe viceroy now governs it. Mantua was formerly governed by the family of Ooniaga, who adhering to France, the territory was turleited, as a fuf of the empire, to tlie iKmle ot Auf- tria, in whofe polTctUon it oow is, the laft duke (iyjnt without male iflue ; but in 1748 Guaftalla was fepqntiS from it, 4nd made pMt of the duchy of Parma, vhof« full duko was natural fon to pope Paul II. the duchv having been annexed to the holy fee by pope Julius II in. '545- I he dcfcendents of the Farnefe family ter." ininatcd iii the late quceii-duwagcr of Spain, whofe fon, his late Catholic majclly, obtained that'duch? which, together with Placcuiia, are now held by hi^ nephew. •' When the Goths, and other northern nations in. vaded Italy in the fifth century, the inhabitants, of pj dua, and other cities on the continent, fled for fafcij to the neighbouring ifles, and laid the foundation of the Venetian republic. Secluded by their lituation from the continent, they turned their thoughts totradesnd navigation, and loon became a very ^rmidabie powtr at fca. Their conqucfla were amazing ; and being friiicipally poflTclTed of the lucrative commerce oi the ndies, foon became the richell people of Europe. En- vious of their fucccfs, and dclirous of Iharing in the treafures of the Fall, feveral leagues were formed againtl them by foreign powers, by which they were more than once reduced tuthe brink ef ruin, but were always faved by the difunioa of the confederates. The difcovery of 3 paflTage to India, by the Cape of Good Hope, gave the tirlt blow to their greatnefs, as it ioil them the Indian trade. The Turks, by degrees, de- "prived them of their moft valuable polfeflions on the continent ; and fo late as the year 1715, they lolithe Morea. Since the peace of FalTaruwitz, concluded ii» 1718, the Venetians have wifely refrained firom cm- barking in any of the conteib that have drenched thi fields of Europe with blood. The principal armorial bearings and orders of knighthood in Italy are as follows : 'I he pope, as fovercign prince of the Ecckfiaftical State, bears for his efcutchcun. gules, confiiling of a long head-cape. Or, furmounted with a crofs, pearled and gariiifhed with three royal crowns, and alfo St. Peter s two keys, placed in faltier.— Arms of Tufcany, Or, five rourtdlos, gules, two, two, and one, and on* in chief, azure, charged with three fleur-de-lis, Or. —The arms of Venice, azure,—- a lion winged, fcjani, Or, holding under one of his paws a book covered, ar- gent. —Thofe of Genoa, argent, a crofs, gules, with a crown cloli:d for the illaiid of Corfia ; and for fup- porters, two griffins, Or.— Of Naples, azure, femee of tleur-de-lis. Or, vvitii a label of five points, gules. — In Sardinia, there is an order of knighthood, called the Annunciadc, or order of Annunciation, inltiiiitcd in 1355 by Amadeus V. count ol Savoy, in meinory of Amadeus I. who bravely defended Rhodes againll the inftdeKs. The motto of this order is FKRl", be- ing the four inilal letters of Forlitudo ej.n RImlumlm- //, "His bravery prcferved Rhodes.'' The collar of the order is compoled of golden rofo',, enamelltd red and white, with lover's knots ul the fame. To the >rthcro nationi, in. e inhabitanti,ofh. nent, fled for fafciy he foundation of the their lituation from iiouahts to trade md ry formidable power mazing ; and being le commerce of the opie of Europe. En- us of Ihariiij^ in the agues were formed by which they were nic «f ruin, but were ie confederates. The »y the Cape of Good ir greatnefs, as it ioil urks, by degrees, de- le pofleirions on the ir 17151 they iolhhe uruwitz, concluded ifk f refrained firomem- lat have drenched thi and orders of 'I :!i1i 'i « , f f;^^ '•1 ■1 ■i ■.r, 1 - ■ ■1i ' : , ..;,. il i '•* iMt m if eight points with flcur-dc-lis at ihg angles cmbroidcrtd on ihcix centre garincut. Tlu;y mud prove the nobility of ihcir decent for four cen- turies : their iiumhf r is litnittd to 30. St. Januarius iit the patron. The gulil coins in It.ilv are, the feqnin or rhcq':i« of Venice, worth i)s.yi.\. 'I'he old Italian pilhile, worth 16s. jd. The double ducat df ( iinoa, VcnlLt, audi Florence, worth 18s, -d ; and the lingle durai of the fume places, \.„rth ()s. 31!'. The tilv'.rcoin'^ arc, the ducat o\ Verii<.e and Naples, worth 3s. .\A. The luvr ducat of Venice, worth is. 8J 'I'hc ducat ot Flo- rence or Leghorn, worth js. ^d. The tefton of Rome, worth IS. Od. The tariti, worth 8d. and the tinliu, worth .jd. , C II A P. XXIX. TURK EY IN EUROPE. Sitiinthi, P.xuiit, L'.umlnits, Divlfitns, Climate, Pn-. ditcc, A'hnnlaiiif, Mines, Riven and Lakes, Ant! ^^^ a^^^ h'< ^'- 4- •^"S'7 >■'''■"'•■"■' >j^'--— j.^""""' ,^«--«".-N. />...)■■''■•■■'>'■ i^v3^' 1.1,, „./-^ ^t^ ■1'''"'' ' »'■ 'A'i,..,i '' -('■'■■■■•■■/ l,„l.„/,' * r I. ^> \ll.mriZ^,\ —v-. IV,"/''",-- "'""'' <.-^ #' >' ■1,1 'I' if.. r '(.■^,.,••^• ^/ .V;,,.. Il.u.lj.irll, ■I, .-*M.-lcMiA .Cs 2L .ir;.wA../ '^)' Sun I'll, I »^ A X^,.^.,^ ■^^<*->^ ...V ^38 A MEW ANn COMPLEtE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPMV , South of mount Rhoilone, or Argcntum, the nortli part (if ancient (jrt^pce, Ivlacedonia, ch- towns Siry- rjjuii, Conlfd'a, coiKaiuiii^ 1^,980 Iq. miles ; ThelTaly, MOrt'JsiHia, ill. town Salon' Jii, containing ,jfi^o fq. ijiiii-s i Achaia and iJocotia, now Livatlia, cli. towns Alliens, Thebes, Lepanto, containing 3426 ftjiiaii; miles. ' On the Adriatic fea or Gulf of Venice, the ancient IlIyricuMi.tpirns, ch. town Chimira, containing 7955 ft], miles; Albania, th. towns Burtinto, Dnrazzo, Dukigno, contaimng 6375 fq. miles ; Dalma'ia, ch. town Zara, containing 4566 fq. miles; Ragufa repub- lic, ch. towns Narenza, Ragufa, containing 430 fq. miles. _ In the Tvlorea, the ancTetit PcToponnefus, being the fouth divilion of Greece, areCqiinthia, Argos, Sparta, Olympia, where tllcGamCs Wctc held, Arcadia, and Elis, ch. towns Corinth, Argos, Napoli de Romania, Lace- riimon, now Mifitra, On the river Eurotus, Olympia, or Longinica, on the river Alphcus, Modon, Coron, Partas, Elis, or Belviilcre', on the river Pcmcus, con- taining 7220 fq. miles. The air in this part of Turkey is naturally healthy, but the plague is frequently brought hither 'rom Eg\pt, and commits terrible devaftai'on among the in- habitants ; this calamity is partly afcribed to the nox- ipus vapours from the neighbouring countries, and partly from the indolence and iincleanlincfs of the Turks, ■who, intaliiated with the belief of prcdeitination, take ooiMeafiM'es to suarUag^infl its approach. The foil is beyond expreiucfn fertile, even in places where it has never been cultivated ; and is adapted to both the purpofcs of agriculture and graliery. The ftafons here arc regular and pleafant, audhave been celcbraicd from the leinoteft antiquity. Thcflaly, -nTurke)', i" fainotis for a fine breed of hoil'cs, which are equally remarkable tor their fcrvice and their beauty. The black cattle, cfpccially in Oree:e, are extremely large; but the goats arc the moll fileful aniinnls to tlie inhabitant^, , who make great ufe both cf iluir milk and flcfh. The neighbourhood of Babadagi abounds in large eagles, the tails of which iurnilh the Turkilli and Tait^rian archers xyith the finell feathers for their arrows ; and they are accord- ingly piir.;hafed at a prodigious price. Iniwoftofthe riiilridts of Greece, there are great riuinber> of par- tridges ; and every part of Turkey in i'Ju'-opc produces plenty of lame lowl, and moil fpecics of game : but the Tiirkilh Mahonietaiis f^idom eat much animal lood. Mo. I of the rivers likewife abound in hfl). The natural Inxuriancy of the (oil, with very little aflillancc from art, products corn and other grain, excellent ^rafs, coffee, pot and garden herbs of alinoil every kind, oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, giapes of an uncommon faeetncfs, hue hgs, olives, almontls, cotton, a.id various kinds of drugs, particularly rhu- baib; all ihci'c ptodudtions A(«. .ex >. client iu their Lmd. \ , ■ The inount.niiV^ in European Turkey have long btcn celebrated, bui the principal part of them are now known by modern appellations. The mounts Olyni. pus and Pindtis, the latter of which i.fSTANTiNOPLH, fifiiuted in 4 1 (leg. N. lat. and a I E. k)rtg. is liie capital df tfie whole Turkilii empire, and the fefidence of the grrind feigniors, it was built by • the emperor Corjftan^tine the Great, who, in 330, made ' it the feat of the eaftcrn part of the Roman empire It continued iii this flate till ^453, when, after having fufbined a flege of fifty-four years, it was taken by the Turks. It uaitds like old Rome bn feven hills, com- manding a beautiful and extenfive profpeft ; and is mod delightfully and advantageoiifly fitiiatcd, in form i)f a triangle, on a point of land wadied by the fea of Marmora and the Hellefpont on the foKth ; by the Thracian Bofphorus, or flreight of Conftantinople on the call ; and on the north is a very large and com- modious harbour, formed by a canal from the Streights, extending inland towards the north-weft ; thus it has a communication by water with moll parts of the em- pire. This city is uncommonly large, and when -viewed at a diftance has the appearance of an amphi- theatre : but the ftrcefs are badly paved, narrow, dark,- ftcep, and flippery. The houfes are mean, being biiili of wood and tnortai ; they are however crowded with inhabitants, the number being computed at 8 or 900,000, thr^e-fourths'of whom are Greeks and Armenians. Here are twenty-two gates, fix of which are towards the land, and the reft towards the fea ; but the fortifi- cations are antique and ruinous. The fincft buildings arc either without the city near the harbour, or in the moll retired parts within the walls. At the point of the triangle, near the canal and harbour, Hands the imperial palace or feraglio ; which, together with the gardens, takes up a mile and a half in circuit ; and may be flyled rather a coUeflion of feveral palaces and apartments joined together, according to the taftc of the different emperors, than an uniform Itrudure. The wall which furrounds the feraglio is thirty feet high, having battlements, embrafures, and towers, in the fiylc of ancient fortifications. There are nine gates be- longing to it, but only two of them magnificent ; and from one of theft the Ottotnan court takes the name o'i the Porte, or the Sublime Porte, in all concerns of a public nature. The palaces of ti>e prefent Turkifh nobility have nothing remarkable on the outiide,. but within they, are richly and elegantly decorated. The mofques, of which there are leven ftyled royal, are very handfome edifices. They ftand fingly, wi'.liiiv a fpacious enclofurc, planted with lofty trees, and adorned with delightful fountains. Among thefe mofques the mt)ft magnificent is that of St. Sophia, once the metropolitan church of the Chriftians. It flands on an eminence oppolite to the principal en- trance of the imperial palace, and was built by the cinperor Juilinian, in the form of a Greek crofs. Thi* building is of fuch vaft extent, that it is faid an hun- dred thou fand perfons inay, with cafe, be contained ir* it at one time. It is two hundred and fifty-two feet long, and two hundred aiwi twenty-eight broad. The dome, which covers almofl the whole ftru£lure, refts. externally on four prodigious towers, which have beer* added of late years tofupport it. The pavemeat, walls,, and galleries, are all of marble, and it is likewife or- namented with a number of marble, porphyry, and Egyptian granite pillars; but there are no pidnrcs or ftatues in either this or the other tnofques. The an- nual revenue of St. Sophia is faid to amoimt to thirty- two thoufand pounds. The grand feignior repairs to- it every Friday, but a Chriftian is fcarce ever admitted. In this city are a great many Greek and Armenian churches, befides two or three for the Roman-Catho- lics, and one for the Lutherans, which, was built by the Swedes. There arc fome noble antiquities in and about Con- ftanlinoplc, particularly the ancient hyppodrome, or place for horfe-raccs. It /s an oblong fquare, four himdred paces in "length, and one hiuuired in widths adorned with three beautiful antique pillars, oneiot brafs, and the other two of inarbTe ; one of the latter,, which is of Theban marble, is of a quadrangular figure, terminating in a point,, and filled with luero- glyphical infcriptions. Security and good order reign in Conftantinople in ^a very eminent degree ; for upon a foreigner's taking a Janizary with him, he may view every part of the town umnolcded. They likewife prefcrve the gnatcfr decency in their mofques, no one prtfmTiing to lioicV difcoiirl'c or lliew the leaft mark of inattention, .'i hi;, circumference of this city, including the fuhiiib.-;, ij. faid to be twtnty-!our miles, 'i'hc environs arc ex- tremely pleafant, cipecially along the Streights, being covered with towns, villajjes, feats, gardens, tncadrtws,. vineyards, and woods. The proi'pec> Imm it is no- ble. The moft regular part is the nefeliin, rncki- fed with walls, where the lliops of merchants an- excellently rangeii. This city has frequently fntfer- cd by fires, either owing to the nnrrownefs of tha Itrects, and the llrud^ure of the hoiifcs, or the arts of the Janiznries. In Aug. 178), a fire broke out iri the quarter near the harbour, which f[>rcading into oihcs 'iii It M- ■ ■"' 1 is i\J ! f i *■ ilii !r 640 ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. other patts, about 10,000 houfes were conAimcd, mo(t of which had been rebuilt fiiice the fire in 1782. While Cunliaiitinople cuntiniicd in the poU'enion of the Greek cinperors, ft had no equal ; it was the only mait in Europe lor 2 rich commodities ol' the Eall ; it abounded in riches, in arts, in beautiful Orudures, and in niantifadures. It is now little more than the iliadow ot its ancient greatnefs ; though (till, witli tregard to its lituation, one of the iinelt cities in the mirld. Scutaris (lands oppodte to the feraglio, on the Afian fide, at the dillancc of about a mile and a half: it is adorned with a royal mofquc, and a pleafurc-houfc of the grand fcignior. Adrianoplf, called by the Turks Edrene, is fimated in a very fertile country on the river Maritz, by means of which, and othe* rivers, it carries on a very con- fiderable traflic. The city is large, but the (Ircets are remarkably dirty, the houfes in general low, and built of wood and clay, a few indeed are of brick. * for the life of fuch of our readers as are acquainted XMih ancient hillory, we fliall here defcribe the illands belonging to Turkey in Europe, bting part of ancient CJrcece. Negrofont, which was the ancient Euboea, is fituated on the ealkrn coafl of Achaia, or Livadia, from which it is feparated by a narrow channel, called the Eiiripns. It is about ninety miles in length, and twentv-tivc tniies in breadth ; and is fuppofcd to have been formerly joined to the continent of Greece by an illiimus, as it is now by a bridge. This illand pro- duces corn, wine, oil. and fruit: in great abundance, and (bme cattle. The principal places in it are Ne- gropont, the capital, and Ca(tel Rolfo ; the fir(t has a very fpacious harbour, where a fleet of gallics are generally kept in readinefs to fail againd the pirates and the Maltefe. The tides on its coarts are very irre- gular, frequently flowing thirteen times in twenty-four hours, and ebbing as often. Stalimene. anciently Lemnos, Is (Ituated in the north part of the i^gean Tea, oppofite the flreight of the Dardanelles, forming nearly a fquare of twenty- five miles in length and breadth. It yields an abun- dance of corn and wine ; but its principal pro(lu(5lion is a mineral earth known by the appellation of Terra Lemnia, or Sigillata, from a feal the Turks put upon levery piece that is fold to foreigners. Notwithrtanding this drug is fo pofitively alFerted to be an earth, and dug in this ifland, it has been long known to be a ve- getable produdlion ; and it has lately been difcovcred to be the pulp of the fruit of a tree called Baobab, grow- ing near Senegal in Africa. The inhabitants fell this Eulp, when thoroughly dry, to the Arabs, who diftri- utc it into different parts of the Turkiih empire, where it is made up in cakes, fealed, and exported to Europe, under the name of iealed earth, or earth of s J Lemnos. The principal places in this ifland are Stall. mene, the capital, and Cachino. Tknedos, about two leagues from the coafl of ihc Lefler Phrygia, oppolite to old Troy, is in general rocky and barren, but contains fomc fruitful v.illiiv and the Mufcadine wines produced ilitre are gicaily efleemed. It has one large town of the fame naim; with the ifland, and an harboiirdcfeiidul by two radius. This is the place to which the Greeks retired, aiut Lft the Trojans in a fatal fecurity, as related by Virgil. ScYRO, anciently Scyros, is (ituated about twenty- five miles from Negropont, is nearly fixty miles in cir- cumference, and full of rugged barren rucks. It con- tains a fmall town of the fame name, a fafc huibuin, feveral villages, and fome quarries of marble. Lesbos, or Mytilene, is a confidcrablc illaiul, fitu- ated to the fouth of I'enedos, oppolilo the coafl of L). dia. It produces plenty of corn, wine, fruit, and figs ; cattle alio abound here. The capital is now called Caflra, or Caflri. It has an excellent harbour, de- fended by a flrong caflle, in which is kept a condant garrifon. Tliis ifland is. famous for feveral remains uf antiquity, and likewifc for being the native place of a number of philofophers and poets, particularly the inimitable Sappho. Scio, formerly Chios, lies about eighty miles wefl of Smyrna, and is about an hundred miles in circum- ference. This ifland is in general mountainous and floney, but produces excellent wine, oil, lik, and a variety of gums, particularly that called maflich, greatly uftd by the Turks. The chief town is Scio, which has an harbour and citadel, wherein a garrifon is kept ; and there are about thirty villages belides the capital, all well peopled. The number of the inhabitants is near 113,000, of whom 100,000 are Greeks, lo.oco Turks, and about 3000 Latins ; who carry on msnu- fadtires of (ilk, velvet, and gold and filver fluffs. The women of this, and mofl of the other Greek iflands, arc remarkable for their beauty and fymmetry, but not famous for chaflity : even the Greek nuns are faid tu be ful^ciently lavifli of their favours. lone the tragic poet, Theopompus the hiflorian, and Theocritus the fophid, were all natives of this ifland. The inhabi- tants alfo contend with feveral other places for the ho- nour of having Homer fur their countryman ; and they even (hew (Irangers a little fquare houfe, at the foot of mount Epos, which they pretend was his fchool. The Greeks, refldingon this illand, pay a capitation-tax aC' cording to their rank. Samus, almoft oppofite toEphefus, on the coaft of the Lefller Alia, is about 30 miles long, and ij broad. .It is exceedingly mountainous, a chain, conflfling chiefly of white marble, running through the whole ifland; but they are covered with a flaple of good earth, fo that the country is very fertile, producing delicious Mufcadine wine, (ilk, oil, fruits, honey, laffron, fine wool, an excellent fort of onions and garlic, various kinds of minerals and drugs, a fine rcdi^ole, emery, oke% F.UROPR.] TURKISH ISLANDS. this ifland are Sta 1 capitation- tax ac- okcr, ami a black infipicl earth of great ufc in dyeing. The principal place in the illand is Samos, which has a good harbour. This place gave birth to Pythagoras, and is now inhabited by between 12 and 14,000 Greeks, but fiibjetSl to the Turks. pATMOs, fouth ut Sainos, is a fmall barren and dreary illand, only remarkable for having a convenient haven, and for being the place where, we arc told, St. John wrote his Apocalypfc. There is a convent dedicated to that apoltlc, and, near it, is his grotto, the entrance to which is about feven feet high, with a fquare pillar in the centre. On the top there is a cleft in the folid rock, through which the monks pretend the Holy Glidlt diftated the Revelation to St. John. Dr. LOS, the chief of the Cycladcs iflands, about which the reft form a circle, is fituatcd fouth of the iflands Mycone and Trife, north of Paros, and nearly midway between the continents of Afia andfclurope, being about eight miles in circuit. It is now almolt deferted, but was formerly very populous, and much frequented by llrungers, on account of its being the birth-place of Apollo and Diana, who had both magnificent temples crcdleil here, the ruins of v, liich are ihll difcernibie. Paros is fituatcd betweei. the illands o'" Lucia and Melos, and is one of ttic finaliell among the Cycladcs. Itis wtU cultivated, and produces wheat, barley, pulfe, iVlanuim, wine, cotton, cattle, and game. This illand Ium always born celebrated for the beauty and inimita- ble whitentfs of its marble ; and in the walls of Pare- chi.i, Its chief town, there are fine marble columns lying on the ground ; belides which, there lie, in feveral parts ofit, architraves, pedeftals, and other exquilite pieces of carved marble, the remains of ancient Paros, on the ruins (if which this town was built. It contains fome good roads and harbours ; and is famous for being the native place of Phidias and Praxiteles, two of the greatcft flaiuaric!. the world ever produced. Cekigo, anciently Cythcrea, lies between Candia ami the Morea : it is about lixty miles in circumference, but being rocky and moiuitainoiis, produces little corn, wine, or oil. This illand was formerly confecrated to Venus, and confidered as her favourite reiidence. Santorin, formerly called Calida, and afterwards Thera, is one of the molt fouthern iflands in the Ar- chipelago; it is in a manner covered with pumice- Aoncs; notvvithflanding which, through the induflry of tiic inhabitants, it yields barley, wine, cotton, and fome wheat. One third of the inhabitants, who are about 10,000 in number, arc of the Latin church, and fub- je£l to a Popilh bilhop. Rhodes, lituated between 28 deg. caft ion. and 36 dcg. 20 min. north lat. about 20 milts fou*h-\velt of the continent of the Leller Alia, i;- nearly uo miles in length, and 25 in breadth : it abounds u\ fruits, ex- cellent wines, and all manner of provillons, corn ex- cepted, which the inhabitants arc obliged to import from the adjacent country. The capita., of the fame name, is fliU a handfomc city, tliough much interior No, 43, to what it was formerly : it enjoys a convenient port, dock, and arfenal, and a fqtiac'ron of gallics is always kept there to criiizc againit the corfairs. Here flood the famous ColoU'us.jultly elleemcd one of the wonders of the world. It was eredtcd at the entrance of the harbour, having a foot placed on each fide of. it, fa that the fhips failed between it^i legs. This enormous image was one hundred and thirty-five feet high ; tho thumbs were fo large, that two men could hardly em- brace them", and the face reprefented the fun, to which it was dedicated. In one of the hands was placed a lantern, for the diredlion of mariners, during the night. Rhodes is even, at this time, the mart for all the mer- chandizes of the Mediterranean, particularly camblett, tapeltry, cotton, filks, wine, wax, raifins, and foap. From the year J 301 to ij22, this ifland was fiibjeft to the knights of St. John of Jerufalem ; but, under bolyman the Magnificent, it was then reduced by the Turks, who obliged the knights to retire to Malta. Candia, the ancient Crete, alfo called Hccatom- polis, from its hundred cities, for which it was fo re- nowned, is fituatcd between 35 and 36 deg. of norttj lat. at nearly an equal diltancc from Europe, Alia, and Africa, and is about 200 miles long, and 60 broad. Many parts of it are mountainous, rocky, and barren, while others yield the mofl excellent wines, fruit, corn» honey, wax, lilk, and wool. Mount Ida, fo celebrated by the poets, flands in the centre of the illand, and is covered a great part of the year with fnow. Lethe, tho river of oblivion, was likewifeonc of its rivers, but now nothing more than a torpid flream. Candia, the ca- pital, pofTeires no remains of its former grandeur : however, it will always be famous lor the fiege it fiif- tained from the Turks, who invefled the town in 1645, but could not fubdue it till 1669, and even then the garrifon furrendered on the molt liononrable terms. During this fiege the place had been ftormed 36 timer:, in the courfe of which the Venetians loft upwauls of Bo,ooo men, and the Turks, above liJo.ooo. This ifland was formerly the feat of legiflature to all Greece. Cyprus is fituated in the Levant fea, about thirty miles diflant from the coafls of Syria and Paledine. It is about 130 miles in length, and 70 in breadth. The foil, where properly cultivated, is very fruitful in corn, wine, oil, cotton, filk, and a great variety of game. The Venetians poireffed themfelves of it in the year 1480; but were driven out by the Turks, about the middle of the flxteenth century, who have been mailers of it ever fincc. Richard I, king of England, fubdued it in revenge for the treachery of its king ; after which tho royal title was transferred to Guy Liifignan, king of Jerufalem, from whence it palfed to the Venetians, who are flill in pofli-'flion of that einpty honwir. The jpre- fent inhabitants are an affemblage of Turks, Jews, Greeks, and Arinepians, with fome few Latins, Cuphts, Maronitcs, and Nellorians, who all enjoy the free exercife of their religion- Cyprus, while in the baiuts of the Chriltians, was a rich and populous ifland, but, 10 D b^ 'V ' •%*-] tl . ik'rt 8i« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL C.EOr.RAPHY. by the opprcllion of the Turks, it is depopulated and impi>vcriih«:d to fiiLh a dtgrtc, that thc-rcvt-iuie ariiiog from it does not exceed 1250!. per ann. Nictifin, the prufent capital, is a fmall but handfomc town ; ai^d ratnaguda, the ancient capital, has an exccedint; good harbour. This illatid was formerly faniotis lor the vorlhip of Venus ; and in tiic town of Puphus, then the fcatof pleafurcand corruption, though now dwind- led into a little mean fea-porl, arc the remains of a magnificent temple, dedicated to that goiidcfs. The prtfent ladies of that illand arc not degentratcd from their anceftors; they arc ftill devotees to Venus. The illand of Sapiknza, Strivali, Cephalo- ViA, Santa Mauka, Lsola uel Compare, the ancient Ithaca, the birthplace and kingdom of U- lylTes, and feveral others of Icfs note, arc in the Ionian lea, belong to theVenctians,and are in general fruitful. Zante and Corfu alfo belong to the Venetians ; who «re faidto concern ihemfelves very littlcabout the welfare or government of them. The firft has a populous capital of the fame name, and carries on a confidcrable trade; and Corfu, the capital of the latter, is a place of great (Irength : all the red of thefe iflands are, in general, fruitlul. The inhabitants of Zante are about 30,000, modly Greeks, md of a more hofpitable difpoiition thantholeof Coiiu, whofe number is eitimated at jo,ooo. CHAP. XXX. RANG E. Si/iintion, Extent, Boundnriti, Dlvifijns, Climate, Soil Miuntains, Rivers, Pt educe. Learning, Trade, Inhabi- /iints, Cities, i^e. THISextenfive and powerful kingdom, being the nearcll to England, claiiTis our peculiar attention. Its name is liikcn from the Francs, a reltlefs and enterpri. ling German nation, who came from Franconia in th« fifth century, conquered the Gauls, the ancient inhabi- tants ; and the Roman force not being able to fnpprefi them, they were permitted to fettle in the country by treaty. It is fituated between the 5th deg. of weft, ami 8tli deg.eall long.and between the 4ad and ,5 id deg. of nonh lat. being nearly 6ao miles in lengtii, a^-d 510 in breadth. It is bounded by Germany, Switzerland, and Italy oi» the call ; by the Bay of Bifcay, on the wed ; by the Englilh channel and the Netherlands, on the north i and by the Mediterranean and Pyrtnean mountains which divide it from Spain, on thefouth. The dimenlions of the feveral parts of this kingdom are didintlly fpecified i» the following table of Mi'. Templeman, who has thus divided it: Ancient Division of France under the Monarchy. Names of Provinces. fOrleannois. Guiennc .. Gafcoigne.. France. < Netherlands. Geroiiiny.... Languedoc Lyonnois Champagne Bretagne Normandy Provence Burgundy Dauphine I lie of France .... Franche Compte . - Picardy ^Roufillon ' Artois \Hainault Flanders Luxemburg / Lorrain ■\AIface Total Length. Breadth. Sq. Miles. 230 180 22,950 S16 lao 12,800 125 90 8,800 200 i»5 i3.'75 ^75 130 12,500 140 110 10,000 170 105 9,100 «55 85 8,200 95 92 6,800 •5° 86 6,700 107 90 5.820 100 «5 5,200 100 60 4,000 120 87 3'650 50 44 1,400 63 32 990 57 as 800 58 aa 760 48 »3 29a — — 2,500 95 30 2,250 138,687 Principal Cities. Orleans. Bourdeaux. Aux, or Augh. Thouloufc. Lyons. Rneims. Rennes. Rouen. Aix. Dijon. Grenoble. Paris. Befanfon. Amiens. Perpignan. Arras. Valenciennes. Lille. Thionville. Mctz. Strafburgh. The ifland of Corfica is to be added to thefe ; but the city of Avignon, with the Venaiflin, was ceded to the Pope, in 1774- ' France, APHY. C E. t'yns, Climalt, Stlf^ fing, Trade, Inhabi- ingdom, being the Dciuliar atiemioi), •itlefs and eiitcrpri- n Franconia in ih« ihe ancient inliabi- ing able to fupprefi in the coiintry by Ifg. of weft, anil 8th d,5iftdeg.ot north ngth, a^d ^,0 i„ any, Switzerland, ' of Bifcay, on th« le Netlierlands, on can and Pyrenean n, on thefouth. ts of this kingdoir. wing table oi Mu ;t: Cities. n, was ceded to Fkance, '' J it ■]: % 'I'i'i-. i^', 'M'^ il'*j« nwt / Europe.]) N C E. 8.13 tuANCK, wliitli is nearly ii Snuare, is now divided by llie National Allembly, into 83 I)c[)art« iiumMj, including Curlica. fevcry Department i» fubdividcd into Diilritl.i, in all 547 1 and each Didritt into Cantons.' Ihe following arc the Chief Towns of each Dcparinieiit,. and alio the Dillritls. The new Department of Savoy, which (liould form ihc Sjih, is not uddcd, as being at prel'cnt uncertain whether it will continue its Connection with this Kinjj- doin. The whole arc dclcribed in the following T A B L E. Dei'artmknts. I lie of France. Normandy, Brittany Poltou. Guienne. Gafcony Languedoc... Provence. Paris Seine and Otifc Seine and Marnc Oife .Aifuc Sonime, Plcardy, Gal. Strcights, 1 Arlois J North Flanders r Lower Seine I Calvados < Orne I Eure l^Channcl 'Illcand Vilaine Lower Loire Finillerrc North coafl .Morbihan r Vienne < Vendee V^Two Sevres Lower Charcnte IGirondc Upper Vienne Lot and Garonne Avieron Dordogne Lot f Gers J Upper Pyrenees ' ] Lower Pyrenees ^Landis Ea(l Pyrenees 'Upper Garonne Gard Heraiilt Arrii'ge j Tame Aude l^Lozere {Mouths of Rhone Var Lower Alps Chu.i' Towns. Paf N. L. 48'5o ris \ K. L. u" a^ VLrfaillcs Meliin Beauvals Laun Amiens Arns Line Koiien Caen Alcn^on Evrcux Coutance kennes Nantes Bred St. Briciie Vannes Poitiers Fontenai-compte Niort Santes Boiirdeaux Limoges Agcn Rodez Perigeux Cahors Auch Tarbc Pan Marfan Pcipignan Touloufc Ni fines Montpeller Foix Caftrts Carcalfone Mende Aix Toulon Digne Inland DEi'ARTMKNrs. Auvcr . . . MofcUc Vofgcs Mciirlc Mcufu Lower Rhine Upper Rhine Aiibe Marnc Upper Marnc Arilennes Doubs Jura Upper Soanne 'Cotc D'Or ■{ Snanne and Loir Yonne Ifcrc Drome Upper Alps Ardeche Rhone and Loire {Puy de Dome Cantal Upper Loire, Fel. Corcze, Lhnofin Crcufe, Marche Charcnte, Aug. Allier, Bourbon rChcr \ Ain \_lndrc Indre&Loirc.Tff. / Sarte (^ Maycnne Maire and Loire f Loiret < P^ure and Loire \_Loir and Cher Nievre, Niveniois Corfica illand Avignon and Ve- naifchin are in thisdtpartment. Chief Towns. Mcnti Epiana Naiici Barlc'lnc Srafl)iirg Col mar Troycs Chaalons Chaumont Mezieres Befan^on Dole Vefoul Dijon Macon Auxcrre Grenoble Romans Gap Pfivas Lyons Clermont St. Fleur Lc Puy .Tiillc Giicrct Angouleme Mou lines Bourges Bourg Chatcauroux Tours Lc Mans Laval Angers Orleans Charlies Blois Nevcrs Ballia. iK:Jf !^! ,1 : Th» 1(11 1.1/ Mfntf** tai L/fti ,V iJnmf'Ifi"! V (i . ! o • / ML.,,, '/I '■•■"$/.■■■ I. >^.fi' •Kui.ui \ f 844 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 3 The air of France, particularly that of the interior Earts, is in general mild and wholefome ; but it has ten lately reprefented, by fome, as not nearly fo fa- I'.ibriousas is pretended; and it muft be acknowledged that the French have been but too fuccefsful in giving the inhabitants of Great-Britain falfe prepoircfiions in I'avour ft' their own country : it mufl; indeed be owned, that their weather is more clear and fettled than that in England. In the northern provinces where the tiring is chiefly of wood, the winters are intenlely C()ld ; but towards the fouih it is fo mild, that many fickly and aged pcrfons retire thither from England at that ieafon, to avoid the rigour of our climate. I The qtiality of the foil varies greatly according to •its litiiation. The upper part of Provence is adapted for the growth of corn ; and the lower for high-fla- ViHircd iVuits. The foil of Burgundy is fo rich, that it has been called tlie mother of wine and corn ; and Picardy, that ct the national magazine for corn, llax, and fruit. Some of their fruits have a higher tlavour than thofc of England ; but neither the pallurage nor tillage are comparable to ours. The heats in many parts burn up the ground, fo that it has no verdure, and the foil barely produces as much rye and chefnuts as are fcfricient for the fubfillcucc of the iniferablc inha- : biiants. No nation is better fiipplied than France is with ■wholefome fprings and water ; of which the inhabi- taius make excellent life, by the help of art and en- gines, for all the conveniences of life. The I'Venth have of late endeavoured to fupply the lofs ariling from their precarious title to their laiuis, by inltitutiiig academies ot agriculture, and propoling prciniums for iis iinprove- lULMit, as in England ; but thefe expedients, however fuccefslii'i they may be in particular indauces, can ne- ver become of national utility in any but a free coun- try,' where the hulbandit'.an is fure of enjoying the (fruits' of his labour. The principal mountains in France, or on its border?, are the Alps, which divide it Irom Italy ; the Pyrenee?, which divide it from Spain ; Vauge, which divides Lorr.'iin from Burgundy and Alface ; Mount Jura, vshich divides Franche Compte from Switzer- land ; and ?v/Iount Der, iti the province of Auvcrgne. In I3.iiipliinc there is that called the Inaccellible Mountain, being an inverted pyramid broader at the top than at the bottom ; and Moutit BreUer, fituated near the .'Mp'-', often breaks out into flames. The chief rivers in France are the Loire, the Rhone, the Garonne, atid the Seine. The Loire rifes in the Ce.enne,'., and, running a courfe of noitli and north- well, falls into the Bay of Bifcpy, below Nantz. 'File Rlwjne rifes in 6\n itzerland, and flows in a fouth-wefl courfe to Lyons, alter whieh it rims due fouth till il falls into the Mediterranean, being joined in its paf- f.H;e by the Saone, ;ind fjther rivers ot hfs note. The Rhone is aluays higlu-ll in fiimiuer, which is attributed Jo the melting of the fnow upon the Alps. The Ga- 2 ronne has its fourcc in the Pyrenees, and, after tra- verfing a north-ea(l courfe, falls into the llay of Bjf. cay, below Bourdeaux. The Seine rifes in Burguody and, running to the north-wed, falls into the EnHilhl Channel between Havre-de-Grace and Harflcur, hav- ing in its way villted 'Proves, Paris, and Rouen Amoiiw the fmaller rivers are the Saonc ; thn Charente which rifes near Havre-de-Grace, and difchar^cs iifcif into the Bay of Bifcay ; the Somme, which rmis north- well through Picardy, and falls into the Fnglilh-Chan- nel below Abbeville ; the Adour, which running from eaft to weft through Gafcoigne, falls into the Bay of Bifcay below Bayoime ; and the Var, which has i.s fource in the Alps, and, runningfouth, divides France froin Italy, after v.hich it falls into the Mediterranean well of Nice See a further account in our defcrip- tion of the cities, towns, &c. 'Fhere are few confiderable lakes in France: there is one at Uraire, in Auvergne ; a fecond at La Eeffes, which, if a llonc is cart into it, makes a noife nearly as loud as thunder; and a third on the top of a hill near Alegre, which, according to vulgar report, isbot- tomlcfs. The number of navigaBlc rivers with which France is watered, together with the noble canals by which thefe rivers are united, and the navigation expended, have been produtSlive of advantages unknown in many other kingdoms, and refle6l more honc.ir on Louis XIV. than all his vidories. The c?nal of Lan- guedoc was begun in 1666, and completed in 1680; it was intended for a communication between the ocean and the Mediterranean, for the fpecdier palfage of the French fleet ; but though it was carried on at an iin- mcnfe expencc, for too miles, over hills and vallies, and even through a mou-iiain in one place, it has not aulwered that piirpoie. By the canal of Caldis, tra- vellers cafily pals by water from thence to St. Onier, Graveline, Dunkirk, Ypres, and other places. The canal of Orleans is another noble work, and runs a courfe of eighteen leagues, to the immenfe benefit of the public, and the royal revenue. France abounds with other canals of the like kind, which render litr inland navigation iiuAjireliibly commodious and benefi- cial. The great ufi of thefe canals in Picardy will ap- pear when it is obki li, that the river Sommo, which rifes above St, Ouintin, palles by that city. Ham, Ft- ranne, Brai, Corbie, Amiens, Pequigny, Abbeville, and St. Valori, where it falls into the fea. The river Oife has its fource in Thierache, palfes by Cjuife, Le Fere, Chaiiny, Noyon, Compcigne, Creil, Beaumont, Pontoife, and then difchaiges itfelf into the Seine above Couilans-Saiut-Honore. 'Fhe mod remarkable fprings and mineral-waters are, i. '1 hefrclh well near V'tfaul in Burgundy, about !■•; fathoms wide at the top, and 20 deep ; but foinc- tiines it is fo at^itated as to overflow iiilbiiianeoiiily, and produce a rapid drt.uii. 2. The burning fpriiig ai Sailenage. 3. A fpring at the Rocjuebunic in Lan- guedoc, li.a. The river F.UROPF,.] F . iiedoc, on the waters of which fwims a kind of oil, ili a very falutary nature, both in internal and external applications. 4. A fprinj* near Aigne in Aiivergne, which boils violently, and makes a noife refcnibling that of water thrown on lime ; it is infipid to the taftc, but of a poifonous quality, and the birds that drink of it die immediately. The waters of Sultzbach in Al- face are faid to cure the palfy, weak nerves, and the ftone. At Bagiieiis, not Mr Irom Bareges, are fcvcral wholefome minerals and baths, to vhich peop!c refort as to the Englifh baths, at fpring and antumn. Ferges, in Normandy, is celebrated for its mineral- waters, and thofe at St. Amand cure the giavel and obftrnc- tions. France abounds in marble and free-flone ; in Lan- guedoc there are fume veins of gold and filvcr, as well as turquoifes, the only gem this kinirdom prodiice:s ; Alface contains filver and copper ; Brittany has mines of iron, tin, lead, and copper ; and in other parts are tound alabafter, jafper, coat, chalk, oker, &c. At Berry there is a mine of oktr, which ferves for milt- ing of metals, and for dyeing, particularly the btll drab cloths ; in the province of Anjou are feveral quarries of fine white (tone ; and at Laverdau, in Co- tninges, there is a mine of chalk. The roots, herbs, and other Vegetable prodiidlions of France, are much finer than thofe of England, and con- feqiicntly their foups, falads, &c. are fupcrior to ours. The principal objedts of cultivation among the French are their vines, and the excellency of the wines they produce is univerfally acknowledged, in particular the wines of Champagne, Burgundy, Bourdeaux, Gafcony, nnd thofe called Hermitage, Frontiniac, and Pontacke, are much admired, not only for their pleafant tafte, but !li!iibrioii»vill lead. Thu fame prin- ciple of vanity is uf admirable ulib to the government, becaufe the lower ranks, when they fee their fuperiors elated, as in the time of a former war with England, under the mod difgraccful lofles, never think that they are unfortunate; thence proceeds the paflive fubmiilion of the French under all their calamities." This na- tional vanity is in nothing more difcernible than in their writings, in which, when they mention the in- habitants of any other kingdom or (laie, they take care not to omit fomc compliment to their own fupcrioiity, They plume thcmfelves upon their courtcfy, and fanfy that politencfs is confined to the natives of their coun- try only. Thyho wanted neither infor- mation nor abilities, has been very particular in defcribiiif/ the particularities obfervable among this people. " The natural levity of the French, fays this writer, is reinforced by the moll prepoderous education, and the example of a giddy people enr iged in the mod frivolous purfuils. A Frenchman is, by fome prieft or monk, taught to read his mother tongue, and fay his p ayers in a language li« does not underfland. He lea ns to dance and to fence by the mafters of thcfe fcii;nccs. He becomes a complete connoilfeur in drellin ' hair, and in adorning his own perfon, under the ha, ids ;uid inllrudions of his barber and vrvlet de chambrc. If he learns to play upon the flite or the violin, h( is alto- gether irrclillible. But lie piqijes himfcif with being polillied above the natives o*' any other country, by his cpnverf^lion wiih the fair-fox. In the cpurfc of this cominimicatiori.,with which .Se is indulged from his tender years, he learns, like a pnrrot, by rote, the whole circle of French conplimenti, which are a fet of phrafcs ridiculous even to a proverb ; and thcfe he throws out inJifcrimina»"!y tr all women without ilif- tiuelion, in the excrcife of thu kind of addrefs which is there dilling^uilhed by the name of gal|antry. It is an exercife-, bytlie repetition of which he becomes very pert, v.ry familiar, and very impertinent. A Frenchman, in con(">;q:jeiv'e of his mingling with the tair-fex from his infancy, not only becomes aeiuiaintcd with all tl;eir cafloins ,-.nd iUimouis, but grows won- derfully alert in performing a thoufand liitle oHiccs, which arc over-looked 'jy o'-i't-r men, vvhofe time has been fpcnt in making mt^rc, valuable acqiiifiiions. He eniers, without ceremonj, a lady's bed-cliamber while ihe is in bed, rci.ches her .vhatever (lie wants, airs her (hift, and helps to put it on. He attends at her toilette, regulates the dilhibution of her patches, and atkifi.s wlicie to lay (>n the paint If he vilits her «litn liie is drtlfed. and perceives the 'call impropriety in her coiffure, he iulill upon adjuiiiug it with his own luiiuls. it lie fees a tiirl, or even a llnglu hair .iniifs,. he produti.s his coiub, his fciHors, and his pomaium, and lets it to rigius with the dexterity of a proieil.d trizeur. He fquircs her to every place Ihe viiiis, either on buiijiefs or plcafure ; and, by dedicatingjiis whole iiiii.' to her, reiiil'.rs liimfelf necclfary to I .r (.'ccali ins. In ihort, of all the coxcombs upon the face of tlic eartii, a French pctii-maitre is the moil iiiiptrtiii nt ; and they arc all petit-maitics from the iTKixi,iiis ^^''^^ glitters in. lace and Kinbioidery, to the. barber's boy^ ' , covered Europe.] R N E. 847 covered vviili meal, who Itrtits wilh liis hair in a long niieiic, and liis hut uiulcr his arm. " I fhall mention one ciidom more, which fccmsto carry human artcdation to the very furtlitll verge .jf lolly and extravagance : that is, the manner in which the ladies are primed and painted.- It is generally fup- poled, that part ot the fair-fcx in fome oilier countries niake ufc of fard nnd vermilion for very difFerent pur- poles, namely, to help a bad or faded complexion, to heighten the graces, or conceal the deltds df nature, as well as the ravages of time. I thall not inquire whether it is jull and honell to impofe in this manner on mankind ; if it is not honell, it may be allowed to be artiul and politic, and Ihcws at leail a defpc of bcinL' af>rtv.jbic. But to lay it on ns the fadiion in Franct prefcribes to all luJies of condition, who indeed cannot appear without this badge of diilindion, is to difguifc llieinfelves in fnch a manner as to render them oiliench nation, in their modes of drefs, arc in fome iiicafurc governed by comiriercial circintillances. A 'renclnnan will fooner part wilh his religion than his hair. Even the'foldiers in France wear a long queue ; and this ridiculous foppery has dtfcendcd, as I faid before, to the lowed clafs of people. The boy who cleans Ihocs at the corner of a llrect has a tail of this kind 'it ; ■';■ m fill,; 4, 848 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. kitui Inliging down to his rump ; and the beggar who drives an afs, wears his hair en queue, though perhaps lie has neither (hirt nor breeches. ' The divtrfions of the French are much the fame as thofe of the Englirti, but they carry their gallantry to « much greater exccfs. Perlons in high rank accom- 5)li(h themfelves in the academical exercires of dancing, encing, and riding ; in the pradtice of which they ex* ccl all their neignbours in flcill and graccfulnefs; and indeed few of the common people are without fome knowledge of thofe embeliifnmems. They are fdnd of hunting ; and the gentry have now left off their heavy jack-boots, their huge war-faddle, and mon- ftrous curb-bridle, in that exercife, and accommodate themfelves to the Englifli manner. The landlords were as jealous of their game as they are in England, and equally niggardly of it to their inferiors. Thi; only religion eftablilhed in France for many centuries pad, was the Roman-Catholic, nor has any other been tolerated fincc the revocation of the ediifl of Nantes. In the fouthcrn parts of France, fome of the clergy and magiflrates have been as intolerant as e\er ; and the perfecutions of the Protcflants, or as they ai called, Hiigonots, who are very numerous in thofe pro- vinceSf have been continued till very lately. The French, however, would never admit that infernal tri- bunal, the inquilition, to be eflabliflied in their coun- try : and in many refpeds the king, clergy, and laity, have been more free and independent of the pope of Romcj than in other Roman-Catholic countries. The Papifts themfelves were divided into feveral fcfls, among %\hom the Janfenif's, the Quictiltt., and the Bourignons, were the principal. The Galilean church has more than once attempted to fliake off the yoke of the popes, and made a very great progrcfs in the attempt during the reign of Lewis XI V. but it was defeated by the fecret bigotry of that prince, who, while he was bullying the pope, was inwardly trembling under the power of the Jefuits, a fct of dangerous ecclcfiaftics that is now txterminatcd from that kingdotn. Upon the whole, the Hate of religion in France has long af- forded a llrong proof of the paffive difpofition of the natives, and the bigotry of their kings, who, in com- plaifaiice 10 the pope, have deprived the ftatc, as we iiavc alrtady hinted, of many ttioufands of its moil iiftful inhabitants. By the laws, of the new conditutlon, no man is to be moleftcd for his opinions, nor interruptid in the ex- crcife of his religion. The territorial polTcflions of the Galilean church have been claimed as national property, and difpofcd of through the medium of a paper money *.a!lcd Anignats, for the creditors of the (late ; and the clergy made dependent upon pendonary eflablifliments paid out of the national treafury ; out of which are paid alfo the expences of worfliip the religion.*, and the poor. All monadic eitablifhmcnts are fupprefltd ; but the picfcnt friars and nuns are allowed to obfervc their vows, and nuns optionally .to remain iii thcix con- rcnts, or retire upon penfioos. The clergy are ele<5led by the people, and take an oath to oblerve the laws of the new conilitution : but many of thofe, called refradlory prieds, have, from a confcientioiis refuful of this oath, been ejedlcd from their benefices, and many of the popular curates made bifhops. The conforming cilergy notify to the biihop of Rome their iiniou in do£lrine i but do not pay him fee), nor acknowledge any fubnrlinatiun to his autho- rity ; and he has iti confcqnence threatened France with excumtnunication. They are fupplied with lodg- ingjs upon their livings, wherion they are obliged to relide, and perform the duties of their office. They vote as active citizens, and aie eligible to fome lay- offices in the didridls, but to nc principal offices. As France is now divide! into nine metropolitan circles, there is a metropolitan bifhop with a fynod to each. The metropolitan biihop is confirmed by the chief biihop in his circle. To ihcfe fynods, appeals are made from the biihops. To each of the eighty-three departments, which form fo many diocefes, a biihop is appointed ; which appointment is made by the eledoral aflembly of the department, and confirmed by the metropolitan bifliop, but mud have held an ccclefiadical office tifteen years. The falaiics arc from 500I. to 840I. per annum. Each diocefe has alfo a feminary, with three vicars, and a vicar-general to prepare Hudcnts for holy orders, and thefe vicars conditute a council for the bifliop. The bifhop choofcs vicars of bifliops from among fuch of the clergy of his diocefe who have done duty ten years. The falarics are from 84I. to ajol. an- nually. Thofe whoareminiders of pariflies, or cures in the didridls, are confirmed by the bifhop, and they mull have been vicars to miniilers five years. They have falaries from 50I. to 160I. per annum, and receive peniions when infirm. The vicars of mioiders are chofen by the minifter from among the prieds admitted in the diocefe by the bifliop, and receive annual falaries from 50I. to tool, derling. There are in France more than two millions of Non- Catholics ; and the Protedants, who arc greatly in- creniing, are, in proportion to the Catholics, as one to twelve. There are already many regular congre- gations : fuch as German Lutherans, French and Swifs Calvinifls, Bohemian Anabaptifts, and Walloon or Flemidi Diilidents, befides many chapels for the am- balfadors. Many Jews alfo refide here. The French language is formed out of that of the Gauls, Romans, and Franks, and is pretty generally underdooil throughout Europe, particularly by gentctl reoplc, whii • education is deemed defcftivc without it. t is not however fo drong, expreflive, and energetic, as the Englifh, but feems bed accommodated to dal- liance, compliments, and common convcrfation. la fpeaking of the French and their language, the cele- brated earl of Rofcommon fays, 3 !' The Europe.] R N E. 849 "< The weighty bullion of one flcrling line, ; Prawn to rn-iuli wire, svill thio' wliolo pages fliinc." UryJen juftiy nhfLrvcs, that the Frcncli language ha* all ihe rwil'tucls of a grcyiiourid, but the Englilii all; tiienrengtli ot a nialliH'. A latt traveller fays, " there arc two great tliiiiculties whitli an iiiipractifcd pcrfon is under here, ifl common fpecch j the one is from tlie rapiJ pronunciation of tlie natives, wliith always ap- pears to be the cafe when the language is not farailiar to us ; the other from the idioms or forms peculiar to the language. There is no eiFcdUial cure (or cither, l)iit freipient convcrfation with the French people of all clalVes on tlicir own ground. Some of our counlry- inen go armed with adidionary.and malte their l'"rcn( h as they want it ; but fuch French is generally an awk- ward verlion of the Fngliili forms of fpecch, not in- telligible to French people. An Englilh gentleman of this tlafs was at dinner in a public company, and his biiHnefs requiring him to be gone as foon as decency v'oidd permit, lie wanted to tell the French ftrvant that " every body had done," with delign that the things might be taken awav: he confulls his book, and finds that every body is lout le tnonde, and done is fini, which uith his narrow Englilh pronunciation was, tout le nrnJe ejl fini. The waiter, who happened to be a lad of humour, took up the tniltakc, and cried out, Mi/eri- ariie! que fcrons nous f" Monficur dit que t'lUt le monde cjl jiiii, " Merfy on ns, _what (hall we do? — the gentle- man fays the world is at an end." The Lord's prayer in French is as follows : Notre Pcre qui es aux cieux, ton nom (bit fandlific. 'Fon rc-cne vienne. Ta volontc foit faite en la tcrre comme ail ciel. Donne nous aujourd'hui notre pain quoli- (tien. Pardonne-nous nos offences, comme nous par- (lonnons a ceux qui nous ont offenfes. Et ne nous in- (liii point en tentation, niais nous delivre du mal : car ii toi eit le regne, la puiiraace, et la gloire, aux liecles dts liecles. Amen. With refpcdl to learning and learned men, wc may remark, that after the deltruftion of the Greek and Roman empire, by the barbarous nations of the north, hikI the Hill more ferocious followers of Mahomet, 1 ritice, like moll other nations of Europe, I.iy im- nicifed in baibarifm for more than twelve centuries. Til-- poetry of thefe times confided wholly in achildifli jingle of words ; and the human genius, inllead of be- ing engaged in the (Indy of objedls worthy of its facul- ties, was devoted to frivolous queltions with regard to abtliad anil nietaphyfical effences. At the fame time the dale of flavery in which the far greater part of Europe lay, together with the ravages of fuperdition, at once the child and parent of ignorance, greatly con- tributed to debafe the faculties of the human mind, and render the revival of learning a talk of almoll iiifur- niountable dilHculty. At lad the invention of print- ing, and the encouragement of Francis I. the friend of learning, gave a new turn to the (hidicsof the French j glut the tiuiilicd woiks of the ancients were read with No. 43. pkafiircand admiration. Some progrefs was daily iiiade in triidition, and the fparks of (..liiIus, which had long lain neglcdcd, v. tie kindled by the noble and manly flame ol the ancients. Many learned inen appeared during this reigo in France, and did honour to their country. The work? of the two Sti phcns are iiniverfally known. Malherbc, trained up in if.e iliidy of the excellent poets of antiquity, and taking nature for his guide, eniiched the I'reiich po'jtry with new beauties and harmony. Balzac fol- lowed his exatnple, and ga\e majtdy to their profe. The fociety of Port Royal continued what Balzac had begun, and added purity and accuracy, which rendered the French language at once plealingaiul nervous. But the reign of Louis XIV'. v. as the moft fpiendid xra of literature in France. "^Fhe encouragement he gave to learning, and the peiifions he beUowed on learned men, will render his name immortal. Encouragcinent is never bellowed on men of genius in vain. 'Fhe number of learned men was prodigious, and formed a brilliant gondellation in the fplierc of literature. Cor- ntille, for many years a Have to falfe talle, became free at lad, and difcovercd the laws of the drama by the (Irength of his own genius, ratiicr than by his reading. Racine flriick into a new track, introduced into tragedy a palfion of tcndernefs known only on theflageofthe an- cients, arid unfolded the artifices of the iinman heart in a drain of truth and elegance joined with fublimity. Both thefe writers are didinguidied for the julltiefs of their painting, the elegance of the!- tade, and their {lri£l adherence to the rules of the drama. Moliere finely painted and ridiculed the to'lies of age, and grcitly excelled the ancient comedy. La Fontaine, in his fables, rivalled i^fop ; and Bodiiet, Bounleloiie, Fie- chier, and MafljUcn,. carried the tloquence of the pul- pit to a great degree of.perfedlion. The arts of eloquence are fo connefted with polite learning, that a turn for cultivating the one, leads to 'improve the other. While literature Hourilhed in this iTianner, Pouffin produced his paintings, and Puget h.is datues ; Le Sueur painted the Chartreux, Le Briin the battles of Alexander, and LuUi invented a fpecies of mufic adapted to the i'rench language. Soulpture is in general better underftood in France than in mod other countries of Europe. Their trcatifes 01) fhip-bui!ding and engineering Hand unrivalled; but in the pradlice of both they are outdone by the Englifh. No genius has hitherto equalled Vauban in the theory or pradlice of fortilication. The French were long our fuperiors in architedlure, though now we bid fair to excel them in that art. The univeriities in France are eiglucenin number, viz. Paris, Orleans, Rheims P./iclicrs, Boiiidcanx, An- gers, Nantz, Caen, Bourgts, Monipelier, Cahors, Va- lence, Aix, Avignon, Dole, Perpij^nan, Pont a Moufon, and Orange. 'Fhai of IVris ii the principal, and is- faid to have been fouiuleil by Charlemagne : here all the arts and fcienccs are taught, particularly law, phy- 10 F fie, ^■ '■^^:J!tlii i 850 A XEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVKRSAI, GEOGRAPHY. fic, ;':;;1 ili\iriiry: it conli'l.s of above foity roltci^es, of which tlic chief ;ire thole ol" tiic Sorbonnc, Navniri', the far ulty of nhylic, anil of the four lutions ; IcMiircs are read only in clevi-n of thcin. I'he hod of tiiif iiiiivcrliiy is the rcOftor, who is chofcn every tlnce months, Imt is rcmeiimt's continiitd four years. All the j)rof''iri>rs luivc latled fabtics ; aiul tlic whole in- come of the imivctfify is faid to amount to about fifty tlioHfiiiul iivres aiiniinlly. Beliiles ihiTe iinivc'ities, tlicrc are colleges crtablilli- ed in icvcial parts i France, bui all iSufe literary iiifliiulions have fiitFercd an irreparable lols by tl'.e ex- piillion of the Jefiiits, who al'.-.;!ys mailc the language; , arts, ami lliciiccs, their paiticiilar ftiuly, and laii^lit them throughout tiiat kingJoin : but as the exiinclion of this body of men will probably leilai the; inftucnce of fupenlitioii in Finiu-e, there is renfon to believe that the inteicds of real learning uill, upon the whole, be promoted by that cve:it. There arc ti-ht ac;!i!emies in Puis, tiainely, tiiree literary ones, the i'Vcnch academy, that of infcripiions, and that of the fciences; one of pi'.intitit'; and fculp- tiirc, one of ariliite<5ture, and three for ri'.ling ths great horfo, and other excreifes of a military n:in!re. The progrefs of i)hil!)f()|ihy was much (lower than that of polite learning in Fiance. A bigolted clergy, convinceil that it is their interelt tn ke;'p mankind in ignorance, obliriKTed philofopliy in its dawn, and al- nioll prohibited men from thinking. Even the power of Louis XIV'. and his noble '^llahliilimeni' for the im- provement of learning, were unable to remove the in- iitience of the church. Some great mc-n, however, broke through all rcllraint, and, like the fun through the iiiifts of the morning, cad a jileafing light around them. I)es Cartes had all the nccclfary qualifications for changing the face of philofophy. His difcoveries in inathemaiics were of the greatefl fervicc, and now form the moll lolid and indil'putablc part of his glory ; p.uticularly his application of algebra to geometry, which will always prove a key to the deep refearchesof the higher geometry, and confcqucntly to all the phy- jico-mathemutical fcicnces. Pafcal purfiied the mathematical branches of philo- fopliy wi'li great fuccefs. His treatife on the cycloid difcovers a protligioiis force of genius ; and that on the tqiiilibrium of tiuids, and the gravity of the air, has opened a new fcicnce to philofophers. I'cw men, either by their writings or lives, have done more fer- vice to religion, than this great man and thearchbilhc-p of Cambray. Since the time of Louis XIV. fcvcral writers of cniinencc have apjiearei'. At the head of thefe rsjiillly placed the celebrated Montcfquieu, who may be con- liilered as the Icgiflator of nations, and an honour to luuT.an nature. EulFin, in his Natural Hitlory, has f,)!lowed the model of Pl.ito and Lucretius ; he has einhclliihcd his work with a majelly and fublimity of II vie fuitabie to the plulofophical ful)jecls he defcnbes. M.uip'Ttnis has taui'Jit his countrymen to ihake i,iF ihc yoke of jx\ljntry, and excels in the ait of coiivoyinrr ilie moll abllr.icVed ideas intelligibly. D'Aleinlitrt \vm un '< d the talents of a fine writer with the preciliun of a geoiiKier. 'i'lic writers on the Belies Lcttrrs in France arc ex- ccediiigly numerous, and their proiiudlions very agree- able. Voltaire and D'Argcns are the molf conlidorable. 'Flu; former excels both in profe and verfe ; and no wriier ever better unden'lood the iiiKommon art of d,;. noting every idea by the molt proper and familiar term. He embellillies his works without ever midakini^ the colouring; and has the happy talent ntver to rife above or link below his fuhjecl. The polite arts in .'eneral have not however niadf; the fame progrefs in France (inee the age of Louis XIV. as |dtilol"ophv. The French have now nopi'intcr of note, except M. Gieiife, who excels in porir;\its and cniiverfation pieces ; nor have their fculpiors pro- duced any piece equal to tliofe that difplay the nug, nilicence of Louis the Great. Miilic alone has niadc ail amazing progrefs (ince that period. 'Flic eiiteijui- fing and fruitful genius of M. Rameau, has eraled the o|i|)rol)rium thrown by foreigners on the French miilic. His tliltinguilhing charader is the having'fucccfsfidlv lludied the theory of mulic, difcovered the priiiKiples of harmony and melody in the thorough bafs, and bv that means reduced to tnore certain and limple laws that which before was fubjcdl to arbitrary rules, or fiich only as blind experience dii^ates. It would, perhaps, be thought unjull to the French, if wj did not mention the prodigious work lately pub- lilhcil at Paris, under the title of Encyclopeilic, or a General Didionaiy of Aits and Sciences, which is the moil complete fyilem of iifefiil knowledge we arc ac- quainted with. It is a noble collcrtion of all the branches of human learning, and makes 28 vohiincs in folio. The plates belonging to this amazing work, willi their explanations, make fix volumes, a:)d are executed in a very madcrly manner. The diifcrent pans of the Encyclopedie werj drawn tip by the moil able mailers in each branch of literature, and tlic ar- ticles belonging to each arc marked with particular letters, lids of which, with proper explanations, are prefixed to the work, j'lit the whole was meiluxiizcd and publifhed by Melf. D'Alembcrt and Diderot. 'i lie cities, towns', palaces, ami fea-ports of France being too lumierous to admit of particular dcfcriptions of the whole, wc lliall therefore only particularize the mod refpcdable, beginning with the capital. Pari.'-", calleil in Latin Lutciix, Pariiiorum, oi' Pnri- (liini, is lituatedin the illc of France (now called Oile) bein;; both its metropolis, and alfo that of the whole kingdom. It lies in a fpacious plain on the Seine. 'Fhis is a very large, populous, and lialely city, built of a circular form, ami faid to be filteen miles in cir- cuinlercncc. 'Fhe lireets are very narrow, and the houfcs very high, many of them fcven itories. '1 he houics EUROPR.] R N E. 8^1 hoiifcs arc built of llonc, ami ari; generally mean, even to uretchednefs, owing ji:irtly to their containing a diireicnt lamily on every floor. Paris is diviiled into three parts ; thecity.thctniivtrfity, ami that which was I'ormerly calieii the town : theciiy (laciie) is oiil Paris; the nniverlity ami the town arc the new. Paris contains more works of pnblic mag- niticence than utility. Its palace« arc more iliewy ; ami Ibme of th (Iretts, fquares, hotels, hoCiiitais, and ciiiirchcs, mure fupeibly decorated with a prdfiilion of pjintings, tapellry, images, and llatnes : but Paris, not- wiihUanding its boallcd police, is greatly inferior to London in many of the conveniences of life. The Seine, which rnns ihroiigh the centre of the city, is not half fo large as t!>c Than.cs at London : it is too far dillaiit from iliella for the purpof.-s of navigation, and is not fnrnifhed, as the 'I'lumcs, with vclTcIs or boats oi any fort : over it are many (lone and wooden bridges, which have nolhing to recommend them, except Pont Ncuf,which has on it an eqnellrian (latuc of Henry IV. The Ureets of Paris arc generally crowded, particu- larly with coaches, which gives their capital the ap- pearance of wealth and grandeur; though, in reality, ihcre is move (hew tlian fubflancc. The glittering carriages that da/zle the eyes of flrangcrs, are moltly common liacks, hired by llic day or week for th-j nu- merous foreigiiei;; uho vidt the city ; au'l, in triuh, the grcatiH part of tin; trade of Paris arifis from the con- liaiit fuccellion of Itrangers that arrive tiiiiher daily troni every nation and quarter of the g'obe. This afa-ndancy over other nations is undoubtedly owing to the reputation of Uieir language, th.cir public buiKli'igs,, the gobelines, or n^aiiul'adiuris <;f tapilhy. tluir i.bra- I rici, i'lul collei^ions of I'.aintings that are pen t(. tiic I public : the chci.pncfs of provifmns, excellency of the I'Vcnch wines, and, above all, the purity ol tiie air and climate in Fram e. With all thelc advaiitagcs, how- ever, Paris will not bear a comparifon with London in the more eliential circumdances ot a thri\iiig loreign a:iJ domcllic trade, the cleanncfs oi ilicir llretis, ele- gance of their hdufes, efpe'.ially wiihin ; the p'uiiiy o( water, and that of a better quality than tin. Scu.e, which is (aid to difagrec with llrani;ers. In the houfes ot Paris, mo'.l of their floors arc of brick, :;iul have no other kind of cltaningthan that ofbe- Iv fnrinkled with water, and fuept once ail.iy. Thcle brick lloors, the dene dair'^, tlir want of wainfcotting ■n the rooms, and the thick parly-walls of (lone, are, lunvevcr, good prefcrvatives againll lire, which feldom docs any damage in this city. Inltead of wainfcotting, ;he walls arc covered with tapedry or damalk. It is reckoned to contain 91!'. llrccts, great and Unall, and upwards of 20,coo houfes, befules religi(.us diiiclures, cullcges, and halls ; has had ,.32 parilhes,,56 monaiicries, inhabited by friars, 78 by nuns, and Hco,or.o inhabi- tants. As almod every French noblemen had a palace, or hotel, as they called it, in this refpedl Paris might be fiid to furpafs any thing of that kind to be met with in J.oudon. The chief ornament of the city of Paris is the Lou- vre, which was bnilt or repaired under the reign of Philip Augiidus, in the year 1214. It was a callle that Hood without the city. Near it, on the banks of the river Seine, they bnilt .t large tower, called the Tower of the Louvre. It defended the river, together with another tower, that dood ovor-agait\lt it, named thu Tower of Nelle. In this tower were fometimes kept the trcafures of the I'rench kings. It was pulled down when the foundations of what is called the OliI Louvre were laid, under I'rancis I. His (on Henry IL cm- ployed the mod eminent and celebrated architedils of his time to render this building as regular and mn^nih- cent as could be. What is called the Old Louvre con- lids nf two lets of buildings, that form an interior an- gle, the fronts of which are adorned with very fine pieces of architecbire. The wfiole building is threo llories high. 'I'he fird is of the Corinthian oriler, the fecond of the Compoliie, and the thiril of the Artie. The fore or ontwanl courts are adorned with chamfcrjil coliiinns,aiulihe other with pihillersot the f;iinc order willi thoficohmins.What is chieiiy admired is the proportion of the windows of the fecond llury, the cafes of which are adorned with a pediment alternately triangtdar and circular. 'I'he third llory, of the Aitic order, hasalfo its particular orn.nn -nis, confiding in trophies of arms, in b.ilio-jelievo fixed ro the window cales, Vi'ith other ortiaiiunts in the eiuabhiiurcs. In the hall of the hundred Switzers is a kiiul of gallery fnpported by four gigantic liguies. This hall was i'onnerly ufed for great eiitertainnunis ; and (pucn Caiherinc de Mi.-diciscaufed plays and iiirei hides to be aCtcd here for the diveriion of" the court. On one cf the gates of ihe Louvre is en- graved the Idllowiiig odeui.rtious infciipiion, " Dam iQlum imlMiiil Orbait :" iinjd\iiig, May this tani'd fabric ifand until the day That o'er the world its owner gains the fwav : which fuiliciently hiriis what the I'fench kings have cohllantly aimed ai, an univerl'.il monarchy. Henry IV. biii'i a g:ill-Ty along the river li.b-, ipiite to the Thuilleries, which is very long, and i-lteemed tlie lined in I'iiirop"': under it is the royal printiiig-houfe, and the lodgings of many curious artiils in painting. Louis XIIl. iiiiidicd the front to the wed, and built a large paviiion, in tlie form of a dome, in the middle, over ti.e gate, whicii is fii|)portcd by iwo'/ows of \ery large pillars of the Ionic order, and alio adorned the archi- trave of the front to the court with line fculptures. Luuls XIV. bellowed great cods upon the ead front, in the middle whereof "is the call gale of the palace : here are for ty columns of the Corinthian order, which fuppoit a large leirace, that is railed with a llalely ba- lultratle. The court, which is in the middle of that huge building, is very near twenty-three perches fquare; the four fides of it are compofed of eight pav ( ns, and eight fots of buildings, whicii furround that great conn : :.'5 >!' \ ..^'S^ ■I'W i .8.52 A NKW ANn COMPLETE SYSTEM of UN'rVERSAI. CF.OCRAPHV. cotirt: there are yet but about three parts of it built.' 'J lie ai\ hiut^iirc, after the manner it is bigiin, is to vonlill of tlircc nrJirs of columns with their pedcllali' ; the hr(t of the Coiiiithian, atui the two others of the Compofiic order. — Louis XIV. who tieclartcl hinifeif ,thc protedorof the French academy, gave that illiilhi- oiis body an apartment in the Louvre to hold their allemblies in ; as aifo lo the acadtiny of medals ami indripiion'i, and to liie academv ol f^ientes. 'I'lio academy of art hiiCi'ihiic and j.ianiting meet in the old Louvre. In the gallery of the Louvre is the rov;d piinting-honfe, cdablilhcd by cardinal do Ri^IvIilu. They printed there the memoircs ol ilie royul acadtmics of the fcienccs, and the Utiles l.ctins the king's orders, the decrees of the coum il, and fuch books ;>.s the king pleafcd lo have printed al his own expence. There is iicre alfo a mint where they (l.unpeil tlic-king's medals, and likcwilc tlu>fe of all the coijxnaiions and trading coiiipiuiies in the kingdom, which liave every one of them their own emblems and proper inotlos. No medals were I'uHered lobe (Iruck any where eUe than at the Louvre. There is in the wardrobe of this palace a prodgious 4]uanlily of rich tapeilry-hangings, both ancient and modern, the tintll of which have been made in the reign of I'tancis L Amongfl them there are the bat- lies of Scipio, and the triumphs of the f.'.me general ; the hillory of Jolhua, made after the deligns of the famous Raphael ; the hilhiry of Pfyciie ; the ads of theapodles; the hillory of St. Paul, ^c. Louis XIV. caufed feveral tapcltries with gold and lilvcr to be made, pfter th deligns of Le Brun. There arc alfo here, in feveral rooms, a large quantiiy of ancient arms ; ainongd which aie thole which Francis I. wore at the iamous battle of Pavia ; and on his cuirafs are Hill to he feen the marks of the blows he received before he furrendered to the Spaniards. Poor women and maidens are allowed to fojourn in the hofpital dedicated to St. Catherine, and are entertained ihrcc days, bciog attciuled by the nims of St. Augiilline. In the grand chutelet ilie feflions are held by the inftrii-r courts of jullice. Fort I/l'".veque contairis a mint and a prilon, and is dole to th.c fpot vliere lleniy IV. was (tabbed by Ravilliac. St, Ger- man I'Auxerrais is termed the parifh church royal, be- caiife the Louvre and Thuilleries are iiluated in its parilh. The Thuilleries, or Tiiilcries, flands in a place where formerly they made tilts, called Tuilcs in I'Vcnch, fronj whence iliat palace has its name. It is joined to the Louvre bv a gallery which contains 108 models of fortrelles that arc executed with great accuracy: it con- lills ol one range ol biiiklitig, with a pavilion at each ind, ami a dome in the middle : in the front is an hand- foine large fpace divided into three courts ; the whole ndorned w ith columns, pilafiers, and other ornaments. Pchind this palace are gardens, adortied with fine walks, planted with cver-greens, and otlicr trees, and fine par- terres ; where arc to be feen, the year round, all ttu flowers that are in fcMfon. It has alfo three fine iouiu tains, with their b.ifons, and a large oiffaponal cnnal Towards the river is a tine terr.ice planted with three rows ol trees. F'rom this terrace is a moll beautifid prof. f)cdl over p.irt of the city, and over the adjacent coiintrv. A beautiful walk opens on the banks of the river h"-' yond the 'Fhuilleries, which is compided of tnur rows i)t fine elms, that form three avenues, biing toi'cthur 123 feet broad. I/i the centre is a ringwiiii trees planted rmmd it in a circular manner, and at each end are iron gates. 'File nailiile was a kind of fortrefs, cnnfiflingofcioht large round towvrs, joined together by otiier Ifroiiir buildings. In the ye.ir i(}\\ it was furroiinded with ditches and haliimis. It was a prilmi for lta!e cri. minals, andforfucli as weretakentip h\ leiircs-dc-caditt that is to fjy, by warrants (igiicd hy tlie king, and fealed. In it t!ie king kept a governor, a licutL'nant, and an independent company of foldiers. This buikU ing was totally demolilhcd by the populace at the be- ginning of the ?"rench revolution in 1789, an account of which is given at large towards the end of tlio Hiitory of France. The palace of Luxemburg, alfo called the palace of Orleans, was built by queen Mary de Meditis, on the ruins of the old hotel or houfe of Luxemburg, which name it kept. It was finilhed in five or llx )ears time, under the dircdion of James de Brolle ; and is one of the moll perfect and regular pieces of architcdiire in France. In this palace is a gallery of paintiiigs done by the famous Rubens, who fpent two whole years on that work. The whole hillory of Mary de Medicis' life is here rcprefented allegorica.'ly, in 24 large picUircs, nine feet broad, and ten feet higli, placed in the piers between the windows. The quarter called the Uni- verfity flands in the foiith of the illands of the palace, aiid of our Lady. It was formerly enclofed by a wall, and fiirroimded with ditches ; but under the reign of Louis XIV. the wall was pulled down, and iherinchcs filled, to make it contiguous to the neighbmirin!' fu- biirbs. That of St. Germain is the molt coididerahic, and is alone larger than the whole quarter called the Univcrllty ; but it is not fo populous, becaufc of the many inonallcries, hofpitals, large houfes or hotels, and gardens that take up a great part of it. Adjoining to litis fuburb are that of St. Michael, which is but finall ; that of St. James, which is pretty large; and that of St. Marceau, which is larger flill : the l.ilt of all, vvhidi is the nearcft to the river on the call, is that uf St. Vidor, which is very large, but not built all over. 'Fhe univcrllty was founded by Charles the Great, and is appropriated to the cultivation of the arts, fciences, &:c. in general, and pliyfic, law, and divinity in par- ticular. A very hiiinane and noble foundation for the poor of the feinsle fex, is the general hofpital, wherein great numbers of them are here provided for : thofe who are well El'ropf.,] F R a well arc compcllecl to work, but the fick arc tenderly niirftt. Maur des BolFex ; of the arch- billiop of Paris, near the conflux of the Seine and Marne, called Conllans ; of the prince of Coiide at Illy; of the count of Thouloufe at Rambouillet ; and thole called Maifons and Colaguy, the latter of which belongs to the43o. Here is a pa- lace, which was repaired by Louis XIV. and the gar- de ns hntly laid out. The trade of this |,'lace princi- pal!) coiilili> of corn, wood, and wool. At Viliers Ccneretz, a little town fice leagues from Compeigne to the foiith-eafl, at the fide of theforelt of Retz, is a fine palace formerly belonging to the duke of Orleans, and an abbey. Soilfons (now the department of Aifnc) is fittiated feven leagues irom Paris to the north-calt, in a plca- fant valley on the banks of the river Aifne, over which there is a Itone bridge. The town is pictty large am! well built, .being the feat of a governnr-general, and of an office of the finances, a falt-ollice, leveial courts of juflice, and alio of a hilltop, v\lio is fulfiagnn to the archbilhop of Rheims, and had the i.glit to anoint tho French kingi during the vacaiu y ot the archic|jilcopal fee, or in the aicidMlhop's .nblVncc. It drives a great tr.idc in corn, contains il-veril ubbies, and other reli- 10 G gious , t "V U 854 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GF.OORAPIIY. giDiiv hnufcs, with an old cafilc, and has an academy, whofe objcd is the fame as that of the French academy •t Paris. Vtrfaillcs is fiiiiatcd fnur leagues from Paris to tlic roiith-wi'rt ; hire Louis XIV. built a moft magniticcnt palace, and adi'Micd it u'iih noble gardens : it iiatids on a rifing ground in the middle of a valley furroundcd with hills, haxing, on the lidc towar>ls Paris, aline avenue leading; to it through the town, whith it di- vides into the Old and New. The apartments of liic palace abound with innumerable paintings, llatucs, antiques, tic. The chapel, built in likjq, is a moll finillicd piece of architcaiue, li^ulpturc, and painting. Every room in this noble palace has a particular name, taken from the chief fubjed painted on the ceiling — As for indancc, th(; hall or chamber of plenty, La Sale d'Abondancc, bccaufe plenty and liberality arc painted on the ceiling. Here arc fjvcral pidhire', as the Holy Virgin on a column of jafjier, holding the in- fant Jclus in ner arms, and furroundcd below with fc- veral pilgrims, done by PoulUn : ilic Virgin Mary and St. Jofeph flying into Egypt, by (juido : the woman cured of a bloodv-Hiix by our Saviour, done by Paul Veronefe, tec. The hail of Venus has that goddcfs painted on the ceiling; (he fits in a chariot drawn by doves; the gods and heroes, celebrated by the ancients, adorn her triumph. Here are tlie pikflurcs of Nebu- chadnezzar, who orders the forming of tiic gardens of Babylon ; of Annilhis, exiiibiiing a race of chariots in liie Circus ; of Alexander, marrying Roxana ; anil of Cyrus, reviewing his army. As the hall of war is dedicated to Pellona, the fiizc is adorned with tro- piiies, bucklers, and thimdcrbolts. (}ver the doors are trophies of gilt metal, under which arc reprefented the four feafons, by proper figtircs and feftoons, llg- nifying that Louis XIV. has been a conquernr in all the feafons of the year. The ceiling of this hall is adorned with five piflures. The largtH, which is in the middle, rcprefents I'rance holding a thunderbolt in one hanil, and a buckler in the other. The four others arc in the tides. In the fir(l is liellona in a vio- lent pailion. The fecond reprefi nts Gerinany doing lier bed but fruiilefs endeavours to defend the imperial crown. In the third, Spain feems to threaten France ; but her foldiers arc put to (liglit. The fourth ihews Holland thrown back upon her lion. This room is alfo adorned with (ix heads of porphyry, reprefenting as many Roman emperors ; they are in buds, with a drapery of gilt brafs, and fupporied on pedeflals of ori- ental alabaiter. The molt fumptuous of all the rooms is the king's bed-chamber. The carvings are all gilt, on a white ground. The btil is placed in a kind of alcove, where are two figures of Fame, reprefented fitting : on the cupola, over the bolder, is 1" ranee fitting, and feeining to watch for the prefcrvation of the king. There are feverai other pid^ures in this chamber, and particidarly one of Ilagar in the defcrt, with her fon, and an an- gel. The furniture "f the bed is of erimfon velvet cmbrcndired with g old, and otherwifc be.uiiilully or- nametitrd. 'llie gardens arc not lefit m.ngnificent than the pa. bee. In deft I nding from the terrace you meet v\ith two haron<, whi re ilurc are feverai wattr-fpont.s ; and in the iniilille of each a colledlion of fpouts m the torin of a w ileal- ihcaf, vvliieh rifes t'lj ftet high. The bur- dors of tliefe liafons arc adorned eaih wiiji eitrht groups of brafen figures, reprefenting ri.crs and nymphs ; and four others of the fame mcial, reprc- fei'iing ciipids, little nymphs, and genii. In two annk'sol the parterre arc two other bal'ons of ni.irble. The watcr-fpouts that come fiom them firm two llierts of water exceedingly fine ; and on the bordLT of each of thefe bafons are two groups of fi'iircs of animals, nude of brafs. Fro;n tnis parterre you fee, in a kind of half-moon that is below it, the bafim of Latona, round which are reprefented, in a group of three figures, Latona, Apollo, and Diana. Latona feem'^ to complain to Jupiter of the cruelty of the pca- fants of Lycia, who arc here reprefented metanior- phofed into frogs, which throw a vad quantity ol wa- ter upon the group. There are feverai other bafons, with water-fpouts, and other curious water-works, all adorned alfo with fine groups and flatues of feverai kinds, which it woidd be too long to give t particular defcripiion of ; we (hall therefore confine oiirlelves to the famous canal. At one end of it is a bafon of .in o(£lagonal figure, and 420 feet diameter; four of its (ides are circular, three in ftraight lines, and the other joins with the canal ; in two of the angles of tWtf ba- fon are two fea-horfes, each of which carries a Tri- ton on his back. The great canal is 32 faihonis broad, and 800 long, including the bafons at each end. In the middle it is croued by another canal, about 520 fathoms long. At the other end of the large canal is alfo a bafon aoo fathoms long, and 100 broad. Upon this canal the court foinetimes divert thcmftlves in yachts and gallics. The orangery, or green-hoiife is a mader-piccc in its kind. It is expofcd to the fouth, and contains fird a large gallery, which is in- ncrmod, 408 feet long, and 32 feet broad, with 12 arched windows in the front; on each fide of this gallery are two others, each 360 fret long. Thefe ^.ti- leries are adorned without with fine rows of columns ; the innermoft gallery has eight double columns of the Tufcan order, the two others have four columns each of four feet diameter. At the gate of the porch are two other columns of the fame order, but imiih thinner. Before this grecn-hoiifc is a beautiful par- terre, with a fine bafon in the middle, where the wa- ter fpouts out 40 feel high. It is adorned with four rows of columns, of the Tufcan order, groups ot done figures beautifully carved, vafes, flatues ul white marble, kc. In \\.c lummcr time this parterre fccms to be a forcft of orange atid lemon trees, myrtles, lau- rels, &c. Here EvnOPF.] R N K. Jlrri- is a beautiful grove, wliiih contains tlic l.iliy- fliitli or ina/.c, the fcviriil \v.illp, and the other ol Cupid, liolding a chic of thread in his hand. At (Vfry tinninf, of the avenues you meet with :i he.TUti- liii truntain, adorned with a hal^n of tinu (htll-work, vlieic tlicy li.ivc reprcCeuted, in the moll iiaiural man- ner, one of ilifijp's fahio, the fubjeiil of which is cx- prti'ed in four lines, engraved in gold kiierson a thin b afspia'c with a black ground. In the garden arc liaiiies, canals, groves, grottoes, foiiiitams, and every thing that can render it delightful and ciecunt. The royal cabinet contains many hnc medals, coins, paint- ings, ike. Ill the park llai.ds the beautiful palaie of Trianon, the ontlidc of which confilts wholly of vari- egated marble, of exquiliic workmanlhip 'Ihe gar- dens are large, and abound in llatues and water- works. The late king's royal feat, called Marly, (lands in a park contiguous ^o Verlaiilcs, it has beautilul gardens btlonging to it. The engine here for raifing wafer Irum the Seine, to fupply ihe refervoirs and wattr- woiks, is equally grand and ingenious, and, with the other water-works, coll immenle fnins; the waii r be- ing conveyed over fevcral hills to the great rtfervoir here, and from thence to Verfaillcs. St. Ckrmain en Laye, a town in the forcd of Lave, is chiefly re- markable for two cadles, or royal palaces. The forelt and park, contiguous to the tallies, arc very beau- tiful. The town of Fonfainbleaii is ftuatcd in the mid- dle of a forcft of the fame name, eleven leagues fouth of Paris, and about one from the Seine, its fpaci- ous royal caftlc or palace hath chiefly contributed to its fame. Here are neat gardens, laid out witli very good tade ; and befides the great fountain are many others, which greatly adorn this charming feat. All the halls or rooms of this palace are adorned with very line paintings and carvings. The greatell rooin of all is that where plays are adled when the couit is here, — There is in that room a tine chimney, built by Henry IV. in 1599 ; it is twenty-three feet' high, and twenty wide, and is adorned with four large Corinthian co- lumns of fpotted marble, with balls and chapiters of white marble : in the itiiddle of tiic chimney is a tabic of black marble, on which (lands the Eqiieilrian (lu- tue of Henry the Great : underneath aie two ballo- relievos; the one reprefenting the battle of Iviy, and the other the fiirrender of the city of Mate. Two marble flafues placed on each (ide of this figure rcpre- fcnt loyalty and peace : over-againft the chimney is a noble theatre for ading plays. Fontainblcau was confiderably incicafcd under the reigns of Herry IV. and Louis XIII. The latter built the parochial church, which is adorned with fine paintings : on each fide of the great altar is a Corin- thian cohimn twenty feel high, and over it i» a |)iii^iirc of our Saviour i uriiig the man fick of thi.* paify, cx- (piiiitcly «loiie by Varin. 'I'his town is the feat of a royal provulllhi|', conlilling of a provoll, a commiHary of iiH]iiirics boili ill civil and criminal matters, » king's attorney, and a recorder. The dirtrifls of Artojs and Picardy (now Som- me) produce wine, grain, fruits, paliurage, and turf. Picardy, the name of which is thought to be derived from Picard, lignilying a palli(matc wrangler, is bounded on the call by Champagnr j on the (outh by the Ille of I'laiue ; on the tiorth bv the Pais di- Ca- lais Artois, and Hainault ; and on the welt by Nor- mandy and the channel. Its rivers arc the S immc, which ril'is in the Vermandois, and falls into the chan- nel ; the OH'e, in Latin Ifara, which rifos in Picardy, and at Conllans fills into the Seine ; and the Canchc, which rifes in Anois, and tails into the lla at Sta- pU's. The other fm.iller rivers are the Lanthie, the La Lis, the Aa, the Si arpc, and the IXule. This province, in conrquence of its floinilhing manufac- tures, its (itiiation upon the fea, and itshlheries, is tho feat of a very eMmlive trade. [>ike moll of the other provinces it iiad f'orinerly its petty (jrince^ dependent, however, on the ciownof France. For the admiiiillra- tion of jiiHice, here were many inferior couris fubordi- nate to the |iarliainent of Pans. Boi'logiie, on the month of the Lane, ii only eight leagues from the nearefl ^oall of England. It is thtt capital of a dilliicl called the Bonloniiois, which en- joys peculiar privileges of cxemj)tion from fevoral taxes; and h.is a governor independent of the gover- nor-general of Picardy. The haibour cannot be en- tered hut at high-waier, and is defended by a lurt. — The town is diviti^d into Upper and Lower. Thu hidiop of Hoiilogn.e is fiirfrai^an to liie archbilho]) of Rheims. Here are a court (jf admiralty and other courts, a llroni^ citadel, and fevcral convents. Near this citadel is a mineral fpriiig, called La Fontaine dc Fer, that is, the iron fpring. The town of Calais, is (iluatcd on the narrovvcfl part of the chantiel op|^olite to Dover, from which it is dillant about feven leagues, is the capital of the Pais Reconqnis, or Recovered Count) y. It is pretty large, and well l'oriili<(l, but the harbour is of very ilifTiciiIt and dangerous accefs. Hero area liiiearfenal, and a ci- tadel which commands the town, the harbour, and all the adjacent country, fcveral convents, and a fort, whence all the country about the town may be laiil un- der water in twenty-four horns. I'y the Canal of Ca- lais, the inhabitants have an cafy cun'imunication with Dunkirk, St. Omcr, Graveliiie, Ypres, &c. and 111 time A\': 8-fi A N'F.W ANP rOMPIJlTF. SYSTEM of UNIVKRSAI. GF.OCRAPnY. biUt III iiKi inio iho liiirl>oiir i iha other in thai v( lutul- iiig fo lata »!<■ to be (but out of the- town, and loiii- iK-llcil to l()(l);c in one ot the hxiilcs iliat (lami \Nithoni It, The town of Cjlais mains a luiich haiuU'Dnu'r appcaruiice troin tl)C water than the tuvvii ot Do^r ; its towers biyin to become vilible on reaching ihv iniilillc ot ll\e flraii;hl». It has two piers of ^;ri jt length, wliicli run parallel, and are both oi tiuibu. -- One of them atioul:> a very agreeable walk over a Ixiardeil floor, whitb, at Icveral limcH ol the lUy, l)ut cljiV'cially in a tiunnier evening, is Irccjuented by luiiiiy S'enteei people of the place. C^n this pier a trnop ot trvants tioin the feveral hoiifcs of ucconniKMlation, ll.md ready to receive the p.illcngcrs at tluir lamliny, ,aiul coiuliut lliL-m, together witli itu:ir b.i^iye, ac- conling to ihcir feveral deltinations. Artois, is one of the molt tertilc dlllriifls of the whole kingdom. It is 24 leagues long, anil lu broad, being bounded on the eult by llainault, on the nortli by Handers, and on the well and fduihby Fiianly. A f onliikrable tiade is carried on in the |)r(>\iMCe ingrain, ilax, hops, wool, linen, &:c. The Itatcs (onlllt ot the clergy, nobility, and cummoncrs, >vhu hold their feut at Arras. CiiAMPACvr, or Upper M.unc, (now in tlie de- partment of the Ardennt!)) has llainault and I,iej;c on the north, Unrgundy on the fouth, Luxemburg and IvOrrain on the call, and the Iflc of I'rancc and I'i- tardy on the welt. It is idD miles long, in fume placcis cxrceds 140 in breadth, and is watered by the hcinc, Maine, Aube, Aifnc, and Macs. The air is pure, ami the foil fertile. The few lulls abound with mines, the v.illies whh mineral waters, autl the forells with game. The prov ince iifelf receives its name from its exienlive plains. The trade coiililts in torn, wine, and inm ; and the whole was under the jurildidlion of the ]iarliament of I'aris ; except the territory of Sedan, whicli belonged to the parliament of Met/. Bi'ROUNnv fin the department of Yonne, Saonne and Loir, has Chanmagne on the north, Lyonnois on the fouth, I'raiuhe Comtc on the ealt, and Nivernois and Bourbonnois on the welt. Its length, from north to fouth, is about j,} leagues; and its breadth, from call to weft, about 30. It is very fertile in corn, wine, fruit, and tobacco ; being waiereil by the Seine, the Dehiime, v/hich falls into theSdanc, the I'rebince, dy Bdiirbincc, the Arman^on, the C)uclie, and the Tille. There are fome noted mineral fprings in it, with fub- terraneous lakes, and plenty of oehre. For a Icng time it had dukes of its own, fnbordinatc to the crown of Frau'c ; but Louis XI. at laft, ujion the f.iilnrc of heirs male, feized upon it, and aimexed it to his crown. Daupmine (now (he department of Ardcchc), called alfo the Upper Alps, is bounded on the fouth by Pro- vence, on the nofiii by Brcile and the Rhune, on the 12 e.ill by the Alp» and Savoy, and on ihc well by dm Uhoiiu, which iepaiates it from the Lyonnois and Lm\. gnedoc. It had long princes of il» own, wlm wiro ilyled dauphins du Viennois. At lull l).iii|)|in) ilmiu hcrt, having no cluMren, made it over to I'liilip \'l_ of Fiance, on condition that the inhaliitants ili,iii|,| Itil! retain their pmiUgc*, that the proviiui (houUI bi; lor ever incmpdraii il with the' crown ol I'uikc, and that the king's iKIcIl fon Ihould e-ijoy it, widitlic arim and title of D.uiphiii. In the year i^.yj, this aurcc- mtnt was fully executed. Dauphiiie has a gincrnor and parliament. Near two-thirds of the drparliiunt are very barren and moimtainoiis ; but the mountains cun- tain a variety of minerals, and, in fome places, aic toveicd NMth larch trees, \shich are very valuable, as they not only yield a very durable wood, but alio man- na, ben/.oin, and agaric, the lall of which is ufed in phylic and dyeing (carlct. The more level and friiuluj part of the department is called Lower Daiiphine.— On the mountains arc alfo Ibiind feveral forts of wild animals, as bears, marmots, chamois goats, ami other fpecies of goats, called by the French, boiiiiiicttdns, or thevels, together with white hares, partridge.*, eagles, hawks, uo. Grenoble, lltuated on the conflux of the Ifere and Drac, in a plain at the foot of the > luuntaiiis. Ir received its ii.nne from the empcroi Cirjiiaii, fun nf Wileniinian I. from whence it is called, in Latin, Ciratianopolis. It is, however, much muie amient, xN.is before called Cularo, and belonged to the Allo- broges. It has been a billiop's lee ever fince the ^tli century. The I')el|)hiiial council, eltablidied here in 1340, by Humbert II. dauphin of Viennois, was ereded into a parliament in 14J3, by king Loiio XI. 'Ihc governor and lieutenant-general of the piowace refute here, and had formerly feats i.) the parlianRnt above the firll piefident. Ibis city ii wcll-jicoplnl, and commanded by a fort called la Bat'ille I lie Here divides the city into two uneijnal parts. II>;re are ito tine buildings, except the bilhop's palace, which owes lib beauty to cardinal le Camus, bilhop of Gienoble; and is adorned by excellent paintings, reprcfeiiting our Saviour's lite and pallion, and by the pidnre of the biil.op. The town was fortified by the chevalier dc Ville. The ikius and gloves of Grenoble arc very much ellcemed ; but the woollen fluffs arc but coarfe. Provence (in the department of the Lo#tr Alps) derives its name from the Latin Proviiicia ;^ and is bounded to the fouth by the Mediterranean j%to the north by Dauphinc ; to the well by the Rhone,' whiJt feparates it from Languedoc ; and to the calt by tlic Alps and the Var, \\hicli feparate it from the dotnini- oiis of the king of Sardinia. It is divided iiil^ xhc Upper aivd Jvower, its length being about 4a French leagues, and its breadth about 30. The air and'fwil ilitier widely in the two divifions ; for in the former the air is temperate, but in the latter extremely hot. EUROPK.] RAN E. •57 hoi. The former yiclili goml corn, apples, aiitl p -ars, I anil alxiiiiiiU ill calilr, but lus liitic v\iiie. On tlir cdiiirury, the luitcr hat plcniy vt wiiir, with Dun^f, ' liiiiiiii, poiiu'^r.iiKiic, fig, palm, cyprcfit, olive, niaf- (ic, iiuill.ir, aiiil {(.■u-chi.'rry tiers ; hut docii iioi pro- duce half tliu (|iiaiiiiry of lorn iicccllary for tlic iiihu- bii.iiil.4. 'l'lii very agreeable: but, in ctneril, the iiih of the Mcilitcrraiican arc inferior t>> tliolc ol ihc ocean. There is alfoa fmail hiid in I'roveiue, called bei-ia-li[',i), that tctils only upon grapes and li^',s, ami is iklicate laiin^. Jron, black agate, copper, and lead, are toiind here. Tliere arc no conriderable rivers in this dirtridl : the clii.f arc the Purance, the Suiirgc, the Largens (fo called from the tranfparency of its water), the Lare, 1I1C Verdon, anil the V'ar; the lall of which divides fiaiii'e Iroin Italy. The woods are iiiinieriuis, and alitiid a great deal ol limber for (hip-biiildiiig and (ilher iili-s. AliiiuU the whole trade irom I'rancc to Ii.ily, the Levant, and the greater |»art of Spain, is cariieil on from this part of the country. Lyons is one of the linell ami moll conddcrable cities in Liirope. It 11 indsat the conllux of the Rhniie and Siianc, and had the Latin name ot Ltigdiinum, Irom a place of the Gauls that Itood upon a hill hereahoiiis, and was called Lugdiin, i. e. ilie Hill of Ravens. There arc Hill fume remains of ihe llately buildings with which the Romans adorned this city, now the ftCDnd of I'rancc, having two fi|iiares ; in one of which is an eipicllrian llaiiie of br.ifs of f^oiiis XIV. a bcaiitiliil town-hoiife, a noble (tone bridge over the Rhone, with two of wood, and one of Hone, over the Siiaiie, a great number of convents and churches, be- llik's the cathedral, four fubinbs, (ix gates, an ex- change, an obfervatory, a public library, three hof- pilals, a mint, an arfenai well firniDied with military limes, and having three forts. It is noted lor manii- fadorlcs of gold and lilver fluffs, gold and lilver laces, and iilks ot all furls. Rh'.ims fitiiatcd on the river V'elle, twcnty-fivc Icaj;ues north-call of Paris, is one of the largell and nwit cclebraieil cities in the whole kinj^doni, aiul the liL' ol a^ archbidiop. The gate and poriico of the ca- tiiedial^re the moll (lately in the nation. Here is an uiiivtilhy, founded aboiii the middle of the li\teentii ci-niiiry, by Charles, cardinal ot Lorrain. There are llill Iciiie remains oi antiijuity heie, parlicohirly two tiiiiiii|)lial arches, lonie canlijw a\ s, and thice g;iti.-s, liigaiier with a i^ieat number ol chnrtlus and con- VLiiit, two coininaiultries, ilvcial holpitals, and courts cl jiuiicalure. Lille, in I'lciidi LlaiiJcrs, is ihougiu to be the moll No. .y. rci^iilar and (Iroi)gc(l fortification in I'inrope, ami wai the mallcipurcc ol the famous Vaubati. It is gen. tally )Mrriloiied with above iu,(joo regulars; and, for it* iiiagnili<.ence and elet^ancc, il is called Little Paris. Its iiianiifai'ltircs of lilk, cambric, and camblets, are very confiderable i and its inh4biiants amount to about jco.coo. I'.vcry reader is aiipiainted with ihe hillory (d Dunkirk, whicli the I'rcmh were obliged by tho treaty of Utrecht to (U'in(dilli, but is flill a thorn iit the fide of the Lnglilii, by being a harbour for their fmugglers, and may now, by n article in a late treaty of peace, be nut into what condition the Frciicfi niinillry may pleafc. The road lies ut the ditlance of two miles and a half irom the town, about three from tlie new harbour of Mardvke, and is Iheitered by ihc lliaik, a land. bank, extending parallel to tlie iliore two leagues L. and VV. 'I lie Lnglilli forces, under the Duke of York, made an unluccef^tul attempt Iti lake lliis town in 1793. The red of Lrench Haiuler.s, and iis Netherlands, abound witii fortified towns ; vsliich carry on very gaiiilui maniifai^hnes. Valem.enncs, a (Iroiig, large, and well-built city of llain.iiilt, in llic French Netherlands, on the nver Schelilt. It lies about five miles S. of Touriiay, lat. r,c — 'J.j N. long. 3 — U[\ L. It is deleiided by a citadel, and has alio lltiiccs tliat can l.tv the country under water. Here aia conlidcrahle filk and linen manufac- tures, with an univerfity. The FrciKli took it from the Spaniards in i(}j^. The Aullrians belieged it in i7<)'j, hut v\cre obliged to raile the licgc ; but it was lince t.iken by the allied army of the Im|)erialills, and ihe Urililh ioices under the duke of York. Rochelle, or La Rochclle, is iituatcd on the fca- coalt, two leagiicfi from the illc of Rhc, and four from Oleroii ; it is a luiiidfomc town, with a fine port of a clicular form, ami lliong fortifications. Here alio arc a mint, a chainh t of commerce, an admiralty, ami other coiirlh, an academy of Belles Lettrts, a Inuar re- finery, and a meilical, boianical, and anatomical U.I100L It is the fee of a billioj), fiilFiagan to Dourdcaux. 'I'ho fait marlhes ati'ed the air ot this place greatly. This city, being the chief feat of the reloimed in I'rance, luiFered very much during ihe civil wars, and was often valiantly di tended, and long poilKiLd by that party, till at Icngih Louis XII 1. alter a long and famous tiegc, maile himlilf inalltr of it in tlii; year i()i;8, chielly by the mi.aii.-i vi an admiralilc rampart, or bank of earth, which cardinal dc Richlieu caiifed to be r.iil'd againlt il on I'ie lule ot the CJct.ji. /liier it was taktii, the king caiilcd ihe walls and loriilicaiioiis to be tlcmolillicd, exce|)t only two towers, uliiih ix- fcml the poll : but Louis XI v^ caid'ed now and Iboi.jj toitilicalioiis to be railed about it. Coindeaiix, the caj)ital fi' tho wkole government, daml:' on ilie bank.< id ilie (jaioiuit , u.id is cine iM' the niuil ancient and hejiinhil towns in Fram.e. This city, which, with its harbour, is defended by three foits, carries on a coiiliJeiable tiadc Willi luo.'t parts of Lu- f ' hit 10 11 roi„ 838 A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. rope; tlie tide rifitig fo high in the river, tliat (liips ol great burdun c:iii come up to the quay. Here is an uiii- vctiity, an acadt-iuy of fiiciiccs and fine arts, a l;;rge (jDiiiic catht'.hal, dtdii'atcd to St. Andrew, lHlidi.s inaiiy oilier churches and convents, three (uniiir.iics, ■'n excliangc an. I mint, a pailiament, an ailmii.iliv, various courts and othce^, fevcrai public tountains, foir.c rcin.iins ot" antiquity, and u inanufaeTure of Ijcc, Foreign Protellant merchants are indulged here in the private cxcrcife ot tlieir rtiiyion. Rochfort, a iiandfoine new town, fiiiiatcd on ilic Charentc, was built by Louis XIV. It is ftroiiglv fortified and fiirnilhcd with all the ncccllary maga/.ines, llorehoufes, &c. for (hipping, togtiher with a fine large dock, a viduailing olfite, and hofpital for fick and woiuidcd Teamen, a foiindery, a manufactory of fail- cloth, and a marine .uademy. 'i'he liarbour iiere is very convenient, and the river, which is well guanLd with forts all the w.iy to its mouth, is fo broad and deep, that the larged (hips may come up to tlie town without cither danger or dilficulty. Brell is a fmall but flrong town, fituated on the noi ih fide of a large commodious bay and harbour, well de- fended by forts, and lined with fine quays, on which are bfilt warelinDfes, (illcd with all forts of naval florcs and proxilions ft>r (evenly fail of men of war; but the entrance to it is narrow and dif^ciilt, on ac- count cf the mail) rocks which lie under vsater. T!ie road is large enough fir five iiuiulric! ir.tn of war. Here is an arfenal, an acad 'iny tor Ica-otfcers, a court of adniiialtv, v.iih a building for the llaves, and a llrong garrif.'n. i Ik- city of Tr.ulon, which is tolerably large, and the fee of a bilhop, is (ituatcd on the .Mediterranean, and has a fnie port. I^oth the town ami liarbour arc (Irongly lortiticd ; having on tsvo tides of the former high hills, at a very fm.l! dilKince, of wliich that ol S:. Anne on the north ca!t pcifedliy com:nands. The entrance of the port is fo narrow, that two (hiis can- not go into it abrcall. Mere is an admiralty and other courts, ? threat many err. vents, an arfer.al 'vill fur- nifhed, a large ropc-Iioufe with three arc.!,.d walks, a cannon fniiulciy, a general magazine, containiiig an iin;.icnfe quantity of Itores, and a manuiaclory ol coar(e woollen cli>ili. In Augu;l i'q,], Lord Ilood, the Britilli Admiral, obtaimd pollellion cf the harbour, ihijis, and fortrcfTcs of Toulon, on certain coi.ditions aqrced on between the kitig ot (jreat-Biitain and the Royalifls; but on December 20 following, lie evacu- ated the I'ani'--, afier dLtlroying ten of the enemy's Ihips of the line in the arltnal, with the iriatt-houfe, great (lorc-houfe, licmp-houlc, and other buildings: the admira: alio took ptilfeflion of the Clime remains of antiquity, and a manufactory of lace. About fix leagues beliuv lii'; city is a uatch-tovvtr, or light-houfe, called La Tour de Coiuij>ian. Foreign Protcllant inerchnnis arc indulged here in the jirivatc cxercife of their religion. Ricii.ud IL kingot Jing- land, was birn heic in ijfjj- An ingenious writer comments on this city in the following piclurefque manner : " J iie la.ourable im- pruliion which Bouukaux caiuiot tail to make on a Itiaiigcr at his arrival is well confirmed by a relldencc in it. Picafuie leeiiis to have as many votaries here as commerce; luxury and iiulultry reigtuiig within the fame walls, and that in the molt extended degree. The air of courts is ever ttfeminatc, feduttive, and volup- tuous. Commercial cities are ufually marked by up- riolite ;".''aniitrs, ai;d the love ot gam. Avarice, power- ful in its inliucnte over tl e human heart, l\vallous up and ablorbs the more foil and meliing pallions. Here, however, thefc rules are entirely controverted. Diili- pation and (Lbauthery are more openly patronized, and have muiic a more univtrfal and apparent conipaH, than in lull (lie capitals o! t.urope." '1 he iiei;4lib>)uring di.lrict called Bourdtlois, is very friii'tnl, particularly in \ines, clieinuts, and fig-trees. Montjubon, on the Tame, is a handlome well built T'l.'.'ii, tiglu leagues from Thouloufe, ami under the ]niirdicHun of lis pariiameiit. 'Ihe biljiop is likewifc .•i.J'rjg-.vn to the ar. hliilh-ij) of Tliut imderarreft, and imiucdi- ately, by his majclly's exprefs command, conduded to this place. They ihut hun iip in this cage. Here he lived upwards of 2^< years; and here he, at length, ex- pired. During the long nights of winter, continued, the Europe.] r R N E. m the man, no candle or fire v- as allivveil him. He was not perniiutd to liave any buok. lie fuw no liuin:ui fjco except the jailor, who came once every day to pii-lcnt him, throiigii a hole in the wicket, liis little niirtion of bread and wine. No inllrumeiu was given Iiiin with wliich he could tUllroy himfelf ; but he iuinid means at length to draw out a nail from the wood, with which he cut or engraved, on the bars of his cage, certain fleurs-de-lis, and armorial bearings, which formed his only employment and recreation. — Tliefc I favv, and they are, indeed, very curioully pcr- tiurmed with fo rude a tool. •' It is now fifteen years, faid the Swifs, (Ince a gen- tleman terminated his days in that cage. It was before I came to rclide here. But there is one inltance within my own memory. Monlicur de F , a per- fon of rank, was conduiElcd here by command of the king. He remained three years (hut up in it. I fed liim myfelf every day ; but he was allowed books and candle to alleviate hismifery ; and at length the abbot, touched with his deplorable calamities, rcqnefkd and obtained the royal pardon. He was fet free ac- cordingly. " The fubterranean chambers, added he, in this moimtain are fo numerous, that wc know them not oiirfelves. There are certain dungeons, called Oub- liettes, into which they were accultomed anciently to let down malefadors guilty of very heinous crimes. — They provided them with a loaf of bread and a bottle of wine ; and then they were totally forgotten, and left to perifti by hunger in the dark vau'ts of the rock — This punilhtnent has not, however, been inflidled by any king in thclalf orprefent century. •' We continued our progrefs through the abbey. — He led me into a chamber, in one corner of which was a kind of window. Between this and the wall of the building was a very deep fpace, or hollow, of near an hiHidred feet perpendicular •, and at the bottom was another window upening to the fea : it is called the Hole of Montgomeri. The hiilory of it is this. In the year i^^q, Henry II. king of France, was mitortu- iiatcly killed at a tournament by the count de Montgo- meri. It was not intended on that nobleman's part ; and he was forced, contrary to his inclination, to pufli the lancc againll his fovereign, by his exprefs command. He was a Hiigonot ; and having efcapcd the malfacre of Paris and Coligny, made head againlt the royal fcrces in Normandy, fupported by our Elizabeth with arms and money. Being driven from his fortrelT'es in thofc parts, he retired to a rock, called the Tombc- !.iii,e. This is another llmilar to the Mont St. Mi- chael, only three quarters of a league dillant from it, and of nearly equal dimenlions. At that time there was a caftle on it, afterwards demolilhed, and of which fcarcc any vtlligcs now remain. From this fadnefs, only accelfiblc at low tides, he continually made ex- curilons and annoyed the enemy, who never dared to attack him. He cointJ money, laid all the adjacent country under coi-.tribution, and ren iered himfelf uni- verfully circaded. Ueliroiis, however, to fiaprile the Mont St. Michael, ho luuud means to tng.ig:: one (/f the monks lelident in the abbey, who pro.iiifed tc» gi\e him the (ignal for his enterprise, by dilpluying a hatKlkerchief. The treacherous monk having made the lignal, betrayed him, and armed all his aliuciaics, who waited Nioiitgomeri's arrival. The chieftain came, attended by fifty chofcn foldiers, defperatc, and capable of any ai tempt. Thtjv eroded the land, and having placed their fcaling ladders, mounted (miq by one: as they came to the top, they were difpatched each in turn, without noife. Montgomeri, who fol- lowed kill, at kngih difcovercd the perfidy, and ef- caped with only two of his men, with whom he re- gained the 'Fomhelainc. They preferve, with great care, the ladders and grappling-irons ufed on this occallon. The count himfelf was at lad befieged and taken prifoner, by the Marefchal de Matignon, in 1574, at Doinfri)nt, in Normandy ; and Catharine of Me- dicis, who deteifed him for his having been, though innocently, the canfc of her hufband's death, ordered hiin to be immediately executed, " The church itfelf detained me a long time, and is matter of high curiofity. It reds on nine pillars of mod enormous diir.enfions, which ftand upon the foli ' rock, I did not meafure them ; but as far as tln- gloominefs of the place would admit, I apprehend that each of them mufi be five-and-twenty feet in circum- ference, Beddcs thefe, there are two others, of much inferior fizc, which fupport the centre of the church, over which is the tower. If the prodigious incumbent weight be confidered, and the nature of its fituatioir,. nothing lefs mafly could fudain the edifice. They feeni as if deligned to outlive the ravages of time, and the convulfions of nature. The building was begun in 966, when Richard, the fecond duke of Normandy, began to credt the abbey. It was completed about the year 1070, under William the Conqueror ; though many other additions were made by fuccecding ab- bots. " The trcaftiry is crowded with relics innumerable, among which fome few have a real and intrinfic value. There is a fine head of Charles VI, of France, cut in cryltal, which drew my attention. They have got, heaven knows by what means, an arm of Edward the Confeffor's ; and they fhevved me another of St. Richard, king of England. Who this faint and prince was, I confefs, is beyond my comprchenfion. I am furc they could not term Richard I. fo, iinlefs his cruelty againd Saiadine wipeil out all his fins, and ca- nonizxd hiin. Richard II. has no better pretentions to fandity. I do not mention him who fell at Bof- worth : fo that who this royal faint was, I miifl leave you to divine. As to the monks, they know nothing about it ; but they were pofitive he was a king of Eng- land, An enormous golden cock'e-fhell, weighing many pounds, given to Richard, the fecond duke of Normandy^ Nfi| 'fi 86.1 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Normandy, when he founded the abbey, is worthy rc- inark. " The refcdory, cloiflers, and cells of the monks, have been magnificent and fpacioiis ; but a vail fum of money is wanted to put the whole in repair, and reindatc what the lapfe of ages has defaced and de- formed." Havre-de-Grace, which conflitulcs part of Up- fier Normandy, was under the jurifdi>^lion of the par- iament of that province. Havre-dc-Grace, is a flrong fea-port town at the mouth of the Seine, 12 leagues weft of Rouen, well built, ftrongly furtiticd. Ins an excellent harbour, a good trade, is the feat of the de- partment, and contains fcveral courts of jullice. — Har- fleur, on the Lizard, eight leagues from Havre-de- Grace, has fome concern in the cod and herring fidi- cries, by means of a fmall harbour; is defended by a caHle, and contains manufa6lorics of tanned leather, hats, laces, ferges, linens, woollen cloths, &:c. Maine (MAvrNNE), Perche, and the county of Laval, arc comprifcd in one. — Maine is bounded by Perche on the eail, by Brittany and Anjou towards the welt, by Touraine and Vendemois towards the foutli, and by Normandy to the north. It is 30 leagues long, no broad, fruitful in corn, wine, wood, palturc, &c. and contains fome iron-works, ilate, free-done, quar- ries of marble, mineral-waters, &c. Ls rivers are the Loire, Sarte, Haine, and Wiyenne ; and this depart- ment, as well as Perche, was fubjcd to the parliament of Paris. Mans, the capital of the whole department, fitiiatcd on the river Sarte, is a very ancient city, and the fee of a billuip, fiitfragan to Tours. There are many churches here, fevtral convents, inferior courts of ju- dicature, with a college, and I'alt-ollice. That part of this dcpartnient called Perche, is boimded on the eaft by Chartrain and Timerais, on the welt .".nd north by Normandy, and on the fouth by Mayenne, being 1,3 leagues in length, and 12 in hreadiii. The country abounds in cattle, ilieep, corn, flax, hay, mineral-waters, iron-nunes, and cyder. In this department is La Trajipc, a celebrated abbey of Ciitertian monks, who are reiiiaikable lor ihe au- lterit\- of tlicir manners, It (lands between the cities of See'/., Montagne, V'erncuil, and Laigle, in a large vale furrounded witli hills and lorelts, which feem de- ligned to hide it from the relt of the world. It v.as loniided in the year 1140, by a count of Perche. But the monks being, in proccfs of time, fallen into a great remil!i;efs of manners and dill ipline, a \ery ilrict rcformaiiiiu v.as introduced in this abbey in the year i0()2, by .Innand John Bouthilier de K.uu"e, the comiiandatory abbot. S >mc particulars of their fingui.ir manner of living, and of the auflerities which they pradife, arc thus pcctically def.;ribed : . 3 " Here flocks the train to whom indulgent heav'n " The precioiis gift of penitence has given ; " Who, cloyltcr'd here, feel heav'n's infpiring breath " Nor fear to triumph o'er eternal death. " For this we llrivc; long e'er the morn appears " We rife, we pray, vvc bathe the ground with tears • " Then hade to labour, drain the putrid fen, " Or break th' ungratefid ground of other men. *' Th' unheaded roots we gather yield us bread, " The fpring our beverage, and the earth our bed. " When midnight hour to new devotion calls, " We rife wi.h awe, and blefs thofe rev'rcnd walls " Where Prints and martyrs kifs'd the chall'ning rod " Defpis'd the world, and relied on their God. " Let p.-idc unlock ambition's fanguinc fprings, " And wafted nations curfe defpotic kings : " No drong alarins this lone retreat infeils ; " We live in peace, and peaceful fink to red. " Here pure religion tolls our only bell ; " Here true devotion warms Cuch humble cell ; " Here contemplation clears the clouded eye, " Kxpands the foul, and lifts it to the dcy. " Mean while, dear friend, my fimple Ihroud I fpread, " And now prepare my lad and welcome bed. " Here, here, my friend, my plain rough coflin ftands, " Prepar'd and wrought by thefe laborious hands. " It calms my fpirits, drives vain thoughts away, " And reconciles meno my kindred clay." Orleannois (now Loire department) confids of feveral diliricls, and is bounded on the north by Nor- manily, on the cad by Champagne and Burgundy, on the fouth by Nivernois and Berry, and on the welt by Touraine and Maine; including Orleannois Proper, Chartrain, or Beauce Proper, Vendemois, Blaifois, So- lagne, Demois, Perche Gouet, and Gationis Orleannois. The whole department was fubjedl to the parliament of Paris. Orleannois Proper aboiuids in cattle, game, and fifli ; yields grain, wine, fruit, and wood ; and contains, the lollowing places: — Orleans, the capital, not only df Orl-annoii Proper, but of the win c i!.-partment, ilaiuls on the northern bank of the Loire, ao leagues fouth of Paris. Over the river is a fine done bridge, leading ii.toa fuburb on the fouth fide of the river. It is one of the largtd rities in the kingilom, and contains (evcral inferior courts of judice, with an univerfity, a public library, a H.Ucly Gothic cathedral, and a great number of other churche.i, fome of which are collegiate ; a public walk, planted with feveral rows of trees; fome (ug.ir-houfes,a manufadory of dockings and fliccp fl:ins and a feminary. It carries on a great trade in braiuly, wine, fpices,and fevtral manufactures, which, with many other commodities, are conveyed from hence to Paris, and other places, by means of the Loire, ami tlic canal which takes its name from the city. To the riorth of the city is a Cored, the larged in the whole kingdom, formerly belonging to the duke of Orleans. ^ / o fa ^^^^ El'ROPE,] F R N E. 865. Ever fmce the year 1314 ti city lias been a dukc- (lu;n and peerage, ami urually at» appcinlage of foinc prince of the blood. Louis XlV. gave it to his bro- tlicr Philip, who begun and finiflied the canal, in wtiofe family it dill continues. The duties paid by vcilcls going up and down the canal amounts, in fonie years, to 150,000 livres. The bilhop of this city is fiilfragan to the archbilhop of Paris. On the 9th of May 1429, Orleans, then clofely befieged by the Eiiglifli, was relieved by Joan of Arc, commonly cal- Icii ihc Maid of Orleans ; and the anuiverfary of that deliverance is ftill kept here. To perpetuate the me- mory of it, a monument of brafs was ercftcd on the bridge. In the Hotel de Ville is a portrait of the fame cxiiaordinary and immortal woman. It was done in the year 1581, and is the oldeft extant. The painter ftcms to have drawn a flattering rcfemblancc, and to have decorated her with imaginary charms. Her face, tiioiigh long, is of exceeding beauty, heightened by an txpreffion of intelligence and grandeur rarely luutcd. Her hair falls loofely down her back. Slie wears a fort of bonnet enriched with pearls, and (haded with white plumes, tied under her chin with a fillet. About her neck is a little band ; and lower down on her bofom a necklace, compofed of fmall links. Her habit lits dole to the body, and is cut or fladied at the arms or elbows. Round her waift is an embroidered girdle ; and in her right hand (he wields the fword with which (lie expelled the enemies of her country. The following account of a remarkable execution at Orleans, as related by an ingenious traveller, may fcrve as a fpecimen of thofe dreadful fpcdlacles : — '' When we came to Orleans, we learnt that a criminal was to be broke alive at eleven o'clock that evening; and, in our rambles through the (Ireets, favv the fcafFold, wheel, and preparations lor the execution. The papers of the condemnation were fold as laft dying fpeeches are about the llreets of London. By one of thefe I learnt, that the poor wretch was convidted of belonging to a troop ot tnieves that infefled the forelt of Orleans ; and of conveying them proviCions, arms, and necelfaries. It was in this deputation of providing for his companions that he was (urprifcd and taken. He had entered the city diguifed as a peafapt, and, after he had executed hiscommiflion, might have rejoined them in fafety, had he not taken it into his head to brave the police by committing a daring robbery, and increalmg the (lores lie meant to convey to them. But his unlucky (larwas in the zenith ; for, after ha ing robbed a houfe, and bound every perfon in it, he was feized as he was de- camping with his booty. His fentencc was to have the , on ihc weft by Berry, and on the call by Burgundy, being about ho leagties in extant hoth ways, as it is nearly of a circular form, and yield- ing corn, wine, fruit, wood, pit-coal, iron-ore, and mineral fprings. The moil barren and mountainous part of it is the dilliiiit of Morvant. It is watered by lev<.r.d rivers of which three are navigable, vi/.. tlic I.oire, the Ai!i< r, and the Yonnc — Nevers is the ca- pital of the diflriiH.and takes its name liom tlicrivwlet Nievrc, in Latin Niveris, which, with the Aliier, fails near thetown intotiic Loire. Here are fever.il churches, convents, and courts of jufticc, with manufaflorics of g!afs, whiie-iron.and caithcn-warc ; and a ftately Hone bridge over the L(ar(inent) is boiuuleil on the fouth by Aiivergne (now Cantal) on the ii,,ni, by Ferry and Niveriuiis, on the i ;ift by Burgundy and Korez, and on tin; well by Upper Ma; che (Cruifi), It is 30 leagues Icnj;, !!0 broad, liiiiirul in com, wi»c' and palhirage; and is wateretl by the LolrLS Aliier, and* Cher. Prom its ancient dukes the laic roy.d family of I'rancc arc dcfcended. This department had be- longed to the prince of Conile, whofe aiitliority ^vas very great; but caiifcs of intportance were referred to the parliament of P.uis. '1 he capital, Moulii\s, 4)n the Aliier, received its name from the numerous mills in its viiuiiiy. li , on- tains feveral rhurohes, convents, courts of judua ure, manufa6lorics of hardware, iron. Heel, &c. and is, u[)on the whole, a haiidfome populous town. In the church belonging to the nuns ot the Vilitation is the magnifKent tomb of duke Henry II. ot Mnntnuirtnti, who fell a facriliceto the refentnicnt of cardinal Kich- lieu ; and near the town there is an admirable mineral fpring. — Bourbon Ic Ar.hambaud, five leagues well of Moidins, is rcinarkable for its mineral waters, hot and colli, and for (lones rcfembling Jiaitionds and cut glafs, which are found in the rocks .lear the town.— Mont Lucan, near the Cher, with a (lone bridge over that river, has feveral convents, churches, and courts of judicature, with a fait otlico and hofpital ; and a neigli- bouring market-town, named Neris, has iome excellent hot baths. LiONNOis department (comprifing Rhone and Loire) contains the provinces Lionnois, I'orci, and Bcauj'luih; and is bounded to the iu)rih by Maconnois and Biir- gui dy ; to the fouth by Vivarais and Velais ; to the call the Soane and the Rhotie part it from Breli'o and Dauphinc ; and to the well it terminates on Aii- Vf.rgne (Cantal). It produces corn, wine, and fruits, particularly excellent chefnuts, with pit-coal and mine- ral fprings ; aiul about four leagues from L)i)iis is a mine of copper and vitriol. Appeals lay from hence to the parliament of Paris. The jirincipal rivers of the department are the Rhone, the Soane, and the Loire. Under the governor in chief, 'as in all the other pro- vinces, were feveral fub-governors. — Lionnois, properly fo called, is twelve leagues long, and feven bmuil. Anciently it was fubject either 10 counts, or to the \ archbilhop and chapter of Lyons AuVf.RGNF. (now Pays dc Dome department) wliicli is within the jiirifdiclion of the pailiainetit of I'aris, is bounded on the fouth by the Ci veiuies, on the north by Bourbonnois, on the ea(t by Fore/,, and on the well by Litnofin, Quercy, ard La Marche. It is 40 leagues long, and 30 broad, and divided into Upper and Lower. The i ioine excclleii EunnpR.] R N E. The rivers are the Allicr, thi; Darf^opnc, and the Alag- non; the nuniiraftiires are lilks, lliifl's, tloths, laces, iriiii-WDrks, p,i|)(r; anil the {jnnluce corn, svine, cattle, clKcfe, coals, iN.'c. In Upper Aiivergnc ure:— St. Finer, tiie capital, wiiii li is litnatfd at ilie foot of iVIonnt Caiital, one ot till' hij;lii(t in AuvLrgn'-, It took its name from that u( a billi"|), who having come hithi-r IVoni I^angnedoc t(, jircach the [; >r|>el towunls the end ot the lomth century, died, and was Iniried here. It is now the Ice of a bilhiip, v\ho is lord of the city, though fnlijci'l/^n fpirinials, to the arilibilhop of Jluiirges. IKre is a ci)i>lidtruble Irallic in rye and mnles, as vvcll as in knives, carpets, and cloths. — Anriilac contains feveral convent.'., ii:f rior coinls of jndicature, i .ainifailories of tap dry and hue, a tadle, Sec. In J<()w, the fee of a billion, |iiifr.i,L;an to the arclibi.hop of Ijonrges. In the neigh- bourhood uf the town aie feveral peirilying fpriu;.;s ; one of which, in the fidjurb ol St. Allire, ha^ formed af'ilidroe.k, and a kind of bridge, under which the lividct of I'iridaine palles. Ol this natural cnrioliiy, ami of the town itfelf, we have the following accurate and antiientic accoiuit irom an intelligent traveller: " The lituaiion of CIcrmoiit isaijreenble, on a little eminence, to »vhich the accefs is (gradual and eafy. The place itfelf fecms to have been bmlt in an aw the moll barbaious. The lireets are fo narrow and winding, that no carriage i an enter tl'.em, ai.d the buddings corrcfjxmd to the other parts; but, to cvmpenfate for the inconvenience, the fubiubs arc charming, and the honfes modern and cleg ui. I vilited.this morning, the petrify ingfpring which Charles IX. is faul to have fnrveyed with io mm h woniitr and iilfafure. It is oidy a quarterof a mile trom tlie town. JM the coiui'e cf ages it has fornu;(! a ridge uf itone, or iiicriiitation, not lefs than 16 feet in height, above 100 feet long, and, in f)mc parts, near it) in thi.kncfs. As it impedeil, atui, at length, totally Hopped tlie cur- rent of a little rivulet wiiieli interfedled its (.ouife, the K.liabitants were obliged to dig a paliage through it. Tiie iiream is now direiikd into another ciianuei, aiul lias begun to torm a new bridge acrufs the rivulet into which it fails." LiMOSiN (now the department of Upper Vienne) is bounded on the cad by Auveii^;tie, on 'he uelt bv Angouiiiois and Ferigord, on the louth by Uiieicv, .nii'i en the north by Poiloii and La Marche. It is e^ Itagues long, and near as many broad ; tiie whole be- ffC/ ing tlivtded into Upper and Lower. The upper parts arc cold and moiintainous, the lower warm and fnntliil ; the produce being rye, barley, buck-wheat, LJiefniits, oxen, cows, buries, i^cc. alfo lead, tin, copper, iron, and Heel. The rivers are the Vieiine, the Vuere, and the Hordogne. — The government was fupcrintended by a child governor, a general-lieutenant, and two fub- governors ; but the v\ hole was under the jiirifdiction of the parliament of i^mirileatix. In U|)[)er Limolin are: — Limoges, on the V'ienne, 16,5 leagues fiiuili of Paiis, the cafiiial if the vvholu department, whit h contains three abbic; and convent:, is the feat of feveral courts of judicature, and the lee of a bilhop. Here are manufadlories of pajier, b ather, and woollen dotiis ; four a'|ueiliidls, conMnu'led by the Romans, and other remains of aniiipiiiy. — St. Leonard, on the V'ienne, contains a cbupler, and manufai^lories of pajier and cloth ; and St. Irij/., on the llle, hath likewife a cha|)ter, and fotne conlidcraiile iron-mines in the m 1 l.bouiiiood. — Chains, a town anil caltle litnated at tin Ipriiig of the Taiil.jin re, one of the rivers that fall 11 to the Clinrente, is (ix le.igiici didaiil from Limoges ti the north-well. This little city has the title of a county or (arldoiii, and belonged tbrinerly to the vifeotints of Liinng'";. It happened that a gentleman oi Limolin found Uj)- on his eltate a triafiire, \-.hi(h had been buried there many ages befine^ It ci nliff.tl ol' the ilatues of ait emperor and his confor, fitting round a table with their children, the whole bcini' of folid t'old. Kicliard I. king ot Liiglaiid, who was then ma^er of Limofin, pretended that the ireuiiire- bi longed tuhimas fovcreign lord of the country where it wa>. louiid, Tiie gen- tleman was willing to give liim part ol it ; but feeing that the king claimed llie whole, li'; Iiiip!o;ed thepro- tedion ol ilie vifeount of Limolin, wiiu gave him leave to take fatu.tuary in iiis caltl,; ofChalus, Richard going to beliege the place, waswoiiniled with an arrow iliot l)y a crol^-luiw-man, and dieil of the vsuund .April b, 1199 every year on Sr. Cieoige's ilay III L(j'.\er Lunolin are: — ^ lulle, the capital, at the conllux ot the Courezc and Solan. It is the fee of a. bilhop, who is tem[i()ral loril of tlie town, and futfragan to the arclil)i|hop ol Bouri^es. ILre arc feveral inferior courts of judicature, and convents. riiere is a famous hoi fe-fair kept here '»[■ v868 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOf.RAPlIY. till?- province, is (itiiated in the Upper Martlic, ()i\ ilio river Gaiicmpc Here are fevcrul inferior eouris ot jiillice, wiili A college, two convents, a priory, and an liofpiial. Anthony V'arillas, the liilloriaM. was bnrn, ;jn(l tbiinded a convent liere. — Anbullon, on the river Crcule, has a nianiifaiflory ot lapellry, and bch)nij;s to the duke do la FcuilladCt wliole Itnname is d'Au- bulI<)iK BvitRY (now Ciier d-piirtmcnt) is bniinded on the fniith by IJoiirbonnois aiv.l Marche, on the north by Or- Icannois and on the ucll by Nivcrnois ; its greatelt length being about 3,3 leagues, and its brtadtii about i;8. Its name, and that lit" its capital, Ijunrgcs, arc do- rived t'ronj tlic ancient I/ituriges, furnanied Cubi, to tlillingiiilh thcin from the other 13iiurij;ty, called Vi- bilVi, who were thole oi B<)urilcaux. Thi- air ot thi ilepartment is temperate, and the foil frnitliil.prodiicint; wheat, rye, wine, go. id Iruit, a great deal of" lla:i ami lieinp, and line pallurc, both for ihecp and black cat- tle. Near Vierzon is a mine of ochre, and near Boiirgcs are quarries of llonc. Here arcfcveral rivers, the chief ot which arc tiic I^oire, the Crciifc, the Cher, the Large and Leflcr Saudre, the Indre, the Orron, ihc Aurette, ihe Moulon, and the Kvre There is alfo a lake, called the lake of Villicrs, v\hich is pretty large.. ToiTRAlKF. (now Indrc and Loire department) is bounded to the fouth by Berry and Poitou, to the north by the river Maine, to the well by Anjou, and to the eart byOrlcannoIs ; its greatell breadth being 22 leagues, and its length 24. It is watered by fevcral rivers, the chief of which are the I ire, the Cher, the Crcufe, and the Vicnnc. The climate is very mild, and the foil, in genera'; fertile. In the country of Nnycrs are mines of iron an«l copper. This didrid had formerly counts of its own; but, in laoa, was united with the crown; and in i3)(>. was raifed to a dukedom and peerage. It lay within the j«irifdi6lion ef the parlia- ment of I'aris, and, belides a chief governor, had a "cncral lieutenant, and a fub-governor. — Tours, the caoital of the department, which alfo lakes its name from it, is fmiatcd on the Loire. Here is a fine bridge over that river, fevcral inferior courts of juRice, many churches and convents, a mint, a falt-oflicc,an academy, and is tl;e fi.c of an archbilhop. 'i"hc calheclial is a line building, containing a library, in w hich arc foinc ancient manufcripis. This city is free, the people paying no taille, or tillage. In 737 Cliarles Martcl deleated the Saracens near this place with a very great tl.iiightcr. Here is a lilk and cloth in.iniiladlory. — At Amboife, a town litnariil at the conlliix of the Amalie idiid Loire, Charles V'JU. was bor' and died. The name ol lliigonot had its rife in this town, wherein alfo the civil war broke out in i.^di. Befules a falt- fitficc, an hofj)iial, and two churches, here are fevcral convents and inferior courts of juitice. — At Loclfts, 1 iiinated on tliciivcr Indrc, feven leagues from Amhiifc is a (Irong calllc, in one oi' the fnbterraneons pal- f.igos of which Louis Slorza, dtikc of Milan, w.ij kept piifoner ten yens. In one of the two cages alio vvliiih arc kejit in iliis cadie, cardinal Balve, hilli(mi,[' Algiers, was conlined by Louis XII. — Chiiion, 011 the Vienne, has four churches, and a number of convents. The celebrated Kahtlais was a native of this town • and, A. I). u8ij, Henry II. king of England, diul in the callle heu. Ten leagues fouth of '1 ours is I,a Hayne, tho birthplace of the great philofopher Dcs Cartes. Anjoii (now tlie departircnt of Maync and Loir) which is 26 ka;,',ues long, and 24 broad, is bou.idedby I'oitou to the loi. '•, by Maine to the north, by Toii- raine to the call, and by Breiagnc to tiio well.' It is iiuit(ul,plcafant,w'ell watered, and w.is wiilirn the jiirif- diclion of ihc parliament oi' Paris. Angers, the cjj)it.d, lltuated on the .\Iayenne, is a large ciiy, being the He o> a bilhoj), fnlFiagan to the archbilhop of Tours. It contains, belides the cathedral, many churches, of which fome arc collegiate, a llrong caltle, fevcral ab- bies and convents, a falt-oflitc, and a mint. II„re silo arc fevcral infrior courts of judice, a ftmiiiary, an academy, an univcrlity, and fome remains of Ro- man antiquities. The firlt walls of the city were built by John, king of England, and duke of Anjou, The inhaLitants are employed chiefly in bleaching wax and linen, refining fugar, and making camblets, fergc--, and fine woollen Itutfs, ilripcd with lilk and gold. It is proverbially faid of Angers, that, " It Hands low, has high lieeples, rich whores, and poor fcholars."— At Chateau-Gonticr, on the river Maicnnc, arc a caf- tic, fevcral churches and convents, with mannfaftories of linen cloth and fcrges, and mineral fprings. — Saii- mur is a town on the I'oiifh bank of the river Loire, over which it has a Itone bridge, lix leagues from An- gers to the fouth- Here are a caftle, fevcral convents, churches, and interior courts of jiidice, together with an univerlity, and fome trade inlalt-petre, fiigar,ftccl, iron-works, medals, rings, chaplcis, and llrings of beads. It was one of the cautionary towns given to the I'rotedants ; and (furing the time of its being in their hands, the celebrated John Cameron, a Scotch di\ii;c, was for fome time profell'or , ,. * I'yrences, L iwcr * I'yrences, l'!a(krn * Rhine, Upper Rliine, Lower Rhone, iJoiiches du, MAitl.s of the Rhone and Loire Samic, U|>per .Saoae and Loire Sartc Seine and Oife Seine, Li'wcr Seine and Marne S.vres, the two Si I mine T arn \ar Champagne Champ.ignc Maine Aiijou Lorraine Bnrrois Bretagnc Lorraine French NetlierlanJs Nivernois Klc of France Normandy and Pcrcha I lie of France ^Artoisand Buulonnois Auvergne Big >rrc Bafqucs and Beam Roiillillon A 1 face A 1 face J. Provence Foreft and Lyonnois •Franc he Comt6 Bnrgniuly Maine Klc of France Normauily I tic oi Fiance Poitou Piciirdy ■,.''. Languedoc r iOVClKC DfpttrlmenH. F.DKdPI'..] R N li. 871 d Boulonnois Vf/trirlmfntt, Vendee V Kline Vuniic, Upper VolgcsO Yonno jfmitHt PrtvlnctS, Foitdii Poitoii liinoi'in Lorritin Uur^iuuly Tlic natural ciiriofiiicj of France condft chiefly in fpriiiK* "id iiibtiriaiicoin caviriu. Alan.' traveller in I'raiKe has given lis ihc t'ollowiin; pii^lurefiiiicaiul accurate (IcIcriptiDn ot the loiiiit.iin ol Vaiiciiilci '• lariiveil yellerd.iy, ay* he, ut Avij^non. My lirll anxiety vva« tovilit the iiiiiiain ot V.iin.Iiirc. i (hinlc 1 lliil fee, clcaping Iroiii (he niidlt ot a eh.iln ot mountains, as tuiiii the (lt.|iih ot avail iiiIk, a n\er wliicli rifcs, rufhus lip, and inllantly overllows witti an impctitolity, a tiiiinder, a Ixiiling, a loam, wiili t.ills winch never can he delcribed cither hy the pen oi the poet, or the pencil of the painter. Such i.s the loiiii- tain ol Vaucliife. In an iiillant tliis river becdines calm; anil may then be cotnpared to a happy dilpoii- tion, moderated by its native goodneiV, aticjr the lirll traiilports ot vivacity. It now clianges it;i lilvcr \vav( s into waves of azure, and noiirs, and rolls-, ami ditfiiks tlicin on a bed of emerald; but it foon divides iiUI into a multitude of little Itrc.ims to intander tliroiigli a cliarming valley. On tjuittiiig the valhy, thclc ri\iilets unite, and all together take their eiiuile by a hundred ililRreiit ways, to water, krtili/,e, ami einbellilb, un- der the name of the Sorgiie, the dcliglittul country ol Avignon. Vaucliife pitlents at once the moll delight- ful Icene, and the iiuilt lingular phxnonienon. lint I mud fay with the poet, •' Thefe dreams, that (ley, and yon enchanting vale, '• Touch not my iicart like Petrarch's piteous tale. The memory ^ii Petrarch and of Laura animates every objcd while it cmbellilhcs and renders enchant- ing the landfcapc." Near Salins in Burgundy are feveral very remarkable caves, the extent ol yvhicii taken all together is about 400 feet in lengtii, and 60 in breadth. The dcfccnt into them is by 40 (hmp lk'ps,and 20 of wood. At the bottom, by help of lighted torches, which each pcr- foii carries with him, may be fecii fix fprings ot falt- watcr, and two of fielli, giiliriiig out and running with gieai rapidity. I'hefe Itrcams are ki.pt fipaiatc by proper trenclus, which conduit them into other v.iiilts liipported by large pilKir.s, wherein ari placed re(erv"irs tor tiie reception of the lall-\valer,altcrvvariLs conveyed to the top by proper engines, and being put in pans, tMiat iiiiantitics of fall .ue extradled lrt)iii it. This water i.iihiVrved to be moll Itrougly impn.gnated in rainy v.iallur; and is fuppofed to accpiiic iis (aline (piality (loiu foine vail roiks of lalt through wliiili it pail'es ii* it.v liibterrancan coinl'^'. Ai li.uiline, twelve miles Irom Ikfan^on, is a cavern, above three hundred leet tiiuler ground, wherein ate a number of icicles, and in ihr bottom a little river, which flows in the winter, but is Iro/.cn in the (ummcr. In tlic forefti ot St. Aii« bin dii Cormie.1 in Hriiacne, in a cave, iliroii^h whicli runs a grrat torrent ot water; and from another, titu- .itcd at Nions, proceed* a violent wind. '1 he cave of our I-ady of Halm, in Daiipliine, is between four and livi.! tathoms broad, and Imni live to tight toet deep ; and, in the valley of I.ibcillat, in Alfa* 0, is a cavein, out of which Hows an oily liipior, which liciiif^ dif- tilletl, anil properly prepared, yields a mod excellent laluhrioiis oil. In the neighlK)urhooil ol Nilmes, ihcro is a liibieiiancoiis paira{5c, which the vulgar inform ui reaches to Aries, under the Rhone, being a didancc of •JO miles. The artificial rnriofities of France confid chiefly 111 their canals, and public buildings. The former of thefe have already Ix-cii defcribed, and the otlier* havo litrn noticed in the account of its cities and principjl towns. France polfclUs iVvrral valuable remains of antiipiity, many ol which have been traced bai k even to the time of the Cells : and alier CjjuI was reduced by the Ku- maiis, they adorned it with numerous cditices, botU civil and facred, fome of whicli are Hill very perfect. Triumphal arches are found in feveral j)«ris of thu kiii;^doiii, but the modeniirc is at Oraiigi', ercrtcd on account of the vit'lory obtained over the Cimbri and Teiiiones, by Cains Marius, and Ludatius Catiilus. Nifines alioiiiuls in monument.s ot antiipiity. Tho famous Pont dii Garde was railed 111 the Augultaii age by the Roman colony of Nifmes, to convey a llrtam of water between two mountains for the tile of tliat city, and is as (rclh to this day as VVedminller. Jjiid'.'jt; : it conlids ol three bridgts, or tiers of arches one above another; the luiglii is 174 feet, and the leni;th to y.-;}. The moderns are indebted tor this, ami many other dupcndoiis aquediicb, to the ignorancj of the ancients, that all dreams will rile as high as their foiirces. 'File coinmcrce and manufadturesof France may bs conlidoreil under two In ads, vi/. inland and foreign. 'Fhis country, by her liiiiation, the turn of her inha- bitants for certain manttiaclures, and the happiiiefs of her foil, mult be always polielled of a great inland tiallic, which in mai.y particulars exceeds that of any other country in luirope, and is in a gieal irieafuic car- ried on by their luvij^alile canal'.. The iiiiroihictinn ol ihc lilk maiuif.uTure to France took place folate as in the rei^;ii of Henry IV and 111 that of his grandfon Liuis XIV. the city of Fours alone emphiyed 8000 looms and 800 mills. 'I'lie city of Lyons then employed 18,000 looms; but ai'ier the impolitic and imjiilt rev ocaiion of theediJtot Name-, the e\pnl!ioii ot the ProleUanis, and the luimnis wars maihiamcd by Fiance, they de.ri.ireil to .[000 ; anil their tilk nianufaclure is now rivalled by that of Fug- land, where the French I'loteltaiits took refuge, and were happily tucuur-i^ed. Oi\ the other hand, the •• FrciwU 872 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. French woollen cloths ami ihiffs, more efpccially at Abbeville, are faiil to be uow little inferior to ihule of Holland and England, aHifttd by the clandefhne importation of Englilh and Ifilli wool, and workmen from this country. This dellrudivc traffic is princi- pally carried on bVtween Boulogne in France and Roin- iicy-Marfli in Kent. The foreign trade of France may be faid to extend itfelf all over the globe. That country is tlioiiglit to be no great lofcr by its ccilion of Canada, and p.irt of Louilianaat the late peace. But the mod valuable part of Hilpaniola in the Wcfl-Indies, which (he pof- ieires by the parii.'ity and iiuloltnce of Spain, is a mofl iinproveable accjuilition, and the mofl valuable of all her foreign colonies. In theVVclUIndies, flie like wife pofTeflesthe mofl important fugar-iflandsof Guadelupe, St. J. ucia, Tobago, St. Bartholomew, Defcada, and Marigalantc. A fmall trad upon the Milliflippi is the v.holc of what flie pofrcHes in North-America. Thofe bi.longii;g to her in the Kafl-Indies arc not very conli- dcrable ; though had the genius of the French been more turned for cominerce than war, they might have ing'clTtd more territory and revenues than arc now in pollcflion of the Englifh ; but they over-rated both their own power and their courage, and their Eall-India ccrtnpany never made a couliderable figure. Pondi- cherry, &c. in the Eafl-Indies, and St. Domingo in the Wcif, were taken by the Englilh in the year »793- At prefcnt the land-trade of France to Switzerland and Italy, is by way of Lyons; to Germany, through Metz and Strafbuigh ; to the Netherlands, through Lille ; to Spain (a moll profitable one) through Bay- onnc and Perpignan. As for her naval cotnmercc, her ports in the channel and on the Wcllern-Ocean are frequented by all the trading nations in Europe, to the great advantage of France, more cfpccially refpcdlng what is carried on with England, Holland, and Italy. The trade from her Mediterranean ports (more parti- cularly from Matfeillcs) with Turkey and Africa, has long been very confidcrable. The negro-trade from Guinea lupplies her fugar-colonies, befides the gold, ivory, and drugs got from that coaft. I'lie articli s ot trade in Fiance, arc as follow: the wines- of dilierent diilrids, and the produce of thofe wiies, viz. Bourdeaux, Nantes, Rochelle vinegar, and ihe lees. I ruit, fuch as prunes, prunelloes, dried grapes, pears and apples, from Normandy ; and oranges and olives from Langucdoc and Provence. Fine lawns, thread, linens, ftuffs, woollen cloths, fr-il c xh, hemp, flax, iitiiieed, filk, black and green foap, ..■ rn, lor their inland trade; fine paper, palle- board, fait, fait-peire, rolin, oil, coik, kid-lkins, al- monds, perfumes, cxtracled oils, drugs, and chemical preparations, cambrics, filvcr and gold fluffs, em- broideries, fatins, fewing-filk, tapcltrits, millinery- wares, crapts, laces, toys, plulli hals, parchment, and bard-.vure. Fhc manufadures of France are lilks, as lufliiims alaniodes, farcencts, broad, flowered, and brocaded' (ilks, velvets, and gold and (ilver IhifFs. Woollen ma- nufadures in imitation of thofe of England, which are chidiy carried on in Normaiuly, Poidou, Lai,- gucdnv^ Provence, and Gnienne. Fine lineii.s, lalns and Ijcc are made rn the inland parts ; as is canvai's ill Norirundy, failcloth at Vilry, and other places, and dowlallls at Murlaix. 1 . Picardy and Paris are made exceeding beautiful and rich tapcftries, and Au- vcrgiie is famous for fine paper. Manufadures ol foap are edablilhcd chiefly in Provence ; this is fo cou- liderable an article in their commerce, that when ihey have a fcarcity of oil, they fetch a prodigious quantity from the Levant to fupply the foap-makers They have long obtained the fecret from Spain of making that fpecies of foup called Caftile, of which they have effablilhed large manufadures at Marfeillcs and Toulon, and thereby deprived the Spaniards of that valuable branch of trade. The conflitution of France was formerly a limited monarchy ; but the oppreffions of the great landholders grew, by degrees, fo irkfotncto the ftibjeds, that they preferred the monarchical to the ariltocratical govern- ment. But Richlieu, in the time of Louis XIII. gave arilJocracy a mortal blow ; and all the civil dif- putes in France, fince that period, have been among great men for power aiid places, and between the kings and their parliaments. The life and property of the fubjed were after- wards entirely at the mercy of the fovereign : he im- prjfoned whom he pleafed, without being accountable to the laws, and, whenever he thought it necellary for his purpofe, appointed what judges he deemed proper for the trial of offenders. The great officers ol itate took their oaths to him, which ilicy formerly did to the parliament ; and he appointed, removed, extended, or retrenched their authority as he pleafed. The re- giflering of the cdids, which formerly gave them the landion or force of laws, 'at length became a mere matter of form. The parliainents indeed fomc years ago made a noble oppofition to the king's command with regard to this particular, but this generally pro- cured a temporary banifhment: for, arbitrary as he was, he never ventured to inflid any further punifli- ment than a flight banifhment, or imprifonment, for their mofl provoking ads of difobediencc : a tacit ac- knowledgment of the infirmity of the French con- ftitution, and a proof that the people confidcrtd the parliaments as their natural guardians and protedors. Before the revolution, diftributive jiiflicc was nd- miniftercd in France by parliaments, chambers of ac- counts, courts of aid, prefidial courts, generalities, eltdions, and other interior courts. The parliameiiis Were fifteen in number, namely, Paris, Thoulonfe, Rouen, Grenoble, Bourdeaux, Dijon, Aix, Rhciins, Pan, Metz, Befan^on, Doway, Perpignan, Calmer, and Arras i but fcvcral of thofe parliaments arc now united FRANCE. ^7$ iir.ittd into one, and that of Parib branched out into fix. It was however the chief, and took th.: lend in ;ili naiioiial biiliiK fs. It was divided into ten thani- li.rs. The grand chamber was ciiieHy appropriated to the trial of peer*:. The Toiirnelie took cognizance ;)(' all niattcis of property above looo iivres in value. The Tountelle Criminelle received and determined appeals from inferior courts in criminal caC-s. liefides tliefe throe capital chambers, there were five of re- niiei^s for receiving the depofitions of witnelfes, and determining caufes, nearly iii the fame manner as our court of exchequer In fome provinces, the adinini- llraiion of jultice was regulated by the civil law, and in others by their particular cullonis, fo.Jar as they were confiftent with the king's edicts and de- clarations. The chamber of accoimts was the next com-t of j\i- dica'.tue in France ; here all matters of public linauce were examined, treaties of peace and grants rcgillered, and the vaUalasjjes due from the royal fiefs were re ccivcd : the chambers were in number twelve, and held in the cities of P.iris Kouen, Dijon, Nantes, Montpelier, Grenoble, Aix, Pau, Blois, Liile, Aire, and Hole. The third court of juiiicatyre was the court of aid, where all matters that related to the royal revenue, and the railing of money, were determined. The it)urlh were the prefidial court'--, which were com- pofed of judges for determining matters in. appeal from iiKi^irtrates of little to\vns and villages. 'l"he next court were the generalities, who proporti«ned the taxes to be raifed in their diflrifls, according to the fum that is appointed to be levied: they likewife took cog- nizance of matters relating to the crown-lands, anil certain branches of the revenue. Thefe courts are in luimber 23, each confilliiig of 33 perfons, and they were diliributed over the kingdom for the more con- venient difpatch of bnlinefs. The courts of eledlions, which were fubjedl to thofe generalities, fettled the fmaller proportions of taxes that were to be paid by parilhcs and inferior diftricts, and how much each in- dJMdual in the fame was to pay: this was done by a collcdor, who returned the alletrinents to the court (jf generaiiiies. Belidcs the above courts, tlic French had intendents of jurtice, police, and finances, whofe powers, when properly executed, were of great fervice to the peace v( the community. They iiad likewife provods, lenef- Cjialls, bailirts, and a variety of other olfieers. From this general review of France in its monarchical Hate, the reader will be apt to conclude, that file was the moll powerful nation, and the people the moll opii- jiiit and happy in Etuope. The reverfe, however, appears to be the conKant flate of that nation ; llnce we do not find that in any former period they were mote rich or more happy. In a countiy fo exten- fivc and fruitful, her government finds immcnfc re- foiirccs in men and money ; but, as if the French councils were diredtd by aacvil genius, Uitfe refourccs, No. 44. I great as ihey are, liave proved, by a wrong application,^ the ruin of the people. The molt obvious caoies of this national poverty originated from the iiaibition and \ unity of their kings and leadmo men, vviiiih led thenv into fehemes of iiniverfjl dominion, the aggraiulize- rneut of their name, and thecnllaving of Chiillendoai. Their wars, which they fometimes carru:d on .igaiiilt one half of Europe, and in whieh they were generaily unfortunate, led ihem into dillicuhles to which the ordinary revenues were inadequate ; and hence pro- ceeded the arbitrary demands upon the fubjee^, under various pretences, i:i the name of loans, frec-gilis, &:c. When thefe failed, other methods, more arbitrary and unjullitiable were adopted, fuch as railing and reducing the value of money, as they thought proper, national bankruptcies, and oilier grievous opprellious, which gave the liuilhiug llroke to public credit, and ihook the fotmdaiions of '.radc, comniercc, and indiiltry ; the fruits of which no man could claim as his property. When we alfo conlider the motives of thefe wars, a. delire to enllave and render miferable the neighbouring nations, tfiat man mud be devoiil of humanity whole bread is not fired wi'.li indignation at t';e hare mention of the bloo I that has been Ipilt, the miferies and defo- lations that have been brought upon mankind, and the numerous places that have been luerificcd to their ambi- tion and a\ariLe. From the late attack upon Corfica, it appears that tlieir own mi>lortuncs have not taught them wildom or humanity; lor while they thus gralped after foreign coiuiuell, tlie-r own country exhibited a picture of mifery and beggary, unknown even to fome of the moll uncivilized of the a;ljoining kingdoms. To this we may add, that many of the taxes and revenues in, France were let out, for a time, or farmed to the beft bidder ; and thefe harpies, the f.'.rmers-gencral, and their tind"'-farmcrs and receivers, made no fcrnple of fleecing tie people mod uiunercilully ; and the relidue^ if any remained, went to fatisty the cravings of a nu- merous clergy, who in their turn were obliged, as well as tliC laity, to advance the government immenfe funis under various names. 'i'iie revenues of fo defpoiic a government as that of France was during the monarch)', when the eitates as well s lives of the people were fubje£l to the will of the prince, cainiot well be afcertained. The yvholt; fpecie of France, in gold and lilver, was computed in' 1716 to be about 17,000,000 llerling; and though the crown was then doubly a bankrupt, being in debt about ICO millions llcrling, or '^c^io millions of Iivres, yet by f; i/.iug almod all the current money in the king- dom, and by aibitrarily railing or lowering the value of coins, in four years time the duke regent of France ptiblillied a general date of the public debts, by uliirli It appeared that the king fca'crly owed 3.J0 millions of" Iivres. The reader is left to jmlge whether [o great a reduflion mull not be the elK'ci of the mod abfolute dd'jioiifm, and the acl itfelf deferves no better name- than that of a national robbery. The F'lench couu nW «74 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. lias not llnce that time bliilhcd tn own, as towards tho conclulioii of a forimr war, aiul alio in 1761), tliat their king was a bankrupt ; anil, in onlfr to recrnit tlic Toyal finances, his ininilk'rs have pinrucd meafurcs pretty (Iniilar to lliole pradlifcd by the regent above- mentioned. The ordinary revenues of France, by fome late cal- culations, amounted, dining the monarchy, to above i2,coo,ocol. (Urling. They arofe from tiie dcmcfnes; 'the taillc, or land-tax ; the taillon, another fort of land-tax, which the nobility were obliged to pay as ■well as the commons ; by aids, which wc call cultoms nn mcrchandiic ; by gabely, which is a tax upon fait; by a capitation, or poll-tax ; by the tenths of elUtcs and employments ; by the fale of all offices of jiifiice ; by a tiiith, or free-gift of the clergy ; cxclulive of their additional yearly fiim of 12,000,000 of livres ; and by confifcations and forfeitures. The comptroller-general was the head of the officers tif the finances ; and for the management of the re- venues, and the determination of all difputes relative to it, there were fevcrjl tribtmals and olTices in difl^ercnt parts of the kingdom, of which one at Paris was the Mif. Witli rcfpei^ to the prcfent ftate of the revenue, wc are ii.firnivd, that 0:1 ihc ^oih of December i7()i, ]\Ir. Lafond prellnicd to the Airembly the following general efliniaie, from the particular eillmatc of the ■iiiinillers, for the year I'^'-i : Livres. Appanage of princes... ,'5,000,000 Foieigti affairs 6,000,000 ' Marine and colonics 43,000,000 Cjeneral adminillration j, 000,000 Pid)!ic worlliip 81,000,000 Per.llons to ceclefiaffics 68,000,000 I- N.ttional allenibly 3,000,000 Civil i,ll — ■ 23,000,000 ' Jiiiilgcs and roads 4,000,000 Higli national court, and court of .appeal 4,50,000 Schools and academies 1,000,000 Literell of debts 20,000,000 Life aniuiiiies 100,000,000 Jj'crpttii.d annuities 300,000,000 : Peiides the expenses of the army. The Ways and Mivans. By land-tax, a tax on perfonal propertv, patents, flar.iiis, \'o. vahu d at •^3:,, 000, coo liviet; tiie remain- ing Inm to be provided for from the finid of exiraor- dinaiies. 'l"he cxtranidinary cxpenccs of the army, colonics, and public worlliip, would foon eeafe, and bring the expenditure on a k\el with tlie revenue. rilc amount of the alFeifed taxe^ fur the year I'q'^, are by ft)mc authors cltiitiated only at 300,000,000 livres, equal to I2,jjc,ooccl. Ilcrlmg ; and with the incidental faxes in ail 15,500,0001 (Icrling; near nine millions lefs than before the revolution, when thcclercv and nobklVe were exempted. All cxcifes and exeif'emen, tythcs, and ganicjaws are now abulillied, and the funds maintained at ilio public charge. In the year 178S, before tlic revolution, the revenue was 20 millions and a half fferling ; and its oidiii;uy expenditure exceeded the revenue five millions and a half. L) 1784 the public debt was_^"t4i,6bo,ooo. There is no nation in Europe wliere the art ot war particularly that part of it relative to gunnery ami fur- tification, is better underilood than in France. 13. iidcs other advantages for learning it, there is a royal aca- demy eltablilhed piirpolely for training up five lunulred young gentlemen at a time, in tiie feveral brane!' -s ol this great art. The number of forces in France, even in time of peace, are fcldoin lefs than 200,000, iii' puv of thcf'e being little more than two pence hallpeiiny per day ; in tune of war, they are iifually doubij that number; but ihofe raifed from the militia are veiy m- dilferent troops. — In the reign of Lewis XIV. tin,' navy of France amounted to loo lliips of the line of batile, but it has not been loconlidcrablc lately. Li the war of 17,56 with England, their marine was almolf tuially de- flroyed ; but finee the peace they have been wry aliidi;- 011s in reltoiing it, and in the year 1769, it was faid to confiil of fixty-foiir ihips ol the line, inJuding thole of hfty guns, and tvvtnty-five frigats, btliiies fmallur vellels. The feainen in ihe maritime provinces of tliis kingdom were rcgiltered, and divided into elalfes, each clal's ferves three or four years alternately, and ihofe who were not in aiJliial fervice, might enter on board merchant fhips. Beli.les the feamen, an huiulred in- dependent companies were maintained to ferve on beard the fhips of war as marines. After the conuncnee. ment of holtilities in the war of 1774, between (ireai- Pritain and France, the Fiench navy was more fonni- dable than at any preceding period. 'Fowards the tlol'e of the y(ar 1791, the report of the minilter Itatcs the lliips in good condition to be 86 of the line, and, including thofc building, as follows: •Laige iirfl- rates 8 , 100 guns 5 80 guns to 74 !i""^ g;>,\e rife to thofe nmnerous principalities which were formerly in France, and to tlie feveral [larliaments there ; for every province bccantc, in its ptilicy and govirn- ment, an epitome ot tlie whole kingdom ; and no laws were made, or taxes impofed, without the concurrence of the grand council, coulilting of the clergy and iKibiliiy, Thus the tirll government in France feetns to ha\c been a kind of mixed monarchy, and the power ol their kings was extremely circimfcribeil and limited by the feudal barons. The lame circimillaiices took place m other European nations, immediately after the diifolu- tioii of the Roman empire. A French hillorian ct credit informs ii$, tliat Clovis vas the tirlt Chriliian monarch of the F'reiieli : that he DCgan his reign in the year .jHi, and, alter being bap- tizcvl, introduced Cliriltianity in the year .jyb ; troin which peril (1 tlic F'rench lii:toiy exhibits a fcries of remarkable events -, and we tiud them generally en- gaged indomedic broils, or in foreign wars. The firll latc of ihcir kinj^s, prior IB Ciiailtiiia^iic, found a cruel enemy in the Saracens, who then over-ran Eu- rope, and retali.ited the barbarity of the (juths and Vandals upon tlieir polterity. In the year B.^o, Cliailc- magne, king of I'lance, who was the gl.jiy (,i \\yj^^ daik age in which he li\ed, made hiiidelf mailer of Germany, Spain, and part of Italy, was crowned kinr of the Rtniuns by the pope, and thus became emperor. Chailemagne, at his death, divided his empire by will among "his fons, which proved fatal to his family ajid poderity. Soon alter 'liis, the Norman:-, a tierce, warlike people of Norway and Denmark, invaded and ravaged the kingilotn of I'rance, and, A D, 900, ob!i;;cd the French to yield up Normandy and Brelagne to Rollo tlieir leader, who became a Chriliian, and married the king's daughter. This laid the foundation of the N(ir- man power in France, which afterwards became of per nicioiis confecpicnce to that nation ; as from William the Norman, who conquered England, the aniniolitics between that kingdom and France had their origin, and the contefis proved for the moll part injurious to the latter, notwithfhmding their numbers, and theallilt. ance they received fiom the Scots. It lialh been juiHy obfervcd, that the rage of cm- fading, which broke out about this time, was rather beneficial than oihcrv\ifc to the French monarchs, as they took off many of their turbulent fubjedls, who were almoU independent of their aiuhoriiy, and left tiiem heirs to feveral of their nobles, who ili;;d in the Holy Land. But we (hall pnfs over thefc tlark ages, and proceed to the period, when the Erench began to ex- tend their influence over Europe, and this brings us to the reign of Francis I. who was coicmporary with our HenryVIII. of England. This prince was a can- didate for the empire of Germany, but loll the Im- perial crown. Charles V. of the hoiife of Auflria, and king of Spain, being chofeii in his Head. Francis made feveral capital expeditions into Spain, but in one, which he undertook aguinlt Italy, lie was defeated at the battle of Pavia, taken prifoner, and obliged to agree to the mod hi'iniliating terms, in order to obtain his rclcafe. His breach of the terms by whieh he pro- cured his enlargement occafioncd continual wars agaiul'f the emperor, till the death of F'rancis, which happened in 1547. At this pcrloil, France was rather in a fluurifliing condition, and Henry II Ton and fucccHor of Francis 1. was in general a very loi;-.''iate prince ; for though lie loll the battle of St. Oiiintin, againll the iMiglilh aiul Spaniards, yet he retook Calais from the former, who never after had any footing in France. He married his fon the Dauphin to Mary queen of Scots, in hopes of I uniting that kingdom to his own i but in this fchenie I he, or rather his country, wa' unf^'Minate, as may he 1 feen in the liifUiry of Scot'and. In 1,559, he was killed at a tilling match by the count of Montgomery. lie, was fucceeded by his fon F'rancis II who lived buttuo years ; after whom his brother Charles IX. alceiideu the throne, wlio biiin^j then but eleven years of nge, and Europe.] R N E. i ■■ i> 877 and the Guifcs, with the concurrence of Cnthcrino ilc Mcdicis the king's mother, taking upon i:icm iho atl- ininillratiun, Anthony de Bourbon king of Kav.ivro, 1)10 prince ot' Condc, and tlic IVotellants, entered into a confederacy againlf the court, and a civil war en- fticd, in which the kiiiR of Navarre was killed on one fide, and the duke of Guife on the other ; but a peace was concluded foon after between the contending par- tics. 1 lie war was however renewed feveral limes till the year 1571, when a treacherous peace was made with '.he Protellants, in order to de(troy them by a ni:if- facre, which was put in execution at Paris, in the night of the 24th of Augiill 1572, and immediately after in feveral other great towns ; and a confederacy called the Holy Leafuc was entered into by the Papilts of France and Spain for the c\tiroation of the Pro- teflints. This projedl proved but tc '"uccef>ful, thougii it was not completely executed till on St. Bartholo- mew's day, 1672. The heads of the Proteftants were invited to the celebration of the nuptials between the young king of Navarre, a Protellant, and the French king's fdkr. The king himfelf, Charles IX. alliftcd in the inalfacre, in which the admiral Coligni fell. The fignal for the inhuman {laughter of fo tnany tiioufands was to be made by ftriking the great bell of the palace. At that dreadful knell the work of death was begun, and himianiiy recoils froiii the horrors of the fatal night of St. Bartholomew ; yet the reader may cxpciSt, amidft the general carnage, that fonie few mo- ments lliould be devoted tc ; :. <"atc of Coligni. lie had not long retired to relt, when Uv, was aroiifeil by the noife of tlie allUilins who had fiirrounded his honfe. A Ger- man, named Bcfme, entered his chamber ; and the ad- miral, apprehending his intentions, prepared to meet death with that fortitude which had ever diflinguiflied him. Incapable of refinance from the wounds he had received by two balls in a late attempt to alfadinate him, he had fcarce with an tmdifmaycd countenance uttered the words, " Young man, refpedt thefe grey hairs, and ftain them not with blood," when Befme plunged his fword into his bofom, and with the help (jf his barbarous aUbciates, threw the body into the court. The young duke of Guife contenjplated it in fdence ; but Henry count d'Angoulefme, natural bro- ther to Charles, fpurned it with his loot, exclaiming, " Courage, my friends ; we have begun well, let ns •inilh in the fame manner." It is faid that about 30,000 Protellants were murdered at Paris, and in other paits of France ; and this brought on a fourth civil war. Though a freHi peace was concluded in 157:3, with the Protellants, yet a fifth civil war broke out the next year, when the bloody Charles IX. died without heirs. About the fame time the duke of Anjou, who was offered the fovercLgnty of the Netherlands, made his court to lili/abtth queen of England, to whom ihe fccnied to give encouragement, either on political views, er to procure the Protellants fomc relaxation Irom pcr- fixuiiun ; but the queen, at length, difcarded the duke. No. 44, v.liich occafijncd fomc fevcre reflcflions upon hor in- coiiRancy. Henry IH. king of Poland, fiiccceded to the king- dom of France, 1,574, when pope Sixtns V. depofed the king af Navarre, and abfolved his fubjee'ls from tlieir allegiance on account of religion ; and the king of France, Henry III. taking the'part of the Protellants againlt the leaguers, was mortally wounded by one Clement, a friar, with a knife, wiiich the king drew out of his body, and (truck the all'allin in the eye with the faine knife, and he was foon knocked on the head by the king's fervants. Henry, king of Navarre, of the houfe of Bourbon, fucceeding, the Protellants obtained an edi(^, called the edict of Nanti, 1,589, in their favour, from Henry IV. whereby they were tolerated in the free exercife of their religion, in all parts of the kingdom except at I'.iris ; but Hill, the king (Henry IV^ obfervinga great majority of his kingdom zealous Catholics, foimd him- felf under a neceHity of declaring himfelf of that re- ligion ; nor could .nis preferve him from the malice of the monks ; for Ravillac a friar dabbed him to the he?rt in his coach, in the ftrcets of Paris, the 14th of May 1610, on prefumption that he was dill a Pro- tellant. The king leaving his fon Louis XIII. a minor of nine years of age, the queen his mother, Mary of Medicis, was made regent; during whofe adminidra- tion, great encroachments were made on the liberties of the people, notwithftanding the oppofition that was inade to thofe arbitrary meafures by the parliament of Paris ; but the Protellants, bein^ moft opprelTed, flood tipon their defence, and the. kingdom was involved in another civil war. The king having taken fomc ex- traordinary ways to raife money, the parliament of Paris refufcd to concur in them, until his majefty went' thither in perfon, with the princes of the blood, and terrified them into a compliance. Cardinal Richlieu, being advanced to the poll of prime-minifter, foon after put a final end to the liberties of France. He began by fupprelling the Hugonots, and reducing all the towns they were polfeiled of, the lall of which was Rochelle, which held out two years againft the whole power of F'rance, but was obliged to furrender the 8th of Oc- tober 1628. This put an end to the civil wars, on account of religion, in France. Hidorians fay, that during thefe wars above 1,000,000 of men loll their lives ; that 150,000,000 livres were fpent in carrying them on; and that nine cities, 400 villages, 2000 churches, 200c monaderies, and 10,000 houfes were burnt, or otherwife dedroyed. He proceeded to infult the parliament of Paris, prohibiting them, in the king's name, to intermeddle in affairs of date : he then crec- tal courts of juftice to try by a fpccial commillion the peers that oppofed his meaf'.res. Whereupon the dukes of Orleans and Montmorency hail recourfe to arms ; but being defeated, Montmorency was taken prlfbner, and executed as a traitor. This occafioned feveral confpiracies of the prince*- of the, blood, 10 N 3n4 878 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. And (he nobility, againd the cardinal, whicli he how- over defeated, but very narrowly cfcapcd being allalli- natcd. Louis XIV. fon of Louis XIIL and of Anne of Audria, Infanta of Spain, was born the ,5tii of Sep- tember 16 jS. fie fuccecdcd his father the jcjth of May ^6a[], being then in the fifth ytar of hi.', age : Cardinal Richlieu died jull before tiie late king, ami the qiiccn-motiier about the fame tiinc. The king being a minor, the queen his mother luul thcadminillra- tion of the government, and made cardinal Mazarine, an Italian, her prmie-minifter. He had been intro- duced into the adminillration by Richlien, in the laR reign, and followed his plan ()f conlinniiig to enlarge the French frontiers in 1' landers, Catalonia, Germany, and Italy ; and imagining thai Charles I. king of Eng- land was inclined to allilt Spain, he fomented the re- bellion againft that prince, as Richlieu had done, when hef might taiily have fiipprciVcd it. Bv the treaty of Weltphalia. the bilhoprics of Met/., 'Idul, and Verdun, were confirmed io France, with ten imperial ciries in Alface. ajiong which were Landau, and the caltic of Pliiliplbiirg iM the palatinate. I'lic parliament of Paris beginning to rcfmnc their authority, and inlillingon the banilhment of the cardi- nal, as an cnemv to the king and kingdom, the nticen- inothcr and the cardinal engaged the prince of Condc and the army in their interelt, and ptrledly fiibdued the parliament ; and becaufe the prince ot Condc fceincd inclined to defend the rights and privileges of the peer.-, he was laid afide as foon as he had fervcd the rriniifer's turn, and the coinmand of the army given to other generals ; whereupon the prince of Condc quitted the kingdom, and commanded the Spanifh army in Flanders. Cardinal Mazarine entered into an alliance with Cromwell, as the likelicll means to fupport himfcif ; and his forces having joined the cardinal's in F'landers, tlicy belicgtd and took Dunkirk, whii :h was put info the bands of the Englidi, and the cardinal four.l ! im- fclf obliged to fnbmit to fuch terms as Cromwell in- filled on ; but the union between the protestor and this F'rench ininiflet proved the ruin of the conffitmifin in both kingdoms, and of the balance of power in Eu- mpe. In the year 1661 died cardinal Mazarine, when Euuis XI \. took the adminiiiration of the government into his own hands. Louis XIV. on the death of Mazarine, put the do- meltic affairs of his adminiiiration into the hands of Col- bert, who formed new Allems for the glory, commerce, and maindadlures ol France, alt which were carried into execution with great aliidiiity. A late author very jii'tly fays, " To write the liillory of his reign, wotdd be to write that of sli L'-'rope. Ignurance and ambitio-.> w eie the only tne-oics <'f .'-oiiis. '1 lirough the former, ht was blind to cv j patriotic duty as a king, and protnotcd the interells of bis fid)ieils only that they might the better atifwcr tUc purpof* of iiis greatncfs ; by tlie latlcr, he embroiled hinifelf with all his neighbour;, and wan- tonly rendered Germany a difmal fceneof dcvallation." His reign, which began fpl.-ndiilly, was, towards tl,o clofe of it, one continued fcries of defeats and ca- lamities ; and he had the mortification of feciii£T tlmfi; places taken froin him, which, in the formiir part of iiis reign, were acqtiired vt thcexpcnceof many thr)ii- fai d lives. Hedied on the tirll of September i7i-j,bein.T liuccedeil by his grandfon Louis XV. ujin, in tjie courfe :)f his r "gn, was liyled the Well Beloved, which he loll fome years before he died j he was dcti lletl and defpifed by his fubjefts, for his (liamcful and liccntions aitachmenti, and illiberal treatment of foinc of the worthiert men of the kingdom. 'Fhougli the fyilem of this prince was more pacific than that of iiis frand- father, yet the fituation of aflairs in Europe more than once embroiled him with the houfe of Aullria. The intention of the I'Vcnch king was, to place his father- in-law, Stanillaiis, on the throne of I'oland. In this he failed, through the interpofition of the Rullians and Aullrians ; but Stanillaus enjoyed the title of king, and the revenues of Lorrain, during the remainder of his life. The conncdtion between France and Spain forced the former to become principals in a war with Great- Britain ; in the management of which the latter was lb ill feconded by her allies, that it was finilhed by the peace of Aix-Ia-ChapcUe in 174S. We have mentioned, in the hillory of England, the war fo humiliating to France, and the chief events attending i;, which was ended by the peace of Fontainbleau, in 1763. He died A. D. 1774, in the 64th year of his age, and ji^th of his reign. Louis XVI. the late unfortunate king of France, fucceeded his grandfather, Louis XV. on the 10th of May 1774. Several regulations, highly favourable to the general intcrefls of the nation, particularly the fiip- prellion of the mufquetaircs, took place foun after the acccllion of this monarch. But the moll remarkable lirctmillancc which attended the prcfent reign, was the placing Mr. Neckar, a Protellant, and a native of Switzerland,, at the head of the French finances, in i77(>. Under the direction of this gentleman, a gciural reform took place in France, throughout every department in the revenue. When hoflilities com- menced between France and Great-Britain, in coid'e- cpieiice of the former's taking part with tlic revolted britilh colonics in America, the people of France were not burdened with new taxes for carrying on the war; but the public revenue was augmented by hiscecononiy, improvements, and reforinatioii that were introduced into the management of the finances. In confeqncnce of this national frugality, the navy of France has aUi> been raifed to fo great a height as really to become formidable to Great-Britain. But the beneficial mca- fures purfucd by Mr. Netkar were not cukiilated to procure him friends at ccMirt ; the vain, the intertlled, and the ambitious, naturally became his enemies ; and the kinij appears not to have pollelTcd fufliticnt firmnels F.i;rope'.] R N E. 879 1763. He (lied age, and ,59111 of bf mind to fiinport an upright and able minifler. He was therefore for a time difpTaccd ; and is faid to have been particularly oppofed by the queen's party. His removal, however detrimental to France, was probably a favourable circumftance for Great-Britain, as national trconomvi and wife counfels, mult naturally render the fornn-T a more dangerous enemy to the latter, both in lime of peace and war. In the year 1786 a treaty of navigation and commerce was concluded between (lie two courts of London and Vcrfailles ; and this fontiudcd tiie tranfadtions between the two king- doms. ' . / - ' A Genealogical List of the Royal Family or France. Louis XVL the late unfortunate king of the French, was born Aug. i!3, 1754, married April 19, 1770, to Marie Antoiuetia, archduchefs of Auftria, who was born Nov. 4, 17,5,5: Louis fuccecded his grandfather, Louis XV. May lo, J774. was crowned at Rhcims, Jiiiie 11, 1775; and beheaded January 21, 179,3. The illiie of Louis XVL and Marie Antoinetta are, 1. Madame Maria Thcrefa Charlotta, born Dec. 19, i77«- 2. Louis Charles, born March 27, 1785. Brothers and Sisters to his late Majesty. 1. Louis-Staniflaus-Xavier, coimt de Provence, born Nov. 17, 17 jj ; married May 14, 1771, Maria-Jofepl.a- Loiiifa, daughter of the king of Sardinia, born Sept. f, '753- 2. Charles-Philip, count d'Artois, born 0&. q, 1757 ; married Nov. i6, 1773, to Maria Therefa, ilaughtcr of the king of Sardinia, born Jan. 31, 1736 ; by whom he has ilTue : Louifa-Anloine, born Jan. 24, 1778. A princefs, born Aug. 5, 1780. Another princefs, born Jan. 8, 1783. 3. Maria-Adclaide-Clotilda-Xaviera, born Sept. 23, J7ji}. 4. Madame Elizabeth-Philippc-Maria-Hclcna, born May 3, 1764. Issue of Louis XV. living in 1793, are, 1. Maria- Adelaide, duchefs of Lorrain and Bar, born '732- 2. Viftoria-Louifa-Miirie-ThcrcTa, born i-;)3. 3. Sophia-Philippina-Elizak .i-Juliiiiia, born 1734. 4. L'juifa- Maria, borr 1737, who went into a con- vent of Carmelites, and took the veil in 1770. A mort remarkable change in the affairs and govern- ment of the French nation having taken place in the vcar 1789, which has engaged the attention and In- icrfercncc of tlie mod conlidcrable powers of F.uiope, niir readers will, we doubt not, feci A real plcafuxc on o'.ir prcfciiting them with An Historical Review ov the FRENCH REVOLUTION, In its Commencement, Progrefs, and EffiHs. ./ IF we confidcr the government of France only as it dilcovcrcd itfelf in prai^^icc, it appeared for the moft part a purf'efl dcfpotifin, with no other rcftraint ou the caprice of the monarch, than that which mult every where exift, the patience and prejudices of the people If, on the contrary, wc cxammc it in the abdrad, w» find another power rifing into proud competition with the monarch, and circumlcribing his prerogatives, with- in narrow limits ;— the power of the parliaments. The ambition of the French government, whicli made it acquainted with liberty, in aflilling the infur- gents in America and Holland, kindled a fpirit among the people, which could not well admit of the con- tinuance of arbitrary power at home. The difmillion of Monlieur Neckar from the di- rciSlion of public affairs, and fucceeding minillers being endowed neither with his integrity nor abilities, tha finances of the nation were on the point of being to- tally ruined. And when the edift for rcj;iftering the loan at the conclufion of the year 1785, which amount- ed to the fum of three millions three hundred and thirty thoufand poimds, was prcfented to the parlia- ment of Paris, the murmurs of the people, and tha remonftrances of the alFembly, allumed a more legal and formidable afpeft. The king, however, fignilicd to the felcdl deputations that were commiflioncd to con- vey to him their remondrances, that he exi>c6ted to be obeyed without further delay. The ceremony of the regiftering took place on the next day, but was ac-- companicd with a refolution, importing, that public oeconomy was the only genuine fource of abundant re- venue, the only means of providing for tl " necelfity o£ the (late, and reftoring that credit which borrowing had brought to the brink of ruin. This proceeding was nd fooner known, than the king required the attendance of the grand deputation of parliament; he erafed front their records the refolution which had been adopted J and declared himfelf fatisfied with MonfieurdeCalonne,. his comptroller-general and aifting minifler. This gentleman, how gratified foevcr he might b* by the liipport of his fovereign, could not but feel himfelf deeply mortified by he oppofition of the par- liament. An' accurate inquiry into the flate of thS pnb'.ic tinauies had convinced ium tliat the expenditure iiad far exceeded the revenues : to impofo any new taxes, in the prcfent fitnation was inipolliblc ; to con- tinue the method of borrowing, was ruinous ; and (6 have rccoiirfe only to a'conomical reform, would be found wholly inadequate ; therefore he hcfifatcd not ta declare, that it would be iiupradicablc to place the r, nances on a folid bafis, but by the reformation of whatever w.i! vilipus in the cynftitmion of the- fta«c. The % ) ;w 8So ANEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 'I'hc miniflcr, in order to give weight to tliis reform, >\as ft:)!ib!o tluit (bmcthing more \yas neccllary than royal aiithoiiiv ; he pcictivtci that the p.ulianitiit v\as nriihcr a fit inflninicnt for iiitnicfuciiig a new order into inihlic affairs ; ror woiilil fnbniit to be a pallive iiiachiiic for fanhioning tiie [ilans of a miniller, even if ihtfe plans had pi ritlii vvifdom for llieir fonrcc. ■] he only alteriuiiive that feenieil, under thefe cir- cnnidantcs, to remain, was, to have recourfc to I'oinc other allenibiy, niore dignitieii and foieinn in its tha- radcr, ami that flioukl confifl in a greater degree of jniinbers from the various orders of the (late, ami the ditfertnt provinces of the kingdom ; but the true and legitimate allcnibly of the nation, the ilates-geneial, liad not met (incc the year 1614. Another alfenibly liad occafionally been fublliluted in the room »)f the ilatcs-gcncral ; this was diliinguiflicd by tiie appellation of the notables, or men ot note, and cunfilted of a inmiber of pcrfons from all parts ot the kingdom, chiefly feledU'd from the higher orders of the (late, and nominated by the king himfelf. This alTembly had Leen convened by Heniy IV. and again by LonisXIlI. and was now once more fiimmoned by the authority of ihc then reigning monarch ; and the period appointed for their opening was the iH)ih of January 1787. | Monficur de Calonne, though, embarraffed by great dilTiculties, firft met the allembly of the notables, and communicated liis long-ex pe£led plan. He began by ftating, that the public expenditure had for centmies j)aft exceeded the revenues: that a very confiderablc cleficiency had of courfe cxilled ; and that at his own accelfion to oflicc it was three millions three himdred and thirty thoufand pounds. To remedy this evil, the vomptroUcr-general rcconnneniled a territorial iinnofl, in the nature o^ the Englilli land-taxes ; from which 110 rank or order of men were to be exempted ; an in- quiry into the pofTefTions of the clergy, which hitherto lud been deemed facred, from their proportion of the public burdens : the various branches of internal taxa- tion were alfo to tmdcrgo a (iuA examination ; and a mortgage of the demcfne lands of the crown prefented it confiderable refotirce. MonfieurNcckar, before he retired from the manage- ment of ' finances, liad publifhcd his Compte ren- iJiie au R in which France was rcprefented as pof- lefTmg a clear furpliis of four hundred and twenty thoufand pounds fteriing. This performance had been read with avidity, and was confidered as an a:ra in the hiflory of France. The credit of this flatement was ably vmdicatcd by M. de Brienne, archbifiiup of Thou- loufc, and by the count de Mirabeau, a Hill more for- midable enemy to Calonne. Flis eloquence, however, might have fucctfsfully vindicated his fyttem and re- putation againfl tfic calculations of Ijricnne, ami in- vcflives olMirabtau; but the genius of the comp- troller- gtneial lunk under the inducnre of the three Seat bodies of the nation. The grand and efilntial jedl of rtfonn was, to efjuali/.c the public burdens, 3 I and, by rendering the taxes general, to diminidi th": load of the lower and moil ufeful clalles of the people '1 he ancient nobility and the clergy had ever Ikci free from all public alleliinent ; the crowds of new no. blcife, who had purclufcd their patents, were by ihat fhanieful ciidom exempted, together wiih then ixillo, rity, froin contributing proportionably 10 the exijciiccs of the (late ; the magillrates likcwife llirougliuiii the kingdom enjoyed their fliare of exemptions: fo that the whole weight of the taxes icil ou thofc wiio were, the lead able to bear them. Thus the nobiliiy, the clergy, the magillracy, were imited againll the minider, and the event was fuch as inight be expciHcd. The intrigues of thefe three bodies railed acainft hini h loud a cinmotir, tiiat, finding it itupoffible to (lein the torrent, .vl. de Calonne not only rellgned his place en the 12th of April, but, to avoid the (iorin of perfe- cuiion, foon after retired to England. In the mean time the notables proceeded in ihcir inquiries: audit was now fuggclted, that an allenibiy of the flatcs fhould be called, as the notables were not" con)petent to impofe a new tax. As the delibcratioii& of the notables were not carried on in fecret, this pro- pofal was inflantly circulated through the capital, and fiippofed to be a new difcovery. The notables \vcr2 foon after dill'olved, without having accomplilhcn any thing excepting tlic jullification of M. Neckar. Tli's llamp-a6l, however, was ellab'ilhed, and a bed of juf- tice was held by the king on the 5th of Augu'.l J787, at which the parliament of Paris was obliged to attend; and the edicl was regillered, notwithflanding their pro- tell to the contrary. 13ut the parliament, though de- feated, were far from fubducd : on the day aftur the king had held his bed of jurtice, they entered a forinal proteftagainft the concellion that had been extorted from them. On the other hand, though every appearance of violence mufl have proved painful to the mild difpo- fition of Louis, he could not confent to furieiider, without a flrtigglc, that authority which had been fo long excrcifed by his prcdeceifors. Since the commencement of the prefent difcontcnts, the capital had been gradually filled with conlidcrablc bodies of troops ; and about a week after the parliament- had entered their protell, an ollicer of the rieiiclt guards, with a ^^^rty of foldiers, went at break of day to the hoiife of each indivitlual meinber, to figtiify to him the king's command that he fliould immediaitiy get into his carriage, and proceed to Troys, a city of Champagne, about ftventy miles from Paris, witlunit writing or fpeaking to any perfon out of his own lioiife before his departure. Theft; orders were ferved at tlie fame inllant ■ and before the citizens of Paris were apprifed of li tranfadion, the parliament were already on the road to the place of their exile. The rcfentinent of the whole nation, againft the banifhinent of the parliament, rofe to fo great a lici_i;ht, that, after a month's abfence, it was recalled. This was fcarcely done, when they were required to rcgiltcr a l>;iiii j F.u r orr..] r p N E. J 88 ( a It'un ; ai which they hcfitatcd, notwithllaiuliiig all the niaiKitivrts oi' llic minill t. At lall the kiiij; caiiie t') the hoiilc, and h; 111 what is called a royal fcllion. Tin; uliiH'i wctf iKivv rcgilUfiii ; but the drkc ol Orleans |irotcllcd, ill the |ii; fence «t the Icing, againik the legality of the procecilinj;. 'I'hc paiiiaincnt prolcltLd u'tiinlt the legality of ihu fcllion itlell, but to no pur- iKjIe. 'Ihc duke of Orleans, with lour others, were haniflicil ; the king called fur the joinnats of ihc houfe, deltrojed the protcit, and forbad it to be infcrted again. CJrcat clamours were excited by the bani(hnient of the duke of Orleans, and the other members of parliament ; remonltranccs were prcfented by the parliaments of Pari;:, Bourdeaux, and Renncs ; but it was not till the fjiring of 1788 that the exiles were recalled. Lotiis had now no alternative remaining, but to plunge his country into all the calamities of civil war, or to coinply with the wilhes of his people, and re- tllablifh thii ilates-gcneral. In the firit cafe, he mull have cxpedled to encounter the majority of the people, animated by the exhortations and examples of their inagillrates : the peers of the realm had expreHed me llrongeit difapprobation of his mcafures, nor could he even depend any longer on the princes of the blood : but what afforded moll fcrious matter of alarm was, the fpirit lately evidenced among the military, who, during the difUirbanccs in the provinces, had reluftanily been brought to draw their fwords againft their cowntry- inen ; and many of whofe officers, having recently fcrvcd in America, pnblickly avowed their abhorrence of a dclpotic gnvcrnment. Under thcfe itnpiedions, in the beginning of Angnfl, an arret was publilhcd, which fixed the meeting ot the ftates-gcneral to the firfl of May in the enfuing year, 17H0 ; at the fame time every (U-p was taken to fecure the favourable opinion of the public. New arrange- ments took place in the adminillration; and M. Ncckar, whom the confidence of the people had long fol lowed, was again introduced into the management of the linan- cci. The torture, which by a former edicl, had been reilrii^ed in part, was entirely abolifhed ; every perfon accufed was allowed the allilfance of coimfel, and per- mitted to avail himftlf of any point of law ; ami it WHS determined, that in future fentence of death (lioiiUl not be palFcd on any perfon, unlefs the party accuf( d Ihould, by a majority of at leaft three judges, be pro- nounced guilty. At this titne the eyes of all Europe were turned on the dates-general, or national all' nibly, wl.ofc re-cfta- blilhment, in the month of May 1789, prefcntcd a new .-era in the government of France. — By the revolu- tion which took place in that year, France founded a new conftitution, upon the principles that all men are free and equal in their rights, and that fovereignty relides in the nation. This conftitution has been virtually overthrown by the abolition of the monarchical part of it, and by the fubfequcnt condemnation aiui execution of the king j a deed of moft fingular atrocity, by which No. 45. mMBamm )eil etc.nal inluiriy the national convention have il.iii U))on their chaiatlcrs. 'I'he inoiiieiit of the meeting of the flatcs-gencrat was l.ir Iron' auf'piv ions to the court, but aliuiul.intlv fo to the inlerells of t!ie nation. The minds of tli r French hatl lont^ bei.ti ai^itatcd by various rumours; \h^ iinauiniity that had been looked for from the ditrcrcnt orders of the Hates was extinguilhed by the janim; preteiilions of each ; and their mutual jcaloulies weii* attributed, by the fiifpi>ions of the people, to the in- trigues of the court, who were fiippofed already, to repent of the hafty allent that had bein extorted. A dearth that pervaded the kingdom increafed the general gloom and difeontent ; and the people, prelled l)y hinifjer, anil inflamed by refentnient, were ri)),' for revolt, 'I'ii-; fovereign alfo, equally iniii.i'ient of the oblt.K les he- iiiccllanily encountered, could not conceal iiis cha^,;riii; the influence of the queen in the cabinet was again <■'■ 'ilheil, and was attended with the immediate re- .1 of M. Nerkar. This flcp, which evinced a :i\ change of refolutions, and, which, from the popu- larity of the miniller, was likely to produce a violent fermentation in every order of men, was followed by others eqtially injudicious. T!ie flates-gcneral weni driven into the Salle des Etats, where they held their meetings, by detachments of the guards, who fur- rourided thein, and who waited only the orders of the court to proceed to greater extremities agaitill therepre- fentatives of the nation, who were obnoxious to them. Thefe manifellations of vigour, had they been ordv fullained by inftantly attacking and entering Paris, it in not to be doubted that, unprepared as it Hill was, and unwilling to expofe the lives and properties of its citi- zens to the licentious will of an incenfed foldiery, the capital would have been without diflicidty reduced to obedience: but the delay which fucceeded gavo the in- habitants time to recover from their firll emotions of furprile and apprehenfion. '1 hey law the timidity and im'jecillity of tiie government, who, having founded the charge, dared not advance to the attack. 'Ihcy profited by this want of exertion ; and, rapidly pafiing from one extreine to another, they almofl unanimoully took up arms againd their rulers. Joined by the French guards, who, from a long relidcnce ir. the capital, had been peculiarly expofed to led ufl ion, and who at thisdetifive moment abandoned their fovereign, the Pari flans broke through every obllacle by which they had hitherto been rcflraincd. Ijy the acccflion of the French guards, the people had obtained a lupply of arms and ammunition, and a con- fiderable train of artillery; the fhops of the armourers were ranfacked for weapons, and the foldicr-citizens were even trained to fome appearance of difciplirie. The night of the i^th of Jidy palled without any event of coidequence: tlie morning difcovcred that, takinr^ advantage of the darknefs, the troops encamped in tlic Champs Elyfees had moved off. Ihe people, hflWcvcr, were ignorant cf the caufcs of this removal, and an 10 O immediate I r^' V #1 ^ 1 ■ -, u t. 8Si A NKW Asn COMl'LF.TE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. immediate attack wa.i cxpci'lcd. The national guard (lor ihiit was the luimc ^nIikI) ilii mlxcil band ol'foldicrs and citi'iciis now alliimcil; ainoiiiitcd to the nimibiT ol 1 ^c.occ ii.tti ; but ilic iir.ijority were (till without arms. 'I he niaKiui'- lit' )a S.illi; was iiamtd commander in chief j the ^rccn cockade, which they }iad at hrit adopt- ed, wa.s chunj;td for tlie linct t.imous national colours, red, blue, aud while; the new army was now more re(;'i!aily ot'ltercd ; and various deputations were dif- palchcd in ijucll of arms and impK'menis ol' war. M. de ritli'iiles, tlie prOvot dts maicjiands (or mayor) made many promifcs on this fiilijcdl ; but they ail proved, like every part of his conduct, dtlufi e. — Jn thecourfe o( their inquiries after aims, a parly of more than ;5o,cco, condiicUd by i\I. liiliis de Corny, repaired to the Hotel des liuaridcs. M. Sombrciiil, the governor, had received orders fo «arly as on Sunday the latli to hold himfcll' in readi- refn for ail attaik, and his men had remained during tlie whole ot Monday under arms, and on the morning of Tuefday he had peniiitted them to take a few hours rell. At ihis moment M. de Ci>rny arrived ; and on making known to the gosenior tiie objed of his inif- lion, lie was anfv\cred, that the invalids had not any arms. M. Corny was re-condiuiUd by M. Sombreuil to ilie gate ; but it was no fooner opened than the multitude milled in, like an irreliltibic torrent, and in a few minutes ranfackcd every part of the hotel. — More than 30,oco mul)-:eis, and twenty pieces of cannon, n'ere the fruit ot this expedition. On the oppofite ("idr ot the Seine a (imilar event occurred; there another jiarly attacked liie ;^iirtle-tiieuHe de la couroiuie, and firoeured from that ancient llore an immeiifc number ut weapons of diti'erent kinds. Attack and Capture of the Bastille. LIKE the Hotel des Livalides, the Ballille had from the full moment of the alarms in Paris been put in a itate ol defence. Fifteen pieces of cannon w tie mount- id on the towers ; and three held-pieces, loaded with grape and cafe-lhot, guarded the tird gate. An im- incufe c|unn!lty of ponder and military (lores had been brounlii Iron) the arfeiial, and dilhihuted U) tlie diifercnt corps ; ihe mortars lu, and he gave ihein the llrongell ail'uiances ot lii^ gtJV.'i inieiitions. Indeed, it is laid, tliat he was hunfciravcff: to huilile meafurcs, iud lie not b»;cii fediiced by the perfidious coiinfels of the lieur Louis dc line, commander of the Swifs guards, by the ordtis of the baron de Hezenval, and by the promites ol M.de I'lcdcllcs. The Swifs foldiers had even been ciii^jifcd by an oath to (ire on the invalids who were in the t ir, tiefs, if they refufed to obey the governor; and tjm invafnU thcmfelvcs, it is ("aid, were intoxicated with » profiifion of liquor wiiich had iKeit dilhibuted ainjnj' thtm. M. dc laRofierc, a deputy of the diftridl of St. Louis de 1.1 Culture, waited on the governor, about eleven o'clock in the morning, and was accompanied by a mixed multitude of all defcriptions. He entered alune into the houfe of the governor, and the people rtniuined in the outer court. " I come. Sir," laid the ilepiity, " in the nainc of the nation, to reprcfent to you, that the cannons which are levelled a^aind the city from the towers of the BaCitle, have excited the molt alarniini; apprehenlions, and I mult entreat that you will leinove them." The governor replied, " that it was not in his power to remove the guns, as they hail aKva\s been liierc, without an order from the king ; tiiat he Would, however, difmount them, and turn them out of the embral'urcs." The ilepnty having with difficulty obtained leave from hi. dc Lofme, major of the (ortrefs, to enter into the interior court, fummoncd the olHcers and foldiers in the name of honour and their country to alter the direUion (d' the guns, &c. — and the whol<; of theiti, at the de- lire even of the governor, engaged thcmfelves by oaili to niakeno life of their arms,unlefs attacked. ^L de li Roliere, alur having afceniled one of the towers wiifi i\L lie Launay, went out ol tiie callle, promiling to engage the citizens to fend a part of the national guard to {\o the duty of the liallille in conjunction with the troops. — The deputy had fcarcely retired, before a nuin- ber of citizens approached the gate, and demanded arms and ammunition. As the majority of them were un- armed, and announced no holtile intention, M. de Launay made nodilficiilty of receiving them, and lower cd the firll draw-bridge to admit them. The mure determined of the party acKanced lo acquaint him with the objedl of their millii/ii : but they had fcarcely entered the firit court, when the brid.;e was drawn up, and a general dilVliarge of miiilcelry deltroyed the greater part of thefe untoitunale people. '["his apparent ailt of perfidy immediately raifed tl)^ refentment of the people almolt to j)hrenfy. The iii- llanlaneous detcrminaiioii was, to Itorm the (ortrefs ; and the execution was as vigorous, as the rtfolution was daring. An iminenfe multitude, armed vvithmuf- kets, fabrts, &c. ruthed at once into the outer courts. A fuldier of tlie name of 'I'ouriiay climbed over tiie corps-degarde, and leaped alone into the inierior court. .Mtcr feafching in vain tor tiie keys of the draw-bridges in the coip'-ile-gardc, he called out (or a hateliet — he fooa broke the locks and the bolts; and being fecoiided by the ctfoi ts of the people on the olhtr tide, the Eunoi'f..] R N C E. 88 J tlietvM) ilr.iw-briilgcs were iiiimcli.itily liiwi'iti!. 'I'lin ■leopli; loll IK) time in nui a pi/.icttnl fnr- rcnihr : l)nt cither they were not (liftovereii anulill the rciierai conliilion, or, wliat is more prohable, M de '/iin.iy del'iniirL-d of linding mercy at the iian is ol the opuiiie, and Hill tiaticred himfelt with forne dehillvL ope of litliverante. 'Ihe guards, who now adkd f: openly witit the pecple, jiroved ol moll Lilentlul f.r- vice ; and, by the advice ot" fomc of the veterans (j1 lliis corps, three waggons loaded with draw were lit on fire under the walls, the fniokc of which inlernipicd the view, and cotdVipienily intercepted the aim ot the befieged ; while the ad'.iilants, bei,ig at a greater dif- tiiMce, were able to dircCt ,heir lire to the battlements with ;in unerring aim. lit the mean time the arlcnal wa'' llormed, and a moll dreadiul havock was pri vented there by the prudence and ci>nrjge of M. Huinbert, v.'ho liill tnomited the towers ot the Ballille ; a hair- (huller was in ilie Viry aol of letting fire to the maga- zine ot powder, wht ti M. II. whole notice was a(- tracUd h) ihe cries ol a woman, knoikcd thedcfperado (lo'.vn with the biit-end of liis inulket - next, iiillantly fei^ing a barrel of falt-pttre which had already caught fi'c, he was happy enough to c.\:inguilh it, by turmng it nplide ilow n. An immenfe crowd, as if iinconfcifjiis of danger, filled the court.s ol the fortrefs, in Ipiie of the niire- niittcd fire of thegarrifon, ai.d even ajjproached fo near the towers, lliat M. de Launay himldf frequently rolled large nialles of Hone trom the platform upon their iieads. Within, all was confitlion and terror ; llie oflicers tlicnfelves fcrved at the guns, and difchargcd their firelocks in the ranks. Ijnt when the governor f,\w the all'ailants take poUtllion of the lirlt bridge, and draw up their cannon againlt the fecond, lii.s courage then was changed into defp.iir, and even liis underlland- ing appeared to be deranged. He rallily foui;ht to bury liinifelf under the enormous mats, which he h.id in vain attempted to defend. While a tuinkey was en- g.iged in dillributing wine to tliL' foldiets, he caught tlie match from one of the pieces of cannon, and ran to the inagazine with an intention to let it on lire ; but a fuballern of the name of Ferrand repuiicil him with liis bayonet. lie then went down to the Tom de la Libcrte, where lie had depolitcil a quanlity I'f powi!; r : but here alio he was oppoled by the lienr liiguard, ai.o- iher fuballern olhcer, who thus preveincd an a>il of in- I'anity which mull have dellroyed thouf.inds of citizens, and with the Bjflille woidd have inialli.^ly blown up all the ad'acent buihliiigs, and a conliderable part ot the liibnrb of St. Antoine. De Launay at length propofed ferioully to thegarrifon to blow up the toitrcfii, as it was impollible that they conlil iiope for mercy from the mob. Ihit he was anfwered by the foldicrs, that they would ratiur pcrilli, than dellroy in this iclidions manner Inch a minil)er of their lellow-ritlzens. He then hung out a while ll;ig, intimating his iklirc to capiuilale ; ;ii:d a Swifs ollicer would have adilu'llcd the aliailanis through one of tho loophoksof the ilraw-bridge — but tlie hour was palf, and tiie exafpeia'.ed popul.ice woidil attend to >\o y tli<*fe p.iirioli 10 lave his life, liiit in vain; — llu-y luil d.irci.!)' ;iiiivc(l at ilic Hold dc \'illo lidorc his ilctciul- tr» Wire (>\< rpowticil, ami tv< ii woiiiulcd by tlie tii- t i.;('il fiiiiiiil.ici , aiul he fell iiriiliT a tliduruiul \v()iiiiil«, M. lU' LdCinc Sulbrai, lus major, u [•.(lUlcman iliiliii- giiilliLiI for liis virtue and his hiinianiiy, was alio the vi(?tim ot ihi: popular liiry. '1 hi; inarqiiis dc Pclk'poit, wiio had been tivc years in the IJallillc, anddmint; that time had been trtafed by him wiili parlictilar kindncfs intcrpolL'd to fave him at the rilk of Ins lilc, but was (Irnck ilown by a liatchct, and M. de LoCinc was iti- n.mtly put td death. '1 he heads of the governor and the major were (Iruck oft', and tarried on pikes thioiigh the ((reels of the city. 'llic layc of the populace wnidd not have ended here — the invalids who iltlendcd the forlr fs would all have Iktu faeriiiced, had not the humanity of the French t;uards initrjcred, ami inrilUd on their pardon. The leys of the lialHIlc were carried to M. Biiirot de War- ville, who had been a tew years before an inhabitant of thefe caverns of der|)otifn); and a {"uard of 3'20o men was ajipoMitcd over the fortrcfs till the council at the Uriiel d'j N'llle (Iionld decree its demolition. In the intoNication of fuccels, the prifoners were forgotten ; and as the keys had been carried to Faris, the dungeons were forced op».n — levcn prifoners only were found, three v( whom had lo't their reaion, having been de- tained till I c as rtate prifonets from the rtigii of Louis X\'. M. de Laimay's fate invoKcdthat of M. dc FlelTclles, the pr6v(3t des marchands. He had been long fufpec^ted of a deligii to betray the people ; antl all his maiKEii- vrcs e\i(lcnily tended to that point. In the pocket of M. de I.aiinav a letter from him w as difcovcred, which contniiHil ihei'e remarkable words — " I will amufe the Pariiiar.s with cockades and promifei Keep your Ibtion till the evening — you (liul! then have a reinforce- muiif." At the li^du it this lelier the imfortiinate de FlcHl-lles was llriick dumb — a voice was heard in the hall — " Beyoiie*, M.ile F. ymi area traitor." — " I fee," laid he, " geiiileiruii, that I ;jm not agreeable to you — I lliall retire." — He halleiad ilown the Hairs; but as he croU'ei! the Greve, accompaiiitd by a number of perlons to ilcfend him, a young man, who had waited an opportunity, Ihot him with a pillol. His head was cutoff, pLiccd on a pike, and carried through the llrcets fclo'ig with that of the governor. 'I here were found, in the prifon of the Ballille the moll horrible engines for putting to the feverelt tortures thofe unhappy perfoiis whom the cruelly or jealoufy of dtfpotifm haddettimined to deliroy. An iron cage, about twelve tons in weight, was toiind WMth the flctleton of a man in it, who Jiad probably lingered out a great part of his days in that iiorrid manlion. Among the ]>r;foncrs rcleafed by its deftruflioii were major White a Scoifman, earl ^iazarine an Irilli nobleman, and liic count de Lorges. 'File former ajjpeared to have Ins intellectual fa>;ukics aliuult totally Ui.Uroyed by the long I conlinement an! mifciie> he had endured ; and liy i,,.. ing unaccullomed lo coiuerfe with any hum in » rcaime III' had forgotten the iil'i; <;f fpeech. Farl Ma/ariiic on his ai tival upon the ilritilli lliore, ^'agerl^ jumped out of the boat, fell down on his knees, and. killiii'p the ground thrice, exclaimed, " God blefs this Und ,Jt' liberty!" The coiini de Lorges, at a very ailvaiucd period of life, being alfo liberatril, was exliibii(.d id the public curiolity in the I'.ilais Royal, or royal palace. His filthy appearance, his white brard whit li exieiulcd to ids waill, and, above all, his extreme we.iknefs refiilting probably from fiitrering an iniprilonintnt of thiiiy-two years, were objects highly calculated to ope- rate ti|>on tlie fenfes and pallions of every belioMiT. It is indeed impollible not to participate in the i xiiltatinu which a capital and a conniry lo highly illiiininattd, and fo long opprellid, mull have expericnccil, at iIil- extininion of this deiellable and jiillly dicadtd priioii of Hate. With the Ballille expired the defpoiifm of the French princes^ which long profcription, fuhinif. lion, and arbitrary fliengib, feemed to render eijiiallv facrcd and iinallailable ; which neither the calamines of the dole of Louis XI Vs reign, nor the profligaey and enormities of the fiicceediiig regency, ncr the llate of degradation into which the monarchy funk under Louis X V. h.ad ever (haken. This wonderful day wns fiiccerded by a tiitTiiiltiioiis night; and the fongs of joy and triumph, which had celebrated the vichiry of the people, were converted into confufeil murmurs exprejlive only of anxiety and alarm. A rejiort was fpread that the troops were about to enter the city at the Barrierc d'lM.fcr : thither the citizens crowded under the condinif of the French guards, and preceiled by a train of artillery — the body of troops, however, that appeared in that tpiartcr were difperfed by a iiiigle volley. Flie al.irni-bells were tlicii founded; barricadoes were formed at the barriers; deep holes were dug in different parts, to prevent the approach of the cavalry; the tops of the hoiifes weic manned ; a gener.il illumination was ordered ; and the lilence ot ti:e night was interrupted by the difchargcs of artillery, and by the warning voice of tli.'; p;Urolcs — " Citizens, do not go to bed ; take care of your lights ; on this night we iiiiill fee ekaily." The court regarded the iirll ne vs of the taking of the BafliUe as an impoftnre of '.he popular paitv: it was, however, at length incontroveriibly coulirmed. The (ir(t refolves of the cabal are faid to have been def- perate, and orders were illiied to the commanders to piidi the projetfed plot with all poUible vigour. In the deail of the night, marlhal Broglio is faid to have ar- lived to inform them, that it was impollible lo obey the mandate he liad received of invelting the hall ot the national aflcmbly with a train of artillery, as the foldiers would not comply with his orders. " Prcfs then the liege of Paris," was the aiifwer. The general replied, for the execution of that projcdt, he could not depend on the army. The EUROPR.] r R M C 1i. §8^ ivrt" ■JSXiiiSiiSSit^im Th« ont)^ perfon in the ptl^ce, who was kept totally | ienorant of there tranfaAionir wm the king. 'Ihe | ({like de Lianroiirr, a tlil)ing«iitherf patriot, wito was then inaftcr of lh« vrardrob*, fav the vicinity of tlw metropolis." It is impoKiblc to rxprefs the fecIing^s of the alTcmbty on this affecting occalion. — The tear otfympathy Oarted into almort every eye. — An cxprelfive lilencc firft per- vaded the aHembly, which prefently was fucceedcd by a biirft of applaufe and acclamation. The city of Paris, which had, from the lath of July, been an unhappy fcene of commotion, of terror, and of blooiUhed, began on the 15th toafVume fome ap- te-arancc of order and tranquillity. The livid and bloody cads were flill carried about the f)rc us as trophies of popular refentmcnt: but on the inurning of tnat day, ft (enfible citizen perfuadcd the multitude to liilen to the voice of humanity, and they were thrown into the Seine. The eledors at the Hotel de Ville laboured in- ccirantiy in the organiz.ition of the civil effablifhment, and in the regulation of the city militia. The odious name of Pievdt was aboliihed ; the more ancient and honourable appellation of Mayor was fubftituted in its place; and to this office M. Bailly, who had been pre- fulcnt of the tiers ei.it, was called by the imanimous voice of his fellow-citizens. We mull not omit to notice, that the due d'Orleans, having been cl(.£lcd frefldent of the national afTembly, had declined the onour, and that the venerable archbifhop of Vienne had been chofeii in his room. During the laborious feflions which fuccccded the difgrace of M. Neckar, however, it was thought that his age and infirmities would fcarcely allow him to excrcile fo difficult an office without the afliftance of a younger perfon, and the marquis de la layette was unanimoully nuininatcd vice-prcfidsnt. During the night, the troops which had alFcmbled on the Cnamp dc Mars had decamped, leaving their tents and the greater part of their baggage behind them: but a fpeftacic ftill more intereltiug to the citizens foon prefcntcd itfelf : — this was a deputation of eighty-four of the mod diftinguiihed memocrs of the national af- fembly, accompanied byanimmenfe crowd, who cover- ed the road from Vcrfailles to the capital, and loaded No. 45. fhem with blelfingi, and ihc miWl uiiin|iiiv.Kvl prnf)f;iis of the populace were occafionally interrupted by the ex- preUiun of two further demands, the wilh ot feciiijj their beloved fovcreign in Paris, and the recall ol tha patriotic miniilry. The deputies returned to Vcrfailles m the evening. I'o circiimltancss of fuch importance as thure abovs related, it muil be imputed that the public tranquillity, wh«n interrupted, was not cafily reftored. The minif- try, which had fhcwn themfclves fu inimical to tha caufo of the people, were not yet difmilFed, nor had the troops yet evacuated the environs of Paris : two frefh regiments had arrived at St. Denis ) a (Irange and unfuccefsful attack had even been made on the Baflille» by a fcrjeant and two companies of guards ; and aeon-' voy of Hour had been intercepted by the orders of a perfon well known. The night of the 1,5th, therefore, was fpent with the fame anxiety, and with the fame warlike preparations, as the preceding ; and in tho morning a frefh deputation was fent to the alFembly* entreating them to interefl thcmfelves in procuring the dilmillion of the minillry and the recall of M Neckar. The alfembly were on the point of voting a fpiriied addrefs fo the king, which had been propofcd by Mira- beaii, when they were informed that tlie miniilers thcm- felves had anticipated the with of the allcmbly, by giv- ing in their rcligoaiions. The fame evening, a letter from his majefly to M. Neckar, inviting him to return, was read by the prefident. It was received with the loudefl acclamations, and was feconded by an addrefs from the alTembly themfclves to that upright minifler, couched in ths llrongell terms of affeftion and refped. The king having at the fame time intimated his in- tention of vifiting Paris the following day, the alRm- bly immediately decreed a deputation to convey this exhilarating intelligence, and to calm the difquictudc that prevailed in the metropolis. Thirfe who really loved him were apprehcnflve for his fafety ; while others, who had been guilty of mal- verfion were apprehenfive for themfclves. Rumours of i)roje£tcd ailallinations were fpread, and the leaft coii- equence that could enfue was f'upj)ofcd to be the de- tention of the fovereign in Paris. Flic king, however, with a degree of courage and patriotifm which docs honour to his charadier, remained immovable in his determination. I j« P On ?* S 886 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. On the morning of the 17th he left Verfailles, in a plain drcfs, and with no other equipage than two car- riages with eight horfes each ; in the firft of which he lodu himfeif— a pait of the national aflcmbly, in their robes, accompanied hiin on foot : and the militia of Vcrfailies compufcd his on'.y guard till the proccflion arrived at the Sevc, where they were relieved by the Paris militia, with the marquis dc la Fayette at their head : and from this place the fuits of the monarch amounted to about eo,ooo men. The horfe-guards led the proccflion ; and thefc were followed by the city cavalry ^ fomc battalions of the French guards and other foldicrs, who had fought in defence of the nation, fuc- ceeded ; then the difllrent companies and corporations; and M. dc la Fayette, with a large body of militia, brought up the rear. A quarter of an hour before the arrival of the king, vhetherfrom accident, or from fonieplot concerted by the enemies of liberty, a woman was fiuit by a mulket- ball, from the oppofite fjde of the r»' er. The king looked pale and meiancholytand an ex|i;.';!nonofanxiety was even apparent in the faces of the national alfem- bly. The prorjrcfs was remarkably Uow ; and no Ihout was heard but *' Vive la nation ! At the Barriere des Conferences, the king was met by M. Bailly, who a^cd as mayor, with the other niagillrates. On prefcnting the keys of the ciur, M. Bailly addrefled his majelly in a (hort but elcga-u (peech, the exordium of which was: — *• Thefe, Sir, are the keys which were prcfcnted to Henry I V. He came to reconquer his people; it is our happinefs to have re- conquered our king." At the Pont Neuf the pallage was lined by a numerous train of artillery ; but in the true fpirit of French gallantry, the mouths and touch-holes of the cannon were adorned with bouquets of flowers. On their arrival at the Hotel de Ville, the king fo- lemnlv confirmed the eledtion of M. Bailly and the mar^jnis dc la Fayette; and on receiving the compi - mentury aiidrcires of the mayor, the prefident ol clec- t.e — " My people may always itly upon my :itFi.dion." lie rccci\ed from the hands of the mayor the national cockade ; and when he (hewed himfelt at the wiiido^v with this badge of patriotifm the joy of t'le people could be no longer rellrained ; the fliout of / "iVt I* roi ! which had fcarcely been heard in the-former part of the ilay, filled the whole attnolphere, and re- fi)ni;ilt.d from one extremity of the city to the other, 'i'lic rttiirn of the king to Vcrfailies was a real tMuniph. The citizens, alnioll intoxicated wiibjoy, liirrounded his carriage; his coimtLnanie, which in the morning bore the atpct'l of mtlaiKlu)ly, was now cheerful ami linilin^ ; ainl he appiarcil liiiccrely to partake in the gLUcral (jtistacliun ot the pcii^ili-. The tlilperli n of the ininiltry was the natural re- fiilt of ilrj royal vilir 10 Paris. Nlailhul Broglio rcliml is immenfe riches. In the me'an time he had fecreily retired to Very, an cllatc belonging to M. de Sartiucs, where he was in hopes I remaining concealed : but his charailer commanded no man's afFtdlion, and the general unfcelingnefs of his heart left him without 3 friend. His own valCtis were the firft to purfue and deted him ; and on the iizd of July he was brought to Paris with a bundle of hay at his back, in alluliun to the language which he is fuid to have employed in cxprelling his contempt for the people. The committee at the Hotel dc Ville determined to fend M. Foulon to the prifon of the abbey St. C ■ main, where he might be detained till the return of tranquillity Oiould afford him an impartial trial : but the mimtnfe crowd, which wts alfembled in the Place de Grcve, refilled this determination. It was with dif- ficulty M. Bailly could make himfeif heard, when he urged w"h all the elo()uencc of humanity the flagrant injiillice of condemning a citizen to death witliuiit hearing him in his own defence. — The marquis de la Fayette took ilill more popular ground^ by urging the detention of the criminal, in the hope of obtaining !rom him a dil'covery of his accomplices. To this de- mand the populace ap|)earcd to allent by tiicir tokens of applauic : but the Hiihappy l'"onlon, whether in tuf- tiir.ony of his innoccn, c, or by a mechanical iriDVe- ment, clapped his Ii.ukIk at the fame time in upjiro- baiion. A gcr.i r,il cxckiinaiion was immediately raiftd ; — "Tlicy ar'j (.oiMiiviiig at his guilt; they iiitcnil to lave hi'.ii." lie was not long alter fciz'xl, and dragged under tiif lal.i! lamp iron, which during the revolution the popuLuc iiad iinpln) liI as the inllruinent of tliiir vengeuiue. i.vtry cin iimllaiue ot horror attended \\\i extcuiiyi) : the rope, by vvliieli he was f'lifjscniltd, broke EUROPB.3 P R N E. 8S7 =e= ommifTary to the ins is fnid to have name in the pro- ive made a corn- s' — His favourite ould be beft go- fliould be com- »d beaded, '« that o be niinidcr, he upon hay," On c liad withdrawiiv id caufed a report latcd, nnd his fu- laiinei .uitable to ie he iiad fccrctly M. de Sartiiics, g concealed : but atFcdlion, and the Ft him without a firft to purfue and y he was brought back, in aliuliun have employed in lie determined to e abbey St. C - till the return of ipartial trial : but iblcd in the Place It was with dif. f heard, when he lanity the flagrant to death witiiout ['lie martjnis dc la nd,, by urging the ope of obtaining ces. To this dc- it by tlieir tokens I, vviicthcr in tcf- lechanical move- ic tmic in appro- inicdiatcly railed : ■ ; they intend to izf;d, and dragged broke twice ; and he was detained for a quarter of an jiuiir in a half expiring ftate, before a new one could be proci]red. His head was cut oft' and placed upon a pike, with the mouth (luifcd with l»4y, and was carried through the Greets of Paris. He was foventy-foHr years of age when he was thus made the vidim of popular fury. The intendant of police, M. Derthier, who had married the daughter of M. Foulon, was Implicated in the fate of his father-in-law, and was perhaps odious to the people from the excrcife of his arbitrary and op- prelFive employment. He had been fcized at Cotn- pcigne; and one of the electors, with 400 horfc, had been difpatchcd to condudl him to Paris, where, on his arrival, ne alfo was accufed of peculation and extortion, of being the principal agent in regulatinc; the move- ments of the camp at St. Denis, and of the (till more unpopular crime of fjpeculating in grain, and contri- buting to the general fcarcity. Unhappily for him, he arrived in Paris the very evening in which the populace had imbrued their hands in the blood of his relation ; his death was therefore inevitable. If however he did not fuifer innocently, he fullaincd his unhappy fate with courage and dignity. During the greater part of the way he converfcd tranquilly with M, Riviere, the cleAor who accompanied him. When he entered the city, however, the bloody head of his father-in-law was prefented to him, and at this dreadful light he is faid to have turned pale, and to have loit his for. titude. When interrogated at the Hotel dc Villc as to his condufl, he anfwcrcd calmly: " That he had obeyed the orders of his fuperiors, and that the infpc6lioii of Ills papers tvould inftrud them as to the extent of his guilt." It was determined to fend him immediately to the abbey ; but it was impoffible to penetrate the con- courff of people that furrounded the hotel. It was in vain that M. Bailly oppofed his utmoft eloquence to the fury of the multitude; in vain the commander in thief proftrated himfelf on his knees to entreat that the popular caufc ihould no more be defiled with blooil. Numerous as his efcort was, they were foon difperfed, aiul he was dragged to the fatal lainp-iron, where a new cord w.is already prepared for him. Here defpair infpired him with new courage ; and fnanhing a bayonet out of the hands of one of the guards, lie attempted to defend himfelf, if not from ilcaih, at lealt from ignominy. — He fell pierced with iuuunicrable wounds. — A monltcr of inhumanity, a. (Irugoon, plunged his hand into his reeking entrails, .-ind tearing out hi.<; heart, and fixing it on the point of his cutlafs, carried it as a trophy through the llrccts. 'I'hc head was alfo cut oif, and carried about along with that of M. I'oulon. It is faid that the dragoon, uho in this brutal manner tore out the heart ot M. JkriliicT, ";/j' , ^ .!>.! i;«;.. lU'HJ'-UiWfJi, , ' - ■ !j ll'!' -!'\i ' "l '! " 888 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. The city of Paris, during thefc tranfaBions, was af- fllQed with all the evils oT famine. Either no bread was to be obtained, or bread of (o bad a quality, that the populace, always miitruftful ami fufpicious, were not without their alarms of a criminal dcdgn upon the lives, or at leaft the health, of rhe inhabitants. Such was the (Ute of things when the news arrived of the fatal banquet at Verfailles. The circumOanccs which we have related were (Irangely magnified ; and all the fufpicions which were entertained rcl'pedin the defign of dilToIving the aflembly, and carrying o\ the fovereign, were added in exaggeration. Early on the morning of the memorable fifth of October, a woman fallied out from the quarter of St. Euilacia, aiKl eutcring the corps-de-garde, and fcizing a drum, paraded the adjacent Itreets beating an alarm, and exciting the peojiie by c'.amours rcfpcfling the fcarcity of bread. She was foon joined by a very nu- merous mob, chiefly of women, to the amount of 800, who pioccedcd to Verfailles, where the king, upon hearing their complaints, (igncd an order for bringing corn from Scniis, and de Lagni, and for removing every obilacle which impeded the ftipply of Paris. This order being reported to the women, ihey retired with joy and gratitude. No fooncr was this band of Amazons difpcrfcd. than it was fucceedcd by another. The national alfembly continued fitting ; but the fclTion was tumultrotis, and interrupted by tlte (bouts and harangues of the Parifian fi(h-women, who filled the galleries ; their addrefs was mingled with aiFcfling muimtirs and complaints, the multitude crying out that they were aflually ftarving, and that the majority of them had eaten nothing lor upwards of twenty-four hoursi The nrcfident, there- fore, humanely ordered that provifions mould be fought for in every part of the town, and the hall of the af- fembly was the fcene of a miferable, fcanty, and tn- inultuous banquet. ^Indeed fuch was the dreadful fa- mine, that the horfe of one of the gardes-Jii-corps, being killed in a tumult, he was immediately roalled by the mob, and greedily devoured. The wretched uiultitudcs who had travelled from Paris were expofcd, almost famifhed, to the inclemen- cies of the weather in the open (Irccts 1 within the calllc all was trepidation ; noticing was to be lieard from without but imprecations, and the voice of en- raged multitudes detnanding the life of the queen and the gardfs-du-corps. Towards midnight, however, all appeared tolerably dill and peaceable, when the beating of the drums, and the light of innumerable torches, announced the approarh of the Parifian army. At about half pad live, the day began to break } and at this period crowds of women and other defperatc pcrfons, brt-athiiig vengeance and thirlling for blood, advanced to the calllc, which, in the iaial fecurity which the arrival of the Parifian militia infpired, was left unguarded in feveral places. Some cl the iron gates were ihut, affd fume Ictt open. An iuimenfc crowd found its way into th« "courdes miniltrcs " and immediately proceeded fa the n>yal gate, which was fljut, and a number of the invatiers atternotul .„ fcale •' A— 1— c ...OB . .rwio c both Another troop of ruffians proceeded to the hapel court, and another to that of the princes, and by *>»b thefe avenues penetrated into the royal court Some haft^ difpolitions of defence were made by a M. Agiidleau ; the gardes-dii-coi p9 were foon under arms, and one man was wotmded by them in the arm and another fhot dead. The crowd immediately mounti cd the grand (tair-cafe, where one of the gardes-diu corps, M. Miomandre, endtavoured to diffuatie them from their attempt ; but he narrowly efcaped with his life. M. Tardivet do Repaire haflcd to the queen's apartment, in order to prevent the entrance of the ban- ditti ; but he was afliiiled by thoufands, and (Iretclicd upon the ground, A villain with a pike attempted to pierce him to the heart ; but he had the good fortune to wreft the weapon from his hand« with which ho parried the attacks of his enemies, and at length cf, teiled his f fcapc. M. Miomandre in the mean time made his way to the queen's apartment. He opened the door, and cried out to a lady whom^ he faw in the inner chamber — " Save the queen, madam, her life is in danger— I am here aIon« againit two thoul'.nd tigers." He (hot the door ) aul after a few minutes rcliilance was defperatcly wounded with a pike, and left for dead — though he afterwards recovered. A qtiarter of an hom previous to this, the queen had been awaked by the clamours of the women who af- fembled upon the terrace ; but her wailing woman had fatisfied her bjr faying, " that they were only the women of Paris, who (he fnppofed, not being able to find a lodging, were walking abotit." But the tuo mult approacfiing, and bccorning apparently more fe- rious, (he rofe, dreflTed herfeif in hafte, and ran to the king's apartiTient by a private palTage. In her way (lie heard the noife of a pilfol ami a mulket, which re- doubled her terror. " My friends," faid (he to every perfon (he met, " fave me and riiy children." In the king's chamber flie found the dauphin, who had been brought there bv one of her women ; but the king was gone. Awaked by the tumult, he had feen from a window the multitude preffing towards the great llair- cafc ; and alarmed for the queen, he hailed to her apartment, and entered at one door in the moment (he had quitted it by the other. He returned without lofs of time ; and having with the queen brought the princcfs royal into the chamber, they prepared to face the multitude. In the mean time the noiCe and tu- mult increafed, and appeared at the very door of the chamber. Nothing was now to be heard but the mod dreadful exclamations, with violent and repeated blows againft the outer door, a pannci of whicli was broken. No* thing but iuflant death was expet^ed bv the royal com-' pany. Suddenly, however, the titmuft feemed toccal'e — every thing was quiet j and a tuoinent after a gentle rap were flails their nation corps. At tliemfe ace I am; Ki:t wl cr ul titiklc- fmgle t'l Carl vufal lomc king ai I will hy my iteraiiil 'Ihc driurtu Europe.^ N E. 889 rap was heard at tlic door. The door was opened, and I in an iiirtant the apartments wcic Hlkd with the Parifuin ] guard. The officer who condudlcd fheni, ordered thtm to ground their arms. " We come," faid he, " to favc the king ;" and turning to fuch of the gardes-dii-corps as were in the apartment", " We will fave yon alfo, gentlemen ; let us from this moment be united." The national guard unt"ortunat( ly .-irrivcd too late to prevent all the mifchicf. Two of the gardcs-du-corps were murdered by the mob before the troojis coiiiil be rallied, and their heads fixed on fpikcs fervtd as the ftandards of this detcfi.nble banditti. From the fir(t moment of the alarm the marquis dc la Fayette had even exceeded his ufiial aftivity. He appeared in every quarter: — "Gentlemen," faid he to the Parilian fol- diers, " I have pledged my word and honour to the king, that nothing hcionging to him (hall receive injury. If I break my word, I iitali be no longer worthy to be your commander." Captain Gondrait, the officer who had driven the ruffians from the king's apartinent, was not lefs confpicuous for his aftivity. 'llic Pari Hans forced their way in every part throtsgh the almoll im- penetrable mafs — furroundcd the gardcs-du-corps, and placed them in fafety under their own colours. The banditti, whofe great objeiS is plunder, had al- ready began to Hrip the palace, and to throw the furni- ture to each other out of the windows. M. Gondran purfued them from place to place, till the caiHe was at feugili completely cleared. Expelled from the palace, thev repaired to the (lables ; but here a fudden flop was put to their depredations by M. Doazoii, a farmer- general, and captain of the Paris militia. The horfes were all recovered, and brought back in fafety to their ({alls. Pifappointed at length in every view, they de- parted in a body to Paris ; and left Verfaillcs entirely Ircc, and under the protcflion of the national guard. The mod generous cxpreffions of kindncfs and grati- tude took place between the gardes-du-corps and the jiational guard. The former coniidcred the others as their deliverers ; while the latter evinced every incli- nation that they Ihoidd in future form one united corps. ^ At length the royal faiTiily now ventured to fliew tliemfelves at a balcony, and received the moll lively acclamations of refped IVom the foldiers and the people. Kilt whether it had been planned by the popular party, (T whether it was the immediate impulfe of the mul- titude but the former is mod probable — at the fird a fingle voice, or a lew voices, exclaimed— " The king 1') Paris ;" and this was inltamly lollovved by an uiii- vufal acclamation enforcing the fame demand. After tome confnltation vvitli the nLuqiils dc la Fayette, ilic kingaddrellid them : "^\vn wilh mc to go to Paris — I will go, oi\ the condition that 1 am to beacciUDpanicd tn' mv wife and chililren." He was anfwered liy re- iterated acclainations <>( ^'Irc If loi ! '1 lie national alfembly was convened before the king's tlcnarlure ; and, on the motion ol M. Muabe.111, palled No, 4^. a folemn decree, " that the ^fTembly wan infeparable from the perfon of the king." A deputation of one hundred members was alfo appointed to accompany the king 10 Paris. During the prep .rations for the journey, the gardes-du-corps changed hats and fwords with the grenadiers and national guards, and both ihey and the regiment, of Flanders defircd leave to mix in- difcriminately in the ranks. • It war, two o'clock in the afteinoon before the proceffion fct out. During the progrefs all was gaiety and joy among the foldiers and the fpeflators ; and fuch was the refpeft in which the French nntion fHU held the name and perfon of their king, that the multitude were fiipcrlHtioully perfuaded that the royal prefence would actually put an end to the famine. On his arrival, the king was congratulated by the municipality, and declared his approbation of the loyalty which the city of Paris manifelled. As the fpirit of the nation was fo entirely avcrfc to the principles of the high ariftocratic paciy, num* bers of them, particularly the king's two brothers* and*^ fome of the firft rank and fortune, took refuge iti foreign countries, where they applied tttemfelves in- tlefatigably to the purpofe of exciting war agatnll France. The preparations for the general confederation pro- ceeded, in the mean time, with confiderable rapidity. The Champ de Mars, fo famous for having been the rendezvous of the troops which in the preceding year were intended to overawe the capital, was chofen for this folemnity. This piece of ground, which is aboutr 400 toifes, or 800 yards in diameter, is bounded on the right and left by lofty trees, and commands at the fur- ther extremity a view of the military academy. In the middle of this"vafl plain an altar was ereded for the purpofe of adminiftering .he civic oath ; and round it an immenfe amphitheatre was thrown up, of a leagua in circumference, and capable of containing four hun.. dred thoufand fpcdators. The entrance into the Champ de Ccjnfederation (as it was now called) was tltrough triumphal arches. The king's throne was placed under an elegant pavilion in the middle, and on each fide of it v'ere feats for the members of the national allembly, Two thoufand workmen were employed upon this im- menfe labour ; but the citizens of Paris, fetvlng lell the preparations flioidd not be coinplcted at the ap- pointed period, flocked from every quarter toaffiftiri the patriotic undertaking. Not only the military, but the clergy, and even the ladies lent their cheerful al- lirtance. With adonifhment llrangers beheld the moil delicate and elegant of the female fex dragging the wheel-barrow, or handling with willing but iume'iimes ineffedive entleavours the weighty mallet or tho fpadc. We further learn, that on the Friday before the i^tU, his majefty went to view the works at the Campiii! Martins, and, like the emperor of China, lent a hand, not indeed to the plough, but to the fliove! ; he filled a wheelbarrow, and would have wiieeled away the load, had not ons of his attendants taken the burden JO Q off «';' I'll'V 590 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. off Ills hands One of the fpcdators remarked, The king was digging liis own grave — at lead, that of his late royal honours. The provincials, who came from the remote^ parts of the kingdom to join in the con* federation, emulated the citiaens in the ardour and en- ihudafm ; and il>e work was completed, fo as both will) refoed to time and manner to furprife every fpst^ator. At length the impQrt;^nt 14th of July 1790 arrived. The national guards of the departments, diitinguilhed by their rcfpeftive llandards,.,the battalions of infantry, and the difFtrent troops of cavalry, the marine of Franca, and the foreigners who ferved under its ban- ners, being all arranged in military order, the king and the national afllinbLy took a folemn oath to main- tain the conditution ; the armed citizens repeated it ainongll the applaufes, of innumerable fpeiSlators. They Avore to live free, or die ; and this oath was t^ken on ilie fame day through the whole extent of the kingdom. On the 2oih of June 1791, France was menaced with tlie coiivnliions of anarchy, and 'he horrors of civil war, by tlie cfcape of the king and queen, with their infant (.hiklrcn, anvi Mun'lci.r and Madainc. To favour tlicir cicapc, tiic n.val faniilv had obtained a pallport tl.rough the medium 01 the RuiHan ambailador, in the name of a baroncfs de Kortz, with her fuite, as tra- velling to Frankfort. They travelk'd in the mod private manner till they found themfeUcs at a confidcrable di fiance from the capital, when they were furnifhed by Bouiile with de- t.tchmcius of dragoons, under the pretence of guard- ing feme treafiire for the pay of the foldicrs. They proceeded without interruption for 1,56 miles, and were i)ut a few leagues from the irontiers when they were arrtllcd. At St. Meh'jhoiid, the polt-maftcr, a M. Drvuict, who had formerly been a dragoon in the rcgi- ir.Liii of Condi-. — He immediately recogniff'd the queen, and was forcibly attraclcd by the relcmblance of the king to his portrait on the aliignat of fitly livrcs. He was confirmed in his fufpicions, on feeing the de- tachment of dragoons rclieveil by a dctachin'jnt of hiilfars, ai'.d dctcrmin(d to Hop them ; but, being alone, was prudent tnough not to expofe hinifclf to the t)ppo'i!ion of the folditrs. He futftred the carriage to pafs, bur mounted a fwift horfe, and took a iro(s-road to \'arei)ncs, which was their next llagc. He communicated his fufpicions to the pod-maltcr there, vvlio had alfo formerly been a dragoon ; and tliey concluded that the only mode of effecting their purpofc was, to barricade the (Ireet and bridge over uhit-h the carriages nuid necellarily pals. Fortu- nately, on the bridge there (looJ at the moment a carriage loaded with furniture ; they overlct it, and called together the mayor, the procureur de la com- mune, and the commandant <;f tne national guard, and in a few minutes the number of the patriots was in- tteafcd to eij^ht men. ,_ ^ ^_ . I The commandant and the procurcur approached the principal carriage, and aflced the names of the travel- iers. The queen petulantly anfwered, they were in hafte, and produced the palfport, which was thought a fufficient warrant by feveral perfons ; but the po(l- maflers combated the opinion, on the ground of its not being counterfigned by the prefidcnt of the na- tional allembly ; and aflced why a Ru/Iian baronefs (hoiild be efcorted by the military of France ? It was determined therefore to Hop the travellers ; and as they entered the houfe of the procureurs, the king throwing ofFhis difgiiife refumed his. dignity. — " I am yoiirkine it is true," faid he : " thefe are my wife and children! I charge you to treat us with that refped which the French nation have always manifcAed towards their foveieign." The national guard had now arrived in confidcrable numbers, and at the fame moment the hulfars, who en- deavoured fword in hand to force the houfe where the king was; but were anfwered by the national guard, that they (hotild never carry him off alive. The cum. mandant of the national guard had placed at each end of the ftreet two field -pieces, which however were not charged ; but they were fufficient to intimidate the hulfars, who, upon the commandant ordering the ar- tillerywmen to their polls with their matches in their hands, relinquilhed their objeifl, and quietly fiirren- deicd the king to the cultody of the national guard. The alfembly received the news of thefe tran- fadlions with iiiexprefiiblt fatisfadion. The perjured Bouiile was fufpended from his fun£lions ; and orders were given for arreting him, and all who appeared to be concerned in the flight of the king; but Bouiile jvaded for the prefent the axe of juftice, by flving the kingdom. The aflTembly next appointed two com- inilhoners to examine the inferior agents of the kind's flight ; and three commifRoners, Mefl>s. Tronchct, d' Andre, and Duport, were appointed to receive the declaration of the king and queen. A conildcrable body of the national guard efcorted the royal family to Paris ; and their numbers were in- crcafed as they approached the tnetropolis. Mclfrs. Bar- nave, Peihion, and Latou^ Maubourg had been dif- patehcd to Varcnnes for the purpofe of accompanying them back to Paris ; and public tranquillity was fo well prefcrved, that they entered the'rhiiillerics on the 2,5th without any diilurbancc, and with no apparent incon- venience but the fatigue of the journey. Monliciir and Madame, who had taken a ditfcrtnt road, were more fuccefsfiil in cfl^eding their cfcape, and arrived fafc at Brunils on the 23d. On the 3d of September 1791, the new conftitiiiion was citablilhcd by the alfembly ; and though in fonie meafure this of 1791 has been fupcrleiled by the I'libfc- qiient a£ls of the French nation ; yet as we pre- (umc the following review of it may be acceptable to our political reader;, we therefore infcrt it here at large. The Europe.] F R A The French Conftitution, as finally fettled by the National Conftituent AITcmbly, and prefcnted to the King the 3d of Sept. 1791. Declaration of the Rights of Man, and OF THE Citizens, " THE reprefcntatives oftlie French people, formed into a national alfembly, conlidering that ignorance, forgetfulncfs, or contempt of the rights of men, arc the fole caufes of public grievances, and of the cor- ruption of government, have refolved lo exhibit, in a lolemn declaration, the natural, imalicnuble, and fa- cred rights of man, in order that this declaration, ever prefcnt to all the members of the focial body, may in- celfantly remind them of their rights and of their du- ties ; to the end that the adls of the legillativc power, end thofe of the executive power, being able to be every moment compared with the end ot ail political inilitutions, may acquire the more refpedl ; in order alfo that the remonfirances of the citizens, founded henceforward on fimple and inconteltable principles, may ever tend to maintain the conftitution, and to pro- mote the general good. *' For this reafon. the national afTembly recognizes, and declares in the prefence, and under the aufpices of the Supreme £eing, the follo«|^ rights of men and oi citiiens : ' Article t. " All men are born, and remain, free and equal in rights : focial didindlions cannot be found- ed but on common utility. a. " The end of all political alTocialions is thepre- fervation of the natural and imprefcriptible rights of man : thefe rights' are liberty, property, fccurity, and refinance again It oppreflion. 3. " The principle oi foverttgnty refidc.e eflentially in the nation : no body of men, no individual, can exercife an authority that dots not emanate exprefsly from that foiirce. 4. " Liberty confifts in the power of doing every thing except tlut which is hurtful to another : hence, the ex- ercife of the natural rights of every miin, has no other hounds than thofe that are neceflary to cnfure to other members of fociefy the enjoyment of the fame rights : thofe boimds to be determined by the law only. j. " The law has a right 10 forbid thofe adtions alone, that are hurtful to fociety. Whatever is not forbidden by the law, cannot be hindered; and no perfoH can be confti^aincd to do that which the law ofclaincth not. 6. " The law is the expreflion of the general will : all the citizens have a right to concur pcrfonally, or by their rcprefentatives, in the formation of the law : it ought to be the fame for all, whether it protedts, or wlieiher it punilli. All citizens being equal in tiic eye of the law, arc equally admi/fible to public honour, place?, and offices, according to their capacity, and with- out any other dillinflion but that of tlieir virtue, or thiir talents. N E. 891 7. " No man can be accufcd, arrelled, or detained, except in cafes determined by the law, and according to the forms which the law hath prefcribed. Thole who folicit, difpatch,. execute, or caufe to be executed, arbitrary orders, ought to be punilhed ; but every citizen that isfummoned, or feizcd, in virtue of the law, ought to obey inftantly— he becomes culpable by relilhincc. 8. *' The law ought to etbblifh fuch punilhnients only as are llridlly and evidently necellary ; and no perfon can be punilhed, but in virtue of a law efta- blilhed and promulgated prior to the otfence, and legally applied. 9. " Every man being prefunicd innocent till fuch time as he has been declared guilty, if it Ihall be deemed abfoluteiy neceflary to arreftaman, every kind of rigour employed, not nccelfary to fecurc his perfon, ought to be ievcrely punilhed by the law. 10. " No perfon Ihall be molefted for his opinions, even fuch as arc religious, provided that the manifef- tation of thofe opinions does not dillurb the _-iublic order cftablifhed by the law. 11. " The free communication of thought, and of opinion, is one of the mod precioirs rights of man. Every citizen, therefore, may freely fpeak, write, and publilh his fentiments} fubjeft, however, to anfwcr, tor the abufe of that liberty, in cafes determined by the law. 12. " The guarantee of the rights of men and citizens involves a neceflity of public force. This force is then inflituted fur the advantage of all, and not for the particular utility of thofe to whom it is confided. 13. " For the maintenance of the public force, and for the expences of adminiilration, a common con- tribution is indifpenfably necelfary : this contribution Ihould be equally divided amongll all the citizens, in proportion to their abilities. 14. " Every citizen has a right, by himfelf, or by his reprefcntatives, to decide concerning the neceflity of the public contribution ; to confent to it freely ; to look after the employment of it; to- determine the quantity, the dirtribntion, the colledion and duration. ij. " Society lias a right to demand from every public agent, an account of his adminiilration. 16. " That fociety in which the guarantee of rights is not allured, nor the feparation of powers determined, has no ionjiifution. 17. " Property being a right inviolable and facred, no perfon can be deprived of it, except when the pub- lic necellity, legally afcertained, ihall evidently rcquiies it, and on condition of a juft previous indemnification. — The national alTembly, dehrous of eftablilhing the French conflitution on the principles which it has jult now recognifed and declared, abolilhes, irrevocably, thofe inilitutions which are injurious to liberty, and equality of rights. — There is no longer any nobility, nor peerage, nor hereditar) didinflions, nor ditfcrenie of orders, nor feudal government, nor patrimonial jurifdidion, nor any of the titles, denominations, and prerogatives 89« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CEvOCJRAPHY. prerogatives which are derived from them ; nor any of the orders of chivalry, corporations, or decorations, for which proofs of nobility were required; nor anv kind of fuperiority, but that ot public funilionaries tliL' exercife of their fundions. — No public ortice is henceforth hereditary or purchafeablc. — No part of the nation, nor any individual, can henceforth pollefs any Inivilegc or exception from the common rights of all i-Vcnchmen. " There are no more wardenfliips or corporations, in profclfions, arts, or trades. — The law rtcognifcs no longer any rcligioiis vows, nor any other engagement which would be contrary to natural rights, or to the conditution." Fundamental PRiNciPtF.s guaranteed by the Constitution. " THE conditution guarantees, as natural and civil rights : 1. " That all the citizens are admifliblc to places and employments, without any other ditUn6lion than that of virtue and taleijts. 2. " That all taxes fhall be equally divided among all the citi/ens, in proportion to their abilities. 3. " That the fame crimes (hall be fubjcfl to the fame pimilhments, without anv didindlion of perfons. •• The conltitution in like manner guarantees, as natural and civil rights, liberty to every man to go, flay, or depart, without being arrelted, or detained, ex- cept according to the forms determined by the con- ftiijtion. — Liberty to every man to fpcak, write, print, and publilh his thoughts, without the writings being fubjcfled to cenfure or infj^ediion before their publi- cation, and to excrcilc the religious worfliip to which he is attached Liberty to the citizens to allemble peaceably, and without arms, in complying with the laws of police. — Liberty to addrefs to the conftituted authorities, petitions figned by individuals. •• The legillative power can make no law which would attack, or impede the exercife of the natural and civil rights exprelfed in the prefent title, and guaranteed by the coiiflitution ; but as liberty confifts only in the power of doing whatever neither injures the rights <.f another, nor the public fafety, the law m.ny eltablilh jiinahics againft adts, which, attacking cither the rights (f others, or the public falcty, would be iiijurioiis to loricty. " The conflitulion giiaranices the inviolability of property, or a jiilt atui previnus indcni!iit_, for that, ot ^vhlch public nece*!iiy, ligally provtii, Ihall require the facrifice. " Property, dertincd to the expcncc of worfliip, and to all fcrvices of public utility, belongs to the nation, and (hall at ail times be at its difpofal. •* Tlie conilitutinn guarantees all the alienations which have been, or which Ihall be made according to the forms cHablillied by the law. " The citizens have a right to elc£l or choofc the minifters of their religions. "' A general eftablilhment of public .fuccour fliall be created and organized for the education of deferted chil- dren, to relieve the infirm poor, and to procure work lor the healthy poor, who have not been able to find a for thetnlllvcs. " A public iiifiruflion, common to all citizens fliall be created and organifed, gratuitous with regard' to thofe parts of tuition indifpenfable for all nicii, and of which the ellabliflimcnts fliall be gradually diftribn- ted, in a proportion combined with the divilion of the kingdom. " There fliall be eftabliflied national feltivals, tn preferve the remembrance of the French revolution, to keep up fraternal affcdion anionglt the citizens, and attachment to the conilitution, the country, and the laws. " There fliall be drawn up a code of civil laws common to all the kingdom." Of the Division of the Kingdom, and the State of Citizens. Art. 1. " THE kingdom is one and indivifible • its territory is divided into eighty-three departments ■ every department ^(^i||^vdiflrids ; each diftria into cantons. •''■■' 2. '• Thofe are French Citizens, who are born in France, of a French father ; who, having been born in France, of a 'oreign father, have fixed their refi- dence in the kingdom ; iwho, having been born in a foreign country, of a French father, have returned to fettle in France, and have taken the civic oath, In fine, who having been born in a foreign country, being defcended, in whatever degree, from a Frenchman or Frenchwoman who had left their country from re- ligious motives, come to refide in France, and take the civic oath. 3. " Thofe who having been born out of the king- dom, of foreign parents, but rclidc in France, become French citizens, after five years of continued rclidence in the kingdom ; if, bcfides, they have acquired im- movable property, or mafried a Frenchwoinar, or formed an eilablifliment of agrkuliure or commerce, and if thcv have taken a civic oath. 4. " 'I he legillative power may, from important conliderations, naturalize a foreigner, upon no other condition than that of redding in France, and taking the civic oath. ,5. " The civic oath is, * I fwenr to be faithful 1 7 the Nation, the Law, and the K'>ng ; ami to mainliini, with all my power, the conjlitution of the kingdom, decreed t^ the National Conjlituent Afftmbly, in the years 1789, 17()0, and 1791.* 6. '* The quality of a French citizen is loft : id, By naturalization in a foreign country ; 2d, By being condemned to penalties which involve the civic degra- dation, provided tlic perfon condemned be not re-in- {latcdj PHY. :6l or choofe ilie :.fuccour fliall be I of defertcd cliil. •o procure work :cn able to find u to all citizens, tons with regard for all iiicii, and radually diftribn- lie divilion of the iial felHvals, to ich revolution, to the citizens, and country, and the ode of civil laws, DOM, AND THE s. e and indivifible ; ircc departments ; ich diftria into who are born in laving been born i fixed their refi- ng been born in a , liave returned to le civic oath, In ign country, being a Frenchman or country from re- ancc, and take the •n out of thcking- n France, become ontinued rciidcnce have acquired im- Meiichwomar, or ure or commerce, ', from important r, upon no other 'raace, and taking 7r to le faithful h il to mainliilii, xviih 'lin^^thm, dccrcfd by \ the years i/Sy, itizen is loft: j(t, try ; ad, By beinjj .•e tile civic degra- iicd be not rc-in- (latdj EanoPE.] * ■ •-■■••- • F R A (lilted ; 3d, By a fentence of contumacy, provided the fentence be not annulled ; 4th, By an alfociation with jiiy foreign order of chivalry, or any foreign body, which lliall fuppofe either proofs of nobility, or dif- ti.(£lion of birth, or require religious vows. n. " The law regards • marriage' folely as a ' civil contra£l.' The legillative power ihall edabiilh for all the inhabitants, without diftindlion, the mode by which births, marriages, and deaths, fhall be afcertained, and Hiall appoint the public officer^-, who fliall receive and prcferve the certificates of thein. 8. •' French citizens, confidcred with refpeft to thufe local relations which arife out of their aliociution in cities, and in certain divifions of territory in the country, form the communities.— The legillative power may fix the extent and boundary of each community. g. " The citizens who compofe each community, have a right of choofmg, for a time, according to the forms prefcribcd by the law, thofe among 'em, who, under the natne of*^ municipal officers, are charged with the management of the particular affairs of the com- munity.— l"o the municipal officers may be dele- gated certain functions relative to the general intrrefl of the (late. 10. " The rules which the municipal officers ihall be bound to follow in the exercife, both of the niunici- pal functions, and of thofe which fliall be delegated to them for the general intcreft, fhall be fixed by the laws." Op the Public Powers. Art. I. " The fovcrcignty is one, indivifible, in- alienable, and belongs to the nation : no feclion of the people, nor any individual, can arrogate the exercife of it. 3. " The nation, from which alone flow all the powers, cannot exercife them, but by delegation. The French conflitution is reprefentative ; the rcprefenta- tives are the legillative body and the kir.g. 3. " The legillative power is delegated to a national alTembly, ccn.pofed of temporary reprefentativcs, freely chofen by the people, to be exercifed by this alfembly, with the fanclion of the king, in manner afterwards determined. 4. " The government is monarchical ; the execu- tive power is delegated to the king, to be exercifed under his authority, by minifters and other refponliblc agents, in manner afterwards determined. 5. " The judicial power is delegated to judges chofen for a time limited by the people." Of the National Legislative Assembly. Art. I. *' The national aflembly, forming the legillative body, is permanent, and conlills of one chamber only. 2. •' It fhall be formed by new elcflions every two years. Each period of two years iliall form one Icgi- Itatiire. No. 4,5. N C E. 893 3. " The difpofitions of the preceding articles fliall not take place with ref ■■' . to the enfiiing legidaiivc body, whofc powers fhall i.eai'u the lall day of April 4. " The renewal of the Icgiflative body fliall bo matter of full right. 5. " Thi Icgiflative body cannot be diflblved by the k* »1 ing." Number of Representatives — Bases of REPRtSENTATION. Art. 1. •• The number of reprefentativcs to the legillative body ;s fcven hundred and forty- five, on ac- count of the eighty-three departments of which the kingdom is compofed, and independent of thofe that may be granted to the colonies. 2. " The reprefentativcs fhall be diftributcd among the eighty-three departments, according to the three proportions of territory, of population, and of diredl contribution. 3. " Of the 745 reprefentati" s, 247 are attached to the territory. — Of thefe, each department fhall no- minate three, except the department of Paris, which fhall only nominate one. 4. " Two himdred and forty-iiine reprefentativcs are attributed to the population. — The total mafs of the adive population of the kingdom is divided into 249 parts, and each department nominates as many of the deputies as it contains parts of the population. 5. «' Two hundred and forty-nine reprefentativcs are attached to the direft contribution. — The fum total of the direA contribution of the kingdom is likewife divided into 249 parts ; and each department nominates as many deputies as it pays parts of the contribution." Primary Assemblies — Nomination ok Electors. Art. 1. "In order to form a national Icgiflative afTembly, the a£live citizens fhall convene every two years, in primary aifemblies, in the towns and cantons. The primary alfemblies fhall form themfelves, of full right, the fecond Sunday of March, if they have not been convoked fooner by the public officers eftablifhed by law. 2. " To be an aAive citizen, it is nccefTary, firft. To be born, or to have become a Frenchman : fecondiy, To be twenty-five years of age complete ; to have re- fided in th« city or canton during the time determined by the law } to pay, in any part of the kingdom, a di- rect contribution, at leafl equal to the value of three day's labour, and to produce the acquittance ; not to be in a menial capacity, namely, that of a fervant re- ceiving wages ; to be infcribed in the municipality of the place of his refidence, in the iifl of the national guards ; — to have taken the civic oath. 3. " Every fix years the legillative body fhall fix the minimum and the maximum of the value of a day's 10 R labour, il-^i^'Nl 894 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVETISAI. CEOGRAPftV. labour, and the aitminidrators of the ' ^41'tmcnts (hall determine the rate for every dilirifl. 4. •' None (hall txcrcife the right of an a6\ive cit»7.rn in more than one place, nor employ another as his fnbllitnic. 5. •• Tliofe fliall be excluded from the rights of an adivc citi/cn, who are in a (late of acciil'ation ; who, after having been conlUtnted in a Hate of failure, or infolvcticy, proved by authentic dociuncnts, Ihall not produce a general dilVharge from their creditors. 6. " The primary all'cmblies (hall nameelcilors in proportion to the number of adtive citizens relidir.^ in the town or canton.— Tiiere ihall benainevloncelecior for a hundred adive citizens prcfent, or not, in the af- femblv, — There (l)all be named two for 131 to B50; and fc on in this proportion. 7. " No man can be named eleiHor, if, along with the conditions neceHary in order to be an adlive citi/.en, he does not join the following: Firit, In towns of more than 6ono inhabitants, that of being proprietor t life-renter of a property valued on the rolls of con- tribution, at a revenue equal to the liKal value of 200 days' labour; or of renting a houfe, valued on the f.Miie roIN, at a revenue equal to the value of 1^50 days' labour. Secondly, In towns below 6coo inhabitants, that of being proprietor, or life-renter of a property, valued on the rolls of contribution, at a revenue equal to the local value of 150 days' labour ; or of renting a houfc, valued on the (ame rolls, at a revenue equal to the value of 100 days' labour. ThirJIy, And, in the country, that of being proprietor or life-renter of a property, valued on the rolls of contribution, at a re- venue equal to the local value of 150 days' labour ; or of being a farmer of lauds, valued on the fame rolls, at the value of 400 days' labour. Fourthly, With re- fpe6l to tliofe who Ihall be at the fame time pioprietors •r life- renters on one hand, and tax-inen or tarmcrs nn tlic other, their powers on tliefe different accounts Ihall be added together, to eltablilh their eligibility." Electoral Assemblies — Nomination of Repkesenvatives. Art. 1. " The eleflors named in each department (hall convene in order to chooft that number of reprc- fcntativcs, whofe nomination (liall belong to their de- partment, and a number of fubltitutes equal to the third of the reprefentatives —The eleth)ral aflcmblics (hall form thcmfelvcs, of full right, the lail Sunday of March, if they have not been convoked fooner by the public offices appointed by law. 2. " The reprtfcntativcs and fnbftitutes (hall he chofen by an abfohite majority of votes, and cannot be choil-n but from anion^it the active citizens in the de- partment. 3. " All the atlive citizens, whatever be their con- ilition, prottllion, or contribution, may be tliofen re- prL-icutativLs of the nation. ^. " Thole, however, (ball be obliged to dccidr between one or other lituation — Minifters, and other agents of the executive power, reinuvcable at pleafure • Commidioners of the national trcafury ; l5ollc6lors and receivers of dirctl contributioiis ; ij'.ipcfintcndents of the rollertion, or managemeni of indirett contri- butions, and national domains; and Oiofe who, under any denomination whatever, are attaclved to the em- ploys of the military or civil hoiifchold t.f the kini;. ■ The adminilliv.(ors, fiib-adniiniilrators, nuiniripal of- ficers, and commandants of the nationa' gua'ds, (hull alfo be obliged to make a choice. 5. " The cxercife of judiciary fun6lions (lull be incompatible with thole of a rcprelentative of the na- tion, during all the continuance of the legitlatiire The judges Ihall be replaced by their fubllitutcs, and the king lliall provide, by briefs of commillion, for the replacing of his commilliiries at the tribunals. 6. " The members of the legillative body may be re-clefled to the next Ugillature ; but not afterwards, till after an interval of one legitlatiire. 7. *' The reprefentatives named in the departments fhall not be reprefentatives of a particular departinent, but of the rtholc nation ; and their freedom of opinion cannot b- controlled by any indrutlions cither of the primary alVemblies, or of the eleftors." Session and Regulation of the Pkimary AND ElECTOI VL ASSEMBLIES, Art. 1. " The fiinflions of the primary and elec- toral alFemblies are limited to the right of eleiiing; and as foon as the cle6lions arc over, they (liall fcpa- rate, and (hall not form themfelvcs anew, till they ihall be fummoned. 2. " No ai:live citizen can enter or vote in an af- fembly, if he is armed. 3. " No armed force can be introduced in the meeting, except at the exprefs defireof the aflembly, unlefs in the cafe of atluai violence, when the order of the preiident (hall be fufficicnt to call in the aid of public force. 4. •' Every two years, there fliall be drawn tip in each diftritt, lilts by cantons of the atfive citizens; and the lill of each canton fhall be publillicd and polled up two months before the meeting of the Primary Al- fembly. The protells which fhall be made either againit the right of citizens, named in the lill, or on the part of thofe who Ihall affirm that they are un- jiillly omitted, (hall be carried to the tribunals, to be there fuinmarily decided upon. — The liil ihall ferve to regulate liie aiimitlimi of citizens in the next Primary Allenibly, in L-wny point th.it lliall not have been al- certamed by a i'eiitence pronounced beiore the fitting of the all'enibly. 5. " The lil'-'Fioral AITemblies have the riglit of verifying the quaiificaiions and powers of thofe who (liall prellnt tlutntclve.i tiiere ; and their dccitions (hall be provilioiially e.\ei.u;cJ, with a rtlttvc for tli* fentciice . . ot Europe.] F A N E. 895 Dr vote in an af- lor tlte fciitencc of the legillativc body at the time of the verification of the powers of deputies. 6. " In no c:ifc, and under no pretext, fliali the king, or any aginis iianud by him, inttr'erc in ijuef- lions relative to the rcRiil.irity of tltc convocations, the fitting of alVcmblies, the loriii of elcdions, or the po- litical riglits ol' citizens. Witiiout prejudice, how- ever, to the funt^ions of the commilfarics ol tiie king, in the cafes determined by law, wluro tiucilions relative to the political rights of citizens ought to be carried to the tribimais." Meeting of the Representatives in the National Legislative Assemhly. Art. 1. " The rcprcfentativcs (hall alfemblc on the firtl Monday of May, in llic place of the meeting of the lall legillature. u. " Tliey ihall form theinfelves, provifionally, into an airembly, under ihe prelidence of the eldeft, to verify the powers of the reprcfcniaiives prefcnt. 3. *' As foon as tlicfe may be vcrihcd, to the num!)cr of 373 members, they Ihall conllitute themfelves under the title of the National Legillativc Aillmbly ; they Ihall name a prclident, vice-prelident, and fecretaries, and enter upon the cxercife or their fundlions. 4. " During the whole of the month of May, if the number of reprcfcntaiivcs prefent fall fliort of f^73, the Aifembly Ihall not perform any Icgillativeaft. 1 hey may ilfue an arret, enjoining the abftnt members to attend to their fundlions within fifteen days at furtheft, tuider a penalty of 3000 livres, if they do not produce an excufe which fliall be deemed lawful by the legilla- tivc body. ,5. " On the lart day of May, whatever he the number of members prtfcnt, they (hall conllitute them- felves a National Legillativc Alfcmblv. 6. " The reprefcntaiives fliall pronounce in a body, in the name of the French people, the oath, " to live free or die." — They (hall then individually take the oath, " to maintain, with all their power, the con- flitution of the kingdom, decreed by the National Con- ftiluent Allenibly, during the years I78(), 1790, and 1791 ; to propufe or ailcnt to nothing in the courfe of the legillaiure, which may at all tend to infringe it ; and to be, in every refped, faithful to the Nation, the Law, and the King." 7. " The rcprcfentatives of the nation are invio- lable ; they cannot be examined, accufed, or adjudged at any time with rcfpctt to what they have faid, writ- ten, or done, in the excrcifc of their fundions of rc- prcfentatives. 8. " They may for a crime be fcized in the ad, or in virtue of an order of arrelt ; but notice (hall be given of it, without delay, to the legiflative body; and the profecution lliall not be continued, till after the legillativc body lliall have decided that then; is ground for accufation." !,>,'./. ; ; 'w . .i. Of the ROYALTY, the REGENCY, ano THE MINISTERS. Of the Royalty and the King, Art. I. " The royalty is individble, and delegated hereditarily to the race on the throne, from male to male, by order of primogeniture, to the perp'.tual v\- clulion of women and their defcendants — Nothing is prejudged rcfpec'ting the ctFcdl of renunciations in the race on the throne. 2. •' The pcrfon of the king is facrcd and invio- lable, his only title is * King of the French.* 3. " There is no authority in France fupcrior to that of the law. The king reigns only by it, and it is only in the name of the law that he can require obe- dience. 4. " The king, on his accefHon to the throne, or at the period of his majority, (hall take to the nation, in the prefence of the legillativc body, the oath, 'To be faithful to the Nation, anl to the Law ; to employ all the power delegated to him, to maintain ♦'-" Con- (litution decreed by the National Conftituent ^ ifeinbly in the years 1789, 1790, and 1791 ; and to cauffi the l^vvs to be executed.* — If the legillativc body Hiall not be alfemblcd, the king (hall caiife a proclamation to bo ilVutd, in which (hall be exprelFcil this oath, and a promife to repeat it as foon as the legiflative bodies (hall alfemble. 5. " If, one month after an invitation by the legif- lative body, the king has not taken this oath, or if after taking it he (hall retra6l, he (hall be deemed to have ab- dicated the royalty. 6. " If the king put himfelf at the head of an army, and direc). the forces of it againll the nation, or it he do not oppofe, by a formal a£t, any ftich en- terprise undertaken in his name, he (hall be deemed tu have abdicated. 7. " If the king, having gone out of the kingdom, do not return on the invitation of the legiflative body, and within the delay fixed by the proclamation, which cannot be lefs than two months, he fliall be deemed to have abdicated. — The delay (hall commence from the day when the proclamation o' the legiflative body (hall have been publiflied in the place of its fitting; and the minif^ers fliall be obliged, under their refponfibility, to perform all the a£ls of the executive power, the ex- ercife of which fliall be fufpended in the hands of the abfent king. 8. " After abdication, exprefs or legal, the king fliall be in the clafs of citizens, and may be accufed and tried like them, for afts pollerior to his abdication. 9. " The particular efFefcls which the king poffefTes at his acceffion to the throne, are irrevocably united to the domain of the nation ; he has the difpofition of thqfe which he acquires on his own private account; if he has not difpofed of them, they are in like n^^n- ■ IJ ner united at the end of the iciijn. 10. 'Thi t^S ANEW AND COMPLETF, SYSTl'.M or UNIVERSAL CEOGRAPIIY. 10. " The naticM) makes provilion for tlic fplin- ilor of ilu' ihroiie by ." civil liii. ol wliuli il.c li^illa- ti\c body lliall li\ the liiin at tlic ion>inciK'ciiiciit ut each rcign, III! the vvhdir iliiration ol tiut r( igii. 11. " 'I'hc klirj fhiill .ippomt ail ailinmidrator uf the civil hit, will) fhall cdmnuiicc pII fiiiis for the kirg, aiui agaiiill whom all atfliotis for debts of the king ll'i'.ll be carriiil on, and Jiul^jmciits given and executed. Sen- tences of coiiiieini'atio.', obtained fiy tlio cietliiors of the civil lill, fhall be executed againll the admitiillia- tor pcrfonally and his private loriiinc. 12. " The kinglhall have, independent of the ho- lior.»ry guard which Ihall be tiirniihcd hmi by the citi- zens, lutional guards of the place of his nlidence, a guard p .id from the funds of the civil lilh It fli:i theking'cconfent. — If he is gone out of it, and if, be- ii)g arrived at eighteen years of age, he do nut return tu France, after being required by a proclanulion of the iegillativc body, he is held to huvc abdicated the right of fuccediun to tiie throne. a. If the prcfumptive heir be a minor, the rela- tion of full age, and next in order to (he regciu-y, is bound to refide within the kingdom. In cal'e of \m going out of it, and not returning on the rcqiiiiition of tlie legiflative body, he fliall be held to have abdicated his right to the regency. 3. " The mother of the minor king, having the care of him, or the guardian cle£\cd, if they go out of the kingdom, forfeit their chargp.— If the mother of the preiumptivc heir, a minor, go out of the kingdom, (he cannot, even after her return, have the care of her minor fon, become king, but by a decree of the legi- llative bodv. 4. *' A law fliall be made to regulate the education of the minor king, and that of the minor heir prefump- tive. 5. " The members of the royal family called to the eventual fiiccellion to the throne enjoy the rights of an a£live citizen, but are not eligible to any places, em- ploys, or fundlions, in the nomination of the people.— Excepting the places of miniders, they are capable of offices and employs in the nomination of the king; however they cannot be commanders in chief of any grmy or fleM, nor fulfil the fun£lions of ambaiTadors, without the confent of the legillativc body, granted on the propofltion of the king. 6. " The members of the royal family, called to the eventual fuccellion to the throne, fhall add the de- nonii nation of French prince to the name which fliall have been given them in the civil a£l, flating their birth ; and this name can neither be patronymic, nor formed of any of the qualifications abolifhed by the prefcnt con* ftitution.— The denomination of prince cannot be given to any other individual, and Ihall cotiviy no privilege, nor any exception, to the coininon rights of all French- men. 7. '• The afls by which fliall be legally ftated the births, marriages, and deaths of the I'reiich princes, fhall be prefeiited to the legiflative body, who Ihall command the depofit of them in their anhives, 8. *• No real apanage (in land) Ihall be granted to the members of the royal family. — The younger fons of the king fliall receive, at the age of twenty-five, or on their marriage, an annuity, the amount of which ihall be fixed by the legiflative body, and which fliall terminate with the extini^iqn of their male heirs." No. 45. iJgT- "JT T n Ov Mitnurnm. Art. I. " To the king alone belongs the chwic* and revO(.atioii of minillers. «. " The members of the prf font national aflbm- hly, and riicteeiling legillaiiires, tlu: members of the tri- linnul ot annulment, and thofe whu Ihall fcrve in the high jury, lannot be advanced to the minillry, nor re- ceive any otlices, gifis, pcniions, falafief, or commif- lions from the executive power, or its agents, during the continiianLC of their huidlions, nor during two years alter having finiflied the cxercife of them. — The fame fliall be the cafe with refpeH to thofc who (hall be in- fcribcd in the lifl of the high jury, during all the time that their infcription (hall contiiuie. 3. " No one can enter upon the exercife of any employ, either in the bureaux uf miniflers, or in thufe of the adminiflrations of public power, without having taken the civic oath, and having verified his having taken it. 4. " No order of the king can be executed, if it be not (igncd by him, and counterfigned by the minifler or comptroller of the department. 5. " The miniflers are rcfponfible for all the of- fences committed by them againfl the national fufety and the conllitution ;— Firfl, For every attack on in- dividual property and liberty; — Second, For every wade of the money allotted for the expenccs of their department. 6. "In no cafe can the written, or verbal order of a king fhelter a miniller from rcfponlibility. 7. " The minifters arc bound to prefent every year to the legiflative body, at the opening of the (ellion, the flaie of thcexpcnces of their department ; to give an account of the employment of the fums deflined for that purpofc, and to mention the abufes which may have crept into t'>e different parts of the government. 8. " No minifler in or out of place can be crimi- nally profecuted for any tr^nfadlion of his adminiflra- tion, without a decree of the legillativc body." Powers and Functions of the Legislative National Assembly. Art. 1. •' The confiitution delegates exclufively to the legiflative body, the powers and tundions follow- ing :. . Firft, •• To propofe and decree laws : the king can only invite the legillalivc body to take an objei^ into confideration. Second, •' To fix the public expenccs. Third, " To eftablifli the public contributio-- — to determine their nature, quantity, duration, and -'e of collection. Fourth, '• To divide thfc dircil contribution amongft the departments of the kingdom— to fuperintv-nd the employ of all the public revenue, and to demand an ac- count of it. Fifth. '• To decree the creation or fupprvfllii.i of puijlic ollices. xo S Sixth, hi m i'fc vmi ii I 898 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Sixth, " Tu determine the qiiuliiy, wciglit, im- prcfTmn, and namp (fthr coin, Stvenih, " To [icrinit or prohibit the introdiii^ion cf tortign troops into the Krciith icrrimrits, and ol forriiin naval foncs into the ports «(' thi* kingloin. Eii^hilj, " I'll fix annually, alter the pinpoliiioii of the king, the i\uinbtr ; the ad- miiriun iif torLii^ii troops, or naval tiirccs into the ft:r- viic ot France; and the pay ul troops, in talc uf their being dilbaiuli'd. Ninth, " To rcgnlntc tla- adiuiniHrative govcrn- tiniit, and ihc nliLnution ot the national domains. 'I'cntli, *' To pro('(.'tii[e before the higli national coiiit, the minilUw and principal agents ot the e\tcn- livc power, in uhat rclaits to their retponlihility. — To accni'c anil prol'ecmc bdorc the fame cunrt, thofc who lli.tll be charged with any attack or ccjnlpiracy ay.iinll the general falety of the Itate, or agaimt liie conltitn- tion, l'!1cvcnili, " To cflablifli the laws, according to which marks of honnnr or decoration, purely perl'onal, Dial! be granted to thofc wlio have rendered fervices to the Hate. Tweii.'i, " The Icgidative body have the light to decree public honours to the memory of great men, a. " War cannot be refolved Jii, but by a decree of the National Alfeinbly, palfed on the formal and necell'ary propolition of the king, and f.mdioned by liim. — In the cafe of itiiinincnt or coiiimeiictd holtili- tics, of an ally to'be fnpporttd, or a right to be preferv- Ctl by force ol arms, the king Ihall iio'ity tiie fame with- out delay to the legitlative body, ami ihall declare the reafons of it. — If the Itgillaiive body be not titling, the king thall aillmblc it immediately. — If the legillative b.>dy decide that war onglit not to be made, the kim; Ihall immediately take meafiiies to (top or prevent all holtilitits, t.ie minilltrs being rcfpontible fcr del.iys. — If the 1-gillative body iind that the hotlilitics commeti- ced are a palpable aggrellion on the part of miniltirs, or any oilier agent of the executive power, the author of the aggrelii.in Ihall be profecuted criminally. — During llie v\hule ccnnfe of war, the legillative bod)' inay re- quire the king 'o negotiate peace, anc' the king is bound to yield to this re(juilition. — (^n the immediate ConcUiiion of war, the legillative body (liall hx tlie time within which the troops le\ied above the peace elta- blilbmcnt, lliall be dii'chaigud, and the army reduced to its ordinary llate. 3. " It belongs to the legillative bodj to ratify treaties of peace, alliance, and commercj, and no treaty fliall haveelfect but by thii ratiticati'/O. 4. " The legillative body has ;iie right of detcr- rnining the pla.eof its (ittings, of continuing them as Lng as it fltall think r.eccliary, and of udjoiirning; at the commcnceinent of each reign, if it be not Iliting, it (liall be bound tu mrei without delay. — if(, It hgj the right of police itithe place of its litling, andtu fuch extent around it as (hall be detcrmiiicd ad. Jt has the right of difcipline over its members' but it can pronounce no heavier piinilliment ilun ceiifiirr, am II for tight dayii, or imprifunnieni f()r tiiree. — ;j(l. It has the right of difpoling, tor it» falciv, and the refpeich wc have figned • thefe prefents, to which we have caufed the feal of • the ftate to be put.' " If the king be a minor, laws, proclamations, and other adls proceeding from the royal authority during the regency, (hall be conceived in thefe terms :—• N. ' (the nap ■'■ of the regent) regent of the kingdom, iu • the nam", of N. (the king's name) by the grace of ■ God and tne conftitutional law of the ftate, king of • the French, Sec' 5. " The executive power is bound to fend the laws to the adminiftrative bodies and courts of juftice, to be certified that they arc fu fent, and to anfwer fur it to the legiflative body. 6. " The executive power cannot make any law, not even provilional, but merely proclamations, con- formable to the laws, to ordain or enforce the execu- tion." Of the Interior Administration. Art. 1. " There is in each department a fupcrior adminiftration, and in each diliridl a fubordinate admi- niftration. e. " The adminiftrators have no charafier of re- prefentatioi — They are agents, chofen for s tinte by the people, to exercife, under the fuperintendence and the authority of the king, the adminiftrative fui.dions. 3. " They can neither interfere in the exercife of the legiflative power, nor fufpend the execution of the laws, nor all'ume any authority over judicial proceed- ings, nor over military regulations or operations. 4. " The adminiftrators are elfentially charged with the repartition of the diredl taxes, and with the fuper- intendence of the funds arifmg from all the contribu- tions a;)d public revenues in their territory — It belongs to (he legiflative power to determine the rules and mud^ of their /ur.dlions, both with refpedl to the ubjcds above mentioned, as well as witn refpcdi to all the other parts ot^ the interior adminiftration. 5. The king has tlie right of annulling fuch a£ls of the adminiftrators of department, at are contrary to the law, or the orders he has tranfmittcd to them. — He may, in cafe of obliinatu difobedience, or of their en- dangering, by their adls, the fafcty or peace of the pub- lic, fufpend them from their fundtiims. 6. ♦' The adminiftrators pi department have alfo the right of annulling the adls of the fuh-adminillrators of diftridl, contrary to the laws or to the arrets of ad- miniftrators of department, or to the orders which the latter I'.r ROPE.] F R N E. got latter fliall have ^iven or tranfmittod. — Tliey may likc- wifc, in cafe <>t an obllinate ilifobt'dicncc on tht; ijart of tlie fiib-ailminiilrators ; orit'llie latter ciulanj^cr, by their afls, the public faitty or traiiqviillity, i\ir|H'iui them from their I'lindlions, with the rd'erve u( intonn- iiu' the king, who may remove or conlirin the Ciif- peiifion. 7. " The king, if the adminidrntor? of department fliall not life tin; power which is dehgatcd 10 ihcm in l!;(; article above, may diredlly annul the at'.ls of fnb- atlniii'.ilhators, and fufpend them in the fame cafe,'-. 8. " Whenever the king (hall pronoiince or con- firm tile fiifpenlion of adminillrators, or fub-admini- llrators, he Ihall inform the legillative body. I'liis hotly inay cither remove or confirm the fnfpcnlion, or even ililtulve the i:iil[)able adminillration ; and if there be i^roiind, remit all the adminidrators, or foine ul ihem, (0 the criminal tribunals, or enforce .igaiiill ihem the decree of acciifation." Of External Conni;ction.s. ■-" i. •' The king alone can keep up foreign political conncdlions, conduit negotiations, make preparations (if war, proportioned to thofe of the neighbonring ihitcs ; dillribute the land and Aa forces, as he iliall judge moll fiiitab'e, and regulate their diretition in cafe of war. 2. " Every declaration of war tliall be made in tliefe terms : By the king of the French, in the name of tlie nation. 3. «' It belongs to the king to refolve and fign with all foreign powers, all treaties of peace, alliance, and commerce, and other conventions, which he Hull jiidge iitcellary for the welfare of the Hate, with a rcfevve tor the ratitication of the legillativc boily." Of the Judicial Power. 1. •' The judicial power can in no cafe be ex- crcifed, either by the Icgillalive body, or the king. , 2. " Jullice (hall be gratnitoidly rendered, by pidges chofen for a time by the people, inltituted by letters patent of the king, who cannot rcliife to grant them. They cannot be ilcpofed, but for forfeiture duly judged ; nor fufpcndcd, but tor an acculation admitted 1 he public acciifers Ihall be nan;v:d by the people. 3. " The tribimals cannot either interfere in liic txercife oi '.he legillativc power, or fufpend the ex- ecution of the laws, f)r undertake the admiiiiilrati>'^ hind-ions, or cite before them the adminiftrraors, on account of their fimdtions. 4. " The citizens cannot be withdrawn from the judges whom the law alUgns to them by any coni- niiiiion, or by any other attributions or evocations than thofe which are determined by the laws. ,5. " The right of the citi/xMis to terminate de- finitively their dilptitcs by the way of arbitiuiion, Ihall receive no infrin^jemenl iroin t!ic ads of the legillativc power. No, 46. 6. «' The ordinary courts of juflice cannot receive any civil aclion, until it be certified to them that the parties ha\e ap]>cartd, oi' that the pinfiier has cited the oppolite parly to appear before mediators, to en- deavour to bring -diout a reconciliation. 7. " There Ihall be one or more jutliccs of peace in the canton and in the towns. The uumbcr of them Ihall be determined by the legillativc power. 8. " li belongs to the It'gillaiive "power to regulate the numbL.r and extent of jiirifdiriion of the tribunals, ' and the number of judges of which each tribunal Ihall be compofed. 9. •' In criminal matters, no citi/en can be tried, but (Ml an accufation received by a jury, or decreed by the leglllative body, in the cafes where it belongs to it ' to piirfue the accufaiion. — Alter the admillion of tlie • acciilaiion, the fact (hall be recogiiifed and declared by a jury. — The accufed fball h.ive a right to rcfufj, as far as twenty jurors, without alligning realons. — I he jury which declares the fatt, cannot be of fewer than twelve members, — The application of the law Ihall be made by judges. — 'llie inltru6iion of the procefs (hall be public, and the aflidance of coimfel cannot be rc- tiiied to tiie accufed. — No man acquitted by a lawful jury, cnn be retaken or accufed on account ot tlie fame fath 10. " No man can be feizcd upon, but in order to be condufled before an officer of police : and no man can be arreded or detained, but in virtue of a mandate of the ofticers of police ; of an order for perfoual arref- tation by a tribunal ; of a decree of aceufaiion of the legillativc body, in the cafes where it belongs to it to pronounce ; or of a feiucnce of iinprifonment (jv de- tention tor the fake of correttioii. 11. " Every itian fei/.ed upon and condu(3ed before an oilicer of police, Ihall be examined imir.cdi.itely, or at latelf in twenty-four hours. — If it refult from the exaininatioiii thai there be no ground for blame agaiuir him, he (hall be direttly let at liberty : or if there be ground to fend him to a houfe of arrell, he (hall be conduced there with the leal! delay pollible, and that in any cafe cannot exceed three days. 12. " No man arreltcd can be detained if he give fuilicient ball, in all cari;s where the law pjrmiia a man to remain free under bail. 13. " No man, in the cafes when detention is au- thorifcd bv the law, can be conducted or detained any where, but in thofe places legally and public.\iy marked out as houfes of nrreff, of jullice, or prifons. 14. " No guard nor jailor can receive or detain any man, but in virtue of a n.andatc, order of airelt, decree (d" acciifation, or fentcnce, mentione.l in the tenth article above, nor without traufcribing them 'n\ his own regilter. 15. " kvery guard or jailor i> bound, and no order can releafe him from the obligation, to produce the' perfon detained to the civil olhcer who fuperintends the police of the iioulc of arrtlt, as olicn as it ihall xo T be ;«>! '! . "fl li, i !, Q^l A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL OEOCRAPIIY. bf required of him. — The prcuhiOion of the perfon lUiaiiu'il, cannof a' lb be refiifed to his relations and friends, who bring an order from a civil ollieer, wiio f)!;ill be bound always to grant it, luiiefs the guard or j.iil'r produce an order from a j'ldge, tranfcribcd in his njjider, to keep tiie perfon arrcflcd fecret. i6. " Every man, whatever be Ids place or occu- pation, except thofe to whom the law confides the right of arrellation, v\ho Ihnll giv'e, fign, execute, or make 10 be executed, an order to arrelt a citi/.en ; or who- ever, even in the cafes of arreflation aiithorifed by tlie law, fhall cun(hidl, receive, or detain a citizen, in a place of detention not publickly and legally marked out ; and every guard or jailor who (hall a6t in oppo- fition to the difpolition of the above 14th and 15th ar- ticles, fliali be culpable of the crinte of arbitrary de- tention. 17. " No man can be taken up, or profeciitcd, on account of the writings which he has caufed to ba printed or publifhed, whatever be iheir fubjeifi, if he ras not dehgncdiy proviiked difobeilience to the law, outrage to the edablilhed powers, anil refilfance to their ac^s, or any of the aiflions declared crimes or offences bv the law. — The ccnlure of all the acls of the tlta- bliflied powers is permitted ; but voluntary cahinuiies againlf the pnibity of public ollircrs, and againll the reiSitude ol their intentions in the exercile of their funtiions, may be profecuted by thofe who are thefub- jeiil of them. — Calumnies or injurious fayings againit anv kind of perCons, relative to the aflions of their private life, Uiall be punilhcd by profecution. 18. *' No man can be judged, either civilly or tiiminallv, Ur acls of wriiing, printing, or publilhing, except it l;as been rccognifed and declared by a jury, lit, thai there is an olFence in the writing denounced : id, that the perfon profecuted is guilty of it. 19 " There Ihall be, for the whole kingdom, one only tiibniul of armulmcnt, cltablilhed near the legi- flative body. Its funftions Ihall be, to pronounce — On (leniands of annulitient of judgments given in the lalt refort bv the tribunals ;— (!)n demands ot being reinil- ted from inie tribunal to another, for lawfid caiifes of fiifpicion ; — On rej^iila'ions refpccling judges, and luits agaiiill a whole tribunal. 20. " 111 qut.lli(;iis of annulment, the tribunal of annulment ihaii never take cognizance of the affair it- felf; but atter liaving annulled the rentciice which Ihill have bten proni'iinced in a proccls, and in which ll •: forms have been violated, or which (hall contain ai: I'xprifs contratiiifirin to the law, it ihall remit the original adair to the tribunal which ougl.t to decide on It. 21. " When, after being twice annullfd, a fen- tcnce pronaunced by a tiiird tribunal fliall be at- tacked on the fame gioimds as at firlt, the <]nefii()n (hall no more be judged by the triliunal of aniinl- iiient, vvithmit having liecn fiibmitted to '.he lcgillati\e body, who ihall pali> a decree declarative of the law. to which the tribunal of annulment fliall be bound to conform. 2B. " Every year, the tribunal of annulment fliall be bound to fend to the bar of the legidativo body a deputation of eight of its members, to prefent a (late of the dcci lions palled ; on the itiargii, of each of which (hall be placed a Ihort account ot the aft'iir, mij the text of the law which fliall have determined the decifion. 23. " A high national court, formed of the mem- bers of the tribunal of annulment, and of high jurors (hall take cognizance of ott'cnces committed by tin; minillers and principal agents of the executive po^er, of thofe crimes which attack the general fafcty of the date, after the legillati\e body (hall have palled a de- cree for accufiition. — It (hall not be alfeir.bled but at the proclamation of the legillativc body, and at the dillanco of thirty thoufand toifes at Icalt from the place where the legidativc body holds its meetings. 24. " The orders ilUied for executing the jud". mcnis of the tribunals, (liall be conceived in tlitfc terms : — ' N. (the name of the king) by the grace of ' God, and by the conditutional law of the (late, king * of the French, to all prefent and to come, greeting. ' The tribunal of has palled the following jud"-. ' nieiit :' [Here (hall follow a copy of. the judgment, in v.hii-h (hall be inentioned the names of the judges.! — ' We charge and enjoin all ollicers, upon the pre- ' fent demand, to put the (aid judgment into execution, ' our commilfaries of the tribunals to enforce the fame, ' and all the commanders and otltcers of the public ' f u\e to be alliding witi; their force, when it (hall be ' legally required : in witntfs of which, the prefent ' judgment has been (igned by the prelident cf the ' tribunal, and by tiie rcgilkr.' 2,5, '* The fun6]ions of the king's commiirarics ill the of the caufe them to be executed after they arc palfed They (hall not be public accufers ; but they (hall Lc heard on all acciifations, and (hall require, liuring pru- cefs, regularity of forms, and, befc re jiidgn i.r, ap- plication of the law. 26. '* The king's comtniiraries in the tribunals fliall denounce to the direiSor of the jury, cither olficiallv, or according to orders given them by the king; — Cadences againit the individual liberty o( citizens, againlf the free circulation of provifions and other objects of commerce, and againit the colicdlion of contributions : — Otfences by w hich the execution of orders given by 'he king, in the exercife of the fuiK'lions delegated to him, (hall be diifurbed or impeded ;— Infringements on the laws of nations ; oppolition to the execution of judgments ; and to all executive adts proceeding from edablilhed powers. 27. " Ihc miniUcr of jiifttcc fliall denounce to ilie tribunal of appeal, by means of the king's comniilLirv, and without prejudice to the rijjhts of the parties in- tcrclk-d, tribunals, (liall be, to require the oblervaiica laws in the judgments to be given, and to 11. (tate fponlil execui but V if it lilting uel!iii<| ""^vwSe*' Europe.] F R N E. 903 ttrcded, tlic acSls in which the judges have exceeded the boiiiuls of their power. — The tribunal (hall annul thefe a£ls ; and if they give ground lor forfeiture, the fiillhall be rcprcfentcd to the IcgilJutivc body, which lliall pafs the decree of accufation if then.' be ground, and refer the parties informed againd to the high national court." Of the Public Force. t. " The public force is inllimtcd to defend the ftate againll external enemies, and to maintain internal order and the execution of the laws. 2. ** It is compofed, — Of the land and fea armies ; Of the troops fpccially dcltined for home fcrvice ; — And, Aibfidiarily, of the adlive citizen.s, and their chil- dren of age to bear arms, rcgillercd in the roll of national guards. 3. " The national guards do not form a military body, or an inditution in the Hate ; they are the citizens tliemfelves, called to allift the public force. 4. " The ciii/.ens can never embody themfelves, or afl as national guards, but by virtue of a legal rcquiiition of authority. r^. " 1 hey are fubjeft in this quality to an organi- 7,ation, to be determined by the law — "I'hey fhall be didinguilhcd in the whole kingdom, by only one form of dikipline, and one iniiform — DilHnftions of rank and fubordination uibfilf only relative to the fcrvice, and during its continuance. 6. " Officers are chofen for a time, and cannot again be chofen till after a certain interval of fcrvice as foldicrs. — None Ihall command the national guard of inore than one diilricl. n. *' All the parts of the public force employed for the fafcty of the ftatc from foreign enemies, (hall ad under the command of the king. b. " No body or detachment of troops of tiie line can a6l in the internal part of the kingdoiti without a legal order. 9. " No agent of the public force can enter the hoiife of a citizen, if it be not on purpofe to execute the orders of police and of julUce, or in cafes formally provided for by the law. 10. " The rci[wilition of the public fircc, in the internal part of the kingdoin, belongs to the civil of- hcers, according to the regulations provided by the legiflative power. ' 11. •' When any department is throughout in a (tare of commoiion, the king (liall ilUie, under the re- fponfibility of minillcis, the necellary orders for the txcciition of laws, and the re-ellablilluntnt of order; hut with the refcrvc of informing the legiilative body, if it be ademblcd, and of convoking it, if it be not fitting. 12. " The pii '.die force is cITcntially obcdimt ; no armed body can deliberate. 13. " The land and fea armies, and the troops tltlli'ncd to preferve internal fecurity, are fubjected to particular laws, both for the maintenance of difiipline, and for the manner of judj^mcnt:i, and the nature of punillunents, on occaiion of military olFcnces." Ov PtTBLIC CON'TI^IBU'nONS. 1. " Public contributions fliall be debated and fixed every year by the legiilative body, and cannot contiinie in force longer than the lall day of the following fedion, it they are not expreGly renewed. 2. " The funds necellary to the difchargc of the national debt, and the payment of the civil lill, can, under no pretext, be refulcd or fufpended — The falii- ries of the minillcrs of the Catholic religion, who are paid, preferved, eleded, or named in virtue of the de- crees of the national conflituent alfembly, form a part of the national debt. — The legiilative body cannot, ii> any cafe, charge the natioii with the payment ot the debts of any individual. 3. •« The accounts at full length of the minifterial department, figiied and certified by the minillers or commillioners, (hall be tnadc public, by being printed at the cominencement of the fedion of each Icgillature. So (hall a'fo the (late of receipts of the different taxes, and all the public revenues — The ftate of re- ceipt and expenditure (hall be dilfinguinicd according to their nature, and ihnll exprefs the fums received antl dilbnrfed, year by year, in each dilhict — The private expences of each department, and thole relative to the tribunals, the adminiltrative bodies and other eflablilh- ments, ihall alfo be made public. 4. " 'I he adminidrators of department, and fub- adminillrators, can neither ellablilh any public contri- bution, nor make any dillribution beyond the time and the fums fixed by the legiilative body ; nor deliberate, or permit, without being authorilld by it, any local loan to be charged to the ciiizens of the department. ,5. " The executive pt)wtr direds and fuperiutends the colledion and paying in of contributions, and gives all the necellary orders to this etted." Ok the Cosnf.ctios of the French Natiom with other nations. "The French nation renounces the undertaking of any war with a view to make conquells, and will never employ its forces againll the liberty of any people. — The conllitution no longer admits the Droit d'Aubaiue, —Foreigners, whether fettled in France or not, in- herit the property of their parents, whether foreigners or Frenciimeti. — They can contrad, acquire, and re- ceive, properly litiiated in France, and difpofe of it aj well as any French citizen, in every mode aulhorileci by the laws. — Foreigners in France are fubject to the fame criminal laws and regulations ot police as Frendj citizens, vsith a referve tor conventions agreed on wild foreign powers. 'Fheir perluns, eftlds, indullry, and religion, are equally proteded by the law." ■ Mi ;>^l A NEW AN- 11 COMTLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL OEOCRAPIIY- (,)h TIJ1-; RliVlSION OF CllNbTlTUTIONAL Dlcrels. !. " TIiu National Coiillitiicnt Aniinlily declare?, that the nation !ias an inipivdrijj.iblt,' lij^lit lochangi: it- i.-iin!tiiiitiiin ; ami ntvcril;i.k Is, coflddi-rinij iliat it is iTiolt fuitable to the national intcrclt to make nfi-, only hv means appuinttd by tlit conOitiilian itllll, of the right of reto'ining tiiufe arti(.lcs \vhii.h experience Ihall iliiiu-nlliai- tiitr inconvenience of, ilccrees, that the a^r^Liibly of rcMlion lliall proceed m tiic iullinsing uiannir : ;!. " When tliree fuliouin^ l.-giilainres (liall liavc t'eclareil an nniforni wilh fur the change of any con- iliuitional article, the re\ilioa demandeii (hall take j)lace. '11 le cfiliiini; le^iilatiire (that commencing in ^ cannot propdlc titc relorm of any conltittitional 171)1 arti..le. ^. " Of the lliree Icgiilutures who dial! rucccOively propofe any changes, the tirit two lliall not occupy thenWVlves rehiiivc to that object, but in the lalt two months of i'i< ir lali 1( llion, and llie third at the end of its tird annual feliion, or at the beg'nniii; oi the fccond. Their deliberations on that matter lliail be liibjected to the lame forms as tlie legiilalivc acts ; but the decrees bv which thev lliall have exprelied their delitcs, Ihali not be fn".iit this till!?, tlic duplicity ;inil iirulccidcil con- tliidl of tlie enipiror [ofipii, aiul iIk' refuge and pro- tLiJ^ion arfbiilal in tlic vicrmim empire to tiic eini- .giaiit princes, excited France to vigorous refohitions j and a celebrated manifedo, addrcllLd to all itaies and jiaiioiis, made its appearance. 'I'lie forcible mcafures pinfued had the erteil of intimidating tlic German princes ; ami the emigrants were conllraincd to ar; ig- nominious difperlion and retreat from the Irontiers : hut the protct^lion of the emperor and tiie Prudian kinf, provided them with an afyliim more remote and lefs" olitrnfive. Irrefolfion feenied to prcfide in the councils of the emperor, a monarch more diltingnidicd for the milil virtues of peace than tor the lirenu -e- volulion as France iiad experienced, but even to ex- tinguilli the ilreailed fource, and the protec\ion atVorded to the emigrants, were inlallible proofs tliiU the em- ncror could not be reganled as a friend. His Hidden tieath, on the (irlt of March 1792, excited great con- fternation among the arillocrats, and infpireii the fnp- porters of the conltitniion with joy and exultation. Another event, no Id's luiexpeOled, liappcncd on the death of the Swedilh monarch, on the 2i)th of the fame month. l-Vclh fnirits were dilf'ufcd through the nation ; and the fupcrilitious vidgar imagined, that, in the removal of the two ciiief foes of France in one month, they beheld the peculiar interpoliiion of licaven. 1.1 the fubfequcnt negotiations between the national nlVembly and the court ot Vienna, the young Hungarian k.ng, excited by tiie inllnence of I'rullia, began to ex- hibit more enmity and feverer terms. At length, on the ,5th of April, M. de Noailles, in his difpatches to the French ininiUcr for foreign affairs, explained tlie proportions of the imperial court— that fatisfadion lli(udd be given to the German princes, proprietors of ^;fact- — that Avignon, which had been appropriated bv France, iluiulil be rclfortd to tlie pope — and that the internal government of France ilioidd be invelUd with fullicient clliciency, that the other powers may lr.ne no apprehenlions of being troubled by France. Thofe terms produced a declaration of waragainll Fran- cis I. king of Himgary and IJohemia, decreed by the af- fembly on the 4ih of April, and ratified by the French king. 'Fhc bcginnir.g of the operations on the part of France was ilauied with defeat, and wiih the un- propitious murder of 'Flieobald Dillon, who fell a prey to the fufpitions and favage ferocity of fome of the foldicrs, who Hed from the enemy, but attacked their general. '1 he court of Vienna, iiad, in the beginning of July, publillied a declaration, explaining the caule (if -.iie war, and tetorling on the French iialioti fome No. .j'^. of the heavy charges contained in its declaration of war ag.-'inll the king of Hungary and JJohcuiia, now empcro" of (Jermany. On the liOth day of the fume month, the Prufliaii monarch illiied a concifc cxpolition of the reafons which determined liim to take up arms againd France. He pleads his alliance with the emperor; and that, as fovereign of a German Hale, he was bound to inter- lere to prevent the violation of the rights of the Ger^r man princes of Alfuce and Lorraine, and the invalioii of the territories of others ; and lie lionedly Cf)ncludcsj by avowing that it is his intention to reprefs the too greai liberty of France, which might afford a dangerous example to neighbouring coimtrics. Ai the fame lime the duke of Brnnfwick, genera! of the combined armies of Aullria and Frnilia, [•".blillied at Coblcntz a declaration to the inhabiiants of France, conceived in tho molt haughty and prelumptuous term : he declared his intention oi putting a Itop to the anar- chy which prevailed in I'Vancc, and of rcdoring tl:c king to hispovver; and yet he afterwards ex'prelics his delign not to inlerfeie in the internal go\eriuiient ! It is not n'.'cedary to dwell on the other infulent parts of this memorial, in w hich France is already regarded as u conijuered country, and directions are given to the magiltrates, national gua^rds, and inhabitants at large : but the threat, that tiic city of Paris fliould be given uj) to military excci/.ion, in cafe the lealt outrage llioiild be offered to the king, (jucen, or royal family, is as vain as it is arrcjgant. Wc relate with jiawi the excelTc^ of the night be- twceit the yth and loih of Augult. The alarm-bell founded at midnight in every (juarter of Paris, the; geueralc was beat, and the citizens ilew to arms. Thu palace of the 'Fhuilleries was attacked by the mid- titude ; and the king, cjucen, and royal family, were forced to take refuge in the hall of the national af- fcmbly. At firlt the Svvifs guards (who were ob- noxious to the people, and liad been inefteiituallv |)ro- fcribed by repeated decrees of tlie ailembly, tlie kiiijw not being allowed to have a foreign guard^ repelled the popidace ; but thefe being reinlorced by il.i; iVIarfeiU lois and federates from Brelt, bodies which tin; Jacobins feemed to have brought to Paris to balance ii;c Swiff, and by national guards, the gates of the palace were binll open. 'I'he artillery joined the ali'ailants; and the conlequenccs were, that the Swifs guanls wi;re exterminated, and the pal.-'.ce ranfacked, after a llaughior of about lour hundred on eich fide. Unhappily the month of Scjitember feeincd pregnant with the total ruin of French freedom i but tne three following months revcrfed tlie fcenc, and exhibited a ('cries ol fnccefs, on the p;iil of I'lance, perhaps un- exampled in modern hi'lory. Wc c.innot without in- exprcllible concern direct the attention of our readers to the prifon fcenc, which occurred on the yd ami ;jd of September. The horrid maHacre of the defenccleis prifoners, and other anftocrals, which took place at that io U jcriod. 11} I*" ( I 9o6 A NEW AND COMP .ETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. fierioil, (lamps an eternal difgrace on the Parifian popu- ace, who, in their fury, f'pared not even that gcMie fex whict' all civilized jiaiions hold in the highcd re- fpedi. The nninber of the (lain has doubtlefs been ex- aggerated, as iil'iiai ; yet fiippo(ing that, by tHo nioll moderate account, only two thoiifand perilhcd, thi. enormity of the deed remains the fame. Some ex- tenuation might be o(rercd for the affair of the loth of Augu((, in V hich a p Oj 'e, who fuppofed themfclves betrayed to (lavcry, and all its evils, fo recently ex- perienced and lliakcQ.oJf, alHimed ihcir revenge and their caufe into their own hands ; but no vicfencc can DC offered for this unnecelfary crime. Had the com- bined armies befieged Paris, it is difficult to conceive what aid tlicy could have found from two or three thuu- fand aridocrats, and many of tliefc fccurcd in chains, and conHned in prifon. In order to determine on the charges brouglit againi'l the king, a national convention had been called. Fhiy met on the a^tli of September; and on the (irll day of the meeting, the abolition of royalty in France was decreed by acclaination ; and the following day it was ordered that all public a<5ts (hould be dated the lirlt year, &c. of the French republic. But hardly was this convention conlUtiited, when a violent fai!:fion ap- peared, headed by Marat*, Roberfpierre, and others, who have repeatedly degraded their tranfadlions by their violence and lanaticilm ; and, being fupported by the Jacobins and Parilian populace, liave proved too powerful for the convention to punilh as it wKhed. Repeated inllanccs have proved that the convention was not free, but compelled to vote as the mob of Paris diflated, the moderation of the members being often obliged to yield to the indecent applaufcs and hilfes of the gallery rabble. The I'rench arms were fo rapid in their progrcfs, and fo great were the dillrelfes in the combined armies, ■riling (rom a fcarcify of provilions, from a long rainy feafon, and from a confiderable iitortality ainung the Prudians, tllimated, by the French accounts, at one half, that the Prullians retreated from the dominions of France, and their example was foon followed by the Aullrians. * This furious zealot fell by the hand of female vengeance. Marie-Ainie-Cliarluttc Corday, llrongly imprcHl-d with the calainitics which he had brought upon her country, took a journey to Paris, in July 17(J3, on purpoie to put a period to his exillencc. Meeting Marat as he was coming from the Bath, and tillering into converfation with him (more certainly to idontily his perfun) Ihe plunged a dagger into his bitjfi ; upon whith he (ell, and foon expired. Glorying in having exterminated a monder, (he delivered herfelf up ro the officers of juflice, and with the ntmort firm- fiefi fubniiticd to her fate, in having her head fevered by the guiiloiine, in the 25th year ol her age. The invadon of Savoy was ordered, even at the very time that F^ris was in the greate(t danger. On the aid of September, generjl Montcfquieu entered the Savoy. ard territories, ftized on the frontier pods und (adles without rdidaiicc, and two days alter took Moiu- melian. Chaniberry and all Savoy foiij; tollowcd • but the conqued, not being reCidetl, was produiiljve of no military glory. The imprudence of the national convention, m perinitting Savoy to incorporate itfcif with France, has created wonder. After frequent declarations of the French, that thoy would enter into no war with any view to coiuiueK, tt'"i:- ^cnduft in this refpeft was abfurd and impolitic. It fiibjetled them to the merited reproach, that, under the pretence of liberty, they maintained the dcdruflive maxims of their ancient government; and that their wilhcs to increafe their territory, perhaps to fnbjugate Europe, remained the faine. Admiral Iruguct, com- manding a fquadron in the Mediterranean, captured Nice, Villa Franca, and the fortrefs of Montalban, be- longing to the king of Sardinia. Mod people regarded the conqueft of Savoy as a tiide; but when Cudine began his acquilitions in Ger- many, every eye was turned to the rapidity and im- portance of his progrcfs, till diverted by the wonders of Dumourier. Spires yielded to the French arms on ihe 30ih of September, and Worms foon after fol- lowed ; ainple fiipplies of provilions and ainmuniiion were iound in thefe cities. Cudine, purfuing his courfe along the left (bore of the Rhine, next can. tured Mentz, and afterwards Frankfort. He was eager to proceed to Coblentz, that noted feat of the counter- revolutionids ; but the Prullians and Audriansat length indicating a renewal of holtilities by garrifoning that town, and encamping in the adjacent country, he re- linquidied that delign. The next grand objeft 1 ras the conqucft of the Auftrian Netherlands. Dui.iouricr had promifed to pafs his Chridmas at Bruflels ; and what was regarded as an idle vaunt proved very modeft ; for that city was in his hands by the 14th of Noveinber. That able general, having entered the Netherlands on the fird or fecond of that month, with an army of forty thoufand men, fince much increafed, and with a mod formidahlc train of artillery, the fird five days were occupied with repeated engagements with the Audrian army com- manded by the duke of Saxe-Tefchen, governor of the Audrian Netherlands, and by general Beaulieu, wliich however exceeded not twenty thoufand. At length, on the 6th of Noverpbcr, a decilive battle was fought at Jamappes, which decided the fate of the Netherlands The conteft was very ocneral ; all the points of the enemy's flanks and lines vere attacked at once ; all the bodies of the French were in ai^ion,. rnid ;.lmod every individual fought perfonally. The cannonade began at (even in the morning; Dumourier ordered the village of Carignan to be attacked, bccaufe he could not attempt the heights of Jamappcii till he had taken EOROPF..]} R N E. 907 taken that village : at noon tlie French infantry formed in cdhiinns, and rapidly advanced to decide the affair by the bayonet. At two o'clock the Anftrians retired in the iitmoll difordcr, alter an oblliiiate defence. I)u- moiirier itnmcdiately advanced, and took poirelfion of the neighbouring town of Mons, where the French were received as brethren. The tidings arriving at EriilTeU, the court was flruck with an indefcribable pa- c ; and inHantly fled toRure- inondc, whence it w?.:, again to he driven by the arms of Miranda. Tournay furrendered to a deiailmKMit on the 8th of November. Dumourier, having refrenicd his troops at Motis, advanced to Brulllls, where, after an indecifive engagement between his van and the Aullrian rear, he was received with acclainations on the 14th of that mouth. — Ghent, Charleroi, Antwerp, Malines, or Mechlin, Louv.iin, Oileud, Namur ; in ihort, all the Aiidrian Netherlands, except Lux- embourg, fncccHively followed the example of the capital ; and the conquclls were not lefs rapid tiian thofe of Louis XIV. The national convention having banidicd many of the priefts, they came to England, and were received with great benevolence ; this was followed by their de- cree againft the emigrants, by which they arc declared dead in law, their ctFeds confifcated, and themrelves adjudged to immediate death, if they return to France. Another decree of the iqth o.^ November .ittraded the attention of every nation in Europe ; it i.s in the hil- lowing terms: "The national convention ilccl.ire, in the name of the French nation, that they will grant fraternity and alfiftafjce to all thofe people who vvifli to procure liberty ; and they charge the executive powei to fend orders to the generals, to give atlillancc to fuch people, and to defend citizens v\ho have dif- fered, or are now fuffering, in the caul'e of liberty." By this decree, and others of a (imilar tendency, a po- litical crufade againll all the powers of Europe, feems to be indituted. Antwerp had no fooner yielded to the French arms, than, in order to conciliate the Belgians, the opening of the navigation of the Scheldt, (hut up by the tieaty of Munfter m 1648, was projetk-d, and ordered ; iiut- withlhndine this treaty, fo far as it refpe£ts the fliiit- ting up of tne navigation of that river, has been con- iirmed to the Dutch in fucceediug treaties, guarantied both by the courts of Verfailles and London. The Dutch regarded this meafure as injurious to their trade ; for Antwerp might prove a dangerous rival to Amfterdam. The infradlion of this treaty is one of the reafons which has induced the parliament of Gr.at- Britain to oppofe the unwarrantable pretcuiions of thi' French republic, and to join its forces with thofe of the allied powers, in defence of their common rights, and thofe ot Europe in general. On the nth of December 1792, the memorable trial of the king commenced. The iiruc is well known. The firm cfs of this unfortunate monarch during his trial, and at the place of execution, on the aifl of Ja* nuary 1793, increafed the coirmifcration of every in" dirtercM jpei^utor, and callous indeed inud Le the per- fon who does not partake of the fympathy which vva* felt through all Europe upon this tranfadlion; and wc mull add, that the records of mankind exhibit no in- llancc of crimes deliberately committed, attended witli fo many circmnftances of wanton, unrelenting cruelty, and fo evidently pernicious to the caufe of the unfeclijig perpetrators. Execution of the French King. An hour after Louis had been informed of the fatal doom, two municipal officers repaired to the qiicen'a apartment, to ligni'y what was o happen. The queeu advanced towards the olTicers, with her hands uplifted, and cried, " O ye murderers I C) ye nuirderers !" foe near ten niiiuites — then in convuUive hyderic fits drop- ped down on the tloor : having recoV';red herfelf, (he looked with a itaring, fignilicant eyj at the otlicers, who Hood in a dillant corner of the room — then turning rouiul to the ■ .iiiphin, flie Hied a flood of tears, em- braced him, and exclaimed, " My dear fon, I do not know what 1 am doing — let us never confound the in- nocent with the guilty." Soon after, the queen, madame Elizabeth, the king's filler, and the dauphin, were conduced to the king's dining-room, where the unfortunate monarch em- hraced them with great ferenity : the officers with- drew, and a fccne enl'ued of tendernefs and grief, which none but heaven and the parties prefeut wit- nelled. Two hours after, the municipal officers were calleJ in, and the kingexprelled a deilre of feeing his wretched daughter, who was in a feparate apartment. His de- mand was granted, and he and his family, under a pro- per efcort, went to the fpot. She was thai day four- teen years and thirty-three days old. It is faid that llie expired foon alter the king kit her, but that is not true, (he being liill living ; her devoted royal father em- braced her ; Ihe clung dole to him — he bedewed her with tears — (he was w reded from him, and remained infeulible for foine time, when (he exclaimed, " O my lather I () my tender lather !" Paternal heroifni made th- king depart from his beloved daughter. Maternal feeling retained ihc queen and her lilter-in-law with the dauphin, who faid to Louis, " We will fee you by- and-by — Adieu, hudiand ! Adieu, brother! Adieu, fa- ther !" The king watted a kifs to them with his right hand, but they (aw hiiii no more ! Arrived in his room, the monarch prollrated hiinfelf, and faid prayers- with his confellbr Edgeworth, an Eiiglirti priell, other- wife (ailed De Fcrmond, for an hour and upwards, af- ter which he had his beard lliaved, and his hair turned up in a curl from behind, without powder. In a previous decree made by the national conven- tion, the placi for putting their inhuman fcntence into exccutioo^ t' i-^ 'jr. I «(, II.. il; U f .i| T I I I I' t)08 A XRW AKD COMPLETE SYSTEM op UXIVFRSAI, CEOC.RAPIIV. pi- ll VCIV ;-lR>iic two ■v his Icrvcialy, and two captains ol the na vn the Iroi'.t ("cat. The carriage wat Mack horfes, preceded hy the mayor, gCi and other municipal ofhcers. Ciuc fqiiai . ^^itll trumpeters and kcttlc-drnms, led the van of c. melancholy coi vov : tiiree heavy pieces of ordnance, Aviih jiroper implements, and cannoneers, with lighted matches, went before the vehicle, which was efcortcd en both lides bv a treble line of troopers. The train movcti on wiih a (low pace from the Tem- ple to the boulevards, wliic-li were planted with cannon, and bcfct with national guarhi. h duchy was ceded to France, and Tufcaiiy was fettled upon him in lieu of it. While Francis was iluke o( Lnrr-iine, he married the archducHcfs Maria Thcrefii, No. 4'). daughter of the emperor Charles \'L The emperor Charles, having no male ilhie, Maria Therefa fiicc eded to his hereditary dominions ; and, in ty^f,, her huf nd Francis was eledled emperor. Marie Antoinctt as their eighth daughter, born at Vienna on the 2<' f No- vember 1755. She was inarricd to the daup '•■^ of France, the late king, on the 16th of May 1770. "his marriage was attended with a very reinarkable and me- lancholy circumdance. On Thurfday 'he 3Ctii of May, the grandeft fire-works that ever were known were in- tended to have been exhibited, and in part were fo, in the fquare of Louis XV. in honour of the marriage ; but the difaftcrthat followed dafhed all the pleafure that could have been received from this mod fplendid fpec- tacle. The adonifhing mnltitude that had crowded to fee the fire-works were blocked up on all lides, except one narrow dreet, through which they mud all pafs in order to difperfe. ^me obdruiSlion happening in that dreet, and the r ."pt )t knowing the cau("e, took fright, and everv o le iling forward to get away, the confu.ion incr . ,d fc . that one trampled over ano- ther, till the I 'O; • lay in heaps ; thofe who were un- dernoft dab' 'he " who lay above them, in crdcr to difer,;age thenifi '. The carnage was inexpredible. The accounts ma..c tho dead to amount to 1000, and the wound '02000 more. By fome midake in the engineer, li ;;^;,aiatus took fire; many hundreds were precipitated into the river in endeavouring toefcape the flames ; and the fcaffold broke down which was eieded for fpeftators, by which many more were killed. The fuperditious in France faid the affair was ominous. The dauphin, in the firdtranfports of his grief, gave all the mone_y allotted for his month's expences towards the re- lief of the fufferers, and in this he was followed by the dauphinefs. His majedy was alfo greatly affedkd, and iffued orders, that no expence might be fpared to fuccour andadiftthe miferable. Louis XV. dying on the 10th of May 1774, the dauphin afccnded the throne, by the name of i-ouis XVL *, We diall conclude this period of our work with fome intereding remarks on the probable caiife, together with the prugrcfs and prefent date, of the Revolution in Fiance. A variety of reflexions naturally occur in reviewing the progrefs of the French revolution, and the conduct of the principal aiSlors in thofe extraordinary fcenes, which have attended it. The mod intelligent perfons have remarked, that no revolution which had liberty for its foundation or its pretext, was ever difgraced by fo wanton an cttufion of blood, by fo many faiigiiinary executions, fuch inhuman malfacres, fo much rat' our and perfecuiion of every kind, 'i'o underltand tho na- ture and caiifesof thefc melancholy events, feveral con- fiderations will demand our attention. 1. The revolution in France was at the fird toofud- denly etVeded. The change in the circutndances, ha- 10 X birs. i 1 i f , ■ '1 f\ ill/ ■■'•i !m 1IMi-J 9to A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. bits, and opinions of the peopl'- was too violent, and they were too little prepared for the enjoyment of li- berty. Had the court anticipated tlie allcinbling of the (latcs-eeneral by foinc faliitary and ufcf"' reforms in fa- voiiiof the people, they would not only !iave fcrved to (Ircr.gtheii the connexion between the king and hisfub- jcdt, and tiiore firmly to attach the latter ; btit fiich a conduit would have been a proper initiatory procefs, and would have prepared all ranks of people to i& as rational agents in the caufc of freedom. Had the king, by his own authority, abolifhed the odiouj tyranny of letters de cachet, the punidiment of the rack, and every fpccies of judicial cruelty, it would not only have endeared him to Ms fubje£ls, but would have himianized them. Could ho nave ordered a rcvifal of the judicial fyrtem, and, in pirticuiar, cotiW behave cft^blimtd the trial by jury, it would have inured thetn to the praftice of equity, and to the calm invertiga- tion of truth. If he had done in addition, what there is reafon to believe he was not averfe to, that is, if he had indulged the natural clemency of his temper in permitting a free tolerati'in to religious opinions, he would have attached the ProteHants, and would have ereatly lellened the acutencfs of party animodty — and if he had favoured, to a certain degree, the liberty of the prefs, the free difciillion of controverted points might have been advantageous to the caufe of truth and moderation ; while, on the contraiy, the people, having been wholly unaccuftomcd to the liberty of the jrefs, were not on theit'gtiard againil its licentioufnefs, atid were conflantly impofed upon, and the dupes of the infamous journalilts and their employers and ad- herents. The cour* party appeared to have no fyftem, no fettled plan of proceeding, when the ftptes-general af- fembled. They were undetermined what to retain or what to rclinquilli ; whereas the plan of government ought to have been previoufly fettled ; every thing to be propofed to the Hates ought to have been well digeiled ; and proper agents chofen to introduce each particular mealure to the national affembly. On the contrary, roth'ig could be more abfurd than the attempt, after the deputies of the nation were alFemblcd in one com- mon hall, and even while the metropolis was ".• a fer- ment, to rellorc or prefervc the ancient regimen. With this unfortunate outfct, the whole condutS of the king and of the court coirefponded. The feafl of the military at VerfailLs ; the flight of the king ; the cb- ftinate cxertifc of his veto ; all fcrved to lay the dc- figns of the -"ourt open to fufpicion. 2. For aconliderable time before the rcvoltition, the French were the moft profligate, corrupt, and unprin- cipled people in Europe. All of the higher orders were diiripated, they were confequently all venal. The lower clafUs were hardened by ignorance, by oppreflion, by the freqtient horrid executions of which they were wittiefl'es, and by f)thcr feverities. The venality and corruption of fotiic, who from time to time aftectcd to be the friends uf the people, drew duwn a fufjiicion upon all of the higher orders; tnj the ferocity of iIiq multitude, and their ignorance, and confequently want of principle, phmgcd them into cxcefTcs of the moil fatal and fanguinary nature. 3. We have alfo to deplore, in connexion with thii circumflance, the irreligious principles which had un« happily made To fatal a progrefs in France. Nothing (hort of religion can impart an uniformity to the moral charafler. Where citpedicncy is the only rule of con- du(5l, the human mind will naturally indulge in too great a latitude on fomc occaOons, efpecially where the paflions are ftrongly interclled This perhaps, imkcd, IS the diflinguiOiing circumflance which marks the two revolutiotis of America and of France. The American: were poflTeflTed of a ftrong fenfc of religion ; and con- fequently, though the inftances of treachery which oc- curred amotig thcmfelves were fcarccly lefs numerous in proportion than thofe which happened among the French, the vid^ims of popular fury were much lewer. They were under a necemty of defending themfclves ; but, iadei^cndent of this circumflance, they could not forget that their religion taught them " to love their enctiiies:" but the majority of the French nation were either uninnru£lcd in the truths of this religion, or had rejected its falutary rcftraints and precepts. After all, if we would trace calamity to its fource, we muft be forced to confefs, that the flimfy writings of the wretched caviller Voltaire have undone France. We venerate, and ever (hall venerate, the caufe of religious toleration. Every feft which acknowledges a future (late of rewards and punilhments is innoxious, if not refpedable. But if this great foundation of morality is removed, there can be no dcpesidcnce on the principle or integrity of the people. Let the Horileys and the Prieftleys freely indulge themfclves in verbal contells concerning the difputed points of theology :— but let every impious fcofFer, who prefutnes to aim his dedruc- tive (hafts at any of the great dodrines of religion, be feverely puni(hed, and his writings ftridllv prohibited. No government can be fafc, nor will it be poffible to maintain or(!cr, or even common honedy atnong men, till this is cdabli(hed. 4. The league of Pilnltz, and the infamous conduft of the combined powers towards the republic of Po- land, having, as already intimated, excited at once the apprchenfions and the refenttnent of the French ; it was nq difficult matter to perfiiade the multitude that the cotirt was immediately conncded with the invaders ; and this opinion was unfortunately countenanced by the Eiiblications of the combined powers, and particularly y the imprudent manifcfto of the duke of Bruiifwiik. The repeated difmifHon of the popular miniders, and the obitinacy of the king in other inftances, confirmed the fufpicion. Hence, and hence only, the republican fadion were enabled to acquire fo tnuch credit with the people ill the months of June, July, and Atigud 1702. ^^ The EUROPK.1 N E. 9«« - — ■ The avowed hudility of this fadlion might have dri- ven the court in its turn into ho(\ite meafurcs, without imputing a£lual treachery to Louis. For we mull ob- ferve, that this is a matter (till involved in impenetra- ble obfcurity ; and it is impoflible to determine, from the fiatc of the evidence, cither the nature or the extent of the king's connexions with the counter-revohi- tioniUs. Thus far is certain, that Paris was crowded with the ci-devant noblefle, and other difafteded pcr- fons, on the loth of Auguih Tiie fatal rupture, and the dreadful carnage of that bloody day, let loofo at once all tiie demons of difcorh Every bad pallionwas put in motion— revenge, party-rage, the dciire of plun> dcr, all that is depraved and abominable in human na- ture, was predominant in the breads of different indivi> duals, and prepared the way fur the dill deeper horrors of the 2(1 and 3d of Seiptember, and for all the cala- mities which have fmce happened to the nation. j. We mud alfo take notice of another circumdance, Yvhich is, that the exceflivo population of France is greatly calculated to perpetuate violence and anarchy in that country. Independent of the frequent alarms of famine from this circumdance, it is impoflible that there fliould not exid in every conliderable city immcnfe multitudes of indigent and dcfperate perfons, who are always readv to promote every fpecies of mifchief and diforder, and who when once excited cannot eafily be reduced to peace and fubordination. This again con- dittites another remarkable diadc of difference between the American and the French revolutions. The American armies were compofed in general of fettled and indudrious people, of farmers and mecha- nics, mod of whom had families i they confequently embraced the iird opportunity to return to their peace- able employments and habitations, to lit every man un- der his own vine, and his own fig-tree i and they re- garded the affairs of date no further than as they ferved to fecure them in the peaceable pod'edlon and enjoy- ment of their property. Every man at the conclufion of the war had fomething to do ; every man had bufi- nefs of his own to attradi his attention. Not fo the rabble of Paris, of Lyons, of Marfeilles —many of them have no regular employtnent, and the numbers of banditti are increafed by the total ftagnation of the commerce and manufaflures of France. They can acquire more by plunder and confifcation, than by fober indudry ; and thus it becomes at once their intered to be turbulent, unruly, fanguinary, and capri- cious. The diforder and the violence are always in- creafed by the numbers ; and in proportion to the num- bers colledcd together, the pafhons of the multitude arc iiiHamed. After the lOlh of Augud, the Gironde party, in vain, affcflcd a tone of modi;ratioi) ; and when they had ob- tained their wifhes, they exhorted in vain the populace to return to order and obedience. They baci excited the fatal concullion ; they had taught the multitude to know their own drcngth ; they had dillurbcd tiie gene- ral tranquillity, and abfurdly flattered themfclves that a f|)irii of infuirection would be as eafily quelled as it was excited. Without witliing, therefore, to depreciate their (lender tlaini to merit in aiteniuting to fave fll« life ot the king) wc cannot but regard this party as tiiu immediate aiitlu'rs of the ralamiiies which have be- fallen their cotiiitry fiiicc the overthrow of the monar" "hical conllitution. The maflacrc of the lolh of Augud was fcarcely lefs atrocious than that of the ^d of Septcrntur; and when thefe men fell the vidlims of the very means which they had employed, and were murdered in their turn hy the very mob which they had formerly excited, though our religion teaches us to pity even the guilty, and to lament tlie fhedding of human blood upon any occa* fion, yet, in the dreadful event, it was impoHible not to difcern fomething of retributive judicc. Betides this, the Gironde had fomething to charge themfelves with for wantonly ejigaging their country in one vain and fruitlefs war after another ; and on the whole, we think they have been a pernicious faiftion. They >v'ere, perhaps, lefs fanguinary and cruel than their ferocious fucceffors, but in point of real principle we fee little room for preference. 6. The popular focieties indituted throughout the kingdom, for debating upon political fubjedls, and that of the Jacobins in particular, had been a mod fatal means of promoting bad difpofitions among the peo- pie. In the firddawn of French liberty, fuch inftitu- tions might have their ufe; but they fhould even then have been redrained within moderate bounds, and as foon as pofTtble diifolved. Thefe have afforded a con- dant afylum to the profligate ; and in thefe every ab- furdity, every meafurc of fedition and of cruelly in the national councils, have originated. The above recited circumdances appear to have been the principal caufes which have operated to give to the French revolution that fanguinary and horrid charac- ter by which it has been too fatally didinguidied* ; and which. • It is with the greated concern we record the fol- lowing recent indanccs of the atrocities which the dill exiding fanguinary and mercilefs difpofition of the French republicans has impelled them to commit to* wards their countrymen the Lionnois : " On Friday December ao, 1793, a petition of the inhabitants of Lyons, imploring mercy, was prefentcd to tiie convention, and referred to the committee of public welfare. The deplorable fituation of tliefc unfortunate people, may be fomewhat better conceived from the following extra«5t from this petition : 'Two commiitions, the formidable indruments of the ven- geance of the outraged republic, have beencftabliflied : tour hundred heads were druck off in one month, by virtue of their refolutions! Soon after, other judges appeared, who complained that the blood did nc (treain in iff. I ^'k 9ia A NF.W and COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOORAPHY. V'hich. ai far as the cin umnancc^ may appiv to other naiionii, may fcrvc as a warning ai';uinll nally revohi- tions, and as a guide in the cundii6lir)g of Aich plans of reformation as political cxi[',cnces may fcem tu warrant or require, and as wifduni and mudcratiuii only can fandlion and pciptliiatc. The fubjngation of l-'rancc cannot be expe(ncd to rcfiilt from any ert'oris iifcd by the preftnt combination, fmce it has been the uniform aUcriion of thofc who are bell acquainted with the rcfuurtcs and the temper «f the nation, that, whatever be the force of the external attack, (he is invincible : and this fcntiment derives fomc confirmation from the experience of two cam- pai>^ns, unfticctfsfidly terminated On the reltoration of peace, from whatever caiife that may be itt'cdltil, we look for a train of events very dift'erent from what the aloe I'l of affairs at preft'nt may feem to proinife. — The M\ circiimllance which, in that cafe, we will ven- ture to prcdirt, is, that the prefcnt leaders will not long be able to retain their power. Whatever their abilities (and we mull confcfs that they have difplayed fome encrj;y, if not ability) they have not, even with a profligate and corrupted people, character enough to liipport tl)cir popul.iriiy long. We think it highly probable that the experiment of eflablilhing a republic will be continued for fomc time longer; but it will never be more than an expe- riment : and before many years the nation, wearied with ta£li(in and with contell, will certainly have re- courfe to fome form of monarchy or arillocracy ; and that that period would be hallened, were any one man particularly diftinguKhed by his talents above his com- |>ctit(>rs to arife. No Inch has yet appeared; but it is amid the violence of political commotion that genius is ill fufEcient abundance : and a revolutionary commif- lion has been appointed. That new tribunal received cirders to repair to the prifons, to judge in one and the fame moment the great number of priloners with which they were crammed. That commitlion puncflually ful- filled its rigorous orders; and no luoner had it pro- nounced fentence tiian the cannon arrived, and a thun- der of cafe Ihot was dif-harged upon the condemned. — Struck by the fatal Cue, the viiflims of the laws fell in heaps upon each other ; and frequently, but mutilated, they were only half-killed by the firil difclurge. 'I hofe victims who had flill breath left in them after that pu- nifhment, were difpatchid with the fvvord or the miif- ket. Even the pity of a weak and feeling lex has been conllriied into u crime : two women were dragged to the pillory, for having implored mercy for their fathers, hiifbands, and children ! — All tears, all coiumife- ratiou wcie rigouroully forbidden. Nature has been fcjrccd to llirte lur moll generous emotions, under pain of death, hour thouland heads arc now devoted to the fame puuinmunt, and '•. ill be llruck olF before the ex- ijiraiioij ol tliis div." called into aAion, and it would be contrary tu all hif* lorical precedent if, on this occafion, no one wastopre< fent himfelf. We cannot pollibly doubt, that the prefcnt legifl], tors of France, have it ultimately in view to abolilh Chrillianity.or the very idea of religion. Dut in this they will be difappomted. The people mull have a reli. gion ; and as none fo good as the Chrillian can be of. fcred them, fomc form of (hat rtligion will be the pre- dominant faith of the French people. The mod pro- bable conje^ure is, that the zealous profefTors of foina of the lealt moderate of the Proteftant fe^s will inll- nuatethemfelves among them, and cifedl a religious re- volutit.n not lefs flupcndoiis than that which they have experienced in their civil (laic. This very circum- flance may hallen the political crifis to which we al- luded in the preceding paragraph. The imprudent mealures of the convention, in unfettling the faith of the nation, in the foolilh expectation of eflablilhing atheifm. has jiid prepared the public mind for Inch a change ; nor fliall we be fnrprifed to fee, in the coiirfe of a few years, the difciples of Whitefield, of Wellcy, or perhaps of Swedenborg, ufiirp that authority which is at prefcnt poU'cired by the atheiltical chiefs of there- republic. As tothc war in which ihis country is at prefcnt (1794) engaged with France — we are willing, in common can- dour, to acquit the Britifh miniltry of the atrocious charge of having at all entered into the views of the combined powers in the abfurd proje£l for a partition of France; and we believe the accufation to be a grofs and unfounded calumny. This will not, we confcfs, apologize for the want of prudence in our minKtry in departing from that fydem of flridl neutrality which was fo entirely eliential to our profperity. From this concelTion it will be evident that we think our minillry was precipitate in halleiiing a rupture with France ; and indeed we do not find the reafons for thofe meafurcs which involved us in hollilities well founded. Two caufes were afligned by the Britifh minifler for breaking with the KrencTi nation ; but thcle were fiirely quite iiiconfillent with each other. The firll was the atrocity and villany of their condii6l ; the fecond, the fear that their example might be followed in this coun- try. Surely we are corredl in faying thefe two reafons were perfedlly inconfillent. The more atrocious the condutl of the French, the lefs the danger tliat any other nation Ihotild copy their example ; ami the truth is, tiiat though every foiiety is liable to be infelled with a few enthullafts and vilionaries, the example ol France Iras operated as a complete warning to Britain, and as a dccilive antidote to tin' cxteiilion of democratic princi pics, which the fuccefsfiil example of America h.id perhaps rather promoted. Were we pcrniitle:! to fcrutiiii/e into the ftxrcts of cabinets, we might pol'ibiy find tliat the motive of the Fnglilh minillry in provoking;, and that of the French in dcclaiiiig war, \Nasoa each 6 liJe a vain-jilorious and abliiid Fairvtpf.] F R a nbCiiril hoptr of C(»niiiic(J. It into be prcfiminl, lli.ii b ill) panics luv<- i(.iriii'il .1 liitlu vvilUnni tioin iid'nl^rx- jn-mncc i ami W( (liuiild bi- h.ippy to fiiul that the n;- liilt of tli.ii wilil>'in l)i'>iilil be llic rr-i llablilliincnt of pracc. It is an indilt upon cotninoit fiiilc, tn fjy ibcrL i> no pcilDii with whom v.c can tiiat. No nutter through wbjt nu'diiim trampiilliiy is ndori-d. Who- ever is picKlaimctl by tbe |iiil)lii: v >icc the aivMit ol anv ju'iip!f, with thai pirfnii (\vhaiL-\cr his iijural iliaracKi) It niiiU be lawtiil to iraiii'a^'^ all mri-llary biirmd's, lor proiiioliiig the WfU'arc of the coiiiiiinnity, :iiul thf bc- m(it anil coniCort of iniliviiiui', . — Wc conciiulc thfrt-- loie in carncdiy recomnicmlin^' peace, by whatever means it may be achieved. Let us leave the I'rt iich toanfivrr for their own fins. Whatever may be their code ot faith, it is ours to be- lieve in a proviJtiiti il Ruler, the a\cni;cr of iujullice and of cruelty. A paitieular fotiety (hies not trenih on the divine prerogative, v\hen it jmniflies individual crimes, coinmitted in defiance of thofe laws wliiili it has eUablillud for the fjciirity ol its own member-- ; but when one nation marches in warlike array to piinilh the fins of another nation, tKe attempt favours too muei) ot Quixotifm, and the only confequence is connnoiily tiic facritice of many innocent lives, and fucli us might have proved ornaments to their country. Taking for granted the truth of all that has been al- leged of the depravity of the French (and certainly we cannot be accufed of any dirpolition to coutroviTt it) ftill the quelHon i\ill not t ably be anfwend, "What intercll can Great-Britain have in the untell ? What ultimate advantage are tfr to derive tmni it f" II the Krcnch are, as they are reprefei>fi:d, " a worthlel's, de- praved, and incorrigible peojile," are the bloud and treafure of Britain to be lavilhed, are her matuita>^hires and commerce to be fucriticed, for the pur|)ufe of Irain- N E. Vi iiig a government f)r a p<;o[)le, v\ho cann.it upon thefe prMKiplis be worthy df the (lighted exertion } lint, it will !).• fuid, " the whole nation is not to bo hlained lor the crimei ot a ! i^Mioii ; the majority may probably wi(h for a better aii.mgenient." -l.eau' thru the m.ijority to refirm their own govcri»inent. " But the emigrants at Italt arc del'ervu'g p';rfotis, and ought to be rtdored to ih (which Heaven avert !) indeed the pub- lic ililhels Ihould diive the people to defperatirin. We rc[ieat it, the French have aisled in fuch a tnanncr, that the mod defpotic prince in luimpe may (limiber in fe- cnrity ; lince there is /'carcely a pe( pie that vvouKI not be difpofrd to fubmit to the mod op, 'Hve niandai's of, authority, rather than fratcrtiize with thei]i, or iinilaic their dreadful example. In one word, it is not France lor which we plead — we plead for outfelves. We plead" lor the fuifcnngs of the poor, for the embarrairments of the manufac'lurer, for the lives of thofe who are molk dear to tis, lor that biooil which is much too precious- to be died in this ttuiilefs, this tliatiklefs quarrel, this lioriid and dedrudtive war! which ( vei , lover of man- kind muft devoutly ho|ie will be fpeedily and happily terminated, by an honourabl-j and pennaneiU peace ;. and that, by the over-ruling power fnd wildoin of Pro- vidence, the general advantage and benefit ot contend- ing nation!), and tliltreiied individuals-, will U>kc place- ot the inifcries and devafbtioiiii of war> :1 8^ ire rtfieB with unfpeakahh Jat'tsfafl'ion on huving hetn tmhltd, with the kind and united qffijfance afforded us, to ful- fil the terms propofed at the beginning of this vtiliuiMe work' which tue htnie properly introduced by prefixing to our general SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, cinumjiautial accounts of the NEW 1)1SC(JVERIES, made by various celebra-^ tod Eunpean navigators, which, we doubt not, "ivill be peculiarly agreeable to our numerous readers. Great pains have been taken throughon ■ to comprife a competent quantity of uftful mutter in a moderate compefs, by avoidingtidious and antiqua- ted details refpeUm^ places of trivial confenuen:e to the judicious iuveJlig(Uor of injiruilion and information ,•— at the Jamt time that we have beta extremely careful to infer! a pleajing variety of RKCE^T DESCRIPTIONS of countries,, handed down to us byVjj'U'ers and travellers of allowed credit, — we have moreover been happy to convey to our numerous rea- ders the bejl and nnvejl tueas of the prefent politiadjlate of France ; and to chfe the whole with an accurate hijlory cf the remarkable REVOLUTION o/^VA has lately taken place in that kingdom \ — which valuable and defirable acquiftlion has not hitherto appeared in any performance of this kind, and therefore prefume it will p'lve ' ighly acceptable to the public in general, and entitle us to the future countenance and encouragement of our generous friends, ivhofe formn favours we. mifl gratefully achioivledge. No. 46. 10 Y As 914 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. An useful guide to GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY. ., ^ A R T L THE fciiMue of GroGKAi'HY conl'ills in an accu- rate dclcripiion of the earth, its ("urfacc, niagiii- tiicle, ^iil file iiofitions of f.-vcrai parts of tlie furl ace of the terraqueous globe. This iilefnl bratich of know- ledge, iiive all (itliirs of a practical nature. Ins advanced towards petfeilion hy How, and, in foinc periods, byal- nioll iniperee[itiblc degrees; it cannot, however, be compltteiy acc,nireil without confidering the earth as a j;lantt, or as a body iiioving round another at a confi- tierabie dillancc from it. The other noble fcicncc, which treats of t!ic planets and the rcll of the heavenly hodies, is prqierlv called Astronomy, with an ac- count of wliicli, ai;d of thnfe celcHial bodies, we have thought itneceli'ary to begin this part of our work. The cioH confpictious rf ihefe bodies is that glorious lutninary the fun, the fource of light and heat to the fevcral pla- nets which move round it ; and which, together with the fun, as the centre, coinpofe what is called by aflro- Domtrs the folar fyliein. The way, or path, in which the planets move round the fun, is called their ovbit. There are fix prirnary planets, each of which moves round the fun in rts own orbit; thefe are, Mercury, Venus, the Karth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Tlic twof^ft, as they move within the orbit of the earth (be- incT nearer thj fun) are c;\llcd inferior planets, or, per- haps with (greater prop'itty, interior or inner planets : the three hilt, moving .vithoiit the orbit of the earth, are called fnpcrior, <5r, perhaps more properly, exterior or outer planets. The earth moves round the liin in the fame manner as thefe primary planets do. Wc Ihall iiiw co.ilider the ti;;ure and motion ot the earth. In the inf.iticy of the world, llie figure of the earth ■w,.: unknown : it was generally fuppoied to be ti plane, , ircular fiirlace, terminated by the heavens ; that tins plane wa^, of no rtmarkabl',- thicknefs ; and that the re- • ;ioiis below it were the habitations of fpiritj. 'I'he iieavetis, above our earth, in which the fun, moon, Slid liars appeared to mo\e daily from c-afl to well, were t.mceived to be at no ^Tcat diilance from it ; and to l)e only dcfigntd for its ufe and ornament ; but feveral leafouy, which it is nccdit-fs to inention, concurred to r( ndcr this opinion improbal'le. The figure of the earth ir fdfUcieiitly afccrtaiiicd, frotn the voyages of man) iiavig.i'ors who have adually lai'id round it; particu- Utrlv, Ferdinaiul .Mageilan, wlio by his circiimniviga- lion begun in ijiu, and ( ompleted in 1124 days, de- ii.uiillratcd at onct the fphcriciiy of the globe, and (he exiftencc of the antipodes, which had been fo flrcnii oiilly denied by the ignorant tongue of luperltitious bi- gotry. After thoroughly cl^aLlilhing the ronndnefs of the earth, a way v\as naturally opened for the difcoV( ry of its motion : for while mankind conlidered it as a plane, they had but an obfcnrc idea of its biing fupported, like a fcafVolding on pillars, though they could not ti il by what thefe latter were fupported. This will evident- ly appear on confidering that, if the earth did not ino.e round the fun, not onlytiiat luminaiy, but all the dars ffnd planets, mult move round tlie earth. Philofophers have, by calculations founded on the molt accurate ob- (t-rvations, been able pref.y nearly to difcover the di|, tances of the lieavenly bodn s from the earth, an 1 from each othtr, in like manner as every perfon that knows the firil elements of mathematics can meafine the height of a (keple, or any (jbje(fl placed on it; hence it ap- pears, that if we conceive the heavenly bodies to move round the earth, tluir velocity and nuition mull be in conceivably great, whereas all the appearances in na- ture may be as well txplamed by imagining the earth to move round the fun in the Ipace of a year, which caufe5 the vicillitudcs of the fcafons, and to turn on its own axis once in the ? 1 hours, which occafions itic dilTer. cnt appearances ol day and night. In order to have a riglit coiucpiion of thefe two tno- tions of the earth, wc may iinagine a ball nuiving on a billiard-table o: bowling-green: the ball proceeds for- wards upon thegr'-n or table, not by (liding along like a plane upon W(.i> i, or a (late upon ice, but by turning round its own axi.., whi' h is- an imaginary line drawn through the centre i^r middle ot the ball, and ending on its furlace on two points called the pules. Now the morion vf the earth roiitul its axis is from well to call, and confequently the heavenly bodies appear to move ♦ rotn ealf to welt; and as the lormcr is performed in 24 hours, fo the lattev a; pears to be completed in iie fame time ; and all the cei: dial objects feeii; to (klVnlic c Irclcs in the heavens, \vhi> h are greater or lefs, accorvl- in;.^ as they are nearer to or turtlier from the centre of thofe motions, (hat is, from the two pules of the woild: imd as they all appear to finilli their .evolutions n iIip. fatnc time, their motions wil! Uetl'verin projiortioii to the fmallnefs of the circle they clcfi ribc. It may be iicceirary to obfervc, bct^rc we exhibit a table of the planets, that, bclides tl; • fix above namci, there are others which are cailei' fecondarv, becaali. they move round the primary planets. The fccon i.u, planri; Y. MY. en fo flrcnu Jcrltitious l)i- (Incfs of tlie clifciiv( ly of it as a plane, pporicil, like li not ti il l>y will eviiliiit- (iid tu,'. iiio.e It all tl'.L' .lars rhilofoplRTs I accurate ob- :()vcr the tlill. itli, anl from II that knows me the height licnce it ap- ;)diLS to move n imill be in iranccs in iia- Jgihe earth to , whi( h caiift? rn on its own ions ihc differ- ihtfc two mo- 1 movins^ on a I proitcds fur- ling along like but by tiiriniig try line drawn and ciding on es. Now the n well !o tad, ipi-ar to move perfornied in nplelcd in the liii. to (!••, firibc ir Icfs, an iMii- I the centre of ot the vvoihl: jliitioiis m thf*. ill propotticii we t \hibii ,1 abi;ve ii.mu !, tdai\', becauli.* 1 he fcconiiai V planri; ^ V I ! i .11.' ft A NKW CVUW. TO CFOnRArnY AND ASTnON'OMV 0«<' frlfsA aai&sdaiii -,Miirtt<*ti iitiiii* il'UlMMtom )mW« *to toil ii\ n>n(>l»«'t, unil yn mulci' tl\i' ^ri\rrrtl I rti ilin lunnrc ol ilu> tiiwf \vlij> li any pliinci uIm^ lit ^^^ [\\\i\-, »M\\' mov^t i.Miml ilu> fiulh, Ictii n«m\»l Jtipi- 11*1, ithvl livo UMii»it SiU>m\. Tld'li' l»"((>nvlrtiv |*lin\ti?< lrlV>u k\tuN (>< r»lipl>'*i I, W'Idu t|\('v rtii* willun ilir il»,ulv>\\M ill ll\ri\ |.»l, 0, \\ |\rii il\<- |M\ni:M v |il»mi 1,1 b.'l\v»M'i\ \\w\\\ i\nil »!<■ ;), \\'l\»-n \\u\ nii In ivvn'i) il<\ i\ |>iiiimiv i>hr ;ii\>l ni , lot iluit ii (« tlilluult IK (lillinjMUlli of t\V(> limunoiis poinii ono fioni \W oihri, ^. VVhrn lluv ihIimi'kIc bivwctii owe hmhiIki Ai\li«l iVd'MII till' (iMilll'.l l\\i< IMIII\i|'ll \,\\\1, \\\\w\\ ifmiKiio ill.' iiuiiuMis »>( ull ihi' pliiicu. I'luli l,t ,HV> rtU" IhO liMliiW ll\({ I II. I 111' I'l.iii. u il.-lviilio <'>|iirtl itii'iis ill ruii.il riuu II, ilu' vrOlor liHliii*, in riiiinl immiioiim itmoj. Ot lllllO, vlt t. Ml»f. t'.lllll ;IUil. i>| ilu- p.n.i.lit III liinrN III till' I'll!- iii'tK «i\< Ail iluii iiu'411 ililliiitvi'). tiiiiii ihcliin." riitkiiit (IrlViilir its nitnl. ji In ill.- I.|urtii' ol ll\i> liiin" i.ik<'ii tty rtiiv mlu'i pl.inrt in iiiii iIiumij'Ii \[\ imI»ii ; l«> ir iIio viilirt nl ilu' iimin liill.iii. 1' (lnii. I In Ii' nil ill.' Iw.i tmimii'* lnws >il Krjilfi. n (;ii'. lir^;inlliM^pi| llif Irvninriiili «oniiiM, iiiiil >vlin Oi'diunt ilu in Imni A ninliiiniU' iil»lVi\rtinniN i I'lii llio lull \vli.» (!• imhh lliitnl iluu- Irtwji, wrts «lio iiuiMnimirtblo Sii lu.i. N.-w pnif toll. I'v itir l.»"iMul l:i\v. llio uliilivr ilill^iiur* ol' llir |i||' nrls li.ini lli. Inn .in' known , iin.l «,!•; lIu' urt I ihll ini. (» ol (iny ono nl ill iiinnii.il. ill.' uliliilin. ilijl.in. en ol nil llir ollurs wonl.l I'c ol'i.nnul liv lIu' lirtiilii nl" Vriiiii ovii till' Iiiii in iMu, \so now know ihc iciil ilil- Miui'ji ol tlir plrtiirtv lioiii ilio Inn niin li Ix'llci lli.in In-- I.Mi' iliil.', t.ip,.>iliii Willi oilii'i n.i.ll.nv jniiinnlan toi l.nniini', ii < oni|ii'i.'ni ul. i .il ilu< i.il.ii lyllrni, .iro (-\liiinUHl III llic InllowiiiiJ iriliU- 1 .^ rAl\t,K, of tlir niiunoin.t, l^illtinrrs IVrioil.i, .*vi- nl' tlio IM.uicl.H in llio Solar SvUcm. ' H f'» M. iiii 1 )iiUn ITS tioiii ilir Niinirt 1 >i^inulrii Snn. ilfii-i AnnnnllV'i io.K I>iiiriml Ko 1 loinly Motion llonilv M" Im liiirttioii ol' rlip III 1' iii;lilli minr«l byllio Ivnnul lltv Snn, uiion on ill III llN()|llil. IIOII 111 It^ ol .Xm.i III rirtuciv. MiU'». rtiinlit itt. Axis. 1' .(lUll'l, Oilnt. -■•■ \ 1 IIIIV, 1 -(II, * « ll. ll. III. — -~- ill I', mill. !# Sim . , S.h',- .'.> V. .1, ll. 0,15 ft ^I.S.H Mnvniv . . ;(.."'0 ;\(>,S 1 1, |('S .. «; u;, iniknowi) I.-^O/Mll) iinkHi'wn niiknown \ . mm... .. u.;i;»»> (>s,};.)i. |S(. o wo.) 1-; V I H .1 i'').'l),, •1 i <' I mO\ ■'..)">' «),..l,'^|V'>'.J I .1 VI ll i'X.'.y; i.u.iu ■',» ^") M.i.'n v).i!l.' Diiio 1 o .< «1) 1^ ,| t wn,".ia i)( U It) M.IIV .'i.p'^* 1 1 ,,"i|.i|S 1 ;|'l 1 • ■■\ ,|.. .',,'.."«; ,'.,'.'> u iiij'iti'i I) |, .'.'.' ID |,o.).\.r 1 1 ;) ' 1 tS (> .) ,(i •'!).. >>i;) <•;,,.)'•■' 1) S Mill n .... . •H. ', o .).' ■,..,,(', i;i''' ■ •■. i|.- (. nut, iiowii • ', |,> 1 ■1 111, nii.\ II mil, now It 'I'lw lisfil (Ijis. ilion^li ilirv vio not loniliinto it |MrWri ilic roLir rvlUni, mull w nunlioiuil luir, tt, «>bi.nni>l tlic imnit ol li\cil l!,nN; tlicy lliinr liv ill. it own lij;lit i Biul tlinc i.< tlir };ir.H(ll iriilon !.• iliink ilu \ rtir I'lins |i\nl in llic itnlu . ol oiln-i lyl^cnn., Ii.o ■ iiii; pk'iuts ;in.l comcls irvoUini', loniul lluin likr oin 'un, rtirv iippc.n ol v^iii.ins li/.i's, tnvini'. 10 tlici, .111 I. It III ilill.in.cs, riu'l'i" liiis ai<- gi'iicully tliilini;nilliril into lix or livcn cl.iircs, cnllcil iiunniilniU,'*, tlic l.iijvH ;iiul lili)',ioim nninli.'i ot otliri-, . .illcl 1. 1. ruijiii' ll.irs, IVoiii tlicii lie- iin; iiivililiK- w iiluiiil llic nllill.iiii r ol lli;il iiii|innn'iif, ( iK'.ii |i,iit (.! ill.' nioilcin .iilionoiiiy, iiiiln-.l, owt s Imili its till- .111.1 ptirr.'lion to lliiit mimiiiililc in,i. Iiliir. 'I ho ililhin.'c briwr. n tlu- cillli iillil tlic nr:irrlt liMit ll.ir is alloinlliin;!; ; the oibii ol ibr rjrtli is »l Inill t'>u inillinnH ol mil.'. Ill (li,iiin'i.'i, yet llii'< pioill(',ions ililli'iiinr liii,4 noi'Hi-.'l on till' ilill.iiur ol llir lln, win. Ii :iji|iciii'. ;n l.ii lioni ill*' lailli Nvlicii in iIk' nr.iu-ll in. in ili. Iniilirli' p.niii ol Its oi'bit. ll ll;l^ brin tompnic.l, liylomcot the moll ubic ulliononuis, ilui il ^lannoii b.ill ii)i)ii« iinnl 111 inovr wiili thr Lnnr vclociiy :(.( when liiil iliC iImij^hI hum till I'lcir, il wonUI uul ic.uli ihc iicn. '1 •#: f ] gsS A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. fixed flar in lefs than 700,000 years ; the diftance there- fore is too great for the power ot tlie human underlland- ing to conceive : it is bewildered and lolt in the com- puiatioti. Mr. Hiiygcns takes Syriiis, or the Dog-ilar, to he about 27,000 times as far from us as the fun is ; and as thedittanceot" tlie (tars mult be greater in propor- tion as tliey feem lefs, maiheniaticians have computed the diltance of Syrius from us to be two billiojis and 200,000 millions of miles. The motion of hght therefore, which, though fo quick as to be commonly thf 'ght inftantaneous, takes up more time in travelling from the liars to u?, than wc do in making a Weft- India voyage. A found will notarife to us from thence in 50,000 years; whicii, next to light, is confidered as the quickeil body we arc acquainted with ; and tiie cannon-ball above-mentioned, flying at the rate of 480 miles in an hour, would not reach us in 700,000 years. Such indeed is the immenfe fi/.e of thcfe heavenly bo- dies, and futh tiicir diftanco trom us, that could we ad- vance towards them 99 parts in 100 of the whole dif- tani.e, and that there \\ere but one lumdredth part of the j>refeiit diftance remaining, tliey would appear very little larger to us than they do now ; and if ail the ftars were to be cxtinfl or annihilated this next night, we lliouid not mils them till about lix months after ! for that Itream of light flowing from them t;) our eyes, Ihoiild the I'oinitain be liopped, would be half a year before it would be run quite out, though it ran alter the rate of above ten millions of miles in a minute ; a niof'on almolt as quick as thought itfell". The flats fliiiie with their own native and unborrowed luihe, as the I'lm does ; and fince each particular liar, ais well as the Am, is coufitu-d to a particular portion ot fuace, tl'.e Itars mult confequently be of the finie na- ture with the fun ; and it is not in the lealt piobablc that the Almighty, who always afls with mfinlte wif- dom, and does nothing in vain, (hould create fo mat.y glorious funs, adaj-'tcd to fo many important purpofe^. and place them at fu-.h diilances from one another, v'ithout proper objefis near enough to be ber.efited by their influences : wlioever imagines that they were crea- ttil only to give a •aiiu gliuimcring light to the inha- bitants of this globe, mult have a very luperticiu! know- ledge of allronomy, and a degrading opinion of the [Vivine Wifdom, whofe works arc, on the other hand, calculated to give us the moft ex;dted ideas of the power and gootli.efs of God ! The milky way is crowded wiili infi! ite numbers of fmall flars, from whence, as is ufually thought, its white nefs appears ; ■whiJi is a d''"overy entirely owing to the teleicope ; bnt vsheth". ;[lial bodies, partly for t'le take of ai' ife- ment, and partly with a view ic 6\ti B. ti; m in ttieir travelling during the night. Being purUilc.. 'f r\ fertile imaginatio.i, they divided rh. ftars in«o j,.i'"e!.t com- panies or conftcliations, : ,d iiippofcd each \.i' them to rcprefent the image of 4ume an' 'a', (.: c three t' ey .i.p,jofe to fipiefent the three he, '. nui .ir.*w it ; feme of the country pcoplci alfo give this conftellation the name of the P'ough, ilia hgure of which it in fonie raeafure refembles. Tm conllellations, however, have in gei.eral i 'aiiucl l^c names given them by the ancients, and are rtck^ed 21 northern, and lu louihern ; but the number Iwmhe northern have by the moderns been increafed to yA and of the fouthern to 31. There are, befides th««t, 12 ligns or conftcliations in the Zodi^*", of whicli ive (hall fpcak hereafter. The molt famous fyftt-ms, or Iiypoth<;lfe, are the Ptolemaic, the Tyclun], or Erahean, aud the Pytha- gorean or Copernicati fyitem. The Ptolemaic ("yllcm wai fo caljetj from its invtr tot Claudius Ptolemains, a celebrat«tf altronomer of Pe- lulium, in FisiVjH, a:id fuppufes tjie earth imniova'-ily fixed in the ccntie )f tlie univerfe ;' ami that the moon, the planets, and the (tars, all /hove round it from ealr to wed, once in tv nty J^iir iioiirs, in the following order ; the Moon, I»ienrury) \'cnus, the Sun, Mars, Ju- . i'licr, A NEW GUIDK TO GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY. 9^7 pitcr, Saturn, and the fixed ftars. Thcfe were all fiip- pofed to be fixed in feparate cryHalline I'phcres, and to he included in another, culled the primum mobile, which gives motion to all the nil. This fyflcm owed its origin to the fenfiblc ap- pearances of the ce'crtial motions. It was taken lor granted, that the motions which thofe bodies appeared to polllTs, were real ; and not dreaming ot" any motion in the earth, nor being acquainted with the diltindions between abfolute, relative, or apparent motion, the philofcphers were incapable of forming adequate ideas c f thcfe particulars, and thence reduced to the neceility of being mif-led by their own fenfes, for want of that aliiltance which after-ages produced. It is eafy to ob- ferve, they had no notion of any other fyllem but our own, nor of any other woriil but the earth on which we live. They were perftiadcd ih.Tt all things were made for the life of man ; that all the (lars were contained in one concave fphere, and, confcquintly, at an equal dillanct from the earth ; and that the pri- mum mobile was circumfcribed by the empyrem luaven, of a cubic form, which they fuppofed to be the blifstul abode of departed fpirits. But modern ob- fervations and difcovtries have fulficiently fliewn the abfurdiiy of this fyflem, fo thai it is now abandoned by all the learned, and hardly ever meniioncd but to be exploiled. Even in the infancy of allronomy, it was found infufficient to account foi all the motions of tlie heavenly bodies, without having recourfe to fuch ab- furd fnppofitions, that a novice in literature would be afhamtd lo propofe. Tycho Biahe, a nobleman of Denmark, and one of the moll eminent adronomers of hjs lime, propofed another fyllem to account for the motion of the heavenly bodies. This was called the Brahean fyllem. Un- willing to admit of the mmion of the earth, and con- vinced that the Piolcmai,- hypoihefis could not be true, Jie contrived another, different from any thing before offered to tlie world In this hyporhefis, the earth is fynpofcd to be at ret! in the centre of the univerfe, and tnkt the fun, together with the planets and fixed Itars, re\»lved about ihe earth in twenty-tour hours; and at lhe\uf>e time all the planets, except the moon, revolve ahom^lhe fun. But this was even more abCurd than that of Ptolemy, and accordingly was foon exploded. The Pythagorean, Cop'ernican, or true foiar fyllem, which is now iiniveifally adopted by all the learned in Europe, fiippofes the fun to be at rell in the centre of the fyllem, and that all the planets move round him in the following order : Mercury, Venus, the barth, at- tended by her fecondary, itie Moon; Mars, Jupiter, Saturn Thefe, together with the comets, form the coiillituent parts of the folar fyllem. About the year 1610, Galileo, a Florentine, intro- duced the iife of telefcope<:, which difcovered new arguments in fupport of the motion of the earth, and confirmed the old ones. Learned men in different countries begaa to cultivate ailionomy, and adopted No. 46. this hypothelis, and it would probably foon have been univerfally received, had it not met with u formidable oppofition from an ignorant and bigotted clergy. Nurfed in the l%p of indolence, and inveterate enemies to every fpecies of free and impartial inquiry, they condemned the Co|>ernican fyflem under pretence of its being repugnant to the facred writings, and Galileo was forced to renounce the Copernican fyflem as a damnable herefy. The thunder of the Vatican was employed to filence the voice of reafoii, and the dread of ecclclladical cenfires almoll deterred mankind from thinking. At lafl, the happy reformation in religion gave a fat-il blow to fuperlfitioiis tyranny ; the rays of learning broke through the night of ignorance, and genuine philofophy triumphed over thechicanery of ilie fchools : mankind were now convinced, that the fcrij- tures were never intended to explain the fylfems of philofophy, but to make us humane, virtuous, and iiappy ; that it is ngreeable to the Gicat Author of our being to conti " olate his worics, and difplay the won- d(;rs of his creating hand. F.-Jrii this for'.uat'- xra the fciences made rapid (Irides towards pertvdlion, and every day produced a difcovery of fome new .ruth, or ■ the detedion of fome ancient error. Proofs ^veie miil- tiplied in confirmation of the Copernican fyltem, which is now elbbiilhed on a foundation not to be Ihaken. The allonifhing harmony which prevails among the feveral parts prove it to have i.een the work of a divine hand ; and that noi'.iin^ lefs than Infinite Wifdoin could have planned fo beai'iiinl ". fabric. After the blind prejudices of weak Mortals wereoii'e removed, noble difcourfes were made .' 1! hebrnncl)'. i of allronomy. The motions of the heavenly biK/'-s were not only clearly explained, but the ^-'le-al hv/ of nature, according to which they nio'd, was fii;- covered and illulfratcd by the immortal >.Vv. 'on. 'I'/is law is called Gravity or Attradlion, i-i d v. the fame by which any body fails to the grouid. v\iien tlifen- gaged from what fupported it. Tliis imve law, which • keeps the fea in i's channel, and the v.v;ioiib bodies face of this earth U'un flying (>1F ;S throughout the univeru, . "eps r orbits, and preferves liiv, whole ")m difordcr and confufion. To be ' \plicit concerning ihis point ; by tlio ir Gravitation, ail heavy b<3(lies have V iids the centre of our earth, in fuch an which cover the into the air, op' the planets in 1 fabric of naiiir fomewhat moi ■ law of, Gravi a tendency to over-proporti n, that the centripetal force, Ly which bodies tenc' (mher, is almoll 300 times greater than that by w ,h they are forced off by the earth's motion round its axis, or the centrifugal force, as they call it ; and this all-wife provilion keeps all things to* gether on the (urface of the earth; and v. fuch, when exadlly adjuikd, keeps aifo erery planet in its proper circle, and at its due dillance from tlie fun, or tr. in its primary one ; and this is fu univerfal a law, that it prevails univerfally. There have !>een perceived, in the expanft; of the 10 Z univcifef mkM- 9^$ A NEW AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. iiniveifc, many other bodies, belonging to the fydcm of the fun, that Teem to have much more irregular motions than the planets and ftars above mentioned. Thefe arc the comets, that, defcending from the far dillant parts of the fyllcm with great rapidity, furprile Vs with the fingular appearaticc of a train, or tail, ^vhith accompanies them ; become vifible to us in the Jower parts of their orbits, and, after a fliort ilay, go off to vaft diftanccs, and difappear. The ancients generally believed comets to be only meteors generated in the air, like thofe we fee in it every night ; and in a few moments vanilhing ; while fome inodern writers have placed them among the fixed flars. But fiibfe- quent obfervations, with good inftruments, and the ap- plication of the laws of Motion and Geometry to agronomical inquiries, have now faiisfied us alinoft to a demondration, that tiiey arc a kind of platiets, of i'olid and compaft bodies, revolving in determinate periods round the fun ; but the orbits of many of them are fo very oblong, eccentrical, or oval, as wtll as large and extended, that they can appear to us but very feldcni. That gtc u comcf, which appeared in i£8o, went fo near the Am, as to acquire a degree of heat above 2000 limes as grc.it as that m«;t was feen before in our hcmifphere, A. D. »io6; once before, about the year 532 i and alfo 44 years before oi;r S.iviour's b- di ; and therefore tlity conclude the lime of its pcriodicr". --evolution round the lun to be ,j?,5 yeais. I'he time of .he revohition or that comet, which appearcil again in 1-58, is ;»5 >ei's; and another, which was calculated to be feen Kere again in 1789, makes its elliplis round tiie I'uti in it2q years. The middle diftance of the great comet tiia, ap- peared in 1680, was more than 5000 mi I'.ms of mikN from tiic fun ^ as its greatefl diitancc was above twice as much ; and yet its leall dilbuce wa.< not above a so,.coth part of its gicaieft ; fo that in itt whole rc- \<.iiilion it would be l"ubjeA to fuch ciitremities, as thai its gr..atell degree of light and heat to its leall, vz'e above 400 millions to one: and yet notwith- ft. ding this immciife extcrlion of its ecliptic orbit, the great and all-wife Archuedl of the univerfe hath probably fo adjuftcd the cer.'.rifugal and centripetal force.*, that it doth not quite leave the fun, though it go fo tar from him, but returns again towards him, and revolves round him in a determinate period of years. None of the orbits of any of thefe comets yet known, are in or near the plane of the earth's ecliptic ; and liierctorc, in iheir afcent from the fun, though heated never fo much by him, yet it is thought they will not approach near enough to our earth to burn us, or affedt Its with any fcnliblc heat. It ought, however, to be obfervcd, that our t .rth was out of the way when this cJmct lad pa[t near her orbit ; but it requires a more perfefl knowledge of the motion of the comet, to be able to judge if it will always pafs by us with fo little efFed ; for it may be here obferved, that the comet, irj one part of its orbit, coines very near to the orbit of our earth; fo that, in fome revolutions, it may ap- jproach near enough to have very confidcrable, if not fatal ofFciils upon it. There are, it is believed, at lead 21 comets belonginff to our fyflem, moving iii all manner of diredions; and all thofe which have been obferved, have moved throu'h the ethereal regions, and the orbits of the planets, without fuffering the lead fcnfibie rcliftancc in their motions, which fuf!iciently proves that the planets do not move in folid orbs. Or THE Doctrine o~ the Sphere and ■; . THE &. E. The ancients were perfuaded that the earth was fpherical, but were not able to afcertain itsdimenfions ; the fohition of that problem was referved for the moderns, who at length, after various refearches, ob- tained fatisfaflory proofs that the earth was of a fpheri- cal figure ; they obferved, that the firft part thai ap- peared of a fhip at fea, was the top of the maft; and, as (he approached gradually, fhe feemed to rife by de- grees out of the water, till the whole (hip was vilible; the fame appearances, but in an inverted order, at- tended a fliip failing from the fpedator, (he feemed to fink gradual' beneath the furface of the fea, till at lad fhe totally d-iippeared. It being evident that this could refult from nothing but the fpherical form of the earth, and as thefe phaznomena required no apparatus, they fuliiciently edablilhed its globular figure. 'Ihe body of the earth is named a fphcre, with re- gard to adronomical fpcculaiions ; thrcugh ihe centre of this aftraight Imc is fuppofcd to be dr.xwn, froin one oppoliie point of the furface to the other, which lino is called a diameter. There are two points in the heavens, which always preferve the fame (ituation ; thefe points arc termed celellial poles, bccaiile the heavens feem to turn round them. The motions of the heavens are imitated by the Artificial Sphere, through the centre of which a wire or iron red is druM-n, called an axis, whofe extremities are fixed to the immovable points called poles. But in order to render the following definitions more eafy to be con- ceived, it may be proper to remark, that both the ce- ledial ami tcrredrial fphere is Aippofed to be concentric to the centre of the earth, and to have correfpondent circles defcribed on both fpheres, and ihefc circles are either greater or lelfer. Great circles are thofe which divide either the ce- ledial or lerredrial fphere into two parts. Lcder circle* divide the fphere into two unequal parts. The poles of any circle are thofe points on the fur- facft of the fphere equally dillant from that circle. Every circlei whether great or fmall, has two poles, or ccutrcs, A NEW GUIDE to GE ASTRONOMY. 919 HERE AND tr, whicli line Centres, and from which all others drawn to the cir- cumference arc equal. The axis of any circle is a right line fuppofed to conne£l the poles. The ctlcftial axis is that rij|;ht line ahont which the heavens fecm to revolve ; and the two points where this axis cuts the celudial fpherc, are called the north and foulh poles of the world. The Eqiiinoftial, Equator, or Equaller, is that great circle of the fphcrc, which is every where equally dillant from the poles oi the world ; an;l, confequenily, divides the heavens into two equal parts. It is fo called, becaufe when the fun appears to dcfcribe this circle, the days and nights are of an equal length to all the inhabitants of the earth. It is divided into 360 degrees. The meridian, hour circles, circles of right afcenHon, or circles of (erreflrial longitude, are thifc great circles which interfed each other in the poles of the world, and cut the Equinoflial at right angles. The ecliptic is a great circle of the fphere interfefling the equinoctial in two oppofite parts, and forming an angle with it equal to 23 dcprees 29 minutes, the fun's greatcft declination. It is generally divided into twelve equal parts called ligns, beginning from one of its in- terfedions v^ith ;he equinoctial. It palles through cer- tain conftellations, any of mathematicians into Lapland, and another into 'eru, in order to meafure the length of a degree of the meridian in thcfe dillant places. The former finiihed their talk the fame year, and found that the length oT a degree of the meridian where it cuts the ardlic cir- cle, contained 57437 vj, or 5/438 toifes nearly. The latter, who went to Peru, alfo finifhcd their operations in 1736, and found that the length of a degree at the equator, was 56767 ■f , or almoft 567^)8 toifes. Thcfc men fu rat ions not only confirmed the theory of Sir Ifaac Newton, but alfo dcmonflrated, that he had determined the figure of the earth to a great degree of exa£tnefs \ the two diameters being to each other nearly as aGj to to 266 [■ ; and fince that time the earth has always been conlidcred as more flat towards the poles tinn towards the equator. The circumference' of the earth is com- puted at 25,038 Enelifh miles. This fpace, for the conver. ii..y of meaiuring is fubdivided into 360 parts ordej ;ees, each containing 60 geographical miles, or 69J tnglifb miles. The horizon is reprefented by the upper fiirface of the wooden circular frame encompafljiig the globe about its middle. On this wooden frame is a kind of perpe- tual calendar, contained in fcveral concentric circles : the inner one is divided into four quarters of 90 de- grees each ; the next circle is divided into the twelve months, with the days in each aacording to the nev/ ftyle; the next contain's the twelve equal figns of the Zodiac, each being divided into 30 degrees; the next is the twelve months and days according to the old ftyle : and there is another circle containing the 32 winds, with their halves and quarters.. Although thel'e circles are all on the horizon, yet they are not always placed in the fame difpolition. Geographers diftinguilh the horizon into the rational and Jenfible. The fenlible horizon may be conceived to be made by any great plain on the furface of the fea, which feems to divide the concave orb of the ftars. or the fky into two parts or hemifpheres, the one above, the other below the level of the earth. The rational or real horizon, encom- pafles the .globe, exadtly in the middle; its poles arc called the Menith and Nadir ; the firlt ex<<9ial, and parallel thereto. — That on the north fide cf the line is called the Tropic of Cancer, and the fouihern tropic has the name of Capricorn, as pafHrg through the beginning of iho'"e flgus. They are diflant from the equinoctial v^" 29', and are called tropics, becaiife the fun appears, when in them, to turn backwjids from his former courfe. The I'dir Cinles are par. ' I to the equator, and at the fame diftance from the p- les that the tropics are from the equator. 1 he northern is called the Arctic, ai>d the foiuhern the Aniariiic, becaiife oppofitc to the former, Iroin which it is diflant only 2 •j*' 30'. The furface < f the earth is fuppofed t > be divided in- to five unequal parts called Z/Wit, each ot \\hich is ter- minated by two parallels (f latitude. Of thefe hve zones, one is ca'led the torrid or binning 2one ; two are flyled frigid or frozen ; and two temperate : names adapted to the quality of the heat and cold tu whieh their liuiations aie liable. '1 hvTirriu'/.'.r.e is that portion of the earth over every part of whi. h the flin is p«*rpendicular at f'ome tunc ot the year. The bradth of thi>- zone is foriy-feven de- grees ; extending f om twenty three degrees and a hall north latiiude, to twenty-three degrees and a half louth. Tiie equator p:iflts through the middle of this zone, whith IS terininaied on the north by the parallel of lati- tude caikd ihe ticpic ^^i Cancer, and on the foiith by the para'lel tailed tlic tropic oi Capricorn. The anci ents Confidered this zone as uninhabitable, on account of tfie heat, wMiii ihey thought too g-eat to be fup- portcd by any human being, or even by tlie vegetable creation ; but experience has long fince refuted this no- tion. Many parts of the torrid zone are remarkitliU populous; and it has been found that the long niglns, great dews, regular rains and breezes, which prevail m almoll every part of the torrid zone, render the earih not only inhabitable, but alfo fo fruitful, that iwy harvefts a year arc \tTy common. TIm Fngi(i Zonei arc thofc regions round the pole where the liiii does not rife for foine days in the winter, nor fet lor fome days in the fummcr. The two p<)!(;s arc the centres of ihefe zones, which extend from tluTc points to twenty-three degrees and a half nearly; that IS, they are bounded by the northern and fouihern pa- rallels of latitude of fixiy-flx degrees and a half. '1 he part that lies in the northern heinifphere is called the north frigid zone, and is bounded by a parallel called the ariilic, or polar circle ; and that in the fouthcrn he- mifpherj, the fouih frigid zone, and the parallel of la. iitude which bounds it, is called the aniardic, or pular circle. The t\voTernf>era/e Zones are the fpaces contained be- tween the tropics and polar circles. The greater pjit of Europe is litualcd in the northern temperate zone; the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, and Cape Horn ia America, lie in liie fouthcrn 'Ihc Europe.ms have not yet thoroughly difcovered all thcfe zone* : they are befl avqiiainted with the northern temperate, and torrid zones : their kiiowleilge of the fouthcrn temperate and northern frigid zone is very fcaiity ; and that of the fouthcrn frigid zone, ilill more fo. The term Climnte is vulgarly bcflowcd on any coun- try or region differing from one another, either in refpeft of the fiafons, the quality of the foil, or even the man- ners ot the inhabitants, without any regard to the length of the longefl day. But, in a geographical fenfe, the word tV/»;rt/* more properly implies a certain fpacu upon the furface of the tcrredri.il globe, contained between two parallels, and fo far tiiltant from each other, that the longelt Aiy in one differs hall an hour from the longeft day in the other parallel. 1 lie dif- ference »>f cliniatis arifcs from the different inclmaimn or obliquity ot the fpliere : ihe am ienis took the paiallel wherein the length of the longelt day is twelve hours and three quarters for the beginning of the firit climate: as to thufe parts that are neaier to the equator than that parallel, they were not accounted to be m any climate, cither becaufe they may. in a loofe and general fenfe, be conlidered as being in a right fpheie, though, Itridlly fpeaking, only the parts under the equator are fb; or becaufe they weie thought to be uninhabited by reatun of the heat, ar.d were befides unknown. '1 lie an- cients, confidering the divtrflty there is in the riling and felling oi the heavenly bcKlies, efpecially the fun, and, in confcqiience thereof, the tlitfercHCc in the length of the days and nights in ditfertnt places, divided a^ much of the earth as was known to them into climate-; and, inllcadolthe method now in ufe, ot fettiug down the btitudt A NEW GUIDE to GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY. 9«i latitude of places in degrees, they contented tlicm- felves will) faying in wnat climate the place under confideraiion was fitiiatcd. Accoriling to them, therefore, what they judged the habitable part of the northern hemifphere was divided into feven cli- niafes, to which the iiice number of fouthern ones cor- rcfpondcd. Some of the moderns reckon the different climates by the increafe of half an hour in the length of the longed day, beginning at the equator, and going on till they come to the polar circle towards the pole ; they then count ilie climates by the increafe of a whole natural day, in tlie length of the longeft day, till tiiey come to a parallel, under which the day is of the length of fitteen natural days, or half a month ; from this parallel rhey proceed to reckon the climates by the increafe of half or whole months, in the artificial day, till they come to the pole lifelf, under which the length of the day is fix months. Thofe between the equator and the polar circles, arc culled hour-climates; and thofe between the polar circles and the poles, moutli climates. A parallel is faid to pafs through the middle of 2 climate, when the bngeil day in that parallel differs a quarter of an hour from the longed day in cither of the extreme parallels that bound the climate : this parallel docs not divide the climate into two equivl parts, but the pari neareff to the equator is larger than the other, becaufe the further we go IVoni the equator, the lefs increafe of latitude will be fuflkient to increafe the length of the longclt day a (quarter of an hour> A Table of CLIM ATESj according to Ricciolus, wherein theEffeils sf the FraQion ., - , . , are allowed for. '' " ' •:' * Longeft Q r Longeft N. Lat, S. Lat. c Day. 1 n »5 c Day. ff P. B CI. n Continual D. N. Continual D. N. 1 z" M' i^h45' 46" 3i' t5h45' 29 66" 2 >5 12 M 13 1. 2m 7 18 12 30 VIII. «6 m 4« »5 16 XV. 30 m ^6 53 3« 27 3c 28 3 11 21, •a 45 '7 5' »4 16 30 3' ('7 43 45 4' 44 43 II. 4 m '5 3b >3 IX. 18 m 03 46 17 XVI. 32 m 69 30 62 5« 60 59 .'5 '9 33 '3 '5 >9 55 55 »7 3° „ , ^^3 71 8 77 7« 74 73 III. 6 m 23 8 '3 30 X. 20 m 57 44 18 XVII. :34 m 73 93 «7 89 88 7 26 .'50 »3 45 21 59 20 18 30 '35 75 5^' 108 101 104 103 IV. 8 m 29 49 14 XI. 22 m bo 39 ig XVIII. 36 m 78 6 124 117 12c 118 9 32 48 '4 >5 23 bi 47 19 30 „ „ 37 Hi 10 >39 13.. '35 134 V. torn ■M 3.-5 •4 30 XII. 24 in 02 4 20 XIX..38m 84 15'' .48 15c >49 It 3« 9 '4 45 25 ('4 12 21 ^ 39 87 40 172 16c 164 i6i VI. 12 m 40 32 «,5 XIII. 26 m &5 10 22 XX. 40 m c^O 188 18c .78 ^77 'a 42 4' »5 «5 ^7 "5 43 23 VII. 14 m 44 42 15 3a XIV. 28 m (^5 54 24 - ~ 1 ' ' — The Rise and Progress of NAVIGATION. THE origin of this ufeful invention is referred, in fcripture, to God himfelf, who gave the firft '"pecimen thereof in the ark built by Noah: for the raillery the good man underwent on account of his enterprife, flicws evidently enough, that the woild was then igno- rant of any thinj like navigation ; and that they even thought it impoiiible. However, the Phoenicians, tfpc- cialiy th<ne part ot the Kali- India commerce, and the Spaniards aiii:her. (jenoa, which had applied to navigation at the fame time with Venice, difputed with it the empire of the fea. Ji-alixify fnon bt i_;an to break out, and, the two ri-piiblu's conuiig to blovss, it was three ceniiiriesalmoll • oiiiinutd v/ar, before the fiiperioriiy was alVcriaintd ; vhen, towards the end of the i^th century, the fatal battle ol Chioza ended the noble (Irifc. The Geno- c!c, who tiil then had ;ilw.iys had the advantage, had now hilt ;ill ; a:.d the \ ciietiaJii. fecured to ihemlclves tiK' empire of t' e f-.'J, a.iJ fiiperio:ity in commerce. Abii.'t the fame :;ine tlut navig.ition was retrieved in i!ie fouihem pare; of Kurope, a new fociety of mer- chants wa< f.jrir.ed in the minh, who fi.imed a n -w f»hemc of laws lor the regulation of commerce, called tlill ilie nfj^cs and cu;K>ins ot the fea. In examiiHrig the riafms of ctimnicrce pafTing fuc- ccftivtly from the VcMtt.ans, G.-nnele, and lianfe- towns, to the Forniguefe ami Jjpaniards ; and from tliofi- again to tl e tngiilli and Diiuh ; it may be clia- Idiihcd as a nu\im, thit llie relation betwixt (oiii- mei c ami invigation, or raiiier liieir union is fo in- tinnte, th.-it the la!l of the one iiecelfarily draws alter it that cf the other. ticiiee iu many laws, f^v. i>jt its regulation ; and I particularly that celebrated »&. of navigation ,n ling. land, which is the Handing lule, nut only of the Englith among themfelves, but alia of other nations with wfiutn thcv tratlick. i'ill this a£l, all nations were at liberty to import into England all kinds of merchandizes, and that un their own bottoms. Out Cromwell particularly palTed an a^ prohibiting the Dutch from importing any incr. chandizes, except thofe of their own growth, which were very few. The fiill! parliament of CiiarlesII. after the rcitorati^.n, palfed an <>-il, bearing date from the firll of December ibbr, for the encouraging and in- crealing of Ihlpping and navigation, which liill fublilU in its full latitude and vigour. LalilutU, in geography, is the ditlance of any plac9 from the equator, mealured in degrees, minutes, and feconds, upon the meridian of tf.at place, and is cither norih or foiitli, accordn j, as the place is fitiuted either on the north or fouth lidc of the eqcitor. 'Mic latitude of a place is always equal to the elevation of I'le pole above the horizon. The complement of latitiulc IS always equal to the elevation of the equator above the horizon, or the angle intercepted lietwccn the plane of the equator and ine plan ol the liorizon. The latitude of a place, or cf a Ihip at fea, is found by taking the meridian altitude of the fun, or of a lUr whnfe declination is known. Paiulltli of latilude are leflir circles of the fphcre parallel to the ecliptic, imagined to pafs through every degree and minute of the coliiras. They are repre- fented on the globe by the diviliuns on the quadrant uf altitude, in its motion round the globe, when fcicwcd over the [lole of the ecliptic. The longitude of a place is an arch of the equator inter- cepted between the hrll meridian, and the meridian paf- ling through the propofeil pla^e ; which i.s alwa)s iijual to the angle at the pole, formed by the lirll meridian, and the meridian ot liic place. The firll meridian may be placed at plcafure, palling thrt)Ugh any plate, as Lon- don, Pans, Teneiitte, A.c. but among us is generally fixed at London : and the longitude counted from it will be either call or well, according as they lie on the eaft or well fide (d that meridian. The (lifference of longitude, between two places upon the earth is an arch (d the equator comprehended between the two meridians of tin fe places; and the greateil polfible Is 180 degrees, when the two places lie on oppolite me- ridian.'-. Since the parallels ol latiiude alv\ays decreafe, the nearer they a|>proaih the pole; it is plain, a lie- grce upon any ot ihcin mult be Itfs tlian a dtgr e iipnn the equator, in the laiio ot the co-line of tiie liiiiiKle to the radius. Hence, as the radius is to the co-lini; of .my laiitiide ; fo aie the minuies ot diiicreiice ot longi- tude bet«;i 5« 46 M .5H 112 >5 57 95 '7 iK '9 20 .! 1 vi; ■,i8 '■'9 Miles. .57 57 ,07 .5<' 56 5t> .5^ 54 53 5''* 53 67 37 6 73 «3 1 -'i 81 «3 93 46 97 47 88 P r 3« 32 33 34 35 3^' Miles. 51 5» 50 49 49 4« 371 47 3« 47 39 46 40 1 45 4» 45 4«| 44 43, 4,i 44: 43 45 1 4-' 43 88 3« 74 «5 54 9^ 28 95 88 59 I 88 . .6 43 ' 1 Miles. 1 r 4& 4« 68 47 40 9* 48 40 >5 49 39 36 5^ 3« 57 5' 37 7<> 5'-^ 3t> 94 53 3<> ti 54 35 87 55 34 4> 5^' 33 55 57 32 68 5a 3" 79 59 30 90 bo 30 00 In order to find the latitude and longitude of any place on tilt tiridliijl f^lobi', we nuid biiiig the j;ivi.ii place under thai lidc ot the graduated liiafi n nicridian wlure the dcgrt-cs begin at the equator, by turiiii g the globe about: tlan the degree of the meiulian over it Slews the latitude ; and the degree of the equator, tinder ih- meriilian, Ihe.vs the longitude. Thus IJrillol wdl be f.iiii. ' to lie in 51 degrees 28 minutes ncrth latii'.ide, and tvvv. dcgfics ;jo minutes weft Idiiguude, 9nd Dublin in ,51 -Ict'i es is miiintes north laiiiude, and fix «legrees 1,^, ininuus well iongituile. 'i he dijtunce ot pl.ices which lie ruiiher fouih, call, north, nor vsell ol each oilier, hut in an le : Lxtend the » ompaHls from Guinea in Atric;'. n. Jiralil in Amtriea, and then npply them to .he tquutor, and the dillamx; vvill be V) degrees, or 1500 miles, allowing 60 miles to a degree. Quadrant of alliludc is an appciidigc of tlie artificial gl'.be. conlillmg ot a lamina, or Hip ol brafs. llie length of a quadiant of one of the great circles ot the globe, and graduated. At tiic end, where t!ic divilimi icrmi- jiates. is a nut riveted on, and fuvnillicd with a f.Tcw, by means whereof the ii, liniment is li>:ed on to 'lie ineiidian, and movtabie round upon the rivet, to all points ol the horizon. Its ufe is, to fVrvc as a i'cale in iM'afiiring of altitudes, amplitudes, aziiniitiis, e\o. Tic hiuir-circle of a globe is a fmull brafen circle, fixeil upun the brafLO meridian, divided into 84 hours, having an index iuuveablc round the axis of C r 61 62 ^'3 64 '•5 66 67 6K 69 70 7» 72 73 74 75^ Miles. 2q u8 ^1 u6 25 24 23 V!l 20 «9 18 «7 16 »5 9 '7 «4 3'' 3'' 4> 44 48 50 b'^ 54 5r) 54 53 /■a P r- 7fi 77 7B 79 80 81 83 ^^3 84 H5 86 «7 88 89 90 Miles. '4 5« >3 50 12 48 «' 45 10 4a 9 3« a 35 7 3a 6 28 'A »4 9 5 00 4 3 2 1 o the globe, which, upon turning the globe 1,5 degrees, will fliew what places have the fun an hour before or after us. GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS. Prob. I. To r(£Ufy the globt for the latitude, zenith, and «?««.] Set the globe upon an horizontal plane, with i>s parts, anfwcring to thofe of the world ; move the meridian in its notches, by raifing or deprerting the pole, until the degrees of latitude cut the horizon, then is the globe reitifiod for the latitude. Reckon the latitude from the equator towards the elevated pole, then fcrew the beOil edge of the nut belonging to the quadrant of altitude, and the redification is made for the zenith : bring the fun's place found in the third problem, to the meridian : fet the index to the twelve at noon, or upper twelve, and the globe is reflilied for the fun's fouthing, or noon. Prdb. II. To find the dlfiance and hearing of any two given places on the glo/e.j Lay the graduated edge of the quadrant of altitude over both places, the beginning or o degree being on one of them, and the degrees be- tween them Ihew their diltance ; thefe degrees multi- plied by 60, give geographical miles, and, by 69 J, give the diltancc in Knglilh miles nearly. Obferve, while the quadrant lies in this polition, what rhumb of the neareft fly runs inollly parallel to the edge of the quad'^, rant, and that rhumb Ihews nearly the bearing re- quired. Prob. III. To find the fun's place and declination en any dny.} Seek the given day in the circle of months ou , 1-1 r IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 !i"- I" I.I 2.5 •^ Ih 1112.2 I 40 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 : ^ 6" - ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^^ fc ^ ^ 9«4 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. on the horizon ; and right againd it, in the circle ot llgns, is the Ain's place; by which means it will be lound, that the fun cnicrs Aries, March 20 ; Taurus, April 20; Gemini, May 21 ; Cancer, Jmie 21 ; Leo, July 23 ; Virgo, Augult aj ; Libra, Scpteinbcr 22 ; Scorpio, Odobcr 23 ; Sagiitarirs, November 22 ; Ca- fricorn, December 21 ; Aqiiaiiii>, January 20 ; Pifcts, "ebrnary 18. Then fetk ilie fun's piaic in the ecliptic on the globe, bring tliat place to tht- meridian, and the divifion it ftands under is the lim's declination on the given day. — l"hc ecliptic is rcadilvdillingni.iicd Ircmi the equator on the globe, not only by the dittcrcnt Ciilours wherewith they arc (laiicd, but alfo by the ecliptic's approaching towards the poles, aficr its in- terfedion with the equator. The marks of the llgns are alfo placed along the ecliptic, one at the beginnmg of every Akcellive 30 ilcgrcts. Prdb. IV. To find where the fun is vertical c fun vertical to tiicm on that day. 1'rob. V. To find, at any ^iven time, nil th:fc places ef the earth tvherc the fun is then riftng or filing ; uhere viid. day, or mid. iiiglit.] Find the place where the fun is vertical at the given time, according to the lall pro- blem, rcdify the globe for the latitude of that place, and bring it to the meridian. Then ali thofc places that are m the wtit half of the horizon, have the fun riling; and tliofe in the eadern half have it fctting. Thfile under the meridian above the horizon have the fun ciiliTiinatiiig, or luxjn ; and thofe under the meri- dian, below the hiiizon, ha\ . uudiiighr. 'I'hofe above the hori/on havt- d.iy ; tliofi- below if, have night. Pkob. VI. 'I j find any place ill the gijic ■wi."jfe lati- tude and l'^:intude are giiit] Bring the given Itiiigi- tiide, found on the tquator, tothebrafen meridian, anii have tlie i'un then felling. Thofc places exa>.'lly inukr the bra- fen meriiiian have nonn-ilay ; :inilla:lly, all ihofc above the; horizon are enlightened ; but tiiufc below it are de- iirivevl of the fun at ihat time. Prob. XIII. The (liiyjf the month being given, to find the fn't'i place in the eriiplic.'j J^oolc for the day of th(. moiiih in tin- talendar upon ttic wooden iiorixon, and ovtr-againll it yon will find the fign and degree of the ecliptic whivh the fim is in at that tinte. Pkob. XIV. The day and hitir heint; given, to find thije places in the glohe, to which the fun is in the meridian at that titne.] Tlie pole bi ing elevated according to liie latitude of the given place, bring that place to the bra- fen meridian, and fct the index of the horary circle to t!ic hour of the day ; then turn the ghtbe till the index point to the nppcrnioil XII, and having hxed the globe in that (iiiiation, all thofo places un-ier the upper half of the brafen meridian have the fun in their meri- dian at that particular time; fo that with them it is noon-day. PRt)ii. XV. To find the dijiances hetiueen any tivo ^ivm ptmes upon the ghlie \ and to find all thife places that are ,it the fame dijlance from any given place. \^ Lay tlie ([uaJrani of altiinde over the two given places, and the luiniber of degrees interccjited between ihein being re- duced into miles will be thedilfance required. Or you may take the diliancc between the tw-i places with a pair of C' mpalfes, and, applying them to the equator, you will have the degrees of dillance as before. — It you redify the gK'bc for the latitude and zenith of any place, and bring the faid place to the' meridian ; then turning the quadrant of almude about, all thole places that are not by the fame point of it are at tiie fame dillance from ttie given place. 1'r\) 11 . X V I . To find the Antctct, Periivci, and An- tip':Jcs -f any place. \ Bring the given place to the brafen meridian, and having foimd its laiitude, reckon the fame number of degrees on the meridian from the eipiator towards the contrary pole, and where the reckoning ends is the place of the Antifci. Keeping the globe in the fame poiition, fet the hour iuilex to twelve at noon ; then turn the glol)e about till the index points to the lower twelve, and the place which lies under the meridian, having the fame latitude witii the given place, xi that of the I'eriueci required. — As fo the An- tipodes, their place is found by counting 180 degrees upon the incridian from the givn place, either norih or fouth. Proii. XVII. To rrprefcnt tie appearance of the heavens nl a^'t time in a given piact. | Rcility the celellial globe lor the latitude, zenith, and noon ; and turn the globe t'ill the index points at the given liour; tin n while thofe liars in tiie eallern half of liie horizon are riling, thofe in the welfern are fetting, and thofe in tlie meridian are culminating. The quadrant being fet to any given liar, will Ihew its altitude, and at liic fame time its. aiiniuth, No. 47t rekoned in the horizon. Then by turning tlie globe round, it will readily appear wiiat liars never let in that place, and thofc which never rife ; thofe of perpetual apparition never go below the horizon, and thofe ot per|Rtual ahfence never come above it. Pttoi!. XVIII. To f'J fohir eclijifes, and the la- titude which the moon commonly has at fui h times, there is .10 certainty in determining by the globe where thofe eclinfcs will be viliblc, and therefore recou'-fe mull be had to calculations. Nati'ral Divisions of the Earth. The two grand divilions of the terraqueous globe, are land and water. The land is divided into conti- nents, illands, pcninfulas, iflhmus's, promontories or capes, and mountains. Tile water is divided into oceans, feas, gulfs, llraits, lakes, and rivers. A continent, terra firma, or main land, is a very large trad of country, comprehending feveral contigumw empires, kingdoms, countries, and flates : there are generally reckoned four continents, Europe, Alia, Afri- ca, «iid America; but the latter k commonly divideil into two parts, called North and South America. An ijlandis a fmallcr trad of land, entirely furrounded with water, as Great-Britain. A pcninj'ula is a dillrid of coun- try encompalVed with water, except a fmall neck which joins it to fome other land, as the Ahrcn in Greece. An ijthnnis is a narrow neck ol land conneding fome pcnin- fiila to another trad of country, ana forming the paf- U'i,c between them; as the ilthmus of Suez,, which joins Alrica 10 Mn, and the 'llhmus df Darien, which joini North and South America. A promonUrx, or cape^ i.B 'is i ! ]lii 1'! <^ 926 A NEW AN-n COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNJIVERSAI. CEOCRAPIIY, is a luacl-latxl, generally of lonlidcrable hciglit, ftittcli- ing itftlf fomc iliilance into the foi ; as the Cape of CjooiI H pc. Coal's, (horts, lui'untaiiis, vallics, woods, dcll'rti-, plains, &c. aie too well known to ivcjiiiiu ilc- ftTh tioti. All oitun is a vaft collcclion of waters bmiiKlci! by the coalts ot dilHrtnt countries, (jcograplitrs giiitially T'ckoii three exteiilive oceans, vi/,. the Atlantic, the Pacilic, ami the Indian occ.in. The Ailantic ocean lies l.ctwci;n ihc continents of luirope and Africa on the call, cnulAtneiica i-'n the well ; it is ufually diviiled into two parts, one callcii the Norili Atlantic ocean, and tiie otiier the South Atlantic, or Eihiopic ocean j that pait ot the North Atlantic ocean lying between Eu- rope and America, is often called the wcilern ocean : it is 3000 miles wii'e. The Pacific Ocean, or, as it is oiten called, the 8oiit!.-Sea, is bounded on the Kail by the weltcrn (liores of Aimrica, and on the Wdt by the eai'crn flioresot Aha ; it is comjuited to be 10,000 indcs over. The Indian ocean wallies the Ihorcs ot the caitern coall of Africa, and the feiithern coalts of Ati.i ; the Iiutiun illands and New Guinea, bi>iii;(i it on the Ealt i it is 30C0 miles wiiic. Ajcj, properly fpeaking, is a lellVr colle(ilioii of waters than an ocean ; as the Mediterranean fca, the Baltic fea, ts:c. A ^idf or bay is a part of an ocean or fea contained between two {hires, and is every where environed wish land, except at its entrance ; as the bay of Bifcay : if a gulf be very Imall, it is called a creek, haven, ilation, or road for fliips, as Milford-Haven. A ///■,/// is a narrow palDjge forming a communication between agidf and its neigh- bouring fea, or joining ono part of the fca or ocean with another ; as the lliait of (jd)raltar, or that of Ma- gellan. A lake is a colleHion of waters contained in lome inland place, of a large extent; and every where furrounded by the land, having no vifible commnnica- tion v\iih the ocean: as the luke of Geneva, and the lakes in Canada. As rivers, canals, brooks, &c, arc to be i:ictv\ith in inofl countries, every perfon there- fore has a clear idea of what is meant by thefc Icller divifioas oJ water. ' Of the Winds and Tides. Air is a fine invifible fluid fiirrounding the earth on which wc move, and exteiulip.g to leveral miles above its furface ; and that colIeiTlion of it, tcgcihtr witii the bodies it contains, circiiiiil(:rib!ng the earth, is called the atniofphere. A fiiiall voluiiie ol air is capable of ixpandiiig itlelf, fo as to fill a \ery large fpace; and alfoof being tonipreireil into a much fn)al!er compafs. Cold has the piopeny of comprelTing the air, and heat of expanding n. Hence if any alteration be maile in any part of the atiDrfplicrf, either by heat or cold, the r>eighb')iiring parts \mII be put in niotio;', and either expanded or eoinprelK;!. \\ iiid is a (Ireatn or current ot air put in motion, and capable of very dilFercnt de- grets of velocity, ajid thence culle-.i a breeze, gale, or itorm. Winds are either coiiiUnt or varubic, i^eiicrai or paiti>u!ar. CiMilhmt winds are fuch as always bimv the fame! war, at Icall for a coniiderable length of time. Variable winds are (iicli as fn'(|iieittl) lliitt, or chuayr- Irom one p!;;iii of the coaip.ils 10 another. A gtneijl winil, is that which blows the f.ime way over a hiri'e trae-f of the earth, the greater part of the year. Anai- ticular wind is that which blows in any particular plaie, fomctimcs one way and fianetimes another. — riieiradi; ^^indis a current 0} air, blowing continually from tlie cad, on the Atlantic and Pacilie- Ocean, between ,j degrees noiih, and ;)"> ilegrces fouth laiilude The caufc of this conllant wind is the action of the inn in his apparent motion from ea(t to welt. In fome parts of the Indian ocean another fpccies of trade winds, callcil monfoons, prevail. Thel'e blow fix months one \\ay, and ii\ months the contrary way. 1 hefe phxnomcna tlow from the fame cniife. For the air tliat is cool and dcnfc, mull lorce the warm and ra- rilied air in a cop.iiiiual llrcam upwards, where it mult fpread itfelf to piefervc an equilibrium; confccjuently tii'j upper com fc or ciirr%.iit ot the air will be contrary to the under current; for the under current mull move fioni I hole parts where the greatell heat is ; and fo, by a kind of circulation, the north-calt trade wind below will be attended with a foiith-we(l wind above ; and a fonth-ca(l below, with a north- well above. Experience has fufficicntly confirmed the truth ol this propoliti ui ; the featnen always finding that as foon as they leave the trade winds, they immediately find a wind blowin;; in an oppolitc direi^lion. — Between the fourth and tenth degrees of north latitude, and between the long'tiules of Capc-Verd, and the calfernmolt of the Cape de Verd illands, is a traft of fea, which fcems to be con- demned to perpetual calms, attended with drccdfiil thunder and liglvtnings, and fuch frequent rains, that it has accjuircd the name oi the Rains. This plianuine- nou feems to be caufed by the great rarefadlion of the air on the neighbouring coall, which cauliiig a perpetual current of air to fet in from the wellward, and this current meeting here with the general trade wind, the two currents balance each otiier, and caufe a general calm ; while the vapi)i,.s carried thither by eaeli wind, meeting and condenling, occalions thofe Irequcnt de- li;t;es ol rain. By the word tidi is undcrflood tiiat motion of the wa- ter in the fcas and ri\crs, by which they regularly rile and fall. The doctrine of the tides contiiuicil unknown till the latter eml v.i the lad century, when it was dif- ccAcrcd by the illti'lriotis and immortal Sir Ifaac New- ton, who explained it by his great principle ol gravity or attra6iion. He demonltrated that this principle is uiiiverlally diffufed through the folar fyllem : that tl.c eatth aiu! moon gravitate towards, or attraU each other; and both of them gravitate lowaids, or are attratied by the (tin : alfo, th.at the gravitation ot bodies t0A;:r(!;; the centre ot the earth, will be lefs on ihufe pans t>f its furface that are oppolite to the fun and moon, than in the others ; and this deled of gravitation or atiiac- lioa A NEW GUIDE to GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY. 927 tion in particular parts, is tlic true catife of the ebbing nrul (lowing of tlic tide. If no fiich forces were txert- t'll by the fun ai!(l iiidoii, the otean?, biin|j equally at- trat^cil iDv, arils tlie e.irth'.s (.cntre on nil lides by the force «)f gravity vvoiilil omtiniie in a (late of perfect (tagna- lidii; but as thefe f'lrcc^ are really exerted, tlic waters in the oceans mull rife hit^her in thufe places where the iiin and moon (.iiminidi tluir gravity, or where the ai- tra lien ot the fun and moon is greatelt. lli nee it fol- lows that as ihe force cif gravity imi(l be diniinillicd niiill in tliole places of ilie earth to whicii the inoon is, near It, vi/, in the zenith ; tiurefore the waters in fiicli places uil riie higher, and confcqncntly it will be full lea or Hood in fticli places. From the fime prinfi,i'es it follows, that the parts of the earth diredly under the nioon in the v.cniih, and tlu^fe in the na.lir, or thofe diamttncally oppolite, will liaie the flood or iiigli wa- ter at the fame time '1 he tides are higher than ordinary twice every month, \\z, about the time of the new and full moon ; and thofi: arc called fpring tides When th'fe two In- niinarics are in conjunftion, or on the fame lide ot ihe earth, they both confpire to raife the water in the ze- nith, and confequeiitly in the nadir; and when the fun and moon are in oppofition, that is, when the earth is between them while one makes high water in the zenith and nadir, the oiher does the fame in the nadir and zenith. Twice in every month, the tides are lefs than ordinary; that is, about the times of the ttrit and lad quarters of the moon ; and thefc arc called neap tides : for in the quarters of the moon, the fun raifes the water where the moon deprelles it ; and dcprclVes where the moon raifes the water ; the tides are made therefore by the difference o- their aiS^ions. The fpring tides happen not precifely at the new and full moon, but a day or two after, when the attradlions of the fun and moon have afled in ihe fame direflion for a con- fiderable time. The reafon that the grcatell fpring tides do not happen on the 2 jft of March, and th2 C!3d of September, but in February and Odober, is, be- caufc the i\n\ being ncarcft the earth in December, his influence is then itrongeft, and fo rr.ult quicken the time of the grcatell vernal tides ; and bring weakelt in June, the time of the autumnal tides will iiccefliui- ly be retarded. The neap tides happen a day or two after the quarters, nhen the force of the moon's at- trafiion has been lellcncd by that of the fim's for feve- ral days together. The above-mentioned phoenomcna of the tides would happen uniformly, if the whole fur- i.iceof the earth was entirely covered with water: but as this is not the cafe, there being, befides the conti- nents, a muliitudc of iflands lying in the way of the tide, which interrupts its courfe, therefore in many places near the fliores a great variety of other appear- ances arile, bclidcs thole already enumerated ; tliele cannot be explained, without coniidcring the fliuaticnis of the fhores, llraits, flioals, rocks, and other objecl.--, by wliicli they are iu funic mcafurc produced. la fomc bays, and about the mouths of rivers, the tides rife frnn 11! to ,50 f.'ct ; but about fmall illands and head-lands in the middle of the ocean they rife very little. TherJ are alfo certain currents, or fittings of the Ititani by which (liips are compelled to alter their courfe or ve- locity, or both, and fubmit to the motion impreireit upon them by the current. That between Florida atul the Hahama iflands always runs from north to fouth : a current riius conltantly from the Atlantic llinniglt the rtraits (if Gibraltar, into the Mediterranean : and a cur- rent ftis out of the Baltic fea, through the Sound or Strait bc! veen Sweden and Denmark, into the Dritiflj channel, to that there are no tides in the Baltic. The knowledge of thefe cmrents is a neceflary article of na- viiati-in; for if the current thwarts tlie courfe ot a llup, then it not only lelfcns or aiigmcnts her velocity, but j;ives her a iiewdirecflion coin[)oinuled of the courfe fhe lieers, and the fitting (d the cmreiit. A Mai' is a plain or flat figure, reprcfenting the wliole furfare of the globe, or a part thereof, according to the rides of perfpiCtivc. They are intended to Ihcw us the f.)rins and dimenfions of countries, the courfes of rivers, the (ituation of cities, towns, moutiiains, ^c. They are diltinguitlied into Univeilal and Particidar. The firfl forts "are thofe which exhibit the whole ftir- facc of the earth, or the two hemilpheres, atul arc commonly called Maps of the World : the lall fort are thofe wh'iih reprcfent fume particular country or part thereof. — Thofe which reprifeiit only ttie teas, and fea-coalfs, arc properly called charts. The piincii)al things required in a map are, 1. That all places have their jull fitiiation with regard to the chief circles of the globe, as the equator, ineridian, parallels, tkc. becaufe on thefe depend many properties of rogiotis, as well as celetlial ])h.ciiomena. 2. That the magnitudes of the feveral coimtries have the fame proportion as on the fiirfa(e of the earth, 3. 'Fhat the feveral places havo the fame dillances and fititation with regard 10 each other, as on the earth itfelf. There is nfnally a fcale of miles in f>>;ne vacant part of a nia,i, by which the: dillance of one place Irom atioilier is cafily f<)imd. As to inaps of the world, the degrees of longitude are numbered on the equator, and thofe of latitude round each hemifphcre Irom the equator to the poles. Rivers are defcrihed in majis by black lines, and are wider towards tiie mouth than towards the head or fpring. Moujitams are fketclied on maps as on a pic- ture. Forefts and woods are rcprcfented by a kind ot flirub ; bogs and moralles, by fhades ; fands and thai- lows, are de-fcribed by doited beds ; the depth of tliewater, near harlioiu-s, is expreilld by figures rcprefcming fa- thoms ; and roads arc ufually denoted by double lines. With refpea to the cardinal points; the north is cotdidired as the upper part of the map ; the fouih is at the bottom, oppolite to the north ; the right hand is cad, the face being turned to the north ; and the ktt hand, oppolite, is the wed ; uiilefs the compals, or tlower-de-lucc, which is (jaicrally pli^cd in foiiie part: oil Ii?l-: :i i^i' «)i8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. =.—rtt; of a m:ip, flicws the cuixrary i fur that always points to the north. ParalUls, or circles of latitude, arc kfler circles of the fplierc, conceived to be drawn from weft to ealt, through all the points of the meridian, commencing from the equator, to which they are paralkl, and tcr- minaling with the poles. They are called fiaral/eh of Imitiifif, becaufe all places lying under the fame parallel have the fjine latiluile. The oiittrinnll of the me- ridians and parallels are marked with degrees of latitude or longitude, by means of which, and the fcalc of miles, the lituation, dilUnce, &c. of places may be found, as on the ariificial globe. If the places He di- reclly north or fouth, ea(t or weft, from one another, We have only to obfirve he degrees on ihe meridians and paralUls, and, by luri.ing thofe into miles, we ob- tain the diflancc without i leafuring. We (hall here give a ta le of the iniles in ufe among the principal nations of Liirope, in geometrical paces, 60,000 of v\hich make a degree of the equator. Geometrical Paces. Mile of RtilTla 750 — — of Italy icoo of England la^o of Scotland and Ireland ijoo ^^ of Poland 30CO — — of Spain 34!^^ -of Germany 4000 ■ of Sweden 5000 — — of Denmark 5000 of Hungary 6000 Old league ol France « 1500 The fmall league, ibid aooo The mean league, ibid ajoo The great league, ibid 3^<^<^ Note. The Englilh ftafute mile is fourfcore chains, or 1760 yards, that is, 5280 feet, or eight furlongs. I'he Englifh marine league is three Englilh miles. The number of inhabitants computed at prefent to be in the known world, at a medium, taken from the mo(f accurate calculations, are 9^3 millions, of which Alia contains 500, Europe 1^3, Africa t^o, and America ijo millions. PART II. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. Of the Origin, Lauis, Gn^ernnunt, and Commtrce if Nations. IN order to prepare our readers for entering upon the particular hillory of each country wc defcribe, it was thought ticcelTary to prefent them with a general view ei the hidory ut mankind, from the firff ages of the world, to the reformation of religion during the i6ih century y wherein we Oiall give an accoimt of the mod interelting «nd important events which have happened among men, with their caufes and effedts. Thisun. i doubtedly confiitutes the mofl ufcful branch of Puliiical Geography ; and it may not only he deemed a matter of high importance in iifclf, but indifpcnfabiy rci]uili(e to the imdcrftanding the prefent Hate of commerce, 1,'ovcrnmcnr, arts, and manners in any particular country. Tlie befl chronologers have placed the great event of the creation of the world in the year before Cluill 4004 ; before which time, neither matter nor form of any thing appeared or exified. That the world was nut eternal, has been fully determined by the facrcd records, which have alfo afcertained the time of its ctca'ion with great precillon ; the Hebrew chronology being generally acknowledged to be of fnperior authority to the Julian, Samaritan, or Septuagint. The hillory of the patriarchs before the flood is very fhort, and prin- cipally contined to the creation of the world, and tiie fall of the tiril parents of mankind. The facred hif- torian has given us very few anecdotes of the inhabi. tants of thofe early tiints ; and what is found in pro. fane writers, is little more thanaconfufcd heap of the moll palpable abfurdities. It may however be gathered from the writings of Mofes, that the world befor; the flood was extremely populous, that mankind had made conliderable improvement in the arts, and were become immeafurably vicious, both in their fentimentsand man* ners, infomuch that nothing could flop the torrent of impiety which prevailed. They were not only ad. didted to every vice, and in love with every fpecies of iniqui.y. but laughed at the preaching of Noah, and fet the threatened vengeance of heaven at defiance. Rc- gardlefs of the predictions of the prophet, they even ridiculed his hiiiiding an ark for the prefervation of R»r..rM r'hr;a himfelt anddefcendents. But they were ij f(K)n fatally convinced of their error: a "■^ ' deluge of water, which continued a whole year, fwept away all the human race, except Noah and Ills family. This dreadful cataflrophe not only gn before. the (tru£lure was finiQied. They then difperied themfelves into dif- ferent parts of the world ; and the various countries of the earth were gradually peopled by diftini^ familits- The new world abounded with wild beafts ; and the great heruifm of thofe times conflOed in deftroying U)em. Hence Nimrod acquired immortal fame ; he became a mighty hunter, and chofe Babel, or Babylon, for the place of his rcfic^nce ; there he fixed the feat of his kingdom, and founded there the firft monarchy „ J-, in the world. About the fame time Aflur, the "' fecond fon of Shem, left Shinar, and built a city 2235. yf,\^\(•h he called Nine-veue, or Nineveh, which fignifies, the habitation of his fon. But though thefe kmgdoms were founded fo near the time of the deluge, we^avc no further account concerning them till feveral centuries after their foundation. The countries were indeed at that time very thin of people j the defcen- dants of Noah were dMperfed according to their feveral languages and families ; and therefore few remarkable tranfatitions happened in the world. However, in Egypt, the four governments of Thebis, Theri, Mem* phis, and Tanis, began to aflume fome appearance of Ibrm and regularity. As mankmd began to multiply on the earth, and to feparate into different communities, the tradition con- cerning the true God was obliterated or obfcured. Ninus, the iird Alfyrian prince of vvhofe aftions we have any account, was a great and warlike prince. p Warmed with ambition, and envying the fuc- cefs of his neighbours, he taught his fubje£ts the ufe and exercife of arms, and inured them to martial difcipline and dangers. War and de(lru£lion new laid walte the fertile provinces of Afia, and a final period was put to the peace which had hitherto pre- vailed among the rutions. He added Babylon to his dominions, and laid the foundation of a powerful em- pire, which for many ages extended the yoke of flavery over the greater part of Afia. After the difperfion of Babel, Ham led a colony into Egypt ; and it is plain, from the writings of Moles, that Abraham, who lived in the reign ot Ninus, and was obliged by a dreadful No. 47. ' B. aoi6. famine to retire out of Canaan into Egypt, found that kingdom in the zenith of power. The monarch was furrounded by a train of courtiers; the people weie governed by laws; had abandoned a wanilering life, and were lettled in cities. It became verv populous } the rudiments of the arts were known ; nru£lures for. elegance as well aD ufe were erc^ed in various parts of the empire; and a commerce far from inconliderable was carried on by the defcendcnts of Ham. In procefs of time, Javan, the fon of Japhet, and grandlon of Noah, led his colony into Afia Minor, and eOablilhed himfelf in the iflands on the weflern coalt of the continent. As their numbers increafed, they ex- tended their fctilements ; many of them paffcd over into Europe; and part of Greece became peopled- in very early times. But as there was ftill room n q ' fumcient for others, and the country very fertile, gnaa' a colony from Egypt, known in hiftory by the name of Titans, penetrated into Greece, andeftabliflied the policy and arts of their country. Internal jars^nd commotions, however, ftopped the progrefs of im- provement : war fucceeded, and foon demoli(hcd the 1 itan kingdom. The defcendcnts of Javan, before the arrival of the Titans, were rude and barbarous ; they in- hi*bittd dens and caverqs like wild beafls ; the reafoning faculty was debafed, and hardly any thing but the form remained to diftinguifli them from the brute creation. The little progrefs they had made in refinement n p utider the Titan government was foon for- A * gotten ; and when the colonies headed by Ogyges ^^* and Inarchus arrived in that country, the inhabitants had relapfed into their former (late of barbarity. Inar- >.hus exerted all his power to colle£t the wandering G''eeks, and form them into a regular fociety. He fucceeded in fome meafore ; but the hidories of thofe times are fo dark and confufed, that it is impoifible to withdraw the veil of obfcurity, or advance any thing with certainty. The hiftory written by Mofes, is the only one on which we can lely with regard "o th« tranfadions of thofe early ages. The facred writer, in giving n p an account of the calling of Abraham, and the A g' fettlement of the fiimily of Jacob in Egypt, has * ° ' given us a feries.of very remarkable events, which need not be mentioned here, as they are univerfally known at this period, when very little of the hiftory of other nations is come to hand : the improvements of mankind in the necelTary arts of life were advanced to a great degree of perfe£lion ; but it fliould alfo be obferved, that all the nations of the earth were far from b^ing equal in their mental qualifications. Some of them were fuak into the abyfs of ignorance and wretched- nefs ; while others Kved under civilized governments, and enjoyed all the benefits of a well-regulated fociety : Neah, who was acquainted with all the learning of the antediluvian patriarchs, diifeminated thefe feeds of fcicnce among his offspring. But thofe who wandered far from their native leftdeace, and were wholly em- , 11 C V ployed 4^ 1:A ■ If, 41 930 .A NEW XHo COMPLETE SYSTEM ov UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ployed in providing a fubnitencc for themrelvn and fami* lie*, had neither tune nor inclination to cultivate the ten- der (hooti of knowledge : thefe were negledled and for- gotten. While others, who continued near the Plains of Shinar, and long enjoyed the counfcls and diredioiit of their great ancedor, formed themfelvei early into regular locicties, and wifely cultivated the arti of peace. The antediluvian patriarchs were no {^rangers to agriculture ; they were oblieed to till the ground for their fubfiftence; and Noah himfelf was no fooner fettled after the flood, then he planted a vineyard, which afforded a fufficient proof that the art of huf- bandry had been carried to Tome degree of perfe£lion. Corn was cultivated in mod parts of the eafl ; the land ot Canaan, where Jacob refuted, produced large quan- tities : it was the principal food of the inhabitants i for when an unfruitful (eafon had diminiflied i'us har- vefl, we find that Jacob was obliged to fend to Eeypt to purchafe corn tor the fupport of his family. Nor was the art confined to the cultivation of corn } the fig, the almond, and the olive-trees were well known in Paleftine ; and the prefent which Jacob fent to his fon Jufeph, confided of balm, honey, myrrh, fpices, nuts, and almonds. The cultivation of the ground g^ve rife to commerce ; an exchange of commerce being the naiural confequence of improvements. The fliepherd will give a part of his flock for corn ; and the hutoand- inan is willing to exchange the produce of his fields for cattle. In this manner commerce muft have been car- ried on in its infancy : it muft have attained fome de- gree of perfc£lion before metals were introduced as the medium of trade ; and yet this was the cafe fo early as the days of Abraham, though the money then in ufe had not any ftamp to afcertain either its value or fine- nefs, but was delivered by weiffht. As commerce in- crcafed, this method was laiaafide, and the pieces of tllvcr were marked to afcertain their true value. It ap- pears, that in the time of Jacob a regular commerce was carried on between Egypt and Arabia. The Klimaclites and Midianites, to whom Jofeph was fold by his brethren, were merchants going into Egypt with their camels loaded with fpices, oalm, perfumes, and other coilly merchandize. This commerce was how- ever only carried on by land, and muft be diflinguilhed from that carried on by fea. The former was known much fooner than the latter, though in all probability navigation was not unknown even to the antedi- luvians. The inhabitants of Tyre were the firft people who rendered navigation fubfcrvient to commerce. Situated in a barren foil, where agriculture could be of little advantage, they wifely endeavoured to render their lituatiun more agreeable, by cultivating the arts of peace. Commerce opened the fairell pwlpeEt, and was purfucd with great atici.uon and fucccfs. The Tyrians were famous for their commerce even in the days of Abraham i and Jacob mentioned it in his laU blclPing to hii children. I'he arts will flnurith wherever com- merce is cultivated i nor can it be properly carried on without fome knowledge of navigation and altronomy. In thefe early times the mariner's compafs was un- known, fo that the feamen had no other guide than the heavenly bodies, whofe fituations, pofiiions, and revolu- tions were obferved in very early times : aflronomy bcine cultivated in the reign of Befus, and the Egyptian priefls were alTiduous obiervers of the ttars. Greece was indebted to Egypt for the elements of the fciences : the celebrated philofophers of that country Were in- ftruAed by the Egyptian priefls, from whom alfo Pytha- goras learnt the true fyftem of the world. The Romans were indebted to the Greeks for many of the arts rela- tive both to peace and war; and the inhabitants of Europe owe to the Romans their politenefs and refine- ments. The origin of the fciences, therefore, has with great propriety been afcribed to Egypt. Sefoftris was one of the mod celebrated kings of Egypt : during his reign, that kingdom arrived j, „ to an amazitic height of power : it was adorned' ' ^' with the molffplendid cities, and was extremely '°39' populous. This prince is faid to have been pctfefled of 400 fail of large ihips, with which he failed down the Red Sea, fubjugating all the iflands and fea-coafts, as far as India: he had alfo an army of 600,000 foot, B4.000 horfe, and 87,000 armed chariots. He con- quered Ethiopia, Phcenicia, Syria, and all the LefTer Afia ; palfed over into Europe, where he fubdued the Scythians and Thracians as far as the river Tanais. The fuccelfurs of this great prince applied themleives to cultivate the arts of peace. They fucceeded ; and Egypt became the moll ioiirilhing kingdom then in the world. The number of inhabitants are faid to have been no lefs than ay millions; it had 18,000 cities ; and the buildings were amazing ; fome of them are Hill co".ndered with attonilhment, particularly the py- ramids. During this period Europe was i.ivolved in the thickeft cloud oi^ ignorance. Fierce in their nature, and barbarous in tlieir manners, the inhabitants lived in forefts and caverns of the mountains : they fume- times fell a prey to wild beads, and fometimes to the favage brutality of one another. Such were the ancef- tors of the Greeks, who afterwards became the pat- terns of politenefs, and the great matters of every elegant art. But they owed their refinement and tade to the Egyptians, who now cultivated almod every fpecies ol literature with fuccefs. Cecrops landed n ,-, in Greece at the head of an Egyptian colony, and laboured with the utmod alliduity to polifli '^^^' the manners, and reform the favage cudoms of the in- habitants. They were, before his arrival, drangers to laws : even thofe relating to marriage were unknown. They propagated their Ipecies like the beads of the foreit, witnout forming the tender connexions that fiibftd in families, and which even the moll favage nations cui- ^ tivatc A NEW GUIDE to GEOGRAPHY anp ASTRONOMY. 93 « tivaie and eftecm. Cecrops built Athcni. To called from Athene or Minerva, one of the Egyptian deities worlhipped at Saiii the city from whence he came g Q into Attica. The wife meafures of Cecropi, ^ for reforming the manners of the Greeki, were 1500. purfued b^ Cranaui, who fticceeded him in the kingdom of Attica. The council of Areopagus, fo long famous in hiAory, was founded in the Rtu year of his reign. By the exertions of thefe wife princes to reform different parts of Greece, that country foon became celebrated for learning and the polite arts : the rough manners of the inhabitants were polifhed and refined by flicceflive colonies from Egypt and Phoenicia ; the rudeft people became civilized and accompliOied ; and the arts, which had their birth in Afia, were cheriihed n Q with the mod tender care in Greece. But the '.' number of petty ftate», into which the country *<3 ' was divided, rendered the inhabitants incapable of withdanding a powerful enemy. AmphiAvon, one of thofe fuperior geniufes, who appear in the world for the benefit of the age in which tncy livf , and this admiration of pofterity, formed a plan for uniting all the dates of Greece in one grana confederacy. His eloquence and addrefs engaged twelve cities to unite together for their mutual prcfervation. Two deputies from each of thefe cities alTembled twice a year at Thermopylx, and formed what was called the Am- phiAyonic council, ?.fter the name of its founder. Experience fufficiently proved how well tl. mea- fures were concerted; and AmphiAyon, in order to give a greater luftre to the councils, committed to their care the temple at Delphos, with all its riches. This council was the great Ipring of action in Greece, while that country maintained her independence ; and it was owing to this union that all the attemptii of the Perfian emperors were rendered abortive. This flioot gradually improved in'.o a vigorous plant, and it cannot but be pleai'ant to obferve its progrefs. The Athenians had no written luws ; a proper fiib- Tnis was re- ordination had not yet been eftab'.ifhcd, ferved for the great Solon, a man formed by nature for a lawgiver, .lie began with dividing the citizens into four ciafles, proportioned to their wealth ; the lowed were incapable of holding any public employment. They had, however, a voice in the general council of (he republic, and in the aflembly all affairs of impor- tance to the date were finally determined. But led the people (hould become too powerful, the fenate and areopagiis were provided to prevent an anarchy from taking place. The fenate confided of 400 members, each tribe of the Athenians choofing 100. In this af- fembly every important concern intended to be laid be- fore the people was prepared. The areopagus was no- thing more than a courv of jurtice ; but its decrees were fo equitable, and its members fo remarkable for their virtue and integrity, that its powtr in the republic was very extennve. Such was the plan un which the great Solon founded the republic of Athens ; and upon ih«, fame principles, with fome variations, all the other' dates among the ancients were conftituted. Some remarkable particulars occurred in the republic of Sparta or Lacedzmon. The great Lycurgus n n was the legiflator of the Spartans, and his laws oo ' extended equally to peace and war. In order ^* to inure the youth of Lacedsemon to hardfliip. all kinds of luxury, all the ^rts of elecanco or entertainment, in fliort, every thii.j that had the lead tendency to foften the mind, and relax the nerves, was abfoUitely prbfcribed at Spartan. The ufe of money was forbid- den ; they lived at public tables on the coarfed fare ; the younger were taught to pay the utmod reverence to the more advanced in years ; and all ranks, capable of bearing arms, were daily accudomed to the mod pain* flit exercifes. Hence it happened, that war, which to all other nations became very fati^ .ng, was to the Spartans rather a relaxation than a harddiip.'and the behaviour of their troops was adonilhing, and accoin« panied with a firmnefs and courage that was almod be- yond conception or belief. Let us now cad our eyes on Afia, and obferve the events which happened in thofe empires of which wo have long lod fight. Cyrus, th« Perfian, founded n q a new empire on the ruins of thofe of Babylon ' ^ * and AITyria. He was one of the greated princes ^^ ' that ever fwayed an eallern fceptre, and extended his empire over the greater part of Afia. The xn of this prince is extremely remarkable, fince, befiiies delivering the Jews from their captivity, the hidory of the great nations of antiquity, which haS' hitherto engaKedour attention, may be uippofed to finifli. During the reign of Cynis, the Perfians were a brave and warlike people, but luxury foon found its way into that country, ef- feminacy fucceeded, and the Perfians, who, under Cy- rus, were almod invincible, were afterwards unable to face a handful of men, from the petty dates of Greece. Mad with ambition, and the lud of iini verfal em- n q pire, Darius led a numerous army into Greece. * * But the Perfians had forgot to conquer. His army ^ confided of no lefs than 100,000 foot, and 10,000 horfe. This prodigious army was met in the plains of Marathon, by Miitiades, at the head of 10,000 Athe- nians ; and with this fmall army the Perfians were put to flight. So great is the difference between an army enervated by luxury and deprefled by tyranny, and forces animated by freedom and drengthened by virtue. Exafperatcd at the defeat of his father, Xerxes at the head of a, 100,000 men, entered Greece; but n q he Ihared the fame fate with Darius. He was g * every where defeated both by fea and laud ; re- ^ '^' diiced to the utmod extremity, and at lad efcaped to Afia in a filhing-boat. Sucli was the fuirit of the Greclcs ; and fo well did they know, that wanting virtue, life is pain and woe ; that wanting liberty, even virtue mourns, aiut looks round for happinefs in ri .:!' vain. The 98« A NEW AWD COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPL /. The lUniu wc ara oonfiixd to, will not fuffiBr us to purfu* Ihf Ptrfian hifiory ibraugli iu different pcrioda ; It will iheitfora be fufficitnt to obtcrvci that iboujh the Pcffian mottarchs were maAcrs of Alia ami Egypt, ytt u ofito •■ they carried their arms cither againft the Scythians or the Greeks, they were not only de- feated, but fousd the utmoft diflkuity to defend tnem- felvcs in Afia ■C'"'^ '''* ■>'*>"?<* of tbe latter, fluOied with viAory. The fuccccding Icings therefore, grown wife by the misfortunes of Darius and Xerxei, avoided an open war with the Greeks, contenting themfelvcs with artfully fomenting diir«ntioni aaiong the Grecian flates, and breaking their ftrengih by aOiittng the weak « Q againO the powerful. OariiuCodomanus, either ' ' ignorant ot this political ftratagcro, or difdaining 33 • lo piit i( i„ pradice, drew the whole power ol, Greece upon him i and an end was foon after put to the Perfian empire by Alexander th« Great, at the head of his Macedonian army. The Ftrfians were iwvcr remarkable for learning and the arts. Like the other inhabiunts of the Eaft, they were fond of the fublime. Their archite£lur« was grand and noble. Their flatuss were gigantic, but pro- ftortion was often wanting, and the d^icacy which the Greek fculptors afterwards gave to their works was nnknown. The literati were divided into two fe£ls, the S^kbaeans and the Magi. The former wotlhippcd iJulsj maintained that the ftars were gods, among wlioitt the fun was chief, becaufc he governed both the heaven and the earth. The Magi, on the contrary, tcjcded the worfltip of images, and adored the fun voder the form of fire« as the lupreme deity. ZoroaAer, who flourifltcd in the reign of Darius U^flapfesy re- formed the religion of the Magi, rendermg it more fublime and pure. He was fo fuccefsful, that mod of the nobles, and even the kin^ of Perfia, embraced his tenets ; and the Sabaean religion wu but little regarded. The principal fcience cultivated in the Perfian empire was ailronomy ; but they never carried it to any great degree of perfection. They were more afliduous in fludying the ridiculous reveries of aflrotoey, than in labouring to explain the phenomena of the univerfe. I'hey were well acquainted with the face of the hea- vens, but never applied themfelvcs to invefiigate the laws by which the motions of the heavenly bodies were regulated. Their philofophy was an ablurd jargon of loofe irregular thoughts, without the lead foundation in nature. They were /irangers to experiments, and never attempted to deduce cauTes from tlieir effe^s. While the Greeks continued to cultivate the virtuous principles they received from their great legiflators, they wsre invincible ; but iheir victories over the Per- fians rendered them proud and haughty } they quanelled with one another, and weakened themfelvcs by intef- tine divifion. Philip of Macedon (a country till this time little known, and lefs regarded) obferved thcfe commotions between the Hates of Greece, and, be- coming imporunt and powerful, refolvcd to turn them 8 to his own advantage. He artfully fomented . p their divifioosi and when he had fuflScicntly g exafperated them a^inft each other, he became 33^* abfolutc maftcr of Greece bv the battle of Chernnea. The Grecian ftates, having Ion that virtue which formed the baGs of their confederacy, would have fallen wiih. out a battle. The eloquence of Dcmoithcnes was exerted in vain ; his immortal Philippics had no power to infpire a people, already iinnicrfuJ in corruption and licentioufttels, to a fcnfe of their danger i they pre ferrcd luxury to virtue, and, dreading the chains of flavery lefs than a noble and timely exertion of their |)owers in the caufe of liberty, the^ became an eafy Etrey to the fcduAive arts of tiieir iohdiuus and afpiring be. The ambition of Philip, however, was not fatitfied with the conqued of his country i he propofed to ex- tend the boundaries of his empire far beyond the nar- rcvv limits cf Greece. Accordingly, he made pro* diginiu prejpara'' >s for carrying on his deligns »»\a(i rierua i Lutdied before they were completed. is fuo Alexander, who fucceeded him on the q -, throne, having no enemy to fear in Europe, palfed into Afia at the head of 3C00 foot and 330- 5000 horfe. With this handful of oku, he conquered the whole force of Darius in three pitched battles, and overthrew the Perfian empire : he afterwards penetrated into India, and reduced nations whofe very name were then unknown in Europe. Soon after this rapid carcrr of victory and fuccefs, Alexander died at mbylon in the flower of bis age. His captains, preferring » p power to virtue, and riches to gratitude, facri- need all the family of their maitcr, and divided 3'3- his conquefts among themfelves. But this was not effected without violent (Iruggles and dilfenfions ; and while difcord reigned among the Grecian leaders, the Parthians made themfelves malters of the countries to the ea(t of the Euphrates, and laid the foundations of a kingdom which at length became very powerful. Alexander's empire was divided into four kingdoms: the Macedonian, the Afiatic, the Syrian, and the Egyp- tian. The Macedonian kingdom, which fell to the lot cf Antipater, continued about 15a yeary; during » r> which interval, ten fucceilive princes fwayed co' the fceptre. Perfeus, the lalt Macedonian king, was totally defeated by Emilius, carried to Rome in triumph, and died in prifon ; and the kingdom 'was reduced to a Roman province. The Afiatic kingdom, which fell to Antigonus, comprehended that country now called Natolia, together with fome diltriCts be- yond Mount Taurus. This kingdom was afterwards divided into three parts, namely, th^ kingdom of Pcr- gamus, the kingdom of Pontus, and the kingdom of Armenia. Attilus, the lad king of Pergamus, ap- pointed the Roman people his heir ; and accordingly at his death, that country became part of the Roman do- minions. Tlie kingdom of Pontus continued in a very fluurilhing llata till the reign of Mitbridates, who carried on A NEW GUIDE to GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY. 933 E on an obflinalc war with the Romani twenly-fix yearn. He wai defeated by Sylla and Lucullus ; but (lilt fup- ortcd hill independence, till he was totally vanquilhed . y Fonnpey, who annexed Hit kingdom to the Roman hate. TJie kingdom of Armenia fell with that of Pontus. Tigranei, the lad monarch, who joined Mithridatei oKaind the Romani, was, with that prince, defeated by Pompcy, and left hit kingdom to the conqueror. Selcucus Nicanor obtained the Syrian kingdom : his fucccflbri were called Scleucidc, who long held the fceptre with honour. After the extinflion of that family, the throne was filled by Antiochui Deus, Antiochus the Great, Antiochus kpiphanes, and Ti< Sranes. The lai> governed both Syria and Armenia ; ut being conquered by the Romans under Pompey, both kingdoms were reduced to the form of a Roman province. The throne of Egypt was ufurped by Ptolemy Lagus, one of Alexander's generals \ ana from him all his luc- ccifors wete called Ptolemies. That kingdotn flourilhed under twelve princes for near a^o years. Among thefe, Ptolemy Philadelphus was the molt famous. To him we owe the Septuagint tranllation of the fcripturcs. He founded the celebrated Alexandrine library, which confided of near 700,000 volumes. He was re- markable for encouraging the arts. The literati flocked to the city of Alexandria as to the feat of the mufcs. The celebrated Cleopatra was the lad who fwaycd the fceptre of Egypt. She was vanquiflied by Au- giidus, and Egypt underwent the fame fate of the other kingdoms ; it was added to the dominions of the Romans. Greece, particularly Athens, produced, during this period, every thing great in the arts. The very names of illudrious men who flouriflied there in that age of literature, would be fufficient to fill a moderate volume. All the improvements made by other nations formed only the dawn of that glorious day which now (hone in its meridian fplendor. The Egyptians, and many of the Oriental nations, had raifed ltru£lures, celvbraicd at once for their magnificence and magnitude ; but it was the Greeks who fird added proportion to grcat- ncfs, and elegance to grandeur : the orders of archi- „ p te£iurc had their birth in Greece. The pieces q" of fculpture executed by Phidias, Polyclttus, ^^ Myron, Lyfippus, Praxiteles, and Scopas, have rendered their names immortal. Apollodorus, Zeuxis, Parrhafius, Pamphilus, Timanthes, Apelles, Aridides, and Protcgencs, difplayed the power of the pencil, and made the world acquainted with the magic of painting. I'hc art of compofition was carried to the highelt foint of pcrfu6lion. Homer, Efchylus, Sophocles, and ;uripi<'cs, reached the true fublime in poetry. Profaic writings acquired elegance and fimplicity from tlic pen of Herodotus : Xenophon and I focrates gave it cadence and harmony ; but it was refcrved for Thucydides and Dcmodhencs to difplay the full force of the Greek language. No. 47. Nor were the dudiei of th« Greeks confined to the polite arts, the more fevere excrcilcs of mathematics and philofophy were cultivated with fiirccfs. The names of Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes, are fulficiently known. The three fcholart of the great Socrates, Plato, Aridotle, and Xennphon, may, for drength of reafoning, judnefs uf thought, and pro> priety of exprefliun, be compar' d with the writers of any age or nation. It mud however be confelfeil, that the Greeks were much better writers than philotuphers. For though the operations ot reafon are prior to the fird efforts of the imagination ^ yet the imagination when once at work proceeds much fader. It has the advantage uf a£)ing upon obje£ls of its own cveauon ; whereas reafoning being confined to the objufis bcrfbre it, is obliged to Tiop at every dep, and often ixhauda all its powers in fruitlefs refearches, The univerfe and refle£lion arc the mod ufefiil books of philofo- phcrs, and thofc were diidicd by he Greeks ; but not taking exporimcnts fur their guide, they wandered into the regions of deception, and exliaudi;d in fiibtle dif- putcs that lively and penetrating genius which, if properly employed, would have enabled }hem to with- draw the veil from nature, difcover tlu; laws which regulate the univerfe, and form a fyflem of morals for the general benefit of mankind. The ftatcfmen and warriors of Greece were equally famous wiih thofe who applied their talents to the cultivation e>f the arts. The love of their conntry was deeply engraven on their minds, and rendered tncm fuperior to lal>our and fatigue. Their military virtue was eminenMy dif- played in their wars againd the Perfiatis ; of whi^ih the caufe were the wife laws which Aniphi. .^ on, Solon* and Lycurgus had edabliflied among them. Leaving this nation, whofe hidory, both civil and philofophical, is as important as their territory was in- confiderable. we fhull next turn our attention to the Roman affairs, which are dill more intereding, as well on their own account, as from the relation in which they dand to thofe of modern Europe. Romulus, the founder of the Roman date, was ot a very martial dif- pofition i and the political date of Italy, divided into a number of fmall but independent didrids, afforded a noble field for the difptay of his military talents. He was continually embroiled with one or other of his neighbour!!; and war was the only employment by which he and his companions expedled not only to en- rich themfelves, but even to fubfid : yet they never blended cruelty with their conqueds ; the people they fubdued were not extirpated. Romulus ellablilhed a maxim which afterwards rendered his fucccilbrs maf- ters of the world; he united the nations he conquered to the Roman date. By this prudent condud^ g q^ he became dronger by every viiSlory ; and the ' * number of his fubjefls was incrcafed by every '"^^* addition to his territories : he touk care at tlve fame time not to opprefs the people he had conquered. He changed indeed the form of thcii gpvcrnmeut, but be 1% D ntvtr ^ ■\' ' ' I 9:^4 A NKW Avn rOMPTF.TR SYSTEM or UVIVP.RSAI. OEOr.RAPIlY. re\cr in)p(>l<.il on ihi-in (lie yukc of lljvrry ; llicy hc- cjiiic nunibt-ri ot a tree li.itc, .iiui ciijoyMl all (lie pri- viUgr» ot hit own peoplr. The iiiilitary dirripliiie iti hh people always cn,i flnlible that no llaic could Aihlili vithiiit laws, and a pri'per Itibordiivation : that liberty without rc'lhaint wuiitd degenerate into anarchy; and that power without being nicely balanced, would ter- minate in tyranny. He was theretorc defirotis of feciN ring liberty without licentioufniTs, and ot placing the lcgilluti\e power where it tui^'ht not be abnled to the prejiKJice of hin fubjcds. Accordingly he inOitnted what wa< called the fenate, a court originally coinpored ol lOO prrfonx, dilhiigiiilhed lor their wifdotn ana vir- p P tnc. He enacted laws tor the mitninifiraiinii of jiiltice, and tor btidling the fcrtK'ioiis rnaiincrs ' ' * and pallions of his lollowcrs. Under thefe in- llitiitions his intant llaic ilourilhcd in a mull fiirpririn manner : but gratitude was not one of the virtues ol the tirit court of legillaiure ; for Romulus, after a long reign fpent in promoting the civil or military iiitcrells of his country, fell a viditn to the treachery of the fenate he had to lately tbiindcd, being, as it is thought, pri- va:rly allallinaied by fotne of its tncmberii. Numa Pompiiins, his fiicceiror, cliietly applied him- felt to cultivate the arts of peace ; he inilituted the re- ligious ctrciiionies of the Romans, infpind the people with the highelt vcmration for an oail;, wliich may be ronliitcred as tl)e fold of military difcipline ; and added two months to the year, in order to render it more coii- fwmablc to the coiirfc of the fun. 'riillitis Hofliliiis, Ancii'; Miirtiiis, Tarqiiiniiis Prifciis, and Servius Tiil- liuii, the fiicceilors uf Numa, laboured alliduoiilly to prcniote theprofpcriiy, and extend the power of Rome. But Tarquiii the Proud, who murdered Servius Tiil- lius, his lather- in-law, and feized upon the throne, followed not the (leps of his prcdcccllbrs ; lie became a Very cruel and infamous tyrant. He trainpled on the lawsof judice, and feemed pleafcd with the oppreflions he heaped upon the pec^ple. He was at once the ter- ror and detellation ot Rome. The infolencc of his fon J, p Stxtus Tarquinius h.iftened his fate. He vio- lated the chaftity of Liicretia, a Roman lady, and by that flagitious .id aftVontcd the whole nation. Taiquiiiwas hurled from the throne, and his whole family expelled from Rome. This violent con- viillion put a period to the regal government. There was a ntccHity lor a power equal to that pof- 5>o. telfcd by th«ir king* •<• refido loni' .vnere i tliii ihry placed ill two lont'iiUi who were nothing more thmi annual mai'illraies, though they enjoyed a l<)vrreign an- thoiiiy. 'I hi* foiin rt time allotteCOMV. ssssacauBx-tAaaamimimimmimm f>n Dtiiliut, who Kiiight their (irlt iiuval butilr, wa« viitlii- riiiiH. '1 l\e C'aiilia^^iiiiun* wen- now riiiilKl Ironi their lluiither ol Itcuiiiy i tiiuy feared lur their coniiiicrco, tho true tnurte ot ihtir praic, aud the liiaws ul wur. 'I hey bi'f>:in to ireinhli! in their liiiii i anil fuih was the fpirit which thm animated the Koinunt ugainll their rncmif>, tli ii Ht(;uhi«, their general, brinf{ lakon nri- foiur 111 Aliiia, was leni hark on his parole to nrgntiaie a I lian^';c ot prifonvrs. Hi muintaincd m the lirnutc the prnprii ty ot ihai law, whiih cut ott' (rom tholb who iiiHircd thcinlt.-lvcii lobe taken, all hi)|H-s ol liciiig fav- cil, and rt'ttiriud to a certain death, mIu child, to the temple of Jtipiter, whtrc having ordered a folemn facrifice to be oD'crcd up to that (Icily, he led hisfon to the altar, and alked him «\hcthcr hcMak willing to attend him >n his expedition a{;ainll the Romans } I'hc cniirageou.s boy not only ciMifcnted to go, but conjured his tathcr, by the goda jircfcnt, totorin him to victory, and int>rnd him in the art ot conquering. I'o this Mamilcar joyliilly cnnfent* ed, and cauletl him to I'wear upon the altar tu be an irre* coiicilcable rncmy tu the Romans. Hannibal being, nt 3,5 years of age, appointed gene- ral ot the Carthaginian torc^s, determinuti to nt- n p tack his enemies in the very lieaitof theircoun- tiy. lie crollcd the Fbro, tnc Rhone, and the "' Alps, and in a moment dciccndcd like a torrent upon Italy. The Romans now trembled lor their capital. Si ipio advanced to meet the Cariliagiiiian general, and diteatcd. Hannibal piirfiicd his victory, crollld the I'd, and encamped at Placentia. The Roman confiil appeared at the head of his army. HaniiibaJ ottered luin baitic. which lie thought proper to dicline. 'IVr- rihid ai the expediiion of iiannibal's pinliiit, .nnd the anUmr of the Carth.-iL;inian troops, lic abandoned his fiiiiilifd camp, croUld the Trcbia, and polled liimCelf till an eiiiinciicc mar tliat river. ManniljMl follov.'ed liiin, and I'licampcd in the light of tlie Ronuins on in oppotite bank. A bailie eiiAud, and the Roinans were iiyain ileleiited. Hannibal now crollcd the Appenine;!, iilcd into Ltruria, ami laid walle great part ot that ler- ! .'.I- louiitry. Provoked at the rapid progrefs of tho Car- tliagiiiiaii general, Klaminiiis, one of tlic Roman con- tiiU, iniprtidenilv ad'/.nv.ed to giv" him battle. The I'.vo ariiiii ' mi t m .i large field near the lake ol Thrafy- ftwne, and iln- Romars \.crc a tliiid time defeated. '1 lute rcpeaiud niisfortiiP'"^ filled the city of Rome with terror and altonithincnt. '1 lie inhabitants ex- '{ifiCtcd Hannibal would fliortly vilit their ciiy : even the rtgrd flew tt. arms, ami apiicared on this l),iiik'men(« wilh the wriip'HU taKci from llu'ir enemies In former wats, and wh'ch hAd lung been hung up as trophic* In their tun)|>le^. Hannibal, jnflead of marching dir«"flly to Rome, rin* prudently moved towards ihr tvrriiory. of Adria. The allies of Romo were olamicd. Sicilv fnle* with iho compuror. Hicronymii':, king of Syr.i. iife, duliirei againll tlic Romans, and almol) all Italy ubandoiiK ilieiii. Ill this extremity Romo owes its prefervaiiuii to the coiir.iijo and condiu'l of ihicn gre.it in-n ; anKni|| whom. Kahilis M«\in)us was ihe litll who contribu- ted in a graat intafiiru lo favc Roinu from dc- n ^ itruftion. Ho was chofen dii'lator in this ' alarmin|.j crilis, and led his troops 'igainll the Carthaginian general. Hannibal did every thing in hit power to bring the diflator to a decilive engagenitfiif } but Fabiiis candantly declined the otter, ^traiagums were ufed in vain ; the Runvin fawihe tnare, and ciire^ fully avoided it. He cut off the foraging partiesiof iha Carthaginians, and perpietiially hnrali'ed tiieiH in their march : the, army of Hannibal was in danger ot bi;in« dcltioycd without a battle. 'I'lie recall of r abiiis favcu them from inevitable ruin. Tho now confiils Varro and FauluK wanted the abilities of Fabiu.st they de-^ termined to bring mi a decifivu engagement with the enemy. The two armies met in a large plain near ihuf village of Canme. A drcidfiil battle enfued, :in which thu Romans were totally defeated. This was tho great-' til blow that people ever received ; above forty-tivtf thoiifaiul Romans, were left dead on the field of battlut and among them fncli a number of knights that llanni- b'll is laid to have fcnt three bufliels of their rings to Carihajrc. Notvvithrtanding thcfc misfortunes, Rome had ftilli refoiiri;cs.. The yoiiiig Scipio revived the droop- j, j-j ing courage of his country. Though then only ' ■*>. twenty-tdiir years of age, he led a powerful army into Spain, where both 'his father and unc^c had loll t'lcir lives. But Siipio was not to be iiltiitiidated; He inv'il '.I New Carihaige, afid took the cHty at tho (ir(l a'r.!iilt. From Spain he palled into Afrl- n p C.I, where the mofi powerful kings fubmitted ••> '„ *' his arms. C .'r^hage trembled in her turn, and' * fuw wilh teri'M- her armies defeated. Hunnibal was recalled to dtl'iil his country; his conciueHs in Italy were abandopoi!, :"iid the defence of Carthage was now the great objeil ol that republic. .But viciory had now forf.ikpn the Ihiulanis of Hannlbfil. His fwces were' defaied ; Cuihagc became tributary to Rome; and" uficr the dediurtion of that powerful Ihite, the Romans obtained viiilories vMi .niich Icf^i dilficulty : there was no power able to c>;:ii'"l for any le;iglh of time willi their vi'iorioiis armies Tl'.e (lates of Greece, who had once more recovered' their liberty, fell an cal'y prey to the Romans, jj >, Atiiiocliiis the Great fent an army to their '„ * altillance; but they were- calily defeated ; aiid ' * "' Aatiochus II m 93^ A N£W AMD COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. Antiochiishimfclf was obliged to fubmit to an infamous treajty. But ilill the Romans purfued the maxims of Romulus, their great anceflor. They pci!nittcd the ancient inhabitants to polFcfs their country, and re- fped^ive eftates : they did not even change the form of their government, and the conquered nations became the allies of the Roman people. They were however the mod &bje£t ilaves, under the fpecious tit':: of lallies. Mithridates, king of Pontus, was not indeed fo eafily reduced. He had great rcfources. His people were flrong and vigorous, inured to hardfliips and fatigue. Fond of liberty, and true lovers of their coimtry, they for many years fupportcd theinfelves againll the veteran J. p armies of Rome. But continiral wars depof-u- ; ' lated their country : defeat Aicccedcd defeat, till ^' at lait Mithridates in a dcciflve battle with Pom- pey, lofl at once his kingdom and his life. In Africa the wars were bloody and of long con- tinuance. Marius, one of the greateft generals of Rome, at laft, by conquering Jugurtha, put an end to the quarrels that had long waited that country ; Numidia •rt p was reduced under the Roman yoke. The fouth- *£ ' em parts being thus conquered, Marius lei' ' ' his viiStorious legions towards the north. He croIFed the Alps, and was fortunate in every attempt. The barbarous nations fled before him, and fought re- fuge in their foreds and bogs. The Roman liandards were difplayed in the kingdoms of the Gauls, the Cimbri, the Teutones, and other barbarois nations be- yond the Alps. ■o p But while Rome conquered the world, there ' '< fubfided an internal war within her walls. After *°'' the expullion of her kings. Koine enjoyed but a partial liberty. The defcendents of the fenators, who were diltinguimcd by the name of Patricians, were in- vcdcd with fo many difguRful privileges- that the people felt for their dependence, and were determined to ihake oft' the yoke. They plainly perceived there was no other nictliud of healing the wounds of the re- public, but by committing the fupremc power to the tare of a fingle pcrfon. Didators were therefore created, and intniitcd with the royal power : but as ftion as the time ot office expired, the alarming con- vulfions of the flate returnid. Before the Romans were acquainted wir- the luxuries of fuicign nations j bclore the tide of cc., ;nc(l had rendered tlicm haughty, and the wealth of Alia, infolcnt ; thefc ftrngglcs were never carried to extremities: but when the delicacies of foreign nations had banifhed frugality, and a deluge of corriiptioii had Iwept virtue from the ftate, Rome became a prey to her own children. The love of their couiitry was now to the Romans little more than a fptcious nanc j the better f.irt were too wealthy and «fteininafe to riibnut to the rigours of military dif- ciplinc i the army was now no longer a band of citi- '/.ens, the legions were compofcd oi the rcfufe of the people. The foklitrs recognized no other power tlun that ui their general ; ut:dcr his baoncrs ttuy con- quered, and for him they were always ready to facrificc tneir lives: he inight, whenever he pleafed, lead ihein againd the fcnate, nobles, or people. But the feveral armies, required to be kept on foot for fecuring the numerous conqueds, retarded the fubverfion of the re- public. Jealotify, together with a dciire to preferve their own independence, prompted them to watch the con- duft of each other with the molt affiduous attention. Marius would have been mailer of Rome, had not the foldiurs of Syila defeated his ambitious deligns ; but at length a general appeared, whofe adtioiis eclipfed the glory of all his cotemporaries. ^ Julius Cicfar, who planted the Roman eagles in Gaul, had nothing left to conquer but his country. Fired with the ambition of becoming mafte-r of the world, Cxfur palled the Rubicon, and fat down in the capi(ol of Rome. Pompcy, the only general „ p capable of oppofing the conqueror of Gaul, was ' j" defeated at PharfaTia; and with him fell the <^ liberty of the Roman Hate. The fenate was no more ; its fhaduw only fubfided ; the power remained with Julius Czfar. Rome received him as her mailer, and all the conquered nations laid their fceptres at his feet. But the love of liberty (till fubfided in the breads of fomc of the citizens of Rome. Brutus and Caf- „ p (i'is undertook to free their country from the ' ' power of a tyrant. Cxfar was dabbed in the '^^' jenate-houfe, and the patriots took up arms in defence of their liberties. But they gained not over to their intered the legions who had learned to conquer undei the banners of Caefar. Their army was defeated at Philippi, and three tyrants triumphed at Rome, n p Thefe wanted both the clemency and abilities ofCajfar; they rivalled him only in ambition. 3'' A triumvirate of dictators could not long fubfid. Mark Antony, who alone had any pretenfions to the mili- tary talents of Ca:far, was loon enervated by the plea- fures of 'he Egyptiar court ; he preferred the charms of Cleopatra to the giv.ries of conquelt ; and rnlfeicd <^flavius, at the bait 5 of Adlium, to wrcd from his hand the fceptre of the world. At this period, Rome had no patriots left to fiipport her falling liberties : fome fell at the battle of Philippi, and the rell by the bloody profcription of the tyrannical triumvirate. Odtavius, under the name of Auguliiis, took the title of emperor, and fat down iinmoleltcd un the throne of Cxfar. Tlufc didraflions of the emnire had no cffe6l on tho military difcipline of the Roman legions; tiicy were the imdifputcd maders of the world, when Rome was without a chief. And no f(K)ner was Aiigulhis cilabliihcd on tlic throne, than ambalfadors from all parts of the known world crowded to pay him homage, or court his friundlhip. Depntii* from the burning fands of AiVica, the foft luxuriant plains of Alia, and the frozen regions of the North of Europe, met at Rome to proclaim Augullus emperor of the world. The tumults of war ccafcd in every kingdom; A NEW GUIDE to GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY. 937 kingdom ; the fword of ilcfolation was (luatlR-d, and liarinony fucctcdtd to llie difcoid of nations. Aiigiillus flint the temple of Janns, and the Saviour of the world, the Priaicc of peace, was borti. Let OS now, before we proceed to the hiflory of the emperors that fii^'cecdcd Aiigulhis, confidcr the jtate ot learning and the arts in this pciiod of Rmnan greatntfs. In the infancy of the rcjinblic, and iven long after tlic coiifular governinmt was ellabiillied, learning and the arts made very little progrcfs at Rome. Agriculture and the cultivation of arms prin- cipally engaged their attention. An adequate idea ir.iy be formed t)f the little value they placed open works of art by the cdi6l of Mnrnmius, who, having deilroycd the city o. Corinth, ordered the pidurcs painted by the moft eminent artilb ol Greece to be cairitd to Rome, with this remarkable caution, that if any were loft in the palVage, they Uiould be obliged to makeup the number. Nor were the fcicnces in more rcqiielt at Rome. In the time of Cato the elder, fome of the abk'ft philofophers of Greece coming to Rome, he ordered them to depart the city, left the minds of the youth Ihould be enervated by philofophy, and rendered too f)ft for military achievements. For a long ftri .s of years there were no written laws at Rome ; thofe of Solon, brought from Greece, were the hrft that wert known in that city. They were generally called the laws of the twelve tables, becaufe tliey were written in twelve departments : they were afterwards correflcd by various decries ol the fenatc, orders of the people, and edifls of the praitors : and in them was contained the civil law of the Romans. After the downia! of Carthage, the Romans, having no '"..""Tiy to fear from abroad, began to tafte the fweets of fecurity, and to cultivate the arts of peace. The curious remains of the Grecian magnificence, which were fent to Rome, infpired them with a defire of imitating the perfed models of the Greek "..lilts. Whatever was elegant, curious, and beautiful, might be confulttd without trouble orcxpence. But the Ro- mans, though midoubtedly great artifts, never equally hnilhed tlie works of their mafters. Eloqumco had been long ftudied in Rotne ; but it did not reach its greateft height till Cicero appeared ; but his orations are inferior to thofe v{ Demolthenes. Cicero gave to tloquencc all the graces of which it is fufceptible, without learning its folidity and gravity. He g;,ve cadence and haniiMiiy to the Roman language, and enriched it with beauties before unknown : he was to Rome what Demollhenes had been to Greece, the glory of his country ; they both carried eloruence to the higheft peifedion it ever attained. The poetiy of Virgil is equal to any thing produced by the Greeks, except the Iliad of Homer. Like the profe ol Demollhenes, the verfes of Virgil are inimi- table. Hi)race, in his fatires and epiUles, had no model aiiKMig the Greeks, and ftands to this day un- rivalled in that fpccics of writing. Rome abounded in hif- No. 47. torians ; among whom, Livy poircires all the natural eal'e of Hi-rodutns, and is more dtfcriptive, more elo- quent, and fentimental. Sallull is gtner.illy ranked with Thucydides, and fomc li.ive not fcrupkd to con- lidtr him as the moll e\c'-l!ent hiilori.in of antiquity. Tacitus did not flourilli in the A.igiilian age; but he has acquired the grcatell honour by his works, whik they refltiil ignominy on his uountry and human nature, whofe corruption and vices he paints in the molt ftriking colours. To write the life of Tiberius re- quired the genius of Tacitus, who could unravel all the intrigues of the cabinet, aflign the real caufes of events, and withdraw the veil of deception, whitli concealed from the eyes of the public the real motives and rprings of aflion. The Romans never applied thernfelves greatly to phi- lofophy. Lucretius, who delivered, in fpirited verfifi- cation, the opinions of Epicurus, is the only philofo- pher, except Cicero, whofe writings have reached our times : a clofe and airidnons fearch into the operations of nature, was not perhaps agreeable to the genius of the Romans In tragedy as comedy, the Romans never produced any thing that can bear the leaft comparifon with the writers of Greece. The tragic p^ets hardly deferve to be mentioned. Plautus and Terence are juftly placed at the head of the comic poets of Rome ; but neither w^re polllired of the vis comica, or lively vein of humour, which is eftential to comedy, and which diftinguilhcs the writings of TTw ;omic poets of Greece. We are now arrived at an .Tra which prefents us with a ftt of monllers, under the name of emperors, who filled the throne of the Casfars, and whofe hillories, a few excepted, difgrace human nature. The govern- ment of Rome foon degenerated into the moft defpotic tyranny: a people long celebrated for their liberty, were now redticed to the mod abjedl ftate of flavery. The army was in reality the fovereign of Rome : and while the emperors inflifled the moft inhuman cruelties on their fubjcds, they themfelves trembled at the power of the k"ions : the emperors were at once the tyrants of the pt .pie and the (laves of the army. To keep, the turbulent legions (who too well knew their own power) employed, they were led againft the barbarous nations bey.)nd the Alps. The Germans, the Britons, and other nations of the North, were fubdued ; and the Roman arts and learning were introduced among the nations of diftant countries. But this required abilities and perfeverance. Fond of their liberties, and ftrangers to every thing but the necelfaries' of life, the ferocious inhabitants of the North long defended themfelves. againft the power of Roinc. In their ftruggles for liberty, their countries were laid wafte, and famine af- fiited the Romans to plant their eagles in the countries inhabited by a barbarous people. Many kingdoms w ere depopulated ; and the Romans marched to conque't through the blood of an innocent [^ople, whofe only crime was a love for their country : butcontiueft, which 1 11 E raiii:d I li m 5^8 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. railed the Roman puvver to the fumimt il. The fol't, delicious climate ot Italy excited thcii defires ; they poured iiki' a torrent fioni the Alfis mto the plains, fwccping all beiorc ihcm. They pui filed a very different maxim from tl.c Romans: they ioiiqht for a fettlement, : id therefore extirpated the iiihabitanN. The moft dreadliil fceneot blood and (laughter marked the route of the barbarians. Bi fore them the country exhibitc-d the molt lovely prol'pedt, fmiling in all the beauties of nature, populous, and full of cities and villages ; behind them, (mokino de- ferts, without inhabitants, and without a farm. I'he fyA'ord of deltruclion was drawn, and the bar lariaiis fevcrely retaliated on the RoTians the miferie.s their conquering legions had carried >nto other climes. Pei- haps a more ('il'mal fcene ua- iitver exhibited fince the earth was peopled: cotcmpiraiv authors, wht) brheld that fcene of defolation, are at a lofs tor cxpreffious by which to defcribe the horror of it : the Scouige of God, the Dertroycr of Natiotjs, arc th: dreaiHul epithets h) which they dilliiiguillj the mofl noted ol the barbarous leaders, who Ipaied neither age, fex, nor r.iiik ; all were fwtpt away by tli l"e cruel invaders, aiii tell to- gether in one imchlluiijuilhed carnage ; even Rome it- fLlf (ell a viclim to b.i.barity and (iiry. 1 lufe ca- lamities bcfel the Ronwn esr.pire between A. 1) 3(),5 and 571, when the cl'abi;)me to Conlljin;uople. lly this impolitic nicafure, the vveftern ?.i.d c ..'tern p'-ovinces were fepa- ratcd Iri'in each other, and jjoverned by diffeient fovc- reigr;s. The fornicr was it; led the v.eltern, and the latter the eallerii cnipire. The withdrawing the Roman legions from the Rliiiie and the Danube to the calt, threw dovvti the barriers of th'; wellern empire, and l.iid it open to the norihern invalers, who laid all the gjdiies , who had before ailoptcd the Indian method of com- putation by the nine figures and a cypher, brought ihe improvement into Europe. I'lom them the Kiiroptans 1( ariied the courfe of the Oars, aiid the nattir-- of etli()fes. I5eiihnnain, ihc altn.iiomcr, traiillaad the Almagelt of Pto'emy trom the Cireek into Arabic; and made fevera! alironomic I obfervations, then of great importance. 'I'he calit Almamon caiifid a de- gree of the meridian to be meafured, in order to deter- mine the magnitude of the earth, above feven centuries before any thing of thai kind was attempted in Europe. Aviceiuu %i»J^ A NEW GUIDE to GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY. 939 : of letters fuc- Avicenna and Averroes, two celebrated phyficians, tranflated the Wv.rks of Ariftotle into Arabic, when th' ) were utterly unknown on th fide cf the Mcditcrra- r.ean. They cultivated phylic ml ciitmiflry with gn at alacrity antl fucccfs : the laticr may be fard to have been invented by the Arabians. The Chrillians were then inflrufled by the Mrliometans. A new fpecies of government, now known by the name of the Feudal Syftem, was introduced by the nortliern barbarians, who deltroycd the Roman em- pire. The confederacies entered into by the inhabi- tants of the North, were rather military than civil, under different leaders, to whom they were ftrongly attached. When they eftablilhed themfelves in the empire, their chiefs diftributed to. the principal officers, imder the btirden of military fcrvice, a ^^ roportion of the conquered territories ; and thcfe made a new par- tition among their foldicrs under tlie fame tenure. Thefc fiefs were fubHituied for pay, and vvcrc not con- fidered as the property of their polleilbrs. They were originally revocable at the plcafure of the granter ; but an attachment, which is naturally contraftcd for land, introducing the idea of property, the nature of thefc grants was infenlibly altered ; men were avcrfc to re- linqulfliing lands they had *or fome time cultivated, and for which they had acquired an affeflion. Tliefe fiefs we're accordingly firlt changed into poUinions for life, and afterwards became hereditary. The impru- dence or weakncfs of fovereigns allowed themfiUes to be deprived of their territories. Their valfals ife in irdependence ; and their fubjcd\s, who received pro- tedlion from thefe, became more attached to them than tc iheir fovereigns. A multitude of inferior vallals conllitutcd a forniidal ' • body inider the great tenants of the crowii ; and the advantages of this alfociation were fo great, that fiffs were confidcred as preferable to free poireifions, Thofe, therefore, who were pof- felRd of free lands, rdigncd them, cither to the prince, or fome powerful noble, in order to receive them back in the form of fieis. The earls who adminiftercd judice (ior the civil was not yet feparated from the iniliiary power) finding their advantage in the fines ,Tnd pcciniiary emoluments refulting to them as judges, found means to render the judicial power hereditary in tlieir lamilies. Thus the official power of the magif- Irates was in a manner converted into fief^, and the crown was weaketied by new encroachments on its prerogatives. The fovereign, however, was dill con- lidered as the head of this vail fabric of political fub- ordinaiion. Obliged to protedl his valTals, he had a title to deinand their allillance, both for his own de- fence, and for that of the flatc. He fumtnoned t'-.n to his coint ; and akhough their advice and conciir- •rcnce was abfolutely nccellary in all matters of mo- ment, yet their attendance, in confcqueiK c; of his call, which, in one point of view, was a principal p'ivilcge, was, in another, conlidercd as a burden, and a mark of their dej^eiidence. The inferior vad'als were bound to perform the fame duties to the great barons, which tlielc ;>erformed to the king ; and thus a kingdom was conliHered as a great barony, rtTid a barony as a finall kuiytlom. It was the natural r,mbitioii of every baron to render his authority as indcpenc!.;nt of the crown as |)oiiible, and to acquire new force and authority over liis particular valfals. The natural confequences of thcfe Gothic inditutions were Jealoufies, wars, and oppreffions without number. The great baron took the advantage of granting his valfals the perpetual af- filtance they wanted, to acquire a defpotic power over them. The manufacturer, and lower claffes of inen, languilhcd under the moft infupportable fervitudc ; for valour and military qualities were then alone re- garded. An ariftocracy, the moft cruel r^ode of government, now prevailed, and ftifled every principle of equity and of nature. The people perceived that they ought to exchange the dominion of feveral maflers, for the limited adminiftration of a finglc perfon. The Eu- ropean t.^onarchs perceived the encroachment of the nobles, and the dreadful fervitudc of the fubjcft. They faw the people were nothing better than Haves ; and determined to fupport them againlt the tyranny of the- barons. They declared, that as all men were born free, they ffiould enjoy that liberty in reality as well as in name. But to effe£l this noble dcfign, it was ne- cclfary to ere£t fome intermediate power to counter- baknce that of the barons, who cnflaved the people, and afpired to give iaws to the crown. A plan was ilicrcfore adopted, which fully anfwered the defign. New privileges were conferred on towns, in confe- quence of wliich they became at once populous and rich. All marks of fervitudc were aboliwicd ; they were formed into bodies corporate, and governed by magiftrates and a council, choicn by themfelves. The very dawn of liberty roufed all the powers of the liu- man mind into a£lion. A fpirit of induftry revived; commerce became an obje£l of attention, and was cul- tivated with fuccefs by many of the powers of Europe. The invention of ttie mariner's compafs greatly facili- tated the communication between one nation and another, and confequently opened new iburces of com- merce. The cities of Alexandria and Conftantinople had long carried on a very confiderable trade with IndoHan ; the precious commodities of India were not unknown in Europe. The Crufades, which robbed Europe of her it... bitants, weie the caufe of opening a tmdc be- tween the ftates of Italy and the Eall. Venice became very powerful by her commerce : flie for fome time engrolled the cotnmodities of India, and difpufed them all over Europe. The Gcnoefe, by fending provifions to the criifaders along the coall of .^fia Minor, becamo rich and powerful; at the fatne tirne they gained fome knowledge of the Indian trade, which had been the crcat foiircc of wealth to the Venetians. They opened a communication with the Eaft, and became Iharers in - the 1 940 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. the advan.tageous commerce of InJollan. By llic riches they drew trom this fource, thtfc two rival liates be- came formidable to all the powers of Europe. At !a(t tiie Portugiiefe dircovered a pallagc to Imlia by tht Cape of Good Hope, and wholly cngrofled the trade of tlie tartcrn parts of Alia. Dclirous of continuing to his country fome part of the talicrn commerce, Chridupher Columbus, a native of Genoa, proptifed failing to India by a wclleni courfc. This oiler, however, wai rejefltd at Genoa, and Spain reaped the benefit of his difcovcries. He failed in quelt of the Indies, but he found a new world. Spain became millrefs of a larger empire than that of Rome in the height of her glory. The inhabitants of Europe no'v began to emerge out cf that dark nefs in whiih they liad been involved lince the fubverlion of the Roman empire, a fpace of near twelve centuries. The invention of printing, the re- vival of learning, arts a.'id fciences, hillory and philo- fophy, and, lalMy the happy reformation of religion, all diftinguilh the 13th and 16th centuries as the firll ara of modern hillory. The political principles and maxims then cllabliOicd, (til! continue to operate ; and ihc ideas concerning the balance of power then intro- the fingular number. But, of all others, the Chriftian religion is dcmon- ftratively of divine original, from the fublimity of its faith, excellency of its morals, and the purity of its precepts. It confifts not in idle philofophical fpecula- tions, or perpetual grimace and affefclation, but in a fteady prat'^ice of the duties it requires, without the leaft view of recompcnce froin men ; it neither fecks their admiration, nor attempts to dazzle their eyes and deceive tiicm: there is no religion which fo much ex- cites a man to the love and pradice of virtue, and ha- tred of vice, or that prefcribcs greater rewards for the one, or punilhmcnts for the other. Th'- religion, in regard to the pradice of it, confifts in tl;, moTt exaft imitation, that can poflibly be conceived, of the infi- nite perfedions of the Supreme Being : from hence we may derive that folid virtue, that power (refultinj^ from a divine principle implanted in the mind) which it gives to fubdue our pallions, and that fatisfufrlion which we receive from the obfervance of thofe laws which God has prefcribed to manklud. The charac- ters of Chriftianity are perfedly conformable to the at- tributes of the Divine Majefty. The moral part never 11 F - indulges 94a A NEW amd COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. indulges the padioiis, it has no other view than the. prefcrvaiiuii and happinefs of niankiiid : nur lave the molt inveterate enemies of the Cliriltian faith ever in- vented any thing but what was niuch inferior to it, both in pradlicc nnd fpeciilation. la time, however, Chi iftlanity became corrupted by the introdn6lion of worldly maxims, very iiiconfiftcnt vith the precepts of its divine author, and by the am- bi'ion of the clergy; which at length occalioned the elevation and exorbitant claims of the bilhop of Rome. The power of the pope, as univerfal bilhop, and head of the church, or, in other words, the papal fupremacy, owed its origin to the worll of men ; was procured by the bafelt means, by flattering a tyrant (Phocas) in his wickednefs and tyranny ; ana, according to the judg- ment of Gregory the (jrcat, was in itfelf antithriltian, heretical, blafphenious, and diabolical. The bifliops of Rome, by availing themfelves of evary circumltancc wliich fortune threw in their way, flowly eredfcd the fabric of their antichrillian power, at firll an objecl of veneration, and afterwards of terror, to all temporal princes. The caufes of its happy dinolntion are more pjlp.ihie, and operated with greater adivity. The fcan- daloiis lives of the Popilh clergy, their ignorance, and tyranny, together with the delire natural to fovcreigns, of delivering themfelves from a foreign yoke ; the op- portunity of applying to national ufes the immenfc fums which had been diverted to the fervicc of the church in every kingdom of Europe, confpired with theardouruf the tirll reformers, and hallened the progrefs of the Re^ formation, which began by Luther in Germany in the year 1517, and took place in England in 1534 ; for when once the eyes of the public were opened, they could plainly perceive the unreafonableiicfsof the claims of the church of Rome; that many of her dodrincs were unfcriptural, corrupt, and irrational, and after a very fair and impartial examination, moll of her ab- furd mummeries and fupcrliitions were jultly condemned a, id exploded both by argument a id ridicule. The fer- viccs of tlie reformers in this refpedl, demand our ad- miration and gratitude; but, involved as they had been in ihe darknefs of fiipcrltition, it was not to be expell- ed but that they Iholild flill retain fome errors, an at- tachment to fome abfurd dodlrinqs, and too much of the intolerant fpirit of the corrupt and arbitrary church from which they had feparated themfelves; but iince, with all their detedls, tlicfc pious and learned men were honoured in being the iiiliruments, through Divine Providence, of bringing about an event highly fa- vourable to the civil and religious rights of mankind, they have certainly a jull claim to our veneration and etlcem. A New Genealogical and Chronological Account of the SOVEREIGNS of the Whole World. ' ASIA. TURKEY. Selim II. grand fignior, born in 1761 ; enthroned April 7, 17^9. Tartar Y. The tmprtfs of RulTia is fuprcme fove- reign of the wedern part ; and the Chinefe arc maders of the fouth and call parts. China. Kien-long, emperor. Ahmed- Abdallan, emperor, or great mogul, is annexed to the Turkilh empire. Kerim Khan, Ihah or emperor, crowned India. Arabia Persia. in 1763. Japan Tfinajor, emperor, being the lad of whom we iiave any account. When this monarch appears abroad, he is attended by 5 ot 6cco of his guards ; and he maintains an army of 20,000 hoife, and 1 CO, 000 foot, probably with a view to keep his tributary princes or valfitls in awe. AFRICA. MoNBMOTAPA. The fovereign is iljled emperor. Sofa LA is fubje£\ to a king. ^ANCU£BAR is governed by a king. Brava is under the dominion of a Mahometan' fovereign. Whiuah, in Guinea, fubjecl to an idolatrous king. Gold-Coast is divided into petty fovereigniies, under their refpedive kings. Agonna, governed by a king. , Grain-Coast, fubjcd to a king. , Congo, in Lower Guinea, has a king. Angola, is fubjedl to a king. LoANGo is I'nder kingly government. Jaggas country. Their uivcreign is (lyled the Great Jagga. Ethiopia, or Negroland, is divided into i)etiy kingdoms and Itates. BuRRE, near Sierra Leone, governed by a king. Zaaka, or the Desert. CliicHy occupied by il- literate and favage Arabs. The country is flat and barren, and the inhabitants Mnliomctans. Abyssinia. Subjed to a defpotic and poverul emperor : a late fovereign was named David. Gall AS. Thefe people are dilliuguilhcd into tribes,, each governed by a chief. ; •' \ , Abex. Is fiibjed to a king. Nubia. Governed by a defpotic monarch. Egypt. An account of the SOVEREIGNS of the WHOLE WOULIT. Sly -: — a Egypt. Partly mo-archical, being fiibje<5l to the giaiiil fignior, 'vliDfe viceroy is a pacha; and partly re- publican, and governed by the Mamluks and Sanylacs. Algieks. Siitijccl lo a dey. 'I'uNls. "Govermd by a bey. Tripolt. Subject to a bey. Mo HOC CO. Under tlie dominion of an emperor. AMERICA. South-America. Alinod all its nations are go- vcriud by kings ; under wliom are appointed chiefs or caciques, as viceroys. United States of North America, being thirteen, are a fovereign and independent npiibiic, of vviiom George Walhington is prclident. They are under the guvernment of Congrtis, compofcd of delegates from each llatc. EUROPE. DENMARK and NORWAY. Christian VII. king of Denmark, born Jan. 29, 17^9: hath illlic by his late queen, Caroliiia-MaliUia of England, Fritice r"reilcnc, born Jan. '.'7, 1768. Prin'-ifs Louifa-Augnlt.1, born July 7, 1771. SWliDEN. GiisiA Viis, icing of Sweden, born Jan. 21. 1746. Married Oti. i76(), to the Princefs Sophia, Magdalene of Denmark, born July 3, 1746 Their ilUie, Prince Angnftus-Adolphtis, born Nov. 2, 1778. RU.SSIA. CathaiineII daughter of Ctiriftian- Augultii.'-, piince of Anhalt Zerbll born May 2, 1729; mairied Srpt. i, 174,';, Peter III. grandfon of Peter I. 10. Adolphus Frederic, born Feb. 24, 1774. 11. Mary, born April 2,5, 1776. 13. Sophia, born Nov 3, 1777. 13. Amelia, born Aug. 7, 1783. The Kino's Brothek and Sister are, 1. Augufta, Duchefs of Brunfvvick. 2. William-Hcnry, Duite of Glouceffer, Earl of Connaught, burn Nov. 25, 1743; married S-.'pt. 6, 1776, to Maria, Coimiefs Dowager of Waldegrave, daughter of Sir Edward VValjiole, K. B. by whom he has one fon and two d.)ut;liters. HOLLAND. Prince William, of Orange-Naf- fau, Stadtholder, born March ly, 1718; alliimed the government, Marcii 8, 1760 ; married 061. 4, 1767. to Frederica-Sophia-VViliielinina, filler to the king of Prullia, born Aug. 7, 1751. Their ilTue, William Frederic, born Aug. n, 1771; married to the fecond daughter of the king of Frulfia. William George-Fre- deric, born Feb. jj, 1774. Frederica-Louifa-Wilhel- mina, born Nov. 28, 1770. GERMANY. Leopold II. Emperor of Ger- many, born May 5, 1747; cowned Aug. 9, 1790; married Aug. 5, 1766, to Mary Louifa, infania of Spain, born Nov. 24, 1745 ; and have ilfue, Francis, mairied Aug. 14, 1790, to Maria-Terefa, eldell daugh- ter of ;he king of Naples ; Ferdinand (fee Tuscany], Charles, Alexander, Jofepli, Antony, John, Ren-Jofeph, Louis-Jofeph, Rodolplius ; Maria, Maria-Anne, Maria- Clenlentina, and Maria-Amelia. Tile Emperor has living two fiflers, an ' "ne brnther, unmarried. Thofe marntii are, the Princefs of Parma, the Queen of the Two Sicilies, the 1-te (Juren of I France, the wile of the unci« of the cledlor ot Saxony, On his being depofed July q. 1762, the was proclaimed i and Prince Ferdinand, born June 1, 17,54. fole Eniprefs of all ilie Huiiias. 1 heir illue. Prince Paul Petrowiiz, born OvS. 1, 1754, and a daughter. Paul is married, and has ilfue three children. GkEA r-BRITAIN and IRELAND George III. king of Great-Britain, France, and Ireland, and elector ut Hanover, born June 4, 1738. Siu cecded his grandfather king George H. on Od. 2,5, 1760 Manied Sept. 8, 17O1, to the princefs CharliMic ol Me^klen- bnrgh Strelitz, born May 16, 1744 ; noaned Sept. 22, 1761 His ilfue by^he faid princefs an', i. George, Prime of V\'.iles, liorn Aug. 12, 1762. 2. Frederic, Duke of York, Bilhop pf Ofn b:ir.;!> ; born Aug. if>, 1763. Married S.pr. 29, 1791. b ['-■- deri']ue-Charlotte-Ulrique-Catharine, eldelt daughter of the kini,' o! Prutiia. 3. William Henry, Duke of Clarence, born Aug. 21, i7'^),5. 4. Princef'.- Royal, Charlotte-Augnfta-Matilda, born Sept. 29, 1760. 5. Edward, born Nov. 2, 1767. ' 6. Augulta-Sophia, born Nov. 8, 1768. ',; 7. Elizabeth, born May 22, 1770. b. Ernelt-Augiiilus, born June 5, 1771. 9. Augultus-Frcderic, born Jan. 17, 1773. Archduke of Aullria, married, 1774, the only daugh- ! ter and heirefs of the Duke of Modena, by wiiotn ht has ilfue two fons and two daughters. Ad(jlphus- Frederic IV. Duke of M.'ck!snburgh- Streliiz, born May 5, 1738, brother to the Queen of G:eat-Britain. Charlcs-William-Ferdinand, Duke of Brunfwic-Lu- netiburg, and late General in the k g of Pruilia's army, born Od. 9, 173,5; married Ja . i6, 1764, to the Princefs Augulta of England, born Aug. 12, 173/,. 11(1 has ilfue, three fons and three daughters. PRUSSIA. Fredkric- William, king of Prullia, yi'.d eli.';tor of Brandenburgh, born Sepc. 25, 1744 j pr .cl.Kinjd king, Aug. 19, 1786. Hath iifi. by his iirll: coiifort, Elizabeth-Ulrica, of Brunfwic-V/dlfen- biittle, Charlotte, born May 7, i7()7> married to the Duke of York. He was married July 14, 1769, to his fecond confort, Frederica- Louifa, of uclfe-D ..miladt. Hath ilfue by her, Frederic-William, born Aug. 3, 1770. Fredcric- Charles-Louis, born Aug. 3, 1773. Frvderica-Sophia-Willielmina, born Nov. 11, 1774; married Aug. j, »79»» to the hereditary Prince of Orange. Frederic- 944 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL CEOORAPIIY. Frcilcric-Cluilhan-Aiignftiig; born May i, 178a. Another I'rincc, born December uo, 1781 ; and another, in July 1783. Qucen-Dowagcr, Klizabeth-Chriftina of Brunfwic- WoUenbimlc, aunt to the prcfcnt Duke, and lillcr of Ms prcfcnt Pruflian MujclJy, as well as of the Qucen- Dowjgcr of Denmark, born Nov. 8, 1715. Louifa- Amelia, of Brunfwic-WoUenbutilc, born Jan. flQ, 1722; married Jan. 6, 1742, to William-Angulfus- Prince- Royal, who died' June 1 a, 1758. Their ifluc, the prefent King. Frcderica-Sophia-Wilhelmina, married to the prefent Prince of Orange. POLAND. STANisLAUS-Atci'STi's (formerly count Poniatowflci) born Jan. 17, 1733, elected king Sept. 7, 1764. SWITZERLAND. Every canton is abfolufe in Its own jurifdidlion ; but thofe of Berne, Zurich, and Lticcrne, with other dependencies, are arillocratical, or inidcr the fovereignty of the nobles, with a certain mixture of democracy, where the fovereignty is lodged in the people, Berne only excepted. Thofe of Uri, Schweit?,, Underwald, Ztig, Claris, and Appenzel, are democraiical. Balil, though it has the appearance of an aridocracy, rather inclines to a democracy, or popular government. SPAIN. Charle.s IV'. King of Spain, born Nov. 11,1748; fuccccded his father Charles III. in Dec. 1788; married Sept. 4, 1765, to Princcfs Louifa of Parma, born Dec. 9, 17,51, and has had illue, fix children. The furviving iHiic are, Ferdinand-Antony, prefent king of Naples. Antony Pafcal, born Dec 31, 17,5,5. The other furviving ilTue of the late king is, Maria-Lonifa (fee Tuscany.) PORTUGAL. Maria - Frances - Isabella, Ouecno! Portugal, born Dec. 17, 1734 ; married June 6, 1760. to the late king, her uncle, by whom Ihc has ilfue, John-Maria-Jofeph-Louis, Prince of Brafil, born May >')> ^1^''l » rnarried to Charlotta-Joaquina, daughter of the I'lince of Alhirias, born April 25, 177,5. Marianna-Viiiloria, born Dec. 15, 1708; married to Gabriel-Antony, third fon to the king of Spain. Ilcr prefent majolly, and two born Dec. 17, >7>7i IlVuc of king Jofeph other daughters. ITALY. Pope Pius VI. clc6led pope Feb. 15, \JT^> Fkrdinand IV. king of Naples and bftth Sicilic*. born Jan, n, 1751 ; afcendtd the throne Odl. 4, 17,59, on his father's becoming king of Spain ; married April n, 1768, to the Princels Mary-Caroline, a lifter of tho Emperor, born Aug. 13, 175a, by whom he has had ilfue eight children, of whom fcvcn are living. TUbCANY. Archdukr-Ferdinand, fon of the emperor, born May 6, 1769; married Aug. 14, 171)0, Maria-Louifa, fecond daughter of the king of Naples, MODUNA. Hercules Ren aud, born Nov. aa, 1727; married April 16, 1741, to the Princefs r>»" Malla-Catara. Their iiliie, Mary Beatrix, born Apr,. 25. '7,50 i married the archduke of Auftria 1771. Fzrdinand-Mari K.Louis, duke of Parma, born Jan. 20, 17,51; married to the archduchefs Maria- Amelia, June 27, 1760. Their illue, a Prince and three Priiiceires. SARDINIA AND SAVOY. Victor-Amadeus- Makie, born June 26, 1726 ; married in 17,50, the late Maria-Antoinctta-Frederica, fifter to the em- peror Leopold, by whom he has living ilTue, four daughters: Maria-Jofepha-Louifa ; married in I77J, the Count of Piovcnce, brother to the king of France : Maria-Therefa, married in 1773, the Count of Artois, another brother of the king of France, and has ilTue two fons and a daughter ; the eldelt, Charles-Emanuel, Prince of Piedmont, born May 14, 1751; married in 177,3, Maria-Adelaide, lifter of the late king of France. FRANCE. Louis X VL late king of France and Navarre; born Aug. 23, 1754. Married April ig, 1770, to Marie-Antoinetta, tho emperor's fifter, born Nov. 2, 17,55. Their iffue, a Princefs, Maria-Terefa- Charlotta, born Dec. 19, 1778; and the Dauphin, born March 27, 1785. i^ott. Royalty was aboliHied in this kingdom by the National Convention, the king and que'^n beheaded, and a republican government fet up. A New CHRONOLOGICAL LIST of Remarkable Events, Discoveries, and Inventions. Bef. Chrift. 4004 '' I ""HE creation of the world, and Adam and X Kve, Gen. i. ii. 4003 The birth of Cain, the firft who was born of a woman, Gen. iv. 1. 23^8 The old world is deftrmred by a deluge, which continued 377 days, Gen. viii. fl247 The Tower of Babel is built about this time by Noah's Pofterity, upon which God miracu- loufly confounds their language, and thus dif- pcrfes them into different nations. Gen. xi. 2234 The celeftiai obfervations are begun at Babylon, the city which firft gave birth to learning and the fcienccs. si88 Miuaitu, A NEW CriRONOLOCICAL LfST of REMARKABLE EVENTS, &c. 945 M93 1491 a 188 Mifraim, the fon of Ham, foiimls tlic kingilom ot Egypt, which lalkd 1(163 years. 9059 Ninws, the fi)n of Bcliis, founds the kingdom of AlTyria, which iaited above 1000 years. 1921 The covenant of God made with Abram, cfta- blilhcd when he entered Canaan. 1897 The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah arc deftroyed for their wickednefs, by Hrc from licavcn, Gen. xix. i8j6 Inachus founds the kingdom of Argos, in . Greece. j822 Memnon, the Egyptian, invents the letters. 1715 Prometheus firft Uruck Hre from flints. 1.574 Aaron, high-prieft of the Ifraelites, born. \\j 1 Mofes, law-giver of the Ifraciitcs, born in Egypt, Exod. ii. 1556 Cccrops founds the kingdom of Athens. 1 546 Scamander begins the kingdom of Troy. »493 Cadmus carried the Phoenician letters into Greece. Mofes performs a ntimber of miracles in Egypt, and departs from that kingdom, together with 600,000 Ifraelites, befides children, which completed the 430 years of fojourning, Exod. xii. 41. *453 The firlt Olympic games celebrated at Olympia, in Greece. 1452 The Pentateuch, or five firft books of Mofes, are written in the land of Moab, wherche died the year following, aged 110. 1451 The Ifraelites, after fojourning in the Wilder- nefs forty years, are led imder Jofhua into the land of Canaan, where they fix thcmfelves, n after having fubducd the natives ; and the pe- riod of the fabbatical year commences, Ju- iliua i. 1406 Iron is found in Greece, from the accidental burning of the woods of mount Ida. 1198 The rape of Helen by Paris, which, in 1193. favenfc to the Trojan v/ar, and fiege of Troy y the Greeks, which continued ten years, when that city was taken and burnt. 907 Homer, the illuftrious inventor of epic poetry, tlourifhed. 906 Hefiod, the Greek poet, flourifticd. »94 Money firft made ol gold and filver at Argos. 869 The city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by queen Dido. 814 The kingdom of Macedon eftablidied. 753 iEra of the building of Rome in Italy by Romu- lus, firft king of the Romans. 720 After three years fiege, Samaria taken, and the kingdom of Ifrael fin'-ftied, by Salmanafar, king of Alfyria, who carries the ten tribes into cap- tivity. The firft eclipfe of the moon on re- cord. (158 Byzantium (the modern Conftantinople) built by a colony of Athenians. No. 48. . . 604 By order of Nccho, king of Egypt, fome Piice- nicians failed from the Red Sea, coaftcd round Africa, and returned by the Mediterranean. 600 Thales, of Miletes, acqnins the knowledge of yeo- nietry, aftronomy, at.d pliilofophy in Egypt \ re- turns to Greece, calculates echpfcs, gives ge- neral notions of the univcrfe, and maintains that all its motions are regulated by an only fupremc intelligence. Anaxiinander, the fcho- lar of Thales, invents maps, globes, and the iigns of the Zodiac. 599 Sappho, the Greek lyric poetefs, was in great re- pute. 587 The city of Jenifalem taken, after a fiege of 18 months, 2 Kings xxv. 562 The firft comedy at Athens ac^ed upon a move- able fcaiFold. 559 £y'"^» *he firft kingof Perfia, reigns. 538 The kingdom of Babylon finiflied \ that city be- ing taKen by Cyrus, who, in ,536, ifTues an cdidl for the return of the Jews from capti- vity. 534 The firft tragedy was adled at Athens, on a wag- gon, byTliefpis. 526 Learning is greatly encouraged at Athens, and a public library firft founded there. 5 15 The fccond Temple at Jcrufalem completed under Darius. 509 Tarquin, the fcventh and laft king of the Ro- mans, is expelled, and Rome is governed by two confuls, and other republican magiftratcs, till the battle of Pharfalia, being a i'pace of 461 years. * 504 Sardis taken and burnt by the Athenians, which . gave occafion to the Perlian invalion of Greece. 486 ^fchylus, the Greek poet, firft gained the prize of tragedy. 481 Xerxes the Great, ^ing of Perfia, begins his ex- pedition againft the Greek ftates. 458 Ezra is fent Irom Babylon to Jerufalem, with the captive Jews and the vdFcIs of gold and (ilver, &c. being fcverity weeks of years, or 490 years before our Saviour's crucifixion. 454 ThcRomans fend to Athens for the laws of Solon. 451 The Decemvirs created at Rome, and the h\ws, of the Twelve Tables ratified. 430 The hiftory of the Old Tcllainent was tiirllu J about this time, by Malachi, tlie lall of i!ie prophets. 400 Socrates, the founder of moral phi iofuphy anions the Greeks, introduces a belief ot tlie immor- tality of the foul and a (late of rewards and pu • nifliment, for which he is put to death by the Athenians. 331 Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, conquer.^ Darius, king of Pcrlia, and other nations of Afia. 323, Dies at Babylon, and his empire is divided by his generals into four kingdoms. 11 G sbij Dioii)lius 94« A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL OEOGRAPIIY. •b^ Dionyrniii of Alcxandrra, began h'\s alironomi- cal xra on iVloiulay. June i(\ bcin){ tlic iirO who found the cxaa lolnr year to cunlill uf 36^ days, j hours, and 41; minutes. •84 Piiilimy Phibdclpluis, king of Kgypr, etnptoy mother and brothers to death. He rcrlectites the Druids in firiiain. 61 Boadicea, the oritilh queen, defeats the Ro- mans ; but is conquered fuon after by Suclo< nius, governor of Britain. 63 The Atfls of the ApolUes wr.ttcn. Chriftianity is fuppofed to be introduced u.to Britain by St. Paul, or fomc of his difciples, aboirt this time. 64 Rome fet on fue, and burned for fix days ; upon which began (under Nero) the full perfecii- tion againll the ChriUians. 67 St. Peter and St. Paul put to death. Titus, the Roman general, takes Jerufalem, which is rafed to the ground, ai:d the plough made to pals over it. 83 The philofophers banilhcd from Rome by Do* milian. 8j Julius Agricola, governor of South-Britain, to protcdl the civilized Britons from the incur- fions of the Caledonians, builds a line of forts between the rivers Forth and Clyde. 96 St. John the evangclill wrote his Revelation, and his Gofpel in 97. 131 The Caledonians reconquer from the Romans all the foiithern parts of Scotland ; upon which the emperor Adrian builds a wall between Newcaltle andCarlifle. 139 Jnlfin writes his firft Apology for the Chriftlans. aas About this time the Roman empire begins to fink under its own weight ; and the Barbarians be- gin their irruptions. 260 Valerius is taken prifoner by Sapor, kingof Pcr- fia, and Hayed alive. 274 Silk firll brought from India ; firft worn by the clergy of England, 1534. 29 1 Two emperors and two Cxfars march to defend the four quarters of the empire. 306 Conllantiue the Great began his reign. 308 Cardinals were firlt ordained. The tenth and laft pcrfecution ends by an edi£l of Conflantine. Three bifliops, or fathers, are fent from Britaiii to afTiil at the council of Arks. The firfl general council at Nice, when 318 fa- thers attended, againlt Arius, where was com- pufed the famous Niceuc Creed. ^2% Cojiihwtijie y'3 325 A NEW .':c CHROMOf.OCICAL LIST of REMARKABLE EVEMTS, Sec- 947 Lower •f.8 Coii(Untii\e removes the fiat of empire from Rome to Uy/.uniiiiin, wliieli was tncn Lulled Conllatitinoplc. 431 Conlhiiitiiiu urdurs all the licutlicn temples to be dcllroycil. gf)3 Julian the Apoftatc emkavoiirs in vain to rebuild the ttinple ol Jcriir.iltin. Qf).i The Roman cmnire is divided into the caflern (Conlbntinoplc the lapital) and wilttrn (of which Rome coniiniied to he the lapital). 400 Bells invented by bilhop I'aulinn.s, of Cam- pania. 404 Feruns revived the kingdom of Caledonia or Scotland. 406 The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, ravage France and Spain. 410 Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of the ^ Vifi-Goths.. 413 The Vandals fct un their kingdom in Spain 4110 Tlic kingdom of France begins upon the J Rhine, under Pharamond. 426 The Romans reduced to extremities at home, withdraw their troops from Britain. 447 Attila (furnamed the Si ouigc of God) with his Huns, ravage the Roman empire. 4.J1) Voriigern, king of the Biitons, invites the Saxons into Biilain, againft the Scots and Pirl>. 455 The Saxons having repulfcd the Scots and Fifts, begin to cllabiiOi themfelvcs in Ke.nt, under Hcncift. 476 The weitern empire finiHied, by the irruption of the Goths, Vandals, Hiuis, and other Barba- liani, utidcr whom literature is extinguilhed, and the works of the learned dedroyed. 496 Clovis, king of France, baptized. 508 Arthur begins hit roign over the Britons. C33 Conftantinople befieged by Vitalianus, whofe fleet Archimedes burned by a fpcciilum of brafs. 516 The computation of time by the Chriftian acra, introduced by Dionyfius the monk. g^y A terrible plague all over Europe, Afia, and Africa, which continued near fifty years. 581 Latin ccafed to be a living language. ^96 Auguftine the monk comes into Eogland with forty of his fraternity. 606 The popes began to alfume very cxtcnfive power, by the concelTions of Phocas, emperor of the Eaft. 4afi Mahomet flies from Mecca to Medina, in Arabia, in the 54th year of his age. His followers compute their time from this xra, which in Arabic is called Hegira, i. e. the Flight. 637 Jerufalem is taken by the Saracens, or followers of Mahomet. ;640 Alexandria in Egypt is taken by Omar, the calif, and the grand library there burnt by his order. £64 Glafs invented in England by Benalt, a monk. 6Bj The Dritoni, after a brave llruggle of near ijo years, arc totally fubihied by the Saxons, and driven into Wales and Cornwall. 713 The Saracens conquered Spain. 7116 The ct)ntroverfy about imuj^es brgan, and oc- >a(ioncd tnajiy infurredlions in the eall. 74R The computing of years trom the birth olChrifl, introduced into liillory. 76J The city of B.igilad upon the Tigris, is madc^he (Mjiital f(ir the caliplis. 800 Cliarieniagne, king of France, began the empire of (jcrniany ; and endeavoured to rellorc learn- ing in Fur(,(K'. 826 Harolil, king of Dcnmail:, detlironcd by his fub- je/-.ls, for embracing Chridianity. 8118 Egbirt, king of Wellex, united the Heptarchy, by the name of I'inglaiul. iJj8 The Scots and Pids louglit a decilivc battle, iu which the fornier prevail. 896 Alfred the (ireat, atier fiibduing the Danilh in- vaders (again!! whom he fought fifty-lix battles by fea and land) compofes his b(xly of laws ; and divides England into counties, hundreds, and tythiiigs ; erects county courts, and founds the uiiiverlity of (.)xford. 9 1.5 The uiiiverlity of Cambridge founded. 936 The Saracen empire is divided by ufurpation into fcvcn kingdoms. 975 Bopc Boniface VH. depofed and banifhcd. 979 Coronation oaths faid to be firfl ufed in England. 991 The figures in arithmetic are brought into Eu- rope by the Saracens from Arabia. 996 Ollio IIL makes the empire of Gerinany cledlive. 999 Bolcllaus, the firft king of Poland. 1000 Paper fabricated of cotton rags firft in ufe. looj The ancient churches are rebuilt about this time in a new manner of architedture. 1015 Children in England forbidden by law to be fold by their parents. 1017 Canute, king of Denmark, obtains poflefllon of Eneland. 1040 The Danes, after various defeats, are expelled from Scotland. 1041 The Saxon line reftored under Edward the Con- feflTor. 1043 The Turks become formidable, and take pof- feflion of Perlia. to,54 Leo IX. the firft pope that kept up an army. Macbeth at DunTinane. 1057 Malcolm HL king of Scotland, kills the tyrant 1065 The Turks take Jerufalem from the Saracens. io66 The battle of Haftings fought, between Harold and William duke of Normandy, in which Harold is llain, after which William becomes king of England. 1070 William L introduces the feudal law. Mufical notes invented. ao75 Henrjt 9l8 A NEW AND COMPLF.TF, SYSTF.M or T'NIVF.RSAI. CF.OGRAPIIY. ii,>,"3 llciuy IV. rmpcror ot" (icrnuiiy, in lunaiuc, walks hiirit>>()tcil (i> (he pope, ((>\\4iilii ihc iiul K^'fi Inllii'is t>l llic pcaoc Dill .ippoiiitcti in I'in^t.iiiil. lotfj nkMinilkljjr-lidoK hig.ii) ttitxr coinpiliil hy (lulcr ot VVilliaiii, mill liiiillu'il in ioS(). — Tla" Tuvvcr ot Loiuloii built by liiMo, to iiiib lim Eiig liih Ciibjidh. vKji Till- Moors gel polTidion of all tlic Saracen Jo n1il)lun^ in Spain. I0()() I'iic liill t inrailc to the Holv Lanl. 110 lultar Arliclinf;, ilie lull nil ilic S.ixon piiiucs, ilics itt .1 private Itjtinii in luigi.iiKl. i 1 18 The Older ol ihc Kinglits 'rciu|)l.us inilitiiliil. 1)1 The c.inon Uw lollcCUii by (iiulun, a monk ut l3oK)^tu. itr) Loiuli>n-Uriiljc of ii) final I arches, full built of Hone. 1104 The TLiitonic- urilcr ofrcligioiis knights inllltuicil in Germany. 11711 Ilciiry II. king of Knglanit, takes polUllion of Iriuiul. 1 176 Knplaml isdividcil by Henry II. into (ix i-inuits. 1 180 Glafs wiiulows bi'g.iii to be iileil in private houfts in L!ngl.iiul. i8i The laws of Kiiglaml iligcfteil by CJIanville. i8'J The kings of Ln^lunJ aiul France held the Air- rups of Pope Alexander III. while he mounted his horfc. 1186 The great conjuniflion of the fun and moon and all the planets in Libra, happened in Sept. 1192 The battle of Afcalon, injmlea, in which Riih- ard, king of I'.nglaiul, defeats Saladine's arm), comilling of ;^oo,octloniaii, SiUer-halted knives, Ipudiis, and iiips a gual liiMiry. Tallow c.iiullos fo ^leat a Iilxiii) , that fplinterN of wood weru ufcd for lights. Wine fold by apothccaneii as a cordial. i'\oi The marinerVs compafs invented, or improved by (iivia, ol Naples. i;{07 The beginning of the Swifs canlonx. 1J08 The popes remove to Avignon in France for 70 years. 13 1 J The fociety of Lincoln's-Inn eflablillied. 1314 Thebattieoi nannockhtirn between Edward II. aiidUoliLit liruce. The cardinals fct lire to the coiK lave, and feparatc. 1320 Ciold liill coined in Europe; 1344 in England. 1336 Two Ilrabant weavers fettle at York, which, fays Edward HI. " mav prove of great bcnelit to us and our fubjei^ls.' 1337 The lirll comet dcfcribcd with agronomical cx- adlncfs. 1340 Gunpov/dcr and guns firft invented by Swartz, a monk of Cologn ; 1340, Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, whicli contributed to g-)in nitn the battle of Crelly ; i3|(>, bombs and mortars were invented. Uil painting iirll made ufc of by John Vaneck. Herald's col. lege inllitutcd in England. 1344 The firll creation to titles by patent ufcd by Ed- ward III. Gold firii coined in England. 1349 The order of the garter inllitutcd in England by Edward III. 1352 The 'Fiirks firft entered Europe. 1 354 The money in Scotland till this period the fame as in England. 1356 The battle of Poitiers, in which king John of France and his fon arc taken prifoners by Ed- ward the Black Prince. •3i'7 Coals full brought to London. 13^8 Arms of England and France fnii quartered by Edward III. 136a The law pleadings in England changed frnin French to Englilh, as a favour of Edward HI. to his people. — John WicklifTc, an Englilh- maii, begins about tliis time to ojipofc the er- ruM A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL LLST or RF.MARKABr T F.VF.NTS. Ac. 949 laiiuriliicotn- jiiomical ex- rioil the rime rorinrihechiirrhorKnme wiihsrcai artitpnrr« and fpirit. Ilia folloneri ato rullcii Lollardi. Law nruceedingt changed fruin French to Knkilill). t^M WimlTor caOle btiili by Edward IIL i;)H8 The baiile of Oticrburn between Iloirpiir and Dtniulai. 1391 Card* iiiventcd in FraiKO fur the king'i ainufe- meni. *399 Wel)min(ler>Abbey rebuilt and enlarged. Wed- mintter-Hall, ditto, (^rdcr ot the Balli inlli- luted at ihccoronaiiun ol Henry IV. 1410 Guildhall, London, built. 1411 The iiniverlily of St. Andrew's in Scotland foiuided. 1415 The battle of Agincourl gained by Henry V. of Lnglaiid. 1438 The hrge of Orleans, the firft blow to the Eng- lifli power in France. 1430 Lauranlius nf Haerlem invented the art of print- ing, which he prailifed with fcparate wooden types. Gutenburgh afterwards invented cut metal types ; but the art was carried to per- fcdion by Peter Schoeflfer, who invented the mode of cafting the types in matrices. Fre- deric Corfcllis began to print in Oxford, in 1468, with wooden types ; but William Cax- I ton intmduccd into Blngland the art of printing with fufil types in i47.i. 1446 The Vatican lioMry founded at Rome. The fca breaks in at Dort, in ilulland, and drowns loo.ooo people. 1453 ConOantinopIc taken by the Turks, which ended the callcrn empire, 1193 years from its dedica- tion by ConAantine the Great, and aBo6 years from the buildinc of Rome. 1454 The univcrfity of Glafgow, in Scotland, founded. 1460 Engraving and etching on copper invented. 1477 The univerfity of Aberdeen, in Scotland, founded. 1483 Richard III. king of England, and lalt of-Jic Planl.-igenets, is defeated and killed at the bat- tle of Bofworth by Henry (Tudor) VI I. which Kuis an end to the civil wars between the loufes of York and Lancafier, after a cuntcit of 30 years, and the lofs of 100,000 men. i486 Henry eftablifhes fifty yeomen of the guards, the firll (landing army. 1489 Barih. Columbus fird brought in maps and fca- charts to England. 1491 William Grocyn publicly teaches the Greek lan- f;uagc at Oxford. The Moors arc entirely ubducd by Ferdinand king of Caltilc, and driven from Spain to the oppofitc coail of Africa. 149a America firft difcovercd by Columbus, a Gcno- cfe, in the fervice of Spain. 1494 Algebra firll known in Europe. 1497 The Fortuguefc fiiilfail to th No. 48. ■ ic EaA- Indies b^ the '499 IjOO '5«3 .317 '5«9 •534 «539 »543 1544 •54.5 •546 '549 •550 '5,55 »55» ijbo •563 •5^ »57a »579 i.iSo 1582 '583 »587 Cape of Good llopi. South Aincrita difco- vcrcd by Americiis Vefpulius, from whom it ha.H its name. Norili America difcovercd for Henry VII. by Cabot. Maximilian dividen the empire of Germany into lixtircles, and aiKIs four more in ijia. Shillings Hrll (oiiied in Kii^Liiul. G.iriiciiiiig inlrodiu'uil into liiii){l.iiul IVoin iIh-N)!- iherlaiiiii, from whence vigctjlilc» wt.ii- till ihin imported. The liaitlu (if Hiwden, in which J.inics IV. of Si'oiland is k .d, with ilie llnwvr of hii lui- liiliiy. Martin Luther began the Kefonnaiioti, I'g)|il CdliqiM red by llii: Turks. Henry VIII. lor his writings ai;aii)ll LiiilKr, re- ceives the title ot Deleiider ol the laiih Iniiii the I'o)k:. The name of ProteHant takes its rife from thi; Keformcd proieningagaiiiK thechurch of Kome, at the diet of Spires in Cjermany, The Reformation cuinineiice.s in England, under Henry VllL who fupprelles religious houfes. Th ■i!^F;» p hu hrll En glilh edition of the Bible atithnri/ed. Silk llockini'slirll woin by the I'leneli king; tirll worn in knf»laiul hy i|iieeii F'lli/.aheth, i/,Oi — . Pins hrll tiled in Eiiglund, beluru which time the ladies iiCed Ikcweis. Good lands let in England at one (liiliing per acre. The famous council of Trent begins, and conti- nues t8 y ars. Firlt law in EngLmd c[lablilliing the intcrelt of money at ten per cent. Lords-lieutenant of counties inditutcd in Eng- land. Iloife-guards inftitnted in England. The Kiillian company citablilhed in England. Queen Elizabeth begins her reign. Tile kefurmation in Scotland cuiupleted by John Knox. Knives tirll made in England. Ktiyal-Exchaiigc tirll built, by Sir T. (Jrenuim. The great mallucrcoi I'roteltants at Paris, on St. IJari liolome vv 's- Day. The Dutch Ihake off the Spanilh yoke. Enfjiifli Eall-India-Company incorporated— eliul' '-d 1600. Turkey company incorporated. Sir Francis Drake returned from his voyage round the world. Parochial rcgilter (irll appointed in England. Pope Gregory introduces the N<.'w Style in Italy. Tobacco hrll brought from Viipnia into Eng- laiul. Mary qiiccn of Scots is beheaded by onler of Eli- z:\beth, after iH years imuriromiuiii. nil 1588 The 950 A NEW ANo COMPLETE SYJ?TEM of UNIVERSAL CEOCRAPHV. j^88 TheSpanill) Armada dcftroyed by Drake, ^'c. — Henry IV. paflls tlic cdift of Nantz, tolerat- ing tlie Pri)ti ilants. 'I'lte manufaotiire ot pa- per firft c(tal)li!ht'd in England, at Dartford. 1,5^1) Cr chcs firllintrodiiccil into England. l^ijo Band of Pcniioner'! inlHtiitfd in England. i,5Qi Trinity-College, Dublin, founded. >i')7 W.i' iiL's firlt brought into England from Ger- many. t(K2 Decimal arithmetic invented at Rniges. it)03 's^uecn Eli'/.abctli dies, and is fiiccecded by James VI- of Scotland. i6o5 The gunpowtlcr-plot at Wertminftcr difcovercd. it)o6 Oaths of allegiance hilt adminirtered in England. 1608 Galileo, of Florence, tirlt difcovcrs the faicUites about the planet Saturn. 1610 Henry IV. is murdered at Paris by Ravillac, a prielt. jfiii Baronets firfl created in England, by James L 1614 Napier, of Marchelton, in Scotland, invents the logarithms. Sir Hugh Middleton brings the New River to I^ondon from Ware, ■j6i6 The tirft permanent fettlcment in Virginia. »t)i9 Dr. W. Harvey, an Engli/hman, difcovcrs the doctrine ot the circulation of the blood. j()2 J Tlic broad lilk manufatlory introduced into Eng- land. loji New England planted by the Puritans. I02J King James dies, and is fucceedcd by his fon, Charles I. The illand of Barbadoes, the fui\ Englilh fcttlement in the Well-Indies, is planted. 1632 The battle of Lutzen, in whidi Guftavus Adol- phus, king ol Sweden, and head of the Pro- lellants in Gerinany, is killed. J63J Province of Maryland planted by lord Baltimore. Regular poits eftabiilhed from London to Scot- , land, Iieland, &c. The malfacre in Ireland, w hen 40,000 Englifh Protcftants were killed. j().;2 Charles 1. impeaches five members, which be- gins the civil war in England. 1643 Excife on beer, ale, A;c. firll impofcd by parlia- inent. 16^9 Charles I. beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, aged 4(). 16^4 Crumwell alTumed the protcdlorfhip. About this time George I'ox began to preach thedod\rines held by the people called Quakers. i6j5 The Englilh, under admiral Penn, take Jamaica from the Spaniards. 1660 Kir.gChailcs 11. is *:(tored, after an exile of 12 )ea.-s. The people of Denmark, being op- prtl!'i.\l by the nobles, furrender their privileges to Frederic III. who becomes abfoliite. »662 The Roval-.Socicty ellablillied in London by Charles II. if.n,^ 7 he plague rages in London, and carries off i)b,tco pcrfons. 1666 1670 1672 1678 1680 1683 1685 1688 i68y 1690 1693 1693 1694 1696 1700 1701 1704 1706 170 170' 1710 »7»3 1714 The great fire of London began Sept. e, ami continued three days, in which were deltn.ycil 13,000 houfcs, and 40oftreets. Tea firll uIlJ in England. The peace of Breda concluded. The peace of Aix la Chapelle acceded to. The Englilh Hudfon's-Bay-Company incor- porated. Lewis XIV. over nms great part of Holhmd, when the Dutch open their lluices, bcmg de- termine^0^^ GENERAL INDEX. ABarcia, or A?x:afl!a, 1 79 Aberileenihire, 580 Abex, 304 Abyflinia, ibid. • Natural Hiftory of, • Cuftoms Se Manners ibid. of the Inhabitants, ibid. Acapulco, 400 i^diniralty-iflands, 127 Adrianople, 840 Adriatic, Iflands of the, 819 Adventure-Ifland, 273 ifiioiis, 179 Africa, 279 Agoumois, 861 Ajjra, 234 Ajazzo, 181 Aladulia, ibii^ Aland, 500 Albania, 838 Alderney, Ifle of, 723 Aleppo, 182 Alexandria, 288 Algiers, 291, 295 Alface, 870 i-; Alteiia, 476 Altenburg, 475, 74! Amadia, 176 Amafia, t8o Amazonia, 420 Ainboyna, 269 Ambrym, 46 America, firft Difcovery of, 3 1 5 -North, 324 . South, 407 ■ United States of, eftablifhed, 334 Amfterdam, 729 mand, 58 Anatolia Proper, J79 Ancona, 830 Ancyra, 180 Andalufia, 800 Anglefey, 705 Atipuilla, 39« Anhalt, 741 Anian, 304 Anjou, 8bS Anaboa, 308 Annamooka, 57 s - Annapolis, 334 Antigua, 388 ■ . Anti-Libanus, 18a Antioch, 182 Ants, various fpeciet of, lo Antv/erp. 737 Apee, 47 Arabia, 253 Ararat, 177, 19a ' . , Arbcla, 1 77 } Archangel, 546 Arhufan, 470 \ Armenia, 277 ^, / Arracan, 226 Arragon, 799 Arroe (Daniui Ifland} 483 Artois, 735, 855 Arzerura, 177 Afcenfion-Ifle, 308 Afhdod, or Azotus, 185 Afia (ia general) 1 66 Afia Minor, 1 79 Aflyria, 176 Aftrachan, 201 Aftronomy, &c. a Guide to, 9«4 Athens, 838 Atooi, 132 , Aunois, 861 Aurora>Ifland, 46, 47 Auflria, Circle of, 742 Auftria, Archduchy of, ibid. Auvergne, 866 Ava, 226 Avignon, 858 Azem, 225 Azores, 314 Azotus, 185 BAbclmandel, 306 Babylon, 174 Baden (Germany) 74a (Switzerland) 796 Bagdad, 1 74 Bahama-ldands, 393 Balbec, Ruins of, 17a BaKlivia, 416 Baltic, 477 Banda, 269 Banditti (Arabian) 355 Banka, 076, 638 Barbadoes, 387 Barbary, 295 Barbara, 427 Barbuda, 390 Barca, 293, 296 Barcelona, 800 Bate Ifland, 274 Bafil (Switzerland) 793 Baflbra, 1 74 Baftia, 833 Baftilile, in France, 85 a Batavii', 270 Bavaria, Circle of, 74a Bay of Iflands, 273 Bayonne, 861 Beam, 859 Beaumaris, 704 Bengal, 236 Berg, Duchy of, 741 Bergen, 463 Berlin, 748 Bermudas, Ifles of, 393 Berne, 796 Berry, 868 Beffarabia, 837 •,. Bethlehem, 184 Betlis, 176 Bhering's Ifland, 277 Bilboa, 808 Biledulgerid, 281 Bir, 175 Bird" Catching, Norwegian Method of, 459 Bird-Ifland, 1 20 Biron's-Ifland, 68 Bifcay, Lordftiip of, 799 Bloody River, 204 Blue River, ibid. Bohemia, 76a Bolatx>la, 11^ Bologna, 82c; Bombay, 244 Borneo-Ifland, 270 Bornholm (Danifh Ifland) 484 Bofton (New England) 337 Botany-Bay, iz Boulogne, 55 Bourbon, Ifle of, 30!) Bourbonnois, 866 Bourdeaux, 857 Brabant, 735 Braganza, 812 Brandenburg, EleA. of, 741 Brafil, 425 Brecknock, 596 Bremen, 741 Breflaw, 748, 763 Bred. 858 Britain, South, 593 North, 569 Brittany, 86 1 Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle, 741 Lunenburg, ibid. Bruflels, 737 Bulgaria (I'urkey in Europe) 837 Burgundy, 85C Burgos, 808 Burney's- Ifland, 377 Burfa, 179 Bjrron's-IUand, 68 /^Achao, 230 V^ Caen, 86a CafTraria, 301 Caifar, 181 Calcutta, 236 California, 396 Calmar, 512 Calvary, 183 Cambaya, 231 Cambodia, 232 Cambrefis, 735 Canada, 327 Canals (Chinefe) 204 Cananor, 244 Canary Iflo, 309 Candia, or Crte, 841 Canton, 214 Cape Breton, 392 Francois, 122 of Good Hope, gos De Verde Iflands, 309 Capri, or Caprea, 833^ Caracatoa, 274 ,- Caiamania, 181 Catlfcrooo, GENERAL INDEX. 95$ Carlfcroon, 513 C:i-!iii)la, 7/3 Carolina, North and South, Cars or Kiirs, 177 Caiiliag'.'na (McJitcrranean) 80I) , (South America) Callumri', or Caffimorc, 235 Caiiol, 7'!i Ca,iilc(01dandNo\v) 800 Calllc- I own, 7:11 Catalonia, 71)9 Cavaii, 707 Cavalks-IlianJs, r.7 t Caiicafus, Mcmnt, lyi Ca)'cnnc, /jkB Ca/;'.n. ,5', 744 Conllantinop' 83^ Ccjicnliagcn, 478 Cf.rl'u, or Corcyra, 8^,2 Ccrinili, 838 Coromandcl, 241 Corfica, 833 Courland, 776 Cfac I'A', 781 Cniatia, 767 ISu. 48. Cuba, 111 and of, 421 Ciiraflao, 432 Curdellan, 176 Cufco, (i I Cycladcs, lilw of; 840 Cyprus, 841 DAcca, 237 Oalccarlia, 50 j Dalmatia, 7(17 Dainafcus, 182 l^amiotta, 289 Dancing (lirls of India, I2t J^anoer, lilands of, 68 Danilh Iflands, 477 Dantzick, 781 Darmitadt, 741 Dehli, 235 Dolus, 8it Denmark, 4(^7 Dcrbent, 25a Dcventer, 730 Deux-Ponts, Duchy of, 741 Diarbec, 175 Dillemlwrg, 741 Difappointmcnt, Iflatidi of, 120 Dog-Ifland, ibid. Dominica, 389 Donegal, 71,5 Drefden, 748 ' Drontheim, 463 Duke of York's Ifland, 66,68 Dwina, 529 EAlUIIland, 274 Ealler-lfland, 121 Egypt, ^82 Klcphanta-Idand, 244 EKineur, 481 Embden, 741 England (in general) 593 Ephefus, 180 Erromango-Ifle, 47 Eftremadura (Spanifh) 800 . (Portuguefe) 812 Ethiopia, 303 Euphrates, 17,5, 253 Europe, Introduftory Defcrip- tion of, 436 European Settlements on the Banks of the Gambia, 897 Eyraca Arabic, 174 FAiklands-Iflands, 528 Falmouth, 595 Falfter(I>:ni{hIlland) 483 Fejee-Hland, 64 Fernando de Norona, 427 Fernando Po, 308 Fcrrera, 830 Forro, 4 ;5 Fez, 2()i Finland, 501 Flanders, 73 j FUronte, 8i7 Florida. Eaft and Wert, 31)4 I'hilhini;,, 724 Foix, Si) Fop.taiuMcau, %f, V "mora, '.idj ''bo St. David, 2 ji -St. ( Iforge, ibid. Fox- Iflands, 195 Franco (in general) 8 |3 Natural Hillory, 844 Francl'c Cornte, 870 Fraiitdni.i, 71 j Fra.ikt'orr (Maine) 749 Fre'-rii.k'bOdo, .if'g Fred' ricklh::!!, .103 Kreleiicklladr, 463, 472 Fr;it,rg, 7!^ Friendlv-ilks, -, 1 Fricfland, Eall,(Pru(na) 758 (Holland) V;i5 Fuera, or Mafla-Futro, /['i.^ Fulda, 742 Funen (Danifli Iflind) 482 F'urtevcntura, 312 G Alicia, 799 Gallas, 303 Gambia River, 297 Ganges River, 233 Gafcony, 851) Gath. 185 'H ' Gaza, ibid. Goldorland, 725 '•!• Geneva, 796 Genoa, 82.5 ' ■' - ■•■ - ■ Geograp.ly, &c. a Guide to, 914 Georgia (TurKey in Afia) 178 (North America) 371 Gerizim, 182 Germany (in general) 740 Gefula, 296 Gczira, 175 Ghent, 737 Gibraltar, 808 Glouccfter, 623 Goa, 244 Golconda, 242 Gold-Coaft, 298 ' Gombroon, 251 Gomera, 312 v Goree, 309 ' . v . Gore's-Ifland, 277 Gothland, 512 Ifland, 800 Granada (Spain) 808 Grand Cairo, 287 Grand Canaria, 311 Great-Britain (in general) 593 Greece, 838, 840 Greenland, Well, Difcoverj' of, 438 Grenada, or Uie G.-cnadincs, 388 11 I Grenoble, 856 Crifonii, 797 ( iioilno, 781 (jior.ingin, 733 C.adaliipe, 42 j Ciiiam, i;()4 Gualt;-'!-, 828 (iuati.-iala, 398 Guemrey, Ifle of, 723 CJuiana, /jl:o Guikllord, 594 Ci'iinca, 298 Ciujcnne, 8 -,9 (iii/.i.'rat, 233 H>x:utm, -J^.^ Hague, 723 Hainan, 207 Hain.itilt, 735 HalW^rlladt, 758 Halifax (Nova Scotia) 335 I Ia:nl<'jrg, 7.18 Hamoa llland, 64 1 y.iinota-iniind, 274 liandfomc People, ifland of, 273 Manait, 741 Hanover, 748 H apace, Ifles of, 59 Havannah, 4^1 Havre-de-Grace, 864 Hebrides, orWeftcrn- Ifles, 56S New, 44 Helcfis St. Ifland of, 308 Heliopolis, or Dalbcck, Ruins of, 172 He-^i and Chickens Ifland, 374 Hervey-lfland, 65 Hefle Darmftadt, 741 Hiero, 312 Hieroglyphics of Egypt, 285 Hilderflieim, 741 Hindoflan, 219 Hippopotamus, 281 Ilifpaniola, 421 Hochftedt, 742 Holland, 724 Holy Land, 183 ' Hoolavai, ule, 63 Horeb, 256 Horn-Ifland, 273 Hottentots, Country of, 302 Huaheine, to6 Hudfon's Ray, and Colntries adjacent, 325 Huen, 481 Hugloy. 237 • )' flungary, 763 TAkutlkoi, .'97 I Jamaica (in general) ,^83 Jakuti, or Yakoiites, 527 japan, Natural Hiflory of, 261 Java, 270 Iceland, 452 Jerfey, 954 GENERA L INDEX. Jtrfey, Illc of, 723 Jerf'-ys (America) 3^5 Jofuialeni, .183 immarctta, 167 Jiulin, 7.19 Iiuliaiis of North America, 376. 395 Inom, 5.!7 JoiKi-lfldiul, 5G6 Joppa. 184 Jordan, 182 ipfwich, 594 Ireland, 706 Irvan, 177 Ifpahan, 250 Ifcliia, 834 Ifle of France, 843, 850 Italy (in general) 817 ■ Natural Hillory, Sto Juan Femand':z, 424 Judea Proper, 183 Jutland, North, 468 South, 471 Ivory Coaft, 298 KAbruaii, 27,5 Knmptfchatka, 196 Kent, .593 Kentucky, 364 Kiel, 177 King George's Ifland, 119 Kingfton (Jamaica) 385 Kirpee Tartars, 555 Koningfhcrg (I'ruliia) 759. Korin, 260 Kurilians, 527 LA Dominica, 1 1 7 Ladrone-lfles, 264 l.agoon-Illand, 120 1 a!;or, 235 I.aland (Danilh Ifland) 483 La Ma^dalena, 117 J.a MaVche, 867 .Lancerota. 312 j^sr.-,,; Langeland, 484 l^anguedoc, S,-,3 l.a flaw, 418 l.apland, Sv.cdifh, 493 Raaian, 547 1^05, 230 La(Ta, 202 I.aufann, 796 Laws (Perfian) 250 Leghorn, 827 l^on, 800 Lepers, Ifle of, 46 Lclhos, H.jo l*.Tau (Danilh Ifland) 484 Levant, lUo Leu warden, 730 I>cyden, 729 Liege. 741 Lima, 411 LimlJUff' 735 Limoges, 867 I.imuUn, ibid, l.ionnois, 8()6 l.ipiX'. 7]! Lidc. 8,-,/ Lithuania, 776 Livonia, 527 Lookers-on- 1 lland, 274 Lnretto, 830 Louiliana, 324 Louvain, 737 Lower F'gypt) 28a Liibetk, /1 73 Lucca, 828 Luncnburg-ZcU, 7li Luxemburg, 735 Lyons, 857 MAcadiir, 269 Macedonia, 838 Madagafcar, 306 Madeira Iflands, 313 Madras, 241 Madura, ibid. Magdeburg, 741 Magellan, Straits of, 420 Magnetical-IHand, 274 Maine, 864 Majorca, 809 Malabar, 244 Malacca, 228 City of, 229 Malaga, 808 Malays, 229 Malcivia-Iflands. 271 Mallicolo, 44 Malta, 834 Man, Ifle of, 720 Mandarin, 213 Mangeea, Ifle of, 69 Manilla, 268 Mans, 862 Mantua, 828 Mar- , 181, 906 , ,• .; Mar);arita, 423 Marigalante, 430 Marpurg, 741 Maniiicfas-Iflands, 117 Marieilles, 8,58 M..rtaban, 227 Martiiiico, 429 Maryland, 357 Mailacluifcts-Colony, 335 Mauritius, 307 May, or Mayo, jog Mayor and Court of Alder- men llles, 274 Mecca, 173, 25t> Mecklenburg, 741 Mcnt/,, 742 Meijuiiuz, 29^ Merciiry-Ulands, 374 Mffuijotauiia, 17J Meflina, 8jj , .: Met/., 869 Mexico, New, 396 Vliddlelnirg, 730 Milan, 825 Mindanao, 269 Mindellieim, 74a Mingrelia, 178 Minorca, 809 Mitylcne, 840 Mocha, 2r,7 Modcna, 828 •Moldavia, 8:57 Moluccas, or Spice Iflands, 2(,9 Monaghan, 707 Monoemugi, 30.1 Monomotapa, ibid, Montaubon, 860 Montpclier, 858 Montferrat, (Weft-Indies) 390 (Italy) 848 Montreal, 331 Moon (Danilh Ifland) 483 Moravia, 762 , asj^i , Morlachia, ;{)7 Morocco, 291 City of, 394 Mofanibique, 303 Moful, 17,-, Moulins, 866 Mull, Ifle, 566 Munich, 742 NAckfivan, 177 Nairn, 570 Namur, 735 Nantes, 843, 869 NalTau, 741 Natolia, or Afia Minor, 179 Naumljerg, 741 Navarre (France) 8^9 (.Spain) 799 A.J^ Negapatan, Negroland, 297 Negropont, 840 Netherlands (Dutcli) 724 (Auftrian) 73,5 Hillory of, 738 Ncuburg, 74: Neufchatel, 798 < . ; ■ Nevers, 866 Nevis, 3R9 New Andalufia, 407 Britain, South, 126 North, or La- 333 bradore, 3. '.5 Brunfwick, 332 Caledoni.i, Ac. 41 Kngland, 33.3, Ciranada, 407 GL'inca, 125 — ■ Hanover, nj llebridci', 4.1 Holland, ... 1 Owhyhce, 1 36 .■ .. ^ - ' P.Ulua, 819 Palatinate, 742 PaleOine, i«3 Pallifer's-Ifland, 120 • ,. ' Palin-Ifland, 873 . . i, , Pal ma, 311 PaLiierllon's Ifland, 65 Palos, or Pclcw-lflands, 154 Palrnyr.., Ruins of, 171 Panama, 407 'Pangaiarran, 277 Paphlagonia, 179 ' . Paraguay, 4 18 .: Parma, «23 •_ ,. Paros, 841 ;^. Pall'au, 7.12 ^ Patagonia, 420 Patcinollcr-Ifland, 273 Patmos, GENERAL INDEX. 99% nvediih Iflaiid) )rkney-Ifles, 5% nd, ir» d, Difcovery of lUon, ", 7 hind, 74 ., £ 4 i6 9 ' ' te, 74a i nd, 120 ' |- 873 Ifliind, Ti^ cw- 1 (lands, 'o-l ins ot, 171 277 J 79 ,,' 18 .. "' . "'•'-■ a 20 fland, 273 Patmos, 84* Payta, 409 Pegu, 227 Peguans, ibid Peloponnefus, or Morea, 838 Pcniambuco, J^i^ Perfia, 245 PerthAmboy, 346 Peru, 408 Philadelphia (Ainerica) 173 Philippine Ifles, 26b Philippopoli, 837 Philipiburg, 742 Phrygia, 179 Pico, Ifle o(, 314. Piedmont, 818 Fines, Ifle of, 44 P.tcaiiD-illand, 63. IZI Placemii, 805. 828 Plymouth, 621 Podolia, 776 Poitou, 861 Poland, 776 Fomerania (Pruflia) 758. " (tiwedifli) 501 Pondicherry, 241 Poor Knights, jflandsof, 274 Pope's Dominions, 829 Pert Jackfon, 15 Portland-Illand, 274 Porto Bello, 407 Porto Rico, 423 Port Muhon, boo Portugal, 812 Potoe, 273 Potofo, 409 Prague, 76 J Prata, 277 Freiburg, 765 Prince Edward's Ifland, 273 Prince oF Wales's Ifland, ib. Provence, 855 Pruflia, kingdom of, 758 Pulo-Bally, 274 - Gae, ibid. Refolution-Ifland, 273 Rheims, 857 Rhine, 473 Rhodes, 841 Rica Cofta, 398 Riga, 545 Ki6 de Janeiro, 425 Rio de la Hache, 407 — de la Pl^a, ^16 Ripen, 4')9 Rochefort, 858 Kocnclli;, 857 Ivomanii, 837 KoniL , i 2'j Rofched, 25 i Roiftta, 2*^9 Rota, 264 Rotterdam, 729 Rouen, 862 Roul'.Uon, 859 Rugen, 513 Ruilia, 526 SAar, 744 Saba, 433 Saint Auguiline, 39^ Chridophe: . j'ij Domingo, i^ii Kultatia, 4.32 Helena, 308 Jago (Cape de Verd ifland) 309 — de la Vega, 385 — di Chili, 416 di Cuba, 4^ Gay, ibid — — Sapata, 275 Pyramids, (Egyptian) 285 Fyrmont, 744 OUebec, 331 Queen Charlotte's Iflands, 74. 12J Quitlavaca, 402 Quito, 409 RAab, 764 Ragufans, 767 Ramancor, 277 R,itirt)on, 742 Ravenlburg, 758 Red Sea, 25 3 Renfrew (hire, 570 Rennes, 861 Ren'zburg, 477 Refched, 25 1 ■— — John's, North America, Malo, 86t Marino, 828 Salvador, 425 Thomas (Africa^ 3c J Vincent, (North Ame- rica) 389 iaintonge, 861 Salamanca, 805 Salidabo, 275 Sallee, 296 Saltzburg, 742 Samogitia, 776 - Samoieda, 200 S..mos, 840 S.indwich Iflands, 129 Iile, 127 Sangir, 275 Santa-Cruz, (Africa) 310 Fi de Bagola, 407 Saniorine, ^^i Sangofla, 799 Siruinia, 824. 835 Sardis, iSi JJark, 723 Satalia, i**! Savage-lfland, 66 Savoy, 824 3axe Coburg, Saalfeid, 742 Saxe Gotha, 741 Saxe Naumberg, ibid Saxony, Upper, 740 — Lower, 741 Elertoraie of, ibid Scanderoon, 183 Schiras, 252 Schon n, 501 Schoutens- Ifland, 274 Schwartzenhurg, 742 Schwering, 741 Scilly, Ifles ot, 723 Scio, 840 Sclavonia, 767 Scotland, 569 Scutaris, 840 -Scyro, ibid 1 Sea Cow, 299' — IlorCe, 199 Segovia, 8co teine, 844 Selang, 274 Senegal River, 2^7 Serva, 837 Seville, 805 Shelburne (Nova Seotia) 324 Shetland, Ifles of, 565 Siam, 228 Siberia, 202 Sicily, 830 Sidon, 183 Sierra Leo.-.e, 298 Britilh Eftabliftiment there, 300 Siegen, 741 Silefia, 762 Sinai, 256 -lifters Ifland, 274 Skie, Ifle of, 566 Slave Coaft, 297 Slefwic, 471 Sligo, 7a7 Smaland, 512 Smolenfko, 527 Smyrna, 180 Society Ifles, 106 Scoloo-lfland, 276 ^ow-tcheou, 2^5 South- Wales, New, 10 8pa, orSpaw, (Germany) 744 Spain, 798 — — Natural Hiflory, 800 Spitzbergen, or Ealt Green- land, 444 Spire, 741 Stalimene, 840 SteinRirt, 741 Stettin, 758 Siolberg, 741 Stral&ind) 501 Stutgard, 742 Sudermania, 501 Suez, 257. 289 3 ulphcr- Ifland, 277 Sunda Ifland, 244 — — Iflands, 270 Surat, 243 Surinam, 43? Swabia, 742 Swart Point, 407 Sweden, 50 1 Switzerland, 792 Syracufe, 819 • Syria, 181 rAine, 570 Tangier, igi Panjore, 241 , Tanna, ifle of .43 Taphllet, 226 farfus, 181 i^artary, Eaftern, 191 Wertem, 200 fatta, 235 Teflis, i;8 rillicherry, 240 Fenedo,"!, 840 Tenevifft;, jj^ Pernate, 269 Terra Firma, 407 Terra de Natal, 303 — — ^ de Fumos, ibid Tetuan, 296 Thebes, 83 S /Thefl-ally. ibid Thibet, 193. 199 Thorn, 782 Thouloufe, 858 Three Kings Ifland, 274 Thuilleries, 852 rhumb-Cap-Ifland, 120 Tierra del Efpiritu Santo, 44 Tinian, 264 Tivdli, 819 Pobagi, 429 I'obollki, 202 Tocat, 181 Teledo, 805 Tomoguy, 274 Tongataboo, 55 Tonquin, 229 Toobouai Ifland, 121 Touraine, 86 a Tournay, 735 Fours, 869 Tralos Monies, 8 1 2 Tranquebar, 2f i Tranfylvania, 766 Trebizonde, 180 Trent, 742 Triers, ibid ''. Trielte, ibid Trincoraale, 271 Trinidad, 423 Tripoli, (Turkey in Afia) 185 Trois Riveres, 331 Tubai, 115 Tuberke, 118 Tungefi, 5S5 _ Tunis, #5» Tunis, 29 1 • 29$ Turcomanui> 177 Turin, 8i8 Turkey, in Afia, 167 » r - ■ Europe, 837 Turks, their CuHomit Maa- ners. Sec, 169 Tufcany, 827 Tyre, 183 Tyrol, 74X Tydore, 26') Tyrone, 707 ULad flaw, vSa UJieua, I si Uliecea II)', 1 12 Ulm, 742 Underwaldsn, 79a Upper Egypt, 2 1 1 Upfal, 5 1 1 Urt, 792. U(bcc Tattais, 20& GENERAL INDEX. Utrecht, 729 VAMivin, 416 Valhdolid, 800 Valais, 793 Valenciennes, 857 \'alentia, 8c6 Valetta, 834 Van Dienijin's Land,. 291 Van Dako, 177 Vaii--an, 923 Vendfc, 869 Venezuela, 407 Venice, 8^6 Verden, 711 Veriront, 372 Vcfiivius, Mount, 82^ Vincenza, 849 Vienna, 742 Virj" ■ Vr irgmia, 350 olhinla, 776 IVoorn, 724 WAghill, 274 Walachia, 837 Waldeck, 741 Wales, 703 Warfaw, 781 Walhington City, 36* Waceeo-Iflf, 70 Vv'ertheim, 74Z V\'effr, 74+ Weftern "I'artary, 371 Territory in North America, ibid Wcft-Indics, defcription, 379 Whitfunday-lfle, 121 Wied, 74i Wight, Ifle of, 721 Windfor, 594 Wirtemherg,. 742. Wologda, 546 XAlifco, 348 Xativa, 799- Xo River, zc : Xucar, 799 YEddo, or Jeddo, 263, Vlo, 409 Yorkfhire, 620 Yvica, 809 ZAcatecas 398. Zara, 296 Zanguebar, 333 Zante, 842 Ziealand, 477 /ealand (Danifli Ifland) 467 Zell, 741 Zirkni.z, 744 Zibin, 175 Zoeftra, 306 Zu?, 792 Zulpha, 177 Zurich, 972 Zatphen, 725 Zwebruggen, 74.1 DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING THE MAPS, &c. NcMT MAP of the WORLD, in Three Seaions, to face the Title-Page;. The SPHERE . - _ - 914 EUROPE - - - 4js; SWEDEN, DENMARK, NORWAY, PRUSSIA, HOLLAND, t^i^-y-i ,a -^ RUSSIA in EUROPE,. RUSSIAN EMPIRE SCOTLAND - - * ENGLAND and WALES - ? - IRELAND . _ - * . FRANCE - - - - SEVEN UNITED PROVINCES The NETHER! ANDS GERMANY; divided into its Circles POLAND, &c. - - - - SPAIN and PORTUGAL • - - ITALY - - - - TURKEY in EUROPE, wirh HUNGARY ASIA - - - »'■"'■ V- ' • CHINA _ - . - HINDOSTAN or EAST-INDIES AFRICA - - ^' * NORTH-AMERICA, Parti. CANADA, &c. NORTH- AMERICA, Part II. NEW-ENGLAND, &c WEST-INDIES SOUTH-AMERICA New CHART of the WORLD, ihewingthe New Difcovcrlcs. 5011 527 593 706 842 724 740. 776. 798' 817 837 i6s 203 219< 279. 332 335. 382 407 9- *^»* The Binder is dcfired to beat the Book- before he places the Maps* Jeddo, z6j, 398- =3 lifli Ifland) 467 7*> '77..- ge. »I4;. foil f27 J42. '24^ '35- '40' r76. ^98; [17 fj7 65 ti9< 79. 32 35- 82 07 9- ^ < -' V.^ H-