IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i.O I.I 1.25 1^ 128 • 50 1""^ '" m IIM 21 M 1.8 U III 1.6 7^ vg A ,>. ^'\ ^^^.^" ^ ■>/• 7 >^ Photographic Sdences Corporation ^ ^^ V ^ <> ^<^^^ ^"*% '^' ^ c^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4S03 ^ >^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian da microreproductions historiques 1980 I Technical and Bibliographic Notet/Notat techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographicaily unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou psiliculie r~l Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque r~| Coloured maps/ D Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or Illustrations/ D D D D Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli4 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La rellure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rleure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, locsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmtes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires: L'Institut a microfiimi le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sent peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une imege reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage sont indiquts ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Pages restored and/oi Pages restauries et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou plqu6es I — I Pages damaged/ I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I — I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ □Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es r~7 Showthrough/ UlJ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Quality indgale de I'impression □ Includes supplemer material/ Comprend du mat^ric suppl^mentaire I — I Only edition available/ Th to TK PC of fil Oi bi th sit ot fir si( or D Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcles par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6X6 filmdes d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure Image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. T» sh Tl w M di er be rll re m 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X aox 1 y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X ( 1 1 1 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada I'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grAce k la gtnirosltA de: La bibliothAque des Archives pubiiques du Canada The images appearing here are the best quelity possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in Iceeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de rexemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or Illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires origlnaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmte en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires origlnaux sont fiimAs en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniire imege de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BAXCROFT I 2 L i/ >i THE \\'OIUv8 OP 1 rUBERT IIOAVE BANCROFT VOLUMK XVI HISTORY OF THE XOKTII MEXICAN STATES AND TEXAS Vol. II 1801—1889 SAX KnAxcisro THE IHSTORV COMI'ANV, I'llUJSIIKRS 1889 EntiTod Hfcontlner to Art of ConffrcHs In tlio your 1889, l>y HL'UKKT H. BANCKOFr, lu tbu ofllcu uf the Llbrarliin of CoiiKroHO, nt WiiHbington. All UijIiU liifMenied, CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME. CHAPTER I. ■nXAS CLAIMEn BY THK ITNITED 8TATC9 1800 1810. Internal Condition of Texas— Society at San Antonia do Bcjar— Colonel I'ikt! — Tlie Provincial s Cross the Sahine—Cieneral Wilkinson Takes the Field — The Spiitiish Retire — Wilkinson Marches to the Siihine- A Blood- less Campaign The Neutral round Convention— Improved Condi- tion of Texas Desperadoes Occupy the Neutral (iround — Their PAGE Orgauizatiuu . CHAPTER IT. INVASION OF TEXAS BY AMERICANS. 1811-1814. Revolution in Favor of Indopendencc -Zanihrano's Counter-revolution — Reestalilishment of the Royjilist (Jovernnient— Bernardo (lutier- re/.Magee"s Sciienie of Conquest— The Americans Occupy Nacog- doches -La Baiiia Falls into tlieir Hands — Covernor Salcedo Besieges La Bahia -Death of Magee— Tiio Battle of llosillo— Defeat of the Spanish Army -.Surrender of San Antonio — A Repuh- lican Oovernment Organized — NLassacre of Salcedo and Otlier Pris- oners — Disgust of the Americans — Defeat of Royalists under El izondo -Toledo Takes Command of the Republican Army — Aiiproaeh of Arredontlo — Battle of the Medina- Destruction of the Anioncaiia — Elizoudo'a Executions— Pacilication of the Province. . . (V) 17 r COXTKNTS. CIIAITKU III. PRI\•^TKEKI^•0, I'lPAlV, AND INVASIONS. IMI.'i 18'JI. Tin; Asylum of Mi^xit.-iiii lltifugnos lliirrora'H Privateering Si'lieiiie — A Ue[>iililiciiii (ioverniiifiit KHtaMi-tiieil at Kalve.-ttuii liavno liitlictvil on Spaiii.ili ('oiiiinuree -Arrival of Mina- Aury and IVrry — The |)(!.soi-nt on Soto la Marina I'^rry'x Alarcii to Te.ai- heHlrui'tion of lii.s Band-Aury at Matagonla liay He Li!avt!s Texas for Florida — The j'irate of the eath —Internal Affairs of Mexico Beginning <>f Austin's Colony -Difficulties, Dangers, anil Losses -Stephen Austin in th(! City of Mexico —Delay and Anxiety-- Final Success of hi.s Petition — Discreti(.nary Powers ri l^ikw KM'<-|itiiiii in Favor of Toxas I'crtci'iitloii of iSp.'iiiiiinU Siilxorvifin-y nt' tin- St:ito to tlic National < Mivi-rnnii-nt — AtlininiMtratiou of .lu-itii-i' Kiliu-alioii ami liuligion — Monopoly Privilugu:4 (iruuloil to ColouintM 77 CHAPTER VI. MKXK'AN Ol'l-KKSSIIIN ANH TKXAS RRVOLTfl. \H'2{\ 183'.». Haydcn Eilwanlx' (Srant— His DitHouUies ninl Want of Policy Mexi- (•iins vcri>sp(ii'.<lasco — Mutiny at An.ihuac and Flight of jirailliurn KtMnlutions of the Ayuntaniit'utos -Naoogdoohes Kvacuated Tran(|udlity Uesttored iu Tuxas 98 CHAPTER vri. PROPOSED SErARATION OF TEXAS FKOM COAHTrtLA. 1832-1835. Arguments in favor of .Separation The Texan Convention — \ Scces- sion.il <'onstitution- Political .Vtl'airs in the Mexican Capital Santa Anna";) Craftne<.i — Au-tin Presents a Memorial to the Federal (iov- ernment — Its Reception — Au.stin Injudii-iou.s — \Un Arre.^t for 'I rea- son — Dragged from Court to Court — His Letter to the Texans — Maillard's Book — .Santa Anna Dictator — .VHairs in Coahuila — Texas lieeeive.s Redress — Saltillo versus Monclova — .\dj\istiiu'nt of Ditl'er- ences — Santa Anna's Deci.sion on the Texan Petition — .Almonte's Report — Popidation of Texas — Fraudulent .Sales of Puldic I^nds — Separatists aud Auti-scparatists 130 Tiii CONTENTS. CIIAl'TKK VIII. XVBNTfl i.KAUINll TU TIIK KKVULT UF TEXAfl. 18.'<:>. I'AOE Coahuila and Texan Protostii — Tlio State liOgifilature Disliandod — Gov- ernor ViuMca Arrextud Tuiioriit Kjecteil from Aiiiiliuau — I'olitical Fencing Zavala Agitators from the United States I'uiilie Meet- ings -Arrest of Zavala and Settlers Ordered — Atl'air of tlie Correo and San Felipe- Colinnhiu's Call for a (ieiieral Consultiition — Aua< tin's Heturn -His Speech at Brazoria Preparations for War — <»en- oral Cos Arrives at liejar — A I)isputed Cannon — The Affair of (ton/ale/ Warlike Knthusiatm- A Termanent Council Kstatdished — Austin Takes the Field Capture of (ioliad United States Sym- l)athy- Land Frauds The Consultation Assenddes — Its Labors — Orguaiz IM CHAPTER rx. 8IG0E AND CAPTtlKK OK SAN ANTONIO I'K IIKJAR. 1835. Battle of Concepcion — The Orass Fight — Protracted Siege — nissatigfi<,c- tioii of tile Volunteers — Burleson Succeeds Austin — Orders and Counter-orders — Milam's (.'all — |)escrip' >n of Siiii Antonio — The First Assault — Steaar'>u« MaHHaoro — NiiiiilHir of the Victiuiit • 'Ml CIIAITER XI. 8ANTA AXNA >4 IIITMIUATION. 18:«'»-18:»7. IIouRtnn'fi r • Ci';— His Ringraiiliy Panic of the Spttlcrs — San Fcliiic Burned-- Santa Anna's Plans ainl Advance- -His linpttuou.-, Mowj- . iits— Uenioval of tlie ( iovi-rnment to <}alv -ttoii Marnsliur^ in Ashes— nisooiitent of Houston 's Army — Its Advance to the Sail Jacinto- Santa Anna Burns New Wasliingtoii -Me Marclies to ^2n^aJ{e Houston Preliminary Skirniisiiing Mexican Carelessness in an Knemy's Front- liiseussion on Houston's Tactics -Burniii>{ of Vince's Bridge Pre|iarafioiis for Battle Sail Jacinto ancl Slaughter -Santa Anna's Fliglit and (.'apture Negotiations for Life Fdisola's Retreat— Santa Anna's l)aiigerous Position and Final Uelcasc , 238 CHAPTER XII. THE RErrilMC OF TEXAS. iH:Mi-ivS:w. Filisnla Superseded — Vain Threats — Tlie Texan Navy — Cominissioners to the Unitetl States— Morlit's Keport--( Jeneral (taines Crosses t!ie Sahine -(torostiza's Protest — He l)einanar- ous Massacri' — Ki'iiioval of tiio Indian Colonists — Final Ad jnstnient (;f the I'uldic Delit— Financial Matters— Hostility to Mi-xirans — The Cart War — Political Parties Hiograpliy of Kusk — Administration of KuuueU — Tliu Slavery Agitation — lluustou Elected Governor 38*J ciiArTKU xvr. CIVIt, WAR. 1830 1802. The North and tlio South — Houston's Message -Reports of Committees on RosidiitioiH of South Carolina -Knights of the ( Jolden Circlu- - Special Sossiiin of tiie Texan Congress Convened -A Convention Illegally Called —Surrender of (Jeneral Twiggs — Houston's Sj>ceeli attralveston Tcxa* Sucedes from the Union — Proceedings of tlio Convention — Houston Deposed — His Protest — Clark InstalltMl Pro- visional (roveruor—Iiulian Settlement on Trinity River — Cortina's Insurrection — His Defeat anil F'light — List of Senators and Repre- sentatives (.'omnioncement of tlie Civil War — Military ()|>eratious — luviisiou y£ New Mexico— Its Failure ....,,,,,, -427 CHAPTEll XVn. TROnRKSS AND F.St) OF THE WAR, 1S0'2-18G5. Operations of the United States' Navy— Recapture of Oalvoston hy tho Texans -Military Despotism— Defeat of the Federals at Siihine Pass — Death of (ieneral Houston — ^His Character and I'tdicy -Murrah Kleoted (iovcrnor -Operations of tho Federals on the i.striuts — Tlirociiinortou's UitKcultiei and Removal — His Views on tlio Position — Pease Appointed (Jovernor — Cliaugcs of Military Commanders — Registration (Questions — Tiie Reconstruc- tion ('onvention — L/isagrecments — Tlio (iencral Election — Amended Coustitutiou Ratilied — Doings of tiio Legislature 478 CHAPTER xrx. TEXAS RKSTOREI). 1871-1888. Administration of Governor Davis — Message to the Legislature; — Repub- lican Measures — Party Rivalry — Austin tlio Permanent ("apital — Repeal of Ol>noxious Liws — ('onditioii cif tiie Treasury — RepiiMicans versus Democrats — A Dangerous Crisis— Victory of the jtemocrats — Coke Elected (icivernor -Condition of Atfairs — The New (."(insti- tution —Coke's Criticisms — -(rovernor Hubliard — The Salt War — Finance — Governor Roberts' Policy — Indian Affairs — The Boundfvry Question 501 ClIAITKR XX. IN.STITUTIONAL AM> KUrCATIONAL MATTEaS. is:!.-)- 1888. Rapid Progress — Population— Social Advanopmnnt— Docroase of Crime — Tiie State Capitol— Tiie Huntsvillu Penitentiary —Reform of Abuses — Rusk Peiiitentiary — Charitable Institutions— Asylum for tlio Deaf and i)uiiib -Die Institute for the IJbiid -Insane Asylum — Developinent of Kducation — Appropriations fur tiie Establishment of FriHi Schofds — The Public School System -Statistics -Founding of the Texas University -Tiic Agricultural and .Mechanical (''ollcgo — First Protestant (.'hurches — Marriage liy lioml Legalized — pAicle- siastical Statistics —First Printing I'ress in Texas —E.irly News- paper!) — Texas Editorial and Press Associatiou 528 CIIAPTEIl XXI. INDUSTRIES, COMMEUC'K, AND RAILR0AD3. 1835-1888. Physical Divisions— A Forest Region — The Level Prairies of the Gulf Coast— Central Higlilancls--A Vast Cattle Region -The Panhandle and Stakeil Plain-Cliin ite and Rainfall -Cotton Proihiction The Cereals— Progress uf Agriculture — Cuttle !Statistius — Stuck Trails CONTfiNTS. xiU PAQB to the North — The Texas Fever — Wire Fence Troubles — Sheep and Horses— Minerals — Mauufivcturing and Muchaniual Industries- Foreign Commerce -importa and Exports — The Postal Service— Kailroail Systems — The Oldest Lines — Houston the Natural Centre — Narrow (Jauge Lines — Liljerality of the State < Jove rnment— The Strike at Fort Wortli 651 CHAPTER XXII. CHIHUAHaA AND DrRANQO. 2800-1845. Redivision of Provincias Internas — Movements During the War of Indepenileiiot' — Cruz Defends the Royal Cause— Durango Captured hy Negrete— Chihuahua and Durango Made Separate States — Party Strife and Revolts — Liberals and Conservatives — Federal Coalition in tlie North — ("baiigo of Governors in Durango — Apache Raids in Cliiliuabua — Decline of Presidio Defences — Indian Warfare Scalp Hunting -Massacre at Janos —The Central Regime — Federal Oppo- sition — Durango Joins Paredes' Revoluticm 581 CHAPTER XXIII. LATER niSTORY OF CHIHUAHUA AND DURANOO. 1843 1888. Preparations for War with the United States — Vidal Defeated by Doni- plian-Battlo of Sacramento -Doniphan Occupies Cliiiinahua — He Marches to Saltillo — Siege and Fall of Rosales — Frontier Defence — Failure of Military Colonies — Indian Raids and Scalp Hunting -A Coalition of States — Sale of the Mesilla Valley — I'lan of Ayutla Adopted— (^ijcu Invades Chiiiualiua and Durango - A'ictory of tiie Liberals — Kntry of the French — Juarez (lees to I'hihuahua— Brin- court Occupies the City— Do|)artnre of the Invaders — T)nr!ingo Opposes tlio Juaristas — Munler of Patoni - Revoluticm of Porlirio Diaz — Lerdista's Movements — Sierra Mojada Territory Formed— Suppression of Indian Raids . . 604 CHAPTER XXIV. CNITKD SONORA AND SINALOA. 1800-1830. Progress of Settlements — Invasion by Hermosillo— Capture of Rosario — Defeat of Hermosillo at San Ignaciode Piastla — Campaign against the Apaches — Last Culuuial Rulers — Uprising of the Opataa — The xiv CONTEXTS. PAGE Empire Welcomed— Sonora ami Siiialoa Neglectc-l — Petition for Kcfoniia — Feileralisin Favored — .Separation of Soaora Ignored — Form of (ioveruiiient — Oricvanccs and lievolt of the Yai|iiis- -Oper- ation!) of HandtTa^ — Suppression of tlie Uprising — Expulsion of Spaniards -Hardy's Visit— Separation of Sonora and Sinaloa — Populatiuu , 1 1 . 1 1 1 ... . 628 CIlAITEIl XX\^ 90N0BA AND SIN'ALOA AS SEPARATE STATES, ISIW-ISol. Sonora's First Legislature—Loading Towns — Indians versus Whites — • Banderas' SclienieMis Defeat and Death —War witli the Ya(piis — Expeditions against the Apaelies — Party Struggles — (Jovernor Gandara — Urrea I'roclainis Federalism — He is Ueeognized by Sina- loa (Jandara's Coiiiiter-revolution- The Ya(piis Roused hy ( landara ^War between Federalists and Centralists — Alternate Successes — Changes of Rulers^ War witli the United States (.'uaynias Bom- barded- Americans Take Possession -Mazatlaii t'.i[)tured Migra- tion from Sonora to California — Troubles with Apaches — Changes iu the Administration 649 CHAPTER XXVI. IlLIBUSTERISO INVASIONS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1852-1854, Raonsset de Boulhon'a Early Career — His Schemes — Pindray's Frontier Colony — Raoussets (irant — Arrival in Sonora -Hostility of OlHcials —Capture of Hermosillo- Raousset Attackecl with Fever — Retires to tiuaymas— The Adventurers Capitulate — New Scliemes of tlie Frenchman — Tlie Compailia Rostauradora — Raousset (loes to Mexico - A Second Expedition Phnined -The Return to Sonora — Raousset Duped by Yartez 'I'lie Mexican Barracks at ( luaymas — Plan of Attack— Assjiult of the Fililmsters Their Defeat -Disposal of the Prisoners^Execution of Raousset — His C'liarauter , , , , 673 CHAPTER XXVII. WlENCn OPERATIONS IN SONORA AND SINALOA. 1854- 1 806. Eflfect of the Oadsden Purch.ase — (""rabb's Colony Scheme — Oiindara's Revolt and Defeat -Crabb's Defeat at Caborea -The Whole Party Shot — Jcckor's Survey and Troubles— Coiijcrvativc Reaction io LOXTENTS. l'.\(iE Siualoa — Freiiueiit Revi)liitiims— Triuiuiih of L'bcraU in Sonora— Tlie Krciicli Oiiiipy (iuiiyriias — <;aiiiliira's Oporatioiis— Scrals— l)o[iartiiru of tlio Fri'iich — lanori Sliot— Sonora Free — Lozadii IJosiegus Mazatlaii Tlio French Capture tiie Fort — Victory of Kosales — I'astagny's Opera- tions — Alternate Successes of Liberals ami Imperialists — Loz Aids tho Latter — Tiie Frencli Ueenibark and Kotirc 093 CIIAITER XXVIir. KEVOl.l'TION.S AM) Cof NTKU-liKVOtrTIONS. 18(;7-1887. Party Quarrels — Uprising of tiie Yatjuis — Vega's Piratical Raid on iiuaynias — Leyva'a Ilevolution against Juarez — its Failure -Revo- lution in Sinaloa and Secpu'l — Contest in Sonora Regarding tlio Constitution — .Marisc.il Sent to Restore Order Tiie Lenio Klectioii Troubles — Siiialoa Yields to tlio Portirists— Mariscal (Joveriior of Sonora — Cluinge of Oovernors — Appearance of Yellow Fever Rev- olution in Sinaloa by Ramirez — His Defeat ami l)eatb -Mar(|uez do licon Invades Sonora— Is Comi)elled to Retire - Withdraws to Cali- foruia — Wars with the Apaches — Their Final Subjugatiou 700 ClIAI'TEll XXIX. LOWEK rALIFORNIA. 1800-1848. Separation from Alta California Decreed — Foreign Trade — Vessels Vis- iting the Coast— Cochrane's Raid on Loreto — ^More Lil)erty Oranted to Indians — Federal System lvstal)lished — Political Divisions- Mis- sions Secularizeti — Party Factions — The Californias Reunited — Frontier Quarrels — Hardy's Pearl-fishing Scheme — United States Designs • ' iturioans Occupj' La Paz — Selfridge Tfikes Mulege — Patriotiv ivi-iing at San Jose del Cabo — Californians Attack La Paz — The American flarrison Relieved— San Jose Besieged — Retreat of tlie Californians — liattle of San Vicente— Burton's Operations- Expedition to Todos Santos — End of the War — Lower California Kcatorud tu Mexico ..,,..• ...••.. 705 CHAPTER XXX. LOWER CALIFORNIA. 1848-1888. New Political Division A Military Colony Established— Filibustering Desitjns — Walker — ilia Plans against Souora Thwarted— EuruUmuut x««> CONTENTS, PAOB of Men in California — Descent on Lower California — Proclaims a Repulilic at La Paz — Walker Iietiru:i toTodo.s Santon Uay— Arrival of Kuunforcenienta — Capture of >Sai)to Tonias — Tlie Republic of Sonora Proclaimed — Dissension Among the Filibusters — Tlie March into Sonora— Collapse of tlie Kxpeilition — Political Matters — ('on- vict Uprising — Strife for Power — Frontier Troubles- -Arrival of French Vessels— Colonizatinio, were of roamin*^ inclinations, imliu'cd hy love c»f the chase. The Inifi'alo and wild horse ai)ouiKled in jjrreat numbers, and the pursuit of them was a source of both pleasure and profit. Tlie gov- ernor, Antonio Cordero — who succeeded Juan Bau- tista (iuazidial in 180(5 — checked, however, in some tlej^iee this disposition to lead a wanderinjjf life, and compelled attention to agriculture.^ Yet in this small, rough community there was not wanting somewhat of tlie amenities, and even refinement, of civilized society. Tliis was to be found among the Spanish residents, " Hy rt'strictiiij; the iHiffulo hunts to certain seasons, and olilijiin;; every man of family to cultivate so many acres of land. J'lke'n I'Jj^., ap., part iii. 84. Tliis writer, Major Zebulon Montgomery I'ike, of the (ith regiment nt the U. S. infantry, wiis eonniiiiisioned under instructions of Pres. Jefferson to ex- plore the sources of the Mississippi, in which undertaking he was engaged from August 1S()5 to April ISIXJ. In July of the latter year he wa.s sent l>y (ien. Wilkinson to explore the Arkansiis and lleil rivers, Ills party conMi.>(ting of -3 persons. The commandant of Nacogdoches became informed of tlio projected expedition wliile Pike was making his preparations at St I.ouis, and a strong force of 1(H) dragoons and 500 mounted militia was sent hy tlie gov- ernment at the Mexican capital to intercept him. Pike, however, had got lust, aud was undiscovered hy the Spanisli trooj)s, thougli they descendeil the lied River tMX) miles. Meantime tins explorer had made his way to the Pio i Irande, where lie and his party were tiiken by the lanthorities of New Mexico ;iud conducted to Santa F»5. He was thence sent to ( 'hihnahua, where Xemcaio Salci'dn, the captain-general of the provincias internas, resided. After an in- vestigation into tlie object of his expedition and some detention, ho was sent with a portion of liis party to Natchitoches, in Louisiana, then in possession of tlie C. .S. On his arrival in the U. S. ho published, in the form of a Jour- n.d, an account of his expeditions, under the title: An AccoiiiU o/ KxpcdUloim 1 1 till' Soiirccn of till' M'lMMisHqrpi, and throuiih the Westfrn Parts of fjOiiisiaiia to tin; SoiiircK of the Arkaiimitr, Katm, La Platte, ami Pierre J aim liii-erK; per- fnriiiiil hy ori/ir of the Uoirrnmeiil of the Uiiitiil States ditrimj the yearn ISO,'), ISiii'i, and 1S07. And a Tour throuijh the Interior Parts of Nen'^ S)iiiin, when citiiihicted throiiijh thene prorinces by order of the Captain-Oeneral in the i/e.ar JS')7. Philadelphia, 1810. 8vo, pj). 277, with 3 appendices, pp. Ji'i, i\'2, 87. 'lables. 'Ihis work was reprinted m London in ISII, in 4to, pp. 4.'i(), under the title: Eiploratori/ Tran'ls throHijh the WeMern Ten-itories of Xortk Amer- ir I, etc. It Wiis also translateresent*;(l itself, questions that arose havinj^ to bu retbrrod to tho episcopal chair in Nuovo Leon." il of I ad- y to ences were bo y few itary irop- gov- unity liters Guaza ^ortlero, er prov cknowl d., ap. But the time had approached when the first indica- tions of a disUmt infiuence that was to bear on tlie future destiny of Texas were nmnifested. The spirit of adventure which led JJnniel Jioone into the wilder- nt;s8 of Kentucky was abrojid on the margins of those unknown lands that lay beyond the frontier settliv nients of the United States, and the Anglo-American lace was pushing westward and southward. Bold, restless men, impelled by the fascination of wild adven- tiuf!, made their way into new regions, reckless of danger and hardships. As the settlers in their on- ward course apj)roached the S])anisli possessions, it was not likely that thes. would long remain a elosed garden of Hesperides to such sj)irits. The uncom- promising exclusion of foreigners only served as an mcentive,'" and before the close of the eighteenth cen- tury Americans had entered Texas and gained a foot- hold. The contraband trade carried on with New Orleans, and connived at by the Spanish authorities, opened a «i^ateway to these intruders. Probably the first of these adventurers was Philip Nolan, an Irishman by birth, who was engaged in this illegal trade between San Antonio and Natchez as early as 1785. Whether it was that this traffic did not yield profits large enough or quickly enough, under the exactions hnposed upon it, or whether No- lan really had the secret intention of making discov- eries in reputed gold-bearing regions in Texas, as •.(rinpe, Mem. Coah., 9, et seq., in Pnmphlftn, no. i. As this is an otiiiial report to tlie king by the deputy to the Spanish cortea from C'oahiiila it inay hti regiirdeil as atfording a true representjition of the government of thiso provinces and real grievancjs. Ihe writer makes suggestions as to what ought to he done for the better administration of them, such as tlie establish- ment of juntas, courts of appeal, etc. '" All foreigners found on Spanish territory unprovided with passports were arrested and thrown into prison, where they often lingered for years. Especial rigor was observed toward American citizens. TKXAS (M.AIMKI> BY TIIK UNITKI) STATIC. Hoiiio writiTH alit'«jft'," in not rortjiin ; Imt in IHOO'^lu* or«j[aiii/c(l ail aniird (>x|i(>«iitioii at Natrlu'Z, ostt'iisil»ly for tilt' juirpost' of i'apturiiifj^ wild horst^s in Texas, TIh' adviMitunTs, t\vonty-rr inclndin^ tlu'ir li'adtT, iTOHSfd tlio JVIissiHsijuii at N«>«jfalt's Wal- nut Hills and liavint; advanced tortv miles in tlu^ diret^tion «>!' tlus Washita, they tV'll in with a |»atn»l <»f* Hf'tv Spanish horsemen sent from the fort on the river to intereept them. The di>terminewers, however, dett^rred them from attaek- insj^ him, and he proe(>eded without interru|)tion. Avoidini]^ Fort Washita, the party crossed lied Kivir, and continuint; their westward course passt'd the Tiinity, a!nl reached the l^razos, spendin<^ mu«"h timo in huntintjf. On their arrival at the Hrazos they erected an endosun^ and penned about 'M)0 wild horses. J^v invitation of the (\nnanches thev visit(Ml the Indian chit^f Necoroco, whost; >illa«if(» was situated at the south fork of the Red Kiver, where they re- mained a month. After tln^r return to camp they were attacked, iMarch "Jl,'-' 1 80 1, l>y a troop of l.Vo Spaniards sent ai^ainst them hy Salceilo and com- manded hy Lieutenant Musijuiz.'* Nolan's outpost of six men — ^ono American and five Sj)aniards — was captured before daylii^ht, and as s< <,)n as morninj^ " ' KMtiiiiuI<-i(1i)8 '— i. o., > liiii and liis followora^' ilc l;i8 iioticiiM do halnir en lii« inoiitufliis tie la provii ia de 'I'ejiw, iiuieliaa y alniudaiites iiiiiias de ora y idata.' Fitiiola, Mi'iii. II' Gwrnt Tijd-i, i. Hi*. Kennedy says it Wiu* HuppoMetl that tlie loailer of e expedition eherished the seorei, intention of making discoveries in the i uteif gold regions of the Coinancliea. Tej-HM, i. '2S7. '- Kennedy, relying upon , nanuseript supplied him hy Ijamar, presiilent of 'I'exas, gives the date 178S>, >r therealtouts. Filisola also iissigns that year to tlie expeilition; hut Ellis . liean, wlio accompanied Nolan, ami wrote a full account of the expeditioii and his own sulisetpient act--), distinctly states that the adventurers left Natchez in October 1800. Yoakunt supplies a revised copy of Hean's narrative in appenilix no. ii. IliM. T ■.!■., i. 4(Kl-4. '* Acconling to the diary of Mustpiiz, translated ar. ' published in the Tejiin Aliiittiiar, Sept. 1SU8, (iO-4. '* B«.'an states that the party at this time numbered only 18, three of the company having l>een lost at the beginning of the journey while out hunting. Nolan's force at stiirting comprised 14 Americans, 5 Mexicans, and one negro. 'Ihe lost men made their way back to Natchez. lii'iiii^n Mem., in Yoiikiim^a nut. Tcr., 41).'), 407. Mustpiiz, however, says that there were ' 14 Americans, 1 Creole of Loui.siana, 7 Sitaniards or Mexicans, and 2 negro slaves at the log pen when he attacked it. 7'tv(w Aliiianitc, Sept. 18G8, G2. WAU ANI> nilFKAT. . T (lawnud tlu; Spaniimls (>jk'IH!«1 fire wiJ. \rra\n' fnuii u Hwivrl-j^un u|MHi tlu! r«!nuiiniiijx twclvr, who wvrv. inHidc' an oiicloHuri! of Ioj^'h, wlii
  • ack. After tlie surrender, the negroes asked permission to bury their lea., lOti-7. Accord- ing to the Ti.niH Aliiiaiidc, Sept. 1S()8, (j;{-4, the following is the list of those wlio were destined to draw for the death-lot; Luciano (iarcia, Jonaii Walters, Solomon ( ooley, Ellis Bean, Josepii Keed, William Dunlin, Charles King, Josepli I'iiTce, K[)hraim lilackburii, and David Fero. But I'it^rce liaving (lied l>efore the royal decree — tiiat each fifth man should be hanged — could be carried into execution, the presiding judge, with commendable mercy, decided that one victim would be sullicient. According to the report of the adjutant insiiectcr, the hits drawn were the following, eaoh gambler for his life tlirowing in precedence according to his age: ' Blackburn, 3 and 1, making 4; (iareia, 3 and 4, making 7; Ueed, (i and 5, making 11; Fero, 5 and 3, making 8; Cooley, C) and 5, making 11; AValters, (5 and 1, making 7; King, 4 and 3, making 7; Bean, 4 and 1, making 5; Dauliu, 5 and '2, making 7.' Ephraim Blackburn, having tlirowii the smallest number, was lianged at the Plaza de los Urangas in the tiiwn of Ciiiliuahua, on the lltli of November, 1807. ' '1 he diary kept liy Nolan and many of iiis letters, which I'lre in my jio.ssessiou ' — .T. A. Quiiitero — 'sliow coni'liii ivcly tliat he was not only a gallant and intelligent gentlo- man, but an accomjilished scholar. He Wiis thorouglily aciiuainteil witli astronomy and geograpiiy. He made the lirst map of lexas, wiiicli he pro- seuted to the Baron do Caroudelet ou returning from his first trip. SETTLEMENT. 9 San Antonio road, on botli sides of Nacogdoclios. Among these may be mentioned Captain Dili aiid liis son-in-law, Joseph Darst, Samuel Davenport, and Kobert Barr, all of whom established themselves in Texas at the close of the last century or in IHOO/' This privilege nad oidy been obtained by swearing allegiance to the Spanish king. Hitherto neither these settlements nor Nolan's inroad had any political significance; they we^e merely the results of private enterprise; but the time was close at hand when throughout the United States attention was drawn to this unknown country. The causes of this were the sale of Louisiana to the government at Washington — which involved a dispute with Spain as to the owner- ship of Texas — and Aaron Burr's conspiracy to in- vade and revolutionize Mexico, exciting thereby a wide-spread interest in this border province. When France, in November 1702, ceded Louisiana to S[)ain in order to prevent it falling into the hands of the English, the western boundary line between the Spanish and English possessions in North Amer- ica was clearly defined bv tlie treaty concluded in the following Februar}'.^*^ But in October 1800 Spain ceded back the territory to France in exchange for Tuscany, on the unuerstan(lin<>' that its extent should be the same as it luid been during the former posses- sion of it by that nation. The boundary line, how- ever, 'oetween Louisiana and Texas had never been definitely settled, tliough Spain hnd always claimed that Red Biver, or ratln.'r its tributary Arroyo Hondo, " IJarr antl Davenport had a Hcttlemeiit two miles cast of the Angelina, ami lator establislied a large cattle-raiiuh (.'iust of tlio Trinity. YoaLimi, ut ■111]!., l.S()~7: Tlii-dU, »/ .v«;)., (kS(). '" '1 he treaty was sigueil at I'ai is, between the kings of Si)ain and of France iin tlie one side, ami the king ut (Jn.vt Hiitain on the other In art. 7 tlie limits were Mixed hy a liiu^ ih-awn along the ndddle of the river Mississijiiii, triiiii its Konree to tliu river Ihervilli', and from thenee liy a line in the iniddlo lit tiiat stream and of the lakes .\Iain-ej)as and I'lmteliartrain to tlie sea.' iliiil.irrc'n Hixl. Lotitxiaiin, 1 1. Ouiii., ii. l).'}; ('Idihorin:, in Mtii/tr'.i Mvx., MS., no. "Jo. 10 TEXAS CLAIMED BY THE UNITED STATES. was the western limit of the French possessions/' and when, in 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States,^ its western limits at once became a ground of dispute with Spain. The government at Washing- ton, in its aggressive policy, claimed all the country east of the Kio Grande," which included the whole of Texas and the best portion of New Mexico — a pre- tension, as far as the French were concerned, long obsolete. But for the time the acquisition of Florida was of more paramount importance, and Monroe and Pinckney, ambassadors at the court of Spain, were in- structed, April 15, 1804, to propose to the Spanish government that the territory lying between the Sabine and Colorado rivers should be considered as neutral ground for a period not longer than twenty years, under the stipulation that Florida should be ceded to the United States for a sum not exceeding $2,000,000. This concession of its assumed right to Texas, however, soon appeared too liberal to the United States govcrmnent, and in July following its representatives were instructed to propose the terri- tory between the Colorado and the Rio Grande as the neutral ground.-^ These proposals, though long discussed, met with no result. "The Arrrtyo Hondo was aliout seven miles west of Natchitoches. A con- ventional line seems to have been recognized for many years by both nations. 'Ihis ran between the rivers Meruiento and Carcjisi 'n, along tlie Arroyo Hondo, passing between Adiies and Natchitoches, and terndnated in the Red River — a boundary often violated by encroachments of the j'"rench toward the Sabine River. Ptip. !'(((•., I(i2, no. i., p. vii. L\man\t \'ol. i., JI int. Kort/i Mex. Statcn Olid Texan, this series; Moiictiex Jlint. Vdl. Mixx'ixti'qypi, ii. 4(50. '■""Upon the cession of Louisiana by Spain to the French, it was privately stipulated that tlie territory should not be sohl to tlie U. S., and wlieu tlu sale was effected, Spain, recognizing that a prot''cting barrier between her American possessions in North America and the U. S. was removed, protested. Overawed l)y Napoleon, she withdrew lier protest. Yonkums Hist. Ti:i\, i. Ill); FHinoh, Mem. Hist. Giierra 7V.c. , i. 4IJ-4; Aiiiiah ofComj., 1804-180."), ap. 12(>8. A curious story is told by Ashbel Smith, who frecjuently met the Prince of Peace, Manuel ( todoy, in Paris. '1 he latter told him that Charles I V. of Spain bestowed on him the province of 'lexas, to be an apanage of the house of (lodoy. Preparations were made to send thither *2,000 soldiers and a number of females, nut the invasion of Spain by Napoleon put an end to the whole scheme, liemhiis. Tex., 27. ^' Founding the claim on La Salle's unsuccessful attempt to colonize Texas. See vol. i., 395-412, this series. ^■^ Annala qf Cong., 1804r-1805, ap. 13a8-47. ■«*■ ATTITUDE OP SPAIN. II But Texas had become a land of mark, and enter- prising pioneers kept pushing forward into the disputed territory. Spain's attitude toward the United States and American intruders exhibited a growing hostihty, and she showed herself determined to maintain her ancient system of exclusion of foreigners. To oppose the encroachments which she clearly foresaw her ag- gressive neighbor in America would attempt, she niade vigorous preparations by the introduction of troops and colonists into Texas,'^'' hoping thereby to interpose a powerful state as a protection on the Mexican frontier. Viceroy Iturrigaray, being determined to attack tlie Americans if they crossed the Arroyo Hondo, took active measures to increase the military strength of Texas. Nacogdoches and other places were fortified and ])rovisioned ; companies of militia were moved from Xuevo Leon and Nuevo Santander to San An- tonio, and detachments stationed at Matagorda, the mouth of Trinity River, and elsewhere."* At the be- ginning of 180(), there were about 1,500 soldiers in Texas, placed under the direction of Simon Herrera, tlie governor of Nuevo Leon, Antonio Cordero, the newly a})pointed governor of Texas, being second in connnand. In view of this warlike attitude, the United States government, which, tliough disinclined to take any ste}) that niiglit preclude a peaceful settlement of dif- ferences, was resolved that the Spanish trooi)S sliould »' Joliu Sihley reported to the U. S. sec. of war, in a letter dateil Natelii- tnclies, July 2, 1805, tliat "jOO families had arriveil at San Antonio, all settlers, witli a strong ret-nforeenient of troops; and Caiit. 'lurner, at Nateliitoelies, iifonned Ceneral Wilkinson, Sept. 3, ISO"), that Coniaiulante (Jeneral (irinia- rest from Spain was presently e.xpeeted to arrive at Sau Antonio, aeeompa- nied hy seven eonipanies of soldiers; (MK) families, eomin<,' from Spain to setth' .Mata^'orda, had put into the Canary Islands. /(/., IHOa-KSOli, ap. Il.'(K»-7 A selienie for the estaltlishment of military colonies at all important poiiits in 'le.xaswiis designed, professedly for tlie purpo.se of repelling Imlia-.s. Ifi'il Onifii i/r ;!() ,/e Mitfio tie JS114, in M; aud/r/., ap. 11.>07-U. 12 TEXAS CLAIMED BY THE UNITED STATES. I not encroach beyond the Sabine/^ had issued orders November 20, 1805, to Major Porter, commanding at Natchitoches, to repel any such attempt. On receipt of these instructions, Porter required of the conmiand- ant at Nacogdoches an assurance that he would not cross that river, and received, February 4, 180G, his refusal to comply with such a demand. A detachment of twenty men, under Ensign Gonzalez, had already, in fact, been advanced to the old abandoned post of Adaes, and on the 1st Porter had despatched Captain Turner with sixty men to enforce their withdrawal. This was eftected with some little trouble, but without blood- shed.==« The news of this forcible ejection, together with the alarm excited at this time in the Mexican capital by reports of a scheme of invasion meditated by Aaron Burr,'^'^ caused the Spanish authorities to push forward their forces to tlie disputed ground. A reenforcement of 800 militiamen was sent by the viceroy to Herrera,^^ anted, "with pretensions far more extensive," the Sabine River as the most obvious, natural, and least excep- tionable temporary boundary; and that the presence of Spanish troops on the east side of it was regarded as an actual invasion of their territorial riirhts, and would be resisted. He then reiterated in decisive tone the demand for the withdrawal of the troo[)s of S{)ain to the west side of the river, in order to avoid the effusion of blood. This final connnunication was innnediately forwarded to Nemesio Salcedo, the cap- tain-general of the eastern provincias internas, Cordero not feeling himself authorized to decide on so serious a matter. Each commander was loath to be the initiatory cause of hostilities, and while Wilkinson remained in- -'Xamely, the prevention of a scientific exploration up Red River under Col Freeinaii; cutting down the American Hag in the Caddo Indian village; till! .siizurc of three Americans within 1*2 miles of Natchitoches; and the asy- lum ationled three fugitive uegro slaves at Nacogdoches. lb.; AnnaU o/Vomj., lSOO-1807, ap, »18-1S). ill! I 14 TEXAS CLAIMED BY THE UNITED STATES. B'i i i I active, awaiting Salcedo's decision, Herrera retired beyond the Sabine. On October 21st tlie American general wrote to the secretary of war, enclosing a copy of a note received from Cordero, by which all doubt was removed as to the unyielding pretensions of the Spaniards to the disputed territory, and announcing his intention to advance to the Sabine on the follow- ing morning. He moreover stated that he puiposed pi'oposing to the Spanish commander that they should respectively withdraw their troops to the point of occupancy at the time of the surrender of Louisiana to the United States.^" Accordingly on the 24th the American army i ok up a position on the left bank of the Sabine, in front of Herrera's forces, which occupied the west side of the river, and Wilkinson without delay opened nego- tiations. It has never been clearly understood what weie the motives which induced the Spanish general to accept, on his own responsibility, the proposal of Wilkinson that the territory lying between the Arroyo Hondo and the Sabine should be regarded as neu- tral ground till the boundary question was settled.'^ Nevertheless such was the case. It is, however, more than probable that Wilkinson so excited the fears of Herrera by exaggerated accounts of Burr's contem- plated invasitm, and by representing at the same time that the movement could only be suppressed by the whole power of the American army, that the Si)anish ^ to take the risk of incurring his leasure ^^ supei'i ^U8tod many of tlio revolutionary party l>y his despotic and disorderly administration, and the cura Juan Manuel Zambrano ft)rnied the desijjrn of restor- inj^ the old order of things. Concealing his real in- tention, he hot)d\vinked those of the dissatisfied whom he ap[)roached on the matter, hy giving them to understand that his only object was to depose Casas and correct the disorders of the jjovernment. He was, moreover, favored in his designs by the o])por- tune arrival of the unfortunate Aldama, who with a large amount of bullicm was proceeding to the ITnited States as envoy of the independents, there to solicit aid in arms and men. Zambrano cunningly caused the report to be spread among the lower ordi>rs that Aldama was an emissary of Napoleon— a statement the more readily believed on account of his uniform being similar to that of a French aide-de-camp. Noth- ing aroused the indignation of the common pe()})le more than the idea of their being surrendered to the French, By casting the gloomy shadow of that danger over the minds of his Indians, Hidalgo had lately caused tlic Grito de Dolores to be raised and rung through the land;^ and now this wily priest used the same guile in Texas to advance the royalist cause. Thus the populace and many in the ranks of the revolu- tionists in San Antonio, and many inside the barracks, were unwittingly on his side. On the night of March 1st, with only five of those compromised to su])poit him, Zambrano sallied from his house and raised the signal cry. Possession was obtained of the barracks innnecliately, and before morning dawned Casas was a prisoner, and Aldama confined under guard in his lodging. Zambrano and his party now proceeded with caution, nor did they prematurely let their real design be known. A gc^verning junta of eleven vot- ing members, with Zambrano as president, was elected •I is< ^Scc Hidalgo's address to his flock Sept. 16, 1810. Hist. Mex., iv. 117, this series. EXrEDITION OF CJUTIKHUKZ. 19 1^ soon hy 1»>« cina iH'stor- roal in- L wlunu [loin to e Casus it. He 1 i suk h'li'., iv. 44!); (Iiiirm, liev. N. ExiL, ii. 71-, iioti;; TlintlC.i I'ift. Jliit, Tc.i., 54S. This last autlidr says that (Jutiorrez iiiaile Xatcliitochc;; his liomu in the U. S. ^Maj,'i!o graduatod at West Point .laii. 23, 180'J, and recuivud tho appoilit- iiieiit of sucoiid licut of artillery. Yonkums llitl. T<:r., i. lo'J, note. "Siu'h is Urackeiiridge's stateiiieiit. Jlolleii'n 7V.r(M, o04. Yoakum, i. l.").S. says tliat (Gutierrez went to ^tatchitoclies, wliure he met Magee, whom li^ greatly interested and inlhienced hy lii.s aecouiits of Mexico. ' Mt^xieaii writers regard (lutiernz as the inspirer and promoter of the en- terprise, which is natural, as all [irdclaiiiations were puhlished in his name, and he was appointeil inmander-iii-eliief. It was, however, esseutially an American enterprise, see j.V<7c,s' A'c;/. , iii. 104, v. 87-8. I tlie (hiri! JJoc. (JOVKKNOR SALt'KDO. 21 in tho an an )y the ."NiW ion t'i>r litateil ty-' LH sta- yed in iiL'Utral lie iilea whom to his lint-d a Drh'iins let (Ju- !nt with luiinally inj4' tlie jve that of their June '/. went le east (.•nihled. ) iven- crossi'd Sa litre Jk'UI to iicr. Ti'i., i- 4'.); (I'inrrc, la^it author tho appoint- kuiu, i. 1 •'>'^- o, whom hi- ur of the en- his naiuc, isentially au "HS Nacot^^doelies, wliieh was altandoned on the a))|)roa('li of tht' Americans, who took possession of tlie town without firinuf a shot. The Spanish soldiers tied to the Tritiidad station. This took plaee Au^nist 11, \H\'l.^ Mai,'»'e kej)t sendintf ree n force me nts to tho front, and with their numhers increased to nearly .')()0 m«'n," the Americans marched to Trinidad, which was evacuat(!d as soon as they appeared in sii»'ht. Hero they remained till the nnddle of Octohiu*. ^feantimo MaH'ce arrived, and tho forces, now numherinjj^ nearly HOO, wvvc or<;anized. in this work he was assisted hy Kemper, Ltukett, Perry, Koss, and (iaines. Maijfee was cK'cted colonel, thouLjh virtually connnander-in- chief ; Kemper was chosen major, and the others made captains. (Governor Salcedo had, however, boon makinjjr vii^. orous prej)arations to repel the invaders. Assisted by Cordero, who sent him such troops as could ho s])ared tVom Coahuila, he joitied his forces with those under Herrera,'" and took up a position at J^a Bahi'a with l,.")00 men. The Americans now continued their march, diivctin<; their cour.so to that town. When Sal- cedo became aware of their intention to attack him, ho marc'ied out with 1,400 of his men, whom ho placed in ambush at the crossinjjf of the Guadaluj)o Kiver; but AEagee, hein7; (\iiiipiiriiin de Cullrjii, 178; Cdm, Tirn Sij/lon, iv. i'l. (iuerv-\, III sK})., iiaserts tliat out of the 2,000 veterans and niilitii.mei., eolleuled from t'- M'l.inei^s of Co.ihuihi, N. [,eon, and N. Santander, only ilOO eseiq). d. "'\oii,t hu identified. f*i' I )■■ ; i' iiil II I ill 24 INVASION OF TEXAS BY AMERICANS. quiet possession of the place, Saloedo and Herrera, with their staff-officers, yielding themselves as prison- ers of war on condition that their lives should be spared. A provisional government was now formed, consist- ing of a junta composed of thirteen members elected by a p<^)pular vote, Gutierrez being appointed general- issimo and governor." The first question to be de- cided was the disposal of the prisoners, whose blood was loudly clamored for in expiation of the executions of Hidalgo and his companions, in whose capture Salcedo and Herrera had taken ah active part. It was ., iS~. '"The odium of this atrocity has fallen upon Outierrez, who ciuluavored to justify his action in tlie matter l)y explaining that a iidpul.ir ilemonstra- tioii aganist the prisoners was promoted by the intrij.'nes ot J.isi'' Alvun/. d(! 'i'oledo — of whom more anon — and that tliey were delivered \ip by tlu' ^nard in obedience to an order of tlie junta, witliout waiting for his iiisU-uetions, and indeed, without his knowledjj;e. liuMttiiuuitc, Cmul. J/i.sf., i. 3.'5i!-;J. The American accounts are very different, (iutierrez is charj^ed with liuving secretly ilelivered np the captives, and with afterward defending his eon- duet by classifying the murderous deed as a just reprisal for the loss of friends and relatives put to death by the royalists. Yooc. X. Lcnii, 'J.'>iV-(!(), in wliich last authority a list of the victim- is found by (ronailcz among the jiapers of Alejamlro do Uro v l/ozaiii According to this document the date of the massacro is April .Id, and tie number of victims that given in the text, tliougli other less reliabh^ aiitlv ri- ties state that only 1-4 were put to death, i'oote, followcspect for the usag-es of war, no feeliui^s of conmion liumanity. Kemper and Lockett abandoned tile enteri)rise innnediately and returned home, fol- lowed soon afterward by lloss. They were accompa- iii( I' \.y ;i considerable nund^er of the better class of ,1 Isii. /s. As for Gutieri-i'Z, he was arraii^ned before i! )vi! uiial and deposed. After the departure of Ross, Ca])tain Perry, beinij: higlu'st in rank, took connnand. The Americans, now i>reatly reduced in nundiers, were unable to continue active operations, and for a time !L!^ave themselves up to indolence and all kinds of dis- sipation. From these excesses they M'er«' suddenly aioiised by news of the approach of another ai'my sent aijfainst them under <'ommand of Colom^l Jo-nacio Klizondo. tlie reneii'ade who had betrayed Hidale^o. In this enierixencv (Intierrez, who.se influence over the N[ev';c;ui ii>surL;ents could not be neglected, was ni.nrmally i-eiiisTi't (1 in his connnand. l^hzondo took up a position oi. ,, ri^^ino■ o-round in sio-ht of the city and nea'' h ]'t*^le river Alazan. Contraiy to the instructions to 'ait which ^le had received from Colo- nel Arredonflo, •; • was also hasteninij^ up with the intention of o|»eratinn on the ''* It seem that Zambrano had this military rank bestowid uiioii liiiii iu recognition of his services in conducting the countcr-revolutiou at S;iu An- tonio ill ISI 1. -"Yoiiknm states that Arredondo threw up a breastwork in tlie form of tlie letter V, with the ai)e.\ in the road and the open end in the direction of San Antonio, and tliat this defence was concealed from view by an artiticial eliaparral constructed of branches. Ct .■mp., 174. No allusion to sucli a pro- tection i.s made in Arredondo's report of the battle, nor any SpanLsli autliority that 1 liave met with, liustamantc, on the contrary, says tliat the patriots came upon Arredondo's troops with such impetuosity that thuy had hardly time to form in line, t'tunl. Jlist., i. 34S. I Hi '■ ' I'll I I II rl J I ill ji ! ill! i ili 1 f\ iiii li: III' mil |l! 'i ' 1 it 30 INVASION OF TEXAS BY AMERICANS. field.^' The brunt of tlio battle was now borne by tlie Americans and their steadfast Indian aUies. And bravely they bore themselves in that death-struggle. It is all very well to Cidl them outlaws, cutthroats, desperate adventurers, and savages, but the blood of tlieir respective races w^as in them, and they scorned to yield. For four hours they maintained the une(iual fight, and strived in vain to turn the enemy's flank. When nearly all were slain, a remnant of the obsti- nate band escaped from the field of slaughter — when their ammunition was spent! Out of the 850 Ameri- cans who entered that gorge of death, only 1).'^ efi'ected their escape to Natchitoches.'*''* Among those who saved their lives were Perry, Taylor, and Captain Bullard, who had acted as aid to Toledo during the battle."" The loss on the part of the I'oyalists cannot be accurately ascertained. Arredondo, in his returns, reports 55 killed, 178 wounded, 2 missing, and 175 hurt by contusions; but considering the obstinacy with which the Americans maintained the fight for four hours, and their skill in the use of the rifie, I hesitate to accept these numbers as worthy of credit.™ This defeat was a deatli-blow to the republican cause in Texas, and it was attended with all the horrors ever observed by the royalists on the occasion of a " American writers fall into many errors by relj'ing too implicitly on the versions of their countrymen on Texan att'airs, without consulting Mexican authorities. Young holdly states — ///V. M<'.i\, 97 — that Menehaca — called hy him and other American authors Manchaco — at this crisis drew off his men and retired, and tliat afterward, ' unahle to bear the rejiroaolies heaped upon him — or acting upon a concerted plan — went over to the Spaniards with such information relative to the condition of Toledo's force as precluded the possi- bility of attempting to continue the war.' Now Arredondo, in his report, makes especial mention of Menehaca as one of the dead found on the battle- tield. (riiz. |)- teniber 1 "itli. But the hand of retribution was raised to sti'ikc him. The severity of his executions and the frecjuency of them had so affected the mind of Miguel Serrano, a Heutenant of his troop, tliat lushest his reason. Possessed of the idea that Ehzoiido in- tended to shoot him also, on the arrival of the division at the Bnizos, he assailed him and his coushi, Isich'o de la Garza, while reposing in their tent, killing the latter immediately, and mortally wounding Elizcndo. Conveyed in a litter, he reached the river San Marcos, where he died, and was buried on its banks.^'' Arredondo remained for several nu)nths at San Antonio, his attention being })rincipally directed to the subjugation of hostile Indians. In October, Colo- nel Cayetano Quintero was sent to Nacog(U)ches against the Lipans, and attacking their village of more than 300 lodges, constructed of hides, routed them, and captured most of their household goods. Successful excursions against other tribes were also undertaken; and Arredondo, having appointed Cris- tobal Dominguez governor of the province, left there about March 1814, and took up his headquarters at Monterey. For some time, all the other northern provinces having also been pacified, Texas remained undisturbed by revolutionary attempts. ^"^ ^^Ib.: Sor. Mex. Geoi)- s raised )ns aiul iiiiid of b ho lost )n(l() ill- division 1, Isidro liiiu: ilio llizoiido. Marcos, at San jcted to L)r, Colo- )gdoches iilago of ■,, routed \ goods. ,'ere also ,ed Cris- ei't there irters at northern eniained In onler to 'laiboriie of L yroliiV>itiug \to Ariniiiaii |i Alauiau aa ^ CHAPTER III. rRIVATEEWNG, PIRACY, AND INVASIONS. 18I5-18'J1. The Asyh'm of Mexican UKFfdF.Es— Herrera's Privateerino Scheme —A liKl'lIiLlCAN (JOVKKNMKNT ESTABLISHED AT (IaLVESTON— H AVOC InFLKTKD tIN Si'AMSIl I'u.MMKUlE— AKKIVAL OK MiNA— AlKV AND Pkkky— TiiK Desient on Soto la Maiuna— Peiuiy's Maiuii to Texas— DEsTiu'cnoN of his Band— Aukv at Matauouda 15ay— Hi Leaves Texas for Flohiha — The Pihate of the Cilf and the BAUltATAUIANS— (iALVESTON OcCT'l'IED BY LAFITFE— A SriKIOlS OoV- EUNMENT— PlIlATICAL DEPREDATIONS— LaFIITE ExVELLED FROM (!aL- VEsTuN— His Hkmjuaimiv— Lali.emand's Champ d'Asile— Settlement OF THE IJoiMiAKY QCESTION — LoN(i's INVASION — TeX^\S DECLARED A Rei'uiilic— Destruction of the Expedition. Aftkr this rushing blow, the condition of Texas was deplorahle. Many of the inhabitants had tied and taken refuge on the frontier of Louisiana, Daven- port' and other United States settlers had left the country; their crops were destroyed, their cattle car- ried off', and their houses burned. The spirit of in- surrection was sup})ressed for years, and it was only by the advent of a new race that vitality was again inspired into the province. Besides those revolutionists who escaped from Texas, other refugees from different parts of New Spain made the ITnited States their home during their exile, and there tried to further the independent cause by collecting troops and arms for another invasion. Nor ' In tho itiurc]iase their lots of human inercliandip^e, which wer-c jiunctually delivci-ed. ?»Iany of the pi-ivateers which swept tlie iifulf during this period, and brought their ])rizes to Galveston, were oAvned by United States citizens. Ill November, Javier ]Mina'' arrived with over 200 men and supplies of ammunition in three vessels, which iiKT'cased the fleet to over a dozen sail. The adv(Mit of tliis unfortunate leader was attended with disastrous results to Aury's undertaking, and the shadow of Ids ill-starred fate fell on man}- of the adventurers at (Jal- M'stoii. But it is invidious to weigh his destiny with tliosc of others. Had the chiefs at Galveston been in accord vritli him, liis enterprise might have succeeded. ]^ut jealousy broke out among them. Perry, bold ani ;">, 377. " For jiarticulars of Gou. Miua's career, consult Jlint. Mcx., iv, t)r>'J et seci.. this series. ^B MINAS OPERATIONS. 87 parti cu- ttackod. red, and United Barra- 5 of the 1 Louisi- lect and icli were rs whioli lit tlieiv 1 States 3ver 200 Is, wliicli L3 adv(Mit isastrous w of liis s at (jImI- iny wit] I been hi ry, Ih)1(1 ]Mina's »Si()ll ot for tlu' )e ration, aily iii- itliority ni[)any att-ned ; deemed drillinn locrt'tiiry m t Bhainofiil to 1)1' priu' iun;:;K"r.s. at ;{.>t 5, :»77 i."'J ut SC(1.. on Soto hi Marina. Having' bui'ney weiolied andior Ai)ril (I, 181"." When they ariived at Soto la Marina, Aury, clia^'rini'd at the position which had been imj)osed n[)on him, having' landed Mina's force, detached himself from the ex})edition and j'.U'ain turned his prows toward Texas.^ Soto la ]\larina fell into ]\rina's hands without o|.- j>osition. llis future ojierations down to the time of liis captui'e and execution at Los luniedios have been fully narrated in another volume,'* and as those e\cnts are not connected with the history of Texas I shall not repeat them. It may be interi stijig to the reader, however, to know the i'ate of ]?eny. When ^[ina had made every preparation to march into the interior, l\'rry, convinced of the rashness of making' the attempt with a force amountinn' to only ;)()() men, also abandoned the foredoomed leadei', and with his usual recklessness determined to force his way back to the United States by land. With Major (iordon, and about fifty others of his <-om{)any whom he inducetl to join him, he connnenced his dani>'erous march, and, incredible tlK)Unh it seems, reachi'd lia IJahi'a in Texas. Though his foi-ce was redured to foi'tv in number, he did not hesitate to demand the suirender of tiie place. The appearan(H>, however, of a, s(piadron of more than 100 cavalrymen, y>']\t in pui'- suit of him, eomjH'lled him to retire in the direction of Xacogdoches. Being overtaken by the enemy, he " hi a iiM'iiiorial aildrcs.scil to tlio preaidunt of t)ui Unitcil Stati s liy Vifriitc I'azos. rt'latiiif,' to Aury's oiifratious, this is tlu? date j;ivin!. .1 im r. Sf'i'fi' /''(i» /<, Mi. 4()!t. OthiT autliors ^'ive Mairli '27tli, Imt I'a/.os' ilato is in rViTV pnilia- liilitv coirt'ut. Consult /'»/»((ro/.t, //i.tf. M;{ ft si-.|,; Hiilihisnn'x Mix. /,'■■,:, i. I'Jl-,"); ssels,'" he returned to Galveston, whicli poi't he reached about the middle of July. On the 21st of the same month "Tliis account is taken from tin; report of tlio encounter to the vicrvoy Apodaca, by Antonio Martinez, in couiniaml of the S[)anish troojis. Martinez states that after tlie tigiit was over, '2ii men lay ileail ou tiie liehl, 12 were mortally woun(leS7 5*. Linn - account of the death of Perry is incorrect; 1 reganl the report of the Spa- >li commander as conclusive. '"Antonio Martinez, who had succeeded Dominjjuezas governor of 'J'exas, on the report of Aury's arrival, sent out a corps of observation, anil l.'l vessels were counted anchored in the bay. /li riioi' of Tcxus, iitioii, iiinl ]'■'' !i giiuural I'l iil:i anil Vein ■ \uiihrtako thr il ill III., xii. lail ht'ou Hint i tliat all \vi IV f water. On.' witli matei'iiil THE PIRATE OF THE GUU\ 39 he addre.ssed a note to Manuel Herrera — who had long before returned to New Orleans — in which he stated that to make a diversion for the benefit of the cause they were supporting, he had determined to abandon tlie establishment at Galveston, and that he should take with him the judge of the admiralty court, the administrator of the customs, and all con- stituted authorities. He moreover notified him that nil proceedings after July 31st were to be considered as having taken place without his consent and con- trary to his will, and that therefore every transac- tion not signed by Pedro Rousselin, the collector, who would acc()nn»aiiy him, was to be held as illegal." Aury adds that he would have left a lieutenant-gov- ernor and a dc[)uty collector, but he feared that they would not luis'e force sufficient to maintain older or ])i(;vent the connnission of acts in violation of the law of nations." A few days after, he spread his sails, hound f • the Floridas.'^ He had found the island occupied by Lalitte, the Pirate of the Gulf. Joaji Lafitte, the oldest of three brothers, is reputed to have lu'en Itorn in Bordeau.x, France, al)out 1780. 8o varied and contrull" t"T-y ar'e the accounts o'iven of Ins early life that ;io credence can be attached to any (•f them. It is not until the snmgglers, or pirates, if such you choose to call them, had well established tlu'niselves on the island of Harrataria that his career is known with any certainty. This island, formerly called (}rand Terre,'*' is situated at the mouth of a lake about sixty miles west of the delta of the ]\lissis- '■'lli! aililressed a note of the same tenor, July 28th, to Beverly Clew, collector (if customs at Svw Orleans; au]iy of letter in A/., xii. 4'2X-4. '''Alter surving tlie cause of the patriots for some years, Aury returned to New Orleans, and I.eing a man of fine appearance, married a rich" widow, from wlioni, lii>we\'or, he was se^)arated some time afterward. A.s late as KS4') he MIS reaidnig at Habaua. 1 mkum'.i JlUt. Tvx., i. IU4; United Service Journal, l)S.)'J. '" It received the name Harrataria, derived from barat, an old Freucli word, from which also is derived barratry. 40 rillVATEKUINC, riRACY, AND INVASIONS. .11 I i'll ' I 111.; iH I i! . 1 \0 ''ill sippi. About tlio year 1810 it Ixraiiio tlio roiiflozvous of snuio-ok'i's, i'reobootors, and dcsprradoos of" ain was un- successful. Lafitte surrounded the troops sent against him — and dismissed them, loaded with jiresentsi This state of affairs l)ein' their vessels, made for the land and disj)ersed among the swamps. Patterson took the surrendered vessels and all the s[)()ils of Par- rataiia to New Orleans. This broke the backbone of the connnunity, whose leading s))irit was tlu; Pirate of the Gulf Put \\q was cruisert^ outiy >pt ing, business was still carrietl on secretly. When the Pritish api)roached New Orleans, in the autuuui ol this year, overturt>s were made to Lafitte, with most temj)ting oilers of rank in the Pritish navy and a large sum of money, if he would join the ser\ice. J^afitte asked for time to consider, which was granted, and h(^ sent without delay the written proposuds which lu; had LIFE OP LATHTK. 41 It'ZVOUS iitU'reiit heir ill- ]^atitto rior tal- aiul his hsolute. iLT ofi'ect miiiiiity 3 ill col- oc'lama- ) crt'ect, head of )iiteui])t vcriior's was iiii- , an'aiust tsl resi(U>nt I States est, and h n'un- ates, ill ined by stance, or tlu' itterson of liar- wlioso li(> v/as icturn- len the umn ol h most l.alitte juid ]u) lie had rof'oived to Governor Clail)orne, witli an offer of liis services to tlie Ignited States, on concUtion that lio and liis followers slioiild l.ic no furtlier molested. ]lis oiler was accepted; and at tlie battle of New Oi'leans, he and his men did such p^ood service, that a parilon was planted them hy l^'csident Madison.'" JJttle is known of Lafitte's movi'inents during' tlie next two years. Precluded from carrying' on dejirc- dations v/ith his ]iead(|uarters on United States terri- tory, lie seems to liave cruised about the ,<»ulf, and endeavored, thouo-h unsuccessfully, to establish him- seli'at J'ort au l^rince.'^ A iV'W days, however, after the departure of Auiy i'rt-m (jialveston ibr Soto la Marina, Latitte aj^peared at the island with his [)ri- vateers. The number of his followers was then about forty, and on the I otli of April, 1 M 1 7, tliese freebooters l)rocee(li'd to establish a in'overnment, with the object of "capturing' Spanish property under what they called the Mexican Hao-, but without an idea of aiding' the revolution in ]\lexico, or that of any of the Spanish revolted colonies."'" It seemed !L>'ood, however, to imitate the policy of Aurv in order that tlu>ir lawless ca|»tui-es miL>'ht l)e introduced into Louisiana with less trouble. Accoidino^ly the cai)tains of the cruisers met and elected the different membersof their ^'ovei'iimeiit. ]jouis Derieux was made n()V(.ni,)r and military com- mandant; A. .Pironneau, adjutant commandant; J. ])ucoin,o-, judo-e of the a(hnir'alty; Pedro Jtousselin,"" collector of customs; Kaymoir Espaonol, secretary of the treasury and notary ])ublic; and Jean Jannet, maiine commandant. That no formalitv mi,o-ht be wantini^-. the oath of fidelitv to the M exican re})ulilic was taken. The governor was first sworn by Luis '' Dntcd \-\-h. -), IS],-). fVmsult Yniih .•{,sj 4, 1-: V lUII III/ .s' ///.< 7V.I-., i. ISC) no ; nulir .Vn T, i. L'SS-'.I; (III VI. ;u. I'oi.i., 12.VI n, he abandoned his boats and escaped with the tii'ws to land. The Lynx sailed to Galveston, and Ijafitte sumniarily hanged Brown. Madison was satistit'd with this prompt measure, and with the dis- ])()sition sliown by Lafitte to bring the other culprits to justice.--' But in the following year another Amer- ican vessel was taken by one of Laiitte's cruisers and scuttled in Matagorda Bay. The governinent at Wasliington sent a commission to inquire into the case, and the report being unfavorable to Lafitte, the K)ifrrpr'm\ Lieutenant Kearney, was sent early in IcS-JI to break up the Galveston establishment. Ki'arney visited tlie freebooter in his home, wliere he was hospitably entertained. Lafitte, aware of tlie in- flexible determination of the United States govern- nuiut, proceeded to obey its orders. He destroyed his fortifications, paid otf and disbanded his men, and on board his fiivorite vessel, the Pride, sailed away forever from the shores of Texas."* '-^Si'c the correspondence on this matter between Capt. Mailison and Ijiititti-, ill XUfx' /.'(. Although they call me a pirate, I am not guilty of att^icking any vessel nf the English or French.' /(/., 42. The same writer ilescrii)es Ijahtte 'as a snut, rather gentlemanly personage, some five feet ten inches in height, dressed \ >'ry simply in a foraging cap and blue frock of .a most villaiu)Us tit; his complexion, like most creole.s, olive; his couiiteuanee full, milil, and rather impressive, but for a sniiiU black eye, which now and then, fw he grew animated in conversation, Wfiubl Hash iu a way which im- pressed mo with a uotiou that " 11 Capitano " might be, when roiraod, a very r I 'I'll '■ rUIVATEERINO, PIRACY, AND INVASIONS. ■f* ■ ,i'!'^' !^il;i After the fall of Napoleon, a number of Fieneh officers wiio liad followed his fortunes retired to the United States, where thev were kindly received. On the Jkl of March, 1817, con<>'ress bestowed on these refu«^ees a grant of 1)2,000 acres of choice lantl in Ala- ban)a, on the condition tliat the settlers should intro- duce the cultivation of the vine and olive. The terms of the grant were so favorable"' as to make it e(|uiva- lent to a i>'ift. Nevertheless, the colonists bciny' mill- tary men failed of success, and most of them sold their })ortion of land for a mere trifle. Thus the gen- erous intention of the United States congress to ben- efit a number of unfortunate [)ersons and ])roniote their welfare rosultetl in the enriching of a few spec- ulators."" Some of the grantees attributed their failure to the climate, and soutjht for more ufenial localities. Among these were generals Lallemand and Kigault, wlio bi'lii'ved that the}' would find in Texas all the requirements for the establishment of a successful colony. Having addressed to the court of S[>ain a nt)te declaring their intention, and having received no reply to their connnunication, which could only be regarded as imoertinent,"' they proceeded to carry out their design. Accordingly, in March 1818, Lallemand, leaving a younger l)rother, Dominique, at New Orleans to for- ward supplies, sailed with 120 settlers, and having "ugly ciistoiiicr." His donioanor toward us was exceedingly coiii'teous.' Later he remarks; 'Ho was evidently educated and gifted witli no cdinuion tfileut for conversation.' I.atitte continued to cruise on tlie Spanish main for several years. (Occasionally he visited Sisal, and the island of Margarita, near tlie mouth of the Oronoco. He died in IS'JO at Cilam — proiierly written Dilam, and incorrectly Silan, as in the American Cyclopiedia, sub nom. l^atitte — a town in Yucatan, and was there l)uriee /ioir\i'otiteraient du droit ([ue la nature accorde a tout hommi? do fertiliser des solitudes incultes, ot dont personne n'est autorise a lui [)aiu a ived no )iily be ii-ry out ivinre(l tlu' Way of CJalveston, scloctod a spot on the Trinity IJivi-r, ahout twelve miles ahove its mouth, and in'o-iui to fortify the post. On ^Tay I Itii a deela- ration was issued hy the eolonists, in which tliry srt lortli that, liavino- been driven I'rom tlu-ir country hy a scrii's of calamities, they had determimMJ to seek an asyhim. ami that tindinjj^ lands unoecuiiied. they con- sidered that they liad the ri^ht to estahlish themselves theieon. Tluy proceeded to state that their inten- tions wei'c peaiH'ahle, hut that, if i)ersecute(l, they would justly defend themselves; the land tiny occu- pied would see them prosper or bravely riod from 1801) to 1815 no di]ilo)' utie relatioiis existed between the Uniti'd States and Spair.. In June of the first-iuimed year Luis de Onis had been a})pointed envoy extraordinary to Washington by the S[)anish suprema junta central, a provisional government which the United States could not ac- knowledge, nor was it until December 1815 that Onis '^Tnpy of (li'daratiou will bo found in I<1., 44-7, and a translation in Nikn li'[l., xiv. ;«)4. •^ Darbi Mill-hols, llkt. Louis., 390-8; Xotlcloso Gi'ii., Feb V2, 1819,4. T ! : J ! !!<, ii. I(i2!)-'J1.31. 1 he claims of the U. S. that 'I'cxiUi formed a part of Louisiana were based on the possession taken and establishment made by La Salle in ]()85 at San lier- narito liiiy; the charter of Louis XIV. to Crozat in 1712; the geograpiiical authority of De Lisle s map, and more especially that of Tomas Lo[)ez, geographer to the king of Spain, jjuljlished in 17(12; the map of Homann, published at Nuremburg in 1712, and a British ofiicial map published hy Bowen in 1755, intended to point out the boundaries of British, Spanish, and French colonies in North America; also on geographical works and narra- tives, e.speci.-ily the accounts of Heimepin in liiSS; of Fonti in 1()07; and of Jontel in 1713 — pp. 1757-8. Onis endeavors to show that these supports were without foundation, claiming priority of discovery, and the establish- ment of the province of Texas in IGiK). Mem. Neijoc., 48-57. A long review of the U. S. claims to Texas, wliereiu the author seeks to prove that Texas never formed any part of Louisiana, and that the cry or 're-annexation,' raised 20 years later, was an atteh)pt at a 'gross infraction of a previjus treaty,' will be found in Grattans Cen, Amer., 254-82. TREATY WITH SPAIN. 47 ig then tion be- e settlo- 18 to the od with D cossion the two bi nation, leiigtliy, proposi- [, and on Onis and le Flori- id Spain lary line h posses- nvcntion, th of the ;ern bank hne due •ikes Ked ver west- ; crossing ,h to the ,hat river ing claims to ii. KJ'i!) 'J131. ivere biusud nil j at Sail lit T- yoograpliical (iiiias Lopoz, eh>iigiiig to llii'in, and that no treaty purporting to alienate any portion thereof is vali.l witliout the coii- ourrence of congress;' and 'that the equivalent proiiosi^d to lie given by Spain to tho U. S. in the treaty. . .for that part of Louisiana lying west of the Sabine was inadequate; and that it wouM l)e inexpedient to make a trans- fer thereof to any foreign power, or renew the aforesaid treavy.' AnmiU of Couij., 1820, ii. 1719. Arguments in support follow. f inir -!!:■ 48 riilVATEEUINci, riUAt'Y, AND INVASK^NS. purpose of orncaiiiziiiuj an cxpetlitioii in aid of tlio rov- olutionary party, and Janios Ijoni;'" was appointed leader of the enterprise!. Lonj;" entereil into the un- dertakini;- with entliusiasni, and in June starti'd from Natcliez witli about seventy-five folh)Wers for Nacog- iloclies. His nund)ers were ra})iilly increased, and soon after his arrival at that place he could muster over 300 men, amonjj;" whon) may be mentioned ]:ier- nardo Gutierrez and Samuel Daven})ort. He imme- diately })roceeded to establish a civil government, under the control of a su[)reme council invested with legislative powers. The council was comjxtsid of Horatio IViglow, Handin Cook, W. ^Y. Walker, Ste- phen J^arker, John Sibley, Samuel Daven[)ort, John G. ]:Jurnett, J. Child, Pedro Proeello, and jiernardo Gutierrez. General Long was chosen presidcMit. On June '2[k\ tlie supreme council declan-d the ])rovince a fi-ee and independent republic."*' In the {>ri'and)le it was set foi-th that the citizens of Texas had long indulged the hope that, in the settlement of the boun- dary ([Uestion, they would be included W'thiu the limits of the Ignited States. The recent treatv, howexer, with S[)ain had dissi})ated this illusion, and they saw themselves abandoned to the dominion of the crown of Spain. They had therefore resolved, under the blessing of God, to be I'ree. I must remark that these 'citizens of Texas' were conqn-ised of a few Anieiicau settlers, who had gradually encroached upon tlie ter- ritory and been unmolested. Various laws were next enacted for the organization of th.e new republic, and the raising of revenue by the sale of public lands.'" M ^* James Long was born in Virg nia, ami liaving stmlicd medicine, was at- tacheil to the medical sta i* of Carroll's brigade, lie was a favorite of (ieii. Jackson, and distinguished himself at tlic battle of New Orleans. Having married Jane 11. WilkinLion, a niece of (lea. Wilkinson, he retired from the army, and after trying agriculture, settled at Natchez iis a merchant. From Gen. Alirabeau Lamar s narrative, in t'oote's Tv.v., i. 201-2. ^•'Interesting extracts from this declaration of the independence of Texas, which was published in the Louisiana Herald, will bo found va. Xilca' Reij-t xvii. 31. '"'' A bdl was passed for the sale of lands on the Atoyac and Ked rivers, the miiumum price for those on the Hrst-uamed stream, which was an atUueut LONO'S EXPEDITION. .mcricaii Tlio ndvonturors, or juitriots ns tlK>v styUul tlicm- solvos, iiuul(3 military (lis[)()siti(ms to (urupy tlie nmn- try. J^avid Loult, a brother of tli(^ j^enoral. was (Ifspittclicd with iiu'rcliaiidise to the upper crossing,'' of t!iv. Trinity to tralHc- with the Indians; Jolinson was sent on a similar oxj '"dition to tho Brazos; Major Suiitli, with forty men, was stationeil at tlie Cocliattee viilau^e on the Trinity; and Walker witli twenty-eiuht men fortified a position on the Brazos at the oKl l^a Hal I fa crossiiiLf. These arranj^cments liavinj^ heen eoiiiplcted hy the end of Se[)teml>er, l^on*^, who liad alreaily been in communication with Lafitte, now ':(t\(i- lor of (;ralveston under the republic, decided tt) pay inm a visit, in tlie hope that by a personal inter- view lie would be able to induce that chieftain to assist him in his undertaking. LeavinLj Major C'ook ill cnmmand at Nacogdoclies, he therefore proceeded towai'd (Jalveston, but on arrivin*^ at the Cocliattee villai;-e, Jie received tidini^s, brou<,dit in by the Indians, that tlu! royalists were rai)idly ap[>roaching. A Span- ish force, 700 strony,", uiuier Colonel lijfnacio Perez, was advanciii!^ to drive out tlie invaders. Long at (iiicc si'iit orders to Cook and Ids outlying detachuKMits to (MHicentrate at the Cocliattee village, and iiastened on to (Jalveston. But Lafitte, though exprt>ssing his hrst wishes for Long's success, regarded the mter- prisc as far too hazardous, and so told Long, calling liis attention to the many ottem[>ts wliicli had failed through want of the large force necessary for an in- \asion by land. Disappointed at not receiving the di'sin'd aid, Long returned without dekiy to the vil- lage, where he learned that sudden and most rjihious calamity liad fallen on the embryo repul»lic. Of all the expeditions to Texas, not one experienced a more s})eedy collapse or swifter ruin than that of Long. Cook was of all men the most unlit to hold iif the \achca, being §1 an aero, payal.le one fourth down and the remainder ill tliri'o annual instalments. The lands on tlie more distant Ked liivor were lutLil at from l'2h to 50' cents an acre. Footv'a T(^x., i. 205. Hist. X. Mex. Statks, Vol. II. 4 ilVf ililtllll 1, I !• liii 'liiilii i 80 PRIVATEERING, PIRACY, AND INVASIONS. the responsible position in which he had been placed. Of intemperate habits, on the departure of Long from Nacogrloches, he gave way to drunkenness and dissi- pation, and the garrison, following his example, fell into disorder. Meantime the royalist troops, October 11th, surprised Johnson's detachment on the Brazos, taking eleven prisoners, and dispersing the rest. Johnson with six others escaped to Walker's fort, which was assailed on the 15th; the republicans were compelled to seek safety in flight, de.stitute of every- thing. David Long's post at the upper cros.sing on the Trinity was next attacked. Long was killed, and his men fled to Nacogdoches. Smith at the Cochat- tee village had been joined by Johnson and Walker, with other fugitives; and wlieu Perez approached, lio retreated forty miles below the village. But attempt- ing to elude the enemy, a skirmish was brought on, in which several fell on both sides. The republicans were again defeated, and made their way in canoes to Point Bolivar on Galveston Bay, which Long had pre- viously appointed as a place of rendezvous in case of disaster, and had already made preparations to fortify. When the fugitives from David Long's post reached Nacogdoches the wildest confusion prevailed. Not for a moment was a thought of resistance entertained ; the garrison and inhabitants alike hurried out of tlio place to seek safety on the other side of the Sabine ; and when Long, who had hastened forward at full speed, arrived at Nacogdoches, he found a silent and deserted town. He himself barely escaped capture at the hands of a detac' ment of royalists which pres- ently came up in pursuit, and succeeded in takiiiij;^ many of the fugitives prisoners before they crossed the saving river. After his escape, Long passed down the Calcasieu and repaired to Point Bolivar, where he found the remnant of the republican forces.®^ " The above account of this expedition is v ken from the narrative of Ocii- eral Mirtaheau Lanier, presiilent of 'lexas, 11..' which he placed in the li mils of Foote, who gave it to the puMic in bin ^'c.< 4 and the Texaiw, i. lUS-iJlO. [S. SAD CONDITION OF AFFAIRS. 61 en placed. liomx from and dissi- ample, fell IS, October he Brazos, the rest. Ikcr's fort, leans were ) of every- ?rosoing on killed, and he Cochat- id Walker, cached, he it attcnipt- (Ught on, in republicans n canoes to ng had pre- s in case of s to fortify, ost reached died. Not ntertahied ; out of the ihe Sabuie; ard at full silent and capture at hich pres- in takinij: sy crossed lassed doNVii Lvar, where rces 37 larrativeof Oiii- led in tho 1\ uuls la««, i. 198-'210. Recognizing that the expedition was utterly broken up, Long retired to New Orleans, where he appears to have formed the .^cquaintaace of the Mexican pa- triots Milam and Trespalacios. In the spring of 1821 an expedition was organized by these indepen- dent leaders, and Point Bolivar occupied. Provided with a commission by Trespalacios, who styled him- self lieutenant-general of the Mexican army and pres- ident of the supreme council of Texas,*^ Long landed at the mouth of the San Antonio, and with 5 1 men marched against La Bahia, which he took ])ossession of witliout opposition October 4, 1821. He was com- ] idled, however, to surrender a few days afterward to Colonel Perez, and was sent as a prisoner with his followers to San Antonio de Bejar. Representing that he had undertaken the expedition in the cause of independence, he and his fellow-captives were treated with leniency.^" Long was conveyed to the city of Mexico, and the independence of which he pi-ofessed himself a supporter having been acliieved, lie was granted his liberty. In 182'^, wishing to enter the barracks of Los Gallos, and being refused admis- sion, he struck the sentinel, who thereupon shot him deud.^" IVn / was coirplimeuted by the king for his success. Oaz. de Mex., 1820, xi. '^Nilfs' Reg., xx. 191, 22.3-4, 383. ^'lU'port of (raspar Lopez, acting commandant general of tlie internal lirovincL's, to Iturbide, dated Saltillo, Oct. 1!), 1821, in (-17. Kennedy, T'-ras, i. ;i01, erroneously states that 180 prisoners were taken at Ija Bahia and sent to Mexico; and that they were released by the interference of the American en- voy J'oinsett. Yoakum also asserts that the men were released and sent hunie Xuv. 11, 1822, at the instance of Poiuautt. Ihiu statement is based oa 62 PRIVATEEBING, PIRACY, AND INVASIONS Ih: P^ll 43 The condition of Texas in 1821 was deplorable. After the expulsion of Long in 1819 every intruder who had settled in the country was driven off, his buildings were destroyed, and his cattle driven away. Vast regions were destitute of inhabitants, and the po[)ulated districts did not contain 4,000 civilized be- ings." Agriculture was almost entirely neglected, &nd provisions were so scarce even in San Antonio as to l>e the subject of frequent report by Governor Martinez to the commandant general at Saltillo,^" while the traveller ran a dangerous risk of perishing by hunger. The north-eastern borders hacl becouK^ the asylum of criminals, and tine al)ode of bands of armed desperadoes engaged in snmggling; villanous gangs of ruffians from Lafitte's piratical establishment drove tJieir troops of Africans with impunity througli the land, introducing them into Louisiana for sale ; and savage Indians hovered on the outskirts of the interior towns. But this was tJie most gloomy period in the history of Texas — the darkesc hour of her ex- istence. The dawn was already about to break." a remark made liy Poinsett, in liis iVo/c.-i on Tfj-., 1G4-5, witli date Nov. 11th, to the etl'eet that he ' liad asked and obtained the liberty of 39 n)en, who were imprisoned in Mexico on cliarj,;e of conspiring against tlic governor of Texas. About one half of them are American citizens.' Th(jre is no doubt that these men Ijclonged to Long's expedition. See ixoileiiry's account, in Linn's Bam- iiiiti., G8 -74. ■" 'I'lie author of Pretensionett de los Awjlo- Americanos, ■'.vriting in 1820, says, page 7, note 1 : ' En el difi no tieno la provincia cuatro mil almas de poblacion.' *^The commaudan'., general, writing to lt>irl>i(le Oct. 11), 1821, says tliat Long and liis fellow-prisoners were removed from San Antonio to Saltillo 'en consideracion de ser aquel pueblo' — Sau Antonio — ' sumamente escaso ih' re(!ursos, segun lo (jue coustantemeiite represeutii el Sr (jobernador. ' Gm-. Iitqi. Mt'.r., i. i;U. ■'•'A7/m' Re;/., xxi. 48, 400. *' Tile following authorities have been consulted for the history contained in the pi'cceding cliapters: Zni'itla, liii\ Mi'x., i. 285, 384--"); ;i-i}; Vniifdiula, Jiniiia N. Esjxiiifi, 39-43; /»/., Tel. Jili'.y., 432-."). 4r)r)-(j; /)i,-<)KMr. Varins, i. 1,S2; (•'"»•. de Mir., (1812) iii. 1087-91; (18i;<) iv. 92r)-7, 970-1, 1139 .">!, ll.-,9-0.3, 1247 9; (1814) v. 27-31, 37-9, 804-5, 811 -10, 820-21, 871-2; (1817) viii. 787-90, 807-9, 987-9, 1107-8; (1818) ix. pas- Bim; (1819) x. 144, 1303; xi. \]'M); />iir )my peri(»(l of her ex- ■eak.** late Nov. Uth, iDcu, M'ho were ruor of Texas, ubt that theso iu Linn's Htm- I iu 1820, Bays, I (Iu poblacion.' 8l21, says thiit to Saltillo 'fii eute cscaso d'- leruailor.' Uni-. ry contained in ziiles, CokccidH I.I., Tel. Me.r., OS7-91; (181S) i-9, 8()4-5, 81 i (1818) ix. ims- I Mm., 51 OH; 2.">4-5; (IttiiK^, mi. -219; iv. ifJ- AVy. iV. A'sj'., nO; iv. 157-00; 8-85; FiiMu, d'ulJint. 'TexiM, 19-27; VwiVo ?n 1S42, 154; Preu/imne.'t A)t()lo-Amer., 2-7; Tnc^f'/, r-j".* « fos A'A. UU., 21-5, 80-8; 7'o/-h('/ // Mcndidl, JIM. Mm., 137-47; Lm: vinidiire, Mex. et Gmit., 228-9; Oiii-i, Mfni. fiolire Neijoc, passim; TliniUs Hint. Tix., passim; Mofit'n Rqmrt, in T/ioiiijixoh's !{<■ J,ni's yi'x. Witr, 10-11, 19- 20; Zcreccro, livv. Mc.v., UHk Sioiri-z i/ y"ntrro, of Ml. lira, 17.")-(); Hint. Mf.r < oiii/. . vi, 84-5; J'iniirt Coll., C/iih. Hook, i. 15-24; JJi-nfon's Ahr. Dihuict 122, 458; lieviie. Awi,:, ii. 5.34, 549; JIolli^i/'x Tejw,-A{y2, 304^9; l),!iizii(.% San. J linn ile Cliki, 527; WilUos-'ti Amer.^ HixI., r,24-30, V. .V. Unrt IUv.i, 8th <-'ong. 2cl Sess., Sen. .Tour., 413; MrCu'ies t'oniirrchi-n.siiy Vim; 757- S; .Milinc'x ^',(i(iO Milfx on J/or.sehnrk, 2;i4-45; Domeni'ch'.i Mi.'iiirio Mex., 235; Oemor. lierieir, vi. 33-42; jXofi'-'iMO Gen., .July 23, Sept. 12, Oct. 27, 1817; Nov. 30, 1818; Feb. 12, 1819; Mix., El Vireii de N. Ex]>., 2-5; Id., Apnntex J/ixt. Gnemi, ti-U); Morn, J'er. Mi.r., iv. 2(i9-70, 449; Loref.o Mi.ision Keeordx, MS., 4.5-0; Vnriox Iniprexo-i, 2, no. vi. 25-50, 07-8, anil table no. 4; L'JUrohie dn Timux, 1-118; Aliirnii/'.i Ili.it. Arri iind />MCO('. in jV. Am., i. 479-87; lieriMa Ale.ricnnu, 410, 421-3; SIii-ii''h Ciilli. Mixx., 87; Ainer. Anflijniirian Journal, Oct. 21, 1881; Amer. PiiJ., ii. 8S 10.3; Freeman and C».v//.-i' Arct Ited Hirer in La, 1-03; Monclte'x J/ixt. I)i.t- nir. mill Settlement \'idlei/ Mi.ix., ii. 454-84; Papelex Variox, no. cvi., pt 1 : no. c\lix., pt 10; no. civii., pt 4; no. clxii., pt 1; no. ccxv., pt 2; Mni/er, MSS., iKis 3, 4, 5, 5.',, 2J), 30; Cliiiborne, E.rtrwt Ijcller to Sec. of State of i'. S., Dee. 27, 1803; Heal Orden, 30 de Mayo de 1804; Id., 12 de Abril, 14 y 24 .le Muyo de 1S07; /(/., 15 de Enero do 1808; Pohin, Voy. danx la Loiii.'iiane, iii. 117-30; Annalx of Coniire.-ix, 1804, p. 1020; 1804-5, app. 1499-1502; 1805, p. 18-19; 1805 0, app. 1200-10; 1800, p. 11, 190; 1800-7, index 'Burr,' app. 913-20; 18078, volsi.-ii., index ' Uurr' ; 1817, p. 14; 1818, ii. app. 1780-1800; 1810, ii. 1029-2131; 1820, ii. 1719-82; 1820-1, app. 1337-1409; Alaman, l>ixert.,\\i. 373 5; Id., M,ul)lished inviting colonists of all classes and national ities to settle in her American dominions. The treaty of amity of February 22, 1819, having confirmed her in the possession of Texas, Spain felt herself in a position to remove the exclusion of Anglo-Americans as colonists on her territory,'^ wIm.cIi hither+'^ had been ' Tlu' colony was to have consisted of 3,000 persons, natives of Old Spain. Ki'iiiiiihi, 'Vi'.f., i. 309. '' Although settlers of other nationalities were admitted as colonists, Anglo- Aiiu'ricjui.s were rigidly excluded from obtaining grants of lands. See Whiten i\>l. Lairs, ii. 401-3, and Vortca Act. Ord., 1813, i. 404. 66 COLONIZATION AND THE ExVIPRESABIO SYSTEM. IP ll'!:i ! I !' I. insisted upon in all colonization schemes. At the same time the royalist power at this period seemed to be firmly reestablished in Mexico, the revolution having been wellnigh suppressed, and the pacifica- tion of the country almost consummated. It was reasonable, therefore, to suppose that the Spanish government would give satisfactory assurances to Anglo-Americans who might wish to obtain in a legal manner grants of land in Texas. The first American who availed himself of this new order of things was Moses Austin, who in December 1820 made an ap- plication for permission to introduce a colony of 300 families into the province. Moses Austin, a native of Durham, in the state of Connecticut, was born about the year 17G4. At the age of twenty he married Maria Brown in Philadel- phia, and soo.i afterward established a commercial house in Richmond, Virginia, in partnership with his brother Stephen, who was at the head of a large im- porting business at Philadelphia. The two brothers a few years later purchased conjointly the Chissel lead mines, on New River, Wji;he county, Virginia, where they established smelting-worlis and factories for the manufacture of shot and sheet lead. Adven- turous speculation, however, brought reverses ujioii the houses in Philadelphia and Virginia, and Moses Austin, who was a man of enterprise and perseverance, obtained, in 1797, a grant from Baron de Carondelet, governor-general of Louisiana, conferring upon him one league of land, including the Mine-a-Burton, afterward called Potosi, situated forty miles west of St Genivieve. Having closed his affairs in the United States, he removed thither with his family in 1799, and laid the foundation for the settlement of what is now Washington county, Missouri. Austin resided for many years at Mine-a-Burton, where he won tlie respect of the early settlers by his iipriglit conduct and public spirit. But tlie very qualities which gaine< 1 for him the aft'ection of all who knew him occasioned m j)irit of adventure which had originated })revious at- t( iiipts to occui)y Texas, His intention from the first v»as to })roceed legally, and after careful inquiry as to till' hest niod(3 of making application to the Si)anish government for a grant of land, having been advised ay the subject before the Spanish authorities in New S])ain, he undertook the long and dangerous journey from Missouri to San Antonio de Bejar with that object. Having taken into council and concerted plans with his son, Stephen Fuller — by which it was i'.iranged that the younger Austin should proceed to New Orleans to make preparatory arrangements for the trans[)ortation of emigrants — Moses Austin pro- ceeded on his journey, and arrived at San Antonio at the beginning of December 1820. At first he only met with reliufi' and disappointment. Although in 17'J1) he had become a naturalized Spanish subject in upper Louisiana, he had failed to provide himself with the necessary passport before starting on his journey, and when he presented himself before the governor, lie was peremptorily ordered to leave the province innnediatelv. In bitterness of heart he left the o-ov- eiiiors house to make preparations for his departure, hut on crossing the })laza he met Baron de Bastrop,^ ■' l\'lipo ]k';iri(|iio Neri, l'>iii'on de BiiHtrop, was a native of Prussia, and siTVi;(l as ii MoliiJL'r (if tortune iindtir rrnderick the (iroat. ](u alttTWanl cntend tli ■ s. r'ii'o of the kii.g (it Spain, wliii sent him on a special mission to Mtxii.i). \Vhilo Louisiana was under the douiiuiou of Spain, lie obtained a ; I > Hill j|k,i|.! j:„ i l" " !H iif III II ! I I ;! i i |:h;| : ;.::ilP it I ii'l 88 COLONIZATION AND THE EMPRESARIO SYSTEM. with whom he had been acquainted many years before. Bastrop interested himself in Austin's undertaking, and by his influence a second interview was obtained with Governor Martinez, who, after some dehberation, forwarded Austin's memorial to Arredondo, the com- mandant general of the eastern internal provinces, with a strong recommendation in its favor from the local authorities of the province. Leaving the matter thus pending, Austin started on his return in January 1821. The privations and sufl'erings which he underwent on this journey weru most severe. He was frequently obliged to cross tlic swollen rivers and creeks by swimming or rafting, and as the country between San Antonio and tlu; Sabine was then a desolate wilderness, all settlements having been destroyed after Long's inroad in 1811), he was pinched with hunger. The exposure, hard- ships, and fatigue broke down his health. He reached Natchitoches in an exhausted condition and afflicted witli a cold which had settled on his lungs. After recruiting his strength somewhat, he resumed his journey and arrived at Missouri in the spring. But his constitution was undermined; the cold on his lungs terminated in iniiammation ; and on June 10, 1821, he breathed his last, having received a few days before information that liis petition had met with success. He was in his 57th year when he died.* In order better to understand the difficulties and grant of .30 miles square between the Mississippi and Red rivers, 400,000 acres of which he ceded to Aaron Burr, on which the latter intended to plant a colony as a nucleus for his meditated expedition against Mexico. Whuii Louisiana was re-ceded to France, Bastrop became a citizen of San Antonio ili; Biljar, in which city he was one of the alcaldes when Austin visited it. In 1S24 he became land commissioner, and in that year as well as in 1827 !»■ represented 'I'exas in the legislature of the state of Coahuila and Texas, ilu died in 1828 or 1829. T/irall's Hid. Tvx., 498. * This sketch of the life of Moses Austin is mainly derived from the account given by his son Stephen in 1820, to the settlers in 'Austin's colony,' copy nt which will be foun Col. Laws, i. 550-Gl. Kennedy, having liiul before him the Bio(/rapfiir lover from the Spanish yoke. On the occupation i>\' the capital, September 27th, by the army of the Three guarantees, a provisional government was im- mediately formed, consisting of a 'junta gubernativa,' ami a regency which represented the absent monarch wlioever he might be — who was expected to accept the throne of Mexico.*^ In five months' time the junta resigned its powers to the national congress, wliich was Installed February 24, 1822, and the gov- ernment of the regency lasted till May I'Jth follow- in u,-, wlien Iturbide was proclaimed emperor by a ])nj)ular emcute, which compelled the congress to rat- ify the wishes of tlie rabble. His empire only lasted till ]\[arch 18213, when he in turn was forced to abdi- ( ate by a revolution initiated by Santa Anna. Then t'ltl lowed a republic under a supreme executive j)ower, which in 1824 was changed to a federal system in imitation of the government of the United States. Thus in the space of four years there were no less than four dift'erent forms of govf nment. When Moses Austin died he le t an injunction that liis sou Stephen, then in New Oileans, should prose- ■' Accoriling to the treaty of Cordova, Mexico was declared an indepemiciit ciiiiiin', and jjriiicus of Spain were to be invited to reign over it in the follow- iiij; (ink'i': In tiie tirst place, Fernando VIl., catholic king of Spain; l)y liis niiimeiLition or non-admission, his brother Carlos; for tiie same reasons, next attir liiiii, liis other brother, Francisco de Paula; next Carlos Luis, a prince (i! S|iaiii; and in case of his renouncing or not accepting, then sucli person as thu iiiipLriul cortes may designate. Jlist. Mcx., iv. 7'28, note 40, this scries. 60 COLONIZATION AND THE EAr^RESMUO SYSTEM. II II ,iii'!: II! ml: ■ '!.'' "l cute the fiiterprise. The memorial presented 1>y tlio fatlier was jjfmntod January .17, 1821, l)y tlie su})renu' jii^overninent of the eastern internal })r()vin('es, tlie ^n-ant .iifivinjjc him ])erniiHsi<)n to intnxhiee ,'K)0 families into Texas. In ener^^y and perseveranee Stephen Y. Austin was in all res[)eet8 his father's eounterpart. Ilavinijf reeeived information of the a[)pointnient of a s})eeial eonnnissioner by Governor Martiiiez to eom- munieate the result of the apj)!ieation and eonduet ihe I'amilies into the country, Stephen rej)aired to Natch- itoches, wliere he met the eonnnissioner, Erasmo Sejjfuin. He then proceeded witli seventeen com})an- ions and Sejj^uin to San Antonio de J-^ejar, where he arrived August 10th. He was officially received hy t!ie tifovernor, who j^ave him permission to exj)l()r(' tlie country on the Colorado River and select an ad- vantageous [)osition for the settlement. Accordingly he j)r()cceded to J^a Bahia, and thence conuuenced his explorations, which were continued as far as practica- ble u}) the Colorado and Brazos rivers. Being con- vinced of tlie fertility of this tract of country, he returned to Louisiana, and pul)lished in the pa[)ers particulars of the scheme. Austin had furnished a plan for the distribution of land to settlers, which tin' governor had approved. It was to the elfect tliat each head of a family was to receive (540 acres, ;5i!U acres in addition for the wife should there be one, 100 acres in addition for each child, and 80 acres in addition for each slave. Each single man also would obtain a grant of G40 acres. The conditions im])()S(.'(l on the grantee, as set forth in the official document of January 17, 1821, were: that the colonists hitro- duced should be catholics, or agree to become so, before entering the Spanish territory : that they should be ])rovitletl with credentials of good character and habits; should take the necessary oath to be obedient in all things to the government; to take up arms in its defence against all enemies; to be faithful to the I i : 1 4 n & iilli III 11 t'liil TERMS OF SEITLEMENT. 61 kiiiLT; nnd to observe the political constitution of the S|»aiii.sii iiionarcliy." As a IuirI was inclispciisaMe tor tlio establisjmient of the colony, it was advertised tiiat each settler woula liase tt) pay twelve and a halt' cents per acre for his land, Austin takinj^ ui)on himself the cost of survey- iiinr, procurinj^ titles, and all other e.\[K'nses. The money was to be paid in instalments after receipt of title. A portion of it was also designed for purposes of n-overnment, defence against hostile Indians, and to t'uniish sup])lies for j)oor innnigrants. He moreover coiisidered that he was entitled to provide means of remunerating himself for his labors and expens(!s, as well as })romote the welfare and prosperity of the eoloiiy. Indeed, he had consulted Governor Martinez on the matter, who could see no reason to sui)poso that the government would interfere with any private arrangement of that nature. The i)roject attracted attention, and was viewed with favor by many persons. In December 1821 the first colonists arrived, and the new settlement was conunenced on the Brazos River at the Bahi'a cross- ing; but ditticulties, hardships, and much suffering were encountered. During the first few years un- yielding })crseverance and forbearance had to be put in practice. Supplies of food, seed corn, and imple- ments several times failed to reach their destination. The schooner Lively, from New Orleans, had been lost at sea in November 1821, and the heavy expense which her fitting-out had caused was of no benefit to the settlement. Another cargo, which reached the mouth of the Colorado, the place of rendezvous, was destro3'ed by the Karankaways in the autunm of 1822, and the settlers were reduced to yfreat distress, havincf to subsist on the produce of the chase, to provide which was difficult and dangerous, owing to the hostil- ity of the Indians.^ « WhHvH Col. Laws, i. 586-7. ' J Uiriug this perioil the couditiou of Texas was so deplorable, owing to t« ' ■ li iriii M COLONIZATION AND THE EMrilESAIUO SYSTEM. In March 1822 Austin repaired to San Antonio to report proj^ress, and there learned for the first time that under tlio change In poHtical affairs hi; wouhl liavo to obtain from the Mexican congre>^ i a confirmation of the grant conceded to his father by the Spanish government, and receive wp(H?ial instructions relative to the distribution of land, and other details connecteu with the grant. This was a sore disap- f)()intment. He would have to travel 1,200 miles by and on roads infested by banditti and deserters, and he was ill prepared for such a journey. Nevertheless he did not flinch frona the undertaking, but disguised in ragged clothes and a blanket, passed himself off as a poor traveller going to Mexico to petition for com- pensation for services in the revolution. He reached the capital in safety on Ai)ril 21), 1822. A long delay, however, occurred before Austin could obtain attention to his business. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor soon after his arrival; tlien followed the dis- solution of congress, and the establishment of a 'junta instituycnte ; ' such political changes were not favorable to despatch. Moreover, several petitions to establisli colonies had been presented at this time, and tliough Austin tried to procure a special law in his favor, a committee was appointed to frame a general coloniza- tion law, which when drawn up was slowly discussed in detail. Then when the congress was dissolved a new committee was nominated by the junta institu- ycnte, and the work wan begun again. Finally a law was passed, approved by the emjieror, and promul- gated January 4, 1823.^ The next step was to obtain a recognition of his claim ; and fortunately the minis- ter of relations, Josd Manuel Hcrrera., and the sul)- minister, Andres Quintana, were favorable to tlic innnigration of foreigners, besides other influential persons, among whom may be mentioned Anastacio the inroads of Indians, that all imports, native or foreign, were made free of duty for seven years. Mex. Oiiia de llac, iv. 21-2. * It was suspended, however, a few months later, on the fall of Iturbitle. AUSTIN IN MKXICO. C3 T^ustaninnto, then captain-goiicral of tho internal prov- iiict'H. The chiim, moret)ver, of Austin was a vaHd one, and he wan al)le to ploje his petition before the eounfil of state in such strong light that on January the lltii that body reported favorably, and on Feb- ruary IH, 182;], an imperial decree was pul)lished eon- tinning tlie original grant made in favor of Moses Austin by Spanish autliorities. Whrii Austin was about to leave the capital, Feb- ruiu y 2.'{y proceeded on his way to Texas, and Luciano Garcia, then governor, appointed, July ITcli. l^aron de Bastrop connnissioner to survey lands for the colonists, and extend, in concert with Austin, titles to them in the name of the government. By an official act, Garcia, on the 26th of the same month, gave the name of San Felipe de Austin to the fnluif capital of the new colony. In August the commis- sioner commcneed his duties; the town was iai'l out, and the land-office opened. When Austin arrived, in coin[)aiiy with Bastr()[), he found the settlement ahno4 abandoiu'd in conse(pience of his long detention in jSIexico. Many of the settleis had retired to other 1 icalitic's, and with the immigrants who kept arriving had S(,'ttled around Xacogdoches, and on the Trinity and Ayist l^ayou rivors. Immigration, too, had al- most ceased, while those who abandoned Austin's colony, having no titles to the lands they had occu- pied, were liable to ejection by the government. '".((/.s/Zw, To fJii' Sifflrrx, in / li) — the iiitroihietion to wliicli wius written by Anstin, ami is a history of tlie estfi!)- lisliment of iiis colony. Kv lined if x 'J\:r., i. 318 '2'i ; Yoiikitiii's Ii'int. 7V.r., i. 211- L'7; A'iirru, Hist. Juln-pn, iii. 2"); Filisola, Mem. fji-.t. (liier. Tex., •■ 123-6; Col. Dec. Sol). CoiKj. Me.r., 1U)-11; Me.i: Col. Ujie.*, On/, y Dee., ii. 94 j liolkijt Tex., 284-7; 'I'cxaa Almanac, 1859, 157-8; Foote'n I'extm, i. 22i-j. in;. ili VI. LAND (iRANTS. G5 ment of land tlio Litenant- m tribes uce su])- y duriu<.^ all civil, i of laws, lized and lei an ac- s, and be ral. Tb^ a with 3X- iB of aiiV Cexas, and July 17tU. f lands fov ■h Austin, iiient. By me montli, the fiiini'e le coininis- as lai'l out, arrived, in aentalnio.4 | etention in ^ to other pt arriving ■he Trinity oo, had al- d Austin's had occu- overnnient. lirH in the above L-y of tlu- .c« a .- Mt. Tex., 1. 'ill- 1 Tex., T. 123^5; Xcvtrtheless, in spite of tliis disheartening state of alfairs, tiie news of his return and the sueeess of his uu(l( rtaldng attracted settlers in such nund)ers that in 18-4 the stipulated 300 families had arrive(i.-' l)astro}t's labors having been interrupted by his duties as a nieuiher of the deputation of Texas, and a second time in consequence of his having bct-n ele.-ted a iiuiuln'r of the legislature of the state t)f Coahuila a. id Tcxus.^" Gasper Flores was specially connnissicMied to coiiiiiletc the work. By the end of the yciir ilie land titles and surveys were all settled and the colony foinuienced its prosperous career. I have already nientionci that the colonization law jironuilgated January 4, 1823, was suspended on the fall of Uuihide. Austin's grant had been, nevcrthc- K'ss, rontirnied in conformity with that law, and the in'W settlers, instead of receivhig land in the quanti- ties and proportions as advertised by him, had much lai'gei' allotments assigned to them. Heads of i'am- ilics each received one square league, or sitio, of graz- ing- land, and one labor of tillaije laud,'^ in all 4,()()5 acres, Avhile an unmarried man w'as granted one quar- ter of a scpiare league." Austin saw that to discharge the thities connected with tlie c'wW and judicial admiiiistrations, and at the same time manage the colonial land business, was be- yond his p )wer. During his absence the settlement had hcen u'vided uito two alcalde districts by Jose Felix TT'es])a]acios, then governor of Texas. These [Austin contih'ied, and likewise formed additional "A list of tlio lull es of the original .S(K) colonists introiluccd hy Austin is jtiiijiphril hy Hakcr, w .o obtained it from the reconls of tlic hiud-otiicu. Buk- '-t'oalniila and Te: >■« were formed in one state in 18C4. '"The i<(ju:in' lea;;!! was a tract A.IHK) varus s(niarc, and contained 4.4'J8 acres. The hihor was .,()()0 vara.s sijuare, or one twenty-tifth i)art of a sitio. .;,! iL'il 177 acres. Kivo sitioa composed one hacieiiila. Coloiiiz. J.iuro/ ^N.'.', i„ l/oll,>/'.t Tr.r., 197-8. '^ Ihirrm' /,rffir-<, 49. Dowces, however, makes tlie si|nar(' h'ague 4,-144 licixvs, wliicli is incorrect, the vara being aj^ipi'oximately 33^ inches. UlST. K, ilEX. ST.VIES, Vol,. II. I iifciiiiiiii if , li li:: i (iii ll.ill'lliHi ill il u ;ili 1 '^11' ,1 :' II! l!|i':; ' ;: ^ M C6 COLONIZATION AND THE EMPRESARIO SYSTEM. ones as occasion required, directing that in such cases; the justice should be chosen by popuhir election. To these alcaldes he gave jurisdiction in civil matters to the extent of §200, the suitors having tlie I'ight ot ap})eal to himself in all sums over twenty-five dollars. He also drew up a civil and judicial code of pi'ovis- ional regulations, which was approved bj^ the gov- ernor. In September 1824 he nominated Sanuiel ^[. Williams secretary of the local govermuent, whicli a})pointnient was also approved, and with his assist- tance opened a book of record, in which all land docu- ments and title deeds were registered.^^ But it mattered not how deeply he had at heart the welfare of his colonists, or liow drudgingly and gratuitously he toiled in their behalf; it mattered not how great was the responsibility under which he lay, or how often he untied his })urse-strings to secure to the penniless innnigrant his grant of land and supply his wants — there would be growlers. When the time arrived for the payment of the twelve and a half cents per acre, charg(;d upon the lands by agreement i'or the formation of a fund, partly to be employed in meeting the expenses of govei-muent, and partly in reimbursing Austin for outlays made by him, violent opjtosition was raised. It was loudly asserted that lie was selling the lands to the settlers; that he was ex- acting })ayn)ents which he had no legal right to claim ; tb.at in fact he was speculating upon the inunigrants, Austin considered that he had entered into an e(jui- table contract with them in a public and open mamur; but from the temper displayed, he saw tliat to attempt to enforce his claims would jeopardize the object In had in view of colonizing the country. Tlierefoio, although many were willing to comply with their en- gagements, lie not only desisted from his demantls, but declined to accept payment from any unless it wvrv made by all. The result was, that under the original contracts he never received a dollar, and the payments '■' Tvx. Traualation of Laws, etc., 21 '-*, I ;S^ ch cases on. To liters to rio'ht 'anized svstem which only tlie experience of a long-established connnunity can develop. Austin was greatly embarr'assed by tlie want of a written code of laws, the exhibition of which in su{)port of liis official acts was incessantly ilriiianded with clamorous emphasis. A[or'eo>i'r, while his tliscretionaiy [)owers were I'egarded witJi a\ersion I'll the one iiand, and objected to, they were indorsed and appeak^d to when avarice could be gi'atified by tile exercise of them. Greedy iimnigrants, not con- tent with their square league of land, tk;manded more, and when it was refused, conceived themselves treated with injustice by one who could comply with their wislies if he chose. The greatest ])atience and for- I'l^u ^1 ' i ■il' i 11' ■:'|mIi .11 t^ 68 COT.OXIZATION' AND TlIK H\1PRES.\III0 SYSTEM. btiarancc were necessary to deal \\ith such scttler>\ and ]ircvcnt the refractory from producing a state < I' anarcliy whlcli would have ruined tlie jvrospocts of tlie colony. Yet with S(^ much prudence and modi r- ation, so much of temperate compliance and firm n - fusal, did Austin manaiio tlie afi'aii-s, tliat thouu'li nn more than one occasion dissension A\as so violent and po])ular excitement rose so high as to require his ut- most (,:nei"gy to allay them, no hlood was ever shed in civil stiite, and as time passed on he gained tlie gen- eral confidence and estet^m of tlie settlers.'" The ixlea prevailed in the United States and Europe that the early colonists of Austin's settlement wi'iv compis'ed of fugitives from justice, and criminals fidin all countries. This erroneous opinion is I'ehutted hy Austin, who, in IH'il), says that naturally some fugi- tives Mould find their way into the country, hut nu'as- ures were taken at an cai'ly day, both by the govern- inent and himself, to shield Texas fnmi that evil. During 1H-J3 and 1824 he banished several from tln' colony, uiuler the severest threats of corjtoral punisli- ment if they returned, and in one instance inflicted it. The fict that he had no force with which to expel these intruders, except the militia composed of the settlers themselves, proves that the men of that class wei'e very few in his colony. His setth'ment, he maintained, as regarded morality and the commissinii of criiiK', could bear favorable comparison with any county in the United States, however celebrated for its exemption from criminal offences.^^ "'■A/., '2{\-{). Austin to Jvlwiirds, IS-J.'), ill Fno/r's Tr.r., i. .SO'2-4. Fdoto writes— A/., ;{()() — ' It is c''l h\ of tl:r that ela-; nient, li'' nuiiiissii'ii with any )rato(l 1'ov of the iliatU ln(Mi, or (.'lull foxtr;i(>riliii:iiy pliiliuitlirni'io Jtho kIhixUmous Icii'iit consiilii- ly part of the I far as to ;^:i.V a secdiiil 'I'l- latara ilosiiiK"* |» cou Hii>' '•■'^ Austin's colony was an exceptional one. No spec!- lied limits had ever ])een assigned to his grant, and lii^ inunigrants, heing of a rambling disposition, had scattered themselves over a large extent of country, vnv\\ settling in the Lx-ality wliich mo.st pleased him. Although this dispersion at first was attentled with inconvenience and additional expense in tlie Uiatters of government and jirotection, it was permitted in the liciicf that, if the settlers could sustain theniscdves against Indian attacks, the expansion, i>y ali'ording facilities to new immigrants, would be of more ulti- mate benefit to the country than a cluster of cotiT- 1 1, i nous grants. The advantage of this system in time lii'came a])parent, M'hen })r()visioiis could be procured In all directions, without the necessity of tran.sporta- tion from places far di.stant. As all the intervening ^acant lands were public domain, Austin now turiu^l Lis attention to settling them, and in 1824 and 18:15 made .several petitions to the state government with tiiat object. The result was, that on May '20, 1825, pninission was granted him to settle 500 families ou t'no imoccupied lands lying within his coLniy, the lits of which were still undefined. 18 After the Mexican })rovinces had declared them- selves free, and pos.ses.sed of sovereign rights, and the federal sy-stem had been established, a national coloni- aiiiiu'nt<5 la poblacion, y quo se apoduraron de sus tiurras,' Mi'in. Jii.-i. (liiirra '/•',/., i. 137. '■ 7Vr. TrtviKlaf!o» nf Liiirfi, etc., 2()-\. Austin sii;n(>il tho contract .lime 4tli, t'lniii wliicli date it took ftfcct. lie had l)rl'viiii'L,f urantod, tlie niinilK i' w:is afti rwaril in- ci'ea.sLcl to ."tOO. Seo tlio I'oiitract in II7,/V.'V Col. Liiir.t, i. (ild- 1;{. Thu limits (It tlic idlony wi re thus dL'linod .Maivli 7. 1S"J7: 'I'oninii'iiciu^f ou thu Wfst 1'Hnk of th(; rivtM' Sau .laciiito, at tlie tcnniii.ition of tla: tt'n-U'a;.;ui' rest rvti ' — art. 4 of thu national colonization law. and art. 7 of that of Coalniila aud TcNiLs — ' fidiii thu gulf of Mi'xi(_'o, KViA tlicuoc loUowin^ thu vx-^'at hank of )»HrdI>, to a [loint from wlicnuu a line (liii- sciitli will strike thu La I'.a. .ito within t.'U luaniius of the yulf of Mexico, and tluiicu uastwanlly alonj; thu said !K-ud<-^,^uu linu, jiarallul with tln^ coast, t>. till iilacc of bugiuuiug.' ///.; Ucport ot' tfew gov. of C'(jah., iu Tunul, T' '-. y iW-!./. CiitiL, 28. w^ : iiJ I ^ :^1 'III I'J ■!• ' itili mm- !y ■im 70 COLONIZATION A2fiD TUJi EMPRESAEIO SYSTEM. zatioii law was enacted Au'ains upon persons who should introduce at their o\s'n exjiense a certain number of innuigrant families. This plan is known as the 'onipresario system.''^ Tlif I'egulations with rcsgard to this system of colonization were as follow: The empresario first presented a memorinl to the state goxernnient asking for permis- sion to colonize certain waste lands which were desig- nated, as well as the number of families he propost d to introduce. To afi'ord am])le choice to the settlers, tlie ti'iict designated and usuall}' C(mce(led by the gov- ernment was gi'eaily in <'xc<'ss of the appropriation ti» 1k> iinally iii.-ule -, but after the establislnnent of ilw settlement and the comi»l('tion of the allotments to tlic colonists, and the assignment of the 'premium land to the em[)resario, all surplus land reverted to tlic state. The distribution of the allotments was under the control of a commissit)ner,"'' appointed by the st tc ''■'Trauslatioii.s will Itc found in While's Col. Lawn, i. (iOl-'J; JJoUet/'n Te. •-'02-4. •■»»J5y (looreo o. May 7, 18i.'-4. JIi,st. Mex., v. 22, tliis series; Mex. CoL Liiiii Ord. ji l>cfirt,., iii. 4(i-7. ■" <^'"l'y ill Spanish aud Eugliiili will be found in ( 'wih. Lvijcsy Di>.cretx)'<, It •XX '■'■^ ' Kniprosario,' moaning ' coiitractoi'.' ^^Tlio uonniiissionor was an inqioitaiit fiinotionary. Ifia duties wi'i'c to I'Xaniino cdloiiists' ccrtilii'atts; to ailiiiiiiistfi' the oatli of allegiance to tli< m; to isHue tlio land titles; aud appoint the mirvcyor. He .scleeted die sit^^■< lur tlic foiiTiding of tou lis; tstablislicd ferrii's; and presiiled a.t tlie po)mlar elro- tioiis lor the appoiiitiiii'iit of ayimtaiiiientos of new towns, and inducted the otiieeis) chosen. All public instruments, titles, or documoiits were to lie •U, i-jfl M. LAND IlEOULtVTIONS. 71 3 of tlu' the dif- lio occu- spcctivc ice with 3 ntnvly - * > . rcfcrrin;j,' iita iiiHti- rsuod, ill Lcd terri- le public at tlu'iv famili^'^. lonizatioh 3seiitc!d a )r poriiiis- cre doiivj:- propo!-' 1 scttk'is, the g>>v- iriatiou i" it of Hi- nts to tlu' UlU lilllil :d to til- as uiidn the st t- Mley's Ti'- , h'x. CoL X''//'f utios won' tn iiiuo to tlu iii: ohe sites ii"' j)npular oK''- I iiKluotcl the wci-c to I Hi ffovornracnt, but lie had no })ower to make an assi^ii- niiiit witliout the apia'oval of the contractor. If tlie cuutrac'tor failed to introduce the stipulated number of families Avithin the term of six years, he lost his lit^hts and privileges in proportion to the deiicicncy, and the contract was totally annulled if he bad not siuceedcd in settling 100 families. The premium y ranted to a contractor was five square leagues of grazing land and five labores of tillage land for each liuiHbcd families, but he could not acquire premium (III more than 800 families.-^ With regard to the settlers comprehended in a con- tract, eacli family whose sole occupation was farming received 177 acres — one labor — of agricultuial land; and if it engaged in stock-raising also, a grazing tract .suHicieiit to complete a square league wjis added. Those iamilies whose sole occupation was cattle-raising received each a square league, less 177 acres. An iiiiiiiarried man received one fourth of the al)ove (|',iantity. The goverimuint of the st,'?te alone could iiiri'ease tliese (piantities in ])roportion to the size of a rauiily and the industry and activity of colonists, illeven square leagues was tlui limit of land that could he owned ])y the same Jiands as prescribed by tlu; national colonization law. J'\)r each square league, or sitio as it was denomi- nated, the colonist paid an enq)tion sum of '4'.\0 to the state, $-.50 for each labor not irrigable, and ^o.oO In)' one that was irrigable; but these payments were not demanded till after the expiratit)n of six years from time of settlem'Mit, and then oidy in three instalments at long intervals. Contractors and the militaiy were vrittiii ill tlu' Spaiiisli liinf^najjo, aiul ho was requircil to fonri ami fiirnisli a liiHik 111 ivcoril Inr i:n'h new town. Conli. Iaii<'x ij hccritn-t, 70-3. Ili.s iVos, liy ilccii'c lit' May K"i, IS'JS, woro fixiil at 1?1") for t'ai'li sitio (li.stril)iiti.'il, S- lor each laiior not irrinalile, anil .*'_'. ."i(» for each ii-ni;al)le one. /«/., lOli. lly lie- eivr oi ,\jir. J, ]S;i(), tile Kurveyor's fees were rateil at SS and -S'J respeetively, for the survey of a sjtio 'il lalior, ami Sl.oO foi- tiiat of a town lot. I'l., 141). -' lly art. 12 of the nu.. iial eolonizatioii law, no one emiM o\\ii more than 11 si|iiare lia;,'iies, while it wa.s possihle for a eontraetor to own o\er forty. He was, however, requii'eil to alienate the e.\ce.sy by sale or otherwise within 1'-' years. Id, 17. ii , , ;,i i'lij I ! k :'i I IP 72 COLONIZATION AND THE EMPRESAIIIO SYSTEM. excni}»t from this quittance. The incoming settlor was, moreover, subject to the payment of the commis- sioner's and surveyor's fees, and to the chareire>j.i' LetUr.-i, Uo-lO, 118. li illl ! mWU f 1 ! I i lllhMhl 74 COLONIZATION AN1> THE KMPRKSARIO SV.STKM, fill contractor, wome of tliciii })artially roloiilztMl tluir land orants. I will mention the principal undti- takinj^'s under the eniprosario system. Benjamin R. Milam contracted, January 12, 18'2(;, to settle ;500 families in the district lyinj^ nortii-Ave>t of the San Antonio and the Nacogdoches road, hc- tween the Guadaluj)e and Colorado rivers, and bounded on the north-west by a line parallel with the road, and fifteen leagues distant from it. James i*owers, June 11, 1820, eiiij^aged to form a settlement of 200 familii-s in the country soutli ot Leon's orant, and bounded on the south by tin.' Nueces Kiver. Mc^EuUen and McGloin contracted, AuL>'ust 17, lS2n, to settle, with 200 families, the district lyiiii; west of the ten-league reserve as exhibited on Steplun Austin's map of Texas, 1835. Josejth AY'hlein contracted, December 21, 182(5, tn introduce '^00 families into the district wliich ncaily corresponded with the grants of Zavala and AVhcliii as shown on tlie same map. Vehlein's grant, how- ever, was limited by the twenty-league border line on the east, and tlie ten-league coast reserve on the soutli. David G. Burnett, Docemlier 22, 1820, engag(Hl to colonize witli .'300 families the land grant shown under his name on the map. John Cameron contracted. May 21, 1827, to settle 100 families on a grant of land located north of ■'>'1° latitude and west of 102° longitude. On August 18, 1828, he also obtained a large grant south of l\ecl River. Ste])hcn Austin obtained a grant of land to tlie west of Dewitt's colony, November 20, 1827, for the settlement of 100 families; and in 1828 ho was jht- mitted by the federal government to settle the ten- league reserve of coasi land lying between his colony and the sea. In February 1831 Austin, in partner- ship with Samuel Williams, obtained a large grant ATTITUIJH OF MEXICO. 75 witli tlic oni,^'l!j;omont to settle tlicref)!! 800 ^rexicaii jiikI otlur taiiiilics. I^orciizo dc Zavulii ac(]uired his i^raiit ^rarcli 0, IS-JD. cotiti'acting to <'<>l()iiizo it with 500 families. (itiH'fal Vii'cntc Filisola coiitracti'd, Octohci' I'J, ls;ll, to colonize with GOO foreign families, the dis- tfict dcsin'iiatcd under his name on the maii."" Austin's Mat of 1S35. AFany other contracts were made, some of which wiiv ii.vrr carried into effect, and tho grants reverted ****^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I l^|2£ |2.5 |J0 ■^~ ■■■ ■^ Bi2 12.2 ■" lift 1.8 11.25 HI 1.4 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTM.N.Y. MSM (716) •73-4503 5^ 76 COLONIZATION AND THE EMrRESARIO SYSTEM. i' , 4 m to the government, while others were merged in now concessions, l^ut tiiough tlie empresarios were only ))urtially succes^sfiil in their enterprises, Texas was steadily progressing. Her population increased so lapidly that whereas in 1821 the number of her in- habitants, exclusive of Indians, did not exceed ;3,f)00, in 18.30 it amounted to nearly 20,000 ;*" and the natural rtjsources of the country were already greatly developed. But the time had arrived when ^loxico, l)y her misrule and jealous apprehensions, alienated these thriving settlements of a free-spirited race, and drove them to take up arms in defence of their rights.-''' -'"The aliovc list of einpresari^s and their grants is obtained from D< in7, no. 10; Mi'.f. Ajuiiit. Hill. Vmrrii, I(»; llanisiii's < )llii r Side, J)S; Alinoiifi; Xot. I'J-'tiul. 'I'lj., '_'.">, "lO, (i7, and tal)le no. 4. Jn IS'_'7 the iiopulatioii was estimatid at aliout iO.UUO. y.(( 0;„w,;„„, I Mil., l,s;!.-,, -j; ror. l-',il. Mi:i:. !•_» Mar., rs-J7, 3. ^' Oil tlie sulijeet of the eolonization of Tex.i.-i and the eiii])resario .sj'steni, t!ie aiUlioritits that have heeii eont^ulted are: Tonid, Trj'ix i/ 1>m A7i'. L'U., i;.") 47; /■/., llisl. M:.i:, 147 .'iS; Z,tr„lii, Vin./r a /.,,< AVa-Aw r„iil»», 14".> .VJ; /,;nrs' l.rll, i:\lrnni yVnw, o;j -,()^ | |._) IJ)^ \\i\-A\; K, ,> i,:v[>. I'ti .'i; no. 4, p. 2(H; \ "1. vi., no. 5, pp. ;i(J."> 7r); Ijiiiliriti, Hi'isi, oil 8; Aiiil'iii, A'v;i(w/c. .v«///r TiJuk, 8. l.'l 14; Arrillii'in, JiWoji., IKH, 47 r.0; l)i>,inmi-li, Jllr,/'n 7W!,i,io, xxii., .luiie IS, 1821, ]ip. :{.") (1; /•',«.^'.v 7V',/VM, i. 221 0; Tliiall'x lll.^t. T,.,,is, 117 70, 17."<-ll, 470 S2, 4'.IS; WiUs;,,'.-, Am,,: Jli^l . (i:tl :{; Ubno-hmil it J).iii~jUx, Son ,Iii;n ill' Llihi, .■)2!» MO; Xoiii: Aiiiintix I'oi/., div. .S."»7, //mrit/'x llij>t. U. S., ii. .'14;t; lliii'i-'i. Ilist. ./,il,i],ii, iii. 24 .V; l',irins fiiijir,",,.-,. 2, no. vi., 2't I; /ii,.i'.r„„i,/,; (,:i',i„,/r .]fi.,., ii. 1.") 21; Sionr:. ;/ Xnnin-o, llixl. M,j., 242-0, :il.-)-l!»; :«).>-4(M); Ihitchhmn.'i Hn,,., 104-0; Aimonte, Xot. Est. Ti'j;,.s, 14, 20-.">; Lmrnomliire, Mix. ,t < I tint., 220. CHAPTER V. THE STATE OF t'OAHUILA AND TEXAS. 18(H)-1839. OKSPOTISM in ('o.\IlfII.A — InTKU.NAI, (loVKKXMENT — RESOrUrKS ANT) CoN- Hmo.N OK TlIK I'ltoVI.NCK — (llAUAITKll OK THE pEOPI.E — CoAHril.A HI i;iN(i THE War ok Indei-endknce^Fohmation ok Tin; Siaie ok (oAMl ll.A AND Texas — OuiJAMZAIIoN ok a (iuVEltSMENT — 'lllK Si ATE ( 'onshtition— KuEiTio\ Laws— Iiicst Coxstitctional < 'oMiHEss — \IESIA EeECTED (rOVEKSOi: — I'OVEUTY OK THE TllEASlHY — I'oMMEBflAL jMisriiEiis — Ofkkks of the L'mikh States to Pckchase 'Iexas— Iiie Slave C^i t.stion in Texas — The ('oi.onisis An(ii:v — Condition ok the Mkxican 1'eon — The Emancii-ation Law — Kxcektion in Kavok ok 'Iexas — I'EitsEnTioN ok Spasiahks — SiitsEUViENtv ok 'I'iik Siate to the National (!ovekn.ment — Administiiation ok .Fi'stice — Ijkcation AND ItEMOlON — MoNOI'OI.V I'ltIV II.EC ES (tllANTEl) TO t'oLONlST.S. l*Ki;vu)i:s to the yoar 1 824 Texas liail no jiolitieul coiuu'ctioii M'itli Coaliuila, each forming a separate provinci! iiii(U;r the supreme rule of the commandant *i^eneral of the j>rovineias internas de oriente.' As the internal administration of both these provinces was identical dui'intjf the Spanish domination, notliinj,' fur- ther need he said with regard to that of Coahuila, in adihtion to the description given in a former cjiapter of the govermnent of Texas, except that (^>ahuila hcing a far ridier and more populous country, the tcnijitations ])resented to a practically ahsolute ruler wti'c greater. Thus corruption and injustice were jiractised, and tryanny and oi)pression exercisetl, on a proportionately larger scale in Coahuila than in Texas." 'Under tlio Smnisli dfniiination tlio iiroviiioe of Coahuila was called Pro- viiu'ia dc Niii'va Kstreinailiira. /V/Wi, in Mai/n; MS., no. !!), j). 'i'J. '^ ' Unfortuuute proviufca I " — ways Ai'i.'>iii; in his niununial to tlic ri'^ency, '77) I .! i - ( ■. 78 TllE STATE OF COAHUILA AND TEXAS. ii' 1 The c'oininandant goiiurul ruled as it Huited liini ; and wliilc posKC'Ssing oven superior power to the viceroy, tliere was really no semblance of a check ui)on his authority, except the presence of his Icy^al adviser, tlie auditor do guerra, . lio gi'nerally did notlnni;' more than ajjprove and sup[)ort his opinions. Witli regard to internal administration, remoteni'ss from tlu> ci-ntre of supreme j^oveniment rendered tlie su[)rema('y of the local ij^overnors almost as absolute as that of the i-om- mandant ♦general,"'' and reduced tlieir responsihility to a mere ci[)h(!r. Consequently, in the administiation of so-called justice, every enormity was practised tliat enmity or covetousness suiry-ested, and venallv J»nd corruptness n)ade easy of per})etratlon. Liberty, honor, and property were alike assai]e; Aruqic, Mem. Coah., 9; Ouerra, Hint. Her. N. Ksp., ii. H70, note. 'Ihus divided: Spaniards, 13,285; Indians, 12,437; Ciistes, 17,215 Soc. Mij:. Ihoj., 2a Op., i. 291. mjjf INTERNAL GOVERNMENT. 79 twelve Spanish towns, tlie most populous and thriv- ing of which were Saltillo, Monclova, l*arra.s, and Santa Rosa.* The first of these only was jj^ovemed l»y a cabildo ; Monclova had two alcaldes and a syndic, and Parras a subdelegado, two alcaldes, and a syndic; all other towns were under the jurisdiction of lieuten- ants of the governor, who could appoint or remove them at his pleasure by a simple official letter. This wns a grievous and despotic sy^^teii of government, and it was not likely that hnpartial justice would be meted out in Coahuila. Arispe, who was dejjuty to Spain for this province, vehemently pleaded before the c<)rtes for redress of these grievances, and suggested the establishment of a superior executive council for tlie four eastern internal provinces, of a high court of ;iji}»eal, and of provincial deputations and local cabildos or nuuiicipalities.* At Monclova, Santa Rosa, San Fernando de Rosas, and Rio Grande were stationed garrison com];auies of veteran calvary, whose duties were to protect the Irontier, furnish detachments ft)r tlie missions/" oscoi-t tlieir own supplies of money and clothing from Sal- " Pike gives tlie estimated population of Parras as 7,0(K); that of Monclova 3.r)(M); anil that of Santa Rosa, 40(). Utxiij)., 2cS. Areonling to (Juerra, Sal- tillo in 1811 \ui>\ alxiut I'J.OOO inhabitants. ///V. AVr. A. A'vj*., i. .SC4. Aiisiic, 1J>11, fjivfs to the town ami district of Parras 10,000 inhabitants, ami to those of Monclova 0,000. Mem. Coit/i., 29. "On May '2.% 1812, the Spanish cdrtes passed a decree ordcrinj; the forma- tion of cabildos. In fill towns with a population not exceeding; 2lKl tiuTo were to be elected by vote of the citizens one alcalde, two rcjjiddrcs, and one pro- curator syndic; in towns with not more than r)00 inhabitants, one aicalilc, four rcgidores, and one procurator; in those witii nr)t more than I, OiM) inhabi- tants, but exceeding 500, one alcalde, six regidores, and one jirocuratur; in towns with a population from 1,000 to 4, (KM), two alcaldes, (•i;;lit r(i;idores, aud two procurators, the number of rejiidnres to be augmented to twelve in those towns which had more than 4,0(K) iuliabitants. Tlie capitals di' prov- iuccs Were to have at least twelve regidores; and should thev jiossis j niore than 10,000 inhabitants, their number was to bo sJAteen. W'liiti'.i Citl. J.nirs, i. 41t)-18. Rules for the guidiuice of alcaldes were decreed ()< t. 'M\\ of the same year. Itl., 410-20. In 1813 the cortt^s ilecreed the establislmu nt of an intendencia at Saltillo, and in 1814, of a provincial deputation, reprisenting Coalmila, Is'uevo Leon, Santander or 'i'amanlipas, antl 'lexas, assigning Sal- tillo iis the place of residence. Cortvit ])iar'>o, 181H, xviii. A'l'.V, Cur/iM, Act. Onl., 1814, ii. 2«G. '" Arispe mentions 5 Indian missions; namely, Vissarron, Ihdcc Xoiubro do •Teaus, Peyotes, Juau Bautisto, oud Nueatra Seflora do la Victoria. JJcin. Coiih., 10. il I i i ,; I ! i S . kiit^m m i|i i^^ 80 THK STAra OF COAHUILA AND TEXAS. tillo, and conduct tlio bimonthly mail to Texas from Monclova, wliich town was tlio principal military depot of the province and the governor's place of resi- dence. Under a less oppressive government, the })rovince of Coaliuila, with its fertile soil, its genial climate, and |)iii(! atmosphere, would have been, as an abiding place, all that the heart of man could desire. There the cultivator could produce in profuse abundance corn and wheat and wine, delicious fruits and deli- cate vegtitables. There, too, the cotton-tree thrived, and on the rich pasture lands flocks of sheep and herds of cattle and horses multi[)licd." But the incubus of commercial and agricultural monopoly pressed heavily on the land. The avarici(ms mer- chants of San Luis, Queretaro, and other manufactur- ing cities smothered development in the })rovincias internas. In Coaliuila no factories made busy the population of a town; the hum of machinery was not heard; and the industrious women plied the prinntive spindle and distaff to supply their houseliold wants, and produce a few marketable commodities. '-' Thus the people had to depend upon the exportation of their Hocks and mules, '^ and raw materials; and their wool and cotton, their hides and wheat, were re- turned to them in manufactured form, charged with the expenses of transportation and alcabala duties, and with the profits of the outside nianufa<'turer, the mer- chant, and the retail dealer. Even the agricultural implements of iron were imported, though the manu- " Aris|)« says — p. 20 — 'Tlio most intercBting branch is the breeding of Hhcep, to wliich so much attention ia paiil that, after furniuliing many thou- gaml head to the market!) of SaltiUo, I'arras, ami other places of tlie prov- inces, vast numbers fire e.\porti;il to Zacatcciis, San Miguel, Queretaro, Mi'xico, anil Puebla.' Cotton was proiluced in such quantity that after sup- plying the four i)rovinces, many thousand quintals were exported to furnish tlie factories at San Luis Potosi, San Miguel, Zelaya, Silao, Lcou, and places in (iuadalajanu Id., 19. '^ With these simple contrivances, shawls and table-cloths were manufac- tured of such durability and fineness that they never soM for less than eight dollars, and frequently as high as forty or fifty lUtUars. A/., 21-2. '^Hesides keeping up a stock of 3,000 pack-umlus, 2,000 were aiiuually exported. /(/,, 20. RESOURCES OF THE fOUXIRY. 81 facturc of tliat metal and of wood was tolerably well advanced in Saltillo'* and Parras. One of the most productive industries of Coaliuila was tlie cultivation of tlie vine, which, despite the j)ro- hihitions ajjfainst it, was developed to a considi'iahle extent in the district of Parras.*'' Comhined with this ajj^ricultural })ursuit was the only manufacturiniij business that can be rightly claimed for the j)rovince. Great (juantities of excellent brandies and delicicms wines were manufactured yearly and exported to Mex- ico and other parts of New Spain. These two indus- tries all'orded einj)loyment to the whole population of the district, no other occupation being pursued.'" The inhabitants of Coahuila were a thoroui^hlv pastoral and agricultural })eoj»le, and their character was formed from the nature of their occupations. Hi're were to be found simplicitv and insensibiJitv to • ■•I • *^ intiigue, untning mdustr\' and patience undei- severe lal)<»i-. tlie enduran<'e of j)rivations without murmur, and a deep-rooted love of lilxirty. Both the social and jiolitical morals of this rural population were of a lii^iiicr standard than tho.se of the inhabitants of the manufacturing and mining districts of New Spain.'' During the war of independence, Coahuila was little disturbed by the battle-din which shook the foundations of the more southern provinces. A blooil- les-i rev<)lution and <'ounter-revolution at first caused " At Siiltillo the mamifiicture of cotton was also soiin-wliat ailvaiiccil, and in IHll al)ove 40 looms for weaving coarse clotlii4 had hin.'n ereeted. 'I'lii' artisims, however, lahored uiitler the want of protection, and were couiiicUcd to sill at low prit^es the production of one week's work in order to procure raw cotton for tlie next, lil., tl. '■'Tlie meaning of Parnis is 'grape-vines.' Pike calls it tlie 'vineyard of Coahuila.' At the liacienda of San l.on'ii/o, three miles to tlie north of tin' town, he saw 1.") large stills, and a gnater iiumlier of casks than he hail ever seen in any hrewery of the U. S. /'/ siiji., '2.S. "''//'.; Arispe states tiiat the number of inhahiUints of this district was IO,()(M». M,m. Co,i/i., 18. ''.!/•/.■<;«', ut Hiip., 1(5. 'As we diverged from these parts which produced such vast ((uantitics of the precious metals, the iiihaliitants hccaiiie more in- ihistrious and there were fewer beggars. Thus the morals of the pcdplr of Cog(|iiilla (sic) were less corrupt than those of Biscay ur New Leon, their iicighliors.' /V/r, lit mip., 'JiK HixT. N. Mex. States, Vol. II. 6 It i: :t ( li.l 82 Tin: STATK OF COAHUll-A AND TKXAS. t<'imM)rary {)y liis troops, i'liWa into tlu; hands of the in(li'|n'nvo Tjcon, in vain attempted to arrest the tide of popular feeling. Jjieutenant Nicolas del ^[(►ral was si'iit ai^ainst Saltillo in conunand of a company of the lin(! 'grenadiers of Vera Cruz, followed hy the whole hattalion, under the lieutenant Pedro Lenuis. Moral, liowever, on his arrival jn'oclaimed, July 1st, the in- dependence. The authorities did likewise, and li(>mus entered the city, after havini,^ administered to his troops the oath to supp})roachcd. Ar- '" Among the latter was Aranda, who was aentcnecd with four others to imprisonment for ten years. Alniiinn, Hist. M,j., ii. UH); Ih-rmiwlezy Damlox, Vol. Doc., i. 70. Consult Hist. Me.i:, iv. '240, 272, this scries. roMTKAl, 1>J VISIONS. 88 r»'(l(>n«lo tlicM retire*! to Sjiii l^iiis I'otosi, wiieiH'e lie |)i(M'ee(loy a ]><»litical atnj military cliiel". In l,S"J:{, however, after the fall of Iturhide, a junta was convened at NfcMiteJ-ey. eomposed of dele- gates representiui,'' Coahuila. Nuevo Leon, 'I'ainaulipas, and Texas, 'i'his junta represented to the provisional novrinmeiit that the four pi'ovinces wished to he sepa- rated, and wer<' desirous that theiederal system should he adopteromul^at(Ml .January :\\, lS-24. On May 7tli, however, a decree was passed wliicli detach<'«l Xuevo licon and raised it to the rank of an indepeni>r hi Hnhi, lo ]i:irti('ipiirii at ciiii^rcso ^tiicriil |>»'(•., iii. 4(>, «lu'it' ii coiiy . -■'('tintjioseil ti:\as. ••ifc (if August lis, IS'JI, tlic riiiictlons nf the politiral •iii.r iiKl the (lc|iiitatioii (i| I ('\as wcic (Irilaicd t«» .i t< Iia\f craxMl, as liail already ln'cii the ca.-e with I't'spi ct to tlir aiitlitritit's of tlie same class ill ('oalmila: aii«l a lew iiiiiiitlis later a |Mtiitieal ailiniiiistratov, stylitl 'eliief i»r the (leparl liiellt of 1\'\as.' was |i|(»\isioll- ally 1 >tal)lisjie(|. ' In its lirst deeiee. Aiin'iist IJ. IS-JI. the ei»listitnellt eoiiinress Jiledu'ed the state ef ('itahiiila and Texas to sustain at all hazards the su- preme tediial |)o\ve»s, and declared its lorm ol" «;o\- e)-mneiit tit he re|(i-eseMtati\ c, |)r responsihility, and relat- in]H' ti» other matters cdiniected with the internal p)verninent <»| the state It was not until M irch I I. IS-J7. that the <'onstitution of the state was puh- lished. i'iveiy otliceraud citizen was retjuiit-il in take oath to sustain it a regulation which, in view of the tliii'd aiticle. must have heeii accjuiesced in with ^r.ui dissatisiaction hy the cnliehteiu'd C'oahuilau. In that .liisi^ I'Mix Tnsii.-iliU'ioH was the last iMiliticiil ami military jiovcriior of Texas uiiilir tilt' oM ,s\>tiiii. AtiiKuitv, Cofilrd ill |S-J,'{ hy I .Uiiaiiii (I \\\\ SnI. Kst,,,!. T' 14. II ".".»." Ill siTM'il iii(i\ isi(i:ially as su Ih !• \\a< .siic ih. Wnih '.- Itiii'lii.U Trisli:il,ii'iin, ill Aiiiil \X'1'.\, liail iiiuiioiiiu'iil i:i favnr <>!' li'isliumuili, /I'"/, l/iirl'iili; Mil •_'. -'.Idsr Alltdiui) SaiU'iili this litlo. H7//7,'.v To/. /.„ I'ct'iliiij,' (larciaiii I.S'J4, wa.s tlic tiist to li. .ir V.tT it; ( 'ifili. I. I lies >l /' .s. 11. T 11' clllcl of ili[iiiitniciit was aiitliorizfil to iiiiiiosc liiu'.s from one to oiio liiiiniri'il (loll,u> oil tliosc wild iliil not oIh'v or I'l'sjuct liiiii; lu' liailal. 'i-son to ai'iuojiriate lands, ami was to yive cireunistaiitial iiilormation to t';.' uoverioneiit with respect to tho.se who lia I ali-eady done no. liejar was to 1> ' Ills jilaei; of mniandeil t^.e loeal militia, and was ti .le over all jiopular junt.is, as well as over the ayuntamiento of Hejar, or pr. otiu r lilaee in At i: sessions o tht^ dejiartiueiit where eireumstanees mieht re(|uiro his j»r> seiiei f ayiiiitaiiiii'iitos, luiwever, he had no vote, except a eastiiii; one 1 1 e.'ise o f ati M. l)^t^ le was the .le eh; ,1 of eominunu'iition w en his .siiiiori iiliates aiul the government. /NVM that "tlio S(»vrr»'i»riitv <»!' tl IC stiiti' n-suM'H (H-itjinallv and cssni itiall V 111 tl IC ."'' Such a restiic- tion speaks loudly i^\' the timidity with which the tVaiueis of the constituti«)n reminded untiammelled iVcedom of the people. 'I'l le state was « livid ed into three departments — namely, those of Saltilio, Mon- clova, and Texas which nuinl»«'rwas increasi-d later to four, hy di'tachini,' I'arras from Saltilio.'-"' 'I'he i-oiisti- tutional coiiLjrt'ss to he presently «l»'ct«'d wastoc«»nsist of twelve meml»ers, two of whom was to ri'pi'csent Texas.''" 'i'liese representatives Wi're not elected directly l»y the |ieopl(>. hut hy the system of priinaiT and secondarv elections adopted elsewliere in thi- Mexican I'epuolic. Ill a district which s«'nt up only one deputy, eleven elei'tors were popularly chosen, and twenty-one in those whii'h sent up two or inori' repres«>ptatives. These elei'tors ap[)ointcd hy a majority of votes the deputies for their resp«'ctive parents oil the territory of the state were pronounced free, tlu^ introtluotioii of slaves six months after the puhlica- tioii of tho constitution hein*.^ strictly ]»rohil»ited. A •' Mf.r. Col. lie Coiintitiit., i, ltH'> timi will Ih' touiiil. wliifh volume a oijiy of tlio coiistitii- '/'/., I'.IT. The sfcite was finally diviili'il into scvfu iK']iartiiieiits: S.il- tillo, I'arra.s, Moiielova, and Uosa.-* in Coalniila, ami Hejii N,nii>»iloclii's in Texas. Alinniifr, Snf. Extml. T>J., 14. Hi .1 ' Hv the eonvocation law of March '2',\, KS'JT, the distriet!* of Saltilln I'.irra.s, and Monelov.a were to elect tliret! depiities each. Texas i\ d K *ii;iiide one. Saltilio was to send up two HUppluturies, and uaeh ol the other districts one. Vixth. Leycn 1/ Dec, 47. ] '? i f ! 16 TlIK HTATK OF ( OAlll'lLA AXI> TILVAS. ('iiii(|uir(>(l to Ite a native of till' rt'imhlif, :•() rt-ais of n^r, and to liavo Ih'cii (loiniciliatc*! in tlir stati; fivi- yrais. Tlic jiov- fiiior's tt'iin of otlicc Nv.is four vtars; li«' was ilcttrd Ity tin- |H'o|tlr, and had the |u«ro«^ativi' of appointinj^ tlir political cliicfs of drpartnunts, carli appointid Immiim; chosin from tliirc candidatt-s noniinatfd l>y tlic! rxrrutivi" couni'il, tlu' nuinlur of \v'u>sc ini-nilu is was n-durcd from four to tlnrr. On March l'.!, 1Si27, the convocation law for the elec- tion of the tirst constituti«inal conniess was puldished, anllowin«j;, tin- assiinhlv met in session. On the 4th the numlxi' ol" the votis cast for the elec- tit»ns of «;overin>r, vice-oovernor, and the executive council was made known, with tiie folhtwimj; nsults: .lose Maria N'ii'sca was elected «'(»vi'nntr Vi.t or IManco. vi<'e-«4over:ior ; and Santiat;o di- N'aiie, Dioni- cio Kii/.ondo, and Jose J^nacio tic Cardenas council- 1 ors. Tht! ureatest ditticuitv with whicli the new K'tjisja- ture had t«» contend was the ((Uestion of finance. Texas, if not an actual burden t«> the stati-, was little less. Thou*;h yearly increasin*; in population and WH'alth, she contrihuted iHtthini;' to the revenue, owiiii;' to the exi-mption of the colonists from taxation, and the privilege i^ranted thi'in f intro«lucin^' suj)plies of all kinds free of imjjort duiics. To such straits was the government retluceil that many ottices were sus- p(!nded for want »)f iiumey to i)ay the salaries.'" Every ri'source was resorted to in (trder to increase the rev- */'/., (in. Josi- IgiiiU'in Arisjic liiiil Ik'cii aotiiij; iw iirovisioiiiil gov«'riir)r. Mr.r. Cnl. CiiiiMfitiif., i. lit"), 'IIX 111 To/m* /'»arriiM.siiiciit8 of the stiite trcii,iiiry from want of fuiitls liy (leeree of April 17, l.V-VS, «U8iieii»leil the otliee of couiu'illor until the Mtate hIiouIiI he ahle to th'fray the exjielise thereof, the governor heihL; ilireeted to aet hy liimself. The viee-governor WiW only to reeeive jiay w hi ii ollieiatiug ilIianl-tal)K'S w« re taxtd at J?J I |m r aiiiiiiiii; and a duty of two |ur ct'iituiu wjis cliar^^'d on till! circulation of money, wlietiier tlic ilestination of till! coin WHH to a |ilace within »»i' without the teiii- toty of tlu^ state; fni;ds were horn »wed fn>ni the church, and all jieisons, f» i; • lew e\ce[>t<'d, wheth«r they derived their incoincH from .- iits, salaries, «>r waives, fron» husiiu>ss or industrial (»c( upations, wi-re taxed to the amount of three «lays' income jur annum. What added to the pi'iiilexities of the jrevernment durin'4 this i»erio;ivi' 4rievous ellence to the An<^lo-Anu'rican c(»lonists in Texas. Ill Ajiiil and ^lay 18*Jl), decrees were passed prohihit- uv^ foi"«'iirn merchants, of whatever nation, iVom n'tail- iiiy- i;o(»ds or ini[>ortin«jf c()arse cotton or woollen stulis not manul'actured in the repuhlic."'' The ojienin*^ of tlie j»ort of (iah'eston hy ilecree of Octoher 17, Ihlii,*^' ali'oided facilities to these conunercial intruders, while the exemption law in favor of the colonists otJ'ered temi»tations to entrajjre in snm;j:<;lin<4 which were not verv stoutly resisted. A hreach Ix^twei'n the ^lexicans and the An»ilo« American settlers had indeed already been ojuned. Apart from the fact that the innnigrants brought with them tlie princi})les of law, liberty, antl nligion which prevailed in the country of their birth, and which eould not be conducive to amal<_r:»mation with the ^- Tlioy were only nllowetl to si'll at wholesulf, !iiiil fur i-.-isli. /./., 1 17, 12(5- 7. l»cw»'us eiigagetl, in 182(5-7, in one oi tlicso trailing eutorpriuoii. LHtirs J ram 'I'lr., .VM). ^' ',•„,„ ,/, Jf.ir. n,j>. Mr.,:, iv. »)S; M<:r. Mm Mnir.^f., i:i, nn. iv. The )>iirt ot MiiUigorda, as also that of MaUinioru.s in Taii.uuli[>a.s on tliu Hii> • Mamie, liuil bceii oitcncil to trade ia 1S20. Linlo ilc Tijtid^i, C'cm/r. h'tltiil., 21. ! ,1 li' * '■ S8 TIIK l-iTATE OF C'OAHUILA AND TEXAS, natives, tlicir 'ain possession of Texas evinced hv tJie United States a'^uravateti tlie anxiety of Mexico and tiie disfavor with which the coloinsts W'jre h(>inn' ri'j^arded. It was hard for tlie suspitious Mexican not to believe that the Anj^lo-Aniericans witliin his Itorders did not secretly cherish the hope tliat tlie tei'ritorv would he eventually annexed to the northern re}>ul)lic. The action of the y;ovi'rinMent at WasliinL;ton certainly ti'iided to foment such aspira- tion. Only a few years had elapsed after tlu' treaty of ISli) with Spain when the United States ])reti'n(led to foresee future trouhh', and he(»vei'nment as to its inclination to the adoption of a new boundary, su^'^estini;' as such the 13razos, the liio Colorado, or tlie Jiio (Jrande."'* Jn March 1.S-J7 i'oin- sett was authori/A'd to make a specific jiroposition on tlie matter, by which the United States would aj^ree to jtay 31,000,000 if Mexico would consent to the Kio Grande beinn" iinide the boundary ;'*^^ if this were unattainable, half that sum was to be oli'ered for the Colorado line. Neither of these propo.sals was received by the Mexican o-overnment, nor would the congress take into consid- eration a treaty of amity, commerce, and naviij^ation, on the point of being concluded between tlu' two nations, unless it contained an article which renewed the existence of the treaty celebrated i>y the cabinets ^'Coiii/ns.'t. Di'hdfcM, 18;<7, ii. ap. ]'.'.")-(». ■'■''I'lii' liituiidiiry iiropo.siMl wa» to ln'giii at tlio ninuth of the RioCiraiule, pass n]i that riviT to tlu' Hio Pucn'o, tlu'iicc to tin; source of the latter, whcuce it >vaa to run due north to the Arkansas. /(/., 127. MEXICO SUSPICIOUS. 89 of Madrid and Wasliiiiutoii nsju'ctiiii^ the territorial limits, '{"his resolution niidcrt'*! it iiu|)('rativo to settle that y Poinsett on the part of the I nited States, and S. C'oinaeho and J. V. Ksteva on that of Mexico, by wliich it was agreed that the dividing;" line Itetween tlie two countries shouhl i>e that Hxe-innin«i; n-spectively at the mouths of the Hio (irande, the Baca, the Colorado, an< 1 the Hiazos. J*oinsett was authoi'i/i'd to otl'er as hijL'h as sf), ()()(), 000 for the Hrst-named line, and for the others, amounts proportionate to the extent of territory that would he ('('( led. Hut Poinsett never received these insti uc- tioiis. His otticious meddlinuf with the internal affairs of the Afexican ri'puhlic had yaini'd for him theihslike of the u^oveTument. His iccall was hetween the Mexican authorities and the settlers, was the teini)orary freedom of the latter from molestation hv the Jndians. J)urini; the fii'.st thiee or four years of the colonv's existence the settlers had heiMi grievciusly troubled hy these savages, and liad engaged in nunu-rous conflicts with them.'^ T\h signal [»unishmeiit, however, which they inflicted upon tl le aggressors won for tl lem tl le res pect ii'.d awe o t th(> wild tribes around them ; roid while in the Mexi<'an district of Hejar the Indians even carried their depi-e- dations with impunity into San Antonio, the Aiiglo- ' For jiartipulars of ti^lits witli Tmlians, not' />r»w,s' LvttvrK, 'M- M 54 ."); unci YiHikiiiii's Hill. Ti.r. •."„M i i - 1 if 1 Im ij i Si' M fi . f! .; W J ■ H 90 TlIK .STATK OF LOAHUILA AND TKXAS. Anicncan colony was left iii coiiiparative jteaco. ihis oxomjitioii, <;aiiu'(l eiitiivly l>y tlie dotcrniination and foinaiLi;u of tlie scttU'is, was attriljuU'd to a .sinister undcistai'diiijir with tlu' Indians. Wliilc tlie jealous fears of the state ju;-o\ernnient that its liheral |)olicy had overshot the mark beeanie nior(> and more conHrnied, certain legislative acts, which it was i-xju'cte'd would he corrective of past mistakes and ])iev<'ntive of fneshadowed trouhle, irri- tated the settlers. The slave laws of 1827, and the ]»rohiltitx. A len'ister of the deaths of slaves and the hirths of sla\('-hoi'n children was also to he rigidly ke[tt. Sla\'es wliose owners had no apparent heii-s were t(> hecome free innnediately on the decease of their mas- ters; and on each change of ownership, even in the case of heirs succeedinsjc, one tenth of the numhrr of slaves inlu'rited was to he manumitted, the incUviduals heiniJ^ determined by lot. \^y another decree, of Xo- vend)er 24tli of the same year, it was piovided that anv slave who wislied to chanyfe his mastc^r couhl do so, ])rovided the new owner indenmiHed the former one for the cost of tlie slave, according to the hill of saK-.^'^ Although the colonists k(>pt themselves aloof and were inditferent to ^lexicaii legislation so long as their own inunediate interests weie not attacketl, their anger rose wlu'ti a direct blow was struck at their prosperity. Without entering into the moral (juestion of right, there can be little dt»ubt that without" slave; labor the cohmization of Texas would have been retarded for ^U\vil,. ,/ yVr. I.vi, I'KDNAllE. 91 many years. Tlio iumiigraiits would have ht'oii limited oxciusivelv to the class of lahoiinj^ t'armeis who, by the toil of their hands and the swi'at of tluir lnows, would have reclaimed some small ]>ortioiis only of the. uncultivated wastes. Xo capitalist would have; ennau'ed in a venture which would reduci' him and his family to the condition (tf laborers. Jlowever l(»udly the ^[exicaii people and outside philanthropists may claim enlightenment for the ^overnnmnt of that re- puhlic in proclaimiiiij^ the abolition of slavery at this early date, it nmst be borne in mind that sucli K ij^isla- tion in no wise allected the int(;rests of the landed pioprietors of Mexico. vV labor system had been de- velojied which was far less ex[)ensive than that of slavery, but which })ractically embi'aci^d all its attri- butes. The position of the Mexican laborer, or peon, was one of perj)etual servitude and subjection to a task- master. He bound himself to his master by a writti'ii contract on entermijc his service, and nnmediattly bc- canu^ his debtor for money advanced, sometimes to the amount i>f a year's waijfes 3.S Hi kept IS em[)loyer kept a debit and credit account with him, and rari'lv eon s tavor, th Ifl le irave oiti'iisi in committi'd a fiiult, or failed in the fulfilment of his duties, coiitinemeiit, shackles, or the lash could be legally meted out to him; and should he desi'it his master's service, he co )uld I )e reclaimed d tl iroULHi tl le alcaldi', who had the authority to compel him to re- turn, and punish him. In fact, never out of debt, he was ever a bondniaii, with but little more liberty than a slave. In name only was he not one. As the j)eoirs wages varied from one to three nvilesa day, providing for himself, and as his working days wi-re reduce*] by the numerous church holidays observed in Mexico to about two hundred, the avt'iage cost of a ju'oii was about -SJO a year. Thus the landed })roprietors, uiuler "'"Tlie congress of tlie ntatc of Coahuila and Ti'xas, by decree of Sept. .30, IH'JS, provided tliiit no adviince could be made by the master to tlie Hervant to ail r..'.iioiiiit exceeding ;)ne year's wages. A/., 1U8. m n-p II i ffi ■■ ')i '^*f ,i ,1- ii\ ■ • 1 i; ?; i i '' I I' r i H <■'■ 111"- i „ Mi.; .1' J ' I ^ f 'i 92 Tin: STATK OF COAHUILA AND TKXAS. this system, in which no outlay of capital was required, nor loss l»y death incurred, rea})ed all the advuntajufes of alts;)lutc slavery without one titlic of its exiK'nse. Under tlie ahove-descrihed system, it was n«»t ditli- cult ioi- the Ani^lo- Americans to evade the law pro- liihitiiii^^ the 1'urtlier imjiortation of slaves; and under the apixllation of indentured servants, they continued to introduci! them into Texas.^^ But in IH-JJ) more ilecisive ])ressure was a|)[)lied, hy the pronmli^ation of Guerrei'o's decree of Septenihe-r lath, orderinL? the total aholition of slaverv throui^hout the ^Mexican repuhli." Now, at this time there were very few slaves ill ^[exico outside of Texas, and these few were treat(!d with ijjreat induliL^enco hy their owners, who rcLJ^arded tlieni as favorite S(>rvants and niemhers of their I'amilies." Conse-:«), 14y-50; Dublan and Lozaiio, L<;jk. ^fr.,■., ii. 1G;{; Arrill, 'JI3. *' Titriii'l, lirvir Ji'rMi'iln Jliif., 8."), says: ' Nouiinalinento eran esclavos. jior- que sus diii'i'ios los eonsideruhan uoiiio donit^sticos I'avoritos, y aim Icis tratalKin eouio a liijos. ' ^- ' Eu la a1)nlicion de la csclavitud,' remarks Tornel, the initiator of the decree, ' se envolvia nna iiiira altanieuto jKilitioa, la dc establecer una barrera eutru Mexico y los Estados-Uui.los.' 10. DECREES AND LEdlSLATION. y;j for many years. These representations were of sucli weiijflit that on December 2d of the same year an ex- ception was made hi favor of Texas." An examination of tlie decrees issued durinjj the first five years of the state's existence shows that the conjxressional assembhes endeavored to h'i>ishite with honesty and justice, and many wise kiws were enacted. But inexperience, combined with a dim i)erception in reuard to civil and individual riij;hts, made it difficult ])ro})erly to organize a state with free institutions out of a desi)otically ruled province. Thus a curious mix- ture of libeial princi})les and conservative })rejudices is observable, TJie restrictions on tlie sovereignty of the people laid down in tiie lk\ article of the constitu- tion, tlie intolerance of any religion but the Koman catholic, and the excessive power vested in the chief of the department of Texas, were incompatil)le with free republican institutions. In strong contrast with the liberality manifested in the state colonization law was the j)ersecution to which resident S})aniards were snbmitted. By a law passed June 2:}, 1827, they were excluded from all civil and ecclesiastical offices until Spain sliould acknowledge the independence of Mexico, and in November of the same year all Span- iards, excerpt those domiciliated in the state thirty vears, were banished: travellers of that natioiiidity could not remain more than three days in any town except in case of sickness or other recognized imped- ini! i»^ ; those who remained were re(|uiretl to present t!u,ii.-e!ves monthly to the local authorities, and were forbidden to carry any arms exce[)t those customarily worn for personal defence; and a strict surveillance was kept over their conduct.^* When in 1829 Mexico was invaded by the Spanish forces under JWradas,*^ the state of Coahuila and Texas displayed its patriot- *MAr. /)/«•/. Cnm. Jiisf., 1. 1; \il,.,' Uv.j., xxxviii. '2*)1. *^(ihih. If Tvj: Lrifi't, t)2, it4-.'>, I (),•)(). *'l''(ii- an account of tlii.s invasion, sec J/itt. Mi's., v. 7--."), tliis tturica. '^1 'i S.I 94 TlIK 8TATK OF COAIIUILA AND TKXAS. m fii' ! I -t ism by (^xactininr a lu'avv forced loan from tlio rcsitUnit Spaniards/" while the property still remaiiiiiii; in the state, of those who had left for other countries, was confiscated. It must, however, he horno in mind that the stat« s wore under a kind of political thraldom to the federal en- deavored to insure fair trials. Ir. the ci"iminal courts the accused was tried before the presidinti^ judijfe, in the i)resence of two assistant judi^es, one chosen l)V the defendant ami the other by the plaintiff. After all the evidence had been taken, the three jud»j^(>s in consultation decided uj)on the case. When two or more defendants were on trial on the same charge, each could nominate two assistant judges, and out of the whole numl)er one was elected by a majority of votes. Every citizen when called upon to sit as an assistant judge was obligated to servi-, mdess some legal im[)edin)ent exonerated him.'*^ Simjile theft of small amounts was punishable by the infliction of ♦'Unmarried Siianianls and widowers witlimit children wc^e ealli'cl ujion for one third of tlieir eapital^<; those married without ehildreii, and w iihiwiiv-* with only one child, for one fifth; and tiiose of liotli classes with more tiian one child, for one eighth. A/., \',iii. ^' When (iuerrero was in jiower, tlie congress of Coahuila and Texas ordered his Inist to he net nj) in their hall, Imt when adversity came ujion him, they repeahMl the order. They then named a town after Bustamante, and by a lat-'r ileeree stnick ont his name. Yoiikiiiii'x Hist. Tt.r., i. 270. *''Coii/i. 11 Tc.r. Li'f/rK, ()(>, H'A, l((*i-.'<. F)ei)uti(^s of con;,'ress, tile governor, vice-governor, couneillors, the secretaries of state, militiiry men, and ecclesi- astics could not bu called upon to act us assistant jiulges. I'l'i EDLTATION AN1> (lOVKUXMKNT. 05 fines varvini]^ from $10 to $.'50, or l»y lahor on tlic imlilic works for from one to tliree montli.s. Wlu-n the value of tlie stolen proi)erty exceeded $10 Imt not $100, the ])unis]iment was not less than oiw year's nor nioie than two years' such labor. For the third otfence the (i.niinal was exposed in the most puhlie place with a ])lacard on his head hearinjjf the inscription ' thief '^" In case of the impeachment of an authority as, for instance, the jy^overnor, a deputy, or a memher of the supreme court — congress appointed foui' of its own nund)er to sit as a grand jury, one of whom had no vote, Imt acted as secretary. This jury reported its finding to congi-ess, which tluMi discussed the evidence, and tleclareublic education: "Only in the town of Saltillo . . . is there a scanty fixed aj>i>roj»riation for the maintenance of a connnon school-master." On the great estates, {iiid in the populous districts, where many servants ai-e employed, it is common also to have schools; but I have observed the })ains taken to prevent the children of servants from learning to wi-iti^; for sonje masters bi'lieve that if they arrive at that important ])oint of education, thev mav be indui cd to seek some other less scrvue mo( le of gaining their living. Tl le congress tried to remedy this evil, and by rivate schools were established, and in IH'ld the first protestant sunday-school in Texas was opened at San Felii)e de Austin hy T. J. Pilgrim of the bap- tist church. It soon, however, met with interruj»ti«)n. A dirticultv arose between s(»me Mexican litiuants, who visited San Feli})e, and some of the settlers; and Austin, aware that the visitors would not fail to notic o the violation of the colonization law, deemed it jtrudent temporarily to close the school. " With regard to religion, the Texan coloni.sts at this early date had neither o})portunity nor nmch inelina- tion to practi.se it. Dewees, writing in November I80I, says: "The j)eople of this country seem to have f'orootten that there is such a connnandment as 'Re- mend)er the sabbath day and keep it holy.' This day is generally spent in visiting, driving .stock, and break- ing mu.stangs." "I have not heard a .sermon since I leif't Kentucky, except at a camp-meeting in Arkan- sas.""'' Having furnished the required certificate of his catholic faith, the Anglo-American eased his conscience b}^ refraining from any practical expression of it. Apart fnmi the causes mentioned of dissatisfaction "Tof//*. // Tr.r. Lfyrx, 127-.S0. '''■' Jiiikrr\i Ti'xitx, 74-5. Untchhixnii'x Rcniinif., 213. Another sabbath- school was opeiuid the same year at Matauorda. ''■^ LcttvrxJ'i-mu Tcr., 137. In 1824 the Rev. Henry Stephenson, of the methoilist denomination, preaclied tlie Hrst jjrotestant sermon west of the Brazos, near San Felipe. There were four families present on the occasion. Tiie first ba])tist preacher was .Joseph Bays, who preached on Peach Creek, west of the Bi'azos, in 1820. He presently removetl,erJvin,lsr'l >I affi UVH. m tl 10 riants, th >encoura,oeAnoIo-A «'hI ixsides its «' «tato (lis,,Iave,| 'tallied th y^ars, to sink arie 111' Usivi y I'nvi|,.o-,,^ f,,r ^ '^•>Iiii L. W and coal >dl «ian w-elJ ^vcntv-thr '» Octoher JHlV j J>rivileire, f "HTIean e/it II Al cr- it'O and in h\.\ **'■ a term of <'niv six 'U'T and John ( <'f ^'ear( "uary 1828 a ^^a.s .u-ranted t( u tl Th St; ""'"^'« in t),,> state ••rl''^'"'."^"^^'"'' Hw. ;.,^. . . '^'^'^to, facilities .,.;,. n- '" for the introd \i iit»n f same year John I), 'ph's ohtaiiied uction of th (' nece '"',i^' ali;,rde,| I VIS I^iadl •^^arymachii -^- ti,;;«;: ^,:i;;'; !: -V''^ * )ura and Stepl or horse But tl •^idoratc I>o\\(^r, 1^' federal «-Kiewiti;'C",;:s'';';"-«^ icr\- icn proj-elled l,y st ecu eam nitcrnal nil and with 'its S'ovornment cust ^vas not tciii of urs of the state oinary mterft 'quail }' <-on- tli w encroachment settlers, tlu-rel S O «. it )»resentlv I ^''•ciice ji, tl II' '"■<-h the col >lood >y estahlisi '1.^1*' Jil>e^tv^„Hl •ei^an a sv '",i,''a niine ,,f 'i.^-hts ,,f .scttr }' i'e\-olt. ' ■""/'■ // 7V ,,-. /„ '^ «i''"<'«' ^.- t;;;:',;:c::::r;'r JUlst of ■>•• Hu lu,| >/'■", 83-4, 98-9 'J«f to distinct Joiiit'd M lUl .s ^^;-,.': X --' "L^,,. .,,„,, fxreiiiti ','^. '. I0'i(l afto r- .V. Ji )0(i. '"^^'K' raak^. J/;,f_ jy, "ini M-.i.s lu.t .'i T, •'"an I, j,,i Ex. States, ^' <••'••, IV. "I- 11. mill,' ( '•J-li/tlii, MUTj ''X;iu •>r.(. '^ SLTiCS. lit CHArTER VI. MEXICAN OiM'UKSSIOX AND TKXAX RKVOLTS. 18'J()-1H.'«. Hayokn Ki>w.\iii>s' riiiANT— His Dikfutltiks and Want of Poi.icv— Mkxi- CANS VK.USI s Colon ISIS AnNII.MK.NT ok KliVVAKDs' ('oNTUA« T- John DlNN Hi NIKIt I>ISCONIKN|- OK HI K Cll KKOK KKS— Til K FltKIMtN IAN |{k.- voLT — l'o\ KNANT WITH Inkian TiiiiiK.s- 1 >Ki,rsivK HoPKs— Ukd Mkn's pKllKinV — -MlHDEK OK HlNTKIl ANI> KiK.I.HS- FaIMKK (IK TIIK UkVOI.T — Pkookess and Condition ok tiik Coi.oNiKs—MK.xint's I-'kah.s ok LosiNd Tkxas Ai, vMANs I'uoi'osriioNs Law ok Aphii. tJ, IS.'W-MiM- TAItY l>KsrollS.M IvsTAlil.ISIIMKN r OK (.'rsTOMllolSKS -PoltTS OK TkXAS Ci.osKD — Dkmonsiuations ok tiik Colonists -Hkadihrn's OiTUAciKs — MosTiLiTiKs AT Anaiiiai —Tiik. Tihtlk Uavou Uksolitions Cai'tihk OK I'oiii N'klasco— Mutiny at Anaiiiac and Flkiut ok Hijadhi kn — Kk„SOLITI!)NS ok the AYrNTAMIENIOS — NACO0UOt;HE8 EVACIATED — TiiANi/iiLLiTY Restored in Texas. til In tlio latter part of 1S"2() the first iiulication ap- peared of tlie intention on the part of Anglo-Anjeriean settlers to resist oppression. It has been already men- tioned that, when Austin was m the city of ^Texieo, one of the eauses of the di'lay which attended his en- tleavoi'sto procure a confirmation of the tyrant eonecdeil to his father, was the numerous applications that were heiuix made at that time for similar contraets. A mono- the applicants was Hayden Edwards, who, after much trouhle, (>ventuallv succeedi'd in obtaininij: from tin- o^overnment of the state of Coahuila and Texas a eon- tract to settle 800 families on lands surround iniuf Na- cogdoches.' Edwards thereupon proceeded to tin 'Thu limits of liis grant were as follows: heginniiig at the angle formed by a line twenty leagues from the Sal>ine, ami one ten leagues from the eoast of the gulf of Mexico; thence in a nortlierly direction, passint? tlie jiost oi Nacogdoches, aud in the same diructiou tifteeu leagues above; thence wi.'sterly '98) EDWARDS' PLANM. T'tiitcd Statics, n;ul sjnircd no pains or ox|)(M1so in vu- ilcavoiini; to I'ultil his contract, at tlic same time in- (luciiiijf liis Wrotlicr, Major l^cnjaniin W. Edwanls. to im to Texas and aid liiin in I'stablisliinu Iiis colony.' In Octohcr IS'Jf) Haydcn E^lwanls returned U\ Texas and took uj) liis icsiiK-nce at Nacotrdoches. He 11 diseovei'ed that he liad ditHculties to contend ,S( t) ) with tliat had never trouhled Austin. l*oiti()ns of tlie lands conceded to him weii' alreadv occupied hv Mexican settlers, some of whom had heeii t- WiUilly aldiij; tho said road to tiio San .laciiito; thoiioo down said ri\i r to « itiiin till loaiiuos of tho ooastf tlii'iico oastwardly alonj,' a lino ton la alios tii'iii tho ooast to tin; lio;.;inninj;. Yind-inn'i ///'. power to anthorizo tho ostalilish.iiont 111 sctllomi'nts on tho ton li'aguo ooast rosorvo. Tho fodoral oongross alono <-onl 1 j^'rant that jtrivilojio. ■Kooto Mtati's that lionjainiti Kdwards jiaid a lonj^ visit to Austin, and had many oonviTsations with him on tho suhjict of tho ooloni/ation of 'I'cxas. Aci'orilinj,' to this autiior, Austin and Kdwards woro of ono mind, and had in view ' tho linn ostalilishmont, in this favorod country, of tho institutions of oi\ il and roligious froodoin, and tho rodoiniition of a region from foroi;,'n rule, w liioli rightfully holongod to tho pooiile of the United States, and of whioh tlii'v had hoen notoriously bereaved l)y fraudful negotiations.' Tlioy, how- ever, agreed that many grievances would have to l»e liorne In-foro tho colonion Were strong enough to throw otl" the yoke. Tcj\ nml the Ti.nins, i. '."J. It is ilillioult to believe that Austiu expressed aiiy such ideas with regard to tho truud iiraetised ou the U. S. It l>, M: UN) Mi;\ir.\N OI'PUKSSION AM) TKXAN ItKVOI/lS. niuiiituiii liis authority, Itiit .several ineasure.s a(l<)]>ie(l l.v 1 iiin Wi'vv far t I'niil liolltle 'I'lie seeoml JMticle of liis eolitra«'t jil'uv iii|i- |»ute(| l)y t.lie cori'espondilijL;" titles, sliould he res[»e<-ted ; iiiid tliat in case any of the ancient possi'ssors should cliiiin |i|-eseivatioii of their lij^hts, it was the eni|H('s;i- lio's dutv to coinplv therewith. This aH'orded a wide lo()|»liol(! throuyji which to thrust in claims to the most valuaiile lands, and old title deeds were j»ay lor any iniprovcineiits that had heeii made on the land.^' s Wy tin; jire.seiit occu[>lel'S. Tl lis caused in- dignation to the Mexicans, and ^ave ereat offence t(» the authorities, who could hut rej^ard his notification in respect to the .sale of lands as an assumption arty had its candidate for the office; Cha])lii Edwards' son-in-law, being' put for- ward by the J^ nerican colonists, and Samuel Xorris, devoted to M xicaii interests, by their opponents. The election decided in favor of the former, who took ' A Moxican named Antonio .Seinilveda was engaged in this uufarious busi- uess. Yoakum'.^ Hid. Tew., i. I'StJ. o; -vjl I""' 1"^ i'''rt>- ''Wh,.,.,i\„ ;';■;; '""■-•""-' "''-I'l-. ' " nist ,VK,.til,„. ',.■ ' ""•v.it, , ..,H r,.,vi„„ '■•'"••■"••^^' «'-.t t :„;•: ;;;.^. ;>;■'-■.■;• ti. li,,';;;:"; . ;, '-f '" iii". i.y fi.-^ , ;„ ;;;''"'•"■•' ■'^.■•p'.iv...i,. "i-''V'-)nv.^;;;'t;;o':z;;rM:''"'''''' -■-"'!■-' ^■"■k"' l.y tlu-so ruffians ,;■ "J' ,^""''': ""-I ■;'j"''-'l'Ntl,o.Mexi,.a,, rt ., n "*';'"' •^"''l""' "'■ - "'•'•";;..,■, ;"T„s„tio,,.sJ,2, '■"'■'■?' '■"' ""T 'il<''l. "■ '"■'""■•■'I '-hH «l,o JiHt :;■'", ■'■'■'■'-^ """!'■ t" 'l«j,i'in|,r,-s,-,ri„.' ' ""' """-ral lii» Jiostility t(, '■"""•■ '•^'■-'tiMs .lifficuto ''h '" ''.'« ""^ioty to ovo -"Slit ti,o advice of '^,;ei:;" ;;?'""' '■"""■' """M , .,,,1 , ^""'""' " '""■wo.nn.oiKlc.il |,i,„ 1': I' 102 MEXICAN OITKESHIUN .\:NI> lEXAN KEVOLTS, Ifl m t h 1 rl II I-: to send to Blanco, the provisional governor of tlie state, a detailed account of the conduct of both j)ar- ties.'' This was accordingly done; on Se})teniljer 5th Benjamin Edwards despatched his letter, in wliich, alter entering into full particulars, he alluded to the charges that had been preferred against his brother, and recjuestevl the governor to abstain from taking action until the empresario had an o[)portunity of defending himself Belbre the rccei})t of a rejJy to this connnunication, Hayden Edwards returned, and was soon made aware of the reception it had met with, l)y the rumor wliich was spread that his contract was going to be annulled. At this the Mexican pop- ulation was jubilant. It was confidently anticipated that, as a consequence, titles to land acquired through him would be revoked, and claims were at once set u[) to all the most valuable places occu])ied and inq)roved by Edwards' colonists. The shamelessness of Xorris — who was, however, controlled by Gaines — was such that these abominable claims were sanctioned by him. A reign of terror followed. American settlers were dispossessed of their homes ; were arrested at midniglit and dragged before the alcalde, to be jamished for acts they had never connnitted; they were fined and im- prisoned; and every contumely and vexation that envy and malice couUl suggest were hea})ed upon tliem. The tyranny exercised was so glaringly out- rageous and intolerable that most of Norris' Ameri- can sui)porters abandoned him. At last the governor's reply to Benjamin Edwards' letter arrived, confirming the ])i'evailing rumor. It was dated Saltillo, October 2, 182(). Blanco, after stating that the comnmnication aply to the sui)reme government, but not until they had both first evacuated the country, and that 111! had issued orders to tlii^ authorities of the de})art- mcnt relative to their expulsion." It was an arbitrary and unjust proceeding thus summarily to infiict a ]uav\' pecuniary loss' on the empresario, and banish him without attbrding him a chance to defi'nd his line of conduct. And in this light it was viewed by his colonists, and they were determined to remain passive no lonner. While Harden Edwards was in the city of Mexi?o a])})lying for his contract, certain chiefs of a tribe of the Cherokees, which had lately immigrated into Texas, wvw petitioning at the same time for a grant of land whereon to settle. Amoniif these chiefs was one Fields, a lialf-breed, who possessed great infiuence with the Indiaibj. Witliout receiving any formal assign- ment of territory. Fields, confiding in promises made to him, and a conditi(jnal agreement in 1822 with Felix Trespalacios,** tlu'n governor of the province, on his return to Texas estal»lished a villuiie about fifty miles north of Nacogdoches. Several j'ears passed, how- ever, and still no legal titles to the lands the Indians had st'ttled U})()n was given to them. About the year ly'Jf) John iJunn Hunter," a devoted chami)ion of the 1. '2VA. ' Voiikuiii .sujiplius a copy of iiU tliis jxirtiou of lUaiico'.s luttur. Ifl.sf. T< Kilwiinls liatl exiioutlud ^.W.OOt) in liis t'lTort.-; to eataliliiili his colony. A/., Tliis agreement wiis eontirnieil liy Iturliiilo, April 27, 1823. A/., 21(5. Tliis reniarkal)lu man \va« liroiiglit up l>y Imlian.s Irom lii.f earliest eliild- 1 till he wa.i nineteen or twenty year.s of age. In 1S23 he puhlished a narrative of liis captivity, under tlu' title: Mniiiiir-i rovisional ajj^reements '" whenever it miij^ht be deemed convenient to do so. Hunter, tlierefore, with the consent of the chiefs, undertook a journey to the city of Mexico, for the purpose of representing their case to the sujjrenie gov- ernment, and procuring for them tlieir long-])roniised title. He arrived at tlie ^Mexican capital in ^larcli 1820, but his endeavors met with no better result than those of preceding representatives of the tribe, and vague promises, as heretofore, were all that C(»ukl a Ciip/iri/i/ innoiiif the /infidiis of Xi>r(li AtiirrlritfJ'rnni ('/i/l'//ii>nil f<> tin' Ai/r of Xiiicfcrii, 8v<>, pp. ix., 447. Ill KS'24 a tliinl olitioii was issui'il with addi- tioiis, 8vo, pp. .\i., 4')S, Loiuloii, ]8'24. Hunter Htatf.s that \u' had lui ncnl- K'Ctioii of liis pari'iits, who, lio liuliuvod, wito killod at tin." tiiiu! of liis captiirc, Imt wlii'ii or wliure that oceurrud ho couhl not tell. Hi.s .skill in hiintiny wlien yet a hoy f;ained for him tlie name of ' hunter' amonj,' t!ie ludian.s, v'.iieh he afterward adojited as a patronymic. He a.ssumed his other names out of respect to John l)unn of ^lissouri, who treated him with fi'aternal kindness after his as.soeiation with white people. Having fornietl aeijiiaintance witii fnr-traders, ho ahandoned his Indian life in 181(5, and enj,'.!. d in tradinf,'. I'urinu tlie intervals hetweeii the trading .seasons, he attemled for some yeai's a school near IVarl Kiver, Mississippi, and applied himself assiduously to the study of the English language, writing, and arithmetic, in whicli he made grc it protieiency. In 181.M lie crossed the AUeglianies, went to New York, and, as he .says, hegan a new existence. He afterward visited England and Europe. During )S'2H-4 ho was lionizeriodicals of the U. S. as an ailventnrer who imposed on the credulity of the British jinlilit!, iiud the Xor/h Ami' rim ii /'crlcir, IS'Jti, xxii. 101 7, in nu- (pialilieil language proclaims him a hold hut ignorant iniposti'r. There are many writers, however, who do not regard him in tiiis light, !)ut coii.siilcr that he hronght down upon hiniself the enmity of many persons in the I'. S. on account of his outsiioken vindication of the rights ot the Indians. Consult (,>i(itrt. Uii:, xxxi. 7ti-lll; /l/'irkiri)i)i/'n Miu/., xvi., GilSt, xvii. fiCi; I./lrrarii (.iix, \S-S.i, p. l'4l', etc.; Wnn/'s Mr.,:, ii. u87-8; Footex 7V.r., i. '2:«M7. '"The agreement of April 18'J.S wiis made with tho understanding tliat tlir Indians sluuild retire farther into the interior, and that no additional families shouhl immigrate till tho general colouiziitiou law was published. YoitkiiuiH Ilixt. TtjL., i. I'lO. oe Hi p.. wl of p(»S in An oke will di>t :\i "TJeni •'mi. 111. i till' Coma ImHan tri tiirkateni<:d inpian outbrkak. 105 1)0 (tl)t{iiiu'(l from the cautious trovornuu'iit. When Hunter on his iH'tuni reported liis want of success, liis people wi're terriMy (exasperated atii'ainst tlie Mi'xicaiis, who, thev coiisidei-i'd. Were inteiidiiii^ to defraud them of lands which thev now regarded as their rit;htful possessions. J)riven Irom their vast huntinn'-nrounds in the Inited States hy the advance of the Anj^'lo- Aniericans, their past experience had macU; the Cher- okees watchful and suspicious, and they rejj^arded the \vhit(5 race with no friendly feelino-s. Without niakinjjf distinction, therefoi-e, hetween the colonists and the ^lexicans, they meditated avenr to rouse to action the sjtirit of independence. At tliis juncture! Hunter paid theni a visit, and representinL' to tluMU the hostile intentions of the Indians with nnieh earnestness, laid before them a })roposal that tlie colonists and C'lieroki'cs should enter int'>a lea;j,U(! and alliance for nuitual protection. The plan was " llcnjiimin IvUvards states in liis ;iililrf.ss to tlu' Hcttlfi-s of .Austin's colony, .l:in. Ill, i.S'JT, tliiit no less tiiiin '2'A iliU'eicnt trilx's liiii! iiUieil tlii'iusflvcs witii till' ( 'oiiiiiiiclu! nation. Fontf'x T> luilian tribus niusteroil nearly '20,tKM) vvairiors, i'l aiqi. 'JCi'J. Ward says tliat tliu nuniurout) If: \ ii lOfi MKXK'AN Ol'l'UKSSION AND TEXAN REVOI/rS. approved by the brothers, and Hunter returiud to his villauf(! to conununi(;ate the matter to tluj Indian chit'f's, who were easily induced to follow the advice ot'tlieir zealous friend. A report that the enemy was ap])roachinj^ Xacou;- doches caused Benjamin Edwanls to hasten tliither with all speed. Puttinj^ himself at tlie head of only fifte(.'n men, he prepared a suitable Hag — insci'ibed with the names of the individuals wlu) composed his little band, and with a solemn j)ledy;e to stand by each other in the cause of independence — and on Decend)er KJtli entered Nacogdoches, where he jn'oclaimed free- dom and independence. He then proceeded to fortify himself in a large stone building in the centre of the town; the settlers Hocked to his standard, ai\d his force in a few days amounted to about 200 men. A republic under the name of Fredonia was ])roclaimed, and a temporary govermnent organized. A committee of independence was inaugurated, justices of the peace wei'e chosen for the ditferent settlements, and ^[artin Parmer was appointed to the chief connnand of the military. On December 20th Hunter, Fields, and other chiefs of the associated tribes repaired to Nacogdoches, where on the following day a solenm league and confedera- tion was agreed uj)on and signed by the rei»resentatives of the colonists and Indians respectively.'" Py this covenant it was agreed to divide the territory of Texas between the Indians and Anjilo- Americans, and waoe war against Mexico until their indep(;ndeuce was con- sununated. The portion assigned to the red men was all the territory lying between the United States and '■'A cnjiy of thia treaty in Si)anisli will be found in Cor. Fiil. Mix., IS I\l)., 18117, p. 'A 4. It \V!us made liy Benjamin W. EilwariLs and Haruion IV Mayo on till' j)ai't of the Krodonians, and Kicliard Fields and Jolni I). Hunter oii tlio pert of the IntUan.s. It was ratified the same day by the eonimittee of liulependence and the committee of Red People. The signatures are as fol- low: on tlie part of tlie Indians, Kichard Fields, .lohn I*. Hunter, Ni!k that river to its source; all the territory south of this line was to he- loiii;' to the Americans, The Fredonians had based their project upon the expectation that not only would all the settlers and Indians in Texas support the movement, but also that volunteers from the United Stati-s would join tiie cause. ^lesseiigers were accordini»;ly sent with i)rocla- mations to Xatchitoc lies and Austin's colony, aj)pealin|L( for aid in the cause of freedom. But the hopes of the iiisurntiits were soon rudely crushed. Austin, cautious and politic, was not lonuf in decidini; that the An<;lo- Americans in Texas were quite inca])able of success- fully ])rosecutin|^ a war with Mexico. Any such attempt would inevitably end in the ruin of his colony, and the frustration of his cherished })lans to people a lovely land on a firm basis of welfare and hupjiiness. AEoreover, le condemned the policy of the Fredonians in associatinff themselves with barbarous and blood- thirsty Indians, at whose hands his settlers had suti'ered the only outraj^es they had as yet experienced. As a counter-ettectto Benjamin Edwards' address," he issued a proclamation January 22, 1827, denouncing in strong terms the insurrection. The Fredonians, whom he calls the "Xacogdoches madmen," were, he said, incit- ing the Indians to nmrder and plunder, and o[)enly threatening the colonists with massacre. He repudi- ated them, pronouncing them base and degraded apostates from the name of Americans, to which they had forfeited all title by their unnatural alliance with Indians; and concluded by calling the [)eo[)le of the colony to arms en masse, at the same time aimouncing that 100 men already called out would march against Xacogdoches on the 2()tli." E(}ually unfavorable was the reception of their ap- peals to the United States for aid. Huber, who had '■' Patu.l Nacogdoches, Jan. 10, 1827. Copy will be found ia Id., i. 200-3. '*L'opy Austin's proclamation in Id., i. 200-8. It 1 1 i r. , 1 ll'ri' S"^ I W' lOS MKXICAN OFI'KKSSIOX AND TKXAX KKVOLTS. boon intrusted witli that mission, on liis arrival at Natcliitoclics ropr('sont<- 1, through the nu'diuni of the ])rt'ss, the Frcdonian entrrprisr not only as a hctpcK-ss one, hut also ld. l^ut tin; dcatli-hlow to this wild scheme was the deser- tion of tiie Indians. Many of the tj'ihes would not join the alliance with a ])eo|>le against whom they were eml)ittered. Mexican t-missaiies, too, were sent anion*;' them, who, by })romises and tiireats, allurtid or alarmed tiiem. When the time i'ov action came they turned against their white allies. The rumor of the enemy's approach, which had spread at the latter part of ])ecember, was occasioned by the arrival of Colonel Ellis Bean '' iii the vicinity of Na- co''(loches with thirty-five men. Findin*' the idace too stronj^ly defended, J^ean retired, and the Fredo- nians, seeini^ no cause for immediate alann, dispersed to their homes, leaving Parmer with a fi'W men on guard. Saucedo had, however, set out from San Antonio with about 200 men, under the connnand of Colonel Mateo Ahumada, and reached San Felipe de Austin by the 1st of January. On the 4th he issued a conciliatory proclamation, offering peace and secure possession of their lands to the subordinates, but his offers were received with contempt."* On that same day Norris, with about eighty men, some dozen of whom were. Americans, entered Nacogdoches with the avowed intention oi' hanging the Fredonians. Of the latter there were only eleven, with eight Cherokees, under Hunter, but they boklly charged the invaders, and (juickly put them to flight, with the h)ss of one killed and ten or twelve severely wouniled. The Fre- donians had only one man slightly hurt. It was an ** Bciin had been made colmiel for hia services in the war of indepeiideiii't', and also ohtaiiiod a grant of land in Ti-'xaa. He was one of tlie settlers on Ivlwanls' colony. Ho had lately retnrned from tlie Mexican capital, wliither lie had gone in 18'J5. Mvm. 0/ Cajj. 11'. tS/is we»*c now adopted hy Saucedo. The Indians wen; entirely <»'ained over, and hreakin^* tlieir covenant, joined the Mexicans. Ahumada now marched aj^ainst NacoL>doc]ies with 200 infantry, 100 dra«;'oons, and Austin's reiinforcenient of colonial mili- tia.'' A small number of Fredonians had assend)led in the town, hut their cause was irretrievably lost. Jlordes of recreant allies were within a few leagues of them, ready to raise the war-cry and swoop down U[)on them. Ifunter and Fic^lds, who remaineil stanchly faithful, endeavored in vain to hold their )i 'ojile to their pledge, and were rutldessly murdered for tlieir fidelity.'"* No aiy an Indian. He was going, with two or three eomiianions only- one ot whom kiUrd him— to join the Fredonians at ISaeogdoehes, having lailiMl to indnee the Indians to keep their [)roniises. Fields was an intelligent man, and had joined till! ^'ork loilgo of freemasons widle ill Mexico, i'luitc, i. 'JSO; Yonkiim, i. !.'.".(•: (or. Frd. M,:,-., :{1 Mar., l.S'.'T, p. :\. '■'ilaydeu Edwards retnrned after the Ti^xau revolution, and at one time rejiresenteil his district in the congress. His hrotlier, in lS;?(i, was engaged in raising a company iu .Mississipjii in aid of Texas, Imt di-icontinned his ellorts on recei[it of the news of the hattle of San .lacinto. In \S\Vl he was candidate for governor of Mississipiii, hut ilieil iluring the canvass. Tltrnll'.H Hist. Tr.l-., iVil '2. *" ' Vour kind, your frioudly, aud generous deportnieut towards iny friends %;. k no MEXICAN OPPRESSION AND TEXAN REVOLTS. Thus terminated an insurrection wliich, as far as active operations were concerned, was a trivial affair, but in its significance was weighty and ominous. During tlie three following years the progress and prospects of Austin's colonies were all that could he desired. His conduct in the late abortive rebellion had gained for hiu) the pronounced confidenci; and commendation of the supreme government,"' and he was able to proceed rapidly with the settlement of the new grants he obtained in 1827 and 1828. Other colonies also showed ])rogress. After the aimulmi'nt of Edwards' contract the territorv included in his t>i'ant was divided between I)avid (jr. Burnett and Josepli Vehlein,"^" and inunigi-ants continued to How into that portion of Texas. J)ewitt, although his first settlei's were temporarily driven off by Indians, had laid t>ut the town of Gonzalez'"'* in 182."), and during 1827 and 1828 he succeeded in introducing a considerable num- ber of colonists. In ])e Leon's grant, the town of Victoria was founded, and La Bahi'a del Espiritu Santo had developed into a town of such appreciable dimensions, that by the decree of February 4, 182'.>, it was raised to the rank of a villa, and the hiiih- sounding title of Goliad, or Gtdiath, given to it.'"^ ( )ii the Brazos a tlourishinu; settlement called Brazoria had also sprung up. and fellow-soldiers while prisoners of yours, entitles you and tlie oHieers under your coinniaud to the expression of my thaidis, and h;is insured to you and them a ilistinetion in mir iiearts tiuit will ever se[)arate yon trom tlie rest of your countrymen who liavu ojijiressed us. A.s a toe to yo\ir country, 1 \ icw you still as a national enemy; liut as a man and a pliilantlu'oi)ist, you liu\ f powerful claims upon my heart.' L'llwdvi/n to AliKinada, March •_';'), IfS'JT: Footf, i. 2X7. ^' Auastacio Bustaiuiintc, commandant general of tlio federal forces in thi eastern internal states, in his report to tlie war oliice, Marcli (ith, says: ' No pudiendo menos ssihility that the infant «»iant it had adopted niijjfht not })rove a very docile nieniher of the JSIexican fam- ily, and it hegan to consider that, in lieu of re, natural that Mexico should entertain fears as to tiie future; ol»e(nence of the Texan colonists, and it was eijually natural that the latter would not tamely suhmit to the imposition of fetters similar to those whicii the I 1 I' I ) 1 lliisas; Rio firanilo tliat of (iucrrcrn; Saltillo was chaiigcil ti) TAH)iia Vii'ario; ami Kstfvaii ilo Tlascala to Villaloiigiii. /(/., ().">, JSo. Kilisola i. III.") to wiciicli ,111 aiiagrain out of Hidalgo'.s name, intro(liiou.s // into (ioliaJ, .spelling it (Milliiail. .1. ('. Hfali's, in noc. IXIW, (le.icrilH!s (ioliad a.s a wrutclicit \illa!.',u containing 800 nonls. Tin; inhabitants, almost without uxception, wtru gaui- bLis uii.l BmugyL■t■.^. Z>t.(/r.i' Juuriint, iu Kennedy's Tee., ii. 30-0. 112 MKxit'AN orriu:.ssioN and tkxax ukvolt.s. I ! II ■ fatluis of most of tlu'in luul liclpcil to lucjik. Yet its slioit-siylitiMliicss tlio *;ov('nmu'nt, uikK'I" the (1( in 1 )otic adiniiiistrutioM of Bustiinuintc, tliouulit to ol>\ i- ate a |ii'ol»al>K(, Imt not iiiiavoi(lal>lo roiitiii^ciuv l>y adojitiiiiLf tlio Vfiy iiieasuivs which wvw most «'alcu- latcd to |ir<»voko a sj)irit of antagonism. Atten that Aus- tin's colonists — who far outnumbered all the rest re not of that class. Thev were an in- lei' \V( toij^etl dustrious, respectable people, who had, thi'ough ilan- j:;ers, trials, and privations, built foT' themselves homes in the wilderness, anil converted wastes, that were valueless to Mexico till their ariival, into thi'ivinij^ fai'ms and ])lantations. They had formed a coimnu- nity which had been welded toij^ether in the lurnace of hardship and toil, and which had neitlii'r interfered nor had been interferi'd with in jxtlitical matters. For nearly a tlecade they had been left alont; and had ruh'd themselves."" Xo disposition had been made by either the national or state le^'islature ibr theii' <^"ov- ei'nnient other than the }m)visional one which had vi'sted the ])olitical and military administration in Austii rune anu )U. (le Ley., in Alama)!, Not. Biog., 47-56. '"Articles 9, 10, and 11 of the decree, copy of which will be found in Du- bUiit and Lozu7io, Leg. Mex., ii. 238-40. niai MILITARY I>KSI»OTISM. 115 Siiiniltaiioously witli tlio proniulpition of tl»o law, !^^alUU'l Mi«'r y Teraii, wlio had Ikhmi anpoiiiU'd coni- Miandaiit !>-70; JAex. Mem. Giicrra, \S'M), ]). H; Ki'uncdii's T<:r., i. 375-7, ii. 4-5; Lufcuaiiilirre, M''.r. ft Uuat., 231; Hunt's .\,/./rrs.i,24; Wilkon's Ani. JJist., dli'y. •" In order that the reader may form some idea of the class of men from wliioh the Mexican troops were drawn, and the means employed to raise ri'uruits, I quote the provisions on these points laid down by decree of the congress of L'oahuila and Texaa dated Scj)t. 29, 1820. 'The ayuntamientos with Jw assistance of armed force will proceed to make levies; vagabonds and disorderly persons shall be taken in preference for military service, recruits may be obtained by entrapment and decoy.' Articles 4, 5, and t), iu t'ouh. y T(.r. Lejiox, 42. ■'-' Bratliji.i-n was an American by birth, but had served in the revolution- ary war, and had obtaiued the rauk of colonel iu the Mexican army. t ! 116 MEXICAN OPPRESSION AND TEXAN REVOLTS. at the head of Galveston Bay,*' T^ith 150 men ; Colonel Piedras at Nacogdoches, with 350 men ; and Colonel Ugartechea at Velasco, the post at the mouth of the river Brazos, with 125 men. Bamon Miisquiz at this time was political chief at San Antonio de B^jar. Bradburn was by nature a tyrant, and made himself consipcuous as such. A series of outrages was soon commenced by him. The local authoiities were set at naught, and military law substituted for civil jurisdic- tion; settlers were dispossessed of their lands and property, many of them were imprisoned, and no re- dress could be obtained for thefts and robberies com- mitted by the rascally troops. When the state congress assembled in January 1831, it declared that Jose Maria Letona had been duly elected governor, and Juan Martin De Veiamendi vice-governor. Urgent applications had been made by numerous settlers for the appointment of a commis- sioner to extend titles to them, and Letona, who could do no otherwise than regard the law of April G, 1S30, as unconstitutional, and an infringement on the sover- eignty of the state, sent Francisco Madero in that ca- pacity, with Jose Maria Carbajal, as surveyor, to put the inhabitants of the Trinity River in possession of their lands. The commissioner, in accordance with the state colonization law, granted the required titles, established the town of Liberty, and appointed an ayuntamiento. Teran, as uncompromising a centralist and as aggressive as Bustamante himself, seized this opportunity to exercise his despotic power. Declar- ing that the law of April 6th was being contravened, he ordered Bradburn to arrest Madero and Carbajal, who were accordingly cast into prison at Andhuac. Bradburn next dissolved the ayuntamiento at Liberty, established one at Andhuac, and assuming the appro- priation of a large tract of country, proceeded to dis- tribute lands. All these acts were performed without *' An&huac was known as the port of Galveston, opened in 1825. The island waa uninhabited at this time. COLLECTION OF REVENUE. 117 any authority from the state government; indeed, Bradburn did not condescend even to consult or ad- vise it on the matter. These high-handed measures we re complemented by various tyrannical proceedings affecting tlie welfare of the community at large, and the personal rights of individuals. In the collection of the customs, to the payment of which the colonists had lately been made subject, great disgust was caused. Not that they were op- posed to paying legitimate duties, but the offensive steps taken to collect them provoked their ire. The revenue officers were avowedly inimical in their prin- ciples to the interests of the Texans, and their con- temptuous bearing and arbitrary dealing, supported by bands of armed soldiers, were doubly galling. The tariff, moreover, was considered unreasonable. To facilitate the collection of the custom duties and pre- vent smuggling,^ all ports except that of Anahuac, which only vessels of six feet draught could enter, were ordered to be closed. But the indignation aroused at this blow at the commercial interests of Texas, and the attendant inconvenience in other respects, was such that on December 16, 1831, a large and angry meeting was held at Brazoria to discuss the question. Commissioners were sent to Anilhuac to demand the withdrawal of the order. Bradburn grumbled and asked that time be allow od him to communicate with Teran; whereupon threi.ts of an attack were uttered, and the poit of Bruzos was reluctantly allowed to remain open.^ It is not surprising that, under such circumstances, some proceedings which will not bear scrutiny were committed or conniA^ed at by the settlers. Arms and war iii erial were introduced into the country from '*It ia narrated tliat in .July or Augiiat 18.S0, a Imiul ot amuRglt rs, in nrdiT to carry on their operations unojjposetl, seized the adnunistrato^ oi tue rt'vonuo in Matagorda, and placed hnn in a boat uniler the ciii«tmly of teu men. Piuart's Col, Print, no. 214, p. 2. '^^ Yotikum, i. 281-2; Filusola, tU 8up., i. 180; Tex. Altn,, 18 "9. 103. 118 MEXICAN OPPRESSION AND TEXAN REVOLTS. ! 11 ! the United States in spite of the custom-houses. SniuggHng greatly increased, .nd was very defiantly carried on. In December 1831, while the colonists at Brazoria were under great excitement at the clos- ing of their port, the schooners Ticson (sic), Nelson, and Sabine, under tlio protection of an armed band of colonists on shore, sailed out of the harbor without paying the custom dues they owed; and when an attempt was made to oppose their departure, the Mexican troops were fired at from the vessels and a soldier wounded.^ The administrator of customs at Andhuac, considering it convenient to remove the re- ceiver's office at the mouth of the Brazos to the town of Brazoria, sent thither, in January 1832, the col- lector Juan Pacho to effect the change. Pacho arrived ofi* Brazoria on the night of the 2 2d, and remaining on board, sent on shore a soldier to deliver a copy of the ordinance to the authorities. The unfortu- nate bearer was almost beaten to death by the colo- nists, and such hostile demonstrations were made, that Pacho, deeming it unsafe to remain on board, was glad to land during the night and escape to a place of security. On the 21)th of the same month the Sabine, holding in contempt Teran's orders to detain her and put her crew on trial if she returned, boldly came to anchor at Brazoria, with a full cargo from New Orleans, and two cannon 1 Nor wore the Mexican troops in sufficient force to interfere with her. Thus mutual aggravation widened the breach. Instances of wrongs infiicted on individuals, and invasions of their personal libei*ties, were frequent. Servants were inveigled away by Bradburn from their masters, and made to work without remuneration ; tlie surrender of fugitive slaves was refused, and settlers were arbitrarily arrested and thrown into dungeons."' t ■. * ■ ' ^^ Filiiiola, ut mp., 184-5. Teran's letter to Auatin dated Matamoros, Jan. 27, IS.SS, in hi, 188-9. "' Tilt! reader ia referred to tlio following authorities, which have been con- sulted as to the condition of affairs (hiring tins period; Keimedii's Tex., ii. 6-7; UoUey'H Tex., 322-3; Yoakum, i. 270-0, 281-2, 200-1; Foote'a Ttx., ii. MARTIAL LAW. lur On May 15, 1832, Bradbum proclaimed all the coun- try lying within the ten-league coast reserve to be under martial law. In the same month, almost imme- diately after the adoption of this extreme measure, some soldiers of the presidial troops perpetrated a criminal outrage upon a woman in ihe vicinity of Anil- huac. The enraged settlers, knowing that no redress could be obtained, seized a worthless fellow of their community, who, if not an actual participator in the deed, had connived at it,'" and tarred and feathered him. While engaged in inflicting this punisliment, a troop of soldiers despatched by Bradbum interfered. A scrimmage ensued, in which some shots were fired, and several of the colonists, among whom was William B. Travis — who at a later date gained high renown — were made prisoners. The captives were thrown into dungeons, and treated with great rigor. "*" This event and Bradburn's unwarrantable declara- tion of martial law having been duly reported to Teran, who was residing in Matamoros, the latter, on May 31st, instructed Piedras to proceed to Amliiuac and take such measures to put an end to the disturb- ances as he might deem opportune. But before the receipt of this order, the angry colonists had takc^ii the niatt*ir into their own hands. Many of the settlers on Liinity River and in Austin's colony flew to arms and iiarched to Andhuac, Francis W. Johnson being ehobon their chief in command. The colonies were all: ady ablaze with the spirit of resistance, and were 8-Hi-. Li.rimiHilUrc, Mck. et O'uit., 232; Wilhoth's Ani.35-(); Kit- v'; Mnillard'x IIM. Tea:, 58-62; Filmola, vt»ii)>.,i. l(i!(- 74; Tcnni'n Letter to Aiinfiii, in /(/., 185-0; Rivern, Hist. Jalajia, iii. 2(5-8, 81; Siiiiirz 11 Namirro, J/iftt. Mex., 24(»-7. ^'' Foote states tliat tliis American coininitteewecH of tlie events altout to be narrat(>d are "cry C')ntlictmu. But these writem, with the exception of tlie Knj;Iisiinian .'^Mmody, are Americans, ami all ilerived their information from Texan Hoiircfs. i.cj'orts and letters, however, of Ugartechea, Piedras, and Bradbum, sup- ;! ed i)j I''ilisola, i. 2()5-3(), thrutw imich light on these occurreucos, and en- ai)lu mo to present them with greater clearness and correutnusa. 190 MEXICAN OPPRESSION AND TEXAN REVOLTS. ll^^ ... ripe for rebellion. A certain John Austin*" was at this time one of the alcaldes of Brazoria. He was a man of groat energy, and not being of the type to submit meekly to tyranny, had already obtained prominence by his decided views and spirited conduct. On the 10th of June he joined the insurgents with about 100 men, having captured on the preceding day Lieutenant Miguel Nieto, and a troop of cavalry sent out to re- connoitre by Bradburn, who was aware of his ap- proach. On his arrival, a demand for the release of the pris<^7iers was made and refused, whereupon the settlers v/'k^ ^^v\ entered the town took up a position in the buiiv of the plazuela de Malinche, During the next two . three days some desultory firing took place, but before any effective fighting occurred an adjustment was arranged, by which it was agreed that the prisoners should be released if the assailants would previously surrender their captives, and retire six miles away from the town. The colonists were will- ing to keep their part of the compact, and setting at liberty the cavalrymen, Austin retired with a portion of liis forces to Turtle Bayou.*' Bradburn, however, having secured a quantity of ammunition that had been stored in one of the houses, and had escaped dis- covery, threw his stipulation to the winds, opened fire upon the insurgents that had remained in Andhuac, and drove them from the place. In January of this year Santa Anna had pro- m ^'This Austin was not a relative of Stephen F. Austin. He was born in Connecticut, and I)eing of an adventurous spirit, went to sea wlieii (jiiite a youtli as a sailor before the mast. Having joniod Lang's expedition in 1819, he was sent with other prisoners to Mexico, where he fortunately obtained his rele:u the 2Gth close to the shore, in front of the fort, about 200 yards off; and forty men, armed with rifles, were placed on board of her and protected by a bulwark of cotton bales. During the same night Austin with his remaining force in two divisions approached to within fifty yards of the redoubt on the land side, and under cover of the darkness, and the diversion caused by the fire from the schooner, threw up a palisade. Though firing was kept up during the night, little harm was done to either side ; but when day broke the affair as- sumed another aspect. Austin's breastworks afforded him little protection, the fire from the fort was galling ; and a violent storm of rain coming on, he was com- pelled to withdraw about 9 o'clock, while the Mexicans, whose only gun was mounted en barbette, suflored severely from the rifles of the besiegers. The schooner, however, kept up the engagement; almost every man who showed himself at the gun or above the enemy's parapets was struck by the unerring riflemen. The besiegers' artillery, too, did good service, while the Mexicans' piece was so ill-managed in its exposed posi- tion as to do little injury to the Brazoria. Due credit must bo given to Ugartechea's personal bravery. Over and over again, as the artillerist held the linstock to to fire the cannon, his exposed hand or arm was shat- tered, and when at last his men flinched from serving the gun, their commandant mounted the bastion and pointed it himself. His courage was appreciated. His foes, respecting his gallant bearing, had the mag- nanimity not to strike him down. After a contest of eleven hours the Mexican commander, having almost exhausted his ammunition, hoisted a white flag, and terms of capitulation were signed the next day, by which Ugartechea was allowed to evacuate the fort with the honors of war, his troops retaining their arms, ammunition, and baggage." They were, moreover, "Yoakum, i. 295, incorrectly, and without authority, states that 'tlie enemy were deprived of their arms. See Filisola's statemeut,' i. 215, de- rived from Ugartucliea'a report of the affair. SUCCESS OF THE INSURGENTS. 128 supplied with provisions for their march to Mata- iiioros, 45 According to American authorities, the loss of the Texans in this engagement was seven killed and twenty-seven wounded; that of the Mexicans, thirty- five killed and fifteen wounded. Ugartechea, how- ever, only reports seven of his troops killed and nineteen wounded, ten of whom were shot in the hand or arm; Kennedy raises the numher on both sides, assigning to the Texans eleven killed and fifty- two wounded, twelve of them mortally, and to the Mexicans about one half killed of the 125 men en- gaged, while seventeen "lost their hands by the fear- ful drillinif of the rifle." Meanwhile the forces left by John Austin around Anahuac maintained a steady blockade of the place, confining themselves to cutting off supplies and com- nmnication, without engaging in any active operation. Piedras, the commandant at Nacogdoches, having received Teran's instructions of May 31st, proceeded thither, about the end of June, with a small escort. On his approach he fell into the hands of the revolted settlers, and having heard their statements, promised that the imprisoned citizens should be released, and Bradburn removed. Piedras kept his word. Whether lie would have done so under different circumstances is open to the gravest doubt ;*^ but he saw plainly *'' Consult Ugartechea's report in Id., i. 205-16; Kennedy, i. 8-9; Foote, ii. 20-3; Yoakum, i. 293-5; and Tex. Aim., 1872, 1(50-70. Dowees' account is not only false in most particulars, but is conspicuous for altsurd exagger- ations. Ho sfiys that Ugartechea's force at Velasco was 1,000 men, Brailhurn's 700, and Piedras' 1,300 men; that 700 Mexicans were put to Higlit at Ana- huac by 100 colonists, and that 1,300 men under Picdraa on niarcli to support Bradburn surrendered to 17 'brave Texan lads ' ! Ugartechea, too, was cap- tured, according to this veracious letter-writer, with a large reenforceiiient on (ialvcston island by a company of the insurgents; the garrison at Anahuac then surremlered themselves prisoners of war. LvUvrs, 142-3. The partic- ular letter containing this account is dated Colorado River, Texiis, Dec. 1, bS32, and was consequently written only live months after the occurrences it professes to describe. '"In an official letter which he addressed to Bradburn, July 4, 1832, he re(|uested him to continue in command at Anahuac until the resolution of the conanandaut general waa known. At the same time he counselled Brailbura in'n 124 MEXICAN OPPRESSION AND TEXAN REVOLTS. •!fei. that it would be impossible to cope successfully with the insurgents Having entered Andhuac July Ist, he assumed command on the following day, and sur- rendered from durance Travis and his companions, sending them to Liberty to have their cases decided by the judicial authorities at that place. It is need- less to add that they were immediately released. Bradburn, though requested by Piedras before his departure to continue in command, was too offended to comply, and the latter, having appointed Lieuten- ant-colonel Cortina to succeed him, and made other dispositions, returned to Nacogdoches. He had hardly turned his back, however, before the garrison at Andliuac mutinied, and pronounced in favor of Santa Anna. Bradburn, at the instigation of the officers, reassumed command, and endeavored to keep the troops to their duty at the post by recognizing their pronunciamiento, and uemanded that Cortina should remain their chief. But it was of no use. The troops were determined to abandon the place. On the 13th most of them, with their officers, marched for the south ; and at nightfall of the same day Brad- burn — who says, doubtless with truth, that after his surrender of the command his life was in constant danger — slunk out of Andhuac, and in disguise made his way to Louisiana, with a guide as his sole com- panion. On his journey he escaped molestation by saying that he was going to the United States to seek for aid to drive the Mexicans out of Texas.*^ nu obi I Oh i ' ' :f;'' * The opinion current in the south with regard to the revolt in Texas was that the colonists were attempting to separate from Mexido and annex the country to the to exercise prudence, and adopt conciliatory measures, until the government could send a suilicient force to reiluce the colonists to implicit obedience — ' obligar & los colonos al cumpliniiento de las leyes, y reducirlos & la maa ciega obediencia.' FilinoUi, utsap., 222. ^'Consult the letters of Piedras and Bradburn 's account in Id., i. 218-30. Bradburn went from New Orleans to Matanioros in the early part of 1883. He entered Texas with Santa Anna in 183(i, and being in command in Urreau rear division, escaped death or capture at San Jacinto. !: POUTICAL ACTION. 125 United States. Colonel Josd Antonio Mejfa was, therefore, sent by Montezuma, the couiandante at Tampico, and who had declared in favor of Santa Anna, with a squadron of six ships, having 400 troops on board, to punish the Texan insurgents. Touching at Brazos de Santiago, Meji'a entered into a conven- tion with Colonel Guerra Manzanares, of the Busta- mante party, then in command at Matamoros,*^ the object of which was to enable him to prosecute his designs against the Texans without interruption. On June 14th he sailed for the mouth of the Brazos River, taking with him Stephen F. Austin, wlio was on his return from the state legislature, and came to anchor on the IGth. He immediately addressed a letter to John Austin, enclosing a copy of the conven- tion with General Guerra, which, he said, would in- form him of the motives that had brought him to that coast. John Austin's reply, however, showed matters in a different light, and caused Mejia to discard his preconceptions. The alcalde saiJ that the enemies of Texas constantly attributed to the colonists a dispo- sition to separate from Mexico. So far from such be- ing the case, they were not only Mexicans by adoption, but in heart, and would remain so. He then touched U})on the causes which had driven them to take up arnis.*^ Meji'a and Stephen F. Austin were conducted to Brazoria by a deputation of citizens; there they were received by the committee of vigilance, and the resolutions passed at Turtle Bayou on June 1 nth were presented to Mejia. In order to impress Mejia with a right cotiception of tlie sentiments of the colonists, the ayuntamiento of San Felipe de Austin instructed the subordinate otHcers of the different settlements officially to con- vene the citizens, inform themselves of their political ^''Tcran had engaged Montezuma at Tampico and had been worsted. His want of success preyed on his mind, and ne committed suicide at Padillu, Juno 3d of this year, by falling on his sword. Hint. Mm., v. ill, this series. (.'opy of the convention will Ikj found in Filkola, i. 250-9. ** Edwards HM. Tex., 184-5. Hiil^ ii m 12G MEXICAN OPPRESSION AND TEXAN REVOLTS. i i I B • I views, and forward reports thereon to the ayuntanii- ento witliout delay. Tliis investigation made it evi- dent tliat under no circumstances would jurisdiction by military power be allowed to take the place of the civil authority guaranteed by the constitution. On July 27, 1832, the ayuntamientos in assembly at Austin embodied the sentiments of the colonists in a series of resolutions. Afte»' calling attention to the calunmies against Texas circulated by her enemies, and attributing the late outbreak to the tyrannical and illegal acts of Colonel Bradburn, the ayunta- mientos as a body, expressing themselves in accord with the people of the BrazoH district, pledged them- selves to adhere to the principles of the republican party headed by Santa Anna, with no other object in view than to aid in sustaining the constitution, and to support tlie rights and ])rivileges of the state of Coahuila and Texas, which had been insulted by mili- tary encroachments in the colonies since 1830. They moreover declared that the general and state ct)n- stitutions ought to be religiously observed, and de- nounced a large standing army as a burden to the people and a continual disturber of the public peace, by aftording the means of committing despotic acts. Copies of these resolutions were ordered to be pre- sented to Colonel Mejia and the political chief liamon Musquiz, with re(juests that they would respectively transmit them to Santa Anna and the governor of the state."" Satisfied with these expressions of loyalty, Mejia, after visiting San Felipe and several neighboring set- tlements, sailed from the Brazos for Galveston Bay. On his arrival at the bar he met two or three small vessels from Andhuac, havino- on board a detachment of the troops that had been stationed there. From Subardn, the officer in command, he heard of the late pronunciamiento in favor of Santa Anna and the fligiit of Bradburn ; whereupon he turned his prows toward '*Copy of these resolutions in Id., 188-90. i- REVOLUTION (iAINS STREN(;TH. 127 Tampico, without troubling liimself about the forces which had left that post by laud/^ While Mcjfa was in Texas he did not fail to advo- cate the principles of the revolutionary party, an«l invite the troops, stationed at the outlyiiij^^ plos and his post. But he was not to be left umno- lested. He had made himself obnoxious to the mer- chants in his district, by monopolizing, to his own interest, the more lucrative portion of tlie trade with New Orleans, and his officers and troops, not holding the same pronounced opinions as himself re restive. As Piedras' opposition to Santa Anna was well known, it was determined to force him to declare for the revolution, or dislodge him. Accordingly, the au- tliorities at Nacogdoches, in accord with those at Aes Bayou and other places, collected about 300 men, who, on August 2d, Piedras having refused to submit to tlieir demands, invaded the town. James W. Bullock was in ct)nunand. When the colonists had advanced to the centre of the town, they were charged by the Mexican cavalry, which delivered its fire and whef'l<'d, receiving a volley in return. Encarnaci(m C) !■'>), tlie alcalde of the town, was killed by the Mexicans in tMs skirmish. The Texans now took up positions on tlio north and east sides of the stone building occupied by the Mexicans to the number of 350, and so galled the latter with their rifles, that Piedras evacuated the '-^FUisola, tit aiip., i. 231-G, 250-01, 265-8. I ■ II .1 : ' 1 l'. is 1 1 128 MKXICAN OITUKSSION AND TEXAN UE VOLTS. i *. :l in ri! place (lurin*; the iiiglit. As tlie retroatin*^ tr i wore eroHsing tlie Anglena Htreain, they were tired upon hy Colonel James Bowie and a small l)arty of Texans who had succeeded in getting in their front. The same night the Mexicans pronounced in favor of the })lan of Vera Cruz, and delivered Piedras ui) to the colonists. Viedras was conveyed to Brazoria, awd thence sent to New Orleans, whence he proceeded to Tampico. The troops were allowed to [mrsue their march to Matanioros. According to Texan accounts the loss sustained by the Mexicans was forty -one killed and as many wounded, that of the colonists being three killed and five wounded.'^ By the end of August not a Mexican soldier re- mained in the Texan colonies, the only force left in the de})artment being a presidial troop of iibout seventy men stationed at San Antonio, und<'r command of Colonel Antonio Elozua. This hardly sutticed to hold in check the Indians in the vicinity of that town. Thus was a brief period of freedom froiu opp» lion procured by the settlers.'''^ '■'■' This accnunt of the capture of Nacocdoches is taken mainly from Yoakum, who had boforu liim a atatemeut of Col A. Sterne, who was in the engagement, Col BuUoek's official report, and the journal oi Asa M. Edwards, in whose cliarge Piedras was placed. JUmI. Tex., i. 21)7-0. Filisola's aiv;ount — iit mip., i. 200-74 — agrees with that of Yoakum in the main particulars. Ho, liow- ever, asserts that the Texans were repulsed at Nacogdoches, and resorted to tampering witli the Mexican soldiers, which induced Piedras to evacuate tlie place. The loss of the Mexicans he places at one captain, Ortega hy name, and a few of the soldiers — ' algunos individuos do tropa; ' Kennedy gives the loss of the Texans at three killed and seven wounded, that of the Mexicans 18 killed an! 22 wounded. Ttx., ii. 14. ** Herewitli is given a complete list of authorities for the foregoing chapters. Siiarez if Namrro, Hist. Mej., 85, 244-7, 314, 395-400; Bo" Bdrcena, Recitvr- (hn, 643-53; Mf.r., Col. Dec. Sob. Cong., 172; / :U; Homton'H 7Vx,J, 150-1); La Minerm, May 8, 1845; Nileit' S. Am. and Mex., i. 2()l 3; Id., ffeijlntfr, X. 402-4; xxvii. 270, .134; xxxi. 157; xxxiv. .IJM; xxxvi. 424; xxxvii. 40, 87, 137, 108, 21.1, 277, 3{)4; xxxviii. 4, 201; xxxix. 101; MilW JliM. Mix., 177; nollei/'it Texas, 23.1-43, 310, 321-5; Mo>leni Tiaiiller, Mex. and (fiiat., ii. 28-9; lierUmdier, Diario Vinje, Ri-9; Seinanario Polit., ii. 30- 42; Motfit'it Heft, in T/ioinpnon'a Jiee. i/ Me.r., 174; Mora, liev. Mix., iv. 10J>, 145-9, 1(i9, 202-70; Howittx Ilint. U. S., ii. 343; Cixdi. y Tex., Leyix, inmaiin; (Imizalex, Colereion N. Leon, 1.53, 228-:«); Tex. Aim., 18.59, 30-40; 180O, 225; KSOl, 77-82; iMS, 48-9; 1872, 100-70; Pajmlen Variox, clxvii., pt 10; Cor. fill. Mex., Jan. 20, Ful). 18, Mch 4, 12, 10, 17, 18, 29, July 21, Au^. 18, Nov. 2.1, Dec. 8, 1827; Fob. 18, May 2, Juno 1, 1828; GraUan'H Ci iUzril Amerira, ii. 285-0; tiUinclutrd et DauzAitn, San Jimn de Uliia, 531; L'l'iiH'. He- view, no. 147, p. 250, 259; Pattie'n Narrativf, 290-1; Pinnrt'it MSS., ni> V /iL, '\,l. Doe., MSS., i., no. 248; Id., Print, no. 214, p. 2; El Veraeruainu ifire, Juno 14, 1828, pp. 1-2; Smit/iH Remin. Te.ra.t, 27; l>iec. Univ. Hint. (V^. ., ap. i. 84; T/iompHon'n Recoil. Mex., 174-7; Pino, Nu, i;t Mixico, pasHiin; Aluman, Nntic. liioif., 47-50; Id., Mem. d Aw Cdmaras, 29 ;«); Id., Ifint. Mre shrewd enough to repre- sent their late action as the practical utterance of political principles identical with those expressed in tlie plan of Vera Cruz; and that commander, appar- ently satisfied as to their loyalty, left the field to tlieni. being too anxious to return to tiie seat of the moic important struggle. Thus countenanced l)y a power- ful faction relieved from the })ossibility of any iimm - diate attempt on the pare of Bustamante's government (lao) SEPARATION DISCUSSED. 131 t<^ chastise them, and hopefully reliant on their own physical strength, they began to aim at the acquire- ment of an independent local administration ' Tlie reader will recollect that, on the formation of the state of Coahuila and Texas, there was a |>roviso in the decree, to tlie effect that when Texas possessed tlie necessary elements to form a separate state, notice should be uiven to the o-eneral conurcss for its resolu- tion on the matter. This was virtually an admission that the union of the two provinces was only provis- ional, and tliat the erection of Texas into a state at some futui'c date was contemplated. The Texans considered that the time h.ad arrived when the fulfil- ment of this promise might be expected. This aspi- latioii was based on the extraordinary progress made in Texas, on the fact that her interests were entirely (Hstinct from tliose of Coahuila, and were Mcnerallv saciificed or lost sii^ht of by the state le*>islature, and thnt b(>neficial legislation could only be obtained by disunion. In tlie state congress her representation was greatly in tlie minority, and though tlie legislature in some instances showed a disposition to be liberal, its acts had little regard tor the welfare of Texas wheneN'er tlic^ interests of Coahuila were concerned. In no respect was the want of eomnmnity of interests nioi'e evident than in connnercial matters. The ^eo- graphical position of Coahuila excluded it from mari- time trade, and its connuerce was altogether internal, whereas Ti'xas }>ossessed great natural advantages for the development of an extensive connnercial business with fortign countries. In climate ;ind industrial pur- ' suits, also, tlie contrast was ecpially marki'd, and the liro(hi('tions were dissimili^r. l*astoral and mining occupations })revailed in C(.ahuila; Texas was essen- tially an agricultural country, and ( otton, sugar, and cereals were being cultivated with most Mattering 1 I ' At a public dinnor givim to Mojt.-i one of the toasts was: ' Coiilmila ami Texas — tli(!y an- (Ussiiiiibi.r iti soil, '.limatL', ami protliiotioiis; thurcfore thuy ouglit to be iUhsoIvciI. ' EUwurtla' Jli.it. 'J'l.r., 1S7. ii il I 132 PKOPOSEU SEPARATION. ]>n)spccts. The limit of the production of those com- mercial staples depended oidy on tlie future prosperity of the colonies, which was a matter of serious doubt under the existhij^ political arrangement. In other respects, too, Texas labored under grievous disadvan- tages. Tlie remoteness of the higher judicial courts practically excluded the poorer classes from aj)peal in civil cases, and gave the wealthy opportunities beyond the reach of most litigants; while in criminal cases, the tedious process of the law, and consequent long delays in pronouncing and executing sentence, tended to defeat the ends of justice. On the 28th of April, 1832, a state law was enacted emboilying the spirit of the obnoxious decree of April (), 1830. The liberal colonization law of March 24, 1825, was repealed; ]\Iexicans alone were allowed to become empresari t'trcct that no bank or banking institution, no office of (hscount or deposit, or any other moneyed cor})oration or hanking establishment, should exist under that con- stitution. The memorial to the general government was ihawn up by David G. Burnett, and ably set forth tlie ' A copy of it will be found in Edwards' 11 iM. Tex., 11)0- 'J05. i- ■■11 li'i: ;:■ , ( ' III <> > IH 1 i j i It > 134 PROPOSED SEPARATION. position of Texas. The disadvantages it was laboring under, which I have already mentioned, and the dis- asters attendant upon its union with Coahuila, were forcibly delineated, and the authority of precedents in the formation of New Leon, Cliihuahua, and Durango into states was appealed to in support of the petition.* Stephen F. Austin, William H. Wharton, and J. B. Miller were appointed delegates to proceed to the city of Mexico and present the memorial to tlie supreme government. Austin was the only one of these com- missioners who went to Mexico. On his arrival at the capital he found it the scene of virulent party fac- tion and political confusion. Affairs in Mexico had been undergoing the custom- ary vicissitudes and revulsions. No more stability of principle is observable in Santa Anna than in Bus- tamante. Both used the constitution of 1824 as a clap-trap to introduce themselves to power, and then both cast it to the winds. At the end of 1832 these two generals, after nmcli bloodshed, came to terms, and agreed to unite v\ support of the said constitution. Pedraza, who had been legally elected in 1828, was reinstated and recognized as president till April 1, 1833, the date on which his term of office would ex- pire. Early in that year the elections were held, and on March 30th congress declared Santa Anna and (lomez Farias duly elected })i'esident and vice-presi- dent respectively. From this time Santa Anna's course is remarkable for subtle intrigue and political crafti- ness, used for tlie promotion of his ambitious schemes. Never appearing himself as the principal actor, or in- stigated in the strife between federalists and central- ists, he nevertheless manipulated the puppet-strings of both parties to serve his own purpose, and ever made use of some cat's-paw to secure the prize he aimed at, namely, dictatorial power. Gomez Farias was the ♦Copy of this excellent memorial will he found in Yoabini, i. 4G9-82; Tex. Aim., 1809, 40-50. MOVEMENTS OF SANTA ANNA. 135 known champion of reform, and Santa Anna, absenting himself from tlie capital, left it to him to introduce innovations which he well knew would cause great agitation, while he secretly intrigued with the bishops and religious orders. The reform measures attacked the interests of the two powerful elements of the cliurch and army, and indications of the approaching storm were soon plainly visible. Santa Anna now assumed his office as president — May 16, 1833 — but ill less than three weeks he again surrendered it, June 3d, to Farias, in order to march against an insurgent force that had appeared near Tlalpam under Duran. Ignacio Escalada had proclaimed. May 26th, in favor of the ecclesiastical and military fueros, and called upon Santa Anna to protect them. The wily presi- dent, hoping that in his absence a similar demonstra- tion would be successfully made in the capital", went tlirough the farce of a fictitious capture of himself by Ivis own troops under the command of Arista, who j)ro- eeeded to proclaim him dictator. But an attemi)t at revolution in the capital on June 7th failed, owing to the energy of Farias; whereupon this versatile in- triguer etfected a pretended escape from his captors, re- assumed his presidential authority, and for a time lent his support to the liberal party in order to reestablish himself in the confidence of the supporters of tlie con- stitution. Then he took the field again, and finally the revolutionary army surrendered to him October 8th. at Guanajuato, and Arista and Daran witli other ofticers were sent prisoners to Mexico, As the only road, however, to supreme power was the conserva- tive liigliway occupied by the military and ecclesias- tics, Santa Anna now changed his opinions, and sliowed himself disposed to favor a reaction. Having thus artfully again put progressionists and retrogres- sionists against each otlier, under the pretext of ill health he retired, December 16, 1833, to his hacienda of Manga de Clavo, leaving the leaven of his crafti- ness to ferment.'^ Such is an outline of the political * Consult liuit. Mex., v, 122-30, tliis series. 13C PROPOSED SEPARATION. u : events which were taking place when Austm arrived, July 18, 1833, at the capital. The Texan commissioner lost no time in presenting the memorial to the government, laying before it also other matters in connection with his mission, such as the establishment of a weekly mail between Nacog- (l')ches and Monclova, and one between Goliad and Matamoros, the modification of the customs tariff,^ and the payment of presidial troops. He was well received by Farias and the ministers, but in the tur- moil of contending parties, August and September passed without anything being done with respect to Texan affairs, except that the petition was referred to a committee of congress. At the beuinning of Octo- ber the result of the civil war then raging was ex- tremely doubtful, and Austin considered it his duty to represent in no equivocal language the true position of affairs in Texas, and the stroll^: feelinijs entertained by the colonists. He therefore, on October 1st, expressed the opinion to Farias, that if some renu>dy for their grievances were not quickly applied, the Texans would take the matter into their own hands, and tranquillity would be rudely disturbed.^ This in- timation, though respectfully made, was regarded as a threat, and the government took offence. At the same time Austin addressed a letter, dated October 2d, to the ayuntamiento of San Antonio de Bejar, in wliich, after expressing his hopelessness of obtaining any relief in the paralyzed state of public affairs, he recommended that nmnicipality to lose no time in com- I , ''\ *Tlio petition coacerning the tariflf deservea attention. It requested the national jrovcrnnient to grant for three j'ears the privilege of intr(nlucin>; free of ihity till) following articles: 'provisions, iron and steel, niaeliiiiery, fann- ing utensils, tools of various mechanic arts, liardwaro and hollow-ware, nails, wagons and carts, cotton bagging and halo rope, coarse cotton gfiods and clotliiug, shoes and hats, houseliold and kitelien furniture, tohacco for chew- ing, in small quantities, powder, leail, and shot, medicines, books, and station- ery." Tliese articles, iutlispensable to the prosperity of the cohinists, wito eitlier prohibited, or subject to duties so high aa to auiount to a prohibition. £(lw,vaiation from Coahuila. Austin was present at the deliheration, representing the interests of the Texans. TIhi iiiatter was frankly and fairly discussetl, and thougli the govermnent decided that the time had not yet airived to erect Texas into an independent state, it ixpi'essed itself disposed to fa\'or the pretensions of the colonists, and promote the welfare of the ])rovince with that ultimate ohject. Xor were these idle prom- is( s. Several dispositions were made for the henefit of Texas. The state government was urged to adopt iiK asur-c-s of reform which would procure for the colo- nists tlie enjoyment of just rights, both in matters civil and criminal; suggestions were made as to the means wliicli ought to be employed for the more convenient administration of justice, and even the establishment of tlic iurv svstem was stronulv reconnnended. Fur- tlior interference did not belong to the attributes of tlu" general government, but it showed its friendly inclination by abrogating the 11th article of tlie law of April G, 1 H.'^O, which virtually prohibited the coloni- zation of Texas by Anglo-Americans," and took meas- ures to meet the wishes of the colonists regarding other matters already mentioned. ". instill, K-tpos. AsHiit. TcJ., IS-'JO. Austin etatos tliat his olijcct in so iliiiii!,' was to prevent a popular outliri'ak, '(pu'riendo Austin uoii csta uieiliila, tlr pura I 'uvencion, evitiir lag fatales y tuncstaa coiisc'cuunciaa(|Ui,' rt'sultariaii ilr uii ilusunfreno popular.' Id., 20. Copy of Austin's letter ot Oet. 2, ISIW, in /,!., m. "/'/., 27-8. The decree of ahro>.' >'on was issued Nov. 25, IHX\, Init was not to take effect till six niuutl.a alter its publication. Dublan and Loaano, Li, J. Mvx., ii. G37. I [ 'hi If !i!i m W i|! Ilif! I II I ": 188 PROPOSED SEPARATION. Austin, well satisfied with the results attained, and the manifest friendliness of the suj)renie powers, deemed it politic not to molest the j^overnment by over-zeal- ously urging the more particular object of his mission. On tlie 10th of December, therefore, he left the capital, and arrived Jaimary 3, 1834, at Saltillo, where, having presented himself to the commandant general, he was arrested by order of the vice-president, Farias. The cause of this was, that the ayuntamiento of San An- tonio, liaving received his letter of October 2d, dis- appioved of Austin's reconnnendations, and sent the communication to the central government. Farias had not forgotten Austin's out-spoken utterances at the time when this letter was despatched, and deeply exasperated at the discovery of the commissioner's treasonable designs, as he regarded them, he sent an express to the different governors of the states through which Austin would have to pass, with orders to ar- rest him. From Saltillo the unfortunate conmiissioner was sent back to the city of Mexico, where he was incar- cerated February 13, 1834, in a dungeon of the old inquisition building. Here he was kept in close con- finement and treated with much rigor for three months, not being allowed to comnmnicate with any one, or permitted the use of books or writing materials.^" His case having been referred to the military tribunal, that court decided that it had no jurisdiction in the matter, and on June 12th Austin was removed to a more commodious prison, where his treatment was less rigorous. His case was next successively submitted to a civil tribunal, and to the federal district judge, but with the same result. Finally, about the middle of August, it ^vas carried to the supreme court ot Mexico to decide what tribunal was competent to try him. Thus after eight months' imprisonment Austin '* He attrihutes this severity to the personal animosity of Farias, which was aroused by the phiin lauuuage used by Austin at tlie interview lie had with hiin Oct. 1, 1833. Austins corres., in Edwards' Hist. Tex., UU. S AUSTIN'S LKTTKRS. 139 was still unable to learn by what court his case would be iiivestigatcil. Ill a letter dated Au*>ust 25, 1834, Austin states that he had lon*^ ago retju<'sted to be delivered to the authorities of the state of Coahuila and Texas, and that Santa Anna, who was friendly to Texas and him- self, would have already liberated him, had it not been for representations forwarded by the state government. Tliese rei)re8entatit)ns, it was attirmed, were founded on statements hostile to him, made bv influential Aui^lo- Americans residing in Texas, It appears that Aus- tin's a[)pointmeut as Texan connnissioner to Mexico had met with some opposition, on the ground, as as- serted by his antagonists, that he was "too mild and lukewarm" on the subject of separation, and would not iHsplay sufficient independence and firnmess in support- ing the [)etition. That these opponents should attack him, after the course that had been followed by him, he could not understand, and was unwilling to believe. I[e goes on to state that, in view of the fact that the I'vils complained of by Texas had been remedied, those wlio had previously been in favor of separation frt)m Coahuila were now opposed to it, inasmuch as the rea- sons w'hich made separation necessary no longer existed. His motto had always been, "Fidelity to Mexico, and opposition to violent men or measures." Sum- Hiing up the contradictory views taken of his coiiduct, be says that at one time he was abused for being t(io ^[exiean, and at another was vilified for yielding to popular opinion and firmly and fearlessly representing it. Alluding to a letter addressed by him January 17, 1834, from Monterey to the ayuntamiento of San Felipe de Austin, in w'liich he earnestly urged sub- mission to the authorities of the state and general governments, and that a public act of gratitude should lie expressed for the remedies obtainc' for hNiny evils wliich threatened Texas with ruin, he reiterates the advice then given, with the additional reconnnendation to discountenance all persons "who were in the habit 140 PROPOSED SEPARATION. 1, if.i of s])(uikln^ orwritinjjf in violent or disrespoctful terms, or ill lanj^uage of contoiii|)t or (Icfiance, of tlio Mexican people or authorities." Austin next urges the Texans to keej) elear of all j)olitic'al quarrels arisinj^ in the !^^exican icpublic, and hegs them to recognize Santa Anna, of whose friendly intentions ho again makes mention, until he should be constitutionally dejtosed by tlu! legal vote of the ])eople. Texas, he concludes, "had been so nmch jeopardized in its true and ])erma- nent interests by inflammatory men — political fanatics, l)()litical adventurers, would-bo great men, vain talkers, and visionary fools — that he began to lose coniidence in all j)ersons except those who sought their living be- tween tlu! plough-handles." He advises the farmers to adopt the motto he himself had always followed: "The balance of the ])eople, mere demagogues and j)olitical fanatics, would disappear before sound public opinion,"'^ I have drawn scmiewhat fully upon the contents of this letter, for the reason that they are pregnant with suggestions. From the statements made by Austin, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that Santa Aima, under tlie mask of friendship to Texas and ostentatious consideration for the commissioner, was practising his usual })lan of covei-t and non-compromising action. The referring of Austin's case from couit to court for trial, the charge being that of treason, was trans- parently a trick to gain time, which, supported by fair promises, secured temporary quiet in Texas. ^"^ The dictator — for such Santa Anna was at this time — could w'ait, with his customary j)atience, for an op})or- tunity to deal with the Texan cohmists as his con- venience might require. That Austin was shrewd enouo;h to understand Santa Anna's secret views is nmch to be doubted. I am incUned to believe that his advice to the Texans was given in all sincerity, and "The reader is referred to a copy of this letter in Edwards' J I ijit, Tix., 210-20. '^ Yoakum considers that Austin was held as a sort of hostage for the gimd behavior of Texas. JJint. Tex., i. 324. >l with It is hens to ol does,' the o an nil ceivlv pers( iiieiit |>eact that revei's« paiity pi'evioi "This " jMiliticid talkers," \ .Mf.\ii;ui ji J/iit. /,'/;,. iliccdaiitlu iiiilclieate ."ill, 1N4II. a tilMU fllitdl Ktiidiuil tht imirli tiiiK! ]ii'(ciit, trot im\>lu: iiH'ii iii-ilu'd aiTd liis return U (li>' Jli.scori'r rulinil J'loiil prctaou .Mai toi-y (if tlio aj,'aiii.st tlie i Was (iwinjr t- Sim when j)r ''•iiiii .sliarinj ■tlrcaily cini^ 111' till' Tu.xaii ill their fav( frequent ahu lili.-^linient of iitliie.i are no Vented upon stilijeet i.s the •iiiil w hose wi sueli prejudic glaringly fals 'iii'ai;;n Kenn a«i"gly speak '* Consult ATl'ITUDE TOWARD MEXICO. 141 with perfect confidence in Santa Ainia's professions. It is true tliat the tone of his letter displays an appre- liension of foul ])lay at home, and a natural anxiousness to ol»tuin his release; but to charge him, as Maillard iloc's," with having written what he did, solely with tlie ohject of effecting his return to Texas, would be an unwarrantable condenuiation. Austin had too sin- (•(■icly at heart the welfare of his colonies to allow personal inconvenience to have weight in his judg- HKiit when the question to be decided was that of peaceful i)rosperity or danger of ruin, lie believed that he was perfectly justified in ottering advice the reverse to that ex})ressed in his letter to the munici- jiality of Bejar, and his having given utterance to it previous to his arrest^* is conclusive evidence that his '^Tliis writer says: 'Col Austin, w)io w.is liiinself the most crafty of the " IKiliticiil fanatics, political adventurers, would-lie great men, and vain talkers," wrote in this hland style, solely to escape from the clutclies of the Mexican government, and not with a view to restore tranijuillity to Texiis.' ///<^ 1,'i'ji. 7V.;-., 7U. It would be liard to iliscover a more jirejuiliced ami jaun- iliciil author than ' N. Dorau Maillard, Ksc}., liarristerat law, of Texas. ' Being iiiilrlicate liealth, he left his native England forTexa-s, where he arrived Jan. ;ill, KS4it, and after a residence there of six montiis — during which lie was for a tiiiic cilitcir of the Iliclnnoml Ti'lencope, hccaine a mend)er of the Texan bar, studied the cluiracter of the Texan government and inhabitants, and spent imikIi time in visiting diflfcrent parts of the country — he deemed liimself com- ]i(li'nt, from Iiis personal observations and some information gathered from jpiiliHc men and olKcial records, to furnisli the British public with an unvar- nished aeootint of wliat Texas and tlie Texans really were. Accordingly, on Ills ivturnto England he published T/ie JUn/ori) of t/ie /{t'piihlir oj' Ti\rii-<,J'roiii till' l)Uut abusive epithets applied to them, could gain for Maillard the accom- lili>luiieiit of liis hopes, he must have been eminently successful. His antip- atliies are not confined to the Texans, a liberal .share of his displea.sure being vented upon the United States. In keeping with his unfair treatment of the suhjeet is the partiality he shows to the Mexicans, whom he labors to defend, aiiil wliose wrong-doings he hides. In a work written under the iutUience of sutli prejudices, it is natural that carelessness as to accuracy and conelusif circum- BtancoH, aiul not to porsonal considt'ratioiiH. In otlier respects Stephen Austin's letter throws li Were place iiidcc lit 'an wliic had t (••'cdc of pai tciidc a('C('])t upon of.^[a (livers; In . ti'lHiny Saltili. that y( by the tamieni 111 ^hu .^'overrii great oj further force of of Aprii liiMted 1 tory oft the peo] AFFAIRS IN MEXICO. 143 assured lilm of the aid of the military force at Ciut- uavaca. Acting on tlio Ktron<^tli of this deinonstra- tioii, the i>ro.si(k!nt on tli^ J31st dis.solvcil ('oiijjfrt'ss l)y a ('(•ii{»-d't'tat. ISut he did not rest here; state Ici^nsla- tures and ayuntaniientos were disl)anded, (^oviriiurs wcF'e dejtosed, and adlicrents to tlie phm of (^'ui-rnavaea |)hired in the vacant positions. Santa Anna was now indeed dictator, and havin*.^ played the despot to his heart's content, at the end of 18M4 convoked aconufress wliicli met January 1, 18:55. Tlie priviK'«jfed classes had triuniplied as he had expected; and luivinL,^ siic- c(!ede(l in convertinjjf the country into a chaotic field of party strife, thinkinjjj it now convenient to retire, teiidcT'ed 1 is resij^nation. The conji^ress refused to acci'pt it, lout jjifranted him k'ave of ahsence; where- upon he withdrew to his usual retreat, the hacienda (if Ma'j^na de (Mavo, and api)lied himself to his favorite (liversoiis of cock-fiLjlitinix and ])olitical iu[trovi'd Ity tlie governor, Jose Maria de Letona, and the ayun- tiiniieiito.'" But discord soon broke out in C(»ahuila. In ^larch ]8;53 the state congress removed the seat of •government to Mondova'" — -a proceeding which gave great otfence to the inhal)itants of Saltillo, who were further exasperated by decrees disbanding the civil force of the latter place and annulling the enactments of Ajn-il and May 1829, and Ai)ril 1832, which pro- liihited foreigners from retailin*; o'oods within the terri- tory of the state. Two bitter factions were develojied ; the people of Saltillo revolted, and the legislature at Mondova, in default of a governor, formally invested Fraucisoo Vidaurri with the executive })ower by de- cree t)f January 8, 1834. '' lliit. Mex., V. l.%-43, this series. ";fV„//,., lS,iJ, Pimvt Col., no. 248. '' A ilucreu hail hi-en pas.seil as uarly a:^ Si'|)t. 25, 1828, declaring Monclova tlie cupitiil ol the state, t'oalt. y Tc.i-. Lejc-:, 1j7. *:i kI'M' nm m i .1-' 3m i; ■ ( ■ : ,, !ll ijri I U i 144 PROPOSED SEPARATION. ■i( ) 1'^^ ■^^''■ r'' i H! -i lln-^i Various acts beneficial to Texas were passed by this legislature. The muificipalities of Matagorda and San Augustin were created, Texas was divided into three departments, the new one of Brazos with San Felipe as its ca})ital, being organized, the English languuge was permitted to be used in public affairs, and an addi- tional representative in the state congress allowed ; the privilege of purchasing vacant lands was granted to foreigners, laws were passed for the protection of the persons and property of all settlers, whatever might be their religion, and freedom from molestation for political and religious opinions was guaranteed, pro- vided public tranquillity was not disturbed.^** During the same session a decree was passed in April providing for a supreme court for Texas, which was constituted into one judicial circuit divided into three districts; the nmch desired system of trial by jury was also es- tablished by this law.^" These liberal measures had great effect in promot- ing temporary quiet in Texas, but subsequent events rendered them nugatory to prevent the revolt of the colonists. On the last day of April the legislature closed its sessions, and Coahuila lapsed into a miser- able state of confusion. Intelligence of tiie plan of Cuernavaca caused increased agitation, and an extra session was convoked for August 11th. In July Sal- tillo pronounced against the state government, formed '"See decrees of March 1834. Kennedy, ii. 61, note; Yoakum, i. 319-20; DnkerH Tex., 522. ''Thomas Jeiferson Chambers was appointed superior judge of the circuit. Cliainbors was a native ot' Virginia, a hiwyer by profession, and highly talented. In 182(5 lie went to the city of Mexico, where for three years I'e studied the language, laws, and institutions of the country, making himself a master of tliem, and obtaining his license to practise law in the Mexican courts. He removed to the state of Coahuila and Texas in 1829, and was appointed sur- veyor-general of Texas by the authorities at Saltillo. Owing to the conf;i.si(iii incident to the approaching revolution, Chambers was unable to organize tin; supreme and ermanent deputation, and such nu.anbers of the congress as could \)c assembled, setting forth the imi)ossil)ility of unit- ing sufficient deputies to hold an extra session. Juan Jose Elguezabal was ap))ointod governor in place of A^idauni, who was unable to act on account of ill health, and the movement directed against the laws of ecclesiastical reform recognized as nativ)nal, or in otlier words, the ])ian of Cuernavaca was adopted, and Siuita Anna acknowledged in his new robes of state- craft supremacy.^' The period designated by the constitution for the elections arrived, and they were held under the dis- ])uted authority of the two rival and illegitimate gov- crnnients, aggravating party animosity, and involving the state in anarchy. Both parties prepared for Muodshed; but before any serious collision took place a (•()m})romise was effected at the beginning of Xovcmber, and the leaders of the factions agreed to refer the question of tiieir differences to Santa Anna. The dictator willingly acce})ted the position of ail)iter, and on Decend)er 2d amiounced the follow- ing decisions: 1. The seat of gov(>rnment should remain at Monclova; 2. Elguezal)al was to continue to act as governor until a new election; 3. A new election for governor, vice-governor, and members of the legislature was to be ordered fur the entire state. ^^ 1 I. id J BH , 1' '^ FAwnril'i HU. Tcr., 220; ArriU'tqt, Ncrop., 1835, 102. ^'AV Tictiijio, U Agostn, and 18 Sit!, 1S:U, 172, .'Wit, where will lie found ciijiy iif ilecree. This prueeediiig was based on the *,H)th artiele of the state (.'iiiistitutioii, which says; 'Si las ciremistaiieias d los negoeios ijue hau iiioti- viiilii la eoiivocaeioii estraordiuaria del eoiigreso fuereii tJiii graves y iirgeiites, iiiitnitras j)uedo verifiearse la reunion, la diputaciou pcrnianentc^ unida eon el ciiiiscio y Ids d'-niiis diputados qi\e se halli'ii en la eapital, toniani las jirovi- ilcini.is del nioinento que seail neeesarias, y dani euenta de ellas al eon;4re.so hiiu'ci que se liaya reuiiido.' J/c.r. Col. i/e ('oiiKti/.., i. 220-7. Yoakum con- Bidirs that Vidaurri was deposed, i. 1123. ■M'o])y of tlie decree in Arrilhujd, liccop., 183"), l'J2-5. Hist. N. Mex. St.\tes, Vol, II. 10 i.l.l.f"! - .1 i ;i; vfi m ;! ■ ^ ! 11 w 146 PROPOSED SEPARATION. This arranjOfement proved satisfactory and new elec- tions were held, Agustin Viesca was elected governor, Ramon Musquiz vice-governor, and the requisite num- ber of deputies chosen."^ But the legislature did not assemMe until March 1, 1835, instead of January 1st, and Yiesca did not enter office before April."* It will be remembered that Austin's case was sub- mitted in August 1834 to the supreme court of the nation. That tribunal, however, never declared any decision, nor was Austin ever brought to trial. This anomalous course of proceeding, favorable certainly to the accused, was due to the influence of Santa Anna, who deemed it politic to temporize in regard to settling definitely Texan affairs, and under the cloak of friend- ship secure the commissioner's pronounced ap})recia- tion of his good-will. The dictator gained his point, whether Austin was hoodwinked or not,"^ but his con- cealed intentions are made somewhat apparent by the decision he arrived at in October 1834. On the 5th of that month he convoked a meeting for the serious discussion of the Texan question. The council was C(-mposed of the four secretaries of state, three confidential generals, three representatives to the nati(mal congress from Coahuila and Texas, Lo- renzo de Zavala, and Stephen F. Austin. The dcliK- eration lasted three hours, Austin seriously urging the separation of Texas from Coahuila, and its formation into an independent state, which was as strongly o[)- '^IiL, i. .S'23, 320; Eifimnls, 220,231-2; Ln Onwlrhii, 1 and 11 Mayo, IS:!.', 10(5-7, 137-8; Pitinrt Vol. Print, no. 3iS(>. Filisolastatus that Viesca had linii constitutionally fk'ctod Si'pt. 11, 1834, and tliat this election was ratitioil by tlir new C(iiij;ros8 in spitu of the elections ordered by Santa Anna, and Viesta's ineligibility nnder the convocation issued by Elguezabal, which provided tli;it no one could bo a candidate who had been, as Viesca had, a deputy to tho genei'al congress witldu the last two years, ii. 112-13. '-' Kl;,'uezab;d resigned March 12th, and Jose Maria Cantii was aiiiioindil govi'rnor provisionally until the votes polled in the departments of IJiazos aul Nacogdoches were known. Piiiart Vol., Print, no. 374. '■'■'In a l>arty circular aildresscd to the Texaiia in November 1834 tlnse words 'iccur: 'Wo. a .sure yoii that the feelings of the federal governiiiciit, particularly those of the president, are of the most favorable chiuaitrr towards Texas. AVe are asuured of this fact by our reprcseutativo (Coliiin.! AustuO ' L'd'oanls, 2-7. pose^ HiiaJj tlio Apri \vouI( of ea\ slioul il'H C( coiiiin s]iou]( all ohi; of tlie est res united w'lurau And tl if the i of a SI would 1 Tlie.s iioHev V ;;s lie n iiiuler ( <'hange ] ures' tei was mad ;ui(l the <''»ntainii t<'ry Won the natio tegnil sti tliey wer their inte -" Vwihim, Oetdlier (i, i,s; J'iii'iit Cii^ p "'Austin ii •luesticu is do;i !" 'I .--tate ^.ovi '"■'II niade ui «wuad the pi THE TEXAN QUESTION. 147 posed by tlic state representatives, Santa Anna Huiilly resolved: 1. Tliat he would meditate maturely the decree repealing the 11th article of the law of April C), 1830, and, if no objections were ])resented, would give it his sanction; 2. That a corps, coni])oscd of cavalry, infantry, and artillery, four tliousand sti'ong, should be stationed at Bexar, for the protection of LI coast and frontier of the country, to be under the command of General Meji'a; 3. That proi)er steps shouhl be taken to have regular mails, and to remove all obstacles to the agricultural and other industries of the inhabitants, " who are viewed with the great- est reii'ard;" 4. That Texas nmst necessarilv remain united with Coahuila, because it had not the elements warranting a separation, nor would it be convenient. And though it might be allowed to form a territory, if the inhabitants called for it, yet the dismemberinn* of a state was unknown to Mexican laws, and he would be at a loss how to proceed."^ Those decisions make it evident that the president's policy was to occupy Texas with such a military force as he miijfht consider sufficient to hold the colonists under control, and compel subjection to whatever cliange he might choose to make in the liberal meas- ures temporarily ado})ted. No reference whatever wa-; made to the petition on the subject of the tariff, and the oiler t<3 form Texas into a territory was a soj) containing more tjall than honev. Texas as a terri- tory would assuredly be more subject to tlie rule of tlie natit)nal government than as a portion of an in- tegral state. Of this the colonists were aware, and they were o[)posed to a change which would leave tlieir interests in a more (piestionable position."' With -'' Yoiihni), i. .S'2o-0. Virtor /llanm to (lie (7oirriior nf ('(Vilmih (im/ Ti-ri"*, Uutiilior li, l>s;U, is ({uoti^tl by this writiT ad his autliority. Ti.ius Col. Doc, J'w'irfCul., I'niit, 11(1. 48. •' Au.stiii ill a letter dati'd Mi'xico, Mardi 10, 1S:C), says: 'Tlio territorial '|\U'sti()ii is (k'acl. The ailvocates ol' that iiieasiiiv are now strongly in tavop til a .-itato govcTunient; and t!iat sulijuct is now liotore i-ongress. A cill has hi'iii iiiado u]ion tiui jirusideiit tor inl'onnation on the sulijeet; and I am as.siiiLd tiiu president will make his conmuiuicatiuii in a few days, and tliak ! !,i i:: 11) i J'; 1 i! ■ 1 ifsi ■ !.. , i liljf i ■i!! : I' ■Mil 148 PROPOSED SEPARATION. regard to the decision that Texas did not possess the elements to warrant its formation into an independent state, it is undeniable that this was a fact, for it was wanting in the most inipoi'tant reipiisite, naniely, pop- ulation. The eleventh article of the constitution of 1824 provides that the states shall send to the national congress one deputy for each 80,000 inhab- itants, and for any fraction of that number exceeding 40,000." How, then, could the Texans claim that they were properly (jualified to constitute a state when their })o])ulation did not amount to the last- named figures ? ■'''' it will 1)0 (l(!oi(loilly in favor of Texas ami the state.' Tliis waa regarded as 'agri;i'al)li! iiifoniiatiuii.' EilnvinU, 241. '"Mcx. Vol. < 'oiiHitiir. , i. 3.S. It is true that this clause is added: ' Kl fstadiKiuo no tiivioi'c e.sta i)ol)lacic)n noinlirara sia einhargo uii diimtado; ' Imt thi.-i had n';j;ard oidy to existing states. It was plaiidy intended that a tej'ii- tmy or ])i'()viii(o el'jvatud, in the future, to the rank of .state should have at least SD.OOO inhahitants. -'In the Sj.ring of 1S.'!4 t'ol Juan M"i)oinufeno Almonte was sent l)y tlie supremo ^'overn'i'ent to Texas to report ui»on its condition. He returned in tlif lirf^inniiig ot XovemhiT of tlic same year. Almonte places tlie civilized jioliulatiou of 'i'exas at 'Jl.OCKI, estimated as follows: the dei)artnient of Hejar, 4,()00; tliat of Brazos, 8,000; and that of Nacogdoches, '.),(V)0. He estimated tiie iiuiiLliur of Indians at 15,300, of whom 10,800 were hostile. His tahulir form, nil. 4, is interestir.g, as supplying a list of the municipalities and pnclilos existing at tliat date. The department of Bejar contained four nninicipul towns, namely, San Antonio, (ioliad, San Patricio, and (iiuidalupe Victoria; tliat of Brazos contained five, to wit. Sail Pelipc^, t'olumhia, Matagorda, (ion zalc/, Miuii, and the pnelilos Brazoria, Velaseo, Bolivar, and Hairishur:;; and tliat of Xacogdoches four municipalities, Nacogiloclies, San AiigustiiH', I.iherty, and .rohnshurg, vitli the jmehlos Anahiiae, Beville, Teran, and Tanahii. In .January \S'M) Almonte pul)lisiie(!, 4 t.iMes, "J 11. The total amount of the export and iiiiiMnt trade of Texas he calculated at §1,400,000, as expres.sed in tlie following tal)l>: Iiiiliorts. Kxports. Totnls. Bi'jar S^IO.OOO ^20,000 $(iO,(IOO Brazos :{-_',"),(XK) l»7r),000 (iiMl.oiiO Nacogdoches 2(;.'),000 'iOo.OOO 47(),()Ui» Apiiroximato value of coutrahand tratle witli the interior tiirough the ports of Brazoria, Matagorda, and Copano 270,000 §1,400,000 Kiunedy, ii. 81, classifies this report as Mirief and superficial;' hut ln^ docs justice to it as ati'ording ' tiie proudest testimonial to the fearless and persevering spirits wlio first rendereii tin; goMen glehe of Texas tributary to tiie enjoyments of civilized man.' Tliis fxutiior considered that Almonte's es- timate of the ])opulatiou of Texas was underrated, and that the nuniiiical strength of the Auglo-Texaua was probably 30,000, exclusive of 2,000 uegroea. hi., 70-80. LAND FRAUDS. 149 ATlillo the colonists were thus enrloavoriiiGf to i)r<»- curc a He})aration from Coahuila, the state h'gislaturo, ffiiticipating tlio possiljility of sucli a result, si^'iiis to liave jcsolved to make wliat profit it could out ol' tlie \vaste lauds of Texas. In order to realize quickly, it showed its':!lf alike indifferent, to the value of the lands, the prices obtained for them, and to wlioni the pur- chasers might bo. Numerous sales of immense tracts were made to New York and Coahuilan sjx'culatois at extremely low figures, the purchasers having no otlier view than to resell at a profit. Naturally the Texans regarded such S(|u;uidering of their unoccu[)ie(l domains --which, in fact, constituted tiie futui'e capital of Texas — as an alienation that was simply robbery, jind redolent of legislative corru[)tion. But the clim.ix of these fraudulent proceedings was the sale, in March ls;}5, of 400 square leagues for the insignificant sum of .-;;■.'? 0.0 00."" This ap|)ropriation of the waste lands of Texas was most distasteful to tlie rsu^jreme goverii- niont, which had in contem])lation the ])urchase of tlio ffoiitier lands for the purpose of establishing thereon .^[exican colonies, especially of a military character.''' It therefore declared, by decree of Ajn'il 25, 1835, the sale of those lands, except to the general government, to l)e null.^'" Wlicn the result of Austin's mission became known, early in 1834, the desire for immediate separation from ^"Tlmt is at the rate of little more than one cent and a lialf per acre. This tnu't of land wa.s an api)ro))i'iation tliat had l)een made hy deerej, March '2(itli ol tlu' i)revi(p\is jear, to provide; for a l)ody of militia to prevent Indian depri'- (). ■'-'('oiiy of the deeree, aa Wi 11 as that of tlio legislatnre of C'oahnili and Texas, authorizing the wile, will lie found m Arr'dlii(fso(jii«!iit- lc!tti;rs luul a H()fl(!iiiii the best nuians of resiruinjj^ the country fi-om the chaos of ct»ii- fusion which <)\'erw]iehned it. The m.-ijoi-ity of tht; Texans wert; still rt^adv to luiiti; with the (Ioahui!;ui constitutionalists in th(! reconstruction of the state j^(>vermnent, but thj"(d -to avoid tlu^ "thriiatiMUid labyrinth y tin; bhsssin^s of anarchy." Jict tlu; separation caused by tlu^ "wil- ful anverninent for any law to their ad- ^aMtJttJJ(\ or for tiu; rej)eal of any law hy whidi tlu-y Were ;i,[ tliotju U(l(li'i;a.iu.i in Eilirnnlx, 'Z'l>i 'il. jr ill 111 ^'^ I % ll \\ p ' 1" ■*f ■ ■ i . 7 : i i 1 1 : i i CHAPTER VIII. F-VENTS LEAWNCr TO THE REVOLT OF TEXxVS. 1836, COAHUILA AND TeXAH PROTESTS — T»K StaTK LeOISLATUKE DisBANPEP — OoV- ERNOU VlESt'A ArKESTEU — TeNOUIO E.I KITEK KUOM AnAUIAC — rDLITICAf, Fenoino — Zavala — ^A(iitatoks fuom the Usited States — rtiii.ic Meetings — Akrest of Zavala and Seitlers Ordered -Affair of the Corked and San Felipe — ("ohmhia's Call for a (Jeneral Consulta- tion — Austin's Retirn — His Speech at Brazoria— Preparations for War — CiENERAL Cos Arrives at B^jar — A Dispited Cannon — Tin: Affair at (Ionzai.ez — War-like Enthusiasm — A Permanent Councii, Establish ED— Ai ^tiN Takes the Field — Caiture of (Joliad — United States Sympathy — Land Fraxds — The Consultation Assembles — Its Labors — Organization of a Provisional CJovernment. When it became evident that tlie party now in power intended to establisli a central form of govern- ment, attempts at opposition were made by the feder- aUsts in several of the states, but the centralists triumphed on each occasion. Coahuila and Texas and Zacatecas alone resolved to adhere to tlie consti- tution of 1824. In April 1835, the legislature of the former state addressed an energetic protest to the gen- eral congress against the course that was being pui- sued by it. Citing tlie 47th, 48th, 4t)th, and 5()th articles of the federal constitution, which clearly define the powers of the general congress,^ the state "protests, in the most solemn manner, that, having been received into the confederation by virtue of the fundamental compact, and on the principles therein estal)lis]»ed, it does not, nor ever will, acknowledge the acts emanatinj;' ^Mcj-. Col. ConstitiU., i. 48-53. (152) AFFAIRS AT SALTILLO. ir>3 from tho ijfcnoral congivss which arc not in strirt con- In'.iiiity with tlic oxjnvss tenor of tlio above-citnl arti- (jts ; nor will it admit otlu'r ri'forms of tlio constitution than those made in the manner therein pri'serihed ; on the contrary, it will view as an attemi)t ajj^ainst its sovereiij^nty every measure in opi)osition to these legal dispositions.'"" AEeanwhilc, Zaeatecas had been declared to he in a state of reht'llion, ] ler attitude was sutheiently de- liant. On Mareh 15 1st a decree was ])assed hy the i'cderal contjfress, orderinijf tho states to reduce their militia to the ratio of one militiaman to each 500 in- liahitants and dishand the remainder. The national government Nvould take possession of the surplus arms, l»avin<>: the owners indemnitv for them.^ Such a law carried into efl'eet would place the states entirely at the nu-rcy of the government. Zaeatecas Hatly re- i"usi>d to ohev, and imnu'diatelv Hew to arms. It was iH'Ci'ssary to chastise her, and in Ai)ril Santa Anna, at tlie head of bi'twi'en .'?,000 and 4,000 men, marciied against the rebellious state. On May 10th a sanguin- aiy battle was fought near the state capital, tuid the Zaeatecans comjiletely crushed. At this time General Martin Perf(>cto de Cos was coumiandaiit general of the eastern internal jn'ovince-;, and I'eceived ordei's to take action about the late IVaiidulent land sales. Coahuila was again a house divided against itself. Saltillo, in February or early ill ^Tarch, had resumed the old quarrel with ^[onclova 1 I't'volted, ])etiti()ning tlu^ general government to ■lare null elections wliieh had not been conducted confoi-mity with the ]ilan of Cuernavaca.^ The 'I'ce of ]\larch i th autliorizing the saU^ of the U atfordiiig a pr; cxt, the Saltillo de])uties retired HI the legislature, protesting against the pass;ig(> of (iovenior Cantu called out the militia, and pi'e- aiK (lr< ill (|C( laiK in. it. hCIIIK'll >/. 'I'y ^i lU'Oi ii. 85-7; Foofc, Ti:i\ Ihihl,, .1 L, 11. .)/. i. 38. Alliuit., .luiio (), IM}."), 4'^. It wdiil I iiiiin'fir from this that thu dec- (lorcil !)>• iSuiiLa Anna hiul not boc.i Li;all>' coiuhictoil. 'i 1 ! i \m , ! fiVf: n hi ' ■ I. 1 ' • 1 : i . i [, \ i ■ J - 1 ::| i 1 I ■ ; ! j M IM KVENT8 LKADING TO THE REVOLT OF TEXAS. ])ared to enforce oLedunce. Cos, being ajipealed to, supported Saltillo, and nt might be changed to such })lace as the governor might select, adjourned April 21st, but not before it had framed the above- mentioned protest. "Thus closed forever," says Yo;i- kum, "on the 2 1st of April, 18;55, the legislature of Ct)ahuila and Texas." ^ Mesca, disregarding the threats of General Cos, with the o))ject of reducing Saltillo to obedience, again called out the militia, but was innnediately ordered in peremptory terms not only to disband them, but to disar-m them. He decided to move the sc^at of government to Bejar, and instead of obeying orders, <> FHhnh, Mem. HiM. Giirr. Tfj., ii. 111-1.3. '' Kenned II, ii. 8!(; Te.r. Vol. Dor., Pinart Vol., Print, no. 64 ' Jlist. Mcjl:, i. 335-G, this series. lia THK (K)VKUN.MENT QUKSTION. ]■^5 loft Monclova May 25th, witli tlio arcliivoa, osrortud 1)V 1 .")() iiiilitiaiiR'ti and about twenty A ii<^l()-Ti'xans. Having proceeded as far aa the liaeienchi de Her- iiuinas, lie was ahirnied at hearini)ose his crossing tlie river; and thoroughly disheartened, he returned to ^[onclova, disbanded the militia, and decided to await events. ]iut his fears got the better of him, and iii coni[)any witli ( 'olont'l Milam, Doctor John Cameron, and some ollicers of the state government, he attemj)ted a secret i\ treat to Texas. The party was ca^jtured in a moun- tain pass by the forces under Cos, and sent prisoners I I Monterey. Here Milam escaped. Oi'deis having arrivi'd to transfer the captives to the ilungeous of San Juan de Ulila, they were foi'tunate enough to (•ni'ct their escape on their ti'ansit to Saltillo, and (■\tnitually reached Texas. The state authorities were deposed l)y the general government, and all the decrees of the late session annulled. Those members of tlie h'gislature who remained in Coahuila were arri'sted and banished.'^ Jose A[i"ust 8th. aiK I succeeded by Kafael Eca y Muz((uiz. The questions which the Texans had to decide, now that the legislature had been deposetl, was w hether to submit to Santa Anna and the rule of a guvcinor a})})ointed by him, or establish a govern- iiu'iit of their own. Opinions on the subject were (h\ ided, and at first the peace party dominated. In difi'ivnt numicipalities conunittees t)f vigilance and sarctv were established, and meetinjis held to (lis- 1 i' ! 1 , l.i I iX(; to Tin: mkvolt or ti:xas, tlu' Mrxii'iiii n-()V(«riiiiU'nt just i^i'our.d f'l i- tskiiii^' div c'itk'd nu'asuit's, liastcin*! tlu' ajtproiU'liiiijjf crisis. (^a|ttuiii ToiH)ii() with twenty Mexican soldicis Iwid lu'i'n statitmcd for Sdinc time at Aiiiilinac t() jjfuard the ])(ti't against smii<;<;liiii^r, and allord i)rt»ti'cti»»M to i\\v colK'i-tois of the elistoill^. lie liad often heeii annoyed and liai'assi-d hy the opposition olfeied l»y tlio ineivhants of that plaet; to the payment of the hi^h (hities upon imports, and riotous demonstratio||^; had lati'lv occurred. To sucli an extent hatl thoi' disturl >ances ari'ived, that on June 1st thi' avunta- miento of Jiiherty issui'd an ordei' enjoinin«j^ oh,erv f th »e iieac e, ami caliiuir ujion all officers, civil 10 ance o and militaiy, to aid in sustaining" the revenue olhcial at Aniihuac and (lalveston. Hut this order had id effect. Shortly afterward William H. Travis and ahout fifty ai'ined Texaus attacked and disainn d Tenorio and his men, >vho ht-intj^ driven fiom the town retired to San Feli])e. Th"S hi«jfh-handed ]»rn- ceeding was condemned l)y the municij)ality of Lih erty and the central committee Cos meantime had adihessed from ]\ratamoros a conciliatory circular, dated Juno 12th, in which he maintained that the ii'overnnient in its views with respect to Texas was «i^uided hy justice and jtateiiial regard; hut at the same time a courier was despatched to the couunandant at Aniihuac, informin*^' him tli.it a sti'onif force would shortly he sent to Texas. 1'I;c despatch was intercej)ted," and its contents excited })ul)lic feeling to a hio-h (K>gree. On June '2'2d a meetinji;- of the war party was hcM at San Felij)e. The news of \'iesca's ca})ture had lately arrived, and it was j.roDosed to efl'ect his rescue and ex2)el the Mexicans from Bejar. This bold pio;'- ' Edinii-i/x' ]lUt. Ti l>:{,')-8, '.'40: '/'(■./■. Cul. l)o<:, I'imu-t Cnl., iios 21, 'J8. iiud 4'J, MS. KiKvarils, jiajif '.'liS. stiiU's tliat Tciio wt'rt^ (ii'iiiTi'il to 1 W SCI' II III Sun I'll Mil' as Sdoli as v iim Wiililil let llii'iii.' TI wui'L! woU tivati'd at Sail l'\'li[n! and asiistud on thtir way to IJOjar, tliuir uiins bi'iii^ I'l'.stoi'cd to tlieiii. Yonkitiii, WXi, '.\A\. " '/'(,/•. Vol. Dor., Phiiirt Col., now S7, 38, 44, and I'.'-', MS.; Eilward", 'Jl''; FilUolii, Mem. IJist. Uucrra 'fcj., ii. 1-7. WAR TIIUKAIKNKI). 1.-7 ositlon not nuH'tinjif with tlio favor ot'tho pciKv i>iiity, iiiiotiUT, iMjually audacioUH, was made, Kaiiioii M Uis- (liiiz, tlio t'X-vic'o-«r()vonu)i', was at l^cjar, ami e\|)irs.M(l liiniscir »ra«ly t<» act as ^owiiior it' tlio colonists woiihl sustain him. It wa.s pioposi'd to tako jiosscssion of that town anvoliitionai'V step hecanu> known to(teneral Cos, he i.ssued a pi'odaniation, duly oth, (leclariniT that the inevitahle conse(juences (»f tlu' war, which would residt from any attempt to disturh the pultlic pi-ace in favor of the state authorities lately tlcpos(.'(l, would he visited upon the peisons and pidji- citv of the (listurhers of traiKiuillitv.'' Ahout the s.iine time, July loth, an address of a soothinin' tenor ajipeared from Colonel Cj^artechea, then in command at Hcjar with 500 men." L^jj^artechea ])osse.s.sed many H(t(»d (pialities, was not unpopular anion^- the An^lo- Tcxans, and would have averted the coming' storm. l\'eferi'iniL( to false information which had heen sj>read, to the elK'ct that it was the intention of the o-overn- incnt to send troops to dispossess the colonists of their lands, he states that the ohjc'ct of the authoi's of the reports was no other than "to ])rospcr hy means of a Involution;" antl he assures the settlers that "they lia\ e nothing to fear from the introduction of tr()oj)S ; as this measure would liave no other ohject than that of placing them as detachments at the ports, to pre- vent the smuggling trade which is carried on with iinpunity hy adventurers, and likewise to pi'event the incursions of the Indians." ^'^ '- Viyikinn, i. .I.W-tO; Tex. Col. Do,:, nos 18, .11, MS., and no. 47, print. "A/., no. 17, MS.; Kihninls, 24.'>. " lit' hail l)L'i'ii .sent to Bfjar with this force hy Cos, ostensibly to collect till' rc'vcuuf, Itiit Tin'ull, pago '200, is in error in stating that he arrived in July. St'e Ynak-iliil, .S.'W. '■' rrochunation m Edwards, 2-4(>-7. 1 1 * ! ff'S I ! Ml 1 vM '5' I Ml I 1 ! i" ! I ^ tl 158 EVENTS LEAI)IX(t TO TlIK KKVOT.T OF TEXAS. Nor can it be denied tliat any means were omitted by tlie war party to fan tlie flame of" rebellion. The majority of the settlers were still })eaeeably inelined, and would have remained so but for the excltenu'iit aroused by iniianunatory addresses and exagj^erated representations, liaixl to eontrovert, of the dire eiunity of the government. The finger of warning was pointed to tlu! spectre of despotism and oppret-sion, not only by their own countrymen, but by promin^'iit M(!xieans. Many of the fugitive authorities fiom Coahuila were amonjjf tliem: Lonnizo do Zavala, late iif )venior of the state of jMexieo, had fled from the tyranny of Santa Anna and sought ai\ asvlum in Texas:'*' and Vi>!sea, just bef )re his fall, had addressed the Te/ans in such words as these : " Citizens of Texas, arouse yourse. ves, or sleep forever ! Your dearest interests, your liberty, your property — nay, your very existence— de[)end upon the fickle will of your direst enemies. Your de- struction is resolved uj)t)n, and nothing but that firm- ness and energy peculiar to true republicans can save you." ^' The war l)arty was not slow t(> take advan- tage of such language and the imprecision it made. Agitators preached about liberty and patriotism, op- pression and ruin, spreading alarm with one breatli, and rousing th. s[)irit ot resistance with the next. Now, these agitators represented outside interests, "'Zavala iirri veil in Toxas early in July. Huwas born in Merida, Yucatan, 17S1, v.-iiiTO he was tilucatcd iiThl practiseil as a physician till IS'iO, wli.'a hr was (^Icctiil (li'jiuty to the Spanish ciirtcs. On liis return he was first lua 1 ■ deputy, and then senator, in the Mi^xican congress. In March 1S"27 lie governor of tin -tate of Mexico, which ollice 1 e hcM till the re\olntio ion III ilapa in ]S',H), wnich forced him to Icavt^ the country. In 18.'W he was ai;aii elected ti () coniiress dal so tiovtM'Uiir o f th- h state )f Ml tlie i uiuse pass- ing a nnannnons resolution perinittin was appointed inini-ter to France in the ioUowing year, Imt ri^sij,'ne(l his | to hold hdth positions. Z. tion as soon as in power was s he perc.'ive(0v. 1"), 1S3G. " Edwards, '2M. th( Sta aiK clas the ico- Am hctv tria fiivl tlie all tj fai', i ahjw PARTY MEASURES. im tlio-^o of laml speculators in the north of the United States, and those of the slave-holders in the soutli;'^ and wlien it is borne in mind how tenaeiously hoth classes pursued their ()l)jv"'t, and \\]-'t powerful allies they had in their work of wresting' Texas from ^Tex- ico — the antipathy of race, the contempt of the Ant^'lo- American for the Mexican, ai;d the jarrinjj^ relations hctwcen the two races in the sec'd, civic, and indus- trial phases of life — it is not to he wondered that the fircl)rands thrown broadcast !)y tl^eir agents lighted the blaze of rebellion. And so it was. Before long all the Colonists deeply com])romised ther.>selves; so far, indeed, that the only alternative was war or an abject sub'uission to an offended ])ower. The lil)erty- loviiiiT Anixlo-Texans were not likely to choose the latter. The war party naturally expected that any insub- ordinate act would be regarded by the government in the light of a general expression of feeling; but both thi* j)eace party and the Mexican commanders rec- oijfnized the fact that if a revolt occurred! it would be more the result of operations diret'ted from the United States than actual inclination on the }»art of the mass of the colonists.'^ Yet the loss of Texas, '*^The reader is rof'T^.i ' o a iiamplilot of .'V2 jiages, eiititli5(l, The Orhi'm nitil 'I'mi' < 'iii(Kc-'< of the T'wim J rxiirrir/inii, ('DuniKurid in tin' Ymr /,s'->'.7, rcpuli- lislu'il ill I'liil. in 183t". from tin; I'liil. Xntioinil (I'n-j/t''. The autlmi', vv'no writ-'s iiiulcr tlio uoin de iiluini! of ('oliiiiihiis, states that the easy ti^rms o.i which hinds were o:itailie*Hii|il ,- iny the natives with eontrahand goods. When the time ai^iripaelnd for thosi; who hail taki n np large grants to fullil the condition of colonizing them or gi\inj; thi'in tip, great eti'oits were mad j to throw any kincl of i>oi>nlation into the ili.-itricts. The estalilishmeiit of an indepemlent "overnnieiit for Te\as WDidd he an effectual V\ay of leguli/ing .dl gr.ints, ami Htreiiiioiis efforts weriA niade to obtain it. When this failed, the colonist <, feeling themsidves too Weak to conniete with the power of the repnhlic, deelareil f(n' the constitution if ISl'4, in the expectation that ("oahuila and this contiuuons states woidd unite with them. Tin,' writer goes on at some length to show that a iiundur of the grievances set forth in the Texan deeliratioa of independenee iliil nufc exist, liut liis main ohiect is to ]n(ive that the reveU was not so intieli tho deed of tho actual settlers as of the lasid speculators anil slave holders in tho U.S. '"(Icn. Cos, iu a letter to the gef(^ iiolitico of the clepartmetit of Naeog- doclies, July I'Jth, attribute. 1 the (Ustiiioa.ie.'s in T'exaa to the acts of aliens ' \ ) 'M 100 e\'i;>;t.s li:ai;in(; to the revolt oi' tex.-S. !: ft: ' ! f:!!j!- I m Vll! i : alroady forcshadowod, was feared by the Mexican govermiient, and in it-> anxiety it took tlic very steps to alienate the peace [)arty and liasten the crisis. During the month of July the aj^itation increased. Tiie inhabitants could no Ioniser doubt that Santa Anna's intention was to establish a military yoke in Texas, and numerous meetings were held, both of a conciliatory and contniry spirit. Committees of safety were organized in all the municipalities during this and the previous month, and these now applied tiicm- selvcs with ardor to the discharge of their duties. On July 17th representatives from the jurisdictions of Austin, Columbia, and Mina met in council at San Felipe to discuss the condition of affairs.'"" The in- clination of this convention was pacific; and a concili- atory l<'tt(!r, denouncing the late outrage at vViuihuac, was addressed to Ugartechea; but at the same time the opinion was expressed that, if troops were sent into Texas in any great number, a union of all parties would be the ct)iise(|uence, and a fierce civil war fol- low. Very different Wfire the meetings held on the l!)th at liio Navidad and (jruadalupe Victoria, at whicli warlike resolutions were passed, and Santa Anna's arbitrary acts condenmed."' Thus at this time the balance was still somewhat equally i)oised; but the scale soon turned. When the Mexican authorities heartl of Zavala's arrival in Texas an order was issued for his arrest. ■^■" But it was not the intention of the authorities to stop here : they an I political intrigants. 7V.r. Col. Dnc, MS., no. .%. See also the proda- luation of Wyliu Martin, tlio political chief of Brazos, connscUing niotleration ami peace, hi., no. 3"), and .lrrill"^^ "f i"K part i„ the affair •>* A^T '""" '"'"•'•' « leacl- Ugartochea issued a ^„ , i ^"'"''""'c- On July y , ,. the munieipaiitic. ,rStoTvV'V''" '''-^''- ' persons of Joln.son, Wiufanison 'i^v • * t-'^''"-" "'e Baker; .,t the „an,o thneZZ'lT'^^'^''''"'''- '"«' eient foree to efteet tlieir raotunWf ,,'"' *" ■'*'""' « «"*- to e;:ecute the order. Yet M tl 'rf '*™'-« «'i'ed ."g spread of the doparturt^ th"^ ''"' ' ^l"^ " '■ef'Tt "'■ tlie United States,' the m-, P^'f 'I'd persons ;l™.and for the arres of J:"?*: T'^f . ^l/en tin's f ""«n, a fkr n.ore bittt.r fe'eC"« f'T'" ''ee^'^e peace party, and the war party |, T <'e™'"J'ed in the Events were oecurrin.. at 40.1^ "'"'"ff'^-'-eenforeed. vated the spirit „f war. '^"•"'"='«- too, ivhich aggra- When Cos became aware of T„„ • . t lat port, he sent thithir in tJT'"' '"""^'°" f""« <^apfc.n, Thompson, to fr. "ef t fe "'''"""^■'- «'^<^<'. «Mi ;vas somewhat of t at l.„ ™""''"- "nnnp- ;';l"eh Galveston Bay had nreWon" l"?""*-' "*•■""!' >'- "- >"an, object was to nrnt^a ; ^t^ r" '^'""»». and I'e proceeded in a high-handeV l*"'"'- Accordingly, "' o'dors. He buTlied the /?'""■'■■• '*'"' "' violati.m A.rfhuac, threatened S^hu™ tj!™" "'"' t'''""™ at 'fl'tured the American S 7 " *"' "'"' "' August lexan trade. Such arti nl,,!!!"'?'' ""^"^'^'^ "'the «;tt!ers. He now kei,tT^h •'' e^a-sperated the (;''.«.;« Captain 11^^0 30 ,";"'«* '"' ''"^ '^ « "-"'- evening t:-:,?;viit:r:i-- . ,He WM an En(/l.«I,^„.. ... . "^ i) ,. , > "iikmn, . 35(j „.„/: ,.,,,. •^ • '. "J. MiIi.h wiw one 1.1 .:. I ..Hi '■'.n i ? ' ,1, '■ :^ 'I I :! 162 EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLT OF TEXAS. fired into the San Felipe. An engagement followed, which lasted for three quarters of an hour, when Thonij)Son drew off. In the morning the San Felipe, taken in tow l)y a small steamboat, the Laura, went in pursuit of the Correo, which was almost hecahned about six miles off. The Mexican captain suneiidcrcd without further fiu'htinjjf. The vessel was sent to New Orleans, where Thompson was tried for piracy.'"' At the convention held at San Felipe, July 17tli, Wharton had proposed to call a general council of the people of Texas; but the motion had been voted down, inasmuch as such a step could not fail to l)e regai-ded by the Mexican government in a rebellious light. ( )n August loth a ufreat meetinijf was held at the town oi" Columbia, and a connnittee of fifteen })ersons aj)})ointed to prepare an address to all the municipalities of Texas, urging them to cooperate in the call for a consultation of all Texas. The address was drawn u[) and sent to every jurisdiction. It requested that each (me would elect live delegates, and that the consultation should convene October loth at the town of Wasliingtoii, situated on the Brazos River some miles above San Felipe. But stirring events occurred before that date. Early in September Austin, .so long absent from the colonies, returned to find them, as he describes it, "all disorii'anized, all in anarchv, and threatened with innnediate hostilities.'""*' He had been released through the intervention of Santa Anna,"^ who, after his vic- '■'^Tlus accimiit of the affair between the Sun Felipe and the Correo is mainly ilerivud from J'<]>orf of (he TrhUof T/w/ikik M. T/iovipxoiiyJhr a Pirnii' enl Altiiek ii]ioii /.lie A iiieririni Sr/iooiier Sun. Felipe. By John Wiiitlimi), A. M., counsi'llur at law. N. Orkaii.s, IS.'JiJ. 8vo, pp. 44. The jury could not agrtu, and Tliompsou was remanded to prison, but finally releasecl. He liad lii'cu in till' Mexican service some years. Hd wards, pages '248-1), states that 'rhoiiip- Hon was sent to N. 0. as a pirate, because he could show no document to su[i- port the oliicial ehaivietei' he i>ad assumed. He certainly \^as unalilc to produce his commission at tlie trial, tliough he was sustained by his goNcrn- II lent. •"' See hi.s speech in Foofe'x Te.r. , ii, CO. ■ After l)eing liberated from pri.son under bonils, amnesty wa.'i granted him, and he was allowed to return to Texas through the friendship of Santa Aniiiu AUSTIN'S SPEECH. 163 tory over the Zacatecaiios, had returnofl to Moxioo, ami v.'ho doubtless beheved that Austin would be in- strumental in restoring order in Texas. On Septem- ber 8th lie was entertained at a public dinner i^iven ill his Jionor at I^Tazoria, where a (jfieat concourse of settlers liad conorei'.ited to sjfreet liim. On tliis occn- sion lie deliNi'red a ,s[)eech to a lai'^v assembly,-'' ex- [ilaining his conduct while in Mexico, ant to send troops to Texas, expressing his decided opinion that war would he the inevitable consequence, and concluded his speech \\ith those words : "The crisis is such as to bring it home to the judgment t)f every uian that something must be done, and that without delay. The question will perhaps be asked. What are we to do ? I ha\'e already indicated my opinion. I^et all })ersonalities, or divisions, or excitements, (jr ])assion, or violence, be hanished from among us. Let there be a general < oiisultation of the people of Texas as speedily as possible, to be convened of the best, and most calm, and intelligent, and firm men in tlu* country, and let them decide what representation ought to be made to the general government, and what ouglit to be done ill the future." He then gave tliis toast : '* The con- stitutional rights and the security and peace of Texas 4 i I I I 1 iff ■'Ml TriDid, Trj. 1/ E-itnil. Uitiil., l'^^. Filisiil.i, t(t sii])., ii. 140-1, stati;s that Aus- tin I'liiliarkeil at X'ora Cniz, prncuiMlcil to Nuw Orleans, aii.i tliero provnlccl liiiiiNclf with »rtn» ami iiiunitious of w ar, with which ho returned to Texas in ^uptfiiihiT. -'" FiHpfrt ^ays, ii, tW), more than a thousand Anglo- Americans listened to him for iieiu'l^ iin hour with unbroken delight. 164 EVENTS LEADING TO THE REVOLT OF TEXAS. I . ij •m: ' I f lil .' m- \ i ^' mf • : ' '■' 1 ^ ^ i' Im' ' ' j 1 : • f. ! ; ' ^ 1 !■ i — tlioy ought to bo maintained ; and, joopardizod as they now are, tliey demand a general consultation of tlu^ peo}»le."'"' It is evident that Austin regarded the jD'oseivation of j)ea('e as hardly i)ossil)le, and anxiously though ho hoped for it, and deeply distressed though ho was at the critical situation of his colony, he would not see the settlers' rights invaded or their future welfare imj)crilled without a struggle. The ett'ect of his discourse was beneficial. The liigh opinion in which he was held caused his views to be generally adopted, and henceforth more harmony of spirit and unity of pur|)ose prevailed among the colonists. Indeed, at this time war was no longer doubtful. In the latter j)ai't of August a furtlier demand had been made f.-i' tiie surrender of Zavala and the pro- scribed settlers,*' the list of the latter being greatly enlarged,^Wmd positive information had been received that Cos, with a large reinforcement, was on his march to Bejar, with the intention of breaking up the foreign settlements in Texas. Preparations for the impend- ing struggle were at once commenced. Austin, who had been a})])ointed chairman of the committee of safety of the jurisdiction which bore his name, issued a circular,^'^ Se[)tember IDth, in which that cimimitteo recommended that the peoi)le should insist on theii' rights under the federal constitution of 1824, and that ever}' district should send mend)ers to the general consultation, with full powers to do whatever might be necessary for the good of the country, organize its '*See copy of speech in Foofe, ii. (jO-(w, and in Kenned;/, ii. 97-102. '" Letter of Uyartucliea to E if Ml] 1 ' ; ' lUli' i^ ■ih P 1 rJ'-^ iii' II" I ll : i I, I 166 EVENTS LEADINd TO THE REVOLT OF TEXAS. a mile from tlie ferry. This was on Septeiiiher 29th. Moantimo vohuitecrs from tho Ct)l<)rado and Braz(».s rivers were hastening to the point of danger, and hy October 1st numbered l()8 men, 50 of wliom were mounted. They now decided to attack the enemv, who ]ia'aiiized, Jolin H. Moore beinjif elected colo- nel, and J. W. E. Wallac'e lieutenant-colonel, cro.;sed the (iruadalupe that evening, taking with them the disputetl piece, a brass si.\-])oun(Ier. Having formed line, thev silentlv connnen<-ed tlieir march about eleven o'clock, with the intention of attacking the enemy next day. Day broke with a dense fog, under cover of whicli the Texans ladvanced to within 350 yards of the enemy. The Texan scouts, having approached, deliv- ered tlieir fire and fell back, pursued by a small body of Mexicans. Fire was now opened with the six- ])oundei', whereui)on Castaheda sounded a pai'ley. A confei'ence took place, but no adjustment was arrived at. The Texans would not deliver up the piece, nor would Casteheda surrender. He was evidently pro- crastinating in tbe expectation of reenforcements. When the leaders retired to their res})ective lines, the Texans fired their gun, which was loaded with grape, and charged; upon which the Mexicans ignominiously fied, and iiurr'ied at full speed to Bejar, the Texans returning to (:lonzalez.''*' In this trivial engagement the Mexicans lost a few men, wliile tlie Texans had not a single man killed: but insignificant thougli it was in the matter of blood shed, it was to the Anglo-Texans what the affair at Lexington was to the American colonists. ^''Consult till; account nivcn ]>y ' an olil soldier,' who was personally |iri s- ent ill 7V.r. Aim., lS(il, (iO '2; Macomb's account in Foolr, ii. i)!S-10'J; h'l'iiiiri/i/. ii. K*;")-!!; Yodhnii, i. ;}(il 4; Filisola, ii. 145 (i. Tliis last author stigiuati/.'S ('a.stafu;ila"s conduct. He says, ' rcjfri.sd a Bcjar tray eniio consigo una Diaii- clia <|ni! laliar, una nucva ofciisa a In.-: arnias nacionalcs (juo vengar, y un crimen ((iie jierseguir y escarmentai', . .cii vez ec. ."), ISO;?, in Soiitli Cai'oliiia, liis fatlur luiiij,' an eiiii- fjraiit from Irelainl, and follow iiig tlic occiiiiation of a .stoiie-iiia.soii. Tliiduj,'h tlic interest of John ('. C'allioun, on whose land the family lived, yoiiiij.' KiiBk was placed in the otiicc of William Orishani, clerk for I'eiidletou district, \vlu:re he made himself familiar with the law, to the practice of wliicli hi; wa.s soon ailmitted. He afterward reiiiove''' ^^u 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ vl% 2'^ 170 P:VENTS leading to the revolt op TEXAS. H'Y! organize a govcniiiient, as well as provide ways and means for carrying on the Avar; and after sonus delib- eration tliev returned to San Felii)e to take their places in the coming consultation. There was no longer any want of unanimity amonL( the cohinists. Even the jurisdiction of liherty, op- })osed though it was to a rupture with Mexico,*' and the last to cast peace aside, on the news of the fall of Goliad joined the revolution with a corresponding firmness, and sent assistance to the army. Every- where tlie committees of safety were tireless in theii- exertions to send men and provisions to the front, and raise subscrii)tion8. At Nacogdoches and San Au- gustine, the committees, aided by the central council, took measures to conciliate the civilized Indians, wii(» were in no amiable mood on account of the nciilect with which their claims had been treated, A depu- tation was sent to c(mfer with them, and arrangements made that they should have a representative at the consultatiini. To keep the wild trilu-s in check, njounted rangers were sent to the confines of the disti'icts which they occupied, Sam Tfouston was a|)- jxmited to command the eastern .iiteers. As re- ceivers of contributions and publit i »neys, committees were apjiointed by the central council; J, L, Mood, Jacob (iarrett, and Peter J, Menard composed tiwit for the jurisdictions of the department of Naeogi\ <|'t ■111- 174 KVKNIS LKAI)1Ncuui»ie(l (iiil- \istiiii, tlie three brothers, James, Ke/in I'., ami .loiiii, eiigageil in Imyiiig AiriiMii negroes of l^atitte's men, ciniihu'ting them thningh the swaiii]is of l,oiii>i:iiia for sale. They are said to have made a««>r),(MK) liy tliis traliic. .Iiiiiir.s Howie wiis connected with Long's expedition in \tiV.). In Oetoher I"s:i0 ln' heuaine a naturalized citizen of Saltillo, and soon after married a il.iiiL;liter of Vice-governor Veraiiiendi, of San Antonio ile Itejar. Nov. '2d, \K\\, 111! fought a reinarkalile i)atth! with Indians on the San Salta Uiver, in wiiiili, with his brotiier Keziii, nine other Americivns, and two negroes, he )1i Icated 1(>4 Tehuacanas and Caddos, the Indians losing nearly half their mim- l"r, while the Anglo-Texans had only one man killed and three wounded. \\'lit'ii hostilities broke out, lie attached himself to the Texan cause. Thrall, 'M-2-'). (175) ^1 I m SIEGE OF SAN ANTONIO DE BfiJAIL camped in a bend of tlie river pointing southward, and wlien morning broke, found himself ahnost jsurroundtnl by about 400 Mexicans. Perceiving that tiiero was no chance of escape, he withdrew his men into the river bottom, nearly 100 yards wide, and protected by a blurt' from six to ten feet high, affording an ex- cellent position for defence, since the men could fire from a natural covert without being nmch exposed. The position was further strengthened by a skirt of timber around the bend and below the bluff, to which retreat could be made if necessary. Bowie divided the command into two parties, which respectively (k;- cupied the upper and lower arms of the bend, Fannin being in charge of the latter. Before them stretched an open plain. A heavy fog for some time prevented the opponents from seeing each other, but when it rose, the Mexiciiiis advanced to within 200 yards of Fannin's right, antl poured in a heavy fire, every volley being marked in the yet gloomy light by a blaze all alt)ng their line. It was ineft'ective, however; while the rirtes of tlio Texans, more deliljerately discharged, and with deadly aim, wrought havoc. In order to avoid striking I'licli other, Bowie now wheeled his detachment round the bend and stationed himself on Fannin's left. Pres- ently the Mexicans pushed forward a brass six-poundcr to within about eighty yards, and opened with grape, at the same time sounding the charge. The atti nij»t was attended with disaster. The fire of the Texans was more fatal than ever; each man after discharging his rirte dropped out of sight to reload while another took his place. Three times the piece was cleared of the gunners, and three times the charge repulsed. ( )n the last occasion the Mexicans fled in disorder, leav- ing the cannon in the hands of the victorious Texans. It had only been fired five times. According to Colonel Bowie, the Mexicans lost nearly 100 men, of whom (17 were killed. The Texans had one killed and no one ItA'lTLK OF fONlKrClUN. 177 wounded." About au hour ai'tar the enji^agemcnt the iiiiiiii l)ody of the army came up, and the camp was (stahhshcd near the city. The extraordinary success whicli attended this en- na.nciiicnt, called the hattle of Concepcion, inf San Antonio, it was too stronjj^ to stoiiii without hattt'rinu^ <>^uns. At the same time Austin was douhtful of hein*^ ahlt; to k('e|) tlie army tojrether lon<;" eiioULjh to await the iiii'i\al of such aid.' (\»s meanwhile, little anxious to risk a tjfeneral en- L;aL>'ement, c(»nfined himself to strcni^thenini;' his j»osi- tinii, hy harricadint^' the stri'ets, erectiiiLC hatteries, and adoptinjj^ othei" means of defence. Unartechea, more- over, was despatched with 100 ]>residials to hrin;^' U]) iVoni i^aiedo 400 or 500 convict soldiers.* The <)jK'rations of the l>esiei»;ing army were now very tedious to brave and ea_t(er volunteers ready to take desperate hazards, and many be^an to leave for lioiiie. ()n Novend)er '2d Austin lu'okt; camp, and liassini»" by the »j^arita,'' took up a position on the east Itaiik «>f the rivei-, near its source, on the north side of the town, a constant patrol bt'ino- kept up, which was wry effective in cuttiiiLj off supi)lies. A demand for tiu! surrender f)f the |>laee was made a fV>w days latei- iuid piomptly re-fused; whereu[)on the besiegers ad- vanced nearer to the town and occupii'd an eminence ^Howie's account in Kvniieiti/, ii. lill--, and Foofc, ii. llM-."). Dewces, wlio froi|iiiiitly t'xaj5j;orates, says: ' Over 104 of tlic MexiciuiM lay stn'tched in duatli oil tin; hliKxly Held.' LfUtrx, l.'>7. ■'Austin toCapt. Diniit, Nov. 2d, in Footr, ii. l'i.5: A/., to conimittoo at Sun Filipi!(orig.), in Tex. Col. Doc., no. lf>; Morjihix, Hint. Tex., 108. ' I'iUmUi, lit mip., ii. 18(3. ■' Sfo plan elsewhere in this volume. Hist. N. Mkx. States, Vol. II. 12 178 SlWiK OF SAX ANTOXH) UK IIWAU. iininodiately almvo tlic old mill, which was Bituatcd ahout lialf a iiiilo from the encmyH pickets. Skir mislios o*' slij^ht im|>(ntan(c (u'casionally took place, and att<'m|»ts were made to draw the Mexicans tVom their fortifications; hut ( 'os, thouoh straijjfhtcned foi ])rovisions, |>eitinaciously declined an enu^aijfenient. and waited lor his reenforcements. Ho had at this time ahout HOO men. On Xovemher 'Joth Austin, havinir hcen inft)rme(l of his appointment as commissioner to the United States, resi;4^ned his command and returned to San Felipe, wheie he arrived on the 'JDth. He was su<- ceeiled hy Colonel Hdward l^urleson, who was elected witiiout o[»position to fill his jdact! on the field. On the lollowiniLj day a si'vere skirmish took plati . It has heen called the 'j^rass fiu^ht,' and ayain jnovcd the superiority of the Texans in the field. Tlir arrival of" Uij;artechea was now daily looked for, and it was expected that he would hriny with hun a lar^v sum of money. Scouts were accordin*;"ly sent out to watch for his ap])roach. On the 2()th Cos dcspati'lied a l>(»dv of 100 n»en on the old presidio road t(t cut UTass for his famishiid horses. On theii- returji with their pack-mules loaded they were "Erasmua .Smith, known as Deaf Smith on account of his defective 1m ii in^', Wii8 a celrl)rato(l guide and scout. He was Ixirn in New York .Aju'il I'.', 1787, visited Texas in 1817, and became a permanent citizen in iS'il. A b " years later lie married a Mexican woman of San Antonio, by wliom In- lia'i several children. His coolness in danger was unsurpassed, and during; tin war he did eminent service on tiie Texan side. Smith was uiucli givni to solitude, was remarkable for his gravity, and seldom spoke except in niiiiici syllabic answers to questions. He was severely wounded in the shouMi r at the storming of San Antonio, presently to be narrated. He died at Kichniomi, Fort Bend, Nov. 30, 1S37. Thrall, G20-1; Yoakum, i. 251-2. DlSCJUSTKh VOIXNTKKIIS. 17'.' !iist'i'V('(l from San Antonio. ;i >ii(>Mij \\)vvv was snit out in aid ol'tlir |Lr»">s.s-cutti'i'.s, wiiirli conqKHfd Itiin to rlian«,'o liis tVont. Almost >iiimltanoouslv the main ImmIv of the Trxans taimo ujt. .111(1 a I'Uiinin*^^ ti^ome wounded, while the Texans had <»nly one wounded and one mi.ssinjjf. The nnde-|>aeks which tlif enemy left hehind, on examination, wet-e i'ound to l»r filled, not with silver as was hojied, hut u^rass, ulicnet; the name yiven to the eiiLfaice merit.' liut these oeeasional eonfliet.s were not suffieient to a\i it the impatien*!! which the i^eneral inactivity |»fo- \nke(l, and the dis.satisficd volunteers kejit retuiiiinn' 111 thcii- homes. For in«»ri' than a month they had lui'ii jianiijin!;' around San Antonio, and its capture xrmetl no neaicr accomplishment than at first. H\ tile niiddK; «»f" Xovemher tlu; l)esit!!>in<:' lor-cc; was re iliiccd to les.s than (100 men. Foi'tunateiy ahout tiii.-^ time t]\v two com|>anies of" Xc^w Orleans (Jrays ar- ii\r(h under the connnanered 800 men at the end of the month. It is not to he womlered that the United Stiites vol- uiitreis hfcame disu^usted, and affairs htoked .serious wiicM -JOO of them declared theii' deteiinination to lta\i' Bejar on the last day of Xovend)er and march ;iuiinst Matamoros, where they ixpt'cted to he joined I'.v iVom r),000 to 8,000 men fr(>m the Tnited States. Their ultimate intention, they said, was to [)rocetd into the interior of Mexico. A rumor that an attack ' /'/., ii. 17-18; 7V.r. Aim., IWM), 'M; 'J'li.yli.r's iioci.uiit, in /ialrrt IW., !»•_'; Tlifiill, 210; Sii'M/iern Am. Skwtch Itook; vi., no. v. ;178. Mrs HoUey, \t\\. ■>-ltl-l, fdlldwed l>y Kennedy, ii. VA'A, uiveH a ditfereiit account of this tight, ' mifusing it with an atfair which ttMik place on the 8th, occasioned by the 'iiMtli iif one House, who broke his neck by a fall from his horse. A party wi'iit (lilt to bring in the Ixidy, and was att.ockeil by a superior bolaiiTR>(l jirovcnU'd tlitnn, liowever, t'roni <*arryiii«( <»ut their purpose. On l)e('eni!>er .'Ul three Texans, Hohiu's, Sinitli. and Maverick, apjM'an'd in camp. They Itad hecii detained l)y Cos in San Antonio as suspt-cted personv after the attair iit (Jonzale/, and liavin the enemy and informed him of the nu'ditated attnck. After a serious delihi-ratioii in Hurleson's headipi.it ters he c(»untermandi'd the order- foi- assault. Tin volunteers weie n(»w furious and insuhordinate; miui\ companies refusctl to turn out at the mornini;- jtaradt : and when Hiuleson, later in the djiy, issued orders tu raise tin; siey some that hlood woiiM he shed. At this junctui'e Aiiiold return»'d, and Ik t ter still, a tleserter, a lieutenant in the Mexican aiiii\ , arrivin*^ in camp, stated that the Lfarrison was in con fusion, that the enemy ha<' no kr >wledye of the in tended attack, and that the strenc ji of the place wa- j^^'catly exaj^ircmted. Knthusiasm wasajLjain arous(<|, and Colon«;l Milam, who after the captuic of (Joliail had followed the fortunes of the Texan armv, enlistini: in the ranks, ur«>ed l^urleson to seize the opportunitv and storm the place. Burleson assented, and author ized Milam to pioceed with the entei'prise. Steppin.; in front of the commander's tent, the intrepid ohl soi dier, wavin^jf his hat, cried out, "Who will go with in' into San Antonio ?"" A rin«j^in<^ shout was the repiv ; volunteers for the assault fell promptly into line, and Milam was elected their leader on the spot. The in< n were ordered to rendezvous that niffht soon after daik at the old mill. *The words as reported by Foote, ii. 165, were: ' VVho will join olil Hi ii Milam in storming the Alamo ? According to Yoakum, ii. 25, who doii)itl< -s quoted from the SUili' itiizette, 1840, Sept. 1, 8 15, they were: ' Who will g" witli old Ben Milam into San Antonio ? THE BATTLEFIKM*. 181 San Antonio do Bdjar — called indiscriniinatoly San Antonio and Bujar — i« Kituutod on the San Antonio liivor. the San Pedro Creek lyinj? on itn Houthcrn San Antonio and Environs. A. 0I<1 Mill. (i. Kfiloiibt. )t. UniiNL" of Vprnmeinli. H. (und is generally level in the neighborhood, some- 3,' rli :lii 182 SIEGE OF SAN ANTONIO DE BEJAR. <»I what more undulating on the west, and a number irrigating ditches afforded some defence to the town, the principal buildings of which were of thick wtoiu walls, and strong. The town proper is of oblong foiin. hut on its eastern side it extends into a curious bond of the river. It contains two squares, one the (tld military plaza, and the other the plaza do la Constitu- cion, laid off in 1731. These are se})arated by tlic church and other buildings. On the north side ot these S(juares runs the main street. The accompan\ ing plan will enable the reader to understand the rela- tive positions and o})erations of the combatants. At the ai)pointed time and place 300 volunteeis apj)earcd with two field-pieces, a twelve-pounder and a six-pounder, and provided with crow-bars to break tlirough the walls of the houses. Burleson retained t!i« remainder of the forces as a reserve, a portion of tlicni under Colonel Neill being despatched at three o'clock in the morning across the river, with a piece of ai-tilleiy. to create a diversion by a feigned attack on the Alanic The plan of operations meantime was ai'ranged by tin storming party. Two divisions were formed, one un- der Milam, assisted by Colonel Nidland Franks of tin artillery, and Major Morris"^ of the Grays, Maveiic k. Cook, and Arnold serving as guides. Tlie sectiid command was led by Colonel Frank W. Johnson. ;i> sisted by colonels James Grant and William J. An- tin, and Adjutant Bristow. Deaf Smith and Joim W. Smith acted as guides.^" A little before dawn, on the morning of Decendit i oth, tlie storming colunms moved rapidly but silently forward, Milam directing his course to Acequia strctt. and Johnson to that of Soledad, both of wliidi Kil directly to the main plaza, where, at the entrance nt * Morris waa naiscd to the rank of major on his arrival on tiio field. '"The Ist division consisted of portions of the companies of captains Yuri;, Patton, Llewellyn, Crane, English, and T^ndram, witli the two pieces -n m- tillery and 1.5 artillerymen. Tlie 2d division was drawn from tlie coiiip'itii' -^ of Cook, Swisher, Edwanls, Alley, Ihincan, Peacock, Breece, mil I'liuut ' Venavidcs. Johnson's report, in Tcj:. Aim., 18U1, .')2. THK MEXICANS SURPRISED. 188 tlicse streets into it, breastworks hacl been erected and Ijatteries planted. As they advance, Neill is heard I i.ttiei inj^ at the Alamo. The Mexicans are taken by surprise, and without trouble Milam gains possession of Garza's house, and Johnson that of* Veramendi, each about 100 yards from the square. A sentinel luiviiig fired his piece, the alarm is given, and a tre- mendous cannonade opened. But the assailants are already under cover, and it produces no eftect more ^eiiousthan preventing a connnuuication between the two divisions. The twelve-pounder was, however, dismounted, and the smaller piece was of little or no serviee for want of a cover. But when the liglit came, the ririe did its usual deadly work, and during the day the enemy's guns within range were several times abandoned. On this day the Texans had one killed, and two colonels, one first lieutenant, and twelve l>rivates wounded. All through the night the volunteers, though a leaseless fire was kept up Against tliem, laboied at strengthening their position, by opening trenehes to secure a safe connnuuication. Nor liad the besieged heen idle. At dawn the assailants discovered that the roofs of the houses in their front were occu))ied hy sharp-shooters, who during tlu day ke[)t up a hiisk fire of small-arms. The Gth ])assed, however, with few casualties, only five men being wounded, wliile a detachment of Captain Crane's company, under Lieutenant William McDt)nald, gallantly took [tossession of a house in front and to the right of (larza's dwelling, thus extending the line toward the military plaza. At daylight on the "tli the Mexicans opened a hiisk fire of small-arms from a trench whicli they had made durin<»' the nitjht on the east side of the river, and a heavy cannonade from a Imttery ])lanted on the floss-street leading to the Alamo. But these new jHisitions were of no avail; by eleven o'clock the fire t'rom them was silenced. About mid-day anotli' 184 SIEGE OF SAN ANTONIO DK BWAR. •(';i. ■ building, situated directly in front of the first division, was captured by the Texans. This feat was accom- plished by Henry Cams, of York's company, wlio effected an entrance witli a crow-bar, under a heavy fire. The company followed and held the j)ositi()n. Keeping well under cover, the casualties of the Texans were extremely few; but this day was marked by the fall of one whose memory will ever be grate- fully cherished. Milam, while crossing from his own position to the Veramendi house, was struck by a rifle-ball in the head and instantly killed. Ho fell in the gateway of tlie building, and was bur'cd by liis comrades in arms within a fi'W feet of the s[)ot. His remains were subsequently removed to tlie jHotestant burial ground at San Antonio, where they still rest. His loss wjis deeply deplored." On the death of Milam a meeting of tlie officers was held, and the chief connnand conferreil upon Johnson. At ten o'clock that night ca))tains Jjlewel- lyn, English, (Vane, and Landram, with their (-((m- panies, gained j)ossession of the house of Antonio Navari'o, situated close to the square. Connected with it was a row of buildings known as the Zambraiio Row. The Mexicans endeavored to expel the volun- "AVrtHCf/f/, ii. 14fl; Thrnll, 'tiY2. Bcnijainin R. Miliim Wiw a native of Ken- tucky, Ixirii (if )iiiiiil)lc jiiu'uiit.s, audhaviiig little education, lie distinj^uislu li liinmelf in the war hetween the U. S. anil Knglaml in I8I'2-1.">, ami afterw.iril engag(!cl in trading with the Indians at the liead waters of tiie 'IVixan livn^. Ijater he joini'il Mina in his disastrous expedition in aid of tlie rcvoliitioii.iiy cause in ^lexico, and being one of tliosi; who escaped death, rendered v.diiaM' Hervices. When Iturliide proelainied hiniselt emperor, Milam was anion;.' tin first to join tin; party that opposed him. l''or tliis he was cast into prisnn, where he languisheti till Iturhide's dethronement, wluiii lie was releasi.l. For his servicL's in tlio repuiilieau cause he received in 1828 a grant of elivd and loop-holed it, ready for litlc practice in the morning. But the capture of this strong building, situated on the north side of the main s(|uare, and conunanding every jtart of it, was tlic ci'owninu' work. For some hours after, on every house held by the Tcxans and all along the line of their intrenchments, a turious cam»onade was kei)t u}), while tin; fire-Hashes tVdiii volley after volley of small-arnis illumined tin- darkness and the smoke. But this dis]>lay of gunnery was (»nly a ruse. Cos, during the night, retired to ' This force consistod of .TOO convicts, j^uardcd Iiy 1(K) regulars. Yodlcuii), ii. ;{|. Filisr)la, ii. 1!M), particularizes it thus: 47 Morclos infantry, I4artil- li rviiii'ii, 150 presiilial cavalry, and 400 subatitutes, that is, convicts. H<; stilt IS that a large convoy of provisions was expected witli these troops, ami tliat wlien they arrived without any, the discontent was genertvl. They hail li< ttrr liave not come at all than by their arrival hasten the consumption of till.' little food that was left. 186 SIEGE OP SAN ANTONIO DE BEJAR. ill it 1 r 1 ! :5jr I M the Alamo with the intention of making a general assault upon Burleson's camp, and the garrison and guns were gradually withdrawn from the plaza, witli the exception of one piece and a company of tlh Morelos battalion. But desertion began to manifest itself,'" and insubordination was abroad. Cries ot "Treachery! treachery!" were raised, the impression being that the deserters had gone over to the enemy. Tlie scene of confusion at the Alamo, whither half starved women and children had Hocked by hundreds. is indescribable. There was a perfect panic; it w;i- believed that the soldiers withdrawn from San An tonio had been utterly routed. Soldiers and citiztii> hustled each other in one common crowd, while many of the former were seen making hurried pre))aratioii> for a speedy Higlit. Cos in vain attempted to allay the commotion ; his voice was unheard in the din, and his }H;rson maltreated in the darkness.'* Nothing was left f r him to do but surrender. Accordingly. Adjutant-inspector Jose Juan Sanchez was sent at (lawn with a Hag of truce. During the period of the attack on San Anton'n . Burleson had kept vigilant watch over the operation- ready to aid with reiinforcements, or frustrate any stratcijical movement of the enemy. On the 8tli. about fifty men from the Alamo attempted to creati a diversion by a|)proachi»ng the camj) and opening tiiv u[)on it ; but a six-pounder being brought to bear up- hi them, they were soon made to retire. The same day captains Cheshire, Lewes, and Sutherland, with thcii <'om[)anies, were sent as reenforcements to the assail- ants. When advice was received from Johnson that ^^CapUiiis Juan Cralaii and Manuel Barragan niarchetl oflf with their I'ln- paiiiea to tlio llio (Jraiule, fciking with them 18 of the company of La Balii.i; and Juan Jose Elguezabal, inspector of Coiilmila, left with 'i.T soldiers «t tin 1st company of lamaulipas; in all 17") niounted men, six being officers. /"'.. ii. l»01; Tex. Aim., 18(>0, 41. '*'Los intempestivos gritos de traieion. , .no solo apagarau la voz ■ J^i noche. . .fu6 atropellado y maltratado tie una nianera brutal.' Fduola, ii. -"•>• kSUUEENDER. 187 a flag of tru(te had been sent in, Burleson proceeded to the town. After a long discussion regarding the terms of sur- render, the conunissioners that had been appointed ' on each side agreed upon a treaty, M'hich was signed on the 1 Ith. The conditions were as favorable as Cos could possibly have expected. He and his officers were allowed to retire with their arms and perscmal oftects, under parole of honor not to oppose the rees- tablishment of the constitution of 1824; the convict soldiers were to be conveyed by General Cos with 100 regular infantry, and the cavalry beyond the Rio Grande; the troops might follow their general, remain in Texas, or go elsewhere as they niiglit deem proper, in any case, however, retaining their arms and eflects; [)ublic property and war material were to be dcli\ered to General Burleson; (General Cos was to depart within six days after the signing of the capitulation, and was to be provided with provisions sufficient for his journey as far as the Rio (irande, at the ordinary pri(;e. The sick and wounded were permitted to ic- luam. 18 On December 1 4th Cos, with 1,105 men and a four- pounder, according to stipulation, moved from the Alamo to the mission of San Jose, and on tlie fol- lowing day contitmed his march to the Rio (Grande What his losses were has never been ascertained;'" tliose of tl ' Tcxans, according to Johnson's repoit, '■'Thosu appointed by Gen. Cos were .To8i-."). "Thonipson, ii. 151, considers the estimate '2iM killed and .ItH) woniulcil as ail e.xaggeration. YoaUuni, ii. .SI, thinks tliat the nund)er of killed did not fxceed \M. Filisola states that he does not know the niindier, hut ),'ive.> tliut of tlie men who left with I'os as more tliau 8(M), including the convicts, ii. "JOH. Burleson estimated the nuniher of etl'ectivo nn'n at the time of thi surri'iiiler at not less than 1,.'UK), 1,105 of whom left with • is. If these n\iiii- licrs are correct, it would only leave KM) as the tobil of kdlcd and woumled, for Cos had only alwut 8()0 men before the arrival of Ugartechea with iVM) from IjHrcdo. If Filisola's figures are correct, and Cos left with no more than be- tween 800 and UOO men, the loss iu killeil and wounded woulil be between IKX) and 400. h 188 SIEGE OF SAN ANTONIO DE BtJAR. were two killed and twenty-six wounded, one half of them severely, Twcnty-ono pieces of artillery, 500 muskets, with ammunition and other appurtenances, fell into the hands of the victors.'^ On the 15th Bur leson returned to his home, leaving Johnson with a sufficient force stationed at the Alamo, destined ere- long to become the scene of tragical events. The citizen volunteers of the army dispersed. With the departure of Cos no Mexican soldici remained in Texas. What troops were stationed elsewhere had been compelled to retire during tht siege. After tlie capture of Goliad, Captain Phili[) Dimit was placed in command there, and reiinforoo- meuts having been sent from Bay Prairie and tlic Nueces, his force was presently raised to nearly lOd men. Dnnit thereupon detailed, November 4th or 5th, about forty of them, under Cajjtain Westover, on an expedition against tlie town of Lipantitlan on tlif Nueces River. ^^ Lieutenant Nicolas Rodriguez was in command of the place, and was causing nmch an noyance by detaining traders and travellers on tlicii' way eastward. While Westover's force was on the marcli, Rodriguez, leaving a few soldiers at Lipanti- tlan, proceeded, according to orders from Cos, against Goliad. Tlie Texans, avoiding liim, crossed the river a few miles below San Patricio, and advanced to Lipantitlan, wliicli surrendered at the first sum- mons."" Rodriguez, meantime, aware of the situa- **The alif'Vo account of the capture of Sail Antonio is mainly derived from the reports oi on, Rodriguez advanced against him. Throwing the captured cannon into the river, the Texans prepared for action, and a sliarj) engage- ment of lialf an hour ensued, from wliich the Mexi- cans retired witli a loss of about twenty men in killed and wounded. The Texans had only one man wounded. Tlie captives taken at Li[)antitlan had heen released under the condition that they would not bear arms against Texas. Rodriguez retired to Matanioros. On the day that Cos moved his troops from the Alamo, a terrible tragedy was being enacted at Tani- pico. On November (ith a schooner named the Mori/ ./(///r; cleared the custom-house at New Orleans for Matagorda. There were about 130 emigrants on board, most of whom, confidently believing in the as- surances that had been made them, expected that they were ))ound for Texas. They were deceived, however, and entrapped. A vile scheme had been got up by General Meji'a to make a descent upon Tampico, and inihice the passengers, inveigled on board by fair promises, either by persuasion or compulsion to take piiit in the enterprise. He sailed in the same vessi-l with tliem, but it was not until the sixth day out that the majority of them was aware that a Mexican gen- oral was on board, and that Tampico was their desti- nation. When the Mary Jane arrived off the bai- »»f tliat port, the whole matter was explained, and about Htty of the emigrants, supposed to have had a ])revi<)us undListanding about the expedition, joinetl Mejia's standard. The rest were driven below, and the ves st'l })iesently struck on the bar and was wrecked. A •if jiniipowder composed, the spoil. The fort was a simplu cinlmukiiieiit ini.s- frailly couatructed. ,jt 11 ' 1 i'3-!) Ill ' ;^Ji1 190 aiBiE OF SAN ANTONIO DE BJiJAIi. liiiicliiig having boon eti'ected at great risk, the fort at the north of the haibor surrendered through tht> treacliery of the officer in conunand. On Sunday tlie lotii arms were put in tlie hands of those wlio had previously refused to serve, and an attack directed against the town. Mejia had expected that the Mex- icans would rally to his standard; but he was soon undeceived by the unanimous cries of "Viva Santa Anna! Death to foreigners!" which greeted him in the streets. The attack on the jjlaza was a wretched failure : but Meji'a and most of his force escaped in a small merchant vessel to the Brazos. Thirty-one unfortunate victims, however, were captured, of whom three died of their wounds in the hospital; the re- maining twenty-eight were shot December 14th."^^ While the events above narrated were taking [)lace. the provisional govermnent was far from adequately active. The position was a difficult one, but alas! dissension between the governor and the council pro- ducetl embarrassments which imperilled the probabili ties of success for the Texan cause. Money was badl v wanted. Little coin had the colonists at this period: their wealth consisted in their lands, their cattle, and the ])roduce of their toil — proi)erty not readily convert- ible into specie, and in most instances only sufficient to su^iply their w ants. The richer settlers, it is true, contributed freely, but they were few in comparison '^^ FLiher':< Mciiiorliils, \>assim. Edwardii Hist. Tvx., 2(50-9. Among the tloeuiiients supplied !)•• the writer is the hist petition of the victims, with a list of their names, .^irge sums of money were oflFered for the lives of tin' sufferers l>y sympathizers; even $5,000 for any individual, and §100,000 iis ,i ransom for all. These offers were sternly refused. Consult Filisoln, ii. IN^*^ ih!. Mejia on his return to Texas endeavored to interest the provisional gov- ernment in an expedition which he meditated into the interior of Mi'xii'n. Tlie council, contrary to Gov. Smith's advice, were disposed to help liiiii, Imt reiiuested him to operate with the forces besieging B^jar. Mcjfa declinud and the council withdrew its aid, whereupon he toofe his departure. Mujia's account of the expedition against Tampico will lie found in I<%lier'.'< MtttmrhiU. praying the Texan congress for relief in favor of those who took part in tl.i^ expedition. These memorials, which furnish a large number of documents (• depended on as a standing army in a ])rotracted wai". ^forcover, they had to be provide(Mited its report. The domains of Texas were esti- mated at 250,000 square miles, 10,000,000 acres only |»f which, or 15,(525 square miles, were considered as Jijipropriated, and on these it was suggested that a liix of one cent per acre be levied. The population ■- The members of the council were l)eing continually changed, and some iiit'u of doubtful capacity and integrity were installed during these cliauges. T'.r Mm., 1860, 43. " Journal q/ Gen. Council, 17-18. I ) If n 198 8IEUE OF SAN ANTONIO DK BI^UAK. was fiilculatud at 50,000. A tax of ono dolla)' |m r caput on slaves was also ruaniiiiieiHlod, as well as .1 duty on foreign tonnage, one of one quarter of a <•« nt per pound 011 the exportation of eotton, and anotii* 1 of from 15 to MO j)er centun» on imports. ■"* Hut iv ci'ipts derived from such sources wouly the council, and it was not until December Oth that (ioveinor Smith was autliori/rd to give them. Shortly after that pointed by (it-neral Houston, at tin suggestion of the connnissioners, as agtMits to proctnv arms, anununition, anil })rovisions at New Orleans. (^rcneral Houston, as commander-in-chief, liad iv mained at San Felipe to aid in tlit; organization of tli- army. Under his guidanct; a number of measMr- . were framed antl j)asscd ]»roviding for thti estaliii>ii- Tuent of a regular army of 1,120 men, of hwal militi.i companies, and a corps of rangers. On J)ecemi"i 12th he issued a proclamation,"' ajijujaling to tin' patriotism of the people, and setting before them th«' condition of aiiairs. Santa Anna's letteis had Ixmh intercepted, he said, and his plans for their (k'structi«iii were known. An invading army of 10,000 men li.ii! been alreadv ordered to Texas to exteiminate tin- Anglo-Americans, or drive them from the land. \ force of 5,000 volunteers was wanted to oppose tin invasion. To all who would enlist in the reijfular aniiv a bounty of $24 and 800 acres of land would be gi\ .11 ; '^* Gonne'n Fisc. HiM. Tex., 32-3; Journal of the Council, 03 et sen. '^Copy of wliicli will be found in MorphtH, Jhtt. Tex., 120-31, antl I'ok/, /'., ii. 450-2. OOVKRNtm AM> COUNCIL. 103 If'- i-ii- lllirl til'' hi'cll It I'll I k .\ ,( ' •i;iv i-.'ii ; ItLill'iy •it)(l to tlio8(! wlio toudorod their Horvires for a toriii nf" t\V(» yt'ars, or for the war, as soldiers in the auxiliary Noluiitt'i'r I'orps which it was the design oi' the govern- iiitiit to raise, (140 a<'reH wouhl he given. But ilous- tuii's ctlorts were fettered hy the rupture hetween the ndvcnior and the council, and the unfriendly spirit shown hy the latter and their sui)porters toward hini- M'lr. He hitterly coni|>lained Deceinher 17th that iiKue than a month had elapsed since the adjournnient ot' the consultation, and yet the anny was not organ- ized. He even expressed his helief that the chairman (if the corresponjling committee was interposing every dltstach' in his way. Nor did the evil rest here; its haiiet'ul influence att'ected the foreign volunti'ers. Houston, hy order of tlu^ governor, removed his head- (piarters, December 2r>th, to Washington, on tlu; Hra/os; and on reporting his arrival, mentions that he toiuid there two companies, lately from Alabama and Kentucky, who did not conceal their mortiflcnition at the duhious ]»osition in whicii they fouml themselves, and showed a disposition to abandon the cause.^ The breach between the governor anponents, and as each side had its supj)orters, two strong factions Were developed, (rovernor Smith t)n divers occasions considered it necessary to exercise the veto; but it mattered not, his vetoes were always overruled. Tlu; office of judge-advocate-general was (Teated by the council, and 1). C. Barret, a member of that ^"Houston to Gov. Smith, in Id., ii. 448-60, 453-5. llisT. N. Mex. States, Vol. II. 13 104 SIEfSE OF SAN ANTONIO DE RfcJAK. bo the jjfovernnient for its approval of the scJK'ine. The council readily j^ranteesi(le8 several coinpaniuH on tht- iiiiu'cli to (tifierent places of rendezvous. Id., ii. 46. These nuirlxsrs doubtleHs include the few citizen volunteers who still remained in service. Consult K. il. Brown's account, in Tex. A Im., 1859, 134. He estimates the number of I'. S. volunteers at San Antonio at about 400 men. '^Houston to Bowie, in Id., 454; MorphU, Hint, Tex., 133. fl« -1 1f the eyes; the ga])e of the mouth; the vacant stiirc; the hung licad; tlio restless, fidgety disposition; the sneaking, sycophantic look; a natural incan- iioss of countenance; an unguarded shrug of tiie shoulders; a sympatlnih' tickling and contraction of tlie muscles of the neck, anticipating the Vi>\>r: ,i restless uneasiness to adjourn, dreading to face the storm themselves li.ive raised.' 'L *■ the honest and indignant part of your council drive tlie woho.s o'lt of the fold.' 'They are parricides, piercing their devoted country, al- ready bloc Jiug at every pore. ' GOVERNOR SMITH DENOUNCED. 197 unless it immediately "made the necessary acknowl- ((lirments to the world of its error, f'urnishintr ex- presses to give circulation and publicity in a manner calculated to counteract its baleful effects." The council considered itself grossly insulted, and was pr(t})ortionately exasperated. The message was nt'erred to a committee, which reported on it January 1 1 th. Smith was denounced as a man whose language and conduct proved *'his early habits of association to have been vulgar and d jpraved." His charges against tlie council were indignantly repelled, and his style and language condemned as " low, blackguardly, and vindictive." The committee, therefore, advised the return of the paper, and that resolutions be passed declaring that the council was the representative of the pcojtle; that it would sustain the dignity of the government; and that Governor Henry Smith be suspended from the exercise of his functions. The report, having been read, was unanimously a(lo])ted.'^^ rjioutenant-governor Robinson was called to fill the office of acting governor, and the secretaiy of the executive was notified that he would be held rosponsi- l)le for all records, documents, and archives of his office. A proclamation t(X{)laining their action to the people of Texas was also issued. This resolute attitude astonished Smith, and he made a half'-apologctic attc;ni)t at reconciliation. Wiiile still recjuiring the council to acknowledge its error, he says: " Believing the rules of christian charity retjuire us to bear and forbear, and as far as possible to over- look the errors and fcnbh's of each other, in this cast' 1 may not have exercised towards your body that do- |j,rt't' of forbearance which was probal)ly your dui';" iiud lie expresses the ho})e that the "two branches of ^iivernnient wovdd again harmonize, to the promotion "/'/., '2'.)4-(). Copy of it will he foi.i.l in /V»w.y' f.vftn-M, nil K. Tht- I'lMMinittw' W!us coiiiitosuil of R. R. Royall, ehairiiiiiii, AloxaiuliT 'riiniiison, ('lailiiPi'iK' Wost, J. D. Clements, and .John MeMullin. One of tlie eliarj,'cs of S iiitli a<;ainHt the conncil was that it paused ' i'u»ulution!) without a quuriiin, luviliciited on false premises.' .,1..., ^ < ■■■ 198 SIEGE OF SAN ANTONIO DE B^AR. i J'lit- :;l & of the true interests of the country." ^* But the coun- cil was not in a mood to practise christian forbearance : it refused to revoke its resolutions; Robinson became acting governor; while Smith resisted all effort.j to obtain from him the executive records. He retained his seal of office and the archives, threatening, wluii they were demanded of him, to defend them by force, and in retaliation called for certain papers, with the menace that unless his demand was promptly conijJied with, he would order the arrest of the members of tlie council and send them to Bejar for trial by court- martial.^^ And thus tliis miserable contention went on, at a time when Santa Anna was making prepara- tions to invade Texas with an overwhelming force. The two parties surfeited the public with explanations of their conduct, and caused no small disgust and lukewarmness. One conclusion only was arrived at, namely, that the council and executive having been created by the consultation, neither had the power to suspend the functions of the other. From January 18th the council never had a quorum, and the shadow of its existence disappeared shortly after the meetiuL:; of the convention on March 1, 1836.^^ But this lamentable discord was productive of con- fusion and its subsequent evils. A lethargy seeiiitd to settle upon the Texans. At the time when tiny ought to have been in the field by thousands, citizen volunteers were wanting, and ihe brunt of the first onsets was borne by hundreds of brave men wlio hud left their homes in the United States to fight tor Texas, and whose blood was poured upon lier soil.'' The efforts of the commander-in-chief were paralyzed. At a most momentous crisis he found that the ^*Joiiriinl, lit mip., 308. '•'A full account of these quarrels will be found in Id., 290-300, 31 "J 319-U8, 3:«-», 3r.l-2. ^See the entries in the Journnl, .S47-(i3. "' 'Los soldados dc Travis on el Alaini), los do Fannin en I'l IVrdiilc rifleros del Dr (Jrant y I'l mis mo Houston y sus tropas do San .luciiitn iiocas es ccpcioncs os notorio que vinioro ile Nueva Orleans, y otros |)uiiti a republica veciuo.' Santa Anna Monif., in Pa]^. Vai:, 140, no. 1 J, p. I"- i;t, roll CIVIL AND MILITAUV OFFICERS. 199 council had appointed, on January 7th, J. W. Fannin militai y agent to raise and concentrate all volunt* ers who were willing to take jmrt in an exi)edition against Mutanioros, empowering him at the same time to call upon all public agents tor provisions and sui)plies of iiil kinds. This was clearly an encroacliment U[)on the commander-in-chief's prerogatives; the organic law of November 13th declared tliat the major-general should be commander-in-chief of all the forces called into j)ublic service during the war.^ Houston had left Washington on the 8th, arrived at Goliad on the I4tli, and thence proceeded to Kefugio, where he had an interview, on the 21st, with Colonel Johnson, who had just arrived from San Felipe, empowered by the council to undertake the expedition against ]\Iata- uioios. Johnson informed Houston of the authoritv orauted him; and showed him the resolutions of the council suspending Governor Smith. When the com- mander-in-chief became aware of the action taken by the council, he recognized its intention to supersede him. He immediately denounced the projwsed ex- pedition as unwise and unauthorized, in a speech addressed to the volunteers assembled there; and con- scious that if he remained with the army every mishap would be ascribed to him, returned to Washington, having been elected by the citizens of Refugio their delegate to the convention, and on January 30th re- ported matters to Smith."" Houston, Forbes, and Cameron had been appointed 1)V the ixovernor and council as connnissioners to treat with the Indians. When Houston returned he icH-eived a furlough from Smith till .\[arch 1st, with instructions to proceed on his commission. Ac- cordingly he and Forbes went to Howl's village, and entered into a treatv with the Indians, Februarv -3, •'" See article ii. of tho declaration defining the military regulations. A'e»- «''/.'/, ii. 4!M). '■' lloUftdii to fiov. Henry Smith, Jan. SO. 183G, in Ycxikuia, ii. 400-70; It '(. JJivivn'ii Account, iu Tex. Aim., IbuU, 134. ,. . m I I -1^ l«:1^ aoo SIEGE OF SAN ANTONIO DE BEJAR. 1836, in accordance with the 'solemn decree' of the consultation.*" ** Or. Nov. 13, 1835, the consultation had issued a 'solemn decree,' declar- ing that the Cherokees and their 12 associate tribes had derived just claims tn lands, and defined the boumlaries to be the San Antonio road and the Nechus on the south, and the Angeliue and Sabine rivers on the east. It guaranteed to them the peaceable enjoyment of their rights to their lands. All grants and locations within the bounds mentioned were -to-hanu Contests— Death (IK Uowii:— A Holocaust— V'lcroRY Dearly Bought — Declaration OF Inoei'Endence — Names of the Subscribers — Labors ok the Con- vention — A Provisional Government Orcamzed— The Constitu- tion -Fannin's Preparations at Goliad— Destriciion t)K (Jrant's 1'ai:iv — Urrea's Movements— Capture ok San Patricio— Fannin's FoKci;— KiN<;'s Party Shot — Assault on the Mission ok PiEKKsio — Cai'tuke ok Ward's Command — Houston at (Jonzalez — Movements OF THE Mexican Forces — Fannin Ketreats toward VicroitiA — A i'ATAL Delay — Baitle ok Encinal del Perdiho— Surrender ok Fannin — A Barbarous Massacre — Number ok the Victims. Thk meditated descent on Matanioros, by its diver- sion, wa>; the cause of disaster at Bejar. liecojjfnizing that no adequate force could be sent for the defence of that jilace, Houston, on the receipt of a letter from Colonel Neill informing him that 1,000 men wvvv. on the march against it, had despatched from (Joliad Colonel Bowie with a small force, on January 17tli, with instructions to destroy the fortifications and bring off the cannon.' Neil], however, was un- ahlo to remove the artillery from want of teams, and tluivfore did not demolish the defences. When ad- vised of this, and of the fact that there were only ahoiit 80 men in the place, Governor Smith sent thi tiler Colonel Travis with another small force, and ' Houston to Smith, Jan. 17, 1830, in Yoiikum, ii. 458. (201) Is 1' 202 THE Alamo and gouad massacres. Noill sliortly afterward returne-i home, leaving Travis ill coimnaiid. Travis now called for money, provisions, c'lotliing, and a reiinforcement of 500 men — supplies beyond the power of the commander-in-chief to fur- nish. The recruiting service had been sadly unsuc- cessful. Apathy seemed to have settled on the people; and in painful contrast with the zeal and en- thusiasm displayed in the previous year was the disregard now shown to the call for recruits. The (juarrel between tlie governor and council, disbelief in the re})orts that an invading army was ai»proachiiig, rumors that great numbers of volunteers were con- stantly arriving or were on their way from the United States, and the toils of the late campaign and tlie privations undergone by the families of those wlio took the field, c4-7; Yonhnn, ii. (i'i. Tlio remainder of the first loan was ncviT realized, the stockholders objecting to modifications niaile hy the ext'ciitivu government in the original agreement. Ihe loan was negotiated on a sal^ i>l lands with the condition of the exclusive right of immediate location. 'I'liit was regarded as unfair to the volunteers in the field, who woidd oidy hr .iMe to locate after the termination of the war. A donation of .3*2 leagues of liiinl was offered the stockholders if they would reliiKjuish their riglit of iirioiity of location, but they unanimously voted against the modilied contr.ict. /iiinii'/f'n McsMii/c, Oct. 4, \H'Mi; (ioinje, Fis<-il JfinL 7V.r., 50. •'Particulars of the destitute condition of the garrison are given in Traxis letter of Feb. 14, 183G, to Uov. Smith. Original in Pinart'x JW. Vol., iirtion of tlie artillery, under (General Amjtudia, laaiched for Saltillo, the cavalry commanded by (Gen- eral Andrade following January 1, 183G. On the 2d ;Lll |sf| 'iiilfr 234 THE Alamo and c;oliai> massacres. li :' ■ Santa Anna left for the same place, and remained there nearly a month organizing his troops. From Saltillo General Joh^ Urrea was despatched to Mata- moros witli 200 cavalry, to unite with forces that had been concentrated at that place. On the 2r)tli t)f tlic sanie month Santa Anna held a review of his army, at wliich his force was found to be about 5,000 men. exclusive of Sesma's and Urrea's commands.* In the beginning of February the army marched for Moii clova, from which place Santa Anna, liaving left in- structio!is to his generals relative to their advanci-, proceeded with his staff and fifty horsemen to join Sesma, who was at the town of Rio Grande. The distance from Monclovato Rio Grande is eijjchtv leagues, through a desert country almost destitute of resources for either man or beast; from Rio (jrraiide to Bejar it is nearly 100 leagues, through a region still more desolate. There, little water could be found, and no ]>roh place for defence except against siege artillery. Its suri'ounding walls were of masonry from two and a half feet to one vara thick, and eight feet high. Till main area, or square of the mission, was 154 yards long hy o4 wide, though it was not a perfect parallel- ogiam, being somewhat narrower at the southern than at the northern extremity. On the south-east of ii was the old church with walls of hewn store four feet thick, and twenty-two and a half feet high. It had iit'vei" been completed, and was roofless, but was niay tlio citizuns of Ikljar. Potter indorses these figures. Saiifci Anna gros.sly ixauLjcrated tlio iiuniber of the defenders, reporting them as over (iOO. Sue his iquHt of Mareh «, 1836, in Filuoln, Mem. Tej., 184!», i. U>. ■Travis to fellow-citizens, Feb. '24, 1834), and to tlie president of the con- vfiitic.n, March 3, 1836, iu /We, ii. 218-22; Deween' Letlcm, 170-80, 184-7. li'^ U i !tj ; I ir ■if 20G THE Alamo and ooliad massacres. mi / area, and the other running close to the eastern wall of tlie church. Thouufh the Alamo had neither redoubt nor bastion Grounu-plan of the Alamo. A Kntry of the Mission. D. Church, Chapel, and Vestry. B. Carcel or Prison. E Walls, %\ inches thick. C. Convent. F. Stockade G, H, 1 Places where Travis, Crockett, and Howie, respectively, fell. to command the lines of the fort, fourteen guns were mounted at different points, presenting a formidable obstacle to approach. Of these, three heavy pieces had been planted with much labor upon tlie walls of i..?i' rl2> AURIVAL OF THE ENEMY. 207 the church by General Cos, respectively poiiitinji^ north, soiitii, ami east. Two pieces protected tlie ciitraiice 1)V the stockade: two more defended tiie yateway and j)rison; on terre-pleins one u^un was mounted jit the south-west angle of the nmin scjuare, two on tlie western wall, one on the north-west angle, two on the northern wall, and a single j)iece on th(» iiortli-ea.st angle.'* Travis seems to have been extremely careless about informing himself of the movements of the enemy by nic.uis of scouts." The foe's arrival was so su(l«Ien ;iii(l unexjtected at last that Travis had not even time to tlirow a few provisions into the Alamo, a precjui- tion wliidi it is a nmtter of surprise that he did not take on receipt t>f the fir.st intimation of Santa Anna's approach. In his letter of February 24th he wrote: '■ When the enemy appeared in sight, we had not tliite bu.shels of corn. We liave since found in de- sciti'd houses eighty or ninety bushels, and got into the walls twenty or thirty head of beeves." *" His supply (jf amnmnition, too, was snmll; but under all tlic unequal circumstances with which he was beset, not for one moment did he or his heroic band think of surrender. The men who cast their lot witli him wcio as dauntless as ever handled warlike weapon in any age. Among them were such spirits as James J^owio, his second in command, David Crockett," '■'riuM description of the Alamo and its garniture is derived from I'iUkoIh, \\. KS-J .■); I'oUa; ni Tex. Aim., 18tkS, ;W, .'W; T/inill, 2;«»-41; Yimbnn, ii. T'l (i. The hitter derived his information from a letter of (i. B. .Iiiiik^hoii, •'.itcil .Jan. 18, 1S.'U>, and containing a description and plan of tlie place. \ i.iUum is astray as to measurements. '' i'ntter considers that the neglect of scouting indicates a great lack of siiiiniiliiiation, and that Travis had little control over his men, who were will- in;.; til die l)y jiim, but not ready to obey him. 7Vv. Aim., 18(i8, ^1. '" l-W,/,; ii. 219. " Crockett was bom in Tennessee Aug. 17, 1780, his father, .John Crock- ett, liciiig of Irish in iiii; the wjir of 1812 he fought bravely for his country. His hospitfility, lidiirsty, and humorous sayings gained for him not only numerous friends, but M ide-spread popularity, and in 1823 he was elected to the state legisla- i 1 1 '■'ij ' it- i ' 1 I 1 ; i '( 1 ! ill ii\ 'MS THK XLAMO and r ilwitli was tlu'ir battK- cry; so tliey lioistod their Haj;,'' d tcriiiiiit'd t<.» dii- liol'ort! tlitj tMKJiny should pull it down. On the 'J4th Travis sent an appeal to his fellow- citizens for assi.staneo, deelarinj^ that he would nevir surrernU'r or retreat. The boinhardnient was viiroi-- ously maintained, and day hy day, as Santa Anna's forces kept arriving, the investment of the place Wiis drawn closer, and more batteries hroujjrht to hear upon it.'' Vet stranjjjc to say, up to \rarch .'Jd, though lM)() shells at least fell inside the works, not a sinjLfle man was injured. The caiuionade, too, had littk^ etfect on the thin walls, as the enemy had no siei^e train, hut only li«^ht field-j>ieees. Many Mexicans, however, fell turc. Ill IS'JT liu lit'came a caiuliilate as iiiuiiilier of coiignvss for Tiaiiics.si'c. I'osHt'ssccl of a (leup fund of original luinior, of generous iiiipiilst's iiiul un- swerving integrity, while liis lively phraseology was lu'euliaily adapted to captivate the voters uf tliat pioneer stiUe, his canvass Wius a great h.u'ci'Kx, ■ind he wiis again reelected in 18'2J). But electioneering and legislation weri' two ditlerent matters, and Crockett did not Kiid it so easy to rise and impress tile house witli liis convictions as to deliver stuinp-speeelies, seasoneil with jokes and aniusing stories, to audiences of hackwoodsinen and eotton-gi'o«ers. Nevertlieless, politics had their fascination for liiin, and he was anxious again to he returned. But his opposition to Presidtnt Jackson liiiil lirought down upon him the anger of the administration, and no efl'ort was spared to ])revent hia reelection. He was coiise()uently defeated, and, hitterly disappointed, determined to sei'k other kind of excitement in Kghting for tht^ eaiise of TexiW. Accordingly, he went thither at the hcginning of KS.'W. Having arrived at Nacogdoches, he there hecame a citizen, and took tlie 'lath of alle- giance to any future repuhliean government; he refused to do so, however, until the word ' rejmhlican ' was inserted lietwcen ' future ' and ' goverimient ' in the document. That heing done, he signed the instrument and proeeeiled to Bejar, where lie arrived a few wecl.'s liefore the siege of tlio Xl.imo. Crockett was twice niarrie> flu: Alamo, ir/iile tii/litiiij/ ill defence oj' Tc.rii, fr tcpeiideiice. liii the Editor. I'ljila- del])hia, liSiV.l, I'Jiiio; Keiiiiedi/, ii. IS'.t i»;> '-' The tri-colored Mexican flag with two stars, designed to represent ( 'oa- liiiila and Texas. This is inentioned in Almonte's manuscri]it journal ol the caMipaign, fimnd on the hattle-Held of Sail .facinto hy Anson .Jones. Kemu'lii, ii. 18(( 1. It must he borne in mind that independence was not yet ik'clareil, ami that the heroes of ^he Alamo fought under the federal Hag of l.S'J4. '^ On tlie night of the 'ioth two batteries were erected on tiie other side of tlie river in tlie alameda of the Alamo, hi., 18*2 . 'J. Tntrenclicd encaiiipiiu iits were formed in Bejar, 400 yards west; in lia Villita, .300 yards south; at the garita, or powder-house, 1,000 yards south liy east; on the Algino ditcli, ^00 yards north-east; and at tlie old mill, 800 yards north. Travis' letter of March \\, in Foote, ii. 219-28. TlIK SlEtiK. 'Mi lii'fon' till' riflos of the l>os'u>«jft'(l, wlu), ccotHnnizitijir their >iiiall sujn>Iy of ammunition, only Hrcii wlu-n the assail- iiiits cam*' wi'll within lanLCt'. On tlic nijjfht of tlio •J.ttli tlu' titi'miT l)unu'«l somi' housts (»f' \vooht nioi-c housi's near a hat- tciy on the Alamo ilitch. The sici^i' continued, and siiii alter sun rose and set in>on the heK-at^uci-ed t'ort- icss. Occasional skirmishinj;' occuircd hy day anht)ulil he assaulted after the arrival of two twelve- peiiiiders expected on the 7tli instant. The ])resi- " //'. Ciiro onimooiisly states that '_'.") iiu'ii t'niiii (Jonzali'Z fiitwretl in (jicii ilayli,L;lit. \'tnliul. hhn, i). '' Tlii'so lignrcs are nearlj' corroet. The wiiolu ot" liaoiias hrigadohad not yet iiiMit up. On Feb. 'JlHh at iiiiihiight < !i'ii. Sesnia li'ft oaniji with the oavah-y lit' l»iiliiics and the infantrj' of Allenilo to niei't Fannin, who wms supposuil to 1)0 (111 ins niarcli from lioliad witli •_'<)() nu'ii to tin- ivlii'f of tlie Aianio. Find- ing no trace of the enemy, JSesnia returned on the foUowiiig day- Altiionfc'x hiiiri/, in Kcnnvilj/, ii. 188. Fannin, in tact, did leave lioliad with S(H) men and 4 guns, Feb. 28th, having reeeived a h'tter from Travis on tlie *25th; hut IxiiiiL' sliort of provisions, and not having sutlicient teams, lie held a eouncil of War, ut which it was deeidoil to return to (ioliad. Fannin to Lkiit. Oov. Robin- m, Fel). 29, 183G; Yodhan, ii. 7«. Hist. N. Mkx. Statks, Vol. II. 14 ; " W tilt) THE ALAMO AND UOLIAD MASvSACRES. (lent, GtMieral Ramirez Sesma, anJ myself were of (►pinion that the twelve-pounders shouW not be waited for, but the assault made." ^^ On the 5th Santa Anna decided to act according to his own opinion, formed his plan, and issued his orders for the attack. The storminjL? columns were finir in number; the first was conniianded by General Cos, who had dishoiKir- ably biokcn his parole; the second by Colonel Fran- cisco J)u(iue, with General Castrillon as his suc(-'ess()r; the third by Colonel Jose Maria Komero, with Colo- nel Mariano Salas; the fourth by Colonel Juan Mo- rales, with Colonel Jos6 Minon. The reserve was com- manded by Santa Anna, and placed under the orders of Colonel A«;ustin Amat, All the columns were j)ro- vided wit) I ladders, crow-bars, and axes. The attack - ino- force numbered about 2,500 men, wliile the cavalry were ordered to be stationed at suitable points so as to cut (^)ff all possibility of (-!scape.'" The sharp-shoot- ers were withdrawn from their positions during tlir niu'ht, and the artillery ceased its fire. At foui- o'clock on tile morning of the Htli tin storming colunms silently took up their positions. on(> on each side of the Alamo, awaiting the signal of tlie buii'le to assault. Meantime the besiei»ed wiiv on the alert, and had made preparations to receive their assailants.'^ It was the sabbath day, and at the fii'st Ljlinnner of lii>:ht the fatal buole-blast l)rokr the silence! of the hour, followed l»y tlie tramji of tlie columns as they rushed to the assault. They were met with a terrible discluirge of artillery and jilks. and recoiled at the slaughter infiicted upon tliciii. Colonel Duque, whose colmnn was directed against the northern wall, fell grievously wounded, and liis men were thrown into utter confusion. Those also directed against the western and eastern sides cunu "'.'l/wiO»/<''f Dhtrji, lit n'lp. '"Copy of tlic geiierftl oriler iii FUmoIii, Mem. Tej., 1849, 1, 7-0. '*' Santa Anna claims that he woultl Imve burprised the garrison lint for thi! inipruilent shouts raised by one of the columna when the signiil was given. Manifieiito, 10, lu Pop. Vnr., 182, no. 8. SANCIUINAllY CONFUCT, 211 to a disorderly lialt. But the officers urged them (HI. and driven forward by tliose beliiud, these two lohniins gained the foot of the walls. LTnahle to -.ale tlioiM, they moved by the right and left to the northern .side, and uniting with Ducjue's eolunm, tstern anuJe;"^ a small hrcach. too, had been made in tlie wall by the ean- ii'iiiade during the siege. A third time, animated by the example and courageous hearing of (xeneral Juan \ alcntin Amador, the stoi'mers retui'ned to the attack, scaling the j)ara|)et, and j)ouring in through the breach liistcr than I'ifles could be loaded. WhUe this was Mcci.rring on the northern sitle, the cohunn under colo- nels Morales and Minon had under similar circum- stances gained an entrance through the oj>ening in the stockade and captured the gun. Tlu' outer walls had. now to be abandoned, and the devoted tlefenders re- tired to the rooms of the long barracks and to the clinich. And now connnenct^d a series of consecutive (le.ith-struggles. Thei'e was no (onnection between the apartments, and each gi'oiip of In roes fought and '''i t ii i III |i I' Then follows the bayonet charge, and fierce resistance with clubbed rifles and sharp-poi' ted knives. In room after room furious hand-to-hand contests are fought out to the death, till all those gallant men an- stretched lifeless on the gi'ound. The church was the lust point taken. One of the guns mounted on it had been brought to bear upon tlie Mexicans when tliey gained the large s(piare, and did great execution, but after a few discharges all thosti wlio manned it fell under the heavy fire of tin' enemy. Then the church wjis carried by a coup-dc- main, the defenders within it fighting till the last man was slain. Crockett fell between the church and thi' long two-story barrack. His corpse was seen by tlu' wife of Ijieutenant Dickenson ''" — her life having bet ii spared — lying nuitilated on the spot indicatid. ' Bowie had been injured by a fall from a platform, and was unable to move from his bed. He was lying in an up|H'r room at the south-eastern extremity oi' thf long barrack, and was bayoneted as he lay; not, how- ever, before having killed several of tlu; enemy willi his pistols, l^onham fell while working a cannon. In less than an hour aftei- tln' bugle sounded, all was over.*' During this time Santa ^Vnna I'emained at the south batt(!ry, while the bands of the whole ainiy played the air of the murderous degiiello.-''' When all dangler was [>ast he ]>ro(VC!ded to the Alamo. Halt' an hour after, five caj)tives who had secreted tliemseb cs were dragged from their hiding-places and brought -" Pii'ki'iismi I'oimnaiulcd ;i >iun on tin; east i)l:>tform of tlic cliuiv^li. story that In' I'lidoavorcil ti) osi'a]H' witli liis (.liilil, wlicri all was lost. l>y li iiiL! from a window, l)ut was ri, ,'{7, is not wortliy of iTcdonoi". .Nh-s IHi'Ucn- later Mrs Uauninj,', stated to Moi'iiliis tliat Iht linsliand riislu-d into jiri' n in tlu! chnruli, exi'lainiin^', 'AH is lost! ]f tlu^y s]>are you, nave my ciii llo then ruslicd out into the strife. Mnrylii", Hist. Ti.r., 170. '■" Nh's ])ickenson"s aeeount in /-iS0, is unfortunately incorrect in nearly :ili details. -•' Meaning throat-cutting; it signified no ijuartur. rill' oil, M.' Ill) era 'hi- lus THK FUNKUAL I'YRK. 213 into liis presence by General Castrillon. Castrillon lijid some t'eelini's of liunianity, and hoped tliat their lives would he s[)ared; hut liis Excellency was of a iiioie tioerisli nature. Severely reprimand! ni;^ him, lie angrily turned his hack, whereupon the soldiers, thouijf]! uh'eady drawn uj) in line, fi>ll u])(;n the un- iiniicd mm and tles[)atched them."^ Of all those who had heen hesicij^ed in the Alamo, the lives of six were >|»ared. Mrs J)ickenson and ^[rs Alhury of Bejar, \\ itli tlieir two children, a ne_<>'ro servant-hoy of Travis, ;iiid a j\rexica,n woman, wei'c not slain. ^Irs J)icken- s.iii was supplied witli a horse and allowed to de[)art, i'lc Iteai'cr of a proclamation from Santa Anna. The i ■ ro was ]»laced under n'uard, hut escajied."' Tlu' riin'ht of hurial was denied the falliMi Texans. Their Ixulies were piled in layers, with wood and dry Iniisli hetween; on this funei-al-pyre more fuel was 'leaped, and then it was set on tire. The numher ot eerpses hurucd in this holocaust was 1 8:2. '" On Fehru- ■-'' Cam was an oyc-witucss to lliin atrocity, ami can lie relied upon a.s to till' luniiliei' of till' victims, and the jiarticulais ot' their slaiiuiiter. lie says: ' Todos lu'cscnciamos este 1 orior ijue rejuucha la huiiiaiddad, pcro (]Ue cs niia vcrdad evanjielica.' Vinlcil. Iilia, II. (len. Houston, in a letter ot' the lltli, erroneously states that seven men were thus put to death. 7V.i'. Aim., lN(;s, ;t(i. -■ /'o//<,;m Ti.r. yiliil., ISdcS, .%; Ctrn, Vvnhul. /i/m, II; Mrs Dicken.son's accoiii'ts in ^I7( '•;'/(/.<, iitmiy., 1T<), and l/nai, 144. .Mrs Oickcnson was tired at aiid wounl^.■d w'u'i' passinjf out of the Alamo, escorted l)y a .Mexican otlicei-. The escaped ^ii!gV(t was met hy her liirkinjf in tin; hush a short distance he- yoiil the >''..i'tdo. t should he nn'ntioned that a Mexican, named Anselnio ]?oj,'a Ta. wlii> ',v;w! M-ith the garrison to the last, esca|ied, and leaving' Hejar oil the ' e, apiilieit to the county court of Hejar county for a jii iisioii as a survuui of the Alann>. His story was that he was one of tlie .Mildii rs under Travis, and when the enemy nad j;aiiiccl tlie eiiclosuri', eutered the room occupied hy tlu' women, who eoneiahd liim under some lieddiug, where he remained till idght, when he mailc his escape. His veracity w.is (leuliled hy many of the early iidialiitants, hut he ollireil the court s\ich stroui,' eviileiice that ho was jilaccil on tiie pension list, (ioiiht, Almiiii Cilii (,'iiirly unreliahle. Much more trustworthy are those supplied hy Ramon Martinez Caro, who was Santa Anna's secretary. lie states that over 'Mn> Mexicans lay dead on the t^iound, and that [)rohahli 100 of the wounded died." Alcalde Kui/, who supi i' intended the hurial of the dead, asserts that thcr<' was not room sufficient for them in the ^'rave-yard, and that hv. oi'dered some of them to he thrown inti« tl le river, w hicl 1 was (loiu Santa Anna's !o> says, " wasestimated at l.(!00meii." Anselmo Hoj^aria, who left San Antonio on the cNeiiini;' after the occui- lo tlic jiri'.sidciit ol the ('(niV(Mitiini. (loiihl, Aluiiiit Cilii l,''i!i/i\ JS. ImiuIm statL'M tliat 'I'l'avis judposi'il on Mari'li -Ith to .siirrciidcr iiii coiHlitioii tiuil lln livi's of liiiiisclf iiiiil (■(Hiii';nli'« slimiM l>c savtil, ami tliat Santa Anna i'('|ilitii: ' Von nmst unrri'inU'r at ilisorntioii witliont any gnarantt'i.', cviMi ot liir. wliicli traitors do not ilt'HiTVf.' p. I'.). TiuH is in accordanou with Filisobi ^ .stati!nu!nt, wlio, howcvcM', only nuintionM it as a report. 'So dijo ((iio 'Ifavi^ BarTU't. . .])or nuMlio do una mugi'r liizo jn'oimcstas al m'noral en f^ufi', (pic r'li- diria las arinaa yol t'licrtc,' oti'. Afiin. 7V/'., INtit, i. !>. '■" llo sliowH siu'li I'onti'iniit lor tiio tr'iith as to assi^rt that inori' than (li'n Tcvans wi'ro slain, ami that tho attackinf,' t'oivi^ N\as only I. KM* in numhii. < 'opy of his ollioial ri'iiort in /'/., i. !.-> 17. lliscipial in lyini; is Maillai'l, who assorts that thf jiarrison inindifri'd 4.-ii) men. J/ist, A'c/i. '/Vr., lOI-li. '** Filitlllll, l(f Klip., I 'J. -"•' Vinliiil lih'ii, 10. SpcaUinu of Santa .\nna's report that over nnii Toxans fell, ho says: ' 1 innst state that I myself drev. it ui». jiutting dew u tho niinilior ordered hy his I'Aeelleiu'y, " aKN(K IIUJKD. unci', vt'lH'i'U'd to (u'iutmI Tloustttiithat oiil Mexicans Will' killed and as many wounded. l*<»tter eonsiderw that this number ]>rol»al)l_v represented the total eas- ii;i!ties, (niiieral I^iadhurn was of opinion that ;U)0 men wi ■re lost in this action to tli e service, \\h kid mir those who anently (lisaltled. Whati^ver tlni loss was, tliere can he no (louht that it tar exceeded in nuniher the defenders. While these events were occurrinL>', tluM-onvention had .iss(Mnl>led and the independence of Texas was declared. Separation from ^Fexico ha|)aj('nt. A de<'idew Orleans in .Jan- luiry IK.'K), uii^cd that the indepenis; tlicy liavo left lint •iiic I'i'iiu'dy — imlfjicndi'iu'c. It is now ni'ccssary as a nicasiiiv of st If- 'li'trlisc.' /''oo/c, ii. IK') 7. ■" Houston said that lie felt conlidont that Imt one coui'sr was Irft for 'li'x.is to |inrsuo, and that wa.s an uiit'i|iiivoi.'al declaration of iridcpcndfiu'i'. J.i'llrr to .Inlin Koilifs, .Ian. 7, is;t(i; Ytukiim, ii. ."i,"i. !i|v>#- 21 fi THK Alamo and (;ouai> massacrks. '<'■•/' Thus tlic delegates to tlie convontion when th«y asseiuhlod, Marcli !st, wore unaninious in tlieir opin- ion; nor (lid tlicy lose time. The convention haviiiu- organized, liichard Kllis bein«j^ chosen president, and H. S. Kinil)all scirretary, on the 2d it solinnnly dv- clared ])»)Iitiejd connection with tlu; Mexican nation forever ended, and that tlu* people of Texas consti- tuted a fri't% sovereij^n, and independent icpuMic, fully vested with all the riijjhts any fifty-elt;lit delegates, three only of whom -naniely, Antonin Navarro, jjorenzo de Zavala, and Francisco JIui/ were !Mexic.'ins.*'^ Th(> statement of u^ric^vances was hased n])on the changes made in the n'overmn(Mit hy Santa Anna,, and tlie estahlishment of a comhiiietl despotism of the sworra.nts had set- tled in Texas. Particular instances of tyranny and of failui'c to ]»rovidi' for th(> welfare (d' Texas arc ennmerated. The rejection of the petition for a sejia- rate state i;-ovei'nmeiit; the imprisomnent of Austin; the failure to estahlish trial l>v jui'v and a i)ul)lie s\s- tem of I'dncation ; arbitrary acts of op[»ression on tin' l)art of military eonnnandants ; the dissolution hy foi'ce of arms of the state coui^ress of Coahuila and Texas, tjierehy (lej>i'i\iiio- the ])eo})le of tlu' ri^lit i>t' ■'*Tho foUowiuj^ wi're tlm si^nuTs, Stt'i)lion W. lUouiit; R. K\Un; C 1>, Sti'Wiirt; .hiiiu's ( '(dliiiswortli; IvUviii Waller; A. iJrigliani; .loliii S. !>. I!y- loiii; l''r!iiK'isco Kuis; .1. Antdiiid Navarro; William l>. Lacy; William Miinlrr; .liihii Fislu'r; Mattlii'W < 'aldwcll; William Motloy; Loroiizd |). Zavala; licii M. I',vcrttt ; JOlijali Stt'ini; Clailiorno West; Willi.ini It. Loatos; M. B. Mellaril; A. 15. Ilanliii; .loliii W. ISmiton; Thomas .1. O.i/l'V; U. M. t'ol(Miiaii; Stei'liiii,' ('. Koliertsou; (ieorj,'o('. Childress (Cliilders); JS^ulcv Jlardimaii; J{ol)ert Potter; Ciiarles Taylor; •lohii S. Kolterts; Kol)ert liaiiiil- ton; I'olliii MeKiimey; A. II. Latimore; James I'ower; Sam ll4i\i,ston; Kil- wanl (.'onrad; Martin J'almer; James (iaines; William Clark, Jr; Sydmv O. Pennington; Samuel I'. Carson; Thomas J. Kusk; William ('. Crawlnnl; Jolin Turner; IJi'UJamin Brings (Joodrich; James Ci. Swishor; «!eorj:e U . liiirnct; Jesso (irimes; K. C). I^cgrand; l)avid Thomas; >S. Koads l^'islur; .lohn W. IJower; J. ]i. Woods; Andrew Briscoe; Thomas Baruett; Ji'.ssi; ti. liadgett; 11. S. Kinihle, secretary. Tr.r. Lnir Jt'i'p., 1S.S8, i. (5-7. lu A'/Vfi' AVj/., Ixiii. l!)."!, the list of names is supplied with the j)laco of nativity of lacli inrs, and militia in the field, the }>oint of his !i<;idoint(Ml for each municipality to I'orni a list of all such within its district. Xami's wei'e to be ilrawii hy lot till the mmd)er called for at any tinu> was filled, and the men so drafted wei-e to starve for a tiiiii not o\<-eedino" six months. Jn order to I'etain and attract foi'eion volunteers, lands to a.n inei'eased I xtcnt wei'e promised. To thosi^ already in service, and who should so continue till the end of the war, I .JSO acres wci'c sj^ranti'd; (140 acres for six months' St r\ ice, and .'{"JO acres for three months' si'rvice. All those who should thereafter volunteer and serve ilur- ni^ the war would I'cc^'ive iXiO acres.'"' Moreover, an aplical for sym|)atliy and aid was sent to tlu' [>eo[)le "I" the United States. I'Aecutive ordiiuinci's were ado])ted IVIai'ch KJth, |ir( hniinary to the estahlishuRint of the constitution which the conventi(»n had Ikh-ii dilii^'cntly occuj)ied in liiauL^litino-. These provided for the oroanization of a provisional o-o\-c)nment, with plenary powers in all inalter-s save legislative and judicial acts. This gov- ■''(■|p|)i('s of tlic (Icclarutidii will In- fmiiid in /(/., 1. W KM); /lollri/'s 'JW., -Itli '(1; .S'(/(. /)iti\, 'J4tll colli,'., Istwcs., vi., lio.4l.~), Jip. 3 IS; Ti.r., .[ildrcn-i of M . //. W/i'ir/Dii, 4!» y.U T,:r., hnr.i /,',;.., I>S:VS, i. IV 7. Tlii! Mcxii-an f,'()V- I iiiiiiiiit ill a inaiiilVsto to tlio Mexicans, .Inly i'oUowiiiji, calling' mioii tlu'iii to iiiiiif in Hul)jiig!itiiig Toxius, (Iciiiod lnT rii^lit to st'iiaratc, iiinl oli!irj,'t'il liur ]«i'pl(. with black iiiKratitiido. Mcx. Mmilj'. ilvU'mnj., ISIttJ, am. 4t(), pp. 'JO. '' ' h-diinuicvH of tliv Coiiij., March I'J ami 17, IHIiti. \\: IT- 1 i*:^ If'M ' fe i.M if! ' ■ ii 5 1 i 1 1 i 1 ' ■! 1 '4 IP* i t P'" i ay- ' r irt.i S 1 n 1 'J 1 8 THK XLAMO and (JOLIAD MASSACRES. t i urninciit was to consi.st of a |H'osuK'nt, vict'-|»rosi(k'iit, a secrttary of state, and t)iio for oacli of the clopart- moiits of war, the navy, ami the treasury, and an attorney-general, all ot whom were to be elected hy the convention. It was authorized to negotiate a loan not exceeding $1,000,000, and appropriate the funds of Texas to the defence of the country; also to issue writs of election for niendjers of congress, to enter into negotiations and treaties with foreign ])owers, and to apj)oint commissioners to the same;'' Forthwith David G. Uurnett was elected president; Lorenzo de Zavala, vice-president; Sanmel 1*. Carson, secretary of state; Thomas J. Kusk, Robert Pottci'. and Bailey Hardiman, secretaries of war, the navy, and the treasury, respectively ; and David Thomas, attorn(y-general. Having taken the oath of ottin', the members of the government at once entered upon their respective duties. On the ITth the constitution was ado]>ted and signed by the delegates. The con- vention then adjourned sine die. I append below a synopsis of the constitution,"'"^ in which the reader will •'' K.icr. On/., ill Knninli/, ii. 502-4. ■"■('oijies (tf the ctinstitutiou will lit; found in Id., ii. r)05-2'2; 7V.r., /.iiir.< l!i]>., i. '.>'_'.">; Tc.r., Ii'cjinilci/ oik/ ( lli.to/i'lv Loii'H, 5-14. It iliviik'd tlu! jhumis (if the f^ovornnicnt into tho usual three (lepartnieut^ <>( the legislative, exci'ii- live, antl judicial, the lirst beiiiy vested m a congress composed ot' a seiritt; and lum.se of representatives. The powers of the I'xeciitive and congress were delined ,ind rules laid down for tlieir govcrninent. The judicial power was \ested in one supreme court, ami inferior courts estal)lished hy congress fniiii tiuie to time; the repuhliu w!i< to be divided into eoiiveiiient counties; iiuA congress was to introiiuce i>y statute tlie common law of England, with awM modilications as circumstances might reiptire. In criminal cases the comni'Mi law Wius to he the rule of decision. Slaves for life were to remain in like ^tab of .servitude. Congresa couhl have no power to emancipate slaves, nor cimhl iiuy slavediolder manumit his slaves without the con.seut of congress. Nn free African could reside permanently in tiie repuhlio without Bimilar coiisiiit; tliu importation of Africans or negroes into the republic, excepting from ihr U. S., was prohibited, and declared to be piracy. Head rights were deliin .1, to each head of a family who haf land one li'a'.;iii' and a labor being assigned, and to every single man of 17 year.s and ujiwai'U. one third of a leagiU'; additional grants were to be made in favor of coloinsi~, married and single, already settled, so as to raise the (juantity of laml reci'ivcil by them to tlie aliove stamlards respectively. Tho land system was tit lif suspended till those serving in tlie army had a fair and equal chance Mitii those remaining at homo to sehn't and locate their lands, antl a general laini- olHce waa to bo estal)lislied. Tlio constitution was made subject to aTiiciiii- mcnts proposed by congress, ■wliich were to bo submitted to the people im- approval. Tho document concludes with a declaration of political and i ivil '!;! til i|j KFFKCT ()[•' HOLSTOXS Sl'KKCH. 210 not fail to notice tlio stringent regulations laid down tor the firm estjiblislunent of slavery in Texas — nieas- iires strikingly in contrast with the more enlightened legislation oi" the Mexican government on the same question. Houston's speech at Refugio, mentioned in the last (•lia[)t»'r, pioduced such an impression upon the vol- uiiteers that most of tluun abandoned (Jrant and Jolmson, whosi! force was thereby reduced to little (»ver sixty men."'' Indexed, to persevere in a descent on ]\Iatamoros would have been madness, as it was j»r('sently known that consiih'rabli^ forces of the t'liemy were concentrated at that place. It was now a ((U«'stion of S(^lf-def(>nce, and Colonel Fannin, who anived at (Jloliad soon after Houston's de[)aiture, aay; trea.son was detined; and perpetuities and monopolies wen^ not !ii lie allowed. •'^ /'. /'. /lroirii\t Accdiiiil, in VV.r. Aim., ISiVJ, VM. Brown accompanied (iiaiit to the time of liis tieatli, and I ccHisiiler ids utateinuiits reliahle. /'. )('. Joliii.\(iii, in /iiikcr'fi Ti'.i'., hi. '" I'annin hitterly complains in his letters to the government of the disin- (■liM.itiuii of the citizens of Texas to nnisti'r in the ranks, and tln^ destitute ciiniiitioii of the T. S. volunteers, many of whom wore naked and barefoot. WiitiiiH on Frl). I4tli, he says that he could tiud but Honie half-dozen uitizunij III Ti\as in the ranks. FooU;, ii. 20*2, 207. I II I' ' ': 1 f' ■ U ; ■ i# 220 TiiK Alamo and (joliaij massacuks. )ii. Meanwliile disaster foil upon Grant and Jolins( These holders proct^iidod to San Patricio with a force of loss tlum 100 men, whore they received inforina- ation from Fannin, then at Matagorda Bay preparing; for tiie expedition against Matanioros. This was in January, and tlie undertaking liad not yet been abandoned. At Velasco was a large nmnlier of vol- unteers, and Fannin was attending to their trans- portation to Kefugio. Being instructed by liini to collect as many horses as j)()ssib]e, Johnson and Grant dividend their command into two parties, one of which, under the latter, proceecU^d toward the liio (iirande in (piest of horses, while Johnson renuiined at San Patricio with tlie other. Wlien about sixty miles from San Patricio, Grant's party cafitured Cap- tain Kodriguez and sixty-six Mexican soldiers, wlio were in charge of 300 or 400 horses collected for the forces at Matanioros. The pristMiers were rcileascd from confinement und(;r parole ; they decam]»(!d, how- ever, on tlie first opportunity. The horses wciv taken to San Patricio. (;}rant, with Johnson in com ])any, started on ant)ther scouting expedition almost inunediately ; when near Sal Colorado the command divided, Johnson returning, while (hant pushed lii> way to the Rio Grande in jtursuit of a laige band ot horses driven by fifty Mexicans. Having taken a considerable number of the animals at the river. Grant returned on his way back to San Patricio, and arrived at the Agua J3ulce, within twenty miles ot the place, unmolested. Making an early start on tin morning of March 2d, the party had not proceeded far before it was suddenly surrounded by seveial hundred Mexican dragoons, commanded by Urrea in person, that issued from two belts of timber between which Grant was passing. Nearly all his men \V( iv shot down or lanced, Grant and Reuben R. Brown in a few minutes considering themselves tlie only sni- vivors. The firing stampeded the captured horses. which broke the line of the dragoons, and Grant A KALE FOR LIKK. 221 and Brown followiiifjf in thoir wake, cndcavoifd to is('a})0. Tlio race for lifo was continued for hIx or seven miles, till at last, overtaken and surrounded, tlio pursued nuin (iisinount«'d, di'termined to sell their lives as dearly as jtossihle. (hant fell pierced l)y several lances, af'ti'r liavinjjf shot deivd a A[e.\i<'an who liad lanced l^rowu in tlu; ami. A. moment after, the latter was lassoed and draiL>;riest and a ^fexican woman. Tlience he Mas sent to ATatamoros, where au;"ain ho Avji.s spared through similar intercession. On both occasions he had been led forth ibr execution, lie eventually succeeded in escapiiiL?, throUL;h tlu; assist- ance of outside friends, in the latter part of December of tlie same year, and arrived at (Juadahipe A'ictoria iibnut the 1st of January, IcS,'!?.'*' As already stated, San Patiicio had i'allen into the liands of the enemy before the destruction of (jlrant and liis party. Urn^a had arrivi'd at IMatamoros ii .January ;{ 1st. There he remained till February liStli, wlien, havings already passed his forces over tlie river, he proceeded on his march to meet the Texans, of whose intentions a^-ainst ^Fatamoros lie was well in- formed. His conunand consisted of tlie infantry hattalion of Yucatan, in number 350 men, about the same number of draj^oons drawn from Cuantla, ^'am- [licD, Duran<:^o, and Guanajuato, and several companies • if ])ermanent militia; hi all between UOO and 1,000 ''This accou'it of Grant's raid and duatli is taken from Brown's narrative 111 /'(.,■. Aim., I8.")!», i;{4-7, and that of V. \V. .lohiison in /{idrr'n 'I'< i., 80-1'. iSiinvii's statoniont ri'garcling (Jraiit's dcatii is forrolioratc^il hy Urrca, wiio wiys tliat (irant and 41 rilUnnen roinaincd (had on tlic tii Id. hinrln, ( ' was distant from (ioliad between twenty and thirty miles, and a few days previously Fannin had sent Captain King and his company'*' thither to bring <»rt' *- These figures avc supplied F)y Potter, who was in Matamoros at thctiinr and counted tlie ti(Kii)s. VV.r. Aim., ISliS, .'tl-'2. Filiwola, ii. 40i, says Ii"" Mien. Urrea states that his force was ',i'20 infantry and '2'M dragoons. Do'n'i. Cnnip. im tlio niarcli, and six of tlic Yucatan .sohliers died from the cold. Id., S. ^^Johu.sons Account, ut si(}i. Urrea states that 1(5 of the defenders wcri' killed and 24 made prisoners. His ov/n loss was one dragoon killed, ami tmii wounded! Diario, ('nwj>. dc Tcj., 1). '■^ Fannin's force at this time was ahout .500 men, consisting of voliiiitcirs from (jeorgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mobile, and New Orlran.v It was divided into two battalions, the (Georgia and the La Fayette. Thi' lir''t consiated of Ward's and Wadsworth's company, and Capt. Tickuor's CDiiiiwiy vm ASSAriXS ON THK MISSION. 'J2» sonu' fiiinilii's there who were in raueli alarm at tlie .•i|i|u'a.raiiee (jf Mexican tnntps in tlie vicinity. Kind's titrce nninbered in all only twenty-cijrjit men, and at tlie mission lie was contVontcd hy a stronuf body ot tlio enemy. Whereupon he soujifht protection in tin; cliurch, a sti'onijf stone huildinjj^. and sent an express tt»(Joliad for a reeiit'on-ement. Ward was acconliimlv sent with 120 men to his assistance, and reached the mission on the day beture Trii'ii's as.sault upon it. It appears that Kins>" and A\'ar u lio sliould coimnan0 strong'. Tlu- sci'dihI li.ittalion cniisi.sUnl I'i tlu' New Orlvaii.s OrayM, Caiit. I'l'ttis; tliu Miistiiiigs 4: 'I'l liiimfih iiinl Tc.idH It-i/iK/er, JSJil, in J'/., SS-itl. '"'riii.s if) IJrown's statement. JiL, S"). Si'o also /inlrr'-'i Ti.r., 144; fAiin'n loin., lit'.!. Another version — also liy a ])articipator in the event.s — is that Kiii<4 was sent forward to reconnoitre, pre^jaratory to conunencing the return iiiiirili. FiHifi , ii. 249. '■ .Ml hut two, who niailo their escape, were shot. Jfun/tiiroi/'s .Statement, in /'/.. '.Vid. According to Kennedy, ii. 201-2, the captives were shot by order of I'riia; Tiiorn saw their nianghid remains. Col Francisco (iaray stfites that 111 tlic attack five men were killed and two taken j)risoners, and tiiat on tin; tnlldwiug day 3(5 more of the band were captured, their aniniuiutinn having liicii exhausted. Filisolo, ii. 41 2-1. "i. This atitiior states tiiat IJrrea caused ilidiit MO prisoners to Ije siiot, and defends his action. Id., ii. 4IS-19. An- iitluT statement— i)y K. N. Hill, an eye-witness- is to the eth ct tliat Kings .luiipany with a few of Ward's men remained at the inissi.iU and surrendered "II tiic morning after Ward's departure. They were ail shot with the excep- iKiii of one man, on the rcxid to Bejar, ai)out a mile from the mi.saion. 'JW. Aim., 18(10. 72. "The loss on the part of the Mexicans was severe, but is greatly exag- i;ii.it(Ml by Texan accounts. Brown says that between 400 and 5(X) of tlieir f rt ay.: pi |i flH /f #J9 '1 li'll ' "A «jv ')i:vii' -'fi;S4 '' ! ';'!■ "!-!ir!' .fe'l '' ' ■■:'! 224 IHE iLA^LO AND GOLIAD MASSACRES. •li M -Si :!il Ki| :■: ^ .1,,,^ '"['■ i! however, almost exhausted the ammunition of tin Americans, and Ward, having received a dewpatcli from Fannin ordering' him immediately on its receijn to return to Goliad at all risks,*" effected his escii])c through the enemy's lines during the night, and di rected liis course to Victoria. In his retreat Ward marched through woods and swam})s wliere cavahy could not pursue him. On the lUth the Anusricaiis crossed the San Antonio and ])rocoeded toward \"i' - toria, wliere they expected to find Fannin, The t',»\\ n. howcNcr, was already in possession of the enemy, and on their approach they were attacked hy a force of ,")()() or (500 cavahyn'c.i. Firing their last thr*. e rounds of annnunition, they retreated intc^ the (iuadahqie swaiii|i, where they passed the night. (3n the next tiny. March '2'2d, not having a shot left, they surrendeicil as prisoners of war,"' against the advice of Ward, wlm even in these des])erate circumstances would li;i\< preferred to take the chance of esca])e to trusting hi the faith of a perfidious foe. But the vote of the companies decided the question by a large majority, and the prisoners were marched to (loliad, there tn increase the number of victims soon to l)e sai-rificfil bv order of the inhuman Santa Anna. Fannin and his command had fallen into the hands of the eneni\ ! Houston, on March 2d, had issucsd a jjroclamation aimouncing the declaration of independence, and cull- ing on the citizens of Texas to rally, as war was ragiiiL;' (li'iid wvri' loft upon the Held. Tc.i: Alii,., iStiO, 80. Aiiotlicr eyu-witiiL. s stiiti's tliat ' tlie aukiiowleilj^ed Mexican loss \va.s4(K) killed ami uouiided;' n\1, '_'■")<). An- tlioi'ities on the ot'ier sis as 1! killed and 27 wounded; Filisola mifor.ses this statement, remaikiiij; that (i-.iray's a.i.sertion tiiat there were Skilled and 4;{ wonndeil is in^orreet. 11 412, 414. Tlie Texans liad non-' killed, but three men were se\rivl;. W()un-(i urrea asserts that Ward surreiidcivi at discretiou. Dhtrio, 19-20. EFFECT OF THE ALAMO >LAU(;HTER. 225 (111 tlie frontit.'r."' Appointing (Umzii\vz as tlio jtoint of ]i('iul()uartors of the army, lie liasteiiecl tliitlicr aiul airivod on tlie 1 Itii. Including a oonq)any of Ken- tucky volunteers, nearly 400 soldiers had assembled, liiit they were without organization, and inadec^uate to <.]i[)ose the enemy, who was already moving into the interior of the country. Xews of the slaughter at the Alamo reached Gon- z.ilez oil the day of Houston's arrival, and orders were Stilt forthwith t() Fannin, instructing hhn to i'all hack to (juatlalu]>e Victoria, and place it in a state of de- fence.''' On the 12th Mrs Dickenson reacluMl the ])la('c, and confirmed the mournful tidings, adding iiiiiiiy tt'iril)le details of the event. The inhahitants were })anic-stiicken. There was hardly a household ill tlie town that had not to mourn the loss of a father, a son, a brother, or other relative. Xot less than twenty widowed mothers bemoaned tlieir husbands' deaths. The families of the citizens who had I'alleii abandoned themselves to grief and desjiair, and the inhabitants began to tlee. The jianic was contagious, and many who had assembled in .inns returned to their linmcs to ]>rovide for the safety <>f those whom they liad left behind.'^ With no force capable of repc'lliiig the eiu'my, Houston decided to retreat, and having thrown his artillery, consisting of two brass 24-j)ound- crs, into the river, began his inarch just befon' mid- iiiglit of the 12th. On his dejiarture the town was set on tire and reduced to ashes. '^^ Santa Anna, having received aespatches from Urrea, infoi-ming him of the capture of San Patricio and tlie destruction of Grant's party,'" regarded the 'Copy ill Footr, ii. 'Jtiil-C. '-('iilpy ill Yoitkiini, ii. 472. -•'('"]■/. .S/iiirjir's Sfiiffiiicnf.; Fon/c, ii. StiS; Tlirnll, SaC; rhus/oti's Ltltir to ('oUiii'jimi-lh, Mar. 15, liSMd, in Ymdinii, ii, 47.")-(i. ' riii'i'u is little (loiil)t tiiiit Houston ;j;avo V( rhal onlcrs to '.)iiru tlio town, timt it Miijilit not afford shelter to the .NlexicaiiM. His defenders claim tiiat lie did not do so, hut tho evidence tends to a contrary conclusion. Consult •'ihar)K''.'< Xdi-nifiir, in Foole, ii. '_*(i8. '" lie received the despatehes on tlie .Sd and 7th of March, respectively. MmihiU'a Joiiniitl, in Kcinicih/, ii. 1S4, and Filmotn, Rcyrvuviit., S-'J. 11 1 -T. N. Mex. St.\tes, Vol. II. 13 Mi ; I ■ ■' I- ,*i •^ ■■■\§l 226 THE Alamo and goliad massacres. liiillf I, ! il ;■! war as ended, believing that no furtlier opposition would be made by the Texans. He aeeordingly made his dispositions to occu[)y the country with his amiy. On March 11th generals Sesma and Woll, with tliu battalions of Aldama, Matiinioros, and Toluca, and fifty cavalrymen, in all 725 men, su})[)orted l)y twn pieces of artillery, were sent to take possession of San Felipe, and thence })r()ceed by Harrisburg to Andliuac On the same day Colonel Morales, with the battalions of San Luis and Jimenez, a twelve and an eiglit pounder, and a mortar, marched for Goliad. Owing to information received from Sesma and Urrea, rela- tive to the forces of the enemy, on the lOth General Tolsa was despatched, with two more battalions and forty horse, as a reenforcement to Sesma ; and Colonel Cayetano Montoya, also witli two battalions and a twelve-pounder, to aid Urrea. Fannin received Houston's despatch on the mean- ing of March 14th, '" and at once made jireparations for his departure. An express was sent to Ward, ordering his immediate return, as we have seen; an- other Avas despatched to Colonel A. C. Horton at Matagorda, instructing him to join the main body as soon as ])ossible; and a third to Captain Samuel A. Wliite, calling upon him to hasten uj) carts and wagons, and order a supply of annnuiiition to be sent uj) the Colorado for the army.''" All tliese letters were intercepted; nevertheless Horton arrived at Goliad on the lOth with twenty-seven mounted men. The guns were dismounted, and such as were not transportable were buried. And noAV oecurre, that Ward was sent to King's relief on the night of the 14th. \\';ul kit Goliad on the \'M\\. '■' 'J'raiin/.atiunti m Spunuth, in Urrea, Diario, 57-8. M' A '■;« FANNIN'S FATAL MISTAKE 227 was received of the detacliment. The message all I'cll into tlie hands of the enemy. On tlie IGth a fourth messenger was despatclicd, and still Faimin lingered, so great was his anxiety to learn the fate (kf Ward and King, and his unwillingness to abandon tlieni in their dangerous position. His yielding to this generous impulse was a fatal mistake. On tlie I7tli Horton was sent to reconnoitre in tlie direction of San Antonio, and retunu'd to report tliat a large foice was advancing slowly and in good order U[)on (Joliad. It was Morales sent by Santa Anna from liejar. Not till the 17th did Fannin obtain any inti- mation that Ward's detachment had been hojtelessly cut ortV'*^ and on the 18th the enemy appeared in fore on the opposite side of the river, near the old mission, Horton, being sent across with what mounted men ho could collect, made a furious charge, and drove the Mexicans into the tind)er, where they were supported by a strong body of infantry. He then fell back in good order. The same day Urrea joined his forces with those of Morales, numbering 500 men. His position v/as about a league to the north of (Joliad. on the Arroyo de la Manahuilla.''" At last Fannin dr- cided to retreat, and began so doing on the folluwing iiiornLig. Two roads led from (^loliad across the San Antonio River, the lower one being that to Victoria. This was reconnoitred by Horton, and reported clear ot the foe. The march began very early, a dense fog concealing the moveme'it. At the ford much time was lost in passiu'^' over tlie artillery, which consisted of nine pieces; nevertheless, the retreat was unobserved, and the Americans, in nund)er about ;}00 men,"" ad- vanced unmolested to within about five miles of the Colcto River, the banks of which were well tind)ered. '"Cajitiiin Frazur voluiitoeri'il on tin; U'ltli to asi'''rtaiii tlic state o affairs. 11' iMui'iiuil witli tlie iiL'wa late in the afteriiodii of the 17th. l7."), ami traiiisLrilicd liy Liim i'.i Ills li'i'iiiiiiivciiri:^, 14H S2. ' I' mil, J)iiirio. 13. Urrea's force now ainouiited probably to l.'i(M) lucii. "Sliaekleford in Foo/c, ii. '2'U, says Fannin's force did not u.xeeeil 275 (ifiitive men. This number ii tlieii' dispirited troops to within titty or sixty yards of the Texan lines, and again the bayonet chaige atid cavalry onset were attem[)ted, only to be repulsed as before. An eye-witness thus describes the discom- fiture : " The scene was now dreadful to behold ; kiiliil and maimed men and horses were strewn over the plain, the wounded were rendhig the air with their DESrEUATK FlcaiTlNU. 231 (listrossinjjf inoans; wliilo a groat number of horses witJiout ritlers were rushing to and t'ro back u}ton the (ueniy's hues, increasing the confusion among them; their retreat resembled the lieadlong tliglit of a lierd (if buttaloes, ratlier tlian the retreat of a well-driHed rrgular army.""- Tlie contest lasted till sunset, and in the 7 wounded, hiarm, IS. Barnard writes: ' We had 7 nien killeil and (1{» wounded, about 40 of wlioiu were di.sahh ' ' Liiui'-i /I'l'in., l.'i.S. '" S/iiicktr/(trir.i Acroiiiif, in Foofi', ii. '2IJ5; htimahh ii- 207. i>oct')i' liaruard, wliii was present at the cngagenieut, shows his good judgment hi refraining "i1 ni:!j-.,| t, / Xt I .j 'AWl THE Alamo an]> goliad massacres. |- 'l!f i f /! -1 Jisji I, 1!HI III;:; Iik1o(><1, if Texan statunu'iits as to ITri'oa's losses aio aeeepted, tliat ♦ji'eiieral would liave lost over 1,000 men since he left Matainoros. The same tendency to mis- represent the numerical strength of tlie ]V[exic^in army is obs(;rval)le on both sides. The Texan authorities quoted, with the exception of Doctor Barnard,"" swi II tlie nund)ers to I,!)00 and 2,000 men, while Unca would lead us to suppos<> that he fought the batth' witli oidy .'{(10 infantry and 80 cavah'v."' Both sides were vijjfilant all thi"oui;h the nisjflit The Texans suffered nmch from tiiirst, but labored to strengthen their position by running, as best they could, a sliallow ditch around it, and forming a barri- cad(! with tiie carcasses of the animals, most of which had b(H'n killed or had strayed ott* during the conflict. Urrea's troops ke[)t wakefully alert, and on every side, at shoi't intervals of time, the bugle signals rung throuii'h the niijht air all alonu' the cordon of cavah\ - men that encircled the doomcid Americans. The dismal night ended at last and day dawiud. It was Sunday, March 20th; and before it was well liglit, a strong reiinforcement was seen coming up ti» join the enemy. The position of the Americans was now iH'rilous in the extreme. They numbered little more than 200 effective men, and these were worn out by the incessant toil and exertion they had und(Mgoiie since the i>revious morning. Moreover, the Mexicans from rxaggeration. He says: 'Tlie loss of the eueiny I couM iinvor Iimiii with in-fi'isiou. They had ahove a huiuh'eil wounded hadly, that wo [the siii- genus] Wfie afterwards ohliyed to attend to. Fifteen of tiii'ir dead were counted within a few hundred yards of oiu" intre- ehinent early in the iiiorii- ing, hesides an otiicer wlio dieil sliortly after. The accounts of tiie Mexicans theinselvi's, of whom I sultsc(|ucntly inijuired, varied in their st;iteiiicnts el their dead from forty to four hundred." Liiui'n Ri'iit., I(i3. ''"This writer not only strives to be impartial in his statements, hut sllow^^ great correctness in his estimates. He calculated the foi'ce of tiie encriiy to he 1, ;{(>(> on the morning after th.; engagement. He judged it to ho about /)(MI strong when the attack began, and not less than 1,(KK) at the end of the il.i\^, while in the morning a reeiiforeement of 3()0 or 4(M) men arrive wore now provided with two pieces of artillery, and I in aently I )ejL;un to fire grape and canister. Tlie nun were still confident that they could fight their way through the foe to the timber, hut in that case tlu' wounded would have to \h) abandoned, and honor and liunianity forbade their being left to the niei-cy of the (•iit'Uiy, who had so lately shown such barbarity by the massacre of King's party and the defenders ot San Patricio. The question of surrender was tlien'- ri ire agitated, and submitted to the companic^s by their ii'S[)ective officers after they had consulted. It was generally agreed that if an honorable capitulation (•(•uld be obtained, they would lay down their arms ;is prisoners of war. A white fiag was accordingly hoisted, and Colonel Salas, LieuteJiant-colonel Holsin- gir, and Adjutant Jose de la Luz (lonzalez wen^ sent liy Urrea to confer with Faimin, who met them mid- way between the hostile liui'S. The result was that the surrender was made. It has bc^en denied by Urrea and Holsinger that the former signrd any (•a[ntulation, but the survivors of the band tell but (iiie story, naniel}-, that every one unth-rstood at the t'lMie that articles of capitulation were sigm-d.""' On tlu; sanu! day such of the Americans as were al)le to march were sent to Goliad, the wounded arriv- ing at the same place on the 22d. The prisoners were coiifined under a strt)ng guard in the church, wliich was so crowded that on the 2;kl all except tlu; Mexi- < an wounded were removed, the well oiuis to the i'lirt, and the woundeil to barracks on the west wall. Meantime Urrea marched to Victoria, and on the 22d captured Ward and his conunand, as already nar- rated. He also made dis])ositions for the occui)ation '•fC6[>ano; and on the 2:{d Major Miller, with eighty- two volunteers just arrived from Nashville, was made ''*roisult ///.-,/. M<:i:., V. 170-1, this ,s(>rios; also HoIsiiiirerV I'ttcr u^ Wli.ntiiii dt' .Jiiiiu 3, 1SI{(), ill ('(iro, Vcn/di/. Idea, ~t'.\ S; (/rn/■-/'.,• .(,■- ii"(".', in l'\iiit<, ii. '_'.'{7-'.>; Kenu'dii, Tex., ii. UOS-h); Yoitkuin, ii. 514-10; S'lii'i A II lilt, Miiiiij'., 4'J. M'! ' Ml)' J '■; ! ■ -I' I i! ! 284 THE Alamo and goliad massacres. w n i •' L^^ i prisoner by Colonel Vara at that place on lantliiiir-. All were sent to Goliad, Ward's command beiii^; brought in on tlie 25th. On the outbreak of hostilities, the su[)reme govern- ment, in view of the notorious [)rej)urations carried on in the south of the United States, tt) enlist volunteers in the Texan cause, passed a law December 30, IH.']5, to the efl'ect that all foreigners landing in the repui)lii- with arms in their hands should be considered pirates, and punished as such.*"' When Santa Aima was in- formed of the capture of Fannin and his connnand, he determined that this Draconian measure should be car- ried out to the letter. He despatcluid an order to Lieu- tenant-colonel Nicolas de la Portilla, the commandant at (jToliad, connnanding him inunediately to execute the prisoners, and expressing his surprise that the law- had not already been carried into effect. The des[)atch reached Portilla's hand at seven o'clock on the ni^lit of the 2()th. The Americans, unconscious of their mipending fate, were cheerful and buoyant with the hope of soon being sent back to their homes. Shackle- ford narrates that several of them on that evening played hi concert on their flutes the air of "Home, sweet home." Portilla passed a restless night, and not till mornliiLi' dawned did he decide to carry out the barbarous l»ut imperative order. The whole garrison was drawn up under arms, the prisoners were aroused from tiieir sleep, formed into three divisions, and marched out cf the town in different directions. Their questionings were satisfied with various explanations; the victims in one band were told that they were going to C(')jiaiio to be sent home; of another, that they were wanted to slaughter beeves; and the third, that room in the fort was recjuired for the reception of Santa Amiiv. Four doctors and about a dozen others were not called out. It was Palm Sunday. Each line inarched in •"Copy in Duhloii and Lotmuo, iii. 114-15. All foreigners also wlio laii'liil arms ami uinniiuiitiuu for the use of the rebels were to be similarly dealt \> itii. mm % MOST VIIXANOUS TKKACHKUY. 235 double file, with a guard of soldiors on oitlior sido. J lair a milt! from tho fort the order was «jiiven to halt; tlio filo of sdldit'rs on the rii^ht passt'd throu«,di the jiiisoiiers' lim>, and in a moment after, the whole guaid jiniired in a volley upon them. Nearly all fell; a few survivors only escaped into the lonjjf grass of the lirairii', scmie of whom, eluding tiuir pursuers, gained the river. The first division to sufl'er was that whieh IijkI heen led out on the road to the lower ford, hut till' sound of distant volleys in other directions soon .iCtertold those at Goliad that the nmrderous work was being consunnnated elsewhere. For an hour at'tcr the first firing, the ring of intermitte?it shots smote on the ear, producing in the listener's mind a t: Jiis unarmed prev through the tall (;()IJAI> MASSACUKS. were stripp* d of c'lothliit;', and tli*' iiaki'd corpses coi- Ift'tod into luap.s; thou brushwood was pik'd.upou them uiid sot on fire. Even this hcathi'iiisli dispu, ;;1 of thodcud was hadly done, and days aftcnvard inaiiv luinds and feet unscathed ))V tho Hanies were seen liv Sliarklcford, wliose eldest son and two nephews weic anionj^ the victims. The odium of this horrible deed rlji^htly rests on Santa Anna. The officers more directly concerned showed some feehngs of humanity. Their chief luul none. Urrea recommended the prisoners to mercy, and received a shar[) rc[)rimiind.'* Portilla hesitated, and afterward expressed his horror and disoT.st at haviiii^ been conn)elled by his duty as an otiiccr to execute the hateful task."'" But Santa Anna's onlir Barnar'l, and S. T. Brown, tliu List buiuf; one of the Americans who escuiiL'iiir!o, (JI-'J, the numher of pii.-i i- ers amounted to 44."), or SO.*} afti.T deductinjf Miller's company, wliieli, int liaving been taken in arms against the republic, ho reserved for further i.i- strnctions. Deducting from tlie latter ligures L'7, tho number of those who escaped, according to iShacklcford's list of their names, Foote, ii. '244, and 11 doctoi's and others who M-eru retained in tJoliad, it would appear tliat ."L ) were put to death on tho morning of the 'JTth. This number very nearly t .1- lies with Kennymore 's figures. For if 41 of ICorton's and King's coiiiiiia.i 1* hu taken from Ids list of killed, there remain .'544, oliowi:ig a ditfercucu of it men, which may be explained by tho ileaths occasioned by tho battle ot t'. ■ ( 'oleto, and the loss sustained by Ward at llefngio, and during his retreat t" Victoria. Brown, who was with Wanl's command, says: 'At the time of thi.' surrciidcr we had only 85 men, tho others having left us on tlu^ route froMi tho mission to Victoria. ' Tex. Aim., 18G0, iSl). Yoakum, ii. ll)i), gives tlieninii- her of killed as S.'JO, but he only puts down eight as the number of surgeiuH and attendants saved. "' ' La respuesta do S. E. &, la recomendacion del Sr do Urrea, fut^ luia reconvcncion bastante fuerte, manii'estandole su dcsagrado, y ;d misi.ui tiempo, que no manchaso sus triunfos con una nulla cntimdida compasi.i;i, Cum, Virtliul. Itliit, 13. Holsinger, in his letter to Wharton, intiiiiate-; ili:it Urrea dill not intercede for the piisoners' lives, at a ay rate neglected t'li.i- form Santa Anna of tho personal promises maile to Fannin. A/., 71J-7. i'Ht it must be remembered that llolsinger was endeavoring to cxcidpate S,i:it;i Anna, who was then .-i prisoner of Houston's. '^See Ids diary and letter t(t Uriva of March '27, 1S315, in Urrai, JJi-irio, (j'J-.'i; Democratic Jieciew, iii. 144-5; and Yonkitiii, ii. 51'.t-'20. SANTA .VNNA, THK FIKND. 5.M7 liu-.i.' llluit was poreniptory, and tlid not eoncual his aujjfiy iin- jiatier.ro; still l^oitilla savt'J jMillrr'H coinitaiiy fnmj destruction. Colonel Garay displayed liis liuuKinity in a Htill more practical nianntT. Assuniiiitj^ a (laiij^crous ivsponsibility, ho ^vitlldre^v doctors* Siiaekh I'orih liar- iiard, Fiehl, and Hall, with some others, fVoni the lios- jiitals, and sent them with ^[iller's company to his own iiuartiTS, where he had two otlu'r nu'n alreadv conci-aled in a tent. The Senora Alvarez also concealed and saved a few of the olHcers.'' ]5ut no ray of mer«y or (if pity illumined the dark and cruel soul of the _u;en- cfal-iii-ehief He was the incarnation of an inhuman- it v at once revenijroful and cowardlv. The slauLihti r of his troops at i/o Alamo still rankled in his mind, and lie would not have s[)ared a .sinj^h; llfi;. jNIiller and his men would also liave hi^en put to death but lor the re[)resentations of an oiKcer who presumed to pli'ad for them.'^ '•"Suu ISiiriiiirtrs ftinl SI i:iekli; ford's iiarnitiviis, in L'niii''* Iti'in., UiS, 171-3, aii'l /'We, ii. '_'14-5. Haniiird says i!ic; ii;iiiio of Stilnni .^Iviirc/. ilcsorves to Ik ri'uonkiil ia K'ttor.s of gnld. S!i:ii'l>li!(inl Hpoakd of Ikt lis an angel of 111' a'V. Tills was not tlic first or la>t tinio that sliu .sliowud kimlnosa ami humanity to Inr country's enoniius. "' Wliun tliiir case was refi-rrud to Santa Anna, lio instriicti^il lii< si^cnitiirv, Caro, to draw \\\> the onli'r for their c M'eution. This wa-i done; hut ( aptain Savariuuo, tlio hearor of t!ic de.-ijiatcli from t ioliad, liad the courage to address Santa Anna o;i tho snhjeot of mercy, and received a sound rating for liis pre- sumiition. ' I'ero aj)i^nas huho hahlado, cuau'lo recihiii jior respiiesta tan aiuar- ^'as rejircnsiones, (jnesalio confnndi(h). ' ('urn, I'cn/nil. /i/cn, 1."). Santa Anna, hiiwivcr, withdrew liis order and postjioned his decision till he had investi- jiatrd the matter. By thid accideutal latcrpositioii tho lives of tho company Were saved. iii'i CHAPTER XI SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. :!.i '^t •i' '^ %M ! H 1836-1837. Houston's Retreat — His Biography — Panic ov the Settlers — Sax Fe- i.U'E Buij.NED — Santa Anna's Plans and Advance — flis iMrETUurs Movements — Removal of the Government to Galveston — Harkis- jivua IN Ashes — Discontent op Houston's Army — Its Advance lo THE San Jacinto — Santa Anna Burns New W/Vshington— He Marches to Engage Houston — Preliminary Skirmishing — Mexican Carelessness in an Enemy's Front — Discussion on Houston's TAfTics — Burning of Vixce's Bridge — Preparations for Battle — San Ja- cinto and Slaughter — Santa Anna's Flight and Caiture — Negotu- TioNs FOR Life — Filisola's Retreat — The Treaties — Santa Anna's Dangerous Position and Final Release. M"'i News of the fall of the Alamo reached Washmiitou on March 1 6th, and on the 18th the government mow J its seat to Harrlsburg. A proclamation, however, was issued by the president, in which it was stated that this step was not taken through apprehensi ii that the enemy was near, but had been resolved upon as conducive to the public good before any such re^tort was in circulation.^ Meanwhile Houston pursued his retreat to tne Colorado, where he intended to make a stand, haviiiij; sent his aide-de-camp, William T. Austin, to the niDUth of the Bruzos for cannon and ammunition. His Wnve at this time was about 400 men, but as fresh trdops kept joining him, the army soon numbered 700. Ihit the removal of the government to Harrlsburg,' Ibms- *Tho same express whicli brought int.iUigence of the fall of tlic Al.iiiio also reporteil that Houston 'as in rapid retreat from Gonzalez. Tci: Alii., I860, 51. '■'Houston, in a despatch to Thomas J. Rusk, the secretary of war, .! itr.l SAMUEL HOUSTON. 239 ton's necessary retreat, and successive reports of dis- asters raised the panic in tlie country to the higliest ])itch. The settlers abandoned tlieir homes, fleeing in all directions before the retreating army, or accom- ])anying it for protection. Thus, many brave men were absent from the field, engaged in conveying their families to places of security. On March 14th, the commander-in-chief encamped near the Navidad, and oil the I7th reached Buinham's place on the Colorado. Here he remained two (lays, which were spent in put- ting the families which had cast their lot with the army across the river. Tl 3 troops having then passed over, he proceeded to a noted point on the left ))ank, called Beason Crossing, where he remained till the 2Gth, waiting for the aitillery." As the Texan commander-in-chief is now about to enter upon a career during which his action has been severely criticised by his enemies, but which was ulti- mately crowned with extraordinary success, and won the independence of Texas, it will be proper to place before the reader some account of his parentage and previous life. Samuel Houston was born on March 2d, 1793, at a place called Timber Ridge Church, in Rockbridge ciiuuty, Virginia, and by a singular coincidence forty- tlireo years after the independence of Texas was dedared, on his natal day. Both his father and luotliei' were descended from ancestors who emio-rated to the north of Ireland from the Highlands of Scot- laud in the troulilous times of the reformation in that ciiuutiy during the sixteenth century. After the Miircli '2'.), 1830, writes: 'Your removal to Harrisburg has done more to in- t'Ru se the panic in the coUil^rv■ than anything else that has occiirreil in Texas, cxcipt the fall of the Ahimo. tJopy in Yoahtm. ii. 485-6 ^On March 23il, G. \V. l.i ■•'.ley^ inspector-general of the army, wrote hy order of Houston to Secretary Ku>k, 'We liave now upwr.rd of TOO nicii . . . all ill good spirits ami anxious to meet the foe.' But this nunilx-r does not rL|iiesi'iit tha force with which Hou>ston contimiod hia retreat from tlir Cohi- railii, for on the same day lin lilm.self writes to Rusk. 'M'-n are lloeking to caiiiji, and 1 expect in a day or two to receive 200 volunteers and rrgu!:irs.' 'In a few days my force will be highly respactable.' Copies in Id., ii. 4S0-4. 5 J I'l I • ! : ! •• ; ".| H.mm ; 1 j! 240 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. siege of Londonderry, in 1G90, in which they took part, they crossed the Atlantic and settled in Pennsyl- vania, the two families seemingly following each other in their migrations, till, at the close of the eighteentji century, we find them established in Virginia. Hous- ton's father was possessed of only moderate means, and died in 1807, when the future founder of tlie Texan republic was thirteen years of age ; he was a man of powerful frame, undaunted courage, i),nd was swayed by a strong ])assion for military life. The mother was highly gifted with intellectual qualities, was of a most benevolent disposition, and possessed of a fortitude which the dangers that a life on tlie frontiers was overexposed to could not shake. Hous- ton inherited the qualities of both his parents. After the death of her husband, Mrs Houston with her family of six sons and three daughters crossed the Alleghanies and settled near the Tennessee river, which was then the boundary line between the Cher- okee Indians and the white race. Young Houston thus fur had received little or no education, having disi^laj^ed an aversion to attending school during such intervals as he could be released from labor on the farm ; and now he was more than ever confined to hard work. Nevertheless he attended for a slioi't time an academy established in that part of Tennessee, and obtained possession of several books which greatly attracted his attention. They were translations of liatin and Greek authors, and among them was J^)pe's Iliad. Tlie perusal of these works excited in him an ardent desire to acquire a knowledge of tlie original languages, and when his application to be in- structed in them was refused by his teacher, ho in- dignantly left the institution. At lumie his elder brothers exercised a kind t)f fraternal tyranny (»ver him, and at last con; polled him to enter a merchant's store, from which he presently disa})pcared. A.ter much fruitless search, the family learned at last tliat he had taken ui> his abode with the Cherokees. No HOUSTON'S BIOfUlAniY. L'41 1 orsuaslon could induce the scapegrace to abandon his wild hfe, and he remained with the Indians till he w; s eii^hteen years of age, spending his time in chas- iiii ; wild game and self-education to whi'li he diligently a|>[)Iied himself Having contracted some small debt in purchase of articles for his Indian friends, he considered himself IxHirid t(- 1 lake an effort to pay it. He accordingly loft the native village and opened a school, overcom- ing the many difficulties which opposed him at the start. When his debt was paid he returned to his forincr teacher, but soon coming to the conclusion that lie would never make a scholar, entered a store ill Kingston, Tennessee, as clerk. In 1813 Houston, who had grown into a powerful man, over six foet high, enlisted as a recruit in the ranks of the United States' army, and was presently marched off to the Creek War. In the hard-fought battle of the Horse Shoe bend of the Tallapoosa, he displayed rare courage and fortitude. Having been appointed ensign, when the assault was made on the Indian for- tifications he mounted the defences, colors in hand, and luiving been struck by a barbed arrow in the thigh, compelled, with his ui)lifted sword and throats of death, a soldier to pull the missile out. Though carried to the rear, he presently returned to the fight, find received two rifle l)alls in the right shoulder which completely disabled him. His recovery from these wounds was long doubtful, but liis stronj' con- stitution saved him. The intrepidity which he dis- played in this battle won for him the lasting regard if CreutTal Jackson, and he was made lieutenant for liis gallantry. ^\ hen peace was restored Houstcm was appointed svih-agciit to the Cherokee nation, which position he held till about 1819, when he was removed on account lif a controversy in which he became invt to be fired by him at his opponent. The ouUut was u.«3d, andA\'iiiiu fell. After tbo duel Houston a>;sumcd a game-cock and a dog aa a coat-uf ariiu. Id., 529^30. APPROACH OF THE MEXICANS, 243 Jiinuaiy 1^29, he espoused a daughter of a wealtliy aiir- tioii of what is now Indian tc^rritory. He was kindly received, and in October 1821), was admitted to all tlie r'ylits and privileges of that nation. In 1832 he went to Washington to remonstrate against frauds prac- tised by the United States' Indian agents, which re- sulted in the removal of five of them. This involved liiiu in personal quarrels, and a rencounter occurred \)c- tv'ecu him and W. li. Stansbury, a representative in tl'u house from Ohio. Stansbury was seven iy licaten. Houston was arrested, tried for assault, and Hue J $500 The sentence, however, was not enforced Ity the court, and President Jackson afterward re- mitted the fine. In December of the same year Hduston went to Texas and, as the reader is aware, was one of the delegates to the convention which as- sciuhled Api'il 1st, 18t]3, at San Felipe. Such was tlic jirevious career of the num whom the fates now called upon to guide the destiny of Texas.' Almost sinmltaneously with Houston's arrival at ^ ^ Lr.,fn-'ii Ifmiston ami hi.f Jicp., 8-47; T<'x. Aim., 1659, llO-'Jo; Con/on's Ta:., ITS-'J; llnustoii, Lilo of, 17-70; QiKirlcrlif Rit\, v. new nor., ."IT; II.- f'li, Ji'iiii. I jj a " Mil r Prinowr'i" Wii/air, ]'2; Thrall, So") et hui|.; Oiikhiml Tiiu.<, ( ,il., Apr. 17, 1878; Amtr. Cyclop, ix. sub noin.; T/iu dntiir^, Auy., 1S{)4; Boka-'s Tea:., 255-7. 1. H ' < ' i m ] , \IM !1B:— - 2M SANTA ANNA'S JIUMILIATION. Beason Crossing, generals Rauiirez y Sesma and Woll, witli a foico variously estimated at from 600 to Soo," reaclu (1 tlio Colonulo and took up a position in a bend of the river about two miles above the Texans. On the approach of the Mexicans, Capttiin Carnes Lad l)een sent with five men to reconnoitre, while to pic- veut Sesma from passing across the river, Colond Sidney Sherman and Captain Patton were dcspatclnd with 150 men to Dewees crossing.' Canies fell in with twelve of the enemv, and in the skirmish which ensued, killed one of them and captured another. Sherman's detachment was presently increased t«> from 350 to 400 men. For six days the opposing' armies remained in their respective positions within striking distance without either side makhig any hos- tile demonstration.* Houston's army by the 25th had received such accessions that it was over 1400 stront;-,' and the men were all eajjer to en Santa Anna of March 25, 18IJ0, in FiUxola, Mem. TeJ,, i. 11. Houston in lii^! s[)i'i'i'h in the Senate of the U. S., Feb. 28, 1850, states that his etiiciiiit force never exceeded 700 troops at any one point. Cowjremnmil GMk; LS^ll, p. 14;iS. Copy of same speech in j?Vj;. Aim., 1800, 18-35. Tliis assert inn is somowliat contradictory to the statement in his letters of March 2.'I, 18oi). 1" Foote — ii. 278-1) — states that he is convinced that Ocn. Houston, up to the 25th of Msvrch, contemplated a struggle with the enemy in the neij.'Iifinr- hood of the Colorado, and from a mass of documents, quotes one wliuli lio considers conclusive. 'Capt. Shape says: Gen. Houston told me to toll the people not to run any farther . . . there would be no moreretreatiiiL'; aiil that tlio next news they woubl hear from the army would be of a battK', tlio resultof wliich no one could doulit.' llie same author also supplies cejiy <'t Army Orders of March 21st, in which Houston's intention ia evident. ' iu f^ HOUSTON'S IXTENTTONS. 24S 2')th. news was l)rought by Potor Korr of tlio oapturo iiiid iiiassacro of l^aiuiin's coiniiiaiKl. This was a (lr;itli-l)l«)W to his plans. It would bo madiu'ss to as- sail uiulcr these circuinstanrts, allow Urrea to gain Ills rear, and l(>t himself be surrounded by over- ^vll(>luliug forces." Accordingly lie decided on a fur- (lu r retieat to the Brazos, and on the evening of the '2(!th fell back five mihs anhs to enable them to niuove their families to places of security, and in the 8ults(Mjuent rt^treat, as elsewhere intimate eon sin eorrespondieutus dutaeidues do artilleros y municidiies.' Filisolit, Mt:iii. T'J., i. '20. 946 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION U-. ::' 5 „i to send retlnforcements, war material, and supplies to tlio front. Two thirds of the militia had been call( d out, and measures were adopted to arrest the panic and Hight of the inhabitants toward the Sabine. Pivs- ident Burnet, on March 18th, issued a proclamation tending to allay the public consternation, exhorting the people not to abandon their homes, thereby de- priving their countr}''s defenders tlicn in the field of additional strength. But this proved ineffectual. As soon as the fate of Fannin's command was known, and that Houston was in retreat, the wild hurry to eseupo of the fleeing people rose hito a panic, which erc^Jiioj reached Trinity, whose inhabitants fled. Samuel V. (Larson, the secretary of the navy, writing to President Burnet, says, "Never till I reached Trinity have I desponded, I will not say despaired."'* It was as if a hurricane of terror was sweeping over the land. Houston retired rapidly toward the Brazos, reach ing San Felipe on the 28th. Here the dissatistiu'tioii of the trooi)S displayed itself in a s}tirit of insubonlinii- tion. Objection was raised to marching up the rlvi r, it being maintained that the principal settlements ^\('l■o .situated below. The commander-in-chief decidrd to move up, whereupon two companies, one conmiandcd by Captain Mosely Baker, and the other by W) lie ]\iai'thi, refused to come into line,** and he was fain to oriler Baker to remain beldnd, with 120 men, to guard the crossing at San Felipe, and to grant tlie re- (juest of Martin's company to go down to the crossing at Fort Bend, or Old Fort. These arrangcnunts having been made, on the 29th Houston movod up the river with the main body, now reduced to 5l'0 ef- ficient men, crossed Mill creek, and on March 3 1 st encamped in the Brazos bottom opposite Groce's jilaii- tation. Here he remained till April 13th, detained •''Letter of April 4th, in Ynnhtm, ii. 119. ^* LdUuHe, in 7V.r. Aim., ISoit, 44. Houston makes mention of only one company as nuitiuuus. JJounious SiKecIi, ulsup., 14H5, also in Tex. AIik., l^'W, 23. MEXICAN ADVANCE. 247 hy tiio high waters of the river fron any active opera- tion. The rains were unusually heavy this season ; the Brazos rose to a height not known for years, and ]ii^ camping ground was at one time converted into an island by the floods. Provided with no tents, and hut little covering of any kind, the suftenngs of the soldiers from wet and ex^wsure were severe, and sick- iK^ss naturally followed. In the evening of the day on which Houston left San Felipe, the town was burnt to the ground by ]^aker. This severe measure was adopted on account of a reyjort brought in by his scouts that they had seen tlio Mexican advance guard within a few miles of the |)]a('e, which they would probably reach before day- lii^lit. Unfortunately, the scouts had mistaken a drove of cattle for a squadron of cavalry, and the untimely liurning of San Felipe caused the destruction of an immense quaiitity of goods which might otherwise have been saved. * I }.| On March 24th, General Tolsa arrived at the Colo- rado with his command, raising Sesma's division to 1,400 men of all arms,'" and this general, on the re- treat of Houston, at once proceeded to pass his troops over the river on rafts. The Colorado was much swollen, but in four days after the departure of the Tixans, he succeeded in placing a considerable portion of tliem on the other side, and a few days later cross(id over with the remainder. When Santa Anna became aware of the large Texan force concentrated on the C(tl( trade, he changed his intention of returninji to Mexico, and decided to take the field in person. In- deed, he changed all of his pla is. Gaona was ordered to cross the Colorado at Basi op, and march to San Felipe as a suppoit on Sesm; 's left, and Urrea was '' Foot*;, ii. 283. This author, in his account of this occurrence, (juotes 'tlio very words of the last number of the San Felipe Tekymp/i, the accuracy of wliich tl\ure is no reason to <|uestioii.' '''These are Sesma's own figures, according to his despatch to Santa Anna dated March 25, 1830, in Filmla, Jlem. 2'ej., i. 41. mM 248 SANTA ANNA'S HUMIUATION. I i Iff }'H : 't\ :\ >l!:1 instructed to move from Victoria ajjfainst the sairu? place. Colonel Amat wtis sent forward to Gonzalr/, with 000 men, two eight-pounder andtwofour-]X)Uii(li r cannon, and a seven-inch mortar, takinj^ with him rations for one month. Haviii*^ made these arrange- ments, and leaving General Juan Josd Andrade in commaiul at Bejar with most of the cavalry and sonic piqui'ts of infantry, the Mexican dictator left, Manli 3 1st, with his staff and General Filisola. On April 2d he reached (jionzalez, an 1 finding the waters of tln! (xuadalupe so high that it would be necessary to con- struct rafts for the passage across of Amat's brigade, such was his impatience that he hurried forward with his staff and an escort of about forty dragoons, leaving Filisola to direct the crossing of the troops, artilU'i\ , and wagons. On the 5th he reached the Colorado, and with Sesma's and Tolsa's commands pushed for- ward with the same impetuous haste to San Feripe, where he arrived April 7th." Santa Anna in the plenitude of his self-confidenco considered that he had an ample force with which to crush the retreating Texans without the assistanci' dt Urrea's division, and on April 6th countennanded liis instructions to that general, ordering him to take ]»os- session of Matagorda, and carry out the operations previously assigned to him." This proved to be a fatal mistake. Urrea crossed the Colorado, and on April 13th entered Matagorda, which he found e\ai- uated. He then directed his march to Brazoria, tak- ing ])ossession of the place on the 22d without oppo- sition, a large (quantity of goods of all kinds fallin<; into his hands.'* While Urrea was thus far away from the future field of action Gaona failed to arrive at San Felipe at the time expected. In fact he had lost liis way in the desert region lying between Bastrop and San Felipe, which place lie did not reach till ^' FilimUi, Mem. T>j., i. 41-51; /Jd., Mem. Guerra Tej., ii. 440-9; Urrea Diario, 24-7. CROSSING THE RIVER. 240 April 17th.**' These two circumstances, coml lined witli the mifXituosity and ])r(!suin}»tu()us self-reliaiiee of Santa. Anna greatly conducfMl to the catastrophe wliich cnditd in his ov( i-tlirow and capture. A Lunij. ■•'" W,m ■.'! fr..iii ;1l \\ unlilnKliui l» I u.;„«,nu.i'KTrr^^'>.;^ ._*i--.5- — U HUUI) S J "'Xi' ' ,. b'-."">'^« ■' 1 '.'V "V J ■■•■/"■"l.fvNATCHITUeHES • .1" 'V v>-V:sr^ 's. Sun <^ vi. I I hi. Uoiii>l».'i*at('.iMl.i. -/v, ^< QWlv'.' ";*1 -G'ALVESTO'i I. YVfvk 1 LEONA VIcAi I Fonm-rlj Sulll 1 ^VA> *4 \ 'i '■'■13 *"■ ■.'? 1 il SCALE UF M1LE3 ; U "^)~+0~ttU "«t)i I'l 11 SEcrnoNAL Mai- of IS.'Jo. Meantime Santa xVnna, fiudinijj Baker's detachment ■•p[>i>S('d to him on tlie ojiposite side ot'tlie river, made :u) at,t('ni[)t to cross, but on the 9th moved down the ■"('iim Vinlivl. Idea, 'I'l; Fil'ixohi, Mem. Guvrra Tas- sage across at the lower one. Martin thereupon }iie- ceeded up the river and joined Houston who by tliis time was also on the east bank of the river. Takinu; with him 700 infantry with a six-pounder and ;!() cavalrymen, Santa Anna hurried off to liarrisbuiif, leaving Sesma with the remainder of the division at Old Fort. The cause of all this haste was the receipt of news that the Texan government had its seat at Hariis burg and the Mexican conmiander-in-chief hoped, hy- a forced march, to capture the president and other members. He arrived at the place in the night of the 15 th," only to find three printers in it, the gev- '^'Also called Fort Bend, Thompson Fuiry. and Oroziinbo — now mond. '^^Seo Sesma's note to Filiaola of Apr. 9, 1836, in Id., Mem. TeJ., Id., Rejmisrnt., 13. '•'^ If ouston states in the speech already quoted tha,*; he had ordered craft on the river, to be destroyed Imt l)y a ruse tho enemy obtaiiif oidy boat that was in that part of tlie coiintry where a command wa tioncd. Ihey came and spoke English. Consult Yoidum, ii. 121. '^* At this date the positions of the Mexican divisic^ns were as fi Urrcci was at Matagorda, 30 leagues distant from Sesma, aiul 40 from Fi Gaoua was lost iu the desert between Bastrop and San Felipe; Filisd li it'll- i. 1)4; cvfry ,1 the s sta- ll,, \vs: l>-.,la: a Mas TKXAX MOVEMKNTS. 181 ( rmnoiit and inlialntants having loft for New \Va8li- iii.'tdii, whcnco tlioy crossi'tl over to Aiuiliuac, and tVtiiii tlicro to (jralvt'stoii islaiul in tlio stcanuT ('-anta Anna's countermanding his orders so repeatedly caused nmcli annoy- aiiic to liis generals, whose .suggestions or advice he would not listen to. -" Houston says, 'mutiny and sedition were rife in camp,' Ti^x. Aim., LSGO, ;55. ij IB f? iiij ^, 252 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. i; ; i I " I m 'SI iriiiji ■\i i; march to Harrisburg, the seat of the crovcmmcnt, and there make a stand.'* Two six -pounders having ai- rived on the 1 Ith from Harrisburg/" Houston mad.' pr(;parations to cross the river. On his arrival at the Brazos, a spacious steamboat, the YcUoirxtonc, liit|i- pened to be at Groce's landing, loading with cotton. This vessel he embargoed, and placing a guard (-u II r I. r n r 1/ / V / ( () Routes uf Armies. board tluis secured the means of passing tho rivoi' ;it aiiv time without tnRiblc. Thus at length tiic opna- tions were fairly coinnienccd, and indeed liad tin v been mucli longer dt-iayd it is impossible to fonse ■ tlu results that might have followed, witli nnitiny and insubordination t>])enly threatened in liis cami", tor many of his followers now attributed his hesita- tion to incompetence, timidity, or in(leee except the right one. On the Tith he began to -'»Foote says that, Houston's plan wan to retire to tlie Sal)iuc, ami tln'ir get ii[) ail ariiiy of ."i.OOO Auiili-Ameriuaiw. ()u the otluT liaiul, it wm> :iii- iiiuniccd to liiiii hy Maj. Wharton and others tliat tlie sohliurs woiiM imt icave the central region of Texas to go north on any eonsideratiou whativer. J''nn/t; ii. •_'<)'_>. Houston asserted in his sjuc'h before the U. S. .s'inate that lie was resolved never to ]iass the Trinity. '/'',/•. Aim., l.S(iO, .'}.'{. *''lhese two small guns eonstitiited all tiie artillery of tlie Texan'^ aniiV. They wei'e ]>r(^seiited to the ]latriol^ i)y the eiti/ens of Cineiiinati, and wi:i afterward ehristened tiie Twin Sisters. /-/.. '.';!; /''k>^ , ii. 'J'.t.". .;, where v. Ii he f,.\ind copy of I'resident Ikirnefs letter acknowledging the receipt of i!a! cannon. S; ; ill RAPID MOVEMENTS. 2B3 TLiss the troops across, and by the 14th the whole ariiiy was placed on the other side. The next day, the companies of Moseley Baker and Wylie Martin ar- rived. Both officers were in a sullen hum or, an 1 tlie latter proved so refractory that Hijuston oraered hini ti) Hiarrh directly to the Trinity and protect the women and children in case the Indians should prove turbu- lent." The army was now put in motion, and n^tv' a march of extreme dilncnlty and fatigue ovi- the bogoy oround,^'' arrived at Buffalo bayou, opposite llarrls- hurjj', on the 18th, and there encamped. The ever- active scout, Deaf Smith, and other s[)ies were sent across the bayou, and in the evening brought in two captives, one of wliom proved to be the bearer of de- !^j);itches from Filisola to Santa Anna, and otliers from ]\I(xico. From these papers Houston learned for the first time that the jNIexican i)resident in person was in command of the advance division of the enemy. Houston now determined to cross the bayou, and on the mornhig of the IDth, after having addressed a s[>irit-stirring speech to the troops," in v.']iich he in- formed them that Santa Anna himself was before tJieni, moved al)out two nnles lower down the bayou, with three davs' rations, leaving in tlie rear the bat elo- 'jnt sj)ecch ... in the midst of his speech he stopped Middeidy, say* iug: ''I 1 ve done," as if it had just occurred to liiin tliat it Mas a waste of Mdi'ds to .'ilk to men mIio had been so long impatient for the very conflict tint was now about to take place.' TS.-)i(, 4!). ■'^^>akum makes the extraordinary statement tliat 2()0 or ."^(10 sick and lion-etl'cctives were left behind, ii. ll>4. Labadie, wlio sunly oiij;htto know, siiya, ' Phelps having been left to attend to some ten or twelve wlio M'ere sick m -n h Wr 1 ri '■ ■) ;| i :, 11 •i 1/ 264 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. m p V ■ l|>r of the main body was effected without misliap, but not witliout ti'oubl(!, as tlio only means ofcrosshigconsistcil of a boat in bad ri^pair and a raft tliathad bc^en. con- structed on which to pass over the cannon and amniu- nition- wagon. Tlie horses were made to swim across, and by nlglitfall tlie wliole force ]iad gainc^dthe otlur side. Tlie army tlien moved down the bayou till mid- niglit, wlien tlie men were so utterly exhausted— soiii" even fall in sjf down from fatimie — that a halt Avas oi'- dered, and the weary soldiers threw themselves on tl, ■ wet ground and bivouaclasd without su[)per, ex})osrd to a cold north whid which increased their discomfort. At daylight the march was resumed, and the indomi- table troops pressed forward without breakfast toward the iuncti(^n of Buffalo bavou with the San Jacinto. After a march of two hours, the order was given t the town. When everything was ready for the mardi Captain Barragan, at eight o'clock in the morning, t ii- with the (liarrlia'a, the RetlLaml coinpany, consiHting of some 40 men, ;ilso remainiiiy to guard tlie uaiup.' Tex, Aim,, lS5i), 41). B ! 'I A WILD (iENERAL. i265 tcrcd c«arap at full speed reportin;^ that Houston was close oil the rear and liad captured some of the stra'^i^lcivs. A scene of confusion ensued which de- lies adequate description. The excitement of the ]\r('xican general amounted to frenzy; and his con- duct, utterly lacking in that calmness and dignity essential to a successful connnander on occasions of emergency, had a terrifying effect upon liis troops. The exit from New Washington was by a narrow lane, a mere mule-track, through a dense wood, and tlio troops and pack animals were already filing along it toward the open prairie beyond. Mounting Iiis horse, Santa Aima rushed down this If.ne crowded witli men and animals, wildly gesticulathig and scream- ing out, at the top of his voice, that the enemy was at hand. The disorder was terrible. By knocking iLiN.ri and riding over his men like a madman, the 'li'uander succeeded in forcing his way tlirou''h to th(3 prairie, where in spite of the trepidation he had caused and his contradictory orders, a colunm of attack was formed.^" But no enemy was in sight, and the army in some proper array moved forward toward Lvncli's ferry. About two o'clock in the afternoon Houston's pickets were descried, and some firing took place between them and the INtexican skirmishers. When Santa Anna arrived on the ijround with the main body, his first intention was to attack at once, ill 1(1 a colunm of infantry was directed against the eiu'my ; but ])eing received with a discharge of grape, wliilt; the Texans kept themselves well conceahMl in the wood, it was withdrawn. The ^Mexican general had occupied an island of timber on a small elevation in front of Houston's right; lu^ now deployed the Toluea company as skii-mishers, with the object of iUs('()vering the position of the Texans, and o[)ened fire with his cannon. This demonstration was re- ■' ('ill Delgado's Diary, in FiVunlu Miin. T'j., i. 8t-6. TranHlatidU (if the 'V/t Jidt/lp of S'lll Jii'-lllt ■d ft Ldh I till rii'iiH mil I Mr fl'tiiiljhihit. !/■< Di fulls attil luaili nU a.-i ojjhinUii rcjmrt'il lnj Mi'Jor-Gcinral ,Sain, UijiiM« Austin, lexas, 187S; al-io iu Linns lie miiiti. lo-iii. m Wl ■'i ' t If" is ■I :| Irnlii iiU 256 SAXTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. sponded to by the enenij-'s artillery — Captain Urriziji hv'mir severely wounded — and an interchange of small arms occasionally took place. The artillery continued to fire for some time, and Colonel Neill, on the Texan side, was wounded by a grape shot. Just before sun- set a demonstration was made by the Texan cavalry, under Colonel Sherman, against the Mexican left, whereupon Santa Anna ordered his own cavalry to face the enemy without gaining ground. The Texans charged upon the dragoons and came to close quart- ers, but were compelled to retire, before much harm was done,""' by the advance of several companies of Cjiper FuTii STREET A. Uk'litwing. n, Cnpt. C&IDLTOn' 9 |>o«it]oi). C. IU-«'8t->^ I'viiraoii'scoinpanlfS. D. Atta<-k of \\\f\\\ wtug uy Artillery. E. AlcuMi-omci". F. Ctiui\-ti tV Aiupudia'aqu&rten. TT^fS 7li;,ify;!d^'nti't "JkIc (J rigJit. witJi 4 l)(V(l II be thrown up on his left, constructed of i)ack-saddk'S, baggage, sacks (if hard bread, etc., and having an opening in tlie (•(•iitio in whicli was placed the gun. A weak barri- '■iuK' of l)ranclK'S extended along its front and to the liulit. At nuie o'clock, a. m., ({eneral Cos arrived witli 400 men of liis reenforcement. and as thev had l)ccn marching all night they were ordered to stack tlicir arms, divest themselves of their accoutrements, ,111(1 take their rest in the adioininii' jj^rove.'"' Santa Anna seems to have had no intention of fighting that (lay, thougli in liis re^jvesentation to the jVlexican government he would have it ap|)ear otherwise.^* Be liis iiitcMition what it mis>'ht, the hours draoi>-ed on ; iiioiiiing was succeeded by afternoon, and evening iippi'oached. Most of the soldiers were slee}»ing: some few were eating; wliile others were scattered in the wood i)rocuring Ijouglis wlierewith to construct a sheher for the niglit. The cavalry-men were ridiiig hare-back to and fro as they w'atered tlieir horses, and aii iiidilferent watcli was kept by tl>e drowsy ])iquets. His exci'llency, fixtigued with his morning ride and excitement, slumbered in his tent. His staft', too, was fast asleep. While the doomed ai'my was thus unsuspicious of dangei'. the traj) was being si't by tlie enemy. Hous- ton siill displayed what seemed to his impatient troops ^'V the caviilry and a ooluimi of jiipkoil oonipanios, whicli also formed his n SI rvc. StiiUd Aiiiiii, Miiiiij'., (!."), in J'it^k ('.,,., 18'_', no. S. '~S;iiita Anna, in his auoount ut' thf iMMiii.iign, ^t.bhcsscd fmni Manga 'li- ( l.ivo, Mirrli ]', ls;!7, to tin; Mcxiian niinistt'i' of war, states that Cos iiilniiiud him that ho had inai'i-hi'd mi lapidly that the nun hadniitiior catun lull' >ii|it fof 24 hours. Ho also states that only UK) nion ari'ivod with Cos, I'i'iii-i' KM) men had heoii loft with soniu haj^gago at a had crossing iiL'ar II liii-liuig. III. Uolgadd siiysahout .">(K) iiion arrived in oamp. FUmiIc, Mtm. /'J.. 1. '.to. Caro iloes nt-l boliovo 100 nun wore hit hohiiid. Vrnhtil. him. "•'>', hut there is Jio doul>! that Santa Annas statoinotit is correct as it is cor- lubdi-it.'d l)y Kilisola. ¥<■;//. 0» rra, Tl. }'l. it '=r( 0< , it » :r)S SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. t|' ? I t I >E:i!it n an unnecessary tlelav in ooninu'iicin*j; liostilitles, and about noon a council of war was lickl,'" at wbicli colo- nels Burleson and Sherman, lieutenant-colonels Mil- lard, Soinervillt", and Bennett, Major Wells, and Rusk, tlie secretary of war, were present. Tin; question put to tlie council was, " Wlu'tlicr tlioy should attack the enemy in his })ositlou, t)r await his attack in tliciis." The two last named officers weri^ in favor of attackiun-: the four seniors and Jiusk voted in favor of receiving' the attack, since tli(;y deemed their situation admiraiiK adaptt'd for defiance, whereas to charge acr-oss an o|prii prairie with raw nulitia, without bayonets, and as.sault an enemy in position would be a most hazardous ex- periment. The council was thiMi dismissed, no opiuioii having been expressi'd l)y Houston. It is mucli to l)e regretted that many bitter coutio- versiesaro.se in after years relative to Houston's metlxnl of conducting tins campaign, and that so nmch ani- mosity should have been displayed between men who, apart from tlit'ir unfriendly feelings toward each otlit r, bore a noble part in this desperate struggle for iiidt - pendence with a vastly superior power. Tlie state- ments of the o})posing parties are so utterly at variaiici and so thoroughly contradictory that it is imjiossihlc to arrive, with any degree of certainty, at a decision which could be claimed as uncjuestionably cenvct.' I shall ther(>fore confine myself to the narration of facts, without enteriiuj; into a discussion as to tlie uier- its ot the claims set up by either party, especially a> tliey unhappily merged in personal enmity, recriniiua- tions, and a])use. I cannot, howi'ver, refrain from making a few remarks bi'aring up(»n the difficult jinsi- ^<" 'J' c I'ommaniLT-in-cliicf was waitt^l 5'J. 52-3; FcxAe, ii. 298-305. See Yoakum's remarks ou this affair, ii. 13'J-10. AT VINCE'S BRIDGP:. 2r)n t!" opposition, murnuirinu^s, and dissatisfaction, .;iviii!4' place to contemjttuous languan'o uttered within his hearintJi;, and mutinous ])roceedin»^s, we cannot fail t'> admire the nerve and courai;o of tin; man who, in the face of such op})osition, ])ersevered in the plan ^v]lic]l lie deemed most conducive to the success of his adopted country. Seen after the council was dismissed, Houston de- s]iatcl)ed Deaf Snuth with some others to destroy \'ince's bridge, about c^ight miles off,'" the accomplish- *-Tliis "l)ri(lg(! was Imilt nvor a crook of the Kame name which c'rossey land to the Bra/os. J5y its* dostruotion Niiita Aima was out otf from the rout of his fnroos. The (leiiiolitiini of this lii'iilgo was another sulijoot of controvers3', it hoiug claimed that tiio idea »>l' ik'^troying it oriirinated in Deaf Smith, win > made the projjosition to Houston, wliilo the hitter maintained tiiat sueh was nut the case. It is a mattijr of U'lmiitcnal importance. The hridf^o was dost I'dynl, and hy Houston s orders, «ht,tlii>r prompted ' y Smith or not. IJut liie genoral-in-c!iief was accused y his opponents o .ipropriating to lii'uself all tho glory of San .Jacinto, ^11(1 no charge, liowover trivial, was omitted in bo hrought to ])ear a;;ainst liiiu. The accouuts also of the deatructiou of tho bridge are various aud cou- N.V\- 2G0 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. *!■ •■ W r> ti M I : I ',; i ment of vvhicli would prevent tlie arrival of additional reciiforcciiK'uts and cut oft' all means of escape i'm- Santa Anna in case of Lis defeat. When lie decinrd sufficient time liad ela[)sed for the destruction of tin Iiridi^c, Houston caused the general o[)inion of tli> (•a[)tains of the different regiments to he taken wu the question of engaging with the enemy at once, m just l)efore dayl)reak on the 22d. Tlie votes wciv greatly in favor of inunediate attack, and the cuiii mander-in-chief thereu[)on gave the order to [)in;Hii and prepan^ for action.^' Under cover of the islands of timher in front tin l»attle array was formed unseen hy the enemy. Col- onel Burleson with the 1st regiment of Texas voluii teers occupied the centre; tlie 2d regiment of voluu teers. und(U' C'olonel Sherman, formed the leftwiii^: on I he riglit was placed tin: artillery, sustained l»v four companies of regular infantr\' under Jjieutcnaiit- colonel Henry Millai'd. The line was com[)let((l liy the cavalry which was ])osted on the extreme riglit. There was no noise, hut along the ranks a low wliih- perinuf miixht he heard, and a keen listener miulit Ii;i\r caught the word. Alamo I On each man's couiitc nance stern determination was depicted under vaii(jLi> expressions. Some were pale ; others were sniilin;^ in tradictory. Some say it was burned; Houston asserts tliat it was out iLiwii; Lai)a(li(^ status that neaf Smitii told him that hi; first fired it, hut it wuiiM not hum; he then cut away a few tinihers and made it fall into th(! iiiiynu. There is, however, conclusive evidence tliat it was hurned. Santa Anna, sjjeaking of his arrival at tlie creek, says, 'cuyo pueiite en contre niuiii.Liii', Miuiijic-iio, lit ■■:r. Aim., IS.V.I. 5.S: M. IMiO, 'J(i, 05-G; A/., ISlil, 'm-S, (io; Baker\s T draw off attention, and the Tiviii Hi''"/■''. "' sH^i., 31, and FilMii, Mem. Txaii commander arc : 030 killed, 208 wounded, and 7-U) })ris()ners, showing ii total of 1508 men aeeounted for.'" A largo (jiuintity (if arms, several liundred nniles ai»tl horses, all the hiiggiige and camp e((ui)>a!L;e, and the military chest, iKiitaliilng $12,000, fc^ll into tlie hands of the victors. Tlie loss of the Texans was (5 killed on the field and •Jf) wounded, two of whom died.'" Anioiiu; . the wounded was General Tfouston, who, while oajlantry 1 iicouraglno" his men to the attack, rei-elved a shot in ilie ankle, in front of the Infantry, and when within a t'cw yards of the enemy, his horse also helng shot in two or three places. He did not, however, leave the Held till the Mexicans wi're routed and in full flight, ^[eantimo Santa Aiuia, who had been one of the fir'sttofiee, made every effort to save himself. Mounted on a s[)lendld charger supplied him in the confusion Ijy Colonel Juan Bringas, he tied at full s[)eed toward \'liice's bridge, hotly pursued by the Texan cavalry. Finding the bridge destroyed, he did not ])ause, but |)luiiged down the steep descent into the water, when! ills h(»rse stuck fast in the mud. Nevertheless, fa- vored by the approaching night, he managed to eon- & < ;*:■! \ ^ ^i: ' i'ii ■.siil 'If' were more than 800, ;i statement somewhat contradictory to that iniulc in his fi'ipnumfnrion, IM, where he says that Santa Anna, in his iini)atii'iico, iiiaiilu'il to Itarrishurg with a little over 700 men an;! a six-pouniler cannon. Santa Anna himself states tliat his original forco consisted of TlK) infantry and oO calvary. Munhii'sfo, 03. Assuninig tlie largest nuniher, over 800 men, tlu'su added to the CCk) men lirought lip hy Cos only make a total of »ome- tiling over 1300, men. ^*Among the Mexican slain were Gen. Castrillon, cols Batres, Peralta Trt'viriii, Jose M. Komero, and lieutenant-ccdoiiels Manuel Aguirre and ]-\K'liiio, liesides 5 captains and 12 lieutenants. J/oKsfoii's J{']>orf, iif,fnp., 9; Cam, Vcniiiil, /iliii, 43. Yoakum, ii. 140, gives the names of Col Mora and Lii'ut-col Castillon. Among the prisoners, liesil(l Fort with all their forces as speedily as possible."' "■M'opy of tlieso despatchoH in his Afnnifirnto, 87 -th, proves that Houston, had < iihrcd into no Buch truce, and that Santa Anna ordered tho withdrawal of Iii4 troops merely through fear for his life, and obtained no conditions 1>ear- iiig upon tho operations of the Texan army. See Cam, Ver^lwi, /(//vr, 44-5. •^ The despatch addressed to Urrea bears date of April '2^, 1 8.%, 3 p. m. , "liicli is a clerical error. It should bo April 22, 18.16. Urrea points out thiH luiatakoi and states that ho received the despatch Ijctweeu 9 and 10 a. m. f 1200 SANTA ANNAS HUMILIATION. 0( 1 u> As the magnitude of the catastrophe was impress upon his mind by the reports brought by the few wl escaped from San Jacinto, and who variously esti- mated the en .ay's strengtli at from 1,200 to 2,000 men — numbers which he did not consider impossil)l«' if the Texans had concentrated — lie deemed it prudent to retreat at once to a better military position, and on the 23d marched with his whole force to Mrs PowtH's ])lace, on the road to Victoria, about fifteen miles from Old Fort. On the following day he was joined l)y Urrea, and on the 25th a council of war was held by the generals. Considering the destitute condition of' the army, both with regard to provisions and clothiii'4' — for the long march had exhausted the supplies, jind the clothing of the soldiers was worn out — it was unanimously decided to retreat beyond the Coloiado juid await instructions and assistance from the gov- ernment.*" Filisola's whole force on this date; wa> '2,C)73 men of all arms, according to the tabular state- ment in his representation to the government in d. - fence of his action."' On the 2Gth, the army commenced its retreat, and in the afternoon of the 27tli, Deaf Smith arrived witli Santa Anna's despatches,** the army being then en- camped on the main source of the San Bernardo, which was rendered impassable by the heavy raiii>. The generals inunediately met in council, and tliou^li of the 2nd. DUmo, Canm. T•_'(>! i *'/(/., 30. There were, besides, 1505 men stationed in dotacluneiits at diflfcrent places, 1,001 of whom were at Bejar, 174 at (ioliad, ami |S|i it Matiigorda. ^''Yoii.kum — ii. 163 — following Filisola, says that Smitli arrived on tin 28th. But Filisola misdated his despatch to 8anta Aima; Urrea dates a iioti , on the same occasion, April 27th, and corrects a mistake made by Filisol i a> to the day on which the army encamped on the San Bernardo, wIktc Smith overtook the army. Diario,M-2; FiUnolii, Represent. , 45-G. Moreover, in /.. Mem. TeJ., i. 21.'>-16, it is distinctly stated that Santa Anna's despatches ar- rived on April 27th. THE RETREAT. 267 tlie retreat had already been decided upon, it was re- solved that it would be good policy to send a reply to tlic effect that the army was retiring in obedience to Santa Anna's orders, thereby not only ol)taining for him and the other prisoners considerate treatment, but A safeguard against attack during the retreat. It was also deckled to send General Woll to Houston's camp, ulio, under the pretence of informing himself of the Itarticulars of the anuistice, was to take careful note • »f the number, annament, and resources of the enemy. Accordingly, a despatch to that effect was written, and Woll left for the San Jacinto on the following morning.** On his arrival at the Texan camp, he was allowed free intercourse with the prisoners, but was iKtained as a prisoner pending the negotiations, and ill consideration of the fact that the enemy's forces were known to have concentrated. The army continued its retrograde movement ; ami .seldom has a retreat been conducted under greater hardships and difficulties. All the streams ovei-tlowed tlieir banks and flooded the adjacent lands, while the wliole country was converted into a swamp. The roads, where not inundated, were knee-deep in nmd. Oil one occasit)n the half-famished soldiers waded a whole day's march through water, after standing all lULiht in water;"" and when this was passed, floun- tli'iid through the mire, day after day, in pitiless rain- storms. The pack-nmles sank up to the belly in nmd, and the anununition wagons were mired above the axles. All along the line of march to the Colorado l»a!4gage, wagons, cannon, and animals were aban- 'loned. Filisola describes the situation as horrible. Tlio men were half naked, their arms of all kinds were mined, the amnmnition was spoiled, and the horses and nmles in the most wretched plight, numbers of ■'Full particulars and copy of the despatch will be found in Iut though some turbulence of spirit was displayed, ii" violence was resorted to, and the captive was treated by Houston with all propter consideration. That connnander knew well that his humbled })rison«'r was a great power in the land of his birth, and that as i "A full accotint of this retreat will be found in nimlii, Mem. Tiiiy 28th. In a few days the government,'"* with San Anna and most of the Mexican oflicers, em- l>arked on the steamer Vc/loirsinxr,''^ and went to (iiilveston, whence, for want of accomodation, they removed to Velasco. Hero on May 14, 1830, two treaties — one public and the other secret -were signed, by the first of which Santa Aima agrtsed not to take up arms or use his influence to cause them to be taken up against the peo[)le of Texas /i'r,,;sf,r, Sept. 13, 183«; extract in 7V.c. Aim., ISfil, 'Xi-4. the ati-or- iii> jxciieral, Thomas, had heen wounded in the leg hy tlie acciilental dis- ihariic of a pistol on Imard the Ciii/iniii, on tlie removal of the government to liiilve.^ton, and died three days after. /Jim's Ri'niiim. 2(il. '■' .Vfter Houston's departure from the Brazos, the YdloirMonc steamed ilown the river. As she passed the .Mexican lines at Fort Bard, her sirioke- ••'tack was ridtUed with bullets, and attempts were made to capture lier Witli li>is(K;s. Her helmsmen being protected by cotton-hales, she ran the gaunt- let in safety and went to Galveston. Id., 26; Orecnn JoumuL Expeii. Mier, Mm 270 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. Generals Filisolaaiul Rusk, that they iniujht cxchuii^v eii^ageiiients to C(»inply witli tlio stlimlations ; j>ii>- oiiers were t<> l»e mutually released in com'SjxHHliii^- numbers, rank and file; the exeess of Mexiean ca|>- tives to bo treated with humanity ; and finally Santa Anna was to bo sent to Vera Cruz as soon as it should be deemed proper. In the serret treaty the same stipulations were r* - iterated, and in the third article Santa Anna sc^lciiiiK pledged himself so to prei>are matters in the c'al)iiiet of Mexico tliat the mission that would be sent thitln r by the go\ernment of Texas, should be well recei\»(l, and that by means of negotiations all difieivnci > might be settled, and the inde}»cndence that had 1m. n tleclared b}' the convention might be acknowledged. The fourth article provided that a treaty of comity, amity, and limits should be established between Mexico and Texas, the territory of the latter not in extend bevond the Rio Grande."" Colonel ]^enjamin F. Smith and Captain Henry Teal were sent as connnissioners to Filisola with the public treaty and full authority to ratify it on tlie part of General Rui^^k. The Mexican army liad moved from Victoria to CJoliad, and thence continued its retreat toward ^latamoros. The Texan commis- sioners overtook Filisola at the little stream called Mugerero, between Goliad and San Patricio, and on its bank the treaty was ratified, May 2G, ISJiO, Gc n. Tolsa and Colonel Amat acting as commissioners en the part of Filisola." These treaties were not made without opposition in the cabinet. Robert Potter, secretary of the nav\ , ""The secret treaty coutaiuuig these pledges was made at the sviggcstinii of Santa Anna, who represented that it would ho prudent that the stipii! t- tions relating to the recognition of the independence of Texas a iJ In i boundaries should not he promulgated until the Mexican president slioiil i he enabled to reinstate himself in power and secure its final ratifi''-ati"ii. Tex. Aim., 18G1, 34. Copies of the treaties will be found in /'/., 3")-T; Yoalum, ii. 5'2&S; MailUml'a Tix., 112-4; ^^iles' Reitt'd liis life. ( )n May 12th Lamar addrossed a lon;^ letter to the president and cahuu-t in which he expressed liis views on tlie subject of the disposition of thi" ^[e\ican president and tlu* other prisoners of wai'. I le r([»udiated tlie idea that Santa Aima, if released, would ever adhere to any enijairenient he j)ledi^ed liiiiisilf to ; indeed, he did not believe that he would liave the power to do so, and he sULjj^ested that an rxchan^e of prisoners should be niaile, accordiiii^ to lank and number, and that the balance of !Mi'\ican (•;il)tives should remain in custody of the government till the conclusion of the war. But in the case of Santa Anna, he urged that no mercy should be ex- tended to him, but that his punishment should be lead from the code of ^Draco."" When milder meas- ures, however, were finally adopted, General Lanuir aci^uiesced in them, and was one of the most zeahms vindicators (tf his colleau'ues in the cabinet, wher. tlioy were sliortly afterwards bitterly assailed Ity jiDpular clamor on the subject of Santa Anna's re- kasc. s.-m; It is time that the reader should be made ac- <[uainted with some particulars in connection with the Texan navy and its operations. Early in the year, forthe liurjtose ot carrying out the ordinance for the estab- lishment of a navy, two schooners, the I/irhicihIc and IJIioi]/,''^ were purchased and e(iuipi>ed by IMcKimuy and Williams, mercliants of Qulntana, opposite A elasco. Captain J. Brown was placed in coimnand of the former and Captain William Brown of the '■'Cdi.y in Footc, ii. .321-32. " ihe L'diertif was the same vessel which had been fitted out hy the citi- zens nf Miitagorda and retook the stranded y/ffHHfi/t Elizii'x-t/i, captured hy the Mc.xii.'in war vessel Bravo, in Nov. or betfiuning of Dec, 1835. She then Kiilid un.lor the name of WiUuim lioMiw. i'cHibtm, ii. 39; Tex. Aim., 1800, liiL'; Linus JiemirUa., 259. S72 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. latter. Tho Inv'mclhh, of IlT) tons burden, can in I oij^ht j^uns ami was a fast sailer ; the Liberty, of sixtv tons Imnlen, had four guns, was of stout fonstructinn and <>f ordhuiry siK'od. Two otlu-r vessels, tho llruln^ Captain I [urd, ahout I.'IO tui'<'hased ahout, the same time. Thesi; vesssels WiTe of «;reat servi( r in euttin«^ oil' supplies for the i-neniy. Oft' the eouxt were the Mexican war vessels Montczniiia and Jlrain, (•harjjfed with the importation of troops and supplii n for the invadinjL;' army. lOarly in A[>ril ISJiO, tho Jn- viiivihJc fell in with the MoiifczKnia olt* Brazos, San tia<^o, north of tlit^ mouth of the llio Graiuh', ami after an enairiil. Standin|jj out from shore, ( a[)tain Brown fi'll in witli the American hriu; Dichii, hound from New OrKuii^ to ^Matamoros, and loaded with provisions for tin' ^lexican forces. She was cajjtured and hrou<»;ht into Galveston as a prize ; her freij^ht was of oreat assist- ance to the victors of San Jacinto who, with the larrevailed. Tlic retreating Mexicans had not adhered to the strict letter of the public treaty, but had committed sc'venil acts of violence, and it was confidently believed tlial preparations were being made for the re-invasiou ot DISSATISFACTION WITH THE COVEBNMENT. 'J7:j Texas, which would Iw carried into effect as soon as it was Iciiown tliat Santa Anna liad been released. ( )ii ^fay 2fith a letter signed 1)V nearly all the oftieers nf' tlie Texan army, was addressed to President ]}ur- II. t, ill which, after setting forth the privations of the Jinny and tlu; want of provisions, charging the presi- (|( lit with neglect in this matter, exj)n>ssing the i-x- ;i>|M lation of the troops and peremptorily demanding t.. !)(• iiinnediately furnished with a sufticiency of su]>- lilies and <'lotliing, they insisted that Santa Anna "he sat't ly secured aMortati(»n to \\'ra Cru^ \'i(i-president Zavala and Bailey i^Iardiman, seen - taiy of the treasury, had heen appointed commission- ris to accompany Santa Anna to Mexico, and as some time was spent in furnishing them with instruc- tions and in prei>aring for their voyage, the vessel had not yet sailed on the 'M. On June 1st the ^tranier (k'lmt had arrived fiom New Orleans with -liO volunteers," many of them of the roughest and lowest class to he found in that city. Ch-nerals Men- iiican ]lunt, Thomas J. (Jreen, an»l Colonel J. J?inck- iicv Henderson were in connnand. The feelings of the citizens of Velasco with regard to Santa Anna's release, were those of intense dissatisfaction, hut no violent (K'monstration had heen mad(\ When, how- ever, the New Orleans volunteers landed and became iiifotn\ed of the action taken by the government, their ( xasjicration knew no bounds. Public meetings were • YiHihtiii, ii, 172-.1; Foote, ii. ;{3'i-4. Copy of the letter and Burnet's "ply in 'JW. Aim., 18G1, 39-4'2. 'Ilutli Santa Anna nnrilM', it was sjiid, for tin nlease of tlio Afcxican murderer. Tin; clamor Wii> overwIiclMilii;^;, and it was seriously [>roposi'd iit a cahinet ecmncil to make a sinuiltane<»us Hurreiidrr df tli(! t^overnmiMit to the people. Burnet, liowevt (, was opposed to tlie adoption «>f sucii an extrcnn measure, and consulted (ieiu'ral Thomas J. CJnvii. who, while pledjjfhii^ liis luMior to shield the prtsldcnt and his cuhinet from \ iolence, expressi'd his opinion that the overwhelminjj^ will of tho puhlic shouUl li. olx ved, and Santa Anna remained on shore. A( - cordinij^ly the president issued an onler to Captain Hrown to sen«l the prison«'rs ash(»re. Santa Anna emphatically refused t<> oljey, and (jJretui, Bailey liar diiuan, Hunt and Jlemhrson, were deputetl to j^e on hoard the J iiviiin'hlr and hrini^ him off. The dictator '^iwc way to an ajj^ony of terror, and it was necessai\ to { nii)loy tlie threat of force, to induce him to di hark. In the aft«.'rnoou of the 4th the captives wen landed, to ensur(> thei) better se<'uritv from \i<»lrii((, at tlui village of Qulntana, o[)posite Yelasco, when Santa Anna regauied his ciunposure." On the IHli he addressed a protest to the government, proelaim ing against th(^ infraction of the treaty on the part et Texas, and apiu'aling to the judgment of civilized iiii tions. On the followiuij: day he received Burni't's n ply, hi which tho Texan president, while doprocittinu Santa Anna's assertions of his ill-treatment as a juis- oner, felt compelled to make tho humiliating confes siou that the t.()vcrnmcnt, owinir to " the inHuencc ot a highly excited popular indignation," had been <(tii strained to deviate for a season from tho terms of tin' treaty." Thus the treaty — inadmissible under rci)uli- '■^ Green's Journal, Ejqped. Mier, 484-7; Santa Anm, Mnnif., 75, 9S-I00; Caro, Venlad. Idea, 56-7, 12«)-9; Trr. Aim., 1861, 38-43. '^Copy of protest and Burnet 'a answer in Foote, ii. 345-9. PROPOSEI ) ( OU lir- M ART I AL. •JT5 1 1« • !"•' V o\ iiii colt jilS • tl.' lilt 1 ! |)ul>- S- I0t>; I'll S;i liciin rules of «jfovornin(!iit — was l)r()kn!i. Willi tho <)l»i«'ct of (liHinissiiiii,' Santa Anna from T" \iiii Holl, [shall somewhat antu'lpait- rvonts. Ilr u.is pliU'iMJ in the imee^''ii with his I'e-conliiK'nH-nt, and app nlrd tn liiiii for ids interjuisition, on the grounds t»f humanity, ( J lessinuf the wish that, l»y means of political neno ti;itii>Ms, an end mi«j;ht he put to the war hy the nuitu.il K (DMiiition hy the Unitetl States ami ^lexico of the iiidi peiidence of Texas.'" While at V^elasco, a youii'Lj S|i;iiiiard named Jiartcilome Pai;es concerted a plan t(i ( ilcct the escape of Santa Anna, and visited him ;it ( 'nlundiia ; hut the scheme was detect«!d.''' Tiie < til ct of this discovei'v was that the army di'termined t(i cause Santa Aima to he coiuluctcMl to heaut to iiif^, inuy de iiiafiaiKi >n' |)ivs(!iit<> un Ainoric.'ino I'Wrio giiiit.iiuli) [)(ir "t'l jjiiiieral S:»ntii-Aiiiiii," . . . rciK.'iitinaiiientu si^ acercti a 'I |» ijiK'na vciitaiia tic iniustra lial>itaciiiii. y . . . ilcsoargti ul tiro dc una 'tiijii line lluvaha ooulta.' C'uro, ut ■■., "iS. '" KiiUiMeiiios iniltua.s rclacionoH para tine usa mu >n ' — the U. S. — 'y la xicaiia I'strechi'ii la Imena aiiiisUid, y pucdaii uiitrainiiaH ocuparso ainiga- imiitc, en rf>teccion dc las dos nacinnen, ateanzara su ohjeto ji'Mcs aflns.' SitiiUt Anna, Mniiif., lO'J .S. 'Kiir (JaroH ])articular8 about tiiis plot see his Vcrthui. Idea, 67-09. iita Anna cliarges Caro with having betrayed the scheme. Maj^f',, 76. i'l» lU: h 276 SANTA ANNA'S HUMITJATION. and was then at Acs Bayou. When made aware < >t the fact he protested against proceedings aUke advers. . impolitic, and oppugnant to humanity. Tlie ar^u- ments employed were too sound to be resisted. Tixa>, liy Santa Anna's execution, he said, would lose all the advantage she had gained by his capture. If ( r future position among the nations of the earth would be irautred bv her ability to deal humanely wltli a captive ; by so doing she would gahi respect ; by tin other course of action she would become classed with savages. Policy, apart from other consideratidns. ought to have weight. With past experiences a> a guide, the army could not fail to recognize that In Wking Santa Anna's life, the Texaiis in captivity would be placed in the highest degree of danger. Tin, attention of the United States being attracted to Texas, it would be disrespectful to that nation it' • >;- treme measures were adopted, thereby endangci'niL' the safety of Americans in Mexico. By this inti i- ference on the part of Houston, Santa Anna was nnt molested. He was, however, removed to Oraziiniio and confined in irons." He received Andrew Ja* k- ;s(Mi's reply, dated September 4, 1836, in which tli- president of the United States, while disclaiming tlu intention of tliat government to interfere — imisniiu li as the Mexican government had notified him tliat so long as he was a prisoner, no act would be rcgaidcd as binding by the Mexican authorities, —he express d the pleasure it would give him to offer his good » i- vices, if Mexico would signify her willingness to avail herself of them. Houston, having been elected to tlie presidency of the Texan republic, released Santa Anna from his fetters, and being convinced that a further detention of the prisoner would not condiKt to the interests of Texas, sent him with his own (kh- sent, accompanied by Almonte, under custody -t George W. Hockley, inspector general of the army, "He states that lie and Col Almonte were kept in such .liini lifty-two days. f..r AUTHORITIES, 877 to Washington, the capital of tlie United States.'* Santa Anna arrived there January' 17, 1837, and had .«e nltasi'd witlmnt concurrenoe of the Senate, Houston vetoed tlic resohition, and congress thereniion passed it hy a constitutional majority of two-thirds. Jlouston tlien pronounced tlic resohition unconstitutional, and a usurpation (it the executive authority and set Santa Anni, free, in iletiance of the con- gress. Nilts lliij., li. 8'2I; (Iri/ii's Jonniiit, Kifxil. Min; IS. •'■•Bustaniante had fifty-seven votes out of sixty-eight cast; Sant-ii Anna liad only two. JfM. M'.r., V. 17!*-S0, this .series. '■"For his future career consult vols. v. ami vi. J/iif. Mr,.: this series. Tlie authin'ities consulted for the live preceding chapters are the follo%v- ing: FiUsnla, Mmi. i'.-< '/'..■.. li., passim; IW. AIukiiku; ],S.")8, ISTO. 18(W, 18()1, 18(>8, 18()<.>; T<.r. I'nl. />o... -MS. and Print, Nos. 1, '_', 8 to 11, inclu.; l.S to ].', inclu., 17, I8, 20 to .'i I, inclu., 5!) to IW, inclu,, (i4; MoiyliU, f/i--, I9I-.5, 574-(); IStd, passim; linkrrx //!.'. T'x., passim; XUr.i S. Am. till'/ Mix., i. 2. Vnr., ."). No. 17; I'l, No. 14; 00, No. '."-'; Ill, No. '_'; 141, .No. ]'_>; 14H, No. 10; 140, No. l."); 1.V2, No. ]3; 182, Ni). 8; l(')7, No. 10: 2i;{, No. '2; Urna, Dim-io ('(iinjin ., Tr.i:; Curo, Vrri/m/. hliir, Ihiiiofriitk lirririi; iii. I,'}*i-45, ;-{0r)-20; Drwns, /.itUr.'^J'roiii 'fcj:, \'u- 217; l>n<: Kohrr M'.r., .\o, vi., vii. ; Dnldoti ami l.(atiii\ iii. 04-5; vi. 000; KiHiiliiir'/h J\'''):, No. 147, 251, et. sei|.; L'. S. If. Jour., Cong. 24, Sess. 1, lilHI. li00-];,SV«. Do'-., Cong. 24, Sess. 1, vi.. No. 415; //. AV. Av., Mess. uimI 1»..c., Cong. 20, Sess. 2, No. 4, ',t-18; Tornel, T'J. v KMiuI. Uii'kL, 1-08; i:iTr,„]x). Aug. 14. Scj.. 18, 18:U; Tlionipso,i\t Ri'-i'L, M'.i:, lO-W, 174-7: .Sii-i.'h' r'.i Am. Shirli Book, v. No. 0; vi. Nos. 1, 2, .'<, Sand (!; Fonrnd, Couy il'i>"l, \'2-44; Stittr d'lz., 127-8, y,W-4]; Sniitii Aiimi, Mxj. M Oni.; I78 SANTA ANNA'S HUMILIATION. 5 X J- i Man\fie»lo del Cong., 1836; P«p. Vnr., 182, No. 4; Id., hifomie, Comis. Pi-m/ 1374, 10; /(/., CoL de Li-y., Onl. 1853, v. 4; M, L<, 52-6, (j;{-4; Houston's Tex., i. 214-54; C^T/k-i-^'^ J //(V'ne liip., 3(1 An. Edit., 116; J/. <. .[■mint. Hist. Guena, 16-29; Ripley's War Mex., i. 3:}-6, 40-1; » W///('»« v Giiiileto Tex., 1.3-6, 67-701, 97-115; Swirezy Xamrro, Hi.^t. Mej., 247; /W- .;•'« Memor., :W>7; 2'e.«M Iltpenled, 1-15; /r/., /» /5.^rt, 21i»-20; M, Zdww //'7,. yVa;., L 3-7, 9-25; /(/., 77(e War in, in.ttiijnted In/ slaveholders, etc., ISMli, p. 06; Id., Address ret., Galv. Bay, 22; Id., Address of Wharton, 4"-r)3; /'/,, Battle San Jarinto, Aiistm, 1878, pp. 4."); Id., Insurrertion; Jones' I'ipiih. m' Te.r., 129-160; //oW«' Wild L>Je. in Far )!'<< 32-45; Edmirds, Hi.< 7V,.-., 14 17; Crorl-ett, Life of, 369-70, ;«.3-405; Celndlos, Vim/, de Mej-., 4;M)8; Cil.r. lero. Hist. Aim., 13; MrCaWs Ldt^'rsfrom Front., 290-9; London, (lemi. ,>>(.•. Jour., xiii. 202; Payne's Hist. Eiimp. Col., 310-11; Hntrhinxon, 7iV«/., '.'It.'* S; Willard's L(f.it Lean's Am. Hist., 21-33; Tejas Li'/. Indir. Usurp., 7; Ci'ir,. Delsite.i, 1836-7, xiii. 521-5; Sen. Dor., Cong. 24, Se;-;s. 2, No. 84, 1-4; Il'^ii' IJf'e, 1; Xapa Counlif Reporter, Ap. 14, 1877, Ap. 'y, 1878; Cordm-n's Tj . 102, 144-5; Cor. At'lant., May 9tli, June 6, 18:55; Baler's R< pi., Disp.^^nh.r Santa Anna, Cohmi\>i&, 18.36, p. 17; Te.r, Misr, Pamph., Xo. Mi; H'nhn-il' Tex.Stat.e. Ree,vrip. Te.r., 17-21; Wlidhro}; Reportof the trial of Thomas M. Thompson, Gic, New Orleans, 18.35, ]i . It; Mex. Pamph., ii. No. 9; Zarro, Hist, domi., i. 107-8; Peterson's Milit. lin-.-.. ii. 24; Rowhaml, Re'/ions youvelles, 27; Putman's Month. Matj., iii. ITiS S(i; Revist. Espa ., May 26, 1836; Shaa'a CatMicMis., 87. ■■■, i 4 CHAPTER XII. THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. 1836-1838. FiLisoLA Superseded — Vain Threats — The Texan Navy— Commission- Kus TO THE United States — Morftt's Report — General Gaines Ckosses the Sabine — CJorostiza's Protest — He Demands his Passports — Passive Ciiaracfer of the War— Return of Austin — The ELEerioNs—PiiLiTUJAL Parties — Houston Chosen President — Meetino of the FiKsi" CoN(.REss — Houston's Inauoural Ai>i>I!k.ss - His Carinet — Leoisi.ative A(rrs of Concisess — The National 8kvi, AND Flac) — Death and Biography of Austin — CoNDrnoN or hie Hepuhlic — Recoonition ok her Independence hy the Unmk.o States— REoPENiN(i of Conoress — The Slavk Question — PAssACEur THE Land Law — Irs Provisions — Brkihter Prosi-kcis Indian \\.\k- KA1:E— FiNAVCIAl, 0P-;iiAIIONS— LaMAI! F-IKCIKK I'KK.SIIIKNI'. ■i Hi On the 15tli of Alav, 1830, tlic Ar«'xlciiii LTovoni- uiciit received a despatcli from Filisola conveying the news of tlie disaster in Texas. On tlic same date Tcinu'l, the secretary of war, sent two official comniu- iiiciitions to that general, hi the first of which lie in- .■itiueted him to address tlie Texan commander-in-chief with the object of i)rocuring Santa Anna's release, or at least the consideration due to his liigh dignity. Filisola was also directed to make every effort to save the remainder of the armv bv concentratino: it at a point convenient for the receipt of supplies. The ]^Ye- servation of Bejar was absolutely necessary. With regard to the prisoners he was authorized to propose an exchange, and for that purpose to preserve the lives of Texan prisoners then in his power, and also of such as might be taken in future. The so-called armistice agreed to by Houston and Santa Anna was THE REPUBLIC OP TEXAS. m the subject of the second despatch, Filisola's action in observing it was approved by the government ; at tlic time he was reminded that Santa Anna being a pris- oner had not been a free agent in the matter. Tin government, therefore, wished Filisolato act with tlic greatest prudence, and while endeavoring not to com- promise in any way the life of the illustrious captive, he was to avoid pledging tlio honor of the nation. Under no circumstances was the rccojjnition of tlic independence of Texas to be taken into consideration, as the nation would never agree to it.' Wlicn Filisola received these despatches, May 28tli, Bejar had already been evacuated, Andrade having deinolished the fortifications of tlie Alamo and joined hhn at Victoria; the public treaty with Santa Aniui had been ratified by him : and the whole Mexican army had already crossed the Nueces. On the 19th of ^Ia\ , the ijovemment havhiir recovered from the first etfccts of the 'blow, Tornel addressed another despatch to x^^ilisola in which he urged upon him the obligation of endeavoring to preserve the conquests already ac- (juired, instructed him to disci mtinue his retnvit. secure all sustainable points, and await reenforce- ments, as the government was already occupied in organizing a division of 4,000 men, which would em- bark at Vera Cruz for Matamoros/ But these in- structions arrived too late; Urrea was alreaih at Matamoros,^ and Filisola was approaching that city. The change of the government's intentions placed tlir commander-in-chief in a dilemma. He assend)ltd the generals in council and laid before them the new- orders he had received, expressing his readiness to countermarch If they considered the movement prac- ticable. It was unanimously agreed that, in view of ' Copy of the despatches in FUmoIh, Ri-ptrm'td., 66-8. ■^ Copy of this despatch and Filisola's reply in /(/., 76-7 and 62-6. *He had l)een sent in advance from Victoria, which place lie loft May 14, reaching Matanmraa May 28th. Before his departure from Vict^iria ln' had in vain urged Filisola not to retreat farther. Diario, 36. Henceforth there was discord between tlie two generals. I'.ji RESULT OP MEXICAN INVASION. 281 tlio deplorable condition of the troops and the want dt' resources, such a movement was impossible. Fili- s.ila, tlierefore, continued his retreat, and June r2tli ivceived from the Mexican government a despatcli instructing hhn to resign the connnansing array with which the woul (irrande. '^ ■*' ; May i»ri;i li'' Icforth Meantime the trerty dropped through. A few |))i IS ai)pear to have been released on the part of the 2^1exicans; and it is curious to observe that while the T«'xans even detained Woll,* and dt) not seem to lia\(' released any of their captives, captains Carnes • /■'//«-,/<(, Mem. Trj., i. .330-41; /./t., 1S61, 44. MOVEMENTS OF VESSEI^. jiroved to bo the Watchman, loaded with provisions tor tlie Mexican army. The vessel was ordered to \\'la8co, but was detained by contrary winds. On tlie 17th, the Cormmche and Fanny Butler anchored (»ti't-ie bar. The captains were decoyed on board the Watchman, and their vessels bein«]j captured, were found to be siniilarl}'^ freighted. All three were sent to Velasco and condenujod. Tiielr cargoes, worth $'J5,000, wore of groat service to the Texan army* Henceforth Burton and his rangers became known as the 'Horse-marines.* Nor was the Texan navy inactive. The Tnvivcihie, after bonig taken by a United States man-of-war, at the mouth of the Mississippi, on the charge of pii-acy, and acquitted by the judicial courts, made a cruise on tlio Mexican coast, visiting Matamoros, Tampic-o, Vera Cruz, and Tabasco. Returning to Velasco, slie was sent in September to New York for repairs. In March, 1837, this vessel returned to (ialveston, and some time afterward captured the Mexican schooner Aviitpa. '* On August 25th of the same year, the Invincible, ill company with the Bndus, arrived at Galveston bar with a Mexican schooner in tow. The jirutus crossed in siifcty with the prize, but the Invincible, unable to 'H't in, was attacked on the following day by two armed brigs of the enemy. In gohig out to her aid, tlu! Irrntus ran aground, and the Invincible, being ovor- ))ow('rod, in endeavoring to escape struck on the breakers near the southeast channel. The crew gained the land, but the vessel went to pieces during the night. The schooner Liberty had been sent to New Orleans, and was there sold to defray her expenses. ^ Ttleijraph, Aug. 2, 1836; Yoakum, ii. 180-1; Mortit in his report to the U. S. government places the value of these vessels' invoices at about $20, 102. Eiei-. Dor., cong. 24, sess. 2, No. 35, p. 29. '"Called by Yoakum — ii. 213 — AUnpit, and thus copied by Swante Palm in Bukrrs Tex., 78. Th« Tex. Aim., 18(50, 164, gives Ob'utpo as the name of tlie vessel; but it is pi'obable that as b and v are frequently used for each other iu Spanish America, the I in Yoakum is a misprint for b, and that the ngbt name of the schooner was Avispa, the Waap. ■' 1 If m ]i"i ^: % rr 284 THE REPUBUC OF TEXAS. The Independence, in April 1837, fell in with two Mexican brigs-of-war, the Vcncedor del Alamo and the Libertador, and being overpowered, was taken into Brazos Santiago, whence the captives were removed to Matamoros. Thus the Brutus was the last re- maining vessel of the old navy, and she was lost in (jralveston harbor during the severe equinoctial gale of 1837, wliich, besides destroying shipping to the number of fourteen or fifteen vessels, flooded nearly the whole cit}'. In April of this year, the Chaiiipion and Juliuii Cn'mr, freighted with provisions for tlie Texan army, were captured by the enemy/' In the United States, the interest felt for Tex.is was great, and nmch material aid was furnished to tin struggling republic. Public discourses were delivered at difl'erent places by the counuissioncrs, Austin, Wharton, and Archer, who sue most acceptable to the people o\ the former. When the commissioners reached Washington, congress had "/rf., I860, 16.3-6, where will be found a list of officers who served in tin Texan navy from 1835 to 1837 inclusive. Yoakumj ii. 212-13, 216-17; /?"/'< Tex., 77-80. '^ See Austin's address to the people of Louisville, Kentucky, Manli 7, 1836, in Holley's Tex., 252-80; and his letter to Houston of June 16, ISHii. ni Vodkuin, ii. 177; also Wharton's address in N. York, Apr. 26, 1836, in T'j. Mine. Pamph., uo- 14. THE QUESTION OP INDErKNDENeE. 885 iulioumed, but there was among its members a general fi'oling in favor of the recognition of the independence (it' Texas," Notliing was immediately accomj)lishod licvond the formal presentation of the matter to the jiutlioritics at Washington; but Presl Ttxas, to inform himself, and report on the military, i)oliti('al, and civil condition of the people. The datc^ of M<»r- jit's first despatch is August 13, 1830, that of his last, St iitcinlu'r 14th of the same year. His report is pretty full. He assigns a population to Texas of ncMily 58,500 souls.'* He expresses surprise that Texas has carried on a successful war so long with so little embarassment to her own citizens or treasurv, and estimated that the probalile total amount of her outstanding debts did not exceed $ I, '250,000." The deep interest taken by the United States in tlie success of Texas was naturally dis[)leasing to the Mexican government. During the period from AFaich 9 to October 15, 183G, tlie ^Mexican minister, (xorostiza, maintained a correspondence with the tle- partiiK'ut of state relative to the ambiguous neutrality observed by the United States during the Texan revolution. In his letters he comi)lains of measures "The two houses, acting separately, passed resolution.^ ' tliat the imlc- ]i(Miih'iK'e of Texjujouglit to he acknowledged by tlie U. .S. whenever satistae- t(iry iiifiiniiation should ho received that it liad in successfid operation a civil ■.'(iviTnmcnt, capable of performing the duties and fullilling tiie ohligations of Mil iiiili'|icndcnt power.' Exve. Dor., cong. 24, sess. 'J, no. ',^7^, 1, wliere will lie iiiiiiiil I'lipy of Morfit's despatches. "Anglo-Americans, Jiliout ."iO.OOO; Mexicans, .S.470; Indians, including s.OtH) iKirthcrn Indians from tlie United States, about '2(),()00; and 5,(HH) iic- unms. A/., 12-1.3. Yoakum's figures, ii. 1!»7, derived from the same .source iiiil .(ipicd by Thrall, UUt. Te.v., 280, are incorrect. But Mortit himself is acinic wliat contradictory. 'Thus exhibited in Mort'it's report of Sept. 4, ISSfi, uf. mip.: Tri'.isury orders already issued antl debts under consideratioa of the aiiditor's office !§,T(M»,2.S0 Kstiiii;ite of .supplies exclusive of the amount audited 2."iO.(MM) Loans 1(M),0(H) .\iii(niiit due navy, exclusive of the amount audited (lO.CHH) .^iiiniiiit due army, exclusive of the amount audited 412,000 .Aniiniiit of civil contingent expenses, exclusive of amount audited. . 1 18,720 $1,250,000 •2m THK KKl'UBLK' OF TEXAS. t?. in proji^ress for reotjt^nizih"; tin' independeiicf <»f Texas, of tlie entrance of armed liands from the Unit»M| States into that country, es|>ecially of tin- o<'cuj>ati<>ii of Mexican territory, by United States forei's, and enumerates several instamuis of violation of tin; neu- trality laws. Tlie j)ai*ticulars connecttd with the occupation of Texan territory by Uniti'd States troops ;uv as follow: It was well understood that the In take up arms. On January "J.'i, l8.'iG, (General Kd- n;und Gaines was appohited to the command of tlic United States troops on the western fr<»ntier of Louisiana. His instructions were that, in vi(>w oftlu war between Mexico and 'i\xas, strict neutrality \v;i.> to be observerevented by forcr. (jJaines rei)ried March 2!>th ; and aftei- mferrint,' tn scenes of barbarism ui Texas added that, in case In noticed a disj>osition on the part of Mexicans to menace tlie frontier, he should deem it his duty to cross the boundar3' and meet the marauders. Uiidt f date of April *J5th tlie secretary of war, while averrin-^' that it was no wish of the president to acquire any portion of M»>xican territory, nevt>rtheless aj^provnl of Gahies' su Mason on April Tith a stattinent which was found to he «r|».atly exair ijciatcd. (laines conse(|uently ordered up tin* s(|uadron of United States draj^oons and six <'om panics of infantry from Fort (Jil)S(»n to Fort Towson. (Ill lied lliver, went in person with fourteen coni- |iaiiies, namely, the sixth r«'!jjiment and four <'oinpanies i»t' tiie third United States infantry, to tlie Sahine ITivrr, and there encamped. Owinji^ to the victory of San Jacinto, and the retreat of the Mexicans, the Iiuhaus, whatever miijjht have been tlieir orltjjinal in- ttiitions, now showed a disposition favt>ral)le to the white men, and there does not seem much reason for ( Jaiiits' remaininjjj on tin; bank of tiu! Sabine. Never- tlirlcss, in their (!xcited state, it was not unlikely tliat the Indians would connnit depredations, an;e body >f them a|)peared before Fort Paiker, on the head waters of tlu^ Navas(>ta. There utiv only six men and some womciii and children in tlif i)laee. Attempts at conciliation were made in vain; .several of the men were killed, the fort was lihiiidered, and some of the women and children wert^ • ill lied into ca[)tivity.'" On June 'JHth (^aines re- t t'ived a letter from Rusk, then at Victoria, statin}.; that tlio Mexicans, 7,000 strong, were advancing from Matamoros, their motto being, " Extermination as far as tlie Sabine, or death." These circumstarices com- hiiicd, induced (iaines to consider the frontier again in danger. Accordingly on the day on which he re- < eived Rusk's letter, he repeated his requisition — which this time was disapproved by the president — and sent a detachment of regular troops under Colonel Whistler, to take post near Nacogdoches, instructing him July I Ith to occupy that town and fortify it with a small lireast-work and block-houses. "^^ Full account of this massacre in S/ueld's Fall 0/ Parker'ti Fori, MS., f"lx. IS. ^^1 I • ji N 2tttt TilE llKi'UBLIC OF lEKAH. i"i! When Gorostiza became aware that an actual \- il- lation of Mexican territory on the part of the Uiiitnl Statt'H had occurred, he natrrated his representation-; and not Hutisfiod with the assurances of the «;ovriii- nicnt at Wasliin«jfton, that tlie measures a(h>pted wi i, of a tem])oniry and ])urely tli-fcnsiv*' cliaracttr. Ii\ letter of ()ctol)er I .Hh lie ileelared tiuit lie considt iv.| Ills mission at an end, and asked for liis passjtoit-. wliich were sent to liini on the 20th of tlie saim month, diplomatic reflations between the two couiitrir> bring thus broken off. Gaines was relieved of lil> connnand l>v IJrigadier General Arbuckle, who w.is instruct«>d. under date of October 10th, to report nii the conilition of alfuirs. Nt^vertheless similar diivc tions to those sent to ( Jain* ^ were given to Arbuekl. , to whose discretion the rcitaining possession of Nac(i«;- doches was in a great measun; U'ft. He was hifonm ij by th(! stu'rotary of war that it was n()t in the powi i of the department, with its limited information, to irive anv positive order in regard to the further ocfu- pation of the post, but he was itistructed to withdi.tw the troops statl- session information satisfying liim that the niitin tenance of it was essential to the prottiction of tl" United States frontiers, and to the duo execution (), \-liS\',Pnh. Dor., I8:<5 (i, Vul. vi; ('owj. Dcliitt<», S;{,") 0, xii. 3.")ll-48; Tex. t'orrcx., in Pup. Vnr., iii. Nn. 1; E.ri'r. Do,:, cot . 'J4, hoss. 2, No. 2, 1-101, ]05;('oni/. JM>it/r.'<, 1S;17, xiv. ITli- 241); y/. Ex. D coiig. 25. scss. 2, Vol. iv. No. UK), 1-120; .1/c.r. ( 'o/c-.. .«,/.,-. ■ / hixo (III SM, 122; A'/Vrs' 7.V-/., 1. 102, 207-0, 'XA-'y, 'Ml, im (i. 402; //., li. 21, 33, 87-8, 7, 113, 129, 11»4, 3(>!), 378, .•«->, 40l)-12; Moiyhi.^, '.i.V.i. .l.'.it 4; Jui/'m Mcc. W(i. .'^'}-30. The government at Wasliington cousiiiiTccI that they were anth< zed to semi troops into Mexican territory hy tiio 3:fil ij tide of the trei y l>etween the two niition.s, which recjiiired both tlic oiii traeting parties > prevent by force all hostilities and incursions on thf pa it of the Indian Lotions living within their respective boundaries, so tlwit tiii United States will not suffer their Indians to attack the citizens if tli' Mexican states, nor will the Mexican states suffer tiieir Indiana to attai k the citizens of tlie United States. As the Indians west of the supiioM'! boundary were assuming a warlike attitude, and Mexico had no troojis w, the ground to keep them c|uiet, the U. S. considered themselves justilioil ui aasumiug au advanced positiou temporarily iu their owu defence. .w A'lTlTUlU: OK llli: UMI Kl> STATKS. L'H!» \ih as i.tli( r ihixn suhtcrfu!;;*', and imtair to a iicii^hlK.: fnuii wli'u'li it iKs'irt'd to sti'al triritoi-y. WIi'ilc makinj^tlm stK'iim'st assui'jiiH't's tliat neutrality slioiild In- ol»- s(i\r(l, ami *issuin»jj uiil» is to that t'lUft. it cuiiiiot \)o (i( nird that tlic latter wvvv easily evaded, and th(» foinier eoiinterhalaiicetl hy the moral support secretly ( xteiided to Texas. At the .same tuiK" it must he ohserveil that the ^^e\ieall ;^overnmeut in its future (•niiduet in re«j;ard to the revolted province showed iKitJiei- pi'udeiice nor roresii,'.it, aud rench-ifd the \var, oil her part, with Texas ji t'aici'. ^^Fexican patriotism was cxciti'd, and the Texan war usid as a j)retext for levying contrihutions; henceforth it assumed a pas- sive character, and bi'came a rallvin>' crv of pidltical jiarties as a nu-ans of their act of tliailatanism, and a ]uirty weapon, both sides urLnuL"; tlif continuation of the war as necessary for the vin- ilitiitiiiii of the national honor, thout>h thev had iicitlier tlie will nor the power to carry it on.'" ■.i 1 if 11 H ,«' ■is oil 1(1 111 l^y July the Texan army had increased to 2, '{00 stroiiM-, antl (n'lierai Rusk exj)erlencod nmch difticulty in itieventiuij: confusion. lT(>UHton was at this time at Xa(o rumors of such havin.; proved deceptive, it was proposed on the part of tin Texan leaders to make a descent ui)on Matanioins. and with that objoct detachments wei'e sent to l^t'jar and San ]\itricio on the river Xueces. Two niouiitnl companies were des[tatclied to the former place, wliiji' aOO men, also mounted, were stationed at San Vatri- cio, under Brigadier-Cileneral Felix Houstt)n, who liail lately arrived from the ITnited States with a consid erable force. Owing, however, to the want of nuaih to coo[)erate by sea, the project was abandoned, Kailv in -Tuly the commissioners, Austin, Arclin. and Wharton returned, having accomplished much in arousiuii' svmnathv in the ITnited States for- Texas. On tin* -.'Jd of the same month, tran<{uliritv f »}• tlif time assured by the political confusion in ^Mcxicn. President Burnet issued a proclamation for th<' elec- tions of president, vice-president, and senatoi^ and representatives in congri'ss. The first Monday in Septcml)er was appointed election day, and the sena- tors and representatives wen> to assend)li^ at Colum- bia on the first Monday in October following. " Tin "Laiimr argued tliat lloustiin liad ffirfoicod lii.s jm.sition a.-* CDinmiiulc: in-ohief, liy leaving Te.xas Mitlioiit a furlough. See (Jen. Felix Hu-ti>n- aeeount of this affair in Yoiihini, ii. I8.S 8; '/V.r. Alin.. I8(il, 4ti. *C'opy of proulamatioa iu Id., 1801, 4b-'). It provided that in tiic pn 'Im ELECTION". 201 iiianat;ors of the elections were to ask each voter whether he was williiig- to clotlie his senators and n'|tiesentatives with conventional })ower to revise and aiiund the constitution; also whether he was in favor of the adoption of the constitution as i-. stood, or of its rtjeetion, or revision and amendment by the con- (frc'ss. Moreover as it was important for the inter- ests of the country that the people should determine wliether they were in favor of annexinjjf Texas to the United States, the manasjjers were required to put tht' (|Uesti(>n clireet to each voter, and make a return of the immhei of votes for and ai»ainst it. Tlirce candidates were nominated for the j)residency. Sto|>ht'n F. Austin, Sam. Houston, and the late jyfov- iriinr Henry Smith. Houston at first was uiiv/illin<»' to iii('e))t his nomination, but was induced to y, two; Uefugio. "lit; Sail I'atrieii', one; Waslunjjlnn, two; .Milan, one; and Jackson, «ine. I'miii tile senatorial (listriet of He|ui', tliere .sliould lie. eleeteil one senator; tiniii San I'atrieio, lU'l'uijio ami ( ioliail, one; fioui Urazoria, one: from .Mina .iii'l < Ion/ale/, one; from Xaeoijiloelies, one: from Ivetl Itiver, one; from ^liilliy ainl Saliiui , one; froiii .Matagonla. .lackson and Victoria, one; from •Vustiii and Coliu'ado, one; from S;\u .\uj,'Ustine, one; from .Milan, one; from •lasper anil .lellerson, one; from J^ilierty and Marrishurg. one; and from \\adiiiii;ton. one. In eoiisideratioii tliat a large numlier of persons were Mi'viii^; ill the army, and nuglit tliereliy lose their right of .sutt'erage, it was iMii.iiiiiil that all such persons entitled to voti! Miiglit do so hy holding an ilcctiiiM, and sending the returns to the managers of tlu^ election at tin; lajiital of the ])recinct of wliieli they were citizens; the name of each voter hfiiii; taken down in writing and forwarded with the returns. The same rule a|i|ili(.el to persons ab^^but from preeincta that had been temporarily aliamUiaeiL I'm ill I Hi-! I ■•/ f M r, I lip' I u 'f 292 THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. monize the two factions, and organize a governiiicnt tliat would triumph over all difficulties." Houston s popularity at this tiate is evidenced by the result of the polls. He was electetl i)resident by a laiu;!' majority, Mirabeau B. Lamar behig chosen vict - president. "" The constitution was adopted almost unanimously, as also the pro}>osltlon c)f annexation. On October 3d, the first Texan congress met at C'n lunibia, and on the following day President Burii.t delivered his message. It is a somewhat lengthy joc- umeiit, but re[)resent» too truthfully the events ion- nected witli his administration ami the condition of the country. He describes the state of the army .'uid navy, and calls attention to the defectiveness of tlif militarv oruanization and the want of more war vt^. sels. The judicial department, he stated, was in a very imperfect state, and the land question was om which would require serious consideration. He tiust'd that the titles of the early settlers would not be oii- croached upon, and that the present congress and all succeedhig ones would i)romptly and decisively put the seal of their reprobation upon all sinister aiii;i, wliere he arrived on October i)th. By a provision of the adoi)ted constitution, he could not enter u)>on tin' duties of his office before the second Monday in De- cember next succeeding his election," but both I'lvsi- dent Burnet and Vice-])resident Zavala were ('<|nallv willing to retire from office, and on the 2'2d of Octolxr ■•"See his letter to (luy M. Bryan of Nov. 15, ]8r)2, qnoteil in Yn'ihnn, ii. 193-4. '•''- Hoiistoii received 4,.'i74 votes, Smith 7411, and Austin .WT, the tula! mini- her of votes east heing 5,704. Ijainar liad a majority of 2,(i99. Tlin'!i'< //'*' ■^Copy of Burnet's message will ho found in NHvm Hcj., li. IS!) !tl. * Art vi., sec. 2., of tlio constitution, in Laivs of the Jlivul'Uc <>/' 7V.i"<, vol. L 15. |i" 'H HOUSTON AN1> LAMAR. 293 Si lit in their rosii^iiations. Tlic con<^rcs8 considered tliiit tliei'c Avas no radical oUstruction to tlie premature i!ist;illatl<>n of tlie nt!\v ])resident, and on tlie same day Hciuston was ind tlu" warm- est sympathy and manly aid of friends in the land of their origin. Lastly, he dwelt in»(»n the (jue.stion of annexation witli tin; I'nited States, a c<»ii,>-umination unanimously wished for the Texan ])eople, who Wi-re • lieeit'd hy the ht»])e that they Wt>ul<| he welcomed into the great family of fnH'men." (Jeneral Lamar. ill liis two-fold capacity as vice-pi'esideiit of the r.- imlilic and president of the senate, also delive/ed aiMivsses in which, hreathliig a s|>irit of pati'iot- i^iii. lie deprecated party antagonism and contro- Vd'sy. Cnpv ,,!' tlie atlilress in Peim''n Ifisf. I'/ric '/V.i-., iv. Mlvx' Soulli Amtr. >nid i/'r., I. :t."-«o. ! {'I :■< 1 » I ' 4 (I 2!M THE REPUBLIC OF TKXAS. Conjjjrcss havinj^ authorized the prosi-7n, •' Tliis act was vetoed hy the president, but passed by a constitutional inajdrity in both houses Dec. 22, I8S6. The above synopsis of tlie labors if the tirst congress is derived from Iif., i. 27-227. i : ■ :;; 2M THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. III m I Ni! '■-1 , dard of Texas. The flag for the naval service was to be the same as that r.Jopted by President Burnet at Harrisburg, April 9, 1836, its conformation b( iii.r unif)n blue, star central, with thirteen stripes pro- longed, alternate red and white.** Congress, however, did not display the hii^host wisdom in all its legislative acts. On ])ecember lOth a bill was passed to incorporate the Tt^xas Kailroatl, Navigation, and Banking Company j witli a ca])ital stock of $5,000,000, and the privilege of increasing it, when the welfare of the company should require it, to $10,000,000. The enactment granted to tlie com- pany the right of connecting the waters of the Rio Grande and the Sabine by means of internal naviga- tion and railroads, with the privilege also of con- structinjj branch canals and railroads in evcrv direction. As soon as the bank went into operation. which it could not do until a specie capital of $1.- ^'OuJaii. "J."), IS;!'.), aa act M";is pissed adoptiii;^ as tlio iialiinial anus i vliito star , livi pointed, and set in ground of red.' Buhr/i T<.r., 1!1."). Lcwi.s Wasliinc^'ton. an assistant in the oliico of the Oiilrcx/dii A'"/w, in I8."»t, stjites that it was I'i plain white silk, bearing an azure star of live points on either siile. On cnr side was the inscription Lilierty or Death! aiui on the other the Latin niott' Uhi Lihertaa habitat, ibi nostra patri est. This Hag was unfurlccl at \(ii>' .. .Tan. 8, 183G. Gen. SIcLcod of Galveston .i.sserted that it was tiie M-ori{ ni Miss Troutman of Knoxvillu, Georgia. A correspondent of tlie ('ciilf'l j^V.nm denies the claim of Georgia, and insists that the first lone sl.ir \\\d unfurled ia Texas wa.s the one raised in llarri,sburg in bSU."). Tir. Aim., IStll. 75-7. Thrall makes the curious statement that the lone star emhlein was a fortunate accident. Gov. 8mith, for want of a seal, used one of tlio lir}.'i' brass buttons of his coat, which bore the impress of s\. five-pointrd star. The Mexican government in a circular of Jan. 'IS, ISHO, describes tlic Tixaii rebel Hag as consisting of stripes like that of the U. >S., but instead of t!i>' blue square containing the stars, the Texan fiag had a white sipiare with .. cross ami the nundier 1824. Arrillwia, llcrrrp., En. — .Tun., IH.'fti, ■_':U. Tli' 'flag of independence,' says one, first hoisted at Goliad, boru a bl(ii«liii sword grasped by a hand. Tr.r. Aim., 1801, 70. HOUNDARY. •JOT TiOCOOO was paid in, a bonus of $25,000 was to be jiaid into the Texan treasury; but iu tlie event of Slid sum not being paid within eigliteeu niontlis after tli>' passage of the act, tlie cliarter, whicli was to con- tihue in force for forty-nine years, was to be forfeited." This act was regarded by many with great disfavor ami denounced by Anson Jones as corru}>t, and t' nding to render tlie pul)Hc lan Texas found to her cost at a later date, on the "I lasion of the ill-conducted expedition to Santa Fe. • IW. hurs, i. l'.>8-32. ■" I In writes : 'The company would have been the great feudal lanrii iif tlie whole, and held them hy a feudal teiuire.' He attacked tlio scheme >fvcrL'ly in an article signed Franklin, puhlisiied in a Matagonla pajter. Tlis I'Pjiiisitiou gained for him many lasting enemies. Ncpiih. 'JV.r., 18- 19. ■'•''( M)uge states that even as it was, some people made money out of tiit; sciieine. None of the auhscrihers pai(l anythmg. One of tliem sold liis in- terest to a speculator of New York for i>.'W,000. Another disposed of his interest for three leagues of lani], which he subsequently sold for $2.50 per acrt. Fiscal Hint, Tex,, (50-1. 298 THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. After two months of assiduous labor, durinj^ whlcli the members of botli houses appear to liave bet n guided by a sphit of jmtriotism and singleness of purpose/congress closed its session, and adjourned till the first Monday in May, 1837, when it was to nii . t at the newly founded town of Houston, on Buliiild Bayou, wliich l)y act of December loth was decliin d to be the seat of the irovernment till 1840/'' f*l f J ' Toward the close of the vea»' Texas was bereaved, not only of one of its most j)rominent patriots, but nf its father and founder asa great state. On Noveml)rr 15th Lorenzo de Zavala, whose health had been t'or some time past failing, died at his residence on the San Jacinto, niuir Lynchburg, fifty -fiva; ^ears of age. The biography of this true friend of Texas, })revi(>us to his exile from his native country, has already been i>iven. His arrival in Texas was hailed with i himself admits his want of competenc}', and with eagi-r willingness he resigned his military appointment on the occasion of Ills l)enig chosen commissioner to the United States. With regard to his character, I cannot do better than transcribe his own words, whicli. however, make no mention of his noble qualitit's, but reveal only his Weaknesses. Wrlthig to Edwards, the Fredonian leader, in 1825, he siiys: "My tempi-r is naturally hasty and impetuous; the welfare of the settlement re(juired that I should control it effectually, for one in ]\\y situation, falling suddenly into a fit of passion, iiii^ht do hurt to the interests of hundreds. My dis- {•osition is by nature, also, open, unsuspecting, confid- ing, and accommodating almost to a fault. I have been, therefore, subject in a peculiar niarmer to impo- iriil P 3 f. l' :i(K) THK REPUBLKi OF TEXAS. sition. Exporienro has enlit^htcncd me as to tliis latter defiriciicy, I foar, almost too late, for I am ii|» prchensivt! t)f' having fallen somewhat into the opposite J. )' .17 extreme. It was true as he says, that uiuler the most trying cinnimstances. and nsHJiilcd by (>n<'mies, he exeroist-d a strong control over his impulses, fearful of inHictiiij;- injury on others. \\v made self-assertion suhordiiiatc to the public weal. But other traits of his charactd' remain to he added. ifis sense of erjuity and his con- stancy, his perseveranci! and fortitude, his intelligenoL', prudence, and s.-iLjacitv, and lastly, his endurnii under persecution, hencivokint forgiveness of injuii and far-reaching phi Ian thro) )y mark him asnooonmioii person, and place him on the pedestal of great nu'ii. He was never married. Dui'ing tlu; first years of liis residence in Texas, his home was the liouseof S. Ca> tlenum, on the C(»lorado. Later, when his hrotlici- i'l-law, James F. Perry, removed to the colony, 1m lived, when in 'i'exas, with his sister, at Peach Point })lantation, in Bra/oria county, l^esides this sistn, he had a younger brother, named James Brown An- tin, who was well known in Texas."* cs. It cannot be said that at the opening of the ikw year the situation of the young republic was tlatterinn;. It is true that she was temporarily relieved from in ^' Copy of an extract from this letter, wliiuh well descrihea hin dilliciik ])ositi<)U witli reganl to ilecisioim about land grants, and is marked l>y ciinli'i' and the frank adnii.ssiou on the part of the writer that ho iiad coniniitti'l errors, M-ill ho found in Fonlc, i. .'{(K)-;"). ^^ iVj:. Ahii., 18r>9, 15:! ()(). From this article I quote tlie following 'V- tract: '.Sometinie.s the voice of detraction and ohlocjuy wa.s lieard. Snint- times curse.s were lieapealanoe(l. The great ))ody of liis lol.i- nists loveci him, and he knew it. Tiiey had tried him, and Iiad fouml iiiiii to he true to them and to tiieir interests. ' Thrall, H'ikI. Tex., 480-!)7; K<'iiiitkcrx Tex., 25^-4; Yonkum, ii. SCyi-.S. Linn, in his Rewhis.. 'M-1. says of Austin: 'He made many personal sacrifices of liis own comfort .uiil property in the interest of his colonists, and was in return repaid hy ingrati- tude hy too many of them. He had the patience of Franklin, and was a man of aolia rather than of brilliant parts. ' CONDITION OF TITK COMMONWf:ALTH 801 vnsioM ; but tlic ciu'iiiy .still tlircateiUMK and there was no crrtuiiitv tliat a powerful anny would not before ](iiu^ he put in motion a<^ainst lier. Alt]i(>U!j;l» in an a;j;ilty, and i»o innnediate pros[)ects of pecu- niiiiy relief coidd be expected. Hut tlie year was not (.lestine'nition of her independence had been the suhject of much discussion m the conj^ress of the United States, and manv memorials from ditt'ereiit liai ts of that iKition were addressed to the ^ovei'nment ill lielialf of it. In the north, however, considera})le n|i|i(isition was brought to bear by the anti-slavery I'ariy, which, foreseeinij; annexation as the ultimate result, was sti'on^ly op[)osed to tin; atloption of a iiu asure that would create additional slave territory. Apait from the (jutistion of slavery, there were others (if a connnercial nature which also had wi'ioht. In iiise Texas maintained hei' iiuK'pi'ndence, sIk; would lie al)le to o[)en a market for English manufactures, wliicli would prove detrimiMital to the interests of the I lilted States. Attain, if she were admitted into the uiiiuii, th(3 anti-tariff party wouhl oain i)rej)onderanee "Vtr that which sought to })rocure a monopoly for American uoods bv protective duties. On ]Jeceinber •--, ls;')(;, a message of Prc^sident Jackson, on the sui)ifet of the riicosxnition of Tt^xas was laid befoi'e coiinress. At its conclusion he makes use of these M i'"' M "Ydakuni states that at the close of 18.% the Texan army coiisi-sted of alioiit TOO men enlisted for the period of the war, and 80 wlio had still six Uiouthi tu survu, Jlkt. Tex., ii. 205. f,.| :«(•_' TIIK UKl'LULir OK TKXAS. L.M til -iiv \iU wordis: "Pnun'iK'c, tlicroforo, socnis to dirtato tluit we should still stand aloof, and maintain our pntscnt attitude, if n(>t until Mexico Uself or one of tlie ^ru'nl foreisj;n powers shall reco«;ni/e the independence t>t' the new government, at least until tlu' lapse- of Wwu- or the course of events siiall have proved, beyond arate sovi'ieijj;ntv, and to U|)1iip1i| the iiovernment constituted hv them." '" But it was well known that Jackson was in fjivdr of the recognition of the independence of Texas. ( )ii January II, I H'57, Walkei', S(Miat(»r from \rississi|i|ii, submitteil a I'esolutiou to the senate to the ett'ect tlint the independence of Texas should he acknowledi^id, urjjjini^ as a reason that the threatened invasion nf that country had proved ahortive. tliat the army of General Bravo " had been reduced by desertion pikI othei' causes to a very small number, that Bravo had conse«|uently rcsijurned, and the invasion m all proha- i)ility would be abandoned. After several efforts (Hi the part of Walker—who expressed himself convincid tiiat the ]iresident would cheerfully unite with cdii Ljress in rect>|L^nizin!L>; the independence of Texas- to l)rini>- hi« resolution to the vote, on March 1, 18'{7, it was called up, and after some discussion, passed hy a vote of twenty -three to nineteen.*' On the f(»llo\viii'4 day a motion was made to reconsider the voti , Itut was lost bv a vote of tweutv-four to twentv-fniir.' The negotiations, iidwever, for the annexation of Texas were not listenei, to by the Ignited States uov- ermnent. Shortlv after tlic i)assaue of this resolution tlw Texan minister in Washington was duly recognised. and Alcec Labranche appointed by Jackson as cliaige *^ //. Ex. Ddc, t'Kiig. 'J4, ses.s. '2., No. 'A'l, \). 4. *' Bravo liiid been iippointnd to the coiniiiaml in the place of I'itim. wlin was removed on account of liis loaning toward federalism. *- Not as Yoakinn states. — ii. 207 — twenty-three to twenty-two. "ro»7. DelHit^-s, 18.%, 1837. xiii. 3(J0, 527,797, 986, 1010-i:i. 101'^ Tt must he remarked that on March 1st. v/hen the resolution was pasjicil. >it members of the seuiite wuru abseut, ritKSlDKNTS MKSSACK. :«):{ d'atlaiii's to tlu' lU'W i('pul»lic, tlio liouso of rcprc- s( iitjitivi's luivin«ij inado un appntpriutioii for a diplo- iiiiitic U!j;«'i>t to that uiovcMinicnt. It lias already Ik-cu iiu'iitioiud tliat <»ii A.])ril 17. |s;!7. tlic finhixinlnicf was taken l>y two Mexieaii riMS-(»t'-war. On the vessel was William 11. Wharton I) ._ who was on his return from the United States. He \\;i> conveyed to Matainoros with the otlier captives. (I confined in prison. His hrotlier, Colonel Jolin II Whaiton, havin;4 ohtained |)ermission and a Wix^jr, jiiucceded thither with thirty Mexican prisoners, in the hope of effeetin;4 his relea.se, hut on his arrival he was seized and thrown into a duii'^eon. William W'liarton in the meantinu', l)y the aid tain Tliompson <»f the ^r<'xiean navy, escajied and reached Iioiiic. His hrotlier. after an imprisonment of six (lays, also succee. On account of tlu^ unfavorahlo condition of the money luarke^ in the United States, no portion of the 8.1.000,000 loan had been realized, and the land scrip" '' III iinlur t(i raisi' niwuis to iiioft tlie ino.st pressing wautu until sonic l"irtiiin of the C.j,(K)0.(K)0 lo.aii could he reali/.e, to Ik)^)^ S''.J0,00(), and to Hell land H'lip to the amount of 500,000 acres, at a price not less than 50 cents per (i» III:! vm ' § «■ ' >'/ pi i 304 J'HK UEPUBLIC OF TEXAS. liad produced nothing, owing to the questional)lo ac- tion t>f the agents at New Orleans, who would rend* r no account of their transactions to the executive, and dishonored drafts drawn upon them by the latt«f. Sjjeaking of the land-bill, of December 22, 18:i(!, which had been vetoed by the president, but passed by a constitutional nuijority — Houston stated that liis views on that (juestion had undergone no cliange. lie considered that the l)ill was not adaj)ted to the situa- tion,*' inasmuch as no provision was made for section- iziiig the })ublic domain; and he recommended that some i>lan should be devised that would ascertain all the located lands of the country, by which mctluxl the vacant lands would be readily indicated. Unlrss some such precaution were adopted endless litigal'mii would be tlie consequence. ()n the subject of tlic lK)undary question with the United States, he believiy which the latter ci'ded certain lands to the fonii'i. 'riie Caddo Indians, he said, were the princi}>al ag- gressors on the Texan frontiers, and showed a disjm- sitlon to amalgamate with the wihl tribes undoubtedly within the unquestionable boundary of Texas. Urgent remonstrances had been made to the irovernment nf the United States by the Texan representatives ir. Washington on the subject of the condition and dis- position of these Indians. The army of Texas ha' I never been in a mon; favorable condition, and its ini provement since the last session of congress was cmi- spicuous. It had been successfully reorganizc^il. and acre. This scrip was issued to Toby and Bros, of Now Orleans ami ! »avi.l White of Mobile, wlio were appointed agents for tlie governiiiuiit. '/';•. Lawn, i. 76-7; Oou/fe,iU sup., ^^2, (A. '■■The constitution provided that 'the whole territory of the ri'pulilio should be sectionized, in a manner liereafter to be prescribed by law.' < '•'■»■ eral provisions sec. 10. Tex: Laii^, i. 21. SLAVERY. 305 a svstem of discipline and subordination establislied. By tlie reduction of the number of supernumerary oiiiccrr,, its expenses had been diminished to $2l!!),0J{2 1) v annum/" A similar favorable report could not be iiiiub witli rcu^ard to the navy, the insufficiency of wliich recjuired the serious ccMislderation of congress. A confidential officer had been despatched to the United States for the jmrpose of purchasijig such vessels as would enable Texas to keep connnand of the gulf The weak condition of the navy had not hixm without injurious result upon connnerce, which had suffered to some extent. President Houston next makes remarks upon the African slave trade, and ill conformity with tlie constitution" denounced it as ail uulioly and cruel traffic. It being known tliat thousands of Africans had lately been im[)()rted into the island of Cuba with the design of introducing a portion of them into Texas, tlie ministers of the re- puMic had made the matter a subject of representa- "■'Ou DecemlKjr 15, 18.^6, an act was passed appro])riating .STOO.CXX) to ilifi ly tlu! u.\i)onscs of tlio army for the years 1831! and IS.'JT; sl.">(),(MM) lllll^^o (if the navy; and sir)0,()0(), those of the executive and civil (). *• III tlic gi'Ucral provisions of the constitution, sec. 9, the importation or ad'.ii-i^mn of Africans ornegroes into the repnlilie, excepting from tlie U. S. of AiiR'pici, was forever prohihited, and dccl iixd to lie piracy. '1 he phi'ase- iiligy 'i'X('c]'tiiig from the U. S.' nii\ seem at first siglit singular. But it .lUHt ln^ luiiiie in mind that most of t'lO settlers in Texas came trom tho 4ivc hdldiiig stiites of the norUiern . iiion; tiiat tlio.sc stales were the stanch iillirs of Texas, and hy iinmigni t'oti from them slic expected to increa e her li'piilation, strei'gth, and prospeiity. U-dc.-i-j luture settlers were allowed 1" liring thiur slaves it was well known that they wotdd he very few ill imuilier. Moreover, the sea' city of LJ'orand tiie almndance of rich land iiwiile the tolerance of slave lahor an iiiijiortint item in the future progress "i the country. Thus, though Texas projuTly denounced the tr.itiie in African .slaves, her vital interests rcijuircd that she should not refuse to ad- mit a .system legalized in the states from whii'h most of her immigrants i'aii.(>, liy allowing them to hriiiif their pi.>i)crty with them, and employ it lirntitalil}- ali''e to themselves and the rcimlilic. Hut her law on the suli- ji'Ct was ,; ent. By act of Dee. "Jl, is;i('», all ]iersons convicted of iiitro- ilui-iiiL,' .\liii.:uii shivcs, witii the ahove cxctption, were to . ulicr death, with- nut liciiilit of clergy; the same penalty Win to he inllicted upon ner.-ons w'lo ''liniilil uiirodiue any slave or slaves from the U. S., exec])t such as had !'■ iii liriviciusly introduced and held in slavery iu thut republic, iu ooulonuiiy with tiic laws of that government. lIisT. Me.x. States, Vol. U. "iO, m'. 306 THE REPXJBLIC OF TEXAS. T^ tion to the government at Washington, to enable it to devise means of preventing the landing of slaves in Texas, which the hisufficiency of her own navy precluded her from doing. This last consideration should be a sufficient reason to redeem the rcpuhlic from the suspicion of connivance, and induce liutli England and the United States to employ sucli a portion of their force in the gulf as would arrest the tjraffic. England, he believed, would not regarer '2'2, IH'M>. The law was to have gone into etlect June 1, IH;!?, 'SjuNik'ug (if tlio lantl law of 1838 — of wliich mention will l>f made in tlu! 1. ■ \ii«iiii .lones, who voted in favor of it, says: 'The greatest fault, after «!•. ' .,' ail lie found with this l)ill is that it did not stop perjury: for asido ''•■■• , I'iiiiy, whicli no law can st'']), few evils have grown nut ni it, Tlio Uw .;:,uU [iu;jtius»ea uvury pusttiblu sat'uguurd ugaiust fraud.' livyuh. Tex., 2U m w .%8 THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. U lij. l)ut the opposition to it caused it to be suspcndod till October 1st of tliat year; and on Sei)teinber IJOtli, in consideration of the president's statement tliat prcpii- rations were bein^ made to run the boundary liiu' between Texas and tlie United States, which would doubtk!SS increase the limits of tlie former's civil iind political jurisdiction, a johit resolution wius adopted to sus[)end the o[)eration of the land-office until the fur- ther action of congress. Finally, on IX^cendter Utli, the stweral acts bi'hior amended, were reduced to unc act, I ' general Ian 1 law ado[)ted." Under tlii-^ law, a missioner of the general land-office, witii a salary oi ^.'{,000 a year, was to be a[)pointed by tlie president, with the advice and consent of tlic senate. For t!ach county a surveyor was to Ix^ iip- pointed, and a board of connnissioners, whose duty it was to investigate claims for head-rights, and giant certificates upon proof of right being establislnd. ]*ersons advancing claims under the tdd colonization laws were recjuired to take oath that they were rcsj- ace and six disin- terested jurors. Enii»resario contnu'ts having ceased at the date of the independence, all vacant lands in cludi'd in such grants were declared the propeit\ (it the republic. Surveyors' field-notes, with C(»unt\ commissioners' certificates, were to be sent to tlu' connnissioner of the gencra,l land-office, who, on tluir being fount'(tioM, and each surveyor was required ti) make out ;i iiiai» of his res[)e('tivo county, on wliicli t]ie plots of (let (KhI lands wore to ho fairly shown. Lastly, audited claiuis a*rainst tlio government were made reoeivable ill pavment of puhlic dues on lands for a cjuantity not excci'ding two leagues and two lahors for any one in- dividual. The lan» Fehruarv, 18M8, and tor otlier claimants six months later. Thou«ji"h the law was detect 'o, and under it many frauiluleiit claiiiis were passed through the formaliti(^s necessar\' t(i secure titles, it was tlie host that could 1m' secured at that tniie, witliout contiicting with rights ucijuiicd uiid«r former legislations. Early in IH:?S a large miiid)er of clanns were presented and d(H*ided up<»n, did Spanish grants being generally sustained, owing to tlu! contlict'ng interests hi the T(!xan legislatui'e, wliith had the power to s<'t asiia, Clarksvilli', IjOxiiiL'toii, Mil.iiii, f'lil'iiil, Siiii I'atrii'ii). aiul .Joiie.slionmgli, wcro all iiiriiiiiiinitc'cl diiiiii)^ this .■"ussma. Xlii; u\iw couutica of Moutgomcry, I'ayctto, Fauuiii, Itybcrtaoii, '1 f . ! if. t i i f ! I j-'i I! W'l SIO THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS, toiiiber 25th to the end of December, it adjourned till May, 1838. The prospects of the republic now held out prom- ises of pcnuanency and success. The crops of 18;57 had been unexpectedly good; immigrants were flink- ing into the countrj'-, whereby the imports were increased, and the revenue from tariff" dues projxjr- tionately augmented ; lands were rising in price; and commerce was assuming a prosj^erous condition. From Mexico, Texas had nothuig to fear for the present, as that nation was embroiled with France, whose navy blockaded her ports in April, 18;i8, to enforce the payment of certain clahns against Ik r, made by the French government. Relieved from the presence of the enemy in the gulf, trade was not onlv Siifolv 1 arried on with New Orleans, but was extended to eastern cities of the United States, while the western frontier enjoyed rest from war. Though military operations during these two years may be said to have ceased, considerable trouble was caused by Indians in the frontier portions of the repulilic. In search of the best lands, locatiis pushed forward hito regions regarded by the Indians as their hunting grounds, and the latter, instigated by ]\texican agents, ojiposed these encroachments, not unreasonably believuig their assertions that the Avliite p('o[)le would deprive them of their lands. A nunilicr of murders were committed by the savages, and a special corps was organized to suppress their depreda- tions. Several conflicts of minor importance wove and Fort Bond were created. 7V,r. Lnwn, ii. I'i-lSi passim. Tlie origiiiiil coiintius, accdrding to a li.st supplied hy TliniU, Jlixf. Trx. 'JS7, wcrf: Austin, Bra/oria, Bejar, Sabine, crty, Mafcigorda, Alina, Xacogdociie,s, Red Riv(!i-, Viitoria, San Augustine, Shelby, Refugio, San Patricio, Wa-sliington, Milam, .laiksmi, and L'olorado. It should he remarked that 8' 1;: liRnl ^pj:. y ;; Pllnl^p H^ra:r-' . f! i • If m 1 312 THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS. acres, of which scrip to the amount of 870,000 acres had been returned by the agents, and a portion rcjuc- senting 00,800 acres had been funded. In a financial point of view, the outlook was bad. The public debt liatl been increased, and the credit of the republic was well-nigh exhausted. On June 7. 1837, an act was passed for funding the debt, by tlic provisions of which the government stock th( ichy created sliould bear an interest of ten per centum a year, and be redeemable at the discretion of the gov- ernment at any time after September 1, 1842. Two days later, another act autliorizeil tlie president to issue promissory notes to the amount of $500,000, which were made receivable hi payment of dues to the government. From the report of the secretary of the treasury, November 3, 1838, it a})[)ears that the funded debt amounted to $427,200, consisting of military scrip in the sum of $31)6,800 and land scrip of $30,400. With regard to promissory notes, a lilll was passed through both houses early in May autlior- izlng the issue to be increased to $1,000,000. This act the president vetoed, and in liis message on tlic subject urged as his main reason the de})reciatioii which such notes had already suli'ered in the moiny market."" Another bill was then introduced, author- izing the president to reissue the promissory notes jis they returned into the treasury, and leaving the ques- tion of increasing the issue to $1,000,000 to his discre- tion. After some discussion the bill was passt'd,]\lay 1 8th, and approved by Houston. The amount of promissory notes in circulation at the end of Novem- ber 1838, according to a connnunication from the stc- retary of the treasury to the senate, was $73!),73'.i. "' As the unpaid audited clahns amounted to ov( r $775,000, it appears that the indebtedness of the re- ^'" When the first issue reached New Orleans last antnmn, it was jius^iil at a sliglit (lisoouiit, hut as tI;o diiaiitity inuroasoil in tliat market, the (Upiv- ciation increased, until the value of the pajiiT was reduoed to forty cents dii the dollar.' Himxloti'-i Mrssn,,,; May I'J, ].S:iS, in 7'r.c. .l//,c. I',iiii]i/i., no. Id. ^"Tho communicatiou bears the date of Aov. ii'J, l6oS; copy iu Id., uo. 'X riNAXCIAL AFFAIRS. 313 puhlir at the close of 1838 was nearly .Sl,04'2,000." N (it withstaiul in ji; tills debt and the diminution of iii- (uiiu' by making tlie pnnnissoiy notes receivable in jiii\ iiieiit of public dues, the })rospects of relief were 111 it wanting. A deep interest was taken in Texan securities by persons in the United States; from im- jidit (Uities, up to SeptendxT 18IiS, the net rec(M})ts liad amou?ited to .$278,1. '34, and this source of revenue ^v.ls expected pro[)ortionately to increase with the rap- idly increasing population and connnerce. Gouge, in liis Fiftcal Jlisfory of Texas, sneers at the financial op- tiatioiis of the new government; but it is difficult to coiiceive by what other methods it could have main- tained itself durhig this period of poverty and neces- sitv. l>y a provision of the constitution, the term of office (if the first presi5. .bV. (;/■ 7'm(.s7//v/'N ^r-ji.)/-/, Nov. .S, 1S;{S; }'.»(/•»///, ii. '24!). (.'(insult d' 'iiji, lit. mip., 11,"). "Till! taiiva?s was a very bitter (ino, and tlio Texan newspapers alMHuidtd ill n'criminatioii.s and alnise in the political disoission. Yduhuiii, ii. '_'!."), '.."(I; Tlii-'ill, ,'!(10, iVJS, ,'}4(). Jiilui A. Whartiin, nieniher of congress from IJra/oria, alai) ilied tliis year. ^' The votes cast were: for Lamar, 6,99,"); for Wilson, 252. /(/., 300. ^■'i J ? CHAPTER XIII. '.■ r, f. , i:J I i '% LAMAR'S ADMiyTSTRATION. 1838-1841. Presipents' Views on Annexation — His Message to Conoress— Oukiin- OF THE Texan Kanoeks — Financial Maiters — H.^milton'b Mission tm EuKoi'E— His Faiu'ke to Effect a Loan — Indian Waufahk Tiik Nacogdoches Revolt — Mexican iNTUiorEs— The Mission and Dkatii OF Flores^Exitlsion of the Cheuokees — FhiHT AT San Antonio— An Indian Raid— Massacre of the Comanches — The Federal ('AMi-AiiiN— Battle of Alcantro — Uei'urlio of the Rio (Jrande Prcx i.aimkfi— Treacherocs Allies— liArrLE of Saltillo — The Santa Fe Kxi'k.dition— Its Oii.iF.cr and DisastrousT Result — The New Catital — Rkcocmtkin iiY France and Kn(;land — Relations with Mexico Ksoi.isii Mkiha- tion Rejected — Houston Re-elected Rkesident — Condition ok iiik REruiiLic. Presidknt Lamar delivered liis inaujxural address to couiicress on the Dtli of December. The most note- worthy portion of it is that in which he expicsscd hia views in rej^ard to annexation to the United States. On that subject ho said: **I hav(! never been able myself to perceive the policy of (lie desired connection, or discover in it any advaiita.;!' either civil, political, or commercial, which could pns- sibly result to Texas. But on the contrary, a loii;^ train of cons(>quences of the most appallino; (diaiaetd' and mai^nitude have never failed to present themselves whenever I have entertained the subject, and fmced U[)on my mind the unwelcome conviction that the step once taken would produce a lasting regret." ih' then enumerates the ri<»'hts which Texas would liave to give up with the surrender of her indepeiideiice, and draws a bright picture of her possibllitiis as a sovereign nation, remarking that he could ni't "regard the annexation of Texas to the Anieiican (314) PRESIDENT'S MESSAOE. :U5 union in any other light than as the grave of all her liKjK'S of ha]>i)inL!S!4 and greatness.'" ( )ii Doconiher 2 1st ho submitted his message to the t\V(» houses. It is a lengthy doeument and sets forth unreservedly the president's future line of policy, lie alvocated the sj)eedy adoption t)f measures to provide fill' a system of [)ublie edueation, and urged eongress to promote a general diffusion of knowledg(^ and in- dustry hy the appropriation of lands for educational ]iur[)<)ses and the establishment of a university. The iiiuiiicipal code, which embraced a portion of two systems discordant in their provisions recjuired rt'l'orms. Withr(\gard to the frontier question, he said, thattlie outlying settlers were continually ex})osed to predatory aggression on the part of ^lexican banditti aiul the Ii.iiIku'ous warfare waged by hostile Indians; tliat iiiiMleration extended to the natives had been (bllowcd liy the perpetration of atrocious cruelties; a merciful ]) iliiy had only acted as an incentive to sava-- tribes til persevere hi their barbarities, and it was tune that ail exterminating war was opened against them, vliicli wt)uld "admit of no com})romise, and have no ti iiiiiiiation except in their total extinction, or total (•\|tulsion." He did not consitler that the governnu>nt Avas under any moral obligation to carry out the; con- ditions of the "solemn decree" })assed Noviunber 13, L^.')5, bv tlie consultation," and the treatv made con- .S'(|ueiit upon it in February, 183G, iiiasnmch as the Indians had repeatedly violated its provisions. Frl'iidly tribes should bo allowed to occu])y suitabL' jioitions of land. For the protection of tlu' frontiers, lie !)ro[)osed the establishment of a line of military jxists, and as a general protection of the country ii'^ainst possible invasion by ^lexieo, the organization <'f a militia, and the encouragement of volunteer asso- ciations. ^Lnmm; Inatiij. A<{ihi'- ! I i i h \ '\ a I 1 ': ;i 310 LAMAR'S ADMINISTRATION. Lamar cHaouasofl at Icn^tli the aubjoct of finnnco. Tliou^h o|;|)<)S('(l to lovyiiig burdeiisoiiio taxes on a people still strujj;«j;lin^ to re[)air the tl(!Holatioii cuu.smI by the war, t»i' laboi'iiiijf under the eiiibarrassiiitnts incident to now s»'ttlenients, the exi<^i'nc'y of the tiiiMs. nevertheless, urgently n'(|uired that the land tax should not be al)atetl, Tjands, however, ought to If iiu)ro e(|ually and uniformly asstssed. AVhilean ports." *'The radical policy < f Texas Is anti-tariif, because its connnercial connnoditK s are of raw material which fears no impost rivalry, and paying no contributions to maimfactories." The im- mediate ado))tion of fno trade would, hov >. exhibit a recklessness and imprudence, which ' not fail to aliect tlio credit of Texas abroad. Ho then proposed the establishment of a national bank to be "the exclusive ])ro}>erty, and under tlic exclusive control of the republic," branches of wide li were to bo established at every convenient jtoiiit. Such a bank, he maintained, would be suppoitid ly the triple security of the hypoth.ecation of a com- petent portion of the public domain, the guaranti <■ "f the plighted faith of the nation, and an ad('(|ua{i' deposit of specie in its vaults.* With regard tn the deposit of specie he remarks: "It is evidtnt. that a bank so const'tutcd, the exclusive property of a stable and popular government, and combining t! r three guarantees, of land, specie, and the ])ublic i'alili. would not require to retain hi its vaults as laima proportion of dormant capital as is acknowledg* ^He does not, however, state where the specie was to come fmiu. ^n the remarks of (!ouge on this ilhisory scheme, whidi, if carridl out, voiiU liave entailed untold evils on the people of Texas. FUc. Hist. Tex., ST-'.'-. MILITARY AND FINANCE :u: \h' iiulisponsable to the safe conduct of a private insti- tution.* In ortler to follow consecutively the financiiil policy Mhicli ruled durlnuj tin) administration of Jjuniar, it ulll he nec(!Hsarv to furnish tlit! reader with the most iiii|ini'tjint particulars down to the end of his term. On JXcemhi-r 21, 18.'58, it was enacted that a re^i- iiit lit of 840 mounted men, rank and fih;, shouUl he rnist'd for the jtrotection of the frontiers, their term of service to be three years; and that ,$l{00,000 in pidiiiissory notes of the govermm-nt should l)eap|)ro- ]iiiatc'd for that purpose. On tlie 21)th it was ]>r«»- vidcd tliat this force should he Increased hy another rc'inient consi.stin«j of 472 niounted volunteers, rank ami Hie, for which an aj^propriation was made of .s7.').0()0. These volunteers were called to serve for six mouths, and to these corps is ascribed the oriiLjin (if the famous Texan lianncis who, tlrawn to a s of the government. Were approj)riated for the povmont of the price; of an .^i«^iiteen-gun ship, two war brigs of twelve guns each, and three schooners of six guns each. 'Wliii'h is equivalent to saying that the cstablishinent could lie main- tain' -1 liy paper ninney of the ])ul)lie credit witlinut anxiety alxuit the aiihiiiit (if metallic deposits. A hill to incorporate the l^mk of the Kcjndilie 111 'I'rxas was read a second time, January 21, 1839, and then laid on the tilhlf. '■'Maraj, Thirty years of Army Life, 63; Hay's Lift, 7-11, 17, 33. M 1 <* fllUlli' 1 1 '11 \^\ V' ' ll 3!S LAMAR'S ADMINISTRATION. A suTiplcmentary act was passed, January, 2 2d, bearing upon tlic $5,000,000 loan authorized to be raised by act of May 16, 1838, By provisions of tlic first mentioned enactment the pk'(lf Texas, was offered the appointment as conmiissioner to Europe to procure the loan. Ho accepted the position and his mission beinof known in the United States a loan was obtained of $280,000, dependent on his eveiitnal succcsfcj. But of this amount little niore than .i^()i2,000 was recei»7od in the treahuiy, the balance being in- vested In arms and supplies for the forces n(»\v en- gaged In opposing the serious inroads of the Indians. Hamilton went to London and Paris, but while liis neijotlatlons were beiiiir conducted with every ])rol»a- bility of success— having reported, Februar}? 4. I84(\ that lie had "concluded a contract with tl.e bank ef Messrs J. Lafitte & Company for the Trxan loan" - a quarrel occurred between ]Vt. D. Stdigny, and tlio French minister to Texas," and an hotel-keeper iu PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS. 319 wliicli tlie Texan minister of state became involved. S;'li,4iiy was the brother-iu-law of the Frencii minis- ter of finance, and as the i)rotection of Frcnoli gov- ernment liad been procured for the negotialiviii uf tlie loan in France, the representations of Saligny wore sufficient to upset previous arrangements. Owing to this ridiculous personal quarrel' Hamilton failed He was etiually unsuccessful in England. Meantime treasury notes had been issued and re- issued as fast as they came hi in payment of import , in Ml rh del Gol>. Me.c, May'JO, 1840, in Mcx. Mem. Min. JM., i. Doc. I'J. 'See Oimje, vtitfip., 108-11. ■"Coiinilt J/' ««/'•■•;( J/iiiif.'sAtlthrss, Nov. .10, 1048, 4 G, in which he remarks in .1 fiiot-niite that 'the hirgo api)n)|)riati(iiis and issues of treasury tiuLes iiiiilcr Lamar's adininistratiiin were made m anticiiialion of the .'j<."i,(KK),(HX) 111 liiiiids wliieh were autliori/.ed )iy cie law, and the .SLOOO.OK) uf hdnd-j aiit!iiiri/cd hy another. Oouge's stateiiieni witli reganl to Texan securities ii at variance with Pres. Houston's assertiou tliat promissory notes had dc- pi related to forty cents on the dolhir. Tins as.ertion "as made in his ines- ••^igc iif May 12, 18.18. It is not easily to J)0 understood how tin' governnieiit Mii|i, after an increase of issue, could over have douhled its v.due. From t'li' lirst issue of the treasury notes tlio credit of Texas dt-cliiied. Findina 'ill' iiajicr oI)ligations liad of individual heroism remains unrecorded. Tlu' narration, however, of the main events cannot be omitted. ])uring the latter part of 18;{8, a I'evolt oceuri'ed, whitdi has been called the Naeogdoclies re- bellion. In August of that year the Mexican settlers assembled in considerable nund>ers on the banks of the Ang(dlna, and l>eing joined by 'M)Q Indians, by the 10th their force amounted to 000 men, under the leadership of Nathaniel Norris, Vicente Cordova, and others. President Houston, who was then at NaoK- doches, received a connnunication from these leaders, dlsclalmiu'jj allcLjiance to Texas : the malecontents then directed their march to the Cherokee nation. A INDIAN WARS AND REVOLUTION. 321 n (|uisit'iou for iiion liavliiL!; bct-ii injul(\ GoiuTal Kusk was s'-nt forward with i\\v iiuiin hotly toward th(^ headquarters of BowIoh. the Clierokeo cliief, while Majer Aui;ustiu, with a detachinont of 150 men, fol- lowed the trail of tlie inaleeoiiteiits. Rusk presently discovered that the Mexican leaders had !j;oiie to the head-waters of tlio Trinity river, his followers had (lis|)(iseil, and many of them returned to their homes witJiout any hlood Ix'inijr shed.'' T\\v ohiect of this (•(uious ivttenii)t at revolution has nexcr hiun fully e\|)laine%J v>^. I ;i ' 1 .:'■ i-2-2 LAM AILS AUMINLSTIIATION. 11 •'] to H; I' ijl ■;1 bors, by rapid and woll-concortcd efforts." Tn ra.so they should succuL-d in unitinjj; in a conHldcrablc miiii- l)er, tJicy were to be liiirasse\;(s a thunderbolt of desolation. Manuel Flores was ap- pointed connnissioner to tlie Indians, and pr<)\i(|((! with lett"rs of a like tenor to tlie ])rinri[tal chiefs and C'Ordova, who was instructed to concert witli him in conducting the pro[)ose(.l operations. Happily fni' 1\'xas, an event occurred wliich wanned ]\vv of In r danger, and prevented tlie dire ]»lot from i)eiiig ciuiii li into eti'ect. Flores started on liis mission, and mi INfay 14th ])assed between Bexar and Seguin a\ itli a party consistin<; of twentv-five IMexicans and Indians Having connnitted several nnii'dei's, they were pin sued by Lieutenant James ( ). l^ice, with si'vcntciii men, and wvvo overtaken about fifteen miles from Austin. Tn th*^ engagement which followed, i-'loivv and two of his maraudei's wei'e killed, the rest l)ein'j;' ]>ut to flight. I^y this ibrtuna1t> result, ( analizeV corn 'spondeiici; and instructions fell into the hniids ef the victors, and the whole ])lot was revealed to tlir Texan governnuMit. A considerable (piantity of jiiii- munition and over M>() muli's an/i horsfs weiv nUn captured.'' Lam.'ir's Indian policy, as the I't^ader is awaiv. was t\\o. very reverse of that of the piu \ious ad ministration. But conciliatory nu'asures werr im longer possible; pionocrs would ])ush forward intn lands occupied by native tril)es, and the Indiiiii^ would take their reveng(>. Texas was no excejiti'Mi to the rule that wherever the aboiiginal American luid the Euro[)can came in contact, the t\)rnier had to give 'H'oiiyof tlu's(! iiistnuitidiis will lie fnuinl in If. .*. .j-h. Ak'., cmiu. li'j, MUSS. 2, no. 14. ;'! I'C 1111 int" |\(liaiis ,1011 to 11 iiiitl I) .rive ImU- ;v.' lb.' ^'a'l- If/., '2^. CHKUORKlvS. .■i'J.T wav The lands occupied for many yi^irs hy tlu^ Cliorokt'os hccaMK^ su1)j('ct to similar invasion. Tlirir titl"' liad lU'VcJ" lHH>n disputed. They had lu-cn rccoo^- iii/.t'd by the Mexican authorities, had never iiitru(h'd (111 the whites, and in a i:!^reat measure! had become an agricultural trii)e. But their tei-rltory "in ponit of liihness of soil, and the beauty of situation, water, and productions would vie with the best portions of I »'\as. Their lands were consc(juently (Microached on, and tlir usual retaliatory nmrders fi)llowed. When, how- ( \ri'. thf ])apers of which Manuel Floras was bearer t'l iIh' chiefs of the CherokcH's came into tlie possi'S- simi of the 5jjov(>i'nment, it was d(!termined to remove tlh' ti'ibr. Colonel Burl(>son, from tlie Colorado, Ci lo!i(>l Ijandrum, with his reijiment from e;isiri-n Ti \as, and (Jeneral Husk, witli the Xacoi^doehes ifniuioit. wcr" oi'd'-red to inxade the territory, and aicoi'din^ly took up ])ositions near the Clun'okec vil- lage about the middle of July. Th(> whole f ))•»•(>, iiliitut jOO men, was ]>laced under the eoinmau' at wiiifli ]]r f>ninl tliat th(! Indians had I'l -treated hii^her u|» the river. IJeiiiL:; ]>ursued the Clierokeivs took up ;i iiositioii in a raA'ine from whicli thi>y wei'e (h'iven at iiiuht-fall, with tin; loss of eiL^hteen killed, tlie I'esans lia\i';^ three killed and live wounded. ( )n the follow- iii'j,' day tlu! jjursuit was contimied, and the Indians wciv overtaken in the afternoon. haviiiLi,' strongly jinstrd themsi'lves in a ravine protected in tlu^ rear by a (|riis(^ thicket. A. well conte.';ted eiiL^aL^'emeiit of an li'iur and a half ensued, but the Cherokees, after los- iii.; ahout 100 men in kill(;d and w'ounded, weic dis- Ind^cd from their position and i)ut to Hight, taking ''I'lnis writes (jcii. Douclass in his reports referred to iu the sccrekiry of war's ii'iiort, Nov. 1831); Yoak-uiii, ii. i»70. 1 1 1 ,1 i' ' ' " !i 1 I 'I 11 ii i ■ if! i Wm i : it: I 324 LAMAR'S ADMINISTRATION. rcfui^t^ in tlic thickets ami swamps of the Noches bottom. Amon'jj their dead was the famous cliicf Bowles. Tlie Texan loss was five killed and twenty- seven wounded. About 800 Indians were engaged in these two contests." Thus were the Clun'okei's driven from their homes and cultivated fields; more- t)vcr, the crops of other civilized Intlians were de- stroyed, under the natural belief that they were beiiij; raised in order to cooperate with the Mexicans.'' ]hit the expelled owners did not all leave the country; Cherokees were encountered on the western bank of the Colorado; and depredations on the frontier con- tinued. The nativb tribes were deeply exasperated against the Texans. The most hostile and troublesome Indians were the Comanches, and their depredations exceetled those of all other tribes. In February, 1840, they showed a disposition to make a treaty of peace, and on Maicli 19th twelve of their principal chiefs met the Texan commissioners in council at Bejar, where General H. D. McLeod was in command. It was known that the Comanches had thirteen white captives in tlicir power, and the release of these was demanded. Tlic Indians produced only one, a little girl. After a brief discussion, in which the Indians displayed a defiant demeanor, an order was sent to Captain Howard, t<» bring his company h)to the council-room, and as soon as the men had taken their position, the chiefs were informed that they would be detained as prisoners until the captives were surrendered. A terrible con- fiict ensued. The twelve chiefs, who were fully armeil, were killed in the council-room, while the warriors in the yard outside maintained a ilesj)erut(' fight. All were finally slain, either there or in the l)ui'suit. Thirty-two Indians were killed and tweiity- "/r/., ii. '^6^■, Kmtmlij, ii. 341-4. '■''venge. On August 4th, a body of them, 000 strong, suddenly appeared at Victoria, sui-rounding the town before their presence was known. Their attack was, however, repulsed, and they then turned their at- tention to driving off the horses and stock, and mur- dering all those who fell into their power. A second attack on Victoria also failed, and on the 8th they ciossed the Guadalu})e and sacked and burned Linn- viUe, most of the inhabitants escaping on a lighter in tlie bav. Having thorouijhlv raided the neiixhborhood of A^ictoria and Lhmville, and killed twenty-one persons, the Conianches retired toward their homes, witli a large number of horses and an innnense (juan- titv of booty. Meantime their trail, as they had passed down the Guadalupe, had been discovered, and a force, quickly raised at Gonzalez, was in hot pursuit. On tlie 9th, the Tcxans — who had proceeded to \'ictoria — came up with the Indians, and a slight skirmisli took place. But tlie Coinanches declined a •jicneral <'ngagement and conthmed their retreat. Th.e news of their inroad, however, had spread through the siittlements, and a large number of volunteers was jiosted at Plum Creek,'' to intercei)t them on their retain. General Felix Houston in command. On tlie l-th tlie approach of the Coniaiiclu>s was reported by the scouts and preparations were made to recitne tliem. In the contiict whicli followed the Indians werc^ completely routed, and scattering, were pursued for fifteen miles, up to the San Antonio road, leaving tVom fifty to eighty dead on tlie line of tiieir flight. -Stn-eral hundred horses and mules with packs and 'Trom Gen. Mcljood'a official rej)ort, Bakers Tex., 154-5. '' Plum Greek, a tributary oftlie .'".u Marcos, was some distatiuc l>oyond tliu ijuttlemgut of Goiusales. mf w l-i HI HBffil^l iii wl I^H^pSjl m 1^1 iI^n' M^'^n m i^H ^^Hu.' L . :. .3 ni ill BHti ' "' '^ 'ff 1*11 "ViNt- ' - ' I 'ii 1 ■1 1 1 mm 1 826 I.AMAU'.s ADMINISTRATION. ba tlic Colorado in |)ursuit of those wlio esca])ed at IMuni Cn-ek. Pursuuii^ a devious course for many days in search of the trial. he at last f wlio succeeded in crossinuj it met their death at the liands of a detachmeiit that had been sent across undci' Lieutenaut Owen. Lamar's system of extermhiadon was well carried out. Men, women, and cirildnii alike were put to death. The work of anniliilati(»i) m the village lasted half an hour, and the })ursui(. was continued about four miles. Havino- killed li!iilly tKCupied in li(»l(liii<^ the federalists inclutk. in tlir s|)riii*jj of IS:}*,) (uiicral Aiiaya, wlio was Indkcd u|»artv, visited Texas ill person, and iiiach' certain |)ro[)ositions to tln' Moverniiieiit on condition that permission ^vere planted liiin t(» convey arms for the federalists thi'oujj^h (he t. rritoiy and raise troops therein. ' Bofh ri'(|Uests Were I'efused; but there is little douht of th(^ anxioiis- hiss on th(? ]>art of the northern federalists to entei' into a coalition with Texas. I'rom the fact that thi-y (l(|iiited Francisco X'idaurri, L;<»vernor of Coahuila, \n make ovt'rtures of alliance betweiMi Texas and tin- stales of NiU'Vo Ijeon, Tamaidi[)as, Coahuila, (-liihua- liiia. Xew Mexico, l)urano;o, and the ( alifornias, iiiid se|iarate from the n-st (»f the ^lexican states. ' TlioU^li these overtures Were not acce[>ted l»y the Texan ^-overmnent, ' many jieople in Texas were in litMir of the formation of such a i'ei>ul)lic. Some time later (General Antonio ( anales, Colonels ,F(is(' ^^arl'a (lon/alez, Jind Antonio Zapata, who werc^ iii'4a^ed in revolutionizin;j; the noi'thern towns, esta!)- lislicd themselves for safety at tlu' town of Lipantitlan ell the Nut'ccs river, with a mind)er of followers. Tliere Canales issued a ]>roclamation inviting!; the Texans to join him. Having; miited a mjinher of -Mexicans, and about 180 T\'xans uikKt C'olonels l^i-u- bi'ii i{oss and S. \V. Jordan, on Septembei- -'{(), \<'A\\ with a force of GOO men, ho crosseiii)lislicii in tlii' Mexican ea]iitai, iiriied it, and a large muiilirr (if Mexicans, reeogni/iiig tliat feeoiujuest was innicissilije, was in favor iii tlie sarric. ■"I'aken from tlie llnu.itoii Til<'(jf(t}ili, in Xilcx' /iV;/., Ivii. !!). ■' IVihajis tliero was sonu^ truth in IxivcM-a's remark tii-'^ tlie Texans liad no wish to mix tliemselves iij) in the doniestie (piarrels a. .>!"xieo, 'mt while niselves leave her to grow weaker, /fi.if. J(i!ii}m, iii. 4'JS. lie IK vertheless states that the Texans wished to form a Nortli-Moxiean rtiml)lit. 328 LAMAR'S ADM INISTRA'JrOX. ! Canales occupitKl the town October Lst. On tlio nj Pavon, wlio liad taken up a position ahout twelve miles southwest of Mici', offered l)attle. In tlic en- gagement whicli (ensued, nothing could rostrahi the inip(!tuosity of the Texans wlio, in defiance of tin- orders of Ross and Jordan ruslied within point-1)Iaiik range of the enemy, and opened tire, while tlieir ^\v\- ican allies coolly looked on. Whereupon Ross and Jordan gave the order to charge. In twenty miiiutt's the Texans had carried everythnig before them, and the centralists were in full Hight. The victory cost them fourteen in killed and wounded, while the enemy's loss was about 1.50 in all. This eno-aijenient is known as tlie battle of Alcantro. Pavon, owiiii,' to the confusion and incapacity of Canales, made good his retreat to a stone rancho five miles distant: l)Ut (ni the following morning, being without water or ))io- visions, suri'enden^d to the Texans. The artilkay and 350 prisoners fell into the hands of the federalists. The advantages of this achievement were en- tirely lost by Canales, who after remaining inactive at Mier for forty days marched against Mataniorns. his force havinji increased to over 1.000 men. On December I'lth he laid siege to the place which was defended by 1,500 men and 18 pieces of aitll- lerv. Of course lie effected nothing!:, and on the 16th declared his intention of raisin^: the sieo-e. This decisu)n disgusted both the federalists and Texans, the latter of wlumi offered to lead as a forlorn hope in storming the place. The proposal was rejected and Ross with fifty Texans returned to their homes. Canales then directed his course to Monterey wIkmc General Arista connnanded. On December 23d, hear- ing that the centralist general had received a laruc reenforcement, he entrenched himself within six miles of the city, and hi the morning was confronted !»> Arista with an army of about 2,000 men. A few insignificant skirmishes took place, but Arista sec ins not to have been anxious to draw on an engagement RKruHLic or Till; imo (juaxuk. ■{•20 wliilo the Tcxans were in the opposin«j^ ranks. He .-lUTceded, liowever, in detarliing hy intrijjjuc njoat of Ciinales' troops. Coiiipcllcd to retreat, lie recrossed tin; Rio Grande with the Texans and a few faltiifnl ^^t•\if•ans, .lanuarv 7, 1840, wlieii foi-tv-five of tlie I'liiiier returiu'd to tlieir lionies. The force of Canales was now very small, yet he issued a proclamation calhnsj; a convention of d(!le- nat"'S to organize the reimhlic of the llio Grande. ,^ ~ I. Til is was done, January 18th, Jesus Cardenas l)ein^ cliosen president and Canales commander-in-chief Havinyf receivetl some addition to his force Canales proceeded to (4uerrer<), where he remained till Febru- .11 y IStli, and then went to the old presidio of Kin (hande. Here Jordan, with sixty Texans, displeased lit his refusal to march to the Nueces for reenforci;- iiiciits, left him, and returned to Texas. After this Canales advanced to Morales where he sustained. March 15th, a severe defeat at the hands of Arista and harcly escaped into Texas. After these disasters and his repeated exhibitions iif bad g'encralship, it is astonishing that he should have met with any mort; encouragement In T(!xas. Xevertheless, having fixed his headquarters at San Patiicio, and raised tlie l)anner of the Kejiublic of the Rio (irande, by June lu' was again joined by Jordan with 110 volunteers, by Colonel William S. Fisher with 200, and Coh^iel John N. Seguin with lUO. These, with 300 Mexicans, raised his force to 710 men. He now set out on a third expedition, .Tnidan with his connnand and 150 ^fexicans undt^r Coluiicls Lopez and Molano behig sent in advance of thi! main army. What his object was in thus divid- iiiu' his force, and especially the Tcxans, is inexphcable. [ can only su})))ose that he was influenced by Lopez and Molano, whose treachery became evident by sub- ^^t'(Juent events. Jordan, unconscious of any design to de.strov him, successively occupied Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, and 1 i ijH f r i|| |o -1 1 fi V Ilia III m pi £B i HI 9| ■WBrt }\ S80 LAMAK'S AhMINi.vrUATIOX. ( 'aiii.ir^ii. lii(lut'(!tl l)y llu; i('|»re'S('iitiitions of L(i|)./. and M( llano lio tlicn pushed rii[)idly t'orward into the interior. Icavin*^ Caniari;o Juni; 'ifitli. Tula, Moiallo, and Jilnarcs were in tui'n (tcrupii'd, and on Au'^iist I7lli till' t'fdcralists cntcnHl Victoria, tlio capital nf Tainauli[>as, \vh(!re tlicy wcro received with deniun- stfations (»t' iov. Here a new state trovernnient Wiis estaMished and some time was H))ent in recruitiai;. Reports havino' arrivisd that Arista was a[)proaeirni^' with a stron;;; force, Lo|)e/ and Molano decided to retreat to the mountains, a moveiiuMit so strongly op[»osed hy the Texans, that the ai'my was halted three miles from Victoria and took up a positinn in which it remained for a week without the I'lieniy a]i- peurniiL!^. It then proceeded to Jaumai'c, a mining town in Siei'ra Mach'e, and a counsel of war lia\ in.;' been held, it was u.rtcrccl a body of the enemy's cav- alry, 400 strong, which charged him on an open jiLiin. But the riHe soon put them to flight, and he uiul his heroic band reached thi^ Rio (^Irandc without nns]i;i|). Meantime, Canales had cfl'ected nothing. After the departurt^ of Jordan, he crossed the Rio Grande and marched against the small town of San Marino, in eastern Tamaulipas. Finding that a centralist Wnvr was near that place, he retreated to Camargo, wlurc having remained for some months m comparativo in- activity, he finally entered into a capitulation with Arista, in Novemlxir, by which he submitted to the government and surrendered up his arms and anniiu- nition. He stipulated, however, for the lives and lih- erty of his Texan auxiliaries."* Thus ended the attempt to establish the Repuhlic of the Rio Grande, a scheme which, wholly ignored by the Texan government, may be regarded as a chimerical aspiration of the northern federalists. It nevertheless decoyed into their ranks a njmlxM" of adventurous Texans, and was undoubtedly of service in keeping the Mexican forces occupied, thereby })ir- ventiuij invasion. It has already been mentioned that Texas cdainu-d the Rio (irande to its main .source as her boun(hiiy Ihie. The claim was a thoroughly arbitrary one, nm had any attempt been made by the government tn establisji Jurisdiction over that portion of New ^Mcxicn lying within the limits defined by the act of Deceiiilur l<), 1830. But hi 1841 an expedition to Santa F^' was i)rojected, which, it was hoped, would lead t<> tii^ acquirement «)f th{.t territory. Congress not h;i\inL: made an apj)r()priation for the regular army, it was disbanded, and many adventurous men, thus thrown on their own resources, were very anxious to take "PrnU'.'< Xotci nf iiic Fiilfntl CamjHivjn of IS3U-/,n, closely ioll>w,>il l'\ Yoakum, ii. 274-9, 288- it?; JiiiM(i)iiaiite, Maiiif., in Arp. Var , I8"i, no. 1: Rh'i'ra, llixt. JaluiMi, iii, 440, 441-2, 4G5-t); Tliml.l, :W7-10; Xlkx' Jlfj., li^ 225-0. II. I!) \n EXl'KDl'JIOX TO SANTA FF, 333 lillUH'il indaiv ic, iii'V ita F.' Itn til' |\ii\in;i Jit ^va^ liiwc'il ''!■ no. '• L.V;/., lis- part in such an entcrpris(\ Tlio project was reconi- iiKudf'd by tlic secretary of war, wlio propof-cd tlm (iliculuL!; of a niilioary road from Austin to Santa V6, and it was regarded witli especial favor by Lamar. An extensive trade had been carried ow for many years hetwcen the latter place and the United States tlirouiifli St Louis, and it was expected that it would be di- verted and take a direction through Texas if that as- suiii."d portion o.^ her territory could l)e conciliated and uiiitid by the bonds of commercial interests. The sclieine was an ill-digested one. Betwi'cn tlie settled districts of the tw'» sections extended a region GOO iiiilts in width, uni-diabited except by roaming hordes (if savage's; the population of Santa ¥6 was entirely Mt'xlcan, under Mexican rule, and the governor, whose ]iii\ver was autocratic, would not be likely to sanction aiiv chanofe that would affect his pettv sovereii^nty. In tlio spring of 1841, active pre})arations wi-re made for the expeditit)n, which was organized on a ii'.ilitary basis. The friends of the movement intro- duced a bill into congress which, if j)assed, would have autliorized it and provided a portion of the necessary niitfit. The bill, however, was rejected in both houses. The responsibility of tlie undertaking, which thus wanted the sanction of law, rests therefore upon La- mar," who officially supportetl it. and addressed a inoolamation to the authorities at Santa Fe setting t'erth the object of the expedition. If they were will- nii;', lie said, to submit to the laws of the Texan re- Ituluic, and acknowledge her jurisdiction, arrangements would l)e made to extend the laws over that territory ; but in case tlie people were averse to changing their allegiance, then he wished to establish friendly com- mercial relations with New Mexico. The instructions :.,nven to the commander of the expedition prohll>ited him from attempting the subjugation of the connti'v it tli(! people were unwilling to submit. The military ■'I«uti;ir liail obtfiined permisaioii from conj^ross to absent liinisulf, and ilic LMv tiuniuut wus buing admiuistcrud by liuruct i^t this time. 'f 334 LAMAR'S ADlNIlNISTltATION. R'? ". s Ml onyjanizatioii of tlio oxpcxlition was only for the purpftsa of st'lf-protcc'tion Jinain.st tlic savages. On June 20t]i, IM4l,thc expedition started fiom Brusliy creek, about t\v<'ntv miles from Austin. It consisted of five companies of mounted infantry, and an artillery company, which had one brass six- |)ounder, in all 270 soldiers. They wen; acconipaniid i)y about hfty othei' ))ersons— traders, ti-anistcis, and adventurers. William (t. Cooke, K. F. Brenliaiu, and J. A. Navarro, were ap})olnted as connnissjoiiers. and charo-cd by the president with the execution oi his instructions. The ox})('(liti()n was ])1accd undiT the conn)iand of Brigadier-(}i'neral Hugh j\[cL(od. From the first start difHcuhJcs wore encouiitcicd. The wagons were overloaded, and much delay occui ml therefrom; the guien uivallv under-estimated, and having started too late in tln' season, both grass and watc^r were sadly wanting. After great suli'erings and losses, exposed t<> at- tacks by IiKhans, who cut olf all str'agglers, the expc- tlition arrived August J 1th, at a ])()int which avus sujijiosed to b(! aijout st-venty-five or (Mghty mlli's (ioiu ISaii jMiguei. Here three of the party, Howlaiid, Baker, and Kosenbury were sent in advance to tliat place to procure provisions and consult with the inlial)« Icants as to the probable; rece[)tion of the exjMHhlieii, 1'he main body, slowly continued its march, nicii aiKi animals gaunt and feeble with hunger. A few days after the; departun; of Howland, Lieutenant Hull and four men. being in adviiice, were lilled l>y Indians, and their bodies mutilated. Tin; -'5 1st ot August, after a consultation, it was decided to (hvide the command, and send in advance those best able to travel. Acconhngly ninety-nine men were detachid and, under Captain Lewis, left the main body for San JMiguei.'" -''KcikIuU, the liistoriau of the expedition says: 'llowcvur iiupolitic it* I< INO.MIXIOL'S FAILUKK. ;!:i,') Tlie final disaster now approaoliod : Howland, IJakor, and Ilosenhuiy had made tlieir way t<> vSan Mii^ucl, wlierc, as soon as their mission was known, tlicv were arrested and sent tt^ Santa Fe. General Manuel Arniijo, governor oi New Mexico, was the last man In the world to allow his authority to he in- tert'orod with. He was a tyrant, and hated hv the 'vcater portion of tlie people; if the Texans reaehrd >->aiita Fe and tlie iidiahitants became aware of Lamar's invitation, lic^ knew well that they would turn anainst him, and he determined to crush the hivadi-rs hcroie tliey reached tlie capital. Proclaiming to the ]iro]tl(^ that the Texans were approaching to kill and destroy, he marched out of Santa Fe with a strong fdivo to attack them. Meantime Ca])tain Lewis and his conmiand had reached the Rio Gallinas where they found settlements and Hocks .»f sheep, which su]i])licd tlicm with abundance of food. From this place Lewis, with four others, one of whom was Kendall, we're sent forward 8e|)tembcr I4tli to San i\Iigucl, with a letter to tlie alcalde, informing hitn thata trading ])a.i'ty was ;i]t|ir(iaehing, and taking with thema number of copies in S]>anish of Lamar's proclamation. Before reaching their destination, however, they were mad«' ])risoners and sent to Santa Fe. ]M(>eting Armijo on the way, tli( y were brought l)ack by him to San Miguel, where tliey witness(>(l tlu^ execution of JLowlaiid and l^nkei-. These unfortunate! men with their companion, had cHected their escaj)e, but wen* rc^captured after a des- |H rate resistance, llosenbury being slain on the sj)ot. I'i vents now followed (piickly. Lewis provi'd a traitor, and by his ri^presentr.tions the advance troops, then under Colonel Cooke, one of the connnissiouers, Were induced to lay down their arms and surrendi'r to Salazar, who had almost surrounded them with (!00 nun. This was ou the J 7th. On the foUowuig day, may in: cimsiilcrcd to ilivide a cominiiiul, in tliis iiiHtauce .siu^li ii coursu C'liil.l nut lio avoidiMl. Wo were coiiiplotcly Ici.st, ami without ]iii\vur of ni'iviiii,' liirwanl; our provisions, whicli liail for weeks liocn scanty, nmit iiow alinu-t entirely exhansteil' Tc.r. Sniitu /•'<• Erju'/., i. 'Jl I. lAMAR'S ADMINISTRATION. Arrnijo canio up with tlic rest of liis forces. By lii.s orders the i^'isoiiers were tied together iii compaiiios of four, six or eiglit, according to the diiferent leugtlis of tlie lariats with which they were hound, and sent forthwith to Mexico. He then marclied against tlic main body under McLeod, whicli liad })ainfully ad- vanced to Laguna Colorado, about thirty-five miles from Rio Gallinas. Most of the horses had perished ; many of the men, in desperation induced by ftimino and exhaustion, had thrown away tluir arms, and few of them had strength enough to figlit. Upon assurances being given that they should receive good treatment, the Texans surrendered ; which was no sooner done than they were plundered, bound to- gether in batches, and marched off to San Miom 1, where the last of them arrived October r2tli. Fioiii that place tliey were sent on the same long jouriuy on which their companions-in-arms were toiling in advance of them. Such was the miserable end of this foolishness," from which so much had been expected. The misei'ies of the captives during their march were almost insup- portable. On their arrival at the Mexican capital, tliey were thrown into noisome dungeons, some in Mexico, and others in Puebla and Perote. Fortunate were those who could prove themselves citizens of the United States or subjects of European nations; tlie representatives of their resjiective countries strenu( »usly interested themselves in their behalf, and obtained their release" in the spring of 1842, On the l.'kh of June, 1 1 i) prisoners were released by the clemency of Santa Anna, who had again risen to the supreme power, on the celebration of his birthday.'" But tlio '■(Icn. Jackson in a letter to Houston, of May '2.'), 1S4'J, writes: Tin' w ild-goose campaign to Santa Fo was an ill-judged aflair; and their i-iir- render without the lire of a gun has lessened the prowess of the Tca.uis in the minds of tlie Mexicans.' Yotdniii, ii. 329. '■'*'See r'nUan nnd Loatno, Lvij. Me.r., iv. l.')4, 1{KS. ''^ KcrjlitlCn Xdrrat'iis' of the Tc.nin Savl/i I'V Er}yiHlmi, New York, IS44, 2 vol., pp. 40.'), 4(Mi; Ymbani, ii. '^'2\-M, 'XW, ."Ul ."!: Thonipmn'x h\ruL M<.r., cVJ-;;, 77- y, t»2-a, l.^iS, 279-81; Ihin-ho, Intern. M>.r., pte 'A a 2:?7; Bmi,mointing five commis- sioners to select a site for the future cajntal. Tlie fonnnlssloners were Albert C. Horton, Lewis P. Cook, Isaac W. Burton, William Menifee, and J. Campl>ell, wild made choice of tho location where Austin now stiinds. Although at that date tlio new town, which was innuediately laid out, was situated on tho extreme t'loiitier of the settlements, the commissioners showed tliiir wis'lom in the selection. They aimed at estab- lisliing a permanent capital, which would occuity a central position when Texas had become a tliiekly l)o[iulated country; and though the govornment and Colin less would be withm strikino; distance of hostile Indians," Austin as their seat would draw westward llici>rii. iu Uec. ISW, just hefore the fallof Sant;i Anna, ho was removed from >.m .liiau do Uhia and allowed to ren\aiu a prisoner at largo in Vera Cru/, wliLiiie he escaped .Ian. 'Jd, arriving at (ialvostou, Kelt. .'<, IS-l."), after an iilieo[iIt' would become large consumers of foreign maimfiutures. while her ca[)acity for the production of raw inaterial, especially cotton, England's great demantl, was ini- men.se. Moreover, the known tendency of tlie Texans to free-trade principles was another inducement for that great ))ower to hold out the hautl of friendsliip to an infant nation that would *;row robust in time. Gre-at Bi'itain desired to find in Texas a market foi' lu!r merchandise, "without having to clindt over tin United States tariff."" Henderson therefore experi- enced no difficulty in making a commercial treaty in 1838 with tlie British ujovernment, under the re.serv;i- tion, however, tliat until that power formally reeoir- nized Texas, it would consider her as a part of ]\rexiee. In November of the same year, a similar treaty \va> made with France, but without the reservation; -hkI fortiliciitions at Austin, .funo I'itli. Stood gnanl over the town aU im;iit liilJ. Ten., US. ^^ Austin did not retain her uniineuce as the capital of Texa.s witliont i .struggle. In 1872, however, that city waa proclaiuicd by poimlar voir ih' permanent capital of the state, Austin receiving 03,207 votes, Hountoii :!.'>, I^"*. and Waco 12,77(>. Tlimll, 300. '■'These are Lonl Aberdeen's words to Ashbel Smith, the'Texaa miuiater to England and France iu 1842. Smith, Remiim. Tex. Hep., 30. TREATIES. 3.JJ) ill Septonibor 1839, the treaty was ratified, and the iii(l('[)endence of Texas acknowledged by the French .'nvtrnment. Owing to the ridiculous att'air before nicuLioncd," diplomatic intercourse was soon afterward suspondtMl between the two nations until 1842, when fViciidly Halations were resumed. VVlun (General Hamilton arrived in London as tlu; T*'xan representative, he negotiated a convention with the British govermnent, in which it was stipulated that Texas should assume <£!, 000,000 of tlie debt due hy Mexico to English holders of her bonds. This convention, as well as the connnercial treaty, as finally aLfn'ed U})on, was signed in London November 13, 1840; both were ratified by Texas in Fe])raary 1841. The treaty, however, met with much opj>«)wition by flic British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society, which urgently remoDstrated against its being ratified by the l*]n the corn wliieh the horst's let f:dl to the ground. One of M. do Saligny's servants killed some of tlie pigs. IJuUock whipped the servant. This enraged M. de Saligny, and Ihil- Iiick was arrested for assfviilt, and hound over to answer at the next term of tlip, (listriot court. Atl'ronted .soon afterward hy Bullock, Saligny demanded (lis immediate punishment, and a warm eorrespoudonue hetween him and the 'IVxan sec. of state followed. Not ohtaining the satisfaction he wished, the txispcrated Frenchman demanded his passports and Jeft his post. Goiiiic'h /v. J/ii'l. Tr.r., 110-11; Smith's Jiemiim. Tex. Hep., '32. Saligny retunied to Tix.is in 1842. Id., 34, A/., .S:{, 38; Miullard's Jlist. Ihp. Tex., 180-«2, 411-29; Niles Renham, moreover, olFeicd \n act as mediator. The treaty and the offer wviv alikr rejected by ^loxico. In 1841 the British goveiiiiiiciit. without waiting for the excliange of ratifications of tlio mediation convention, officially instructed Packeiihaiu to brhig before tlio AFexican authorities the ])roHi r nf Great Britain, to mediate bt'tweeii that power aiwl Texas, and jNfr Burnley, provided with a letter of in troduction to him from Lord Palmerston, procccdi il to Mexico as negotiator on the part of Texas.''*' ihi' *'Tlu; Mcxifaii lllilli^iL(■^ of foreign ri'latioiis f(mn:r., Afrni. Mill. I!rl., i. doc. I.'!; ] )iii rh> ihUlnh. M,j:, .Ian. '2\, I.SII, y. •-'. ■'' IJue'rt letters in .N'/Aw' /i',./., Ivi. i.'4'J, 'J,')!), •IT.i-i. Victoria was iustnutol to .say to ]{eo, tliat lio iiiiglit reiiri'sont to liim tlio olijoet of liis luis.sioii i'l writing, not in any imhlii; cliaracter, Imt as a coninii.ssioner of tlio ri'Velti'i colonists of Texas. If tiio onjcet was to ask tlic rucogiiitinn of tin; iinl'- peniloiiuo of Toxas, Jk'c was to l)c iniiin'cliatcly rui^uirud to reii/iliaik liiciro, //ix/,. JatiiiKt, -iiH-W); BiistdiiKiiitr, (liiliuicta Mcf., ii. 7-8. ^'■Jaincs Wol)l) was also scut from Texas as coniuiissioiicr, to (Hh'Ii .iiih coniluct tho ncgotiatioua. lio waa not ruceivod, aud iuiuiud lately ntunn (L Youkuttif ii. 31b. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 341 |\Ul*'llt. of the ■nliaiu \\\v "' V au'i o\' ill ,va.>i Inlrllti'lU. tin; iii'l'' ;iV>' u .111' Ivi'Hinu'ii- Mexico paid no more heed to the British nation than sill' had done to her diplomatic agent. She unhesi- tatiiijjjly declined any such mediation, refused to cn- t. itain tlie ([uestion of peace, unless Texas resigned ]i( 1' claim to independent sovereignty, and preparetl tor Avar. Ill Septend)er 1841, the presidential election was 111 1(1, by which General Houston was a second time cliosen president, receiving 7,915 votes against 3,0 1 (! (a>t for David G. Burnet, Edward Burleson was cKctcd vice-president with G,1G1 votes, his compet- itor, Mennican Hunt, havhig received 4,n;?n. When congress met in Novemher, Lamar opened his message with congratulations upon the prosperity of the country. The relations Avith ^Mexico were sucli that he advised hostilities, and stated tluit he had made arrangements to send the Texan navy to coop- (.r.ite with the government of Yucatan, whicli had lately declared her hidependence of Mexico. He was >osed to a military invasion of the enemy's country, ut advised the establishment of military posts west f the Nueces, for the protection of that portion of Tixas. He reconunended congress to take into con- siilrration the traffic conducted by the people of the western fnmtier — a trade of which lie highly approved; and spoke in glowing terms of the probal)le results f)f the Santa Fe expedition. In his sanguine hopes, he already saw the rich n^sources of the connnerce of Xt w Mexico pouring wealth into the coffers of Texas I Lut Lamar, distinguished thougli he was for his courage, unquestioned integrity, and pure patriotism, utterly failed as a ruler; and when ho retired from the presidency, the repubMc was in a dilapidated con- dition. The public debt had been increased nearly four- fold, and the public c edit had fallen to zero; by ''Univsthid, Dktamcn, 1S40, in Pap Vttr., 212, no. 8; liiwrn. Hist. Jalnpi, iii. 440; Bu.iUimniite, Oahimte Mex., ii. 11-12; Id., MS., iv. 17; Mlc^' L'l,/., li\. I'.C), '2.-)7; Youn'/s IIi.il. Mex., .305; Otero, Ohms, MS., i. 31.^7; ii. 1^4; Ttx. Col. Doc,, uo. 5, in Pinart'a Col. Smith's Jieminin., Tix. Jh'p., 38. 1) 1 1 i ft i i Hit ■IIP"''' siiii I 'M >f; ■J . , ;■ 1 *ji"- ^H'^ H ■h^-' 'fi'JH i HH|; 342 LAMAR'S ADMINISTRATION. Ilia aavagism as displayed in tlio extermination creed, the Indians had been driven to the higliest dcgrt • of" exasperation; the bahmoe of trade was heavily on tin- debit side;** and n is last pet scheme, the Santa V6 I'xpedition, ended in a climax of disaster. During Lamar's administration, the question of an- nexation to the United States lay in abeyance. As the reader is aware, he was violently opposed to such a union, and in Texas the subject, though sf)metinu'.s alluded to, was apr arently dropped. In the United States, however, it was not only discussed by the press, but was brought from time to time befoiv congress. The application foradmission into tlie Union had been peremptorily refused. On August 4, l>i;57, Mennican Hunt, the Texan envoy to Washington, addressed a letter to Forsvth, the American sccrctarv of state, making a proposition for annexation. Foi-- syth replied on the 2oth, rejecting thcj overture in decided terms, and the subject was dismisKed witliout reserving it for further considtTation. The govern- ment at Washington justly maintahied that so longu.s Texas was at war with Mexico, and the United States at peace with her, annexation would constitut(( a breach of treaty with Mexico, not only dishonorable, l)ut also cert.ain to involve the United States in war with that nation." The labors of office and the animadversions to which he was exposed, induced Lamar to apply to '•The following table of imports and exports is obtained from Oow't Fine. Hist. Tex., 84, 128: IMPORTS. EXPORTS Year ending Sept. 30, 1838 $1,740,376.87 818.%:iii.(X) Year ending Sept. 1, 18.39 1,506,897.67 214JASM Year ending Sept. 1, 1840 1,378,568.98 220,401. 15 $4,625,843.52 $(57 8, 24 2. '.'J Showing a balance of trade for these three years against the republii; <>l $3,947,600. *' Copy of correspondence in Hunt's Address, 21-43; U. S. //. LV. /'»;■. 25 cong., 1 sess., Doc. 40; and Con/j. DelxUes, 1837, xiv., app. 117-22. Fur further discussions on the subject in the U. 8. congress, see //. Ej: Jh"-. vol. iv., 25 cong., 2 sess., Doc. 196; U. S. Sen. Doc., 25 cong., 2 sess., Dof. 50; Congress Globe, 18.37-8, p. 12, 25, app. 555; Jd., 1838-9, p. IS; M, 1839-40, p. 274, 281, 541. rUllXKT, ACTINC (lOVKHNOR. 343 (dii^^rc'SS for pormisHion to absent liiinsolf; and his ii(jiu'st l)oinj^ j^rantetl, clurin*^ tlie last year of his term, the «rovoninient was administered l)v Vice- rresidcnt Burnet/' "Tlirall, 317. From Dec. 15, 1840 to Fob. 3, 1841, the acta of congreas art^ iijiproved by David G. Buniet, after which date no signatures are at- tacln m1 to tlie acts passed in tiio copy of Tfif Lawn of the Ki'pMk of Texas in uiy |iiis»eH8iou, only the word 'approved,' with the date, being used. ll I'M Hn 'Wm ||« i,' 1 If-.. I ',' '■'■ 1 ^ *■«. ./ \m ri I 15 i ll V , 1 ! t [ 1 1 CHAPTER XIV. Ml jii lii 1 i' H i ■ I M M II (' ■ END OF THE TKXAN KEPUBLIC. 1841-184(5. liousTuN's Second AnMiNi.sTiiATiox— Heddction' ok Expenses — V.nsi^cf.z Takes Bkiau— Cokihispondencb with S^nta Anna— Operations ny the Navy— The AitniivE Waii— llEciLAions ani> Modeuatoin— EnOLAND's NEUTHALIrY-- WoLI.'s iNftOAO — DaWSON's DeKEAI- -SiiMKII- ville's Di'itinrs Conduct— Baitle ok MtKi!— Mexican Crii.i', Tiik Ciiahok on the fjluAito — AfJitiEVous Mistake — The Death-lmttoiv —Tub I'ltisoNEiis ai" I'euote — Snivelv's Exi-ediiion— Koiunshns DiPLOMArv — The AuMiSTioE — Rivau: Y( if the United States am i Km • land — Anson Jones Eleoied Piiesideni' — lIorsroN's Fauewei.i, Mkh- SAOE — His DiFFICl LT I'OSITION — ANNEXATION — TUE STATE CoNSlI- Tl'TION. Presidf:nt Houston sent in liis lucssagc to roiiL^rcss Dcccinber 13, 1841, He did not conceal the fkct that his administration would be jjfuided by a jxilicy diametrically opposite to that of his predecessor. IL deprecated the interference on the part of Texas in the revolutionary movements in Mexico, and ricniii- mended that kindness should be extended to tliat people, and an armed neutrality maintained. As all overtures for peace had been rejected by the Mexican government, no further effort would be made in that direction. On the subject of relations with tlu" Ind- ians, he declared his policy would be different frnin that lately pursued. Hd the same fate as the treasury notes, or red-backs as they wri' called from the color of the paper. The same act declared that the treasury notes were no longer re- ceivable in payment of public dues, and no oiu; could assert that congress would not adopt a similar meas- ure with regard to the new issue. The consecjuenco wastliat the bills sank rapidly to thirty-three ci'uts, and before the end of the year to twenty -five cents." As long as Texas had been able to borrow, she bor- i ' Soo note 6, this chapter. ^ A special session of eongrcss was convenud .June 27, IS-t'J, and on .fiily '.'l!(l ,'ui act was passed re(juirmg the collectors of revenue to receive exclieiiiur Kills (.Illy at the current rate at which they were sohl in tlie market. 7V./., Lnrt II, -p., 1S42, 4. This measure, however, did not cau.-ie them to rise much in value. Consult Omild's Fix. Ilkt. Tex., llC-19. 346 END OF THE TEXAN REFUBLIC. :I4: ! M i» ti rowed, and as long as her paper was of any value at all, she issued it and lived on the proceeds, no matter how ruinous the rate. But at the close of Lamar's administration, the treasury notes had sunk to fifteen and twenty cents in the dollar, "* and though econoniv was regarded with no high favor by the Texans, it became evident that retrenchment was the only re- course left. Under the first administration of Hous- ton, the salaries of the president ard all n:iembers of the government had been fixed exorbitantly liigh, while a great number of superfluous offices had been created. To do away with this exi;ravagance — ridic- ulous in a nation whose Anglo-Saxon population did not amount to 100,000* — congress passed a law De ceuiber 1 1, 1841, abolishing many offices, and j.-educing salaries to less than one half." This was striking at the root of the evil, and produced efiect. The system of economy, moreover, was practised in all branclie,*, as is evidenced bv the fact tliat, accordin*; to the best accounts to be gathered, the payments made b}' the treasurer during Lamar's administration amounted to $4,855,215, while during the three years of Houston^ second term, tliey only amounted to $493,175, and $17,U07 disbursed on account of mail service and tux *Tlie passage of the Exchequer Bill act deprived them of what little va.luu they luid. Tiiey rapiilly fell to ten, five, four, and two cents in tiie dollir. lill linally no j>i ico at all ccmld l>e obtained for them in many parts of IVxas, 'Kennedy, ii. '.\%), who pul)lisheil Ins work in 1841, while ailmittiiiu; tln' difficulty of f.ir'iiiiig ;i close estimate, fixed the average of the Anglo-Aiinii- can population at L'OOjiXiO. Fournel gives 480, (KK) as the totiil poptdatimi in 1840. Bnth of these estimates aj'e far beyond the mark. Coim (cs on Texas, its climate, its jT.iductions, and its people,' llvin. T j. l\'i}i., .'$8, pl.ices the nunilier of the Anglo-Americans at about .^4,088; tliatef the Indians at 80,()00; and of the negroes at 10,()00 to l'_',000; in all, 14i;,(lNV Hist. Ji'if). Ti:r., 2()'2-A. Thrall, page 31G, says the whole pojiuhitioii w;i.i less than ■")(), 001) at this time. In 1647 the first cen.sus was taken, showing :i total of liri,7"r), exclusive of Indians. Of that nn-uber, l()0,r)08 were win tt", H.5,'2G7 shives, a ul ten free negroes. ■'The presidi ut"s salary was reduced to 85,000 per annum; vice-president, to!?l,000; mendiers of the cabinet, to !ii!|,r>00j att'y-gen., to|il,000; I'oni. i,"ii. land-otlice, to ^1, '200; treasurer, comptroller, aud auditor, to }?1,000. Tlic ohief justice wa.s to receive .*1,7.T0 instead of .$5,000 as heretofore; and so nu in pro})ortiou. Tex. Lnw.t li., C eong., 13-14. Cousult act ti T^^. c 1S3G, Id., i. 00-70, and chap, xii., this volume. ,'l ANNEXATION. 347 roUecting.* It is true that the limit of credit had l)ocn reached, and that Houston could not obtain the money to spend which his predecessor had commanded ; l)iit it is equally true that Lamar carried his paper- money principle to the height of extravagance, and rode his horse to death. One of the arcjuments used bv the advocates of annexation was the failure of ^Mexico to attempt to re- conquer Texas. For six years, M.'\v said no liostile army had invaded the territory aiul the war might be coiisidered as virtually en-io,]^ tliough no formal rt'oognition had been made by Mexico, her inactivity displayed an indifference which had all the appearance of a tacit acknowledgment that she considered re- conquest impossible. In older, therefore, to main- tain her claim, it became necessary to make some military demonstration, and at the close of 1841 prep- arations were made to invade Texas. On Januarv 9, 1842, General Arista issued a proclamation from his headquarters at Monterey, to the inhabitants of Texas, in which he stated that the Mexican nation 'Giiiiiie, vtmip., 126-7. Yoakum, ii. ."UO-l, supplies a comparative state- uieut of the salaries paid the officers emjiloyetl at the seat if goveruiaeiit in t!ic j'cars IS40-'2, made out by .Tames B. Shaw, comptroller, Dec. lo, 1812. As the figures show an astonishing retrenchment. I reproduce them: 1840 ?<174,200 1841 n.lDCM) 1842 32.800 'I'ht .same oomptroHer oxliihited a statement dated March 20, 18.")4, showing ttie cxyinnses inciirred hy the republic in protecting her frontier against the Indians during iiio years 1837-44 inclusive. Yoakum, ii. 282, compiled the fdlldwing table from it; 1837 ) Tj 4 • « 4. * i * 20,000 ,^.^^ [ Houston 8 first term j ^.^^^^ $190,000 1839 ^ ( $1,4.30,000 1840 \ Umar's terra { 1,027 319 1841 I t 9.").000 $2,.552,3Ifl 1842 \ r ^,000 1843 Y Houston's second term -! ()l),9Ji0 1844 J [ 17,142 flM,092 '1 1 \ \^ li j' END OP^ THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. ^jSl'l would never consent to the separation of the territory, and that it was only owing to the civil wars in Mexico, that revolutionary men had compelled tin in to constitute themselves as an independent nation. He solemnly declared that Mexico was determhied to recover lier rights tlirougli the only means left lur. namely, persuasi(m or war. After stating that lio.s- tilities would only he directed against those who sus- tained and fouglit to niahitain the Texan nationality, he called upon the people to reflect and consider their own interests, and to return to their allej>-iance.' On March 5th, General Rafael Vasquez ajipcared before Sail Antonio de Bejar, at the head of 500 nion." The Texan force stationed there was too small tocopi' with the enemy, and evacuated the town when the sui - render of it was demanded. Having taken possessidn of the place, hoisted the Mexican Hag, and declarci] the Mexican laws to l)e hi force, Vasquez on the 7tli de[)arted." About the same time small forces of Mexicans occu})ied Kefugio and Goliad, but likewise soon retired. This inroad, which was intended as nothing nimv than a mere demonstration by Mexico in sup])ort of her rights, thoroughly roused tlie Texans. On tlif 10th of March, Houston issued a proclamation cjilliiiu upon all citizens subject to military duty, to Imld themselves in readiness to re])air to the scene of ac- tion in the event of a formidal)le invasion ; and on the 21st of the same month he addressed a letter to Santa Anna, which was extensively circulated in Europe and the United States, and even puldislnd in Spanish in Yucatan, whence copies found tluir way into Mexico." Houston was instigated to ad- " Translation of proclamation in Kilm' liiij., Ixii. 07. * Yoakum says about 700 men, — ii IMO, — but Ari.sta reporting to tlic comandantc general at Chiluuihua, gives the number in ♦ho ttixt. Tn'o ilf Son., April 15, 1842, i., no. 9, p. ."U. •^ BmUimautc, JJi.4. Siintti Anmi, 49-50; /'/., Dinrio Mc.r., MS., 10'.», I -'7; £'/.SV7/o, xix., March 30, 1842; Diario, Ooh. Mix., March 19, 1842; Yaod treatment of the Santa Ke prisoners; hut lie urufod that that expedition aftbrdod an oppoi-tunity of a^ain discussinu; the question of a treaty of peace with T(;xas, and somewhat im[)rud('ntly asserted that ^Mexico would never be able to coiuiuer Texas exci.'[)t ill defiance of the Ignited States and (»f the law of na- tiiiiis. All the inhabitants of tl.'^ valley ofth(; ]\Iis- >is.si[»pi, JK! said, would march upo.i Texas as soon as tiny ln'ard that she was invaded. Hamilton's com- iiiuiilcation contained a proposal tliat a treaty of peace 1111(1 limitation should be entered int**, on the basis of ail iiidenmiHcatlon of $5,000,000 bein;>' paid to Mexico, and ,s200,000 to the secret agents of the Mexican '•(ivernment. Santa Anna was professedly verv in- di;iuant at these letters, especially that of Hamilton." In no measured terms he expressed his profound dis- gust that a ])roposition should be made to him for "tlie sale of Texas and tlie acquisition of infamy." It was a miscalculation, lie said, and an audacity : and the (.flhr of $200,000 for the secret ao-ents'of the ^TiAican government was "an insult and infamy nn- Wditliv of a e-entleman." HaviiiLT thus t'-iven vent to lii> \ irtuous indignation, Santa Amia asserted that Mexico Would not vary her hostile attitude until she ii;id [)lanted her I'agle standard on the l)aid\s of the Saiiine. Santa Aima had but lately emerged fi'oiii liis retreat, and again won his way t, under which the Anu'lo- Americans were invited to settle in Texas, and the causes which had led thi>in to assert their freedom. Haviiiij contrasted the eiioniii- ties of Santa Anna with the clemency experienced i)y him at the hands of the Texan authorities, and calliiio; attention to the desire for peace which Texas jiad shown, he adds: "You continue aijrgression ; vou will not accord us peace. We will have it"; and concludes with a piece of counter bombast: "Ere the banner of Mexico shall triumphantly float on the banks of the Sabine, the Texan standard of the single star, home by the Anglo-Saxon race, shall display its bright fold-; in liberty's triumph on the isthnuis of Darien." On Alarch "iOtli, the president issued a j)roclain;i tion declaring all the Mexican jM^i-ts on the eastern coast from Tabasco, hicluding the mouth of the Hie Grande and tlu; Brazos Santiago, to be in a state ol' blockade. And here it is necessarv to ojive soni(> ac count of the condition of the Texan navy antl its op erations. It will be remembered that the first congress authorized'' the purchase of a certain immber of war vessels. A contract was made, November 183S, wifli Frederick Dawson of Balthnore, who, in the moullis of June, August, and October 1839, delivered to tlic Texan government the schooners San Jaciiifo, >"" '- Nov. 18, 183C; does not seem to have lieeii acted upon, ;i» atiotluT niio was passed Nov, 4, 1837, provkling for the purchase of a flOO-toii sliip nmniit- ing 18 guus, two 300-toii origs, 12 guns each, and three 130-tou schDoiurt, i guns each. Tex. Lnwa lit-p., li. 1.3-14. THE NAVY. 3S1 Ai,((iiU(),Rnd San Beintar(l,L'm'\i mounting 5 guns; tli<' sloop-ot'-war ^i((sthi, 20 guns, and tlie brigs ('olnrado and DnIpJiin. (general Hamilton also purchased for tli( goverinnent, in March of the same year, th(> stciuiisliip Zarala, mountuig 8 guns." Tii June 1S40, this naval force, with the exception of tlie ('olnrnilo, \v;is sent to the coast of Yucatan, vvhicli state, and iliiit of Tal).-isco, had revolted against the ct'ntral gov- i rmiieiit. The Texan authorities were theref()r<' (It - siious of ascertaining the feelings of these states to\v;nr\ to enforcing the blockade. While in tlie INIissis sipjii. a mutiny (jccurred on board tln' Stui AuUni'm, and .several of the ringleaders were hanged at tlu; yard-arm. In August ot the sanu.- y( ar, that vessel was sent to Yucatan to collect dues from the oovern- iiienL of that seci'ded state, but was never heard of aitei wai'd. It is belic^ved that she founderi'd at si'a The frtst iif this navy was nearly ■'?S()0,000, wliicli wen' jiuid in govern- n; Bnquciro, Entnitjn )'mc., 42-3; !'<■ .1/ ,ilities witli vgard to tlie expenses of the navy incurred at Xt w ( )rleans. Moore [)ledged himself not to leave tliat port until he could pay for provisions and repair> When tlie Texan government foiled to furnish liim with funds, he considered tliat in honor he was hd<»iv '■■'SfU .V/fc«l' AV;/., Ixiv. 'i'.MI-.Sl. IHK ARCHIVK WAR. 3r>3 siiould sail thither before ixoiiio; to Galveston, but also turompauicd him. The o[)eratioiis of the Texan navy lit^t'ore Cani})eachy were crowned with success, the ciuiuy s land batteries beuig destroyed, and his war- vessels tIaniaLjed, and driven from that water. Moore then sailed to (Galveston, whose jHM)])le j)resently hv- caiiie oreatly exas])erate(l when it leaked out that cnii'^itss had passed an act for the- sale of the navy. l*(i|iular feeling was so strong tliau the sale was not iittcmpted, and the act was repealed February 5, 1844, and authoritv «j;iven to the secretary of war and marine to lay the vessels up in ordinary.'" When the amu;x- ation was effected in the followiim" year, the remainiiiLC vessels, four in number, were transferred to the navy of the United States, and in March IS,')?, an apjiro- jiriation was made for the pay granted the surviving ofticeis for five years from the time of annexation, [iiDvideo that all claim to any })osition in the United States navy was relinquished.'' W'uen Vasquez occupied San Antonio, much alarm was felt for the safety of Austin and the government aichives, especially the records of the general land- otficc. The president, to the indignation of the in- lial)itants of that city, removed his cabinet to Houston, where congress held the special session convened June -7. I S42. But the exasperation of the |)eople of Aus- tin was so great that they determined to hold pos- session of the archives. A vigilance connnittee was t'oniicd, the records were encased in boxes, and a guard placed over them. A force, moreover, was organized at Bastrop to patrol the roads, and prevent the f)as- sugc (»f any waijons containino- iroxcrnment arcliives. " 'lli't iiiivy at tliat tiiuo omisi.stt'il 7, 117, 1:11, lit), 10(11, 192, 20S-10, 'J29-:n, 'i:^^:^ -Jiiivi, 2'.»:i, wn), .'wo. n:5!», '^:^^, 384, 404; M,j: M^i,,., Omrm y Mur., 1844, 15-10. 98; HohinMH.H Mi'x., 'i.TO-Ol; n-\ ;!.S',)-40. 'nij. Globe, 1850-7, app. 427; U. S, Sen. Mine, cong. 35, bcss. 1, ii. doc,. 1H2. Hist. Mux. Statbs, Vol. ir. 2.S. '^! :il (Mil fi :{54 i;m) of tiik tkxax ukpublic. Oil Drrt'inbcr 10, 1842, Houston gave iiistructioiis to Ctii)tiiiii Thomas I. Sniitli to raise a coinpaiiy secretly, and l)ring tlie most necessary I )ooks and documents tn Washington, wliere congress was to convene in regu- lar session tliat month. Smitli, having avoided the patrols by taking a circuitous route, entered Austin in tlie niglit of December .'iOtli, and succeeded hi load- ing tliree wagons witli arcliive matter. This st([) on tlie part of the president was a surprise to the inliaM- tants of Austin, and Smith hastened hack, after hav- ing been fired upon without effect by Cajitain ^hwk B. Lewis, who liaving rallied a volunteer coiiipaiiy, and pro<>ured a cannon from the arsenal, fired it at the intruders. Having reached Kinney's fort, on Brushy creek. Smith encamped, but on the following; mor?iing discovere was o'rcatlv aoitated by what has been called the war of the Kegulators and Moderators. Tin; first niit- oreak occurred in 184'2. The reader will not fail to remember that in the early years of the nliieteciitli century the ''neutral ground" became the asylum of adventurers and desperate men, who can only be classi- fied as marauders and fugitives from j u.stice. Altiit iul;1i. in cho course of events, these land buccaneers had heeu suppressed with regard to then' banditti organization,' «/ri., 322-f.; Morphh<, }li.-n the nortlieasterii holder. As inimi^rauts iioi'kfd Into 'I'exas, ill-f'cclliin' \va> (IcvtIoiK'd. which culniiiiatcd in liostilitirs. 'I'lic rountv of Slulhv was the main scene of action. The land coinniissionei's in that county ft)und a ])i()fitahle business in issuing foi'u,rd "head-ri^ht" certificates. ami it hecanie a focus for such illegal operations in the .suiioundiu'L'' districts. The holders of such certificates wore not men inclined to give up land v.hich they had ,s<'ttlcd upon. In iS42, one, Charles \V. Jackson, a fugitive from justice, arrived in Shelhy county from Louisiana, and ofiercd himself as a candidate for the Ttxan conu'i'ess. Beini»- defeated, he uniK'rtook to (■\|)ose tlu! land frauds, declaring that his defeat was nwing to the opposition of the party conneeted with tlirhi. Having notified the general land-office of the illegal proceedings which had taken j)lace, Jackson nicived an hitimatiou from Josejdi Goodhrcad that, if he did nt)t desist from hiterferino', his life would be tak( n. Whei'eujtou the former, while presenting his reply, shot the latter dead in the town of Sliell»y\ ille. (h'eat excitement followed; Jackson wascalled totiial; the court wa.s thronged by armed men, and the judge failed to appear. The fugitive from Louisiana now (iiganized his party, and formed a society which as- ^^UllU"l the name of llegulators. The operations of this soeietv were somewhat aibitrarv. and there is no (leulit that many honest men lost their lands, and the in'esjH'ctive fruit of their industry. ( )[)posltion therc- foiv a])]>earod. A society which st\'led itself the Mnderators was organized, and a kind of vendetta warfare was carried on for three vi>ars. Matters tiiially assumed so serious an as})ect that the two fac- tiuiis drew up in battle-front against each other. The t'Xeeutive now interfered. The country was threat- tiii'tl with civil war, and Houston ordeicd (Jeneial Smith to raise a militia force, and j)ut a sto}» to this internecine struggle. With a-lxmt jOO men. Smith uiarohed to the scene of action, finding the opposing ii ! 'a K, 350 KM" (U' INK TKXAN ItKI'UHLK.'. forces in front d' caoli otlioi'. By tlu^ oxcrrisc of pruclciK'i' iind u;()(mI judj^iMcnt, lie iiKluccd tlu; bcllincr- cntH to lay dnvvn tlu'ir arms. an of the n'public; " l»ut foj- sonic years aftci'ward, tlir sj>irit dovi'lopcd by tills clash of interests found ex- pression in niany a homicide. In vXuL^nist, 1842, tlic British jjrovcrnmcnt dccland its intention to remain neutral durinj^ tlu! strU|L!,'4lf "f Texas for iiidt |)enii of war. British officers, captains Cleveland and Ciiarlc- wood of the English navy, had been a])poiiite(l to command thcni, and the vessels were ])riiiei]tally maiUK^d by British seamen. With some tardim^ss the British :{, 1844, :?; Toild'.-! SkHi-h, MS. -'l?y act W), Oeorge III., di.scretionary powers were coiifcnvil on the jirivy council relative to British naval officers entering the service of a for- eign power. For general particulars consult Smith, Rem. Tex. Rif. , '<^-^- 3!»-40; Jlaiminl'n Pari. Record, l.xv. 964-5. AFFAIllS WITH MKXICO. :«J7 President Houston, in hiss niesHa^r to ronL^'css in June IH4*2, e intei'|K)se"ress, how- ever, passed a hill authoii//in«jf an oU'enslve waraujainst Mexico. As th(; carryin*;- out of such a measure witiild recjuire at least ."),()()0 troo|>s, and it was iin- |)iissihle to devise means for the ])aym(!iit of .so lar^e a hody, the pn^sident vetoeil the hill, — a proceeding? which hrouin'ht out strong feelinuj against liim. I'^arly ill .1 Illy ( Jeneral Davis on the Nueces was attacked 1)V Canales with 70() men, 500 of whom werecavali'v. Tlie former, however, re])ulsed th(! enemy, though he had only IU"J Nolunteers. Two months later (jreneral Well took possession of San Antonio, Se[)t(>mher llth, after some rcislstance on tin; [tart of the .\iiglo- Tcxau citi/>ens. After some parley the Texaiis, fifty- two in numher, surniiidered on condition that they shduhl he treated witli all the consideration of jtri.son- i.'ts of war. Woll's forc(! was nearly 1,000 jiieii, iwrlve of wliom vvei'e killed and twenty-niiu! wounded. The Texans sustamed no <'asualties whatever." \\ hen it hecame known in (jion/alezthat Bejar was a;j;aiti occupied hy tlie Mexicans, a foree of about 220 iiuMi, under Colonel Matliew Caldwell assembled in the Salado bottom, about six miles east of the town. A ■UH)d position was taken up in a thick wood, and Ca|itain John C. Hayes sent forward with his mounted iniiipany to draw out the enemy. The ruse was suc- cessful, a strong body of cavalry advanced upon '-'ii'i' ii'.i JniiriKtl, 20-80. WdU in iiis roport; s,ay.-i, tliut his l(ns was diii! killid iuiil 'JO woumk'il, tliat of tiu> Tuxaiis I "J killt.'il, .S wouikKhI, aiid S'i prisimc'i's. E.i-pci/ir. /icr/iii, I'li Tvjiu, 1">, I!"); also 'JO- 1 , wlu'iv a list of the naiiiert •if till' prisonors will In; fouiul, and among thuni those of the district jiidgi!, ot liiwyurs, jiliysicians, surgi'ou.s, and other civilians. According to Woll a uuiiikr iif coujbatauts escaped. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A i 1.0 :f:«^ IIM IIIIIM m 1.6 I.I 1.25 If li£ 1.4 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ v <^ [V O^ 23 west MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '^^ ^^^ ^A' z :{.")8 KM) Of iHE TKXAN liEl'UliLlC. Hayes who retreated toward tlie main body. Woll j)resently eaiiK! up with the reiuaiiidiT of his fnicis and inaiiitaiiu'd a figlit for about an Iiuur, losinaii\ nf .").'{ Texans, from Favette countv under eonniiaiid dt Nicolas Dawson, liastened to the assistance of Cald- well, and behig perceived by the enemy on tlnir approach, were presently surr<»unded. The ciiciny. hoNv^ever, kept well out of rauii^e, and bnnginn- ^ip a llLfht field-piec(! poured showers of grape upon tlic exposed Texans. In a short time two thirds of tlinii liad fallen, and nearlv all of their horses were killed. Dawson now hoisted a white flag, but several of liis men continued to fire and were put to death. By tlie exertions of the Mexican officers the lives of fifteen wen^ spared; five of these prisoners were wounded. Two men only made their (escape. After this atfiui'. which took place Septend)er 1 Htli, Woll returned tn San Antonio having lost, according to his own state- ment, 21) killed and 08 wounded. ''' He took with liiiii 07 prisoners who, as usual, were sent on foot to the city of Mexico. On tlie 20th he departed for the l»in (Irande, while C; ell, whose force was now ever 500 men, followi lose upon his heels, and on one occasion engaged in a skirmish with his rear ^uaid. For some reason that is not clear the Texans failed te attack,'* and after a pursuit of thirty or forty miles returned. When the news of this second invasion beeaiiie known the demon of war was aroused, Houston liav- ing issued a proclamation, Septendjer IGtli, callin;.: ter '^■' Among the killed was V^icente Ojrdova, tlie Mexican agent at Js'acfigddva. *'* (It'iicral I'lmniaH (rrecn .says: 'Much lian heen .>*aitl against CiiMwill .mcl others for not so «loing, auil the lilanie has liceu charged upon scvcmI; luit he regarded it a mischance in war rather than the want of I.iimiv. Joiiniiil, S."). Besides the authorities on Woll's campaign already ijii'tnl, see Pup. V(ir., 1&2, no. 4; .To.se))h C. Roliinsons account in Tir. Aim.. i*>tiS 4.")-irio iralplL' tliat it sliimlil In: txcoited with jiniiiiiitiicfis and (.Ilit.'ii.iK.'y.' *l 360 END OF THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. and to the inclinations of Somcrvillr. On tlic .l,iv after enterinj^ Jjaredo, whicli was evaeuated on tlir ai)[)roarl) of tlu; Texans, SomervilK' moved down tlu' river Jistead of crossin;^ as was expected hy t||(. troops. Tliis nioveinent was rcMjarded as an indica tlon on ]iis [)art to return liome. Alxmt .'JOO iik n marched to Loredo and plundered the town; hut tiir spoils, foi' the most ])art. were restored to theowiniA On the loth a council of war was held, the <;(iit i.il addressed the troops with rci^jwl to the (juestion nt' crossinii,' the Ri(» (:rrande or returniniL; honu\ .' march tlirou^h thick cha])arral down the left side of the llio Orande, and arriving; »)])p()siti Guerrero, l^ecendjer 1 4th, ci'ossimI the river on tliiit. and the followin retrograde moveuK'nt increased the contemitt for tin general, now oiu^idy exj^rcssed. On DtM-endxr llMli he issued an order of nuirch, to the eftect that tlif army would })roceed to (Gonzalez, and there he dis banded; whereupon ca])taMis Camer()n, Easthiiiil. Reese, Pierson, Ilyan, and Ruster, suj)ported by tlu h companies, refused obtMlience, declaring it theii' in- tention t() march tlown the river and acconijili^l! something that would redetun the expedition tVein contempt. Somervill(% with about 200 men, niestly drafted nulitia, returned to Bejar, leaving 800 \(il M. C. Haiiiiltaii, Sir. q/' iVnr, to A. Soiiu'rvillc, Oct. l.S, 184'2! YiMibiin, n 3G7-8. (Jroeu asserts tliat tlie president never inteiuleti tn |muii
  • ein>; decided t(t descend the river to Mier, a portion of the force was embarked with hag^jiage and provisions, on Ixtaid the Hat-boats, which wi^re placed under the direction of (General (xreen."' The Hotilla and land force pio- (veded ill company until December 2 1st, when tlu; tr()()|)s encamped together on tlie left bank of the Rio Grande, aliout seven miles above Mier. On the fol- lowing morning, a council of war being held, it was (Itcided to march into the city, and make a re(]uisition on it for supplies. A sufficient number of men havhig Ix'tii detalK'd for a camp-guard, Fisher, with tin; main body, crossed over, entered the town, and made the requisition, the alcalde })romising to deliver the stores demanded on the next day at the river. Fislier th<'n ivtiirned to camp, taking with him the alcalde as security. On the 23d the army was moved down stitain to a point o[)posite the town, where the '[>- plies were to be sent. Nothing trans])ired till the 25t]i. The rofiuisition had not been tilled, nor had any intelligence of the appnjach of the enemy been brouufht in bv the scouts. But on that dav a Mexican was captured, who gave the information that (lenerai Am[>udia, and the former federal leader, Cf)lonel Caiiales had entered the town with 700 men, pre- -"/(/., 41-Cl); StH]t]>'.t /'rlioners of Pcrote, 22-:«). Botli this autlior auJ 'icii. Tlioiiia.s J. Orci'ii ;n'C(iiii|i!inioil tlio i'\p(((litioii, iind were felluw-prin- "iicis at I'ei'oto. Tlu'y imlilislnd tluir narr.itivcs from jotiniaU kcjit liy tlii'iii-it'lvos. AloxaniliT Somcrvillu viis a iiativi; of Marvlaiul, ami iiii^'rati'il t I'lVxasiu 18.'{;i, wlicrt,' lio folloWfil liis InisiiU'ss as a iiicrcliaiit at Sail Fili])f. Ill ISH,") he i)arti('i])atiMl in the uiiil San Aiitdiiio, anil (in tlio rc- "I'^aiii/atiou <>f tiiu army, early in JS.'i'Ci, vas inailc licntcnant-ciilnncl. Al'tor the hattlc (if 8aii Jacinto, in Avhi(.'h lie tonk jiart, Ikj lit^iami; sinator in tlio T(\:iii congress in ISHG-T. Ai'tor his rt^tuni from tlic ill-i^Minilnctcil cxik;- ilitinii to the P.in Oramlc, lie was iiiadt! ciilluctiir of I'listoms at Saluria. SdiiiiTville vas aociilentally drowned in IH")!. Votdiu/i, ii. MlJS; Tlmill. (•'."J. I'liitli of t!iese authors write ' I'ionu'rvcll. ' ■ 'I'la! aaihor of the Jmnutlo/tlu: Tix/in EjyfiiUiim "nninst Mii r, .... New \"ik. \S{\ 8vo. \>\t. 487. - 11 302 1:NU of the TKXAN KKrUBLIC. vented the perforniaMco of tlie alcalde s promise, and taken u}) a pttsitioii on the river two miles below. The- Texaiis decided to cross tin* river and enir.i'^'c the AL'xicans, Captain Baker with his sjty coni|>aiiy boinj^ sent in advance. Ampudia, however, on the approacli of the army retreated into the town. The Texans now marched in tht direction ot" the city, and at 7 o'clock in the evening, took up a pnsi- Rdl-TKS OF AinilKS. tion on tlie left bank of the Alcantro," a small stream flowini; into the Kio (Grande, after describinjjj a sciiii- circle n>und the northern portion of the town. Tlu' niiijht set in very dark. At the lower ford the ^FcNi- can cavalry was stationed, and a constant fire was kept upon them by Baker's company, distracting at- tention while Green succeeded hi disco verin<»' a cross- inj.^ some little distance above. Haviui^ crossed with .some dilficultv — the bluff beiny about fortv feetahnw the water's ed43. HARl> FI(;HTIN'(J. ;!(•.:{ tiiiiied themselves till moiiiiiijjf. Thus lodged, tlic TiNiins ceased their fire, husbandiiii; their ainiiiunltloii fur the coming confUet. The Mt'xieans kept up a continuous but useless tire for the rest of the night. Wlien mornhig dawned the artilhrv of the eiuinv Wiis soon silenced by the rifles of the Texans, and the .M( xieans had recourse to the house-tops, from wliieh tli( y poured down volleys of nmsketry at the win- dows and loopholes of the buildings occupied by tht( Texans. But while the fire of the former had little (rt'tct. that of the unerring Texan marksmen was deadly. Several times the enemy cliarged the in- vaders, but was re[»ulsed with slaughter. Thus the c(»iit(>st was carried on till noon. Captain Berry on the previous evening had fallen down a precipice and broken his thigh. He was re- moved to a hut some little distance from the place of his accident, and Doctor Sinnicks Mexico. An liour was allowed them to elux.si hetween capitulation and re willinu; to surrender. Anjonn' tli- latter was Fisher, who believed that a retreat wniilil involve the loss of two-thirds of tluf force. Ad dressinjjj the troops, he recomnu^nded them to acd up their arms, followed by tlu; rest, furious with indi»»:natit»n. In this enjjjaijjement the nij^.u'rc^nati; force of tin Texans was -i'>\ men, 42 havin?^ been left on the ea>i baidv of the KioOrande as camj)-t;uard. These latti i returned home in safety. The loss of the invadiis was 1(1 killinl or mortally woumled, 17 Si;verely, inid several slightly wounded. "" The immber of Mexicjiiis engaijjed was over 2,000;"" what their loss was can -'"Siiinicksoirs part has been severely coiuleimieil. See S(fr, 101-2. *' Ai)i]iuilia states in his otlicial report, that the Tcxans sent iii the tla^' ■'' triune, ami tliat lie ., 4.'}7-4:i. fn / i,l, when Aiiipiulia, K'avhii; hvhind the more seri- niisly WdUiuled of tlu; Texans, took up his iii.ireh to Miit;imoros, where he arrived with his fodtsore [)ris- • Miers to th<' HUinher of 'J.'Ja, January !), 1H4.'{. The iiiifurtunate captives, who already realized the niis- t;ike that had boon iiiado in relying' upon AfexieaM vtiiicity, were starteil on tlu' 14th, under a stronji; (;i\ahy i^uard, on their journey U) Mtxico. Their Lirdships and )>rivations on the road were similar to tliose sutt'ore\\.inl of WK) were sbtiii, and tliat tliu niimli»'r t'f wiiundod M-as luikiiowii. But he i)lace3 the Mexican army at the lii^'h iiiiiiiKir iif over 3,U00. Anipudia reported his hiss to he Xi kilh^i and <)."> miiiiikIlmI; and that 2*2,000 musket cartridges had l)een expended in tliehattle, Im>i.1(s iMM) douhle-slioti'.'d ones, and a quantity of artillery aniniunitioii. 'ihc>r' tigures do not agree with OreenV statement on i)agc lOlt. Me says, uc( urdiiig to the officiiil report to the war department, !KM) eannon eartriilges, 4:t,(Hl(» musket cartridges, and 300 rockets were expended. Mexiean ac- iniiiit-* OF THK TEXAN iChl't'HI.U . dealt out to the captives, wlio were coiifiinMl in a Ijh - - corral 8urrouiui«'«l l»y liiijli walls. TIic cavalry wi \< picketed outside, and the infantry ()C(Ui>i(d a quad riUiLjular j^tonc court nnd the buiidiiii^s connected with it. A larue doorway opened from the couit int() tin corral. Cameron car«']«'ssly loun«^ed up to the dooi\vii\ , till! eyes of all his fellow-pris«mers intt-nsely llxid upon him. Suddenly, shoutinjv out tiie si«rnal cry, h. Seized one of the sentinels and disarnie1> siiiiai'V of tilt' inoi'f timid of tlir party to altaiidoii the i..ad and takf rcfiiu;*' in tlic mountains. '!'liis was (Miitnii'V to tl\o urnt'nt advlci' of a Kui'ojxan friend, will) liacl met tlu'in on tlic way, and assured tliem that if they kt>|>t on tlie road to Moiiclova, no detaarsuit larj^c enou^li to rerapturo them. Th«! step taken was fatal; tiny oiiti'ied a barren an«l watorK's.s mountain rooion. I fa'n- ■iard with huiiijfer, crazy witli tliirst, haviii!.;' killed xtiiie of their animals for food, aiwl abandoned the ivst, tlu\y wanderi'd on till tlie ISth, when the main hddy, scattered and exhausted, surrendered, without show of resistance, to a hodyi f cavalrymen. Cameron, witli about fifty of the stron^-er men, had preceded the rest, and been already recaptunil. J)urin'4 tlie tollowiui^ days, straLjgler.s were continually i)rouo;lit ill. till the number of prisoners ret iken ainountetl to ISJ." On March 2.')th, the forlon. captivt-s, heavily t'ttered, reC'iitered the hacienda ilel Sahido, the se«iie ot' their former desjjerate achievement. Here they weiv presi'ntly informed that orders had been reeeiveil t'loiii Santa Anna to dechnate theni. N() tinit- was lo>t. The same eveniui^ 1j9 white ))eans and I7l»laek ones" were }»laced in an earthern crock, and the pris- oneis matle to draw one consecutively, a bhuk bean si''uitVinij: death. (Ainieron was made to (haw first, hut escaped the fate it was lioped would fall ui>on him. Three fourths of the beans were drawn befon; the inn yielded uj) till' last fatal htt; then the irons were struck off the victims, and at sunset they were led forth to dii'. Seated upon a log near the eastern wall, they were hiiiidfolded, and tired upoiitill they ceased to breathe. '" ' Acuoriling to (linn, lt»,")-8. Tlu- Hiuiic aiitlior states that ."> iin'ii dicil iit til'' iiiiiuiitiiiiis; 5 were luft there, ami were siipjxised to liave jierisheil; aiiil 4 iii' .timI their cseajie to Texas. /(/., 444, 44ti. There is therefore a an KM) OF TIIK Ti:XA\ UKI'UHI-R'. Tlu' survivors were nmrvli ))ris<)iu'rs were put to work at roiid- iiiakiiij:;. Tii SrjitouilK'r, tlic ;is,.,| t)] lMr;..,..| tl, '\illi.l .it Ma '.'■'■'I HI [iris I. r,,j„.,l ,-,,, 'J'liHsrd JV„ 'Niiiiilji-r ,ii' to iiavf' Tot . "On t),is 'iiiif ili.irgc.d '''fliriM.iiiT.s 'I'll 111,1,1,. on '•;l"'i .III a.l.l ^■I'lui,,,- tliL. ,] 'ii'l entt-rci A '■r«n.'.s /.■,.;./„, """II ject of the roloascof tho Micr prlsoiurs, iiimh corn . 'tohflcncc was carried on hctwcoii thc \uH and those of the United States and (in at l^ritain throuijh their rej)res('ntatives. 'I'he (•\1M (htion under Fislier was conducted without the sanction of tho Texan j^ovtrnnun^', and in direct de- tiaiice of (ieneral 8«)nicrville's order lo march home. r.v the United States and Great Bcitain it was re- uaiili <1 as a marauding incursion and those ^towers 1. iiiMiistrated with Texas, when .i soUi/ht llieir inter- iM.sition in behalf of tho prisoners. 'I'he defi'nce of ;ie Texan government, however, wa.s based on nason- ;ilile grounds. Admitti'.g, said the executive, that tlii'V went without orders, and were therebv t'laced ti' yoiid the protection of tho rules of war, yet tho Mrxican ofHcers, by proposing terms of capitulation to the men, relieved them from tho responsibility whicli they liad incurred.*' "' 77c.///}«oH, Itiinl. ^ft.r., 77M). Particulars as to the fates of tho 67 11. |iir in-i.-iiiiur.s are stlppliud l>y (iroeii, ]i|). -HT-S. Niimlicr (if tlioHc who cscaiied .July '_', IMIJ 5 ill IwimmI liy SauUi-Il(iI)iu«<)ii, lii.i oiiniuiissioucr 1 l;iltascil tliruugli till! iutiirt'osMUiii of U. S. minister 3 IMi'.i-ii'il tliriiugli the intercession of ( Jen. Jackson 1 KiUnl .it Salaiio 2 I'li'l III iiri-^on in Mexico 8 K r,i|ii.(l from Mexico 3 IMia..it.il from I'erote IW Xuiiilicr ot iirisoners of whom there is no knowledge, hut who are i>re.siune5-8. The opposition pajiers of tho tiiiif iliargud tho president with endeavoring to jirejuchce Santa .Anna against till- priMiiii^rs hy ailniittiug that tho niovcmciit aoro.ss the Uio(;raude liad l, Oi-n. (Jrcen ptih- 1 -IkiI an address to the people of Texas in wliich he holds Houston respon- >;14e i(ir tliu decimation of the Mier p.-soiiers March "J."), ]S4;{, on the ^jnnind that lif l)t'i;g('d the mercy of the Mexic;.ii government for them, 'though tiiey hi.U-iitoriil Mexico contrary to law and authority.' Copy will he found in ' 'ricn'.s Itifibj, vt mip., 5I9-;iG et seq. (ireen, in his Ji .irnnl nft/ic T<:riin K.i-jx-- 'I'li'i.ii iiiiaiii.4 Mier, expressed himself very hitterly against Houston, and 'Tdiiglit forward charges against him which tho latter consiilered so seriou.s that lie ilciiounced them, Aug. 1, 18.54, as calumnies before the U. S. senate, III which lie was then member from Texas. Uoustoa dealt equally severely UisT. Mex. States, Vol. H. 24 . t-'r t I 370 END OF THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. Meantime the captives were kept in oonfineniPiit. and most of them made to do servile labor. From time to time a few escaped; eleven wore relciisid through the intercession of the United Statcr^ an. I British ministers, and no small nmnbcr of them di(s,nii.l his opponent. Coii;f. Oln'if, 18.">4, app. 1214-18; /(/., 1855, 742; «;wh.i /,'.;/ to Jfiiiixtoii, Feh. 1.1, 1855, p. 07. " Di-/rnxi>r fidi'ij. Xtic, 8ept. 2.1, Oct. 5, 1844; tlio names of tlie rf'i'aL'il prisoners being given. Three of tiieni were released from tin- S.int.if-ii prison in tlie cai)ital, and the remaining 10-t from Perotc. Rii^rn !'■'. J(dii]xt; iii. G.'^:{. From(Jreen's Journal I gather the foUowiug particiil.u^ relative to the Mier prisoners. Number Texans who fouglit at Mier 'Jiil Number of killed in battle 10 Number of men who died of Wi'iuds 6 Number of men who escaped from M'nr 2 is Number of prisoners 2\'i Killed at Salado, Feb. 1 1 , 1843 5 Te.vans shot at Salado, March 25, 1843 17 Captain Camero, shot Apr. 25, 1843 1 Texans who diei 24;i 5 17 . 1 5 . 5 . 4 . 8 . 35 . 7 . 4 . 9 . 3 . 9 111 . ~ I'JS lo: . — *ji pris(iiu'r-< itiii Miy 1 ,vlfa-o. :,l,l..t!'a: Ll iiriva- One more unsuccessful expedition has to be re- corded. In 184*2 information was received in Texas that a richly laden Mexican caravan would start on its return to Santa F^ from Missouri in the spring of IS 43. On application to the government, Colonel Jiutib Snively was authorized to organize a force for tlie purpose of intercepting it, as it crossed territory claimed by Texas, south of the Arkansas river, and tlirougli which the Santa Fe trail ran. At the end of May, Snively, with about 180 men, reached tlie Arkansas and encamped on the right bank, 25 miles brldW the point where the caravan route crossed the river. Here they learned, through their scouts, that a Mexican force of 500 or 600 mm was in the nciiih- borliood waiting to escort the caravan when it arrived. On June I7th the Texans received news of its ap- proach, and moreover, that it was guarded by 200 U S. dragoons under Captahi Philip St George Cooke. On the 20th they fell in with a large ad- vance party of the Mexican force ; an encounter en- sued, seventeen of the enemy were slain, and eighty taken prisoners, the Texans obtahiing a good supply of provisions and horses. After this feat, dissension divided the command into two partios, one of which, alxiut seventy in number, abandoned the enterprise and elected Captain Chandler as their leader to con- duct them home. Snively's cam}> was discovered by Cooke, June 30th, who thereupon sent for the Texan leader and informed him that he was on Unit(>d 8tatis territory, biiively protested ; Cookr rcfnsod to listen to any explanation, crossed the river with his dragoons, and compelled the Texans to give up their arms, Snively's party numbered only 107 m^:n, and Cooke had brought two pieces of artillery to bear upon tliem. The United States' officer allowed them to retain ten muskets for self-protection! They were (')00 miles away from home, with Mexicans on one side and hostile Indians on the other. Fortunately Chandler's party was still not far otf and had escaped ■■■|l ' ii • 1*1 372 END OF THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. (:;■ ii;i the observation of Cooke, who offered to escort to IiKU'pendcuce, Missouri, as many of Snively's nun as niiglit cliooso to go thither. About 50 ToxaiiK ac- cepted the hivitation; the rest united with Chandler's connnand. Some attempt was still matle to go aft( r tlie caravan, but the adventurers, fearing they would bo overpowered, abandoned the project, and tunud their ste|)s homeward. After two encounters \vith Indians, in which four of their number were kilLd, the Texans reached Bird's Port, on the Trinity, August 6th, and there disbanded. a One of the Bejar prisoners confined in the fortress of Perote was J. W. Robinson, lieutenant-goveiiKir of Texas in 1835. Probably with no other intention tlian that of gaining his liberty, he addressed, Janu- ary 9, 1843, a letter to Santa Anna, then in retire- ment at Manga de Clavo, stating that he believed, If a [)ers()nal interview were granted him, that lie could furnish Santa Aima with important information, and lay before him a plan for the reunion of Texas with Mexico, the details of which it would be impos- sible to explain by letter. He proceeded to state that the Texans were anxious for peace, but its estahlisli- ment could not be effected without first entering into an armistice; that if this were done great benetits would result to Mexico. The Texan people, he saiil, discont(>nted with the administration of Houston, would become disposed to a reunion, and he did not hesitate to assure his excellency that Texas would agree to reunion under the following nine conditions: that there should be an amnesty for the past; that «Yoakuin, ii. 3»9-40r); Thrall, 332-6. Both these authors consulttl various manuscripts, written by persons who accompanied the cxjHihtioii, aiiiiiiif? which nuiy ho meiitiouutl, s. A. Milhru Jimnuil, and tiie accoinit I'V ('(iliiiil JIwi/i. F. Yiiuwj, of San Antonio. Tlie U. S. afterward rccciu'iu/fl that the Texans were not on 1^. S. soil, and finally paid JjlS.SO for c.u li tiiv- arm tiikeu. Wlicn (ien. Houston was senator in the congress at \\ .i-limu'- ton he declared that the expedition was unauthorized, hut Yoakum (jimti's fn mi the letter of instructions from the sec. of war, and Youug — occi'idiiig to Thrall — states that he saw one Higued 8am Uoustoo. INTERPOSITION im^OKKD, .S73 Ti xas shoukl rccogrnizo tlio sovurei«j:ntv of ^Mexico: tluit Trxas sliould liave a separate governnifnt; sliould (1. t( 11(1 la-rsclt' against liostilc Indians, and assist Mexico in reducing them to obedienee; sliould send I'l juesentatives to the jSIexican congress; would pay lirr contingent of Mexico's national debt; contributi; Ik r ([Uota toward the exj)enses<)f the general gt»vein- iiKiit; in cases of litigation Texas should have the ri.;]it of aj)peal to the supreme court of ^Mexico; and tli;it Mexicans who had taken part in the Texan revo- lution should not lose their rights. Tliis j)recious connnunication was sc^nt by Santa AiiiKi to Jose Maria Tornel, the minister of war, r^'- (|iii>tiiig him to lay it before the substitute presiileiit, Xiiolils ]^ravo; if that functuary gave his appni\al, Santa Anna would grant liobinson an Interview. l)ia\n did ap})rove, and the government authorized till' ntired dictator to negotiate with liobinsitn as he iiiijlit think pro})er. The result was that the ]>ejar ]iiis(Hier was released, a})point'.'d commissioner by Santa Anna, and atched, without loss of time, wlrli instructions to })ropose, on the part of ^lexico, till reincorporation of Texas, on the basis ajuiended in tlic note below.*' Of course the jiroposition was not entertained for a imiiiunt; in fact it was scoffed at by the j»eople. Jiut ai! tlie world might laugh while ]\obinson had the satisfaction of havinijj ijained his libertv. Ill the meantime the Texan government had applied 1 1 I i "McxiLd, (lusirnus of toniiiiiiitinj; tlio war, nrt'iTi'd t' gnint an uiiv- sti'icti il aiiiiiL'sty ti) all wiioiii it might urin'iTii; the sifurity of ]i('isoii ami I'lnjiiity Would I»e giiaiaiitcoil; tliu iiili.iliitaiit-i nt Tu\as siioulii lay ilow ii t'nir aiMis. ami ai'kiiowli'clL'i' tlic so\ i riij;iity, law'^, nilfs, ami oicl. r.> nf Mixiio. without tho ^liglitt'.st iiioclilicatioii: tlii.s t'umlami'iital ha.-'is hoiiij^ ailiuittijil, Texas might aiiimint iior fumtioiiariL's ami autliontiis, military ainl [lolitical, in ii<(orilaiici.' with the i'oM>tinitioii; Mexican troojis shouhl ii..t I'cMiit into 'I'lxas whili' Toxa.s .•^lioiilil jnnvidr tor liur own M'ciirity on \\:v Irnnticis; with regard to the legislative jiower, laws eon>idered inopir Inr till' i.'.mm1 government of Texas, might he ]iro]iosod to the genei'al eon!,'fe-.s I'M' aii]ii'oval; and lastly 'lexas should eotiloiin in ail other miittei's to regu- lainiis that might he estahlislied for the other deiiartments of the rcimlihe. /. x.','.,.V/.V..Iuly ]■_', 15-iU, ill whiL'li tiiu whole ollieial eorre.~pondenee on thij llUtti.1- i- puhlialnjil. 374 END OF THE TEXAN KEPUBLIC. ■I ' / 1 : '! it a •■.■ .. i i . R :tMi 64 ■ 1L> 'i to tlic three powers, the United States, Great Biitaiii, and France, invoking their joint intcrjxjsition, to uut an end to the war." The British irovernment, however, while sitifnifvinif its readiness to mediate alone, declined to at^t joiiitlv with the United States, believini^ that the rcljit'oiis Ijetween the latter power and Mexico, were such as would not tend to advance the object aimed at hv the projiosed representation. But Great Britain, noiio the less, proffered her good st'rvices to Mexic sinuly."' That a more nairow than usual self-interest uuidid En>']and's policv with resjrard to Texas caiuiot lie denied. She would gladly have seen the young nati-of-\vai' *^7///a, to (xalveston, arriving there June 9th. Ibmston acce])ted the proposal, and on the 15th of tlie same month issued a proclamation, ordering a cessation of hostilities pending negotiations for peace between the two countries.*' ^'{'opy of Houston's address to the Great Powers, dated Oct 15, 1S4'2, is 8Ui)j)lii'd in Lixfcr/i Jfoiisf/iii nrnlhi'* R Iih giivennnent that he was autiiori/ed to intimate to the (J. S, gov't, it the matter were hrought up, that in ca.se any advance were made on it.-: part, Texas woulil renew the proposal for annexation. YcxikHiii, 407 ""Copy iu yUai' Itvi/., l.\iv., 307, COMMISSIONERS ArPOIXTED. 375 Not^otiations were contlucted slowlv. Texas was in 111) liasto ill the matter. The longer tlie interval of ju'iice, the better would it be for her hiterests in every jxiuit of view. Coininunications were interchanged tlii'oiigh the medium of the British representatives in tlif two countries, relative to various matters prelini- iiiary to the appointment of commissioners, such as th«' (juesti(^n of the reciprocal release of prisoners — the Mixican government complaining that all the pris- oners captured at San Jacinto had not been liberated — tlio recalling of the forces under Snively, and the killing of Mexicans lately on the south-western lioider. All these matters were successively settled l»v Houston, who stated that all San Jacinto prisoiuTs lijul been set at libertv in 1837, that Snively luul been ivialled, and that the Mexicans killed on tlie borders Wire banditti, who assumed either nationality as suited tlieir marauding purposes. ( )n September •JfJth, (Jeorge W. Hockley and Samuel M. Williams were appointed the commissioners on the part of Texas, to meet those of (General Woll, Avlio liad been authorized bv Santa Anna to treat with Texas concerning the terms of the armistice. The appointees of Woll were Senores Laiideras and .hiune(jui. The instructions given to Hockley and Wil- lianisindicatethedesireofthe Texan jjovernmeiit to u'ain time. They were to endeavor to establish a »;eneral armistice pending negotiations for a permanent peace, and tor such further period as they c<>uld agree upon, re(|uiring du'^ notice to be given by either party dis- posed to resume hostilities, through the minister of (beat Britain, near tlie eoiTL-sponding governinent, six months previous to any act of hostility. They Were also to agree that Texas should aj)pohit com- missioners, clothed with full })owers, to meet at the (•a|iital of Mexico, to negotiate for the adjustment of (litHeulties and the establishment of a permanent }»eaee. The United States and Great Britain were watch- ;i'' ■ . * I -I r:i *%■ 376 END OF THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. n Ing each other's action as bearing upon the future of tlie young republic, with jealous eyes; and now the trovernnient of the former nation showed its intent imi no longer to look quietly on. President Tyler's views with regard to annexation were no secret, nor was it a matter of doubt that the question would be broiiL^lit before the house when congress met in Decenibrr 1843, The Mexican goverinnent, accordingly, in Autjust of that year, declared that the passii«jfe of anv act by the congress at Washington to incorporate Texas with the United States would be considcivd equivalent to a declaration of war."* Tyler, in his niessaije to couijress December 5, 1843, rcijarded this threat on the part of Mexico as extraordi?iary, and after remarking that since the battle of San Jacinto the war had consisted for the most part t>f })reduttiiy incursions, stated that the United States had an im- mediate int<^ri>st in seeing that an end be put to the state of hostilities existing between Mexico and Texas; that such a svstem of warfare, by weakeninij b(»tli powers, rendered them subjects of interference on the part of more powerful nations ; that the United States could not be expected to permit such interferenee to their own disadvantao;e, and that the . AJOTEXATION AND SLAVERY. 377 HMor, made at a time when a cessation of liostilities liiul actually occurred, and without considcritijj; in any (li ._i{e what miuht bo the wishes of the people of T< \as or the decision of her <^oveniment lieved bv the entire mass dt'tlu' southern people, and a lar in- lial>itants of the northern states, that a plan was being foiiiied in Great Britain to abolish slavery in the soutli.'" Opposed as were the people of the north to slavery, they were not ijfoinj^ to tolerate the iiitcrfir- ciict' of a fori'ign power in the settlement of the nation's domestic conci-rns. Texas was, therefore, no Imi'^cr to be regarded unfavorably by them, as had liitlierto been the case, and a tolerably strong I'ai'ty, friendly to annexation, sjirung up among tli(>m. As fdi' Mexico, when she became aware of the steps uliich were being taken in the United States and Texas to procure the incorporation of the latter, her indignation knew no bounds. Meantime the peace commissioners met at Salinas*' M! fi '■" It was considered in the U. S. that the leading motive of Knghuid in tikiiii.' sncii an ac'ti\e intorost in the atliiirs of Toxa.s was her design to t'H'cct tin' aliiilition of slavery in tliat coiMitry. Voakuni takes tliis view, and goes sii !ar us to state tliat 'Mr Doyle, the Ih'itisii eharge ilattkires, had heen in- .stnutcd to iiro[)ose to Mexico a settlement of iierditliculties with'I'exas, liased r.piiii the abolition of slavery in the latter.' This is untrue; and Aslilud Smith, Tivan minister in Lonilon at the time, takes the trouMe to correct this ' grave I I'll 11' ' as he calls it, ' Mr J>oyle,' savs he, ' was not so instructeil; he was not iustiiuted at all on these matters.^ AVwt, Ti.r. /tip., i,H. '1 he fact of the in.ittcr is that it was the British and Foreign Anti-.>lavery Society in London, mil not the Knglish cahinet that causccl t!ie huiihuh, and jiroduced the t'xas- jiinition in tlie U. S. against Orcat Ih'itain. It was the meddlesome mem- lii'is of this society tliat hasti-md the annexation; and tiic same autlior exjiiesses Ids helief that the Ihitish government had no sym]iatiiy ■nn itli or rtsiiiit for them. Consult, on tliis suliject, I'/., 4'.>-.")8. Anson Jones says — .Ui'iii.. 1S.")(). ]>. ,VJ, in T/inill, 'Ml — 'the suhject of domestic slavery, aliout wliicli so much alarm existed in KS4-t"."), was never so nnich as mi'Utioned or aliii'lcd to hy the British minister to the government of Texas, eXeejit to ilisclaiiii, in the most em]ihatic terms, any intention on the jiart of Kiit;Iand fvor t.i interfere with it liei-e.' See also XVr.v' Rr,/., Ixiv. 404. On the diiilo- liiiitii' negotiations with Oreat Britain see Si/ii/h, iif -•»;)., r)'.)-(i4. 'Xot. as Yoakum has it, Sahlnas, ii. 4".M ; Thrall, p. 337, seems t<> have '■^i'lcd tliio error. Sec A'av/v, Iliit. Juiaim, iii. 024. 378 END OF THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. 1 it' 1 113 1 ' ■ ■'' 1 '^ (ii ;. :■■■,;■' on the west side of the Rio Grande. After soino difficulties tlie j)r()oeedinein*; made that hostilities should cease pending ne«jjotiat ions for peace, the duration of which was not to be extended beyond ^lay 1 st, unless peace was probable. Houston refused to ratify it, as it referred to Texas as a department of Mexico, and on June Ifith, Woll instructetl l)y Santa Anna, sent in a manifesto to Houston announciiiif that Mexico had resumed hostilities.*' But duiiiit,' the short remaining existence of the Texan rcjiuMic hor foe confined her hostile intentions to menaces and preparations for war. At the election held September 2, 1844, Anson Jones was chosen pres'idcnt, and Kenneth L. Andd- son, vice-president. No more important election liad yet been held in the republic, inasmuch as it repre- sented at that date the feelings of the pet)ple on the great (question of incorporation into the United States. Edward Burleson was Jones' competitor and an an- nexationist. The total number of votes cast was 12,752, of which Jones polled 7,037, and Burleseii 5,6G1, the remauiing 54 votes being scattering.'^ Jones was supposed to be an anti-annexatlonist. The ninth conijress havinij met and oroani/.ed. December 3d, President Houston delivered his fare- well message. He represented the foreign and do- ^'^ Assigning a.s the reason, tlie failure of the commissioners to pi-oiccd to Mexico, accoraing to the 4th art. of the armistice, to reguhite ilitl'i riiias. Copy in Xiks' Rcj., Ixvi. 3S'2. Relative to this armistice and English rela- tions with Texas the reader can consult, /(/., Ixiv. 307, 404; Ixv. .'U. 17f>, *2I'_'; Ixvi. %-8, 113, 280, 38'2; Ixvii. 113-14; Rivera, IliH. Juhpi, iii. l.iiO 1, (VJ3-7; BuMnimtnte, JImI. S. Aiimi, 112-16; De Bow's Eneyc, 1844, 'Jil id 205-9. ^^ The number of counties was 36, which sent up 61 delegates to tl.o cdii- vention of 1845, 35 of whom were anti-annexatiouists, and 20 annexatiniiists. hi Xilen' Rnj., Ixviii. 249, will be found a tabular form, giving tlu' naims of the counties, the number of votes cast in each, and the niiiiiln'r "i delegates sent by each. Only five counties, namely, Harris, Harrison. Nacogdoches, Red River, and Washington sent tliree delegates; Mont- gomery sent four; eighteen counties sent ouo delegate, and thirteen sent two. ANSON JONES, PRESIDENT. 870 mcstic relations of the republic to bo in a prosperous (oiidition. Treaties of amity, navigation, and com- merce had been exchan<(ed with several of tlie German states. The most important part of tlie message refers to the subjects of the proceeding pages of tliis chapter. "The governments of Great Britain and France," he says, "still maintain towards us those sentiments of friendsliip and good feeling which liavc ever marked their intercourse with us, and which it should continue to be our studious care, by every proper manifestation on our part, to strengthen and reciprocate. There is no ground to suspect that tlie late agitation of international questions between this republic, and that of the United States, has in any degree abated their desire for our continued pros- perity and independence, or caused them to relax their L;ood offices to bring about the speedy and iKMiorable adjustment of our difficulties with Mexico. That they should evince anxi(>ty for our separate existence, and permanent independence as a nation is not only natural, but entirely commendable." And he adds, that the}' were too well acquainted with the history of the Texan republic's origin, to suppose that she would surrender one jot of liberty and right of self- ^ ivirmuent. "They will not ask it, they do not ex- pi'ct it, we would not yield it." " Such were the ^vords of the president some ten months before the |)o[)ular vote proclaimed almost unanimously in faxor of amiexation. But Houston had some reast)n for expressing himself thus. On June 8th the United States senate, after continuing in secret session till '.' o'clock p. M., discussing the treaty of annexation, vliich had been brought before it by a joint resolution of tlie house, rejected its ratification by a vote of 35 to IG." Politically, Texas was not in an enviable l»osition at this time. She was, unwittingly, the shuttlecock of stronger powers. Influenced by agi- [".V/Vrv'/i'c//., Ixvii '2r2. ^Coii'j. Globe, 28 cong., 1 sess., xiiL;pt 1, p. 692. m f I fi! 880 END OF THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. tators from the United StatcH, wlilcli used Engliind as their bugbear, her people ru[)i(lly cbunged tli( ir fcchiigs against annexation, liather than occupy tlio p(jsitioii of a minor natictn, she consented to tlirow d»)\vn tlie 8ce[)tre of individual sovereignty under tlir shield of her powei-ful sister, while saving her own «li<'nitv hv waitinLj to Ik; invited to do so. On retiring from ofHce, Houston was surrounded l»y stanch friends and bitter enemies, who were not cIio'k c in the language they made use of in denouncing ea( li other's policy. But it is not my purpose to record the ^liiny unseemly recriminations, the nunicroiis personal insults, which at this time and later,*" wenj bandied to and fro between the parties," or to con- stitute myself a judge. But an unbiased obseivi r cannot ignore facts. Houston, by the close of liis second administration, had again, by a ])acific p<»li' y, brought the Indians to terms of pf^ace;"*" by his su-- gestious the expenses of the government were so iv- '"Consult, Green's Jonnml, Mter ESrped., passim. Houston's Speech, Aug. 1, 1854, in Vowj. Glofie, 1854, append. 1214-18. Id., 1855, 742. OreetiK Ifcjil/fo HoHxtou, Feb. 15, 1855, p. 07. •'•On the question of annexation, Branch T. Archer — formerly a iiiemlur of Jjaiiiar's cabinet — came out with a letter in wliich he con-sidered tliat lio proved tliat Houston and Jonen 'pledged themselves to the Brittsh govern- meat that they were opposed to annexation.' ///., Ixviii. .'J74. How iitii'ily at variance with this assertion are Anson Jones' remarks ! In his Miinor- auda for 1850, under date of Feb. 1st, we read: 'The annexation of Toxas is an event, the resulting con.sc(]tiences of which are too vast to lie yi't iva- li/cd or calculated. Of this measure I Wfvs the arcliitect. I saved it siili-u- qucntly from the destructive violence of some potent enemies, as well as df its best fricmls in the United States and Texas, wlio, like the boys in tha e of tlie butterlly, would have cinished it in tlieir imprudent and imiiatuiit gi'iis]). The exciting and balancing of the constantly acting and re-actiiw rival influences of England, France, Mexico, and the United States, and Conveying tliem all to the one point, with the view, and for the puriicv-io of efl'octing my object, was a labor, in which for live years I did not give slii ]> to my eves or slumber to my eyelids, and in wliich I was finally succcs.siiil.' It'p. Titious of fame. During the struixijle till' independence, the most cnterpnsing and the boldest iiicii flocked into Texas from the United States — mm ]'innnunity proves his ahility and worth. In his inau«ijural adrlre.ss Presid(!nt Jones .stated that his ohject would he the maintenance (»f pnlilir credit; the reduction <)f the exiK'nsesof j^overmiK nt ; the aholishment of |)a|)er issues; the revision of tin- tariff buv; the establishment of a systeni of jMihlic schools; the attaniment of speedy peace wit] i Mexico. and friendlv and just relations with the Indians dn the frontier; the introduction of the penitentiarv sys- tem; and the encouraijjement of internalimin'oveMiriit. Not a word was said on the subject of annexation. Joiu!s' administration wasdestined to be short. On February 28, 184.'), a joint resolution of the two houses in favor of the incorporation of Texas int() tlic union was passed in the United States' congress. On March 1st President Polk signed the document, and to Texas was left the decision of accepting or not the invitation. President Jones on Mav 5th issued a proclamation for the election of delegates to a gen- eral convc^ntion to consider the proposition passed iy the United States' congress. On July 4th the ((in- vention met at Austin, and appointed a committee tn which the question was referred to be reported upon. The committee drew up an ordinance in the form of a joint resolution in favor of annexation, recommend inn;' its adoption by both houses of congress. Only one member voted against the ordinance,*' which was *' Richard Rache, a gramlson of Benjamin Franklin, representative f• By the terms of it all puhlic edifices, fortifications, barracks, ports, iiiiil harliora. navy and navy-yards, docks, magannes, arms, and armaneiit nvito to be ceded to the U. S,, while Texas was to retaiu posseusiou of ull livr public lauda. CONSTITUTION AND ADMISSION. 383 siilnnittcd, tot^ctlufr wltli a now ('(HiHtitution,** fraiiH'd tiiitl adopti'fl by the ('<»iiv»'iitl<»ii, to tin- tlicision of tlu; ii(n|tl('. On ()('tolH>r I.'Hli l)(>tli tlu' onlinanc'i' and tlic I iiiistitutloii were ratified 1)V an almost unaninioiis vote. Pivsidcnt Polk. DcccinlKr '2\K IHAl), approved tlic joint resolution of tlu! United States et.iiLjress tliat Texas should b«> admitted into tlie union." and oil February 1!), 1840, l^resldent Jones surrendered tlie executive authority to the newly elected <:;overnor, ,1. Pincknev Henderson." The lone star of Tixas sjuik hi low the horizon to rise a^ain amidst a constel- lation of unapproachable splendor. '" Ai'coriliiig to this stato conHtitution, tlio legiMlatiiro was to meet Im( niiially; KciiiitorH wore to l»u fliosfii fur four yi'ai'M. oiu'-iialf lii"iiiiiiill_v; iiiiiiHti IS of tlif j;os|)cl Wert! not <'li'>tu of imtli liiiiiM- ill its favor; after I.S.V) a (•<'iis\in of the free white iminilatioli wa.-i to he t.ikeii every eight years for the aiijiortioiiineiit of reiireseiitatioii. Tho jinliciiiiy was to consist of one «iii>i'eiiie eourt, liistriet courts, ami inferior limits; the j\iclges of the suiirerne anil ilistrict courts were aiiiiointeil liy tho jjiiviriior, with consent of two thinls of the senates aiul hold office for siv ji:ir-; tile snjirenK! court liail apjiellate jurisiliction only, ami in criiiiiiial ia U. S. II. Mltc, vol. 1<>, doc. 45, pt 4, 122-4. '' For fuller particulars on tlio suhject of the Texan annexation see lfi.irf^o/t/ir liijwJMc (J '!'• xn.i. Loudon, 1841, 8vo, 2 vols., pp. lii, .'{78, and vi. TvlS; 2 maps. '1 he aiillior of this valuahle work served in 18.'$8, under Lord Durham, (oivernor- • ■cMiral of Canada, as assistant conimissioner for eiii{uiring into the muiiici- jKil institutions of Lower Canada. Lord Ihirhani's a))ntpt resignation li.tviiig hii'Uglit tho commission to a perniature close, Kennedy took the oppmtunity "f visiting a largo portion of the U. S., and extended his journey to 'lexai. I'uriuij' hia residence there circumstances were so favorablj to his acipiiring w I rSi 4 . i \ i, 1 ■ 1 * u t 3S4 END OF THE TEXAN REPUBLIC. II !lni: infurniatinn on the political condition of the country, as to induce him to undurtako tlio ta.-ik of pulili^liing tlie result of Iiis enijuiries and oliscrvatiuus, lli« Work coiit;iin.s a coniprelieusivc history of all important events in Tt'xas, from l(ilH) to ]H4U, and supplies a vast amount ot information on every subject inchided in the ' I'ise, progress, and prosjiects' of a new cotintrv. Kennedy was a keen observer; and better still, his fdtservations were ron- ducteil without prejudice, and are correct; his reflections were (lii]ily thotightful, and, tliough evidently regarding with favor tlie Anglo-Anu-iicnu colonist-i, and vindicating them in their action witli regard to Mexicn. iiis Conclusions are just. His style is particularly graceful, felicitous, ami at- tractive, rising fre(juently to eloquence; and the different toj)ics ami sulijiits of his work are well and carefully combined. Two good maps acconipaiiv it, one of which, facing p. 3.'{(), vol. 1., indicates tlie grants of land coiiitiiill under the empresario system of Mexico. Another edition was publislu'il iu X. Y. in 1844. 7/. YiKi/.inii — Hixtnni nf Tc.nin from !/-•< Jirst Kittkuind in J'lS't, (o i/.t Aiiii'.i""- lio)i tJ^ the Uiiilnl Sillies ill IS/fd. New York, ISSti, 8vo, 2 vols., jip. 4>Si'. .")7(|. lUust. and maps. This is a work which may l)e considered as one of tlio lK!st, if not tlie best, liistoiy of Texas. No other ])ro(luction of the kiinl iii English supplies a more complete account of Texan events, the author hav- ing had the advantage of preceding works of importancte, such as tlinsi' of Kennedy, Foote, and other writers. His account of tiie early missinTiar y labors and the founding, system, and decline of the missions is good, tlidHL'ii brief; as also the information which he gives about tlie Indian trilics anl their wars against tlie whites. Yoakum certainly made many inistala >, and has lieen fre([uently corrected by subseipient writers ; lie was an in- timate friend of (Jeneral Houston, and displays his admiration of him in Ins Work; but this d(H!s not warrant Richardson, in saying that Yo.ikiiiu's jiartiality was carried to an extreme of adulation, and habitually igridii il the sanctity of truth. The .same -writer considered that there was im duult that Yoakum received his data and voluminous documents from lloiistnii, in spite of tlie hitter's assertion tliat the work was one with which tiic icim- uiander-iu-chicf had no coiniection. This may be true to some extent, Imt wlicn he goes on to say, 'we entertain no doubt that there are, in that ImmiI;, letters, de,-i>iatches, and documents, which were concocted for tlu; liook, and long posterior to the events they refer to,' — Tex. Aim., IStiO, Hli--siKli a remark is not only reckless, as Richardson does not jiroduce a shadow nf proof, but bears the mark of enmity and nuilice. Yoakum sup]ilies a laiL't' niimlperof documents iu his appeiulices, anuing which mention must be niaili; of the copy of an old record in the archives of Bejar, bearing the date uf 1744, and which contains much information on the early history of Tc\a ; and of a memoir written by Col. Ellis J'. Bean, about the year IMti. in whicli an account of Nolan's inroad is given, and of Beiin's sid>s(M|mnt rcimaiitic career in Mexico, first as a prisoner, anil afterward as a solihur ligiiting in the cause of the independence. llitirji S'lrirt Foote — Tiwnx a,itl tin' Tf.rnns. or Adiyinrc of the Aiiiilo-Aiinri- nnit to Ihf S'liilh-WiKt, etc., lie Philadelphia, 1841, j'Jino, 2 vols., jip. viii. ;U4, and v. 4{KJ. This author opens his work with iv review of tiie Irmiing events in .Mexico, from the couiiuest by ('ortes to the terminatinn of tiio war of inilependencc. He then enters upon Texan matters, and discrilns the numerous expeditions into Texas from the U. 8. Of the I''redon;an wm- he gives a very full ai"'(Uiit, preceded by a sketch of the progress of Austin s colony. The secor.d volume is devotecl io the Texan war of indepr'idiinx', and the causes w'uch led to its outbreak. In a postscript some iiifurina- tion is given concerning the claims of the U. S. to iexas, at diU'cirnt jn'muls after the ]iurcliase of Louisiana, and the eU'nrts to confirm a title to tlie ter- ritory. Foote had at his disposal much valuabls material, and siipi'ln.s copies of a number of important documents. He had been inviteil wliilf in Texas, he informs us in his preface, 'to undertake a History of the War "t Texan ludepeudence, by more than twenty of the most conspicuous actoi > lu BIliLIOORArHV. 385 «^J^; fs th.it Mar.' This niay cxjilaiu liis stroiij,' oiic-si(ltri''fiii, iiin/ /)'.irrip/iri , hi n Si riis o/ Ijitti i:< irrillin ihirimj it Vlsil t. Attache the compiler's retpiest that Dewees woidd write licr 'coiici.niiug the prosperity of ymu" country, from the ilate of your last litter (.lamiary, ]S.">0) up to the present time; ' that is, .Ian. lo, IS.")'.'. Nriw without discussing the many extraordinary histfirical mi.stakcs scattered tiinm 'i the volume, attention is called to that in the third letter dated .June 10, IVJI. The writer says, on pp. '20-'J'J, ' Xii.cogdoelies is au ohl Spanish tnvn, situated on the San Antonio and Louisiana road, about sixty miles wi'st of till' Sabine river, in the state of Coahuila and Texas;' and again: '[•uriiig my .stay in Nacogdoches, I learned that Mr Moses Austin, of Missiiiiri, had received permission from the Mexican governmeiit to estab- lish a colony in the state of Coahuila and 'I'exas.' Here is a glaring anach- ri'iii:.Mi th it could nut have been perpetrated by I )ewees; the state of Coa- iii'ila and Texas was not formed till May 7, 11S'J4 — see index this volume. I hat at least some fif these h'tters are sjiurioiis there is incontrovertible ■M'liuce. ]n the ]'.»th letter, dated Columbus, Texas, May l.">, bSlid. the "iiti r lias not scrupled to copy almost verliatim from J//s /AiZ/i //'.< 'JWn.i, ]i|.. :i."i4 ,"). 1 (juote a few passages. I)ewces writes ' Colonel Travis, on whose head a price wa.s set, when wounded and dying was att.nked by a Mivic an odicer who seemed intent on sfri/.iiii/ tin Imdy ql' tin- iliiul: ' .Mrs llolh y lias, 'who. 111 ii .itation of the western savage seemed desirous of .■itrikhii/ t/n: '<"/// 0/' till iliiiiil, the other portion of the passage being identical. Dewees Hist. Mkx. staiks, Vol. ]1. 2."i. Ittili; \\t if i!"' w i fi ' h(; 9 1 '« ''' ^ 1 ■' "■''' '|^|.[;' ■ ^ - * !''i it f <*:< 386 END OK THK TEXAN llEl'UBLIC. liaa, ' Tnavia met and pluiigcil liis sword in tiio hroast of the s^najry Mexican, and they fell, the victor with tiie vietiin, to rise no more.' Mrs Ifolley writes, 'Travis inet and plunged his sword in the hicast of the advancing enemy, and fell, the victor with the victim, to rise .no inure.' Again the following pas.sago is almost word for word, the same as the coitcs- ponding one in Mrs HolTcy's work. ' Imirniliately aft<'r the fall of the Xlamo, Gen. Santa Anna sent Mrs T)ie''enson md Col Travis' servmit tnf iiiiif Aiimxillhm. IudwUn48. The author of this wnik wcntiu Texas in \KV.\, and fought against the Mexicans as a soldier in th(! niiik;-. After the indei>endence of Texas, he was successively representative, st'iiii tor, secretary of state, minister, and president. Mis hook conse(|iuntly imi tains a vast amount of information; as he gives in it not only his ])rivati memoirs, hut all his olilcial eorrespondeiu'e, especially during iS4I to KS4-). It is divided in 'Private Menu)irs,' ' .Memoran gloom, and in a tit of desponilency took his own life on the ahove niiiitiniii i date. An elahorate volume hy Homer S. 'J'hrall, — .1 /'irfdrial Jlklnrii ij'Tu'i-. front tlif Kiir'ii., IS7'K ili'., scanty and very delicate ahout expressing any views of political niattiTs. The wiu'ks comjirises all matters connecteil with the history of the state Lists of tile executives and the personnel of the ditl'ereiit departnieiits will he found in tin; i>otes, and hrief (lescri])tions, in al])hahetical orcler. of thi' counties are snpjilied. as also accounts of charilalile and educationai insti- tutions and churches. Inforinalion is giviin on agricultiual industries, rail ways and commerce, pojiulation and tlu^ growing wealth of the ^tate, I'erhaps the most valuahle and interesting portion of the hook is that devoted to hiographical notices ofjirominent Texans, of whom he fiiniishe', tlieir nanu^s arrangi'd alphaiieticMlly. 'i'he work is so cdiu- prehensive in details, iind methodical in construction, that it may he rrgurJeii as a miuiatuic cyclopedia rather than a history of Texan. FULFiKR UEFKRENCK. :w7 Till! following is a list of tin; principal authoritii's consulttMl in tiio priiccd- iii4 rluiptcrs: U. S. govurnmcnt (loc'uniont.-i, notahly ro«;/. Jhhitrs; hi. ilinlif: fiat. Doc; Sen. Misrcl. Dor.; Sen. Ji(p.; Jl. Ki\ />ixvv; //. Mi.tnl. Ifor.i ; II. Cum. III']!.; II. Jour.; ('lidHir.i and Coiis/i/ii/lnn-f ; Sen. Jour.; to tiie rospi'clivc indicos of which tin; roailcr is rcfiirroil for 'I'oxax afluirs; /{iilr.s una ■irlirlti /or (I'oct Aniiic.i, ilolistoll, l.S:!'.t, ■_'() pp. ; T(.r(i.i I'i]irillii/, passim; Tr.riis ,St'itr li'ir... iv. ap]). ; l,iiw.'. of Tcni.^, for tho yuars lS.'{S-4r); Tirn.s. .Mi.kshij" (//■/'/•('.«., Jlniiston, 1S;{8, Hlipj).; Lai/iiii/ Vonicr-.itoin' JS'nr Slnlr CniiHol, Aus- tin, ISJS"), 4;{pp. ; Tr.r. Aliiiiiitiuv, for the years lSr)S (il, 1S()7 0, sec iiidicc-i; t'llUdii, Mini. nut. Iluir. Trx., vols i. and ii.; h'('iiii<'/i/\t 'J'r.r., vols i. and ii.; />'//.'/•'•< '/■'./•., passim; Con/oni'.t Tr.r., ;? (i, ]()•_'");!; Jof.s .Mr.r. W«'(/-, May I'.'th, Houston, 1S:W, D pp.; /S-2(>S; liiirnrtt',t A'/i/rr.i.t to thr Sni., Houston. |s;!S, S pp.; Lr.iti !■'.'< Jlou.'iton (nid /li.s Ji'rpiih., 45 201 ; DhIiIhh lUid IaK'ino, /,<«/. .I/'.,., iii. 141-SS; iv. 154, lOS; v. 17; llohirl.-!,' lh:-o,iiriirrh, J/Ut. dn Mr.r., 177- S, IS7 '.••>; /'/., Join: MUiionnirr. 10, •J5. 32.') 442; l''olrowr-t Dixror. M;.«., .'U 52; ///.■ /,{/'' , 15-23; (/rrin's ./"iir/i'd, ]passini; Id., I'(plii ro l/niiy/on, 2!) (i(»; Id., SjHrrli in I', S. ,Srii., 3 (17: Hiitloii'.t Cir. Aiiirr., ii. 2(il 5, 27S 311; l/onft)ii'.'< St Loui.< l.tli , Jiond., I.S47, •.'111 pp.; Jiidciiis Mr.r. Il'«(/-, passim: Id., IJfr of Polk, 120 3,3, 2:{t) 45; I'rirn'.^ I! •irih ak'trh. M.S., <»3 S; Id., Join:, MS., KM) !»; ynrio-i //»;<;•< .v,w, 2, no. vi. I '.Iti: (I'fdiliii'j.-i S}>', 23 4, 45; ii. 7 14, I5S 70, 183 5; iv. 17; /'/., Mmi. IIkI. .Mr.r.. .MS.. II. 4ii .">0. (>l 2, 71 (), 00 .3, l(i(i 7: Id., IIUl. S8 70, 70 7; Allows, Dis- rnr.-iii dil K.r.prrsidrntr, Mex., 18,30, 22 ]>!).; A'rp. Mi.r. Jiordir Coninii^-:, 245 itsc(|.; Tornil, Trjo.t h'x/ml. Unid., 1 08; Xii ,<' S. .\inri: owl Mr.r., [. 'IM (iO, :l.')(i (i'.l, ,372; Ji'iiniMi/'.f Oflnr Sidr, 21 4; Cnnir'.-i U'ils/i. Co. T.r., 25 0. .33; '/'<.. hir/iiinin dr Coiiii< / '/i/'/if.-', 24 pj). ; Tr.rox, lli^titrii if, or Kmii]. Irr iiiiil Miirii/.i •r Virir, 701 2; Thoiiip.inn'i Itirnt. T'.r. ;,i is'fi, 23-8, 01 7, '/'• fis I'ltni. from Sir. of tin 10,1 ,S'. .1 /«,;•.. 2(18 70, 810 (il; II.. I, /.' /. /■///./., 17, 2i-'2; Yiir. Mnnifsl (,V-. .l/./i'M- Ciloni/ Cii.ii: McCidii\-i Coinpn Inns', fi Uiml.. 2.30 40; Lninitr ton. IS38, 11 ])]!.: Pin ro. .1/''., passim; Olihstid'.i Jtwrni n, 472 4- Snnnn r'.-< Ornlioii.'i, ii. 107 Id; Pnliin- i /> .U' c, 250-01: liiplrifi War .t/c.c, i, DS; T<..i:xn Ikvolxtiijii; MorCnjorii m f 4. i< I: 1 w V\ 1 B \ . m. ■« .1 ft St* * p ■m I ji lullt m ll ■I? 388 END OF THE TEX a:; UKrUllLIO. rroi/rrMof Amrj:, ii. 103(), l'2.">fl; Bwiunro, Kunnjo Ym:, i. 4'2-i); Bnrn.rn, Jtiinmen, 3Gi.).. ; IhUchUonK JtniiiiiU., I'.tS 'iO!-; 11''//-/// j'ovm, 04 jip. ; y,\;',/(, Cnrnirio JKsfifinirmi, I-:!'); 7/»///^ Afldirss to Prnplr „/ T< .r. . '1\ VA; lt,-ro,()l,r.u, MS., 1. :^i:}-17; ii. 1-4; !/<'./■., 6''/<. <'oiiiuiti<\, ,Mc.\.. IMl). --' I'l)-; l)''im;■ iit For W<.' its na- tionality, of a sovereign pcoine laving down their .scc[)tro of autonomy. But her gain was not small. Xo longer had she to sui)poi't an army and navy, or near tlie expt'nses of a di[)lomatie corps and ])ostal servieo. With regard to her internal condition It had un\'itly improved. Agricultural productions had in- creased, and hy 1845 the exports nearly ('(juallcd the imports.' Having arrived at a distinctive period of ' For till' yciir liiidiug .hily 'M, ISU, the iiiiixirts aiTioiiutcil to StiSO.oO.'J, and tlio uxjiorts to !:<0l."), 1 lO, sliciwiiig a lialaiicc of tradu a;iaiiist the rc- |iulilio of .S71,;{S4. In ISIW tlio corruspoiuling lialaiioo ^^•as Si, '-!;}-, S70, or iiiiiri; than 17 tiiiius as iiiucli. (ioiigi', in liis t'lwil //i^/., \-X, supplios tlioso ligiin s, and j)(iint.-< nut tlio otTect of cxcx'ssivo issues of iiapcr lurroiicy in »!ii- ^'iiiirai.'inj,' imports and discnuragiiij^ exiiorfs. 'J"liimi:;li tlicrti is some truth in liis niriark, lie fails to take notieu of the faet that tlie ])rf)duL'tion of raw in;itcn:il in Texas waa rapiiUy incruasiug, and would naturally afl'ect the Ijcilaiico of trade. ■1' ■ ?.- air P5>'-*: I » ■^1 ' f: i i i'lr.'' V :J 1? 300 TEXAS AS A STATK Texan li'story, it will not be out of place to take a rctroHpective glance at the social condition of tlioso extraordinary men who wrested from a powerful nation this fair portion of her territory. It is impossible to arrive at any certain estimate as to till' number of the Anglo-Texan population bcfdii! the year 1847, when the first census was taken, sliow- hig the number of that race to bo 100,508." A cil- culation based upon tlic number of votes cast in Sep- tember, 1844, at the presidential election, gives tlio fiiiurt'S 51,008 \ but when it is considered how widely the population was dispersed, and the consequiut ])robability that no small number of the country voters would be unable to appear at the polls, these figures may be regarded as too low. The INIexlcan element at this thne nui. bered about 4,000 souls. Tlu'se, with the exception of the Mexicans resident at Bejar, Goliad, and Nacogdoches, wore scattiTcd among the settlements. Some few European imnii- grants, for the most })art English, Irish, and Germans, were also to be found. ^ San Patricio, which was t's- sentially an Irish colony, contained quite a nund)or of that race. English settlers, also, shortly before the aimexation, were constantly arriving, some of wliuin engaged in raising sheep, bringing with them tloeks of the best bred wool-producers in Great Britain. When it is borne in mind fromhow many states oft he northern union the early settlers of Texas proceeded, that descendants of the pilgrim fathers, an a(Terniaii colony wai founded l>y Prince de Solms, on tlie '^'lail- ■,\\\\\M-. river. At first these settlers suffered much from sickness, hut ''loir county capital, New Braunfels is uow a thriving iilace. fAuii'n Hmn., 'M"^ ELE.MKNTS OF SOCIETY. 891 roiiiinunity at this time. But on their arrival, ])nvious rivalries and jealousies, arising from dif- k'lviit orii^ins and local interests, to a great extent irisii})peared. They had met in a new land under a foiiiinon name, and were ready to aid each other ami live in friendsliip, liut as yet no national character distinguished the people of Texas. Neither ill maimers, customs, nor dress, did they display unl- toi'iiiity ; and each new-comer, finding no general iiiodrl, retained tlie hahits he had brought with him. Ill tlieir intercourse with each other and with strang- ers, tliev e.\hibited a freedom, and a want of the tinsel of politeness — so often the cloak of insincerity — which iiii;j,lit not always have pleased the transient traveller; hilt if he possessed ordinary connnon sense, he soon discovered the virtues of frankness, truthfulness, and hos])itality hi the Texan settler. With regard to the criminal element, the murderei's and fugitives from justice of which the people were said to be largely composed, I fall to find these liasty assertions verified. Either the Texans were intention- idly maligned, or else they were intrcnluced to the wmld by writers who had no personal knowledge of tlicm. That numbers of malefactors found their way into Texas caimot be denied; but they were in so Miiiall a minority that they possessed no influence; and it may justly be said that in respect to this social detriment, Texas suft'ered no more than the settle- ments in all the frontier states of the union.' Over tlie class of people which is the subject of these re- marks a vigilant watch was kept by the connnunity, and an innnigrant guilty of crime, who had made •''Uiil)iiisseil travellers recognizeil this. Cousult Parkvr'n Trip to the. Wisi '"/'/ '/'.'■., l(i9-70; IWa.'i, A VUil to, U/'m/ //le Jonnnil of n!il>; 'JI50. 'I'licse works, jmhlisheil re- spuitively in \S'M}. hS.'U, ami IS-W, contain much cxcelleut information, ami ari' evidently reliaMo. Jake .lohnson, a native Texan, and son of an (dd imiiu-cr who in early «lays was a stock-raiser and f irmer in ( ronzalez county, Mritiii^ in lS8(i, says, 'Tlie reason 'i'exas lias such a had name is that will M tlu! lawless of other portions of tiic cn -uig gambling in public only. m llENl>Klt.sOX, FIHiST (iOVKltXOH sua I tuti'd tlio principal viands in tlie outlv'ng districts. Tin' ctTu was frequently left standing' in the field, and (j-ntlicrcd <»nly as it became wanted.' The chief ex- [iiiits were cotton, sugar, live-stock, and peltries. 1 IP led, the agricultural productions as yet were very fi w. and confined to those of the first necessity. A large portion of the settlers at this time was (•(.iiiposed of Illiterate men, drawn from the class of industrious husbandii:en whose tastes and avocations juvrhided the acquirement of an education. But, ik\ I ith.eless, amonu" the earlv imm'iring two (ir three ears of corn, I want to make some bread for the gentlemen's supper. ' " i'l.-'iir., i.w-i. •~ T,.r,i.<, A Hi-^t. «j\ 230-1. '•' iU'Uclerson was horn in Lincoln county, N. f'., March 31, ISOft. T.ir >(VLi"d years he studied at the university of Chapel Hill, and having ado[)ted tile iir.'ifessiou of law was admitted to practise in N. (.'. at the early age of niiiftecii. His intense application vhile preiiaring for his profession injured lii-; inustitution. He wont to Texas in IMUi, and in 1837 was appointed iiiiiii>ter from the repnhlic of Texas to England and France, where he suc- ceeded in olitaining a recognition of the indepindcnceof Texas. He marrieil Fniiiiis Cox, iu London, in October, 1S:1'.), On his return to Texas in ISIO 111 jTuitised his profession till 1S44, wlien ho was appointed niini-ter ]ilcni- iMit. Mtiary to act in concert with Colonel Van >^;uidt, the charge d' atlairs of Tix.is to the United States, to negotiate a treai," of annexation. The treaty wa'i, howev(>r. rejected hy the U. S. senate. In the war witli .Mexico, Hcii- (lorson signalized himself, especially at the capture of Monterey, ami was ointees were to hold office for six years. When the joint resolutions of the United States congress, in favor of annexation, were officially j)ul)- lislied, Marcli 7, 1845, General Almonte, the Mexi- can minister at Washington, denounced the proce((liii.r hi a vehement protest, and demanded his passports. As there could now be no doubt of war with Mexico — a result which the United States was really playing; for — General Taylor, who, pending negotiations, liad been stationed on the Sabinti with a strong force ef United States troops, was ordered to establish his headquarters at Corpus Christi, at the mouth of the Nueces. This significant movement was eftected at the end of June. The Mexicans were, however, making vigorous preparations for war, and were mass- ing troops at Matamoros, evidently the fir.st point to ))e attacked if the enemy invaded Mexican territory. As the events of the IMexicnn war are fully nar- rated in another volume," I shall not, of course, enter into particulars here; yet it would be an injustice to the Texan volunteers, who bore a noble part in that struggle, that in the history of their country, no mention of their achievements should be made. As soon as hostilities seemed inevitable, the Texan legislature passed a bill authorizing Governor ihii- dcrson to take command of the Texans who might he mustered into the service of the United States. < ^n "•It was approved hy the people on the second Monday in Oct. 184t'>. ^ HM. Mex,, V. 340-548, thi.i series. TlIK MKXKWN WAK. n!>« M.i\ 2. IStr», ji requisition for two nj^fimonts of in- faiiiiv and two <»[' cjivaliy was niadf on Texas. On Mav'stli and Utli, the l)attles of Palo Alto and Jle- siici d(! la Palnia were fou;j;lit, hut it does not aitpear (IiMl many Texans took part in them,'' and it is prol»- ,ililc that Henderson did not join Tavlt>r with his cuiiiiiiand until the annv had reached Caniai^o. The limilttl means of transportation, and une«'rtainty witli regard to Hup})lic's, induced Taylor, whih^Mi his march City of Monteuky. against Monterey, to leave a large number of volun- tt'cis on Liiarrison duty in towns on the llio (Jrande. Thus, tlie 1st and 2d rejjjinients only of the Texan division accompanied the army on that memorable campaign. In the attack U[)on Monterey, the 1st ivgiment mounted volunteers uiuler Colonel John C Hays, tlu^ celebrated ranger, was detaclu>d and sent A'itli (Jeneral Worth to make a denu>nstration on the' wtst(!rn side of the town, while Taylor assaulted on the cast. ' Cipt. Sannicl H. Walker, of the Texan llaiiKerH, however, jH'rformed vniiiiLiit s(,Tvice as a acout. He was afterward killed at Hnamantla, while 8ur\iiig iu Gen. Lane's command. \ J '* m I '.jl • :?i ) :•: i 31M> TKXAS AS A SI A'IK. TIm* citv, whlcli WHS stronjilv t'oititif*! and '•aiiis- 0!U'<1, was assuiliMl 1)V Tavli)i' ScptrinlMT "J 1st. Tlir attack last<'(l tliice t* wliicli lli ml. i- son led ill ju'i'son the 'id ri'L^iincnt ot" 'I'cxaiis, wlio, disiiiouiitiii''-, a<'t('(l as iiifaiitrv. Bciii''' cut oil" t'ldin liis iiifii l>y a luurdi'rous fire, lie narrowly csciiimiI deatli. Meanwhile Worth, makin of Monterey lie two fortiliid heights, one on each side of th(^ river on whidi iln town is situated, Thi'se stroiigiiolds, known hy iIk names of La Federacion and Cerro (h-l Ohispadn, c<»minanded the ap[>roach to tlie place. That aftti- noon a forco of J500 men, half of them Tcxans, .-rninidl and occupiid J^a Federacion on the south side ; ami l>efore davliu'ht on the followin<>' mornuig -00 Texaiis led hy Hays and Walker, witli three com})uiiies of tlir artillery hattalion antl three companies of tlie Stli in- fantry, scaled, in two columns, under cover of a mist. tln' almost ])erpendicular height of El 01)ispad(). and Well nigh reached the summit hefor*' the alarm \v,i^ given. Tlien a volley was poured down upon tlirhi. l^ut f\o work was soon carried, and as fresh lron|i> arrived in support, the strong fort of El Ohispado \v;> assaulted and taken. The Texans, liowever, had t'l mourn the death of Captain (jrillispic, whose loss wa- deeply lamented. The investment of the cit}' on the west side w;i> complete; and during the next two days the Ann ri- cans so successfully pushed their way uito the citv— the Texans hearing a prominent part in the stnijiili - — that on the 24th Ampudia ca])itulated, Ciciu ral Henderson beiiig appointed by Taylor one of the cein- Hl TEX.W IIKUOKS. ."tiT; iiii-^idiici's to treat aKdUt tlir tiiiiis nt' siint'iidcr. All tliniULili tli«' war tlie 'I'rxaiis distinijui.slu'il tliriiiM'Kcs. Hays' rrj^iiM'jnt, of wliicli tlir old rangers tniiiitd tli«' nucleus, and anions; whom were such s|mits as I-Jenjansiii ^reCulloeh. .\rajoi- Mike ( 'hevalie, S.iiiiuej A. Walker. McMullen, Kit Aeklin, .). IJ. M(' in 'l\i\ lor's earn- |);ii-ii on the liio (Jraiide, was ti'ansfeired to Scott's ciiiiiinand. The ejlieicney of these mounted troojier.-; wax iiiarki'd wherever the arm\' marched. Servinu' rijuajly as well on foot as on horsehack, tiny would stuiiii a hei'_jht or char-'e the enemv's cavali'V with the same indiflerence, hitr(.'i)idity, and success. ( )n tin road they were tlie terror of the «,'Ui'rrilla hands, ami in the towns ohjects of dread to antagonists, and nt'awe to non-c(»nd)atants. Their uncouth, wild, and til ivc appearance, their stranu- tatinu for coutemi>t <.)f everv form of danuer, Ljaini'd for them in Mexico the belief that they wi>re uujre than human — tliat they wore l)ehij.5s internu'diate ])e- tween man and devil. In the city of ^Ei'xico, some of these bravo, single-hcarti'd, and patriotic men fell beneath the knives of assassins, and the snutuldered remains of many others He buried in Mexican soil all the way from Vera Cruz to tlic capital.''' $ 1 ' '■' I i 'i 'l^ ,1 ; am -11 While Governor Huud(!rson was absent in command (if the Texan volunteers, his })lace was filled by Lieu- tnia I it-governor Horton. ()n December 21, 1847, (Ititrge T. Wood'^ was hiaugurated an the second uuvernor of the state, and John A. Career as lieuti'U- ant-governor. During Wood's administration, a con- tidversy arose between Ti'xas and the Tnited States wliicji could not fail to make the former reflect s<»me- wliat seriously upon the surrender (jf her separate •//.'vv'i//;, MS., 39-60; Ti'x. Aim., 1SG8, 58-9; 'i7*n»//, .'WS-'t; Mniyh,/, l"iO I. ' '■\\ 1 was a native of Georgia; came to Texas in 18.%, and in iS4ti rai.M .1 ,1 regiment for the Mexican war, in wliich lie served with distinetion. llf aini ill I'aiiola county iu 1850. T/irull, 035. i i I }\ 31 it] TKXAS AS A STATK. nationality. V7iion war was formally declared ho- twccn Mexico and the United States, (xeneral Kcanun took possession of Santa Fe in the name of tlie latter power; and when, by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidaljro, February 22, 1848, New Mexico was ceded to tlu United States, Colonel Munroe was placed In <<»in- mand there. As the reader is aware, Texas laid claim to all that portion of New Mexico lyinj^ cast ^ t the Rio Grande; and in 1848 the state legislatuiv passed an act extending her jurisdiction over it, and Judge Beard was sent to hold the district court. Colonel Munr6e ignored the Texan judge, and on I (red the election of a territorial delegate to the Uiiittii States congress. The controversy assumed a serious phase. Governor Wood threatened force, a nuMiaci which the cabinet at Washington met by notifviiiL: the bellicose governor that if the Texans attorn) )t(d to take forcible possession of New Mexico they would be treated as intruders. This question, which not only deeply concerned Texas but threatened a Kscrious breach between the northern and southern states owing to the sympathy of the latter with Texas, was lii)ally combined with that regarding the settleiinntiif the public debt. At the election of 1849, P. Hansborough J^oll ' was chosen governor, and John A. Greer rcelcTted lieutenant-govenior. Governor Bell was inaugurated in December of the same year, and on the ex])iiati<>ii of his term, was reelected. His administraticni \v;i> marked by the settlement of the two absorbing ques- t' ms of the boundary line and the public debt. On the incorporatio!! of Texas into the union, the United States' government, of course, acciuired the i'(5venue derived from the customs. These recei[)ts. however, had been pledged by the late republic as '''Was a native of Virginia; landed at Velaseo in Marcli IS.'MJ, ami fmiglit ad a private at San Jacinto. In 184r> he became a captain of raiigors, ami duriiig the Mexican war was cohHiol of volunteers. Ho .served two tc iins in the if. S. congress, and then settled iu N. C. According to Thrulilio (lel)t I i tliat state eontrat-ted jiriiu" to ita annexation to the U. S., aiiil tor Mil' 1' tlie duties on foreign imports wore pledgeil Iiy the said state til its ercilihirs, luit cxeeetiing tlie sum of !? , in oonsideration of the sail] duties so pledged having lieen no longer ap]ilifal)le to that ol)je(;t, after the raid annexation, Imt having theneeforvard liecome payalile to the U. S., and ii]iim eouditiou, also, that the said state of Texas shall, iiy some solenni and autiieutie act of her legislature, or of a convention, nliufjuish to the L'. S. auv claim which it has to any part of New ^Itixico.,' Benton's Alirii/t/. /*.'«//,>■, To,/;/., xvi. 3S8, :«M. '" ' Kesolved hy the legislature of the stiite of Texas, that all that terri- tory whicli lies east of the Kio (Sraude, and a line running nortli from till! source of the Rio (1 ramie to tiie forty-second degree of north latitude, and south of the forty-seco.;d degree of north latituile and west and ti.iiilh of tlie line designated in the tre:iiy between the U. S. and the late nii\dilic of Texas, of right belonjjs to tlu; stat.' ol IcAas is ineliKJeil within ill I rightful civil and political jurisdii tiou, and the Ktate of Texas Mill niuin- ta:ii the integrity of her territory.' Ter., Ovni-rd Lnwx, iii.. pt 1, '_'07-H. vm 400 TEXAS AS A STATK. this cftbct : Texas was to aijcroe that her liouiularv 011 the north shou^ I commence at tlie point at wliicli tlic meridian of one hmidred deorecs west from Grei n- wich is intersected by tlie parallel of thirty-six de- grees and thirty mhmtes north latitude, and sliouM run from that point due west to the meridian of lO)!- wc-st from Greenwich; thence the boundary line should run due south to tlie 328 of north latitude, thence on the said parallel to the Rio Grande, and thence with the channel of that river to the gulf (4 Mexico. Texas was to cede to the United States all her claim to territory outside of these limits, and to relinquish all claim on the United States ot liahility for her debts, or compensation for tie su. ■■ der of her ships, forts, custom-houses, custom house iijveime, public buildings, etc. The United States, in consid- eration of the establishment of said boundary, am! relinquishment of claims, would pay to Texas .$10,- 000,000," in stock bearing five per centum, anil re dcemable at the end of fourteen years. No nmre than $5,000,000 of said stock was to be issued until tlie creditors of the state of Texas had filed at the treasury of the United States releases of all claims against the United States on account of Texan bonds.'" This bill passed the senate, August 7tli, by a vote of thirty yeas and twenty nays, and on September 4t} following, passed the house by a vote of 108 against '7. The president having signed the bill, whitli v.-; called the Boundarv Act, it was forwarded to («; (hlhtii's Pntre with MfX., 1.5-25; Hinit's Mnrh. Mwj , xix. 328; l{uxk\t Si>c>'-I,, i><.'iO; .MiiKnii'MSfitirfi, May 27, 18.50; ^frLt'a)l'.SlSpperh,J\mQ^i, 1850; (h-altouKl'm. /l/»f.,ii.2t)9-70; Thmll,M\-l. It may be argued that tl'C U.S. seemed to recog- uizetDsiimeexteutthe claimof Texas to the eastern half of NewMexico. Such \va1, the time within wliich creditorn were rciiuirod t.i prosicnt their claims against the late repu)>lic. Tex. Gitu Lmrn, iii. pfc i., 144. -■''Jdhii M. Swisher was auditor and James B. Shaw comptroller. The la'.ter \wi.s appointed comptroller, under tlic rci)ublic, in 1840, and cuntinuid til hold that office till Nov. 1, 1S,")8. >Shaw was a native of Ireland, emi- grated to Texas in 1837, and served a ■( a private in the army. His knowl- e.lge of the financial affairs of the republic was of great service in the ad- jiNtimint of the public debt. Oonlova's Tex., 102; Tex. Col. Dor., no. i, .3, pli. 4S, 02. '■"The claims were divided int of .Jan. I'.), I8;«> j" Ten per cent, bonds, for loan of U. 8. Bank . . Ten per cent, bonds, for purchase of Steamer/ Zavala C Ten per cent, bonds, for purchase of naval i vessels, contract with F. Dawson ) OSTENSIIILE VAI.I'B RATE 70c ts. G;52,32G 7,970 1.00 754,000 .30 24,280 .30 766,800 .20 41,6.S0 1.00 331,. 371 .50 1,828,192 .25 457,380 .8745 195,907 .60 280,000 .50 PAR VAM B 44L',7(i.S 7,".>70 22(),'-, 10-11, IS", ll, ^'Twelve leagues of land, or 55,7-8 acres, were set apart for tliix piir|iii-o by act of the legislature, to be reserved to the U. S. for the Iteiiutit ot tlie Texau ludiaus exclusively. Tix, Aim,, 1851), 130; Id., 1858, 92, INDIAN AFFAIRS. 407 reservation was called the Brazos afjjenry. The other settlement was located on Clear Fork, about forty- five miles above its confluence with the main river. It comprised four leagues of land. The first colony was composed of Anadahkos, Caddoes, Tahwaccorroes, Wacoes, and Tonkahwas, numbering in all 794 souls. Oil the reservation on Clear Fork, 277 noi-thcrn Coinanches were settled. The reports of the agents at these reservations hold out every prospect of success. The Indians of the Brazos settlement, in oood behavior, morality, and industry, surpassed the most sanguine expectations. They voluntarily ab- stained from the use of ardent spirits, and drunken- ness was unknown among them. By the end of August public buildings had been erected — store- rooms, houses for agents and employes, and a black- smith's shop. Two farmers with assistant laborers W(!re employed to instruct the Indians, and 295 acres of land had been ploughed and planted with corn. On tilt reservation on C'ear Fork farming operations had not been commenced, owing to the season behi, they poured into them a volley of buckshot and rifle-balls. Seven were killed outright, of wlinm tliree were women; three men, two women, and throe cliildren were severely wounded, and nearly all the rest more or less injured. One warrior, after l)(iii'.). An 'i' stating that they 'believed' tliat certain outrages iiad been perpetnitfil Kv the reserve Indians, they pledged themselves to act in concert with si-^tir counties in any action necessary for the removal of them, ' whether the .-iiiiif be over Jordan or Red River. ' CRUELTY TO INDIANS 411 Ijiuuls of arnied citizens were organized, and scouted round the reservations. Tame Indians found outside tin' limits would not, it was declared, be known from w'M ones, but would be killed. The removal was )i( iiiiij)torily demanded, under threats of extermina- ticiu. In vain the agents endeavored to avert the Mow; their action caused oHcnce to the citizens of till' frontier, who, on April 25, 1859, boldly d;."uanded their innnediato resignation. All they could do was to postpone the exodus for a time, aided by the pres- cii<lknap by a man unknown to him, and sliot. He died in twenty mhiutes after being fired upon, and it was believed that the crime was perpetrated on account of tlie free opinion ex- pressed by Neighbors relative to the killing of a reser\ c Indian some tune previously.*' ii During the administration of Governor Pease a final adjustment of financial questions between the state and the federal government was arrived at, and a settlement made with the creditors of the old re- public. The bond-holders had not been satisfied wiili the terms offered them under tlie state law of Janu- ary, 1852, and little or nothing was done toward the liS. Iinl. Af'iir^ Ri1>l, iSoO, 267, ^'Tlic ofticial correspondence and fnll particulars relative to the rcniiiv.il of the Texan Indians will he found in hi., ISaS), ■")<>, 'J-JO :t:U. and U. S. .l/'«>. dill/ Dm:, Cong. 3(), sess. J, pt i. 5^iS-702. Tn Juno iNiO, a law was )i:issi(l appr(i['; lating 845,CS0 for the exjK'Hses of recoloni/ing these Indians dining the liscal year eudiug Juue 30, 1801. C'onij, (JMn; 18uU-00, app. 480. FINANCES. 413 tlio terms of an old treaty the United States were under the obligation to prevent Indians making pre- datory incursions into Mexican territory," On tlie strength of this treaty it was claiuied that the United States was responsible for the expenses incurred dur- inu; tlio days of the republic in protecting the frontier against inroads by savages from United States' terri- t(jiy. It was argued that Texas at tlie time this treaty was made was a part of Mexico, and that although she separated from that country soon after- ward by revolution, that fact did not obliterate the obligations of the treat}^ In July 1854 Thomas J. Rusk, senator from Texas, brought this view of the casi! before the senate, maintaining that as more tlian one half of debt of Texas had been expended in pro- tection against Indians, the United States ought to provide a sum sufficient to pay off the debt in full. After quoting extracts from diplomatic correspondence ill support of the views taken by Texas, he intro- duced a statement made out by James B. Sliaw, (•oiiilttrollev, showing that the late repulilic had ex- pended from December 5, 1836, to February 1, 1845, the sum of $3,815,011 exclusive of interest, hi pro- tecting the frontier from incursions of Indians be- long in»x to the United States. ^Meantime the creditors of Texas had appealed to the United States for payment of their claims, alleg- ing that the general and not the state government was lialile. Under these circumstances the United States' government intervened. The scale of reduc- tion adopted by the state law was cast aside, and a iiill ])assed by congress was apprtjved Fcliruary 28, 18,i5, by wliich. it was provided that $l',7oO,000 sliduld be added to the $5,000,000 lying in tlie treas- uiT pertaining to Texas, and that the wliolo sum of 87,7.10,000 should be apportioned pro rata among the creditors; any portion of the debt that had been *-'l'liiity-t!iii(l article of tlie treaty with Mexico of April 5, 1831. (Jong. aiJn; xxvui., pt iii., p 1S08-1). i f ti ; If: m i I. if 414 TEXAS AS A STATE. already paid by the state of Texas should be refunded to her; no payment would be made until the claiiuaiit filed a receipt in full releasing forever the United States from all claim against them. The act was not to take effect until it had been assented to by tlic legislature of the state of Texas, and until the same legislature passed an act abandoning all claims and demands against the United States, growing out nf Indian depredations or otherwise." By this pro rata system of payment each creditor would realize seventy-eigiit cents on the dollar." Three classes of bonds, as scaled by the state's law. would have yielded more than this,*" and the holders were consequently dissatisfied.** Bj'" the people of Texas the bill was received with great disfavor, and when called upon by proclamation of the governor to vote upon it, out of 45,000 voters 10,573 refused to cast their votes; 13,818 voted against accepting the bill, and 11,609 voted for it.*' It was, however. finally passed by the state legislature, and the credi- tors, who were secured by a pledge of the ini})()rt duties of the extinct republic, on filing their rccoi})ts in the treasury department of the United States re- ceived their pro rata payments. The sum of $2i>l),(!02 was refunded to the state in consideration oi Texas' having already paid that portion of the debt. ''Copy of the act Anil be found in Hunt's Mtrch. Mag., xxxii. 485. «T«'.r. Joimiiil S>Vii, allowed at face par. In /'/.. wxiii. 8!t, a tabular form i.s supplied exhibiting tlio rate of adjustment estaMi.«lK 1 by Texas and the rate proposed in the above act of the United Siutes imi- fress. It should be remarked that the state legislature pa>sed an act 'ebruary 11, 18r>0, declaring that all liabilities of the late republic slumM 'cea.se to draw interest from and after the first day of July, 1850. Goiijt, ut Slip., lt>8. Interest, therefore, was only calculated to that date. *"( iovernor Pease in his nie.s.sage to congress, Nov. 2, 18r>7, reconnnendcd that tl\e state shoidd, out of the sum .efunded to Texas by the U. S,, ]«y these creditors the difleri'iice between cue amounts which they received uii'lcr tlie above act of congress, and those at wliich their claims were ratcl ami classitieil by the state law, in all .?li'V217. The committee appointid 1 1 consider the ((Uestion reported unfavorably to the proiKisitiou. IiuiU's -Uur'i. Ma-i., xxxviii. 408; Tcj-. Journal i^cn., 1857, 17-18, 139-42. '« T/intll, 371. REVENUE. 415 or, and )V('i'iior refused iii!^; the 3WL'Vcr. ! crcdi- impovt Tce'ipt.s t'S rc- )i),(')0-J Texas' at face ■); .-lu-l 10 Nxxiii. stal.lislKl lUft's ^^m^ '(I iui ;ii't ,ic ^11<'UM IlUllOIuUil S., ]i:iy 1 Ull'llT rat»''l ami loilltr.l hi The reader, doubtless, will wish to learn how the 35,000,000 in United States' bonds paid into the state treasury were employed. In order to dismiss this subject, once for all, it will be better to give a succint account of the financial condition of the government up to the time of the final exhaustion of those funds in 1861. From 1852 to 1858 nine tenths of the taxes col- lected were remitted to the several counties to enable them to build court-houses and jails; the remaining tenth being set apart by the constitution for the sup- pt)it of schools was paid into the treasury. The rapid progress that was being made in Texas during tliis period will be perceived by a comparison of the amount of taxes collected in the two consecutive years 1856 and 1857. In the first named year the valuation of the property assessed was $161,304,025, which produced $242,964 in taxes; the poll tax yielded $22,413; and those on occupations and sales of merchandise $28,993, making a total of $294,370. The net proceeds received, after deducting the ten per centum for the school fund and the expenses of assessing and collecting, amounted to $229,289. The corresponding figures for 1H57 were: assessments of property, $183,594,205; taxes on the same $276,663; p(dl tax $24,463; other taxes $26,940. The net yield after making the same deductions was $255,044, showing an excess of more than $25,000 net, over the pi'oceeds of the previous year. Had the mcomes mil been relinquished to the counties, they would have about covered the ordinary expenses of the (Tdvernment.** As it was the expenses had to bo paid, during the period from 1852 to 1858 inclusive, out of the $5,000,000 United States bonds. As the bonds bore an interest of five per centum, the state received up to January 18G1, interest to *" Comptroller's report for ISSG and 1857 in Cnnfnm'n Ti-x., 336- 7. L .-■..- liaiv i,Mveriiiir"3 message in Tvx. Journal Sai., 18,")7, 14-16: TUmll, 375, M'here will bf found an extract from I'ease'a message of Nov. lSo5. : I ^1 <..*» hit ; . P I ' 410 TEXAS AS A STATE. the amount of ,$1,625,441, making the total receipts of principal and interest, $0,625,441, which smii is thus accounted for. By act of February 16, 1852, $36,000 were transferred to the school fund to reim- burse it for state bonds destroyed. By act of Jan- uary 31, 1854, $2,000,000 were donated to the Hauio fund," and at subsequent dates interest and premium on the bonds were paid to the amount of $653,619. Aj^ain by act of February 11, 1856, $100,000 were transferred to the university fund, and interest paid on the same up to January 1861, amounting to -39,- 472. Besides these sums, $1,425,296 were disbursed in payment of certain debts of the late republic — for it nmst be borne in mind that the state had otlicr liabilities than those assumed by the United Stutts, which only became responsible for claims that wore secured by a pledge of the impost and tonnage duties of the late republic. The remaining $2,401,054, to- gether with the premium derived from the sale of the bonds, were used for the general expenses of the gov- ernment from -852 to 1861 inclusive, appropriations being made for the establishment of an insane as\ him, and institutions for the education of the blind, and the deaf and dumb. In 1858 and 1859 the receipts from taxation were not sufficient to meet the expenses of the f-tate government, and United States bonds were expended to the amount of $443,000. The remainder of the bonds were used in 1860 and 1861, besides $100,000, transferred from the university fund. 6« The general feeling toward the Mexican population w^as one of intense animosity in those counties where they were more thickly congregated. The inlialti- tants of that race were mostly of the lower orchis, and were charged with associating with the slaves. "By a law of 185G the ten |ier cp>'t;;;ii o* taxes set apart for schoi'l jiur- poses was blended with the $-.0<)(),v)00, and one general school fund fniiinid. *' Comptroller (.'lement R. .lolnis' report of Sept. 1, 1859, No. 3 in Ti.r. Col. Dor., No. 1; Ooirnior's Mi-isin/f of June 10, 1879, app., 18-19. Tica-*- urer's report of Aug. .SI, 1800, hi Tex. Ainu, 18C1, 24S-9; Tex. iiip Comp- iroiki; Aug. 31, 1870, 6-7. ANIMOSITY TOWARD MEXICANS. 4\1 isos of WeVQ aiiuUr jesitk'S llation jwliorc Inlialti- slaves. 110.4 I'ur- fcinui'd. in T'-r- au(l froquently stealiiif^ horses and carrying off negro .^iils to ^lexico. In the autumn of 1856 a dangerous iKj,io conspiracy was discovered in Colorado county. wliich contemplated a simultaneous insurrection, and the massacre of the white population, with the ex- rrj)tiou of their young women, who were to be made ( aptises. The slaves had formed an organized plan, adopted secret signs and passwords, and provided themselves with bowie-knives and some fire-arms. Their intention was, after having accomplished the first part of their plot, and obtained possession of the liorses and arms of their intended victims, to fight their way into Mexico, or the "free state," as tliey Cidled that country. On the detection of the con- .spiracy more than 200 negroes were severely pun- ished with the lash — two being whipped to death — and three prominent ring-leaders hanged on September 5th. It was maintained tliat every Mexican in the coui.ty was i.nplicated in this intended uprising, and they were ordered to leave and never return, under penalty of death. In Matagorda county, also, a popular meeting was held, and every Mexican ordered to leave." In 1857 much trouble was caused by the perpetra- tion of numerous acts of violence by Texan wagoners on ^lexican cartmen. In tlie transportation of goods from the sea-ports to San Antonio, the freight rates (hargod by the latter were so low as practically to (hive the Texan teamsters from the field of compe- tition. As the Mexicans were thoroughly trust- wort li\', and generally made better time than their rivals, the merchants naturally employed them in prtfcrfuce to paying higher rates to carriers of their "Wii rare. This gave umbrage to the T(.'xan drivers, 'vIm' pi'oceeded to form secret organizations for the jiurposc of ousting their competitors from the road. A system of the most outrageous persccutil\)Vull' to [ireveiit people from engaging in lawful oniploy- iiu iits, antl that such a bill was being pre})ared by the coiiiiiiittee. It does not appear, however, tliat any fuitlur action was taken. Meantime the governor had tailed into service a volunteer company, which pidtti'ding was approved by the legislature. This fold' proved inadeijuate to suppress the lawlessness, and other means were brought to bear ujx)!! the male- factors. When the road was abandoned bv the Mexican cartmen, and booty became scarce, they Uuaii to connnit depredations on the property of citi- zens. However indifferent the people had been to outrages perpetrated on Mexicans, they now energeti- cally took tlie matter in hand. Lynch law was vig- orously applied, ami In the neighborhood of Goliad the ])a.ssing traveller would see many a corpse sus- jiendi'd from the boughs of the black oaks. The dia- holical organization was thus speedily broken up, and this system of nmrder and robbery — which was dignified by the name of the Cart War — was brought to an end.''" Political parties, strictly so called, were first organ- ized in Texas durino- Pease's administration. The party factions opposed to each other in the days of the republic were of a personal rather than of apoliti- «al nature. Being in reality the offspring of the ri- valry between prominent men, they did not originate from differences in [)olitical opinions, but merely sup- ported their respective leaders in their candidateship fur office, without beinu' mate'riallv influenced bv i)rin- ciples (if policy. When, however, Texas was annexed to the union, under the auspices of the democratic Jiarty, she soon became invedved in the ptditical antag- "iiisni wjdcli prevailed in the United States. Her foiistjtutiou was framed on the principles of democracy, and during the first years of her existence as a state, '•"I'l., I8.')7, 8l». T4.V(>, l.vi-.-), 1.kS-(M1, 171-2, ISO; Mr.r. Iii/ormc Conii.i. P'V'' I'^TS, 7:{-i- j.niii's /,'ei,iiiil<., ;5.'>L'-4; T/imll, 37'-'. 1 1"' 420 TEXAS AS A STATE. li - 1 candidates hr office were elocti'd on personal consid- erations. Wlien tlie disruption of tlic oivat national wliig party occurred in 1854, the abolitionists of tlic north gained thereby larufc reonforccnients, which were supplemented by defections from the democratic ranks of members who thouiL^ht they had cause to Ix- dLs- pleascd with President Pierce's administration. At this time what was called the "native party" wlio.se principles were opposed to naturalized foreignei's hold- ing office, was in a moribund condition; but it was now resuscitated, and undergoing a kind of metenipsv- chosis, developed into the know-nothing party. Bv this later organization, the creed of the old native party was enlarged, and made to include prosciiption of Roman catholic citizens, while the opposition to naturalized aliens was intensified. The know-noth- ings cast over their proceedings a cloak of mystery, They constituted, in fact, a secret political society; applied tests of a religious character, and endeavored to pit the different races against each other. All these principles were contrary to the constitution of the United States. In Texas, the know-nothings for a short time acquired considerable influence. Nu- merous lodges were organized, and in 1855 L. D. Evans was returned by the party to congress from the eastern district. On the reelection of Pease the same year, he was opposed by their candidate, Dick- son, who obtained no less than 17,1)08 votes, Ikhig between 4,000 and 5,000 more than had ever hoforf been cast for governor. However, on their foiluroto elect their candidate, the career of the know-nothincrs in Texas was brouo'ht to a close. The unconstitution- ality of their doctrines, and the violence to civil ana religious liberty entailed in their intolerant prineqiks were denouncedby their more enlightened oppoinnts: •'■' Prominent among their opj)onents was Anson Jones, who states that lit 'wrote upwards of lit'ty articles for the I'mi'ji i% and otlier Texan new >iiaiitrs. in opposition to know-nothingisni, and the various isms associated witli it. omitting no opportunity to strike at the hydra which ofl'ered,' LAkn, d'.., 520-42. Consult also, Thrall, 'i~,itive .slave law was enacted at the same time. Again in 1854, on the establishment of Kansas and Nebraska as ter- *' Runnels migrated to Texas in 1841 from Mississippi, iiml engaged in cotton planting on Red river. He represented Bowie county in tlie legisla- ture I'lir eight years. During lS.")S-r) he was speaker in the house. He died at his lionie in Bowie county in 1S73. TIn-'U, (!07. oil 484 TEXAS AS A STATE. ,; iltorios, Senator Doujj^lnft, from Illinois, iiitrodui kI into the bill brouLjht heforo conjjjruss on that occuMdn, an aniendniont which virtually ri'pi'alocl the Missouri oonipromiso. The principles of non-intervention l»y conuress with the institution of slaverv in the states and territories had clearly l)een recoi,niized by the It 'Ab- lation of 1850. SupjKtrti'd by the compromise a(t> of that year Senator ]3(»u«4las maintahied that cnn. irress had no riijht to li'Liislate in the matter of slav- ery, and that the people of any state or territon should be allowed to decide for themselves questions of their domestic institutions."" Both Kansas ami Nebraska would have been five territories under thr Missouri comjiromise, but the bill was passed with the amendment, ^Fay 2,"), 1854. Nevertheless It met with jjjreat ojiposition. }{vsi>. lutions were passed by the k'^islatures of various states denouncin|L»" it; ijUMnorials from abolitionist society's were addressed to conuri';--j ; and cleri^yiiifii petitioned for its repeal. Mn of slavery into Kansas from the south would meet with violent opposition mi the part of the peo])le of tliat territory. Iiitmsf sectional agitation ])revailed; and it ^vas retjfardid a- a foretj^onc conclusion that Kansas would be aduiittrd into the union only as a free state, unless somu action were tab.on bv the combined south. Governor Runnels addressed a message, Januaiy 20, 1858, to the legislature calling attention to tin aspect of affairs in Kansas, and clearly atlvocatinu the doctrine of secession. On the 8th of the sanir month a democratic state convention had been ImM at Austin, at which it was resolved that tluiv were grounds for the serious apprehension that tlir doctrhie of non-intervention was in danger of bcin;; reiiudiated bv the United States conoress; and a i' - quest was made to the state legislature to provido for the appointment of delegates to a convention cf ^Cony. OloU; xxviii. pt i., 175, 2-21-2, 2:W-40, 275. I'UKCAl TION.MIN MKAsUKIX 485 boiujjf as- tilt' soutlioni statt's on t]\c occasion of one i,i iiiM il. But Itohlcr resolutions tlian tluso wrvv ntUivd. T. J. ClianiluT.s ^troposod that it sliould 1h' ivsolvcd tliat any action im the j)art of tlic con!u;ivss (if tilt' I'^iiitcd States tendinj^ to cniharrass, delu\ and ili'ttat the admission of Kansas as a nieinher of thf unit 111, under any }»retext referal>lo to the (|Uestion (if slaverx', would he a usurpation of power and a vittlation of the oon>[>act of the union; that in case of such an event, the representatives of Texas in the Uniti'(^ States couij^ress were requested to Ljfive notice (if the intention of the state to resume her independ- iiicf and withdraw from the union. Sister states "at- tat'lied to the henign domestic institution of slavery" Wire to be invited to join her in that measure. ' In resi)onse to the «jfovernor's message the le^isla- tint' of Texas, having submitted the subject to the (•(iinnrittee on federal relations, passed on February 1(1. ISJa, a joint resolution. In the preandjle it was Sit forth that a violent determination existed on the |i;nt of a portion of the inhabitants of the territory (if Kansas to exclude bv force the citizens of slave- Iitilding states from a just, equal, and peaceful iiartici- pation in the use aiul enjoyment of the common prop- I'l'tv and territorv t>f the confederacv. Whereas tliis • t ft.- (Irtcrmination, owing to the state of political feeling ill the northern states, operating u})on the federal uiivtinment, might become efiectual, and the exclu- sion j»eq)etual, it was resolved that the governor should be authorized to order the election of seven dolt 'gates to m;K>t delegates appointed by the other southern states in convention, whenever the executives of a majority of the slave-holding states should I'X- |iiiss the opinion that such convention w^as necessary to preserve the equal righlM of such states in the union. An appropriation t)f $10,000 Avas made to ili'fray the expenses of the delegates, and the governor '/'/., cong. .S,5, sess. 1, 1858, app. 63-4. Govei'nor"s iiiessago iii Tex, Joiri-iHilSau, 1S57-8, 373-8. I it Si •ri -ft i; - "1 1 I * li 1 426 TEXAS AS A STATE. was* authorized, in case an exigency arose, in wliii li it would be necessary for Texas to act alone, to call a special session of the legislature to provide for a state convention/" During Runnels' administration Texas continued to progress. Population steadily increased by the ad- vent of new settlers, and with the exception of troulj- les connected with Indians, as previously narrated, peace reigned within her borders, and tlie inhabitants pursued their avocations in security. Toward tlie close of his term a Mexican named Juan N. Cortina began to commit depredations on the lower Rh Grande ; but as they were continued at intervals dur- ing the administration of his successor, it will be con- venient to defer for a time the relation of them. At the election held in September, 1859, the same two candidates competed for the executive office. Runnels being nominated by the democratic party, Houston ran as an independent candidate, and was elected by a majority of 8,757 votes over his oppo- nent.*' '*^Comj. Ohhv, 1857-1858, p. 1000; Tk Senators and Representatives — Commencement of the Civil War — Miiitarv Operations — Invasion of New Mexico — Irs Failure. 1 \ Tkk electii^n of Houston to the executive chair was a victory of the unionist party in Texas over tlie confed- erate party. At this time the majority of tlie Texans Wire opposed to sej)aration from the union; and tliDUi^li the late governor had been elected by the maneuvering of the democratic l>arty, which won tlic confidence of the people by its crusade against tlie know-nothings, they presently became alarmed at the development of the secession intentions of the (]( iiiocratic leaders. In 1858 a vacancv occurred on tlic supreme bench, and the democrats nominati'd Buckley, who bore no enviable character, and was of well-known disunion i)rocrivities. Hi; was defeated by aiHivcrwhelming majority by Bell, an avowed unionist. In tlie canvass of 1859 the democratic convention lilt t at the town of Houston; confederate sentiments Were expressed in it, and the African slave-trade wns held in favor.* The democratic ])arty had thrown off the ^ Xiiironib, Hi->if.. Si'r/n. TV.?;., 4-5. James P. Xewcoinh was the oilitur of tlic Alamo Ki-prcst publislieil in San Antonio. He iniposcd (lisunioii, uu'. ■428 CIVIL WAR. mask, and the result was the defeat of their caiididato by a lari^e majority. Houston took his seat at a time when intense pohtical excitement prevailed all over the Unittd States. The measures adopted by the legislation in 1850 and 1854, so far from producing harmony, only aiiirravated political hostilitv. However conciliatorv thev miijht have been to the soutliern states, tJ yy only embittered the feelings of the free-soil party in tlie north. The non-prohibition of slavery in New Mexico and Utah was regarded by the latter as im- ])()litic and unjust, while the fugitive slave-law, wliicli stringently provided for the arrest and return of o>s- caped slaves, was denounced as unconstitutional and cruel. Tlie Kansas-Nebraska bill of 1854 roused tin- indignation of the free states, and the ranks t)f tlir anti-slavery party thencefortli gained strength daily. By the close of 185!) the opposing factions were uii- c()ni])romisingly arrayed against each other, and the fire of disruption was already being kindled. Iiii- mediately after the passage of the bill of 1854 Kansas became a field of strifted bv a convention which met at Wvandottc. and was ratified by popular vote October 4tli fol- lowing. This defeat, aggravatec' by the raid of John Brown on Harper's Ferry dur y the same month, exaspti- w luiii the secesaion of Tcjras was declared, rather than l)e compelled t<> saiii- tiot' lii.s principles, he determined to leave the conntry, and diil so in .Inly 1801, proceeding to Cal. by way of Monterey and Durango. He puMislini iiis little work, consisting of 12 and 33 octavo pages, at San Francisr.i in a f iOVKRNOirs MESSA( :i:. 420 atcd the southern states, and in Decembrr 185i), Ixttli l)ian("]ies of tlie IcLcislature of Soutli Carolina, passed uiiaiiinumsly startling resolutions on the subject of t'.dcral relat' »ll^^. Attinninij^, hi the preanihle, the ri'^ht of the state to secede from the confederation, ami asserting that for the last seven years assaults ujxm tlic institution of slavery, and upon the rights and (■([uality of the southern states, had continued with in- cii'asing violence, the legislature resolved that it was their deliberate judgment in general assend)ly, tliat the slave-holding states should ininu>diately meet, and a(loi»t measures for united action; that the resolutions should be communicated by the governor to all the slave states, with the earnest request that they would appoint deputies, and adopt measures to promote said mei'ting; and that for the purpose of preparation for an emergency, the sum of 3 100,000 should be appro- priated for military contingencies." On the receipt of these resolutions, Governor Houston in Januarv, 1800, addressed a messaoe on the subject to both houses of the state congress. The document is somewhat lengthy, comprising six- ti'en 8vo pages, and is an able exposition of argumiMits against the doctrines of nullification and secession. Houston entered his unqualified }>rotest against the principles enunciated in the resolutions. To nullify constitutional laws would not allay the existing dis- cord. Separation from the union would not n-niovc the unjust assaults made by a class in the north upon tlic institutions of the south; "thev would exist from like i)assions, and like feelings under anv u'overnnient." "Tlie union." he remarks, "was intended as a per- petuity. In accepting the conditions inq)osed prioc ^1 becoming a part of the conftMleiaev, tlu; states lifcanie part of the nation. What they coneech'd comprises the ])ower of the federal govm'nnient ; but over that which they did not concede, tlieii- so^•er- Cc^iy of tlic'se rusdlutioiis will In; luuinl in Tv.r. S/nlr 'iVc. iv., .\]i\>. I7S- !»: /In„.''f'n,i'.-: Mesc'i'jc OH .S. (.', ./("ooA, ISUO, No. 1. ill T' x. Vol. JJo<:. Nn. -J. ^ as 430 CIML WAR. eignty is as perfect as is that of the union in its ap- propriate sphere." With regard to the i)()sition of Texas, he says: "In becoming a state of the union, Texas agreed 'not to enter into any treaty, alHance, or confederation, and not, without the consent of con- gress, to keep troops or ships of war, enter into aii\- agreement or compact with any other state or foreign power.' All these rights belonged to Texas as a nation. She ceased to possess them as a state." After quoting the language of Washington, Jefferson. Madison, Jackson, Clay, and Webster, with regard t( ) the necessity of preserving the union, he called atten- tion to the effect of secession and disunion in Mexico. where *'a disregard for a constitutional governmt'iit liad involved that country in all the horrors of civil war, with robbery, murder, rapine, unrestrained." In the event of disruption of the United States, to all these evils would be added the combined efforts of the powers of tyranny to crush out liberty. In con- clusion he recommended "the adoption of resolutions, dissentini' from the assertion of the abstract riixht of secession, and refusing to send deputies for any present existing cause, and urging upon the peoi)le of all the states, north and south, the necessity c ' cultivatiny' brotherl}' feeling, observing justice, and attendhig to their own affairs." This message, with which the resolutions of tlie general assembly of South Carolina were transmittid, was referred bv tlie senate to the committee on state affairs, and by tlie house of representatives to the couuuittee on federal relations. The former commit- tee was unanimous in the opinion that the union and constitution should be preserved and defended, but it was divided as to the form of the joint resolutions to be submitted to the senate. Those reported by the mnjority, while expressing the firm resolution to de- fi'nd the constitution of the United States and supjunt the union, at the same time maintanied the doctrine of state deft3nce against aggressions. It was further STA'JE RIGHTS AND WRON\' evtiy means in her power. Whenever the federal <«(>v(>rnnu!nt becanu' powerless to protect the rights of the states, it ceased to answer the purpose for which it was instituted, and the union would no longer be Worth maintaininuf. In the event of such being the case Texas s would aijain laise the revolutionarv ^% 1 P '!■' f"' Ii 'is ij .%.i i ^1 v. if i! ''- 1 .li i 482 CIV IF. WAK. ^1 'if staiulard, as in the struggle of 1835 and 1836, when tlie ^Mexican confederation became the corrupt re])re- sentative of mere forms of constitutional liberty. In such a contest, the people would act with those who opposed a common danger, holding an aggression on the riglits of any one of her sister states as an aggres- sion upon her own ; but rather than submit to a vio- lation of their constitutional rights, they would, if necessary, simple-handed and alone, acjain unfurl tlio banner of the Lone Star."* Majority and minority reports were also submitted to the house of representatives by the conmiitt(H,' on federal relations. In the former, it was resolved tliat whenever one secticm of the union presumed upon its strength for the oppression of the other, the constitu- tion became a mockery ; that Texas would neither violate any federal right, nor submit to any violation of her rights by federal authorities; that she would not submit to the degradation threatened by the black republican party, but would sooner reassert her independence, and again enter upon a national career: that Texas pledged herself to any one or more of the states te cooperate with them, should it become neces- sary, to resist federal wrong. The report of the minority was similar in spirit to that presented by the minority of the committee on state affairs. It was denied that any of the alleged evils were ascribable to the legitimate operations of the federal government, but were chargeable to tlu' disloyalty of those who, by obstructing the laws and authorities, were themselves, designedly or undesign- edly, enemies of the union. The dissolution of the union wt)uld cure no evils, biit on the contrary, would be the source of unnumbered evils; the minority dis- sented from the doctrines of secession and nullification: tluy deemed it hu'X})edient to send deputies to a con- vention of the slave-holding states, as invited by South Carolina, and it was their opinion that there was no ^Copy of joint rusolutious projjoscd iu Tec. SlaU' ilaz., iv,, app. 177 ^ SECRET OROANIZATION. 433 sufficient cause to justify Texas in taking the incipient sttps for a dissolution of the union/ It will be perceived that, with the exception of the iiiiijority report of the committee on federal relations, tlit^ sentiments expressed were in all main points in lianuonv with Houston's views. But the year 1800 Wiis one of unprecedented agitation, caused by the (xc itement over the canvass for the presidential elec- tinii. A great national crisis was at hand. By the platform adopted by the republican national conven- tion, which met at Chicago on May IGth, it was denied that the authority of congress or of a territo- rial legislature could give legal existence to slavery ill any territory of the United States. The ballots resulted in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln, who was elected president by a large majority of the elec- toral college's votes.* ^rtantime in Texas the democratic confederate leaders had not been idle after their defeat at the polls. They now had recourse to a secret organiza- tion, and the same men who had denounced the know- iiotliino" society availed themselves of the services of a secret orijanization, known as the Kniifhts of the (Joldcn Circle, which had been formed some years bciforc with the object of establishing an empire, the foundation of which was to rest on the institution of slavery. The boundary of this visionary empire was to be the circumference of a golden circle, as it was called by the projectors, having for its centre Habana, ill Cuba, and a radius of sixteen geographical degrees. It would extend to the isthmus of Pananul on the south, and the Pennsylvania line on the .north, and include the West Indies, the islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the largest portions of Mexico and Central Ainorica. Under the auspices of this society, all the filibustering movements during the period from 1850 and 1807 were undertaken, but on the failure of ♦Copy of reporta in fd., 166-7. 'Lincoln obtained 180 votes, Breckenritlge 72, Bull 39, and Douglaa 12. Hist. Mkx. States, Vol. U. 28 \\\ I, ^ 1 1: lii 434 CIVIL WAR. Walker's expedition in Nicaragua, the organization was partially broken up. The more persistent of its members, however, still devoted their energies to tlio accomplishment of disunion, and the baffled secession- ist party in Texas turned to them for assistance. In 18 no, two members of the order, George W. Bicldt y and his nephew, were employed to organize "castlts," or lodges, in Texas, receiving as remuneration for their work the initiation fees paid by incoming iiicin- bers. Such castles were soon established in uvciv principal town and village in the state, and aiiioii;^ the knights of this order were many members of tliu legislature and prominent politicians. It became a power in the land. By its influence the sentiincnts of the people were revolutionized; from its fold wwa drawn the first armed rebels in Texas, under tlio fa- mous ranger, Benjamin McCullough; it furnislud the vigilance committees ; and to its members were charged murders and incendiary acts committed dur ing the war. So says Newcomb.' No sooner was it known that the majority of elec- tors cliosen on November 6th were in favor of Lin- coln than South Carolina took the initiative, and called for a convention of the southern states, to iiieit at Columbia, December 17th. Heavy pressure, too, was brought to bear upon Houston to force him to call a special session of the legislature, to whldi lie finally yielded, much against his will, appointing Jan- uary 21, 1861, as the day for its assembly. His pre- vious views were now slightly modified, thouu,li lie was still as strongly opposed to secession as e\ t r. hi his message to congress, when it met at the appointed time, he stated that he felt the necessity of the slave- holding states' taking action to secure to the fullt st extent their rights, but he could not reconcile hi> mind to the idea that safety demanded an innnediate separation from the federal government before Inniiii,' 350, *'l''liiup., C-7; LoHsinjn Jlist. Civ. Wm; i. 187; Oreelei/'s Ainer. Coiijlkt,l CHANGE OF OPINION. 435 stated their grievances and demanded redress. While (li[)loring the election of Lincoln, he, r vcrtheless, did not yet see in that event any cause for the secession ot Texas. He believed, however, that the time had jinived when the southern states should coopt^rate, and take counsel together. Such a convention as that contemplated by the joint resolution of February K), 1858, would, he believed, soon be held, and desir- ing that the people of Texas should be represented in it, lie had ordered an election for that purpose to be lield on the first Monday in February 1861. Since the issue of his proclamation, four of the southern btates had declared themselves no lonpening of the polls at tlie different precincts for tlie election of delegates to said convention. The election was held January 8th, polls being opened by the knights of tlie golden circle wherever judges, loyal to the union, re- fused to obe}' the call. By the mass of the people, the proceeding was regarded as irregular, and out of the whole number of voters in the state not iiion; than 10,000 appeared at the polls.' Barely half of the counties were represented by the people. But the confederate party had the upper hand, and was determined to push matters to a crisis. The legislature by a joint res(dution recognized the iiifor- mally elected delegates, and declared the convention a l(\gally constituted assend^ly." Houston's veto wr.s overruled, and on the appointed day the convention met at Austin. On February 1st the ordinance of secession was passed by a vote of 167 to 7, subject to ratification or rejection by a vote of the people on the 23d. Without waiting till the result was known tlu' convention proceeded to appoint a "committee of public safety" to, which secret instructions were given. It, moreover, appointed delegates "to the confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama, and luixini; tlius assumed the power to act before the will of t!ie people was expressed, adjourned to March 2d. The committee of safety precipitated events In a still more arbitrary manner. It usurped the poweis " 'rhr'ill, jJiige 381, docs not represent the opinions of the Tex.uis in thiir trill! hg'iit with respect to tliis matter. He says, 'the people, by cdiiniinii consent, on tlie 8th of January, elected delegates to a state conventiim. ""' In the house the resolution passed with little opposition. In tlic s, iriii- a Mul).stitnte resolution was offered hy one of the members, to the etffi't tn.it an election should he held for a convention to meet on March 4th follnwiiig: it was lost hy a vote of 20 nays to 10 yeas. "Namely, .John H. Reagan, Lewis T. Wigfall, John Hemphill, AViUiaiu S. Oldliam, John Gregg, and W. B. Ochiltree. TImUt, 408. COMMl'lTEE OF SAFETY. •»:{7 TIh" bs in a ks HI tln'ii' tion.' l\w senate i'fi't mat Itollnwnig; AVlUiain (if tlic Gxecutivc, ami .a|)])()intt'(l three ooininiHsioiiers, Tlininas J. Devine, V. N. Luekett, aiul S. A. Mavt>- iick, to treat with Oeiuiral Twiij;ii;s, in coimnaiid of flic United States forces in Texas, f»»r tlie surreiidtr of Ills anny and the national posts and property. TwijJtgs was aln^ady in ronnnunication with the eon- federates, and when ii January Governor Houston ]i;id imjuirod of him contidentially as to what disposi- ti(»n would be made of the public i)ro})erty hi Tixus, lie evasively replied, on the 22d, that he had re- ceived no instructions from Washington in regard to tlic r." In his communications with tlie coiMinissioners, Twiggs required of them to supjHirt tlicii- demand with sonu^ show of force, and on Feb- ruary IGth Ben McCullough,'' with a party of be- tween 300 and 400 men, took possessiitn of the main si|uare of San Antonio, the Alamo h;i\ing been cap- tured that morning by a body of tin knights. ()n tli<; 18th, an agreement was entered into, and Twiggs surrendered the national forces stationed in Texas, to tlic immber of 2,500 men,'^ all the forts, arsenals, and military po.sts,'* and the public stores and munitions (if war valued at $1,200,000, cost price. 'lloAvasa native of Tennessee, went to Texas during the time of the rcvoliitidu, and coininanileil a cannon in the liattle of San .lacinto. After tin: iiiilcpetidence of Texas lie was cajitaiii of a company of rangers. l)iir- iiij; tlie warof secession lie was appointed brigadier-general in tlie conted('rato aniiv, and was killed ill the second day's tight at Pea Ridge, Arkansas, M^iivli m, 1802. T/mill, 389. '' By tlie terms of the agreement the U. S. troops were to leave the soil (if tliu state hy the M'ay of the coast, heing allowed to retain their arms. Wliilo in Matagorda Bt ,, 4r)0 of these soldiers under .Major Sildcy, on li'iaid of two schooners for transportation, were captured, April '2-i, isdl, I'V the confederate otlicer, Major Karle Van I)orii, who then ]p|'oce('(«•., long. ."{7, sess. 1, no. i. 19-'_'0. ''Tlie military posts and ports in Texas occupied hy the IT. .S. troups at tlii-i time were as follows: Camp CVioper. Fort Cliadhourne, Ciimp Ciil(iraroi)ose to drink all the hldud that will ever flow in consequence of itl But let nic tell vou what is comhig on the heels of secessidii: The time will come when your fathere and hushjuids, your sons and brothers, will be herded together like sheei) and cattle at the point of the bayonet, and your mothers and wives, and sisters hdX daughtti-s, will ask, Where are they? You may, after the sacii- fiee of countless millions of treasure, and hundreds (if thousands of precious lives, as a bare possibility, \, in southern independence, if God be not against you; but I doubt it. I tell you that, while I believe with you hi the doctrines of state rights, the north is de- termined to preserve this union. They are not a fiery impulsive people as you are, for they live in cooler climates. But when they begin to move in a given direction, where great interests are involved, such as the i)resent issues before the country, they move Avith the steady momentum and perseverance of a mi!j;hty avalanche, and what I fear is they will overwhelm the soutli with ignoble defeat." He expressed the belief that the existhiir dithculties could be solved bv peace- able means. Otherwise, he would say, "Better die freemen vhau live slaves." Whatever course Texas Davis, Camp Hirlson, Camp Verde, Camp Ives, Camp Wood, Fort Clark, Sail Antonio liiirracks. Fort Inge, Fort Duncan, Fort Mcintosh, KiiiL's-'i'liI Hiirracks, Camp Palo Alto, and Fort Brown. DistunielC.i U. S. Rufi-ilrr. I Mil G'2, (ii'-3: Tex. Aim., lS(iO, 144-0. In U.S. .!/<'.«. jlit or wronu;," so said he "my state, rigiit or wronj^." ' Oil February 23d the polls were opened. Houston had l)eoii rijj;ht in sayini; that l)ll-5, heing interspersed. '''Newconil), page 8, places the number of legal voters at over 80,000, wliicli seems too high. Tlie yearly inllux, however, of settlers was great, as will he seen hy a comparison of the iininher of votes cast at the guherna- tiirial elections in tlie years 1855, 1857, and IS.'iO, which were respectively 4i!,H:i!», 50,180; and 04,0*27. '■During the confederacy, Lewis T. Wigfall and William S. Ohlham, ri'in'cscnted Texas in the senate; and .John A. Wilcox, C (.'. Herhcrt, IVter \V. Cray, B. F. Sexton, M. D. (Iraliam, William B. Wright, A. M. Branch, •l"iin R. Baylor, S. H. Morgan, Stephen H. Darden, and A. P. Wiley iu the house. Thrall, 408. m m 440 CIVIL WMl. h i.- which was to assemble on the IStli; whereupon tin; convention defied his authority, and ])assed an oidi- nanee re({uirinj^ all state officers to take the oath nf allegiance to the now u^overnnient. Houston and 1], W. Cave, secretary of state, refused to take the ojitli; they Wi're both deposed by a (h-cree of tlit! convention, and l<]dward Clark, the lieutenant-;j;ovfrnor, Wiis in- stalled as the executive. Houston then appealed to the people, and, when the K\o;islature met, sent in a inessiiu,c' prot(>stin;r aLfainst his removal, at the same time statiuij; that he could l;'jt await their action and that of the pe()})le. If driven at last into retirement. in spite of the constituti(»n of the state, he would not desert his eountry, but his })ra,yers for its peace and })rosperity would be ott'ered U[' with the same sin- cerity and devotion with which his services had brei\ rende'red while occu})yinL^ public station. In his address to the public two days [)reviously. he denounced the usurpations of the convention, it liad elected delegates, he said, to the provisiomd council of the confederate state's before Texas had wlth.drawn from the anion; it had create]e of Texas against all the acts and doiiiLiS of tliis convention, and declare tluT^ null 1 • and void. I sok'imdy protest agamst the act of its iiifinhers, who are bound bv no oath tlu'm.-ii> it and tuke the oath prescribed." Tlie legislatui't!, howi'ver, in face of a])peal, protest, and message, sanctioned the proceedings of the con- voition; and Clark, who had ah'eady been sworn in ell the IGth, assumed tlie functions of pro\ isional 'ii'venior on the 'ilst." Houston soon after left the ("i[)ital and retired, to private life. During the last two years Texas had hoon unusu- ally harassed by depredations committed on her fron- t'his. After the removal of the Indians fr(^m the iv>t vaiions in Young county, the hostility of the ii.itiv( races was hitensiHed, and the noithern and wtstern borders were subject to all the horrors of savage warfare. The United States' troops anil Texan rangers engaged in fretjuent oonfliets with tliese subtle enemies, and many wearsome expi'- (llii(>ns were undertaken in pursuit of bands which had ii(( uni[)lished successful raids, leaving behind tlu'in iirva^talion and di'ath. For hundtt'ds t>f miles alonij tlif frontier, nuniei-ous small parties of from six to tii'tei n warrior? simultaneously attacked settlements, aiuj generally escaped v.lthout punishment.''' Son)e '■ .Vr (cv)/,,/,, ,1/. Slip., >S-'t; /.<).. -v'///, II f. sup., i. ]SS-',K); T/ir-<). 'MVl. '^eless, souglit a home in Texas, and .settled near Alabama creek on land Iving between tliat sti'eain and Trinity river. These luiHans were princi|)ally Alabamas and C( ashattas, a few Muscogees <»nly Kc- ing united with them. From tlie time o!' lidr arrival they persistently i;ursued a peac(>ful pcdit \ . content to cultivate tlieir clearings, tend their flocks and herds, and wIhmi tlieir crops wi're garnered, indulm' in their j)assion for tlie chase. When Texas heean to i)e settkul by Anglo-Anjericans, they still remained steatlfast to their ])eace policy, and ever showed them- selves faltliful to tlie new-comers. Thotigh abstain- ing from giving oll'ence, their loyalty was often soivly months, .")) ])i'rsons liuil liocn iminlered, and probably as many wounilnl unl mailo prisDUers. /'. .V. //. Er. Jhi,:, ((MIi:. ."{(), scss. 1, \.i. ;VJ, l;{w. ,ii,il. />,„:. IStlO CI, IS ,-)!, |'.):{ -Jo;). Hy an act of congruss, .-Vjivil 7, IS.'vS, tlio ]in.'siili'nt w.is atitbdrizod to ru'Cfiivo ititci tlio service of the U. S. a regiment of moiinteii vohmteerri for the jiroteitimi nf the Texan frontier. C S. II. Join:, eong. 'M\, sess. I, 'J.'iS. On .luiie 'Jl. l>ii«l an aet was aiijiroveil, providing for tlie re])ayment, to Texas, ol iin'iu vs ailvaneed in payment of vohniteer.s eallel out by t'ompetent amh'iritv since Feb. 'JS, IS,")."), for the defense of the frontiei's, provided tli.it the amount (Ud not exceed .SI •_>;{, .")44. Cniiit. Ololu', 1S.")!»(;(), Api". -IS'.t. ClaiiiK for iiidenniity for spoliations bv Indians were made tiy Texas aL'ain t the U. S. g.Ivernuient. A/., KS.i'.) tiO, '.HUC), '.MCT, 'JlSli, ■;?i:f'.l. T. >. II. Com. N(']>/., Cong. 'M>, sess. 1, iv., no. .")i)."). In an expedition in !''■''■• for a topographical reconnoissanee between ttie I'ecos river and lln' l\i() (iraude, conducte. warm-hearted people, easily vi strained from t)ver-indulgeiU'e in spirituous Itiiuoi's, clirtiful and hui:v)rous, generous and unselfisli; and what is a special n.ark of their kindly nature, their Women wer'e treated with a degri'« of consideration 111 it to be observed among other savage tribes."' While the northern and western frontiers were depredated bv the stealthilv conducted foravs of sav- ages, the southern borders on the ]lio (irande were sulijected to more open hostilities, carried on by out- laws and banditti undi'r the leadership of Cortina.'" This i)order rutiian and liis uani"'. in pursuit of their hiisiness as dealers in stock, liad long been notorious t" r their frecjuent robbery of cattle, and (h'predations (itmniitted on Texan territory. Comiectetl with this ei'gaiu/.ation was a uund)er of ^Fexican citi/ens. who, (■ro-;sing the rivi'r, took ])art in marauding ex[)editions, iiiid witli tlu'ir companions removed their booty to •Mexiiun soil, evading all attc>mpts to pun'isli them. As \'i)Y Cortina, he made either countrv his asvluni in 'Till' aliiivc ;ii\'(Uiiit iif lliis sittlciiiciit is (ilitaiiicil iVniii Mil artii'lc in tliu 7' . Alui., IMll, |-_'r> ."il. tlic writer of wlii.'h stiitrs tliiit his <.'.Htiiiiatf nt' tlio cli.ir.u'tiT of tliiv-o liiiliaiis was liasiil mi "JO years' dlisi'rvatiim. See also A/., I'^i'i'.'. l.")7. wlicri' his views are iielnrseil. 'I'lie iimiiher nf tlie Iiuliaiis in Ivl'.t M,i> r.iii-^iih'ri'cl til lie less than ."ifMt. •-.iiiaii \e|i(innuein> Cui'tiiia was a native i4 ('aniar^-n. laitsjient his early lite ell a raiu'iin (iwihmI liy his iinither im the Texan side of tlie IJin ( ir.uple, iiheiit nine miles aliove Hiciuiwville, In IS47. he was eni|iliiyeil hy a Mr S.iMiiTviUe til liny nnile>, ami having.' imreha^ed a lianil, starti i| w itli S mier- ville fer the interior. When nine miles distant from the river, he niuidereil liN I'liiiiluyer, and sold the animals to the U. S. jiovt at lira/us Santiaj;o. l!iei:;h indieted for this eriine, he escaiied arrest. }leneeforth he led a V!' "ii-i life, assoeiated himself with roliliers, and enj^'ajjed in horse and eattlu su.iluig. L'. iS, Utit. Due, coug, 30, seas. 1, vol, i.\., iio, -1, *J, 13, ' ^!il A'l' 444 CIVIL WAR. turn, claimiii<^ Am rictm and jNTcNloan ritlxoiislup alternately, according to the vigor with which efilnts were made from tiiDc to time to arrest liim. Sur- rounded, liowever, hy a band of al)Out seventy despe- radoes, lie was oenerallv ahle to defy tlie authorities. In KS5!), tliis leader's |)roceedings began to assume a political character. The reader is already awaic of the deep feelings of hostility whicli existt^d betwK ii the Anglo-Texans and the !N[exican-Texans. Of tlie latter race, Cortina suddenly stood forth as the cliaiii- pion, not so nuich from philanthropy as from a iv- vengeful desire to prosecute a ])i'i\ate feud in wlii( li lie had involved J limself with certain hidividuals lesid- ing in C^amtron county. On July 13, I 851), lie entered Brownsville with seiiie of his conijianions, and as it happened, a Mexican, \v]ie had formerly been his servant, was arresti'd by tlie city marshal, Adolph Glaevi'cke, for disturbing the l)eace. Cortina interferi'd, tired upon the marshal. wounding him in the shotilder, rescued the prisoin r, and escaj)ed with him on horseback to Matanioins, defvinu; the authorities to arrest him. This tla«'raiit act aroused tlu' indignation of the people of Browiis- ville, and an attempt was made to raise a sufficient force to ca])ture him, but failed. Several of those most active on the occasion were known to Cortina. who marked them as his enemies, and determined t^ take revenge. At till' hciid of a mounted body of men, variously estimated at from forty to eightv in nundjcr, earl\ in tlie morning of Sejitember 2Sth, ho entered Browns- ville, and took possession of the uni»rotected city. C\>nstable Morris and a voting man named Neal weiv killed,'^ as also Johnson, the Jailer — who refused h< deliver u|) his keys — and two Mexicans, in whose house he had taken refuge. Johnson defended hiui- ■t: 1 ii ^■' Roth tlic><(' men wcrv munlorers, hcinfj; kiinwii to liiivo killed si v. i- McxiiMiis ill cdlil liliiiiil. iinil hail dcailly I'licpiics in CcntiiMs lnuul. U. -'• ii- E.c. iJuc., coug. 'M, scss. 1, viii., uo. b'J, Go; Id., xii., no. SI, -i. CABRERA AXD CORTIXA. self obstinately, killinj^ one of Coitiiia's inon, and scvcrolv woufulin«x another before be was slain. Coitiiui jiow liberated the prisoners, paraded the tiiwn. and demanded that Glaeveeke and other per- sons whoni lie named should be delivered nj) to hitn. Xo attempt, however, was made tt) plunder the eity, and he was finally indueed by the T-e})reseiita,tions oH tlie ^[exiean r<»nsul, ^Eanuel Tresino, (Teueral Cara- vajid. and influential citizens of ^Fatanioras to abandon it. i f I'otired with his fellowi'i's to his mother's liacienda. the raneho del Carmen, which he convertose of cliastisiiiLij their enemies, and delivering; tliem from tlie machinations of a multitude of lawyers and others, wild were bent upon despoiling Mexican-Texans of tlii'ir lands. It was claimed that Cortina was aided by ^lexlcan money aiid arms. That hi> found favor in tlie eyes of the public and some oflicials is more than ])robable; liiit this was not the case with the Mexican authori- ties. In res[)onse to an appeal for protection made Ity th(> inhabitants of Brownsville, the commander at MataiMoros sent over a detachment of his troops on September 3()th, and they were not withdrawn till all ilan'4'er of a renewal of hostilities seeni(>d over. But about the rjth of October, Cortina haviii'j; bv that tiii:i' retri'ated across the llio (ilrande, his second in cii'iiinand, Cabrera, was captured at the raneho d> 1 (';iiiiieii bv the sheriff. Cortina threatened to lav Hiownsville in ashes unless he was released; a prom- inent mt>rchant of Matamoros ]iassed over at the n^- '[Uest of the most influential men in that city, and tried, though im^tt'ectually, to jiersuade the ])(H»])le to C(.,npiy with the demand; Cai>taiu Tobin's com[)any 1,1 ^^UMM m iM If:' mM >J'^-; I! 446 CIVIL WAR. of raiii^ers arrived a few days afterward, and on the night of tlieir arrival Cabrera was found liangod. Cortina now proceeded to act. He returned to the ranclio del Carmen, where the number of his followers rapidly iiiereascd. His movement was very popular with the ]\[exican-Texans, whose cause met with niucli syinj)athy s(»utli of the Ilio Grande. The jx-oplr df ]3rownsville a<'ahi asked the authorities at jMatauKUds to aid them in repelling tJie threatened attack, and a company under Colonel Loranco was sent over. On ()ctol)er '24th a combined force of Mexicans and Americans with two i)ieces of artiller}'" attacked Cc^rtiiia and compelled him to retreat into the cluqiar- ral. An attempt to dislodge him failed; one gun l)ecame bogged and was dismounted on being dis- charged. The advance fell back; tlie other gun was abandoned, and an ignominious flight followed, tlir lyic xicans, however, bringing up the rear. The guns remaint'd in the possession of Cortina. About Novend^er 18th Lieutenant Littleton with thirtv men fell into an ambuscade and sustain* d a loss of three men killed and one wounded, and nut' tak(Mi prisoner. On the 23d of that montli Cortina issued a second proclamation in which, after recount- ing to the Mexicans in Texas the grievances sutfcivd by them, he calls on them to join him in his enter- prise. He informed them that a society was org'i- nized in the state for the extermination of tlitir tyrants; that the veil of impenetrable secrecy covered "the great book" in which the articles of the st)ci('r\'s constitution were written, but that no honorable num need have cause for alarm; and that the Mexicans nf Texas re]iosed tlieir lot in the governor elect, (rent ral Houston, trusting that he would give them legal [I'l- tection within the limits of his power. In conclusion '-''Major Ilointzclman, 1st rugt U. S. iufjintry, says in his roport. Tlu' ^It'xirau troops had hut from S to I'J rouuils of aimmniition, atnl ,,oy 'liil not retreat until it gave out. Tliey arc accused, hut I think nnj... y. i'^ havnii; tired hlauk eartridges, and tliat the ca]) squares -were loosened IimUs- mount the guu,' Id., xii., no. 81, 5. •*f 3:i DESPERATE ]X)INGS. 447 this reprobate cattle-stealer ap]>ealed to tlie good iu- lijiliitauts of Texas t(j look u[)ou ^lexicans as broth- ers, "and keep in mind tliat which the holy spiiit saith : Thou siialt not be the friend of the passionate man; nor join thy self to the mad man, lest thou Irarn his mode of W(»rk and scandalize tliy soul." '' Meantinu^ more volunteers arrived, and Ca}>tain Tnliin collected about 250 men at Santa Kita, seven 'jiilcs from ]^rownsville. On November 24th lu; ad- vanced against Cortina \vli<- was now well intrt^nched niid proti'cted by the ca[)tured camion. Tobin's force was a disorganized crowd, and after receivinj:; and re- turniii''' the fire of the enemy, he *>av«; the orcK'r to fall hack and wait for a 24-i>ounder howitzei', which lie had left with sixtv men at Santa Pita. The whole fivf. however, retreated to that place-; a misunder- staiidiiij;' occurred and some of the men returned to Ihtiwnsville. On the following day he again ad- vanced, but agani fell back, deeming it imprudent to attack. Ciirtina's force kept rapidly increasing, and he soon liad hetwecMi 400 and 500 followers, a number of whom Were criudnals who escaped from the ])i-ison at Vic- toria, and had joined him in spite of the efforts of tlic Mexican authorities to })revent them,"" On J^ecendK-r 5th Major Heintzilnian, 1st regi- niriit V. S. infantrv, arrived at BrownsAille with 122 nl1i(Hrs and men, where he was joined by Captain 11 ickett's company, 1st artillery, of 4S men, and Major Tiihin with 150 rangers. On tlie 14th he attacked tlic enem\- with l()5 offic(>rs and men of the reu'ular •■M'ojiy of proclaiuatioii in C ,S\ Jf. Er. Doc, coiig. ,'U), sess. 1, viii., im. 5'J, T'.i->V2. -^Thc Texaus charge tlio Ntcxican authorities with wilfully making no LI ileavor to jirevent Cortina receiving sucli reurtiit.s. This was nut tlic case. C.Mi-iiltring tlic noturc of tiic country ami the villingncss on the jiart of the Mrxiian people to aiil f\igitivi's, the authorities tlid all that was possilile. A till .■ was sent from Matanioros to guanl the fords of the Itio (irandc, ai'l iithcr nieasiires were taken to arrest the criminals. The report of tl.c M'xi -an investigating committci' of May ].">, IST.'i, eontains a veiy fair ac- Cii.iit nf Corliua's insurrection, and the position of Mexico in regard to it. J/i.t, Jn/tinnv Vuiiiin, I\i"j., IS73, 71-85. m'\ iii "1 448 CIVIL WAR, army and 120 raivj^oi's, niid ra])turc(l oiio of Oortiiui's ])riMci]);>l (•aiii])s without ditHculty. Tlio insunvctidii- aiy k'adcr now t'onceiitruted Ins foives and retired up tlio river, devastatino^ tlio e(»iintiy on liis niarcli. as far as Kio Grande; City, wliicli ])laeo he took posses- sion of as Will as of Fort llinejold. lleint/.elinaii started in juirsuit of hhn on tin; 'J 1st and on the iTtli attacked Ids eani|), wJiieh was situated ahout hah' a mile outside of Jlio (Jrande. Cortitia sustained a coin))leto defeat, losin<^ liis ii'uns, annnunition and l)aort alreaily (juoted says : "The whole eountiv from Brownsville! to lilo (Irande City, 1-0 miles, and hack to the iiij'oyo Colorado, has been laid waste. There is not an American, or any property that could l)(; destroyed, in this lnre;(^ tract of country. Ihisi- ness as far as Laredo, ;240 miles, has heei, interrupted or suspended for five months. The amount of (dainis for daniaejes is $.'5.'U),8"jr). There have Ixh'U lit'teeii Americans and eiii;lity friendh' Mexicans killed. ( 'ei- tina has lost 151 men killed; of the wounded I have no account.''' In June 1800 Cortina was ]mt to flin^ht by ^rexiean troops, which were kept for six months in the field to operate aoainst him, and succeeded in capturini.; many of his lawless followers. Havinu; found a, refuuc in tlio mountains of Huri^'os, in May, 18<)l, he thence aualii invaded Texas and burned Ronui, but was ao-aiu de- feated. This was the closing event of his insunvc- tionary movements against Tc^xas.'^" -' Dotailod particulars nf tliis insurreotioii will l>e fmind in Ih.: I'. >" '^. Ex. Dnr., {■(lilt;, 'il'. Ncss. 1, ix,, no. '21 and 'J4; //. Mi-if. I)"<\. cont;. '.U'k ■>•■^■'■ 1. v.. nil. IW; f[. fjr. />'v'.. ciini,'. 4'2, scs.s. .'i, vii., iki. .'10, wlu'ru nu \t\<. l-i 4. tile claims for d.miagi'x will lie seen to amount to .Sljl'Ofi.Cil!): ft/., cini;.'. 'M. Bes«. 1, viii., iii. .")■_', .\ii., no. SI. -' ilc afti^Tward rcvolutioui/ud Taiuauliiias, became gov., and intri^ntil KFFKCT (tN TKXAS. 440 •f'nia's Ctltill- ■I'd iij) 'cli. as (OSSt'S- I- •17\]\ halt' a int'd a III ami () lIU'll river, f tlu'iu llowors wliicli mail in ['oiintfv Ics, ami waste. at coul'l l*>usi- Ujited cliiiiis iit'teell I liave Texiean field to .jf many intliV ■(' a:.ia;n •aiii de- isurree- rn r i:'. 4, IT con;;. iutriiiiii' By proc-lnination of April If). isOl. ProsicU'iit Lin- coln (ieclarcd ilic states of Soulli Carolina, ( (eori^ia. Alaliama, Floridii. ^lississi[>j)i, liouisiana, and Texas ill reltellioii, called out 7r).()()(> of tlic militia, and suiiiiiioiK'd congress t<» asscmMc on tlie Jtli ot July folloNvlnuf. (Ml the I Itli of lliat nioiilh, senators llein]»hill an, were d(^(dare(l expelled from the senate of the Tiiited .States.'" tosretlier with certain nietnhers from \'ir.iiiiia, Nortli Carolina. South Carolina, 'reiiiiessee. and Arkansas, hy a vote of |() nays aijfainst .'^J yeas.'* The efreat civil wai' beinan. and fortunate it was for Texas that lu'r laced her out- ride the cy(done of thjit Titantic strife. While the whiiKvind of destructi<»ii and deatli swej)t for yt'ai's evei' tJie unliappy soutli, she was only disturhed hy tlie eoinmotiou raised on tlie edu'c <'f tlie dreadful Imtli with the confederates and the U. S. otiicials. In iNTl lie was a general miller .luarez, and in 1875 mayor of Matanioros and gen. in tlie Mexican aiiiiv. For refnsing to ol)cy orders lie was arrested and sent prisoner to Mexico. .1/..'. liiformc Com. /'>w/., ISTH, S.V.'i; T/inill, .VJS '.). 'I!ie following is a listof the senators from Texas previons to the secession. riidiiias F. Rusk from 1M."> to ISA? Suiiiiiel ll.iuston I'roiii lS4t) to 1S,"(!> i'iiliney .1. Henderson Iiom \S'u to IS,")".) Matthias Wa-d Inmi IS.'iS to 1S.">!1 .h'lin Hemphill I'roiu IS.")!1 to ISi)! lAwis 'l'. Wigfall from |S.-.. From ihr eastern district tiicy Were: Havid S. Kaufman liom lS4f> to 1S,")I Richardson Scurry from 1S,")1 to lS,*i;i <». \V. Smyth from 1S,".4 to IS.m l.ciiiii.l Dull! Evans from )S.">(; to 1S,")7 ■I'llm 11. Ceagan from 1S,VS to tsdl Tlic wcstcin tlistriet was represented liy riini>tiiy rill.diury from KS4(i to IM'.l \'"liu y v.. Howard from KS.")0 to Is,".;! I'. 11.' licll from 1S,".4 to ls.".7 eiiy .\I. liry.in from IS.'iS to is.V.I .\nilrc\v .1. Haindton from iSliO to ISdl I'yimlation in Texas iiad increased so rapidly that iii the ajijioitionnunt "1 11 presentation of the slates in the house, of .Inly ISdI. Texas w.is alliiwiij four repre.sout;itives. If. S. Jf. Ex. Doc. eong. ;{7, sess. 1, no. !i. I . S. .SVv). Joiir., eong. :{7. sess. 1. '3. '29-.10; Coni/. Ohlif ninl At]>.. im;i. 1. ■ Hi-i. Mkx. st.^tks. Vol.. II. •-".'. 490 CIVIL WAll. i'M§ ijif ii h-torni. Her territory, in nil its lcM;jrtli ;inut to her pi-()oivss ; intei'iial imp!-o\-ement and inimi^raiinn ceased, and thousands of her sons perislu'd in the wai, For she did not ilinch from takinu; her full shaie in the strUL><'li>. and in manv a hard fought battle her ila^' was borne in tlu^ thickest of the fteht. Within one month after tlie installation of Clark, liostilities broke out. On April 14, I SGI, Foit Sum- ter was (^vacuated bv ^faior AniK'rson. and on tin' followin*;' (hiy Lincoln's ]>roclamation was issued. ICnlistnu^nt for service was at once commenced in Texas, and early in j\T;iy. Colonel W. C. Young. eri»ssiui;" ]?ed rixci', captured Fort Ail)uckle and other military posts of the Ignited States in tin Indian Territory, the federal soldiers retrc^tinj; te Kansas. Colonel Ford, also, assisti-d by an expedi- tion which sailed from TJalveston, took ])ossossion et Fort Brown, oj)posite INTatamoros, without meeting Avith resistance. (^a[)tain Hill, in command, had re- fused to obev the order of Twiiiirs iv evacuate It, hut I. CO >M (iOVKKNOlt lA'HltUCK 461 foiiiid that lio could not jiossihly liold it with Ids small t'lllVC. ( )ii .Iiinc 8tli (jovcnior C'laik issuctl a jiroclaiiiatioii, atiMiiuiiciiin' that a state of war existed, and shortly jit'ti r the |u)rtHK»r Texas were blockaded hyu s(jiiadroii (if the ^uir licet. 'I'he Texaiis had never bei'ii lay Xo\eml)er 15,000 men were enrolled in the service of till coid'ederate ai'my. The (.'lection of IHHl sliowed a majority in favor of I'lancis Iv. J^ubbock,"" for governor, who defeated Clark by oidy l'J4 votes. "^ He was inauguratt'd Xuvi'inber 7, isfll. Ill July of this year Lieutenant-coloiu'l John Jl. baylor had occu})ied Fort Bliss, on the ]lio (IraiKh^, and cri)ssiiig the river took possession of JNIesilhi on the L'ath. Major lAiule, l7th U. S. Infantrv. in Kniuiuind at Fort Fillmore near by, having failed to iiislodge ]JayK»r, surrendered his whole command of iiliout 700 men. Lieutenant-colonel Canby was at this thne in command of the department of N(!W ^h'xico, and made pre})arat'ions to meet the invas'i(»n. M(\uitime ]\[ajor Sibley of the United States' Army, ^' Ho was l)(ini in IJcaufort, S. (".. Oct. lt», ISlo, ami iniprateil ti> Texas Viw. 18liti, si'ttliii>j; in tiic tnwn of Hdustun, wIrtc lio ojicmil a iiuicaritilc liu>iiit!is house. Jn ISliS lie was ODnnitrollor of tin' treasury, and frnin I.^H to !S,'i7 hold the i>tiico of clerk of the district court tor Harris county. In till' 1, 1st named year he was elected lieut-i^ov., and in iMiO was a[iiiointcd ili.'lcs.'ate to the ('liarlestf>n convention. At tlie close of liis term as gov., ho entered tlie eoufederate army as au .oljutaut-gcneral on the stall' of ]'i'esi(le?it Davis, wasca]itured with him in ISl'i."), :iiid iiniirisoned in I''ort l>elawan'. In IS('n) lie resumed Imsiness in Housti>n, and twn years lat^T removed to Oal- vcstiiii. Luliliock, in l&7(> was elected to the oliice of state treasurer, aiid re- elo't,.] in KSSO. lit(rb'>< Tex. Aim., 1SSl>, l.>h Co/v/ojvt'.s Trr., lO-J, Kis 70. ■ "I ho total nuniher of votes cast was bl,'M'?i, of %vhich Luhhock ohtained 21, S.M; Clark, 121, 7:U); and T. J. Chauibers, 13,75!). John M. Crockett was eleutod lieut-jjov. ThmU, 391. 1 1 s» ...^^-v. 1> ^. ^aSi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 1.0 11.25 — " ^ IS U 11.6 *•- V V] Photographic Sciences Corporation m i\ ^<^ o 23 WEST MAIN STRCET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) S73-4503 o\ s» 452 CIVIL WAR. \ii' <■ i had joined the confederates, and with the rank of brigadier-general was ordered in July to proceed to Texas, and organize an expedition for the purpose of driving the federal troops out of New Mexico. Sibliy reached El Paso with his force about the middle of December, and issued a proclamation, inviting his old comrades-in-arms to take service in the confederate army, an appeal which met with no response. Colonel Canby, early in 1862 made Fort Craijr, on the Rio Grande north of Mesilla, his headquarters, and on February 2 1st, after some maneuvering, and a skirmish on the dav before, crossed the river atid engagetl the Texans. Canby's force aggregated 3,8 10 men, but of these only 900 were regulars, the re- mainder, consisting of volunteers and New Mexican militia, were of little service. Sibley reported tlie number of his force to have been 1,750. The iii- gagemcnt, called the battle of Valverde, took place in the afternoon, and resulted in the discomfiture of the federals, who retreated to the fort, leaving six pieces of artillery in the hands of the enemy. Sibley now march* "^ ' • Alburquerque, and from that place sent a del inent to occupy Santa Fe, which having been cvat uated by the federal officei' in conmiand. Major Donaldson, was entered by tlie Texans March 23d. Fort Union, on the Santa V6 route, was the next ])oiiit to which Sibley directed liis march, but on the 28th of the same month his ad vance, under Colonel W. II. Scurry, became engajj^cd at the eastern mouth of Apache Canon, with a federal force over 1,300 strong, with eight pieces of artillery, under Colonel Slough, who had advanced against the invaders from Fort Union. Shmgli detaelied ahnut 500 of his men, un«ler Major Chivington, by a difti* ult and dangerous mountain trail, to assail the enemy's camp in the rear, while he engaged the main body. The maneuvre was successful; the camp with all tlie supplies of every kind was taken by the enemy, and though Slough's colunm was repulsed after a tirrcc HKAVV LOSfSKS. 453 ti.;iit «)f five hours, Scurry sent in a Hag of truce, and jitttT buryiii*; his dead retreated to Santa ¥6. SU)U<^li's loss was one officer and 28 men killed ; two ottiocrs and 40 men wounded, and 15 men taken pris- (Hicrs; that of Scurry, four officers and 32 men killed, and 00 wounded. This check stopped further advance. Early in April Santa Fe was evacuated, and the Texans re- treated down the Rio Grande. On the 15th they wore attacked at Peralta by Colonel Canby, and an indecisive engagement took place. In the night the Texans resumed their retreat, and on May 18th, Canby reported them as scattered along the Rio Grande between Dona Aima and El Paso. On July 6, 1862, the last of the confederates crossed into Texas. It was a bootless campaign, in which the devoted sons of Texas lost bv sickness and in killed, wounded, and prisoners, over 500 men. New Mexico, with its ruirt^ed mountain ranges, desolate regions, and water- less deserts, was not a desirable country in which to undertake military expeditions. General Sibley, writ- ing to Richmond from Fort Bliss expressed the con- viction that the territory was not worth a quarter of tlie blood and treasure expended in its conquest, and tliat his men had manifested an irreconcilable detes- tation of the country and the people." ^•' Tlie above particulars arc mainly derived from the account of thia in- vasion by A. A. Hayes, in Mn;f, Amer. I/iM., Feb. 1886, 171-84. Tlie writer liiul uuceaa to valuable ofiScial documents, visited New Mexico in 1879, and ' ilovoted much time to iuquiries from those who took part in the campaign. ° CHAPTER XVII It PROGRESS AND END OF THE WAR. 18ti'2-1865. Operations of thr United States' Navy — RECArrrRK of OALVFiSTON ht THE TeXANS— MlLITAKY DESPOTISM— DEFEAT OF THE FEDERALS \t Sabine Pass— Death of General Houston — His Character .\ni> Policy— MiKRAH Elected Governor— Operations of the Feiikkhs on the GrLF Coast — AriEMi*T aoainst Texas hy Red Kivkk Rro'.vnsville Taken by Cortina— Administration of ^Iihkmi - Financial MArrEisa — The Conscriition TiAws — Lamentahi.k S.iim, Condition of Tex,vs — Industrial Proii the mainland. Meantime, about the middle of September, Iavu- tenant J. W. Kittred^e, with his vessel, the Arthur, and the steamer Sachem, took possession of Corpus Christi, captured several vessels, and necessitated tlio burning of others by the confederates. Subsecpb iitly Kittredge, while on shore, was captured with his boat's crew. Somewhat later Francis Crockir. coni- manding the steamer Kensinglon, with the schooners OKNEKAL MA(iKUltKH. 4.".'i luirhd S(uman and Henry Janes, captured tlm (it't't Mn's of Sabino city. Ho tlioii prooooilod to Cal- • a.-KU riv1i> at the abandoninenb (if (ralveston by General Hebei"t, that they petitioned tor his removal, and he was suix'rsecU'd in Novt inbi i- ISt)J by General ^[agrudcr, who forthwitli mad; IMtparations to recapture the island. On Buflalo Hayou, a few miles below the city of Ht)Uston, he transformed four river steamers into gun-boats, pro- ttcting their sides with compressed cotton-bales. Thi; K tuin of Sibley's brigade from Xew ^Eexico, gave him an tflicicnt force of men already ex[)erienced in war. and be had also at his disposal a, 000 Texans, wlio Imd hoen called into service for the protection »)f the coa .t. (Jalveston was occupied by the 4l.M ]\rassachusctt-; \tilujiteers; the I/arrid Lane was lying at the wharf, an(iin(\ liai/nn ( 'li/, Liicjl (iirin)i, and John F. Can to the head of tlie l>ay. witli histructions to conuucncc their attack when tin moon Went down, on the night of the .'Ust. At the ap))ointed time, about 4 a. .m., on January 1st, the land forces, which had silently and unperceived'crosscd over to the island, assaulted the position of the \\h\- tials. The gun-boats, delayetl by a low tide, could Hot reach the scene of action in time to cooperate in tlio opening of the attack, and victory began to seem doubtful. At this crisis they fortunately arrived, and ''■oh;/. <;/(V«j:in«_j. Tin Texans leaped on hoard, and a hand-to-hand cojitlirt ensued, in which Commander Wainwrii^ht, of tin Ifdrrirf Im)u\ and Lieutenant-commander Lea wtiv slain. On their fall the ship surrendered. The W'rst- fiehi, in trying to leave the harbor, ran ajj^round. ami in order to prevent her fallinu; into the hands of tli. Texans, It was determined to l)K>w her up. Tlu' i \ plosion took place prematurely, and Connnander lu ii shaw with fifteen men perished. All the other vessel-, escaped. Meantime, the efforts of the confederati land forces were crowned with success : the federals surrendered, and Galveston island was ajj^ain in pos- session of the Texans,"* who retained their hold of it till the termination of the war, though the port ton tinued to bo blockaded. At the outlnvak of the war, and during the eailit i ]>art of Lubbock's administration, it was confidoiitl\ believed by the mass of the pei»ple in Texas that the establishment of the confederacy would be acooiii- plished. It is true that after the passage of tho si - cession ordinance the unionists boopjui to or of the confederates proiiortionately gained stren«4tli Strinixent laws and orders that were issued, being n - garded as measures necessary to success, were at lirst submitted to with promptness and cheerfulnes.s. ami '/(/., 309-18; Thrall, SOfM?: NoHh'^ Fhf Ymr.< in Tex., 106-11. LUBBOt'Ks ADMINISTRATION. 4«7 calls f(ir voluiitoors were liborally responded to by the TiVans. But presently they he^jjan to pereeive that tlicv l)ad placed their neeks under the yoke of a niili- tarv despotism. On A])ril "JH, l^(Vl, martial law was jiioclaiined hy (General Bee, in oon)mand at San An- tonii), over the western military district, and on May .lotli foUowin*^, Geneial Hehert proclaimetl that it was rxtended over the whole state. Every white male ]H isoM above the aije of sixteen years was required. w hill sunnuoned, to pn-sent himself bi«fore the provost iiiarslial, and have his name, residence, and occupa- tion reujistered; aliens were made to take an oath to maintain the laws of the stiite and the confederacy; persons disobevinji' orders and .sunnn«>nses issued bv tlu' provost marshal would be .sunnnarily punisheil: and any attempt to depreciate the currency of the confederate states was declared to constitute an act of iiostility.* On November 2 1st. an order was issued forbidtlino- the exportation of colton. except by the aivrnts of the ^j;overnnu nt, and in February ISO.S further restrictions were made on the exjiortation of the sanu> ai'tlelc acros.s the Rio Grande. These and similar mi'a.sures were condenmed as interferino- with trade, and plies. ^^oreover, after the first excited rush of volunteers into the service had subsided, the ati-rn law of con- sciiption was passed, and in Texas was enforced t«t the utmost. All males from eiijhteen vears of aije t«» toity-five were made liable to service in the confeder- ate army, with the exception of ministers of religion. .>sao;e to the leufislature in XovendK'r 1 9>iV^, he sui,m^sted that every male person fn>m sixteen vears 'Cojiy of proelainatioii in Thnill. :«KS. m r:f 468 I'lUKiHFisS AND END OF THE WAR. o il I*- '^ 1(1 and upward should he declarod in tho niilif.nv Htrvico of the .state; that no one sliould he peniiittid to furnish a suhstitute, and that tiie ri«jfht to do >!» slMU.Id he aholisht'd, both hy tlie state and eonfedi lali •jjovcrninents. In the same niessa<^e lit^ infornu d tin l«t,nsljjture that 1)0,000 Texans were already in tin < onfeclerate service. When it is horno hi mind tli.it the u;reatest number of votes ever polled in tlic .-"tiiti was little over 04,000, it will he seen what a trenu n dous drain had been made on the strength of tin rountrv. Aiifain, tlu; eonfisration {ict,* and the law authcriz injjf the banishment of persons still adherinjj; to tin union,' were scrupulously enforced. Many juixm^ who had spent their liv^cs in Texas thus lost tlirii property, and even temporary ahsentt^es in the iKHtli. who would have found it difficult, if not imi)ossIl»!( . to nturn, were likewise deprived of their possession, >. ihit still more unfortunate were pirsons of uiiimi proclivities who yet remahied in the country, riidti authority of the banishment act, the settlers in tl;r western counties, and the (jlerman colonists, wiio .>^till held to their anti-slavery proi»ensities, were sevt k 1\ lumislied. Aftc^r the proclamation of martial law \u Texas, no household of anti-confederate; ideas in tliii>. districts was permitted t(> dwell in peace, just as \va- the case in reut of those who followi'd in their wak' the jj^reater |»ortion was (•a[)tured and put to death.' ■^I'asstMl liy tlio ciiiifodcriitc I'oiigrL's.s Aug. 'M, l>S(>I. It proviik'il tli.it r! j)roperty within tin; limits (if tiu: ciinfi'dLTiu'y belonging to union men m!' (lid not proclaim tlu'ir allegiance to the confeileracy, «>r had left it, slioulti '•'' conllscated. •"'ThiM law was passed Aug. 8, 1861. By it every male o\ r '.I m.ii-' ^ age who adhered to the U. S. govtM'as madesuhjcct to hanisln ent ln>ii t''' limitM of the confederate states, and the courts of ju.stice wer ; oriliri'ii M arrest and treat as alien enemies all union men who did not tei dcr their al- legiance or leave the confederacy within 40 days. ' LoKsing (juotes from the Sun Antonio Ifinilif, an organ loyal to tlie om- fcderacy, as follows: 'Their Ixmei are bluachiug on the soil of e\ cry eeiinty KKIiKKAl, UKVKRSK^^. 4K By tlio iloao of Lubhook'rt adininiHt ration the tide ot' (UMiiion was chand by General Banks, to whom the conduct of the (xpt'dition was entrusted, and to whom discretionary |)(i\ver was j'iven, that, by gainini^ possession of this [loiiit, he could concentrate an army of 15,000 men at Houston, and thereby gain control of all the railroad roimnunications in Texas. It appears that in January, 1R03, the blockade of Sabine pass* was not considered effective by General Maujruder, an of Sahinc Pass was temporarily cii1ihi tijiir boilius are MUs[)en'2, on the \ueci;s river, out of a party of sixty who wire (■iiilc.iviirinjj; to make tiieir way to Mexico. '•L .1. .larvis, Itankcr and stock raiser, residing at Fort Wortli, 'I'lx.n, siiys: ' S:ihinc I'ass, perhap.s, has superior natural advantages foras(a[iort fity to any other point on the gulf coast of thi.s state; deep water miglit he ohtained there perhaps with smaller appropriations than any other point on tlio cojist of Texas.' Ohtcrt\ At/ric., MS., 8. »^^ S. If. Er. Doe., cong. 28, sess. I, iv., no. 1, Xi] X '" Reports of Surgeon Sherfy and Acting Master Dillingham, in /f;UK.ss ANI» KND OF THK WAK. \i saiiKj yi-ar, a Hkirmish took place in wliirli Tii«'utvi|. aiit-Coinniaiuler \EoDorinot of tlio ftulcral to effect a landing at Sabine Pass, with the coojMia- tion of the navy. The necessary transports wcif provided, and the steamers, Clifton, Sachem, ArhnnK and Granite City, under Lieutenant Frederick Crockn. were assigned to suj)port the movement, (^n Sep tember 8th these gun-boats with the transports crossed the bar. It had been intended to effect a sur[»iisc. and to make the attack at earlv dawn on the moriiiii<,' of the 7th; Imt this plan scsems to have been discon- certed by want of unity of action, and the exju'ditidii appeared for twenty-eight hours off the pass hct'oiv it moved against the enemy, wln) thereby becaiiii aware of the threatened danger. Franklin, moreover, failed to follow his instruc- tions, by which he was ordered to land his troops hi low the pass. Instead of doing so he arranged with Crocker that the gun-boats should first bombard tin fort, expel the garrison, and drive off, or capture t\\'< cotton-clads of the enemy stationed in the rivoi This accomplished, the troops were to land and taki possession. Accordingly the federal vessels steaiiittl up and opened fire, which was not returned till tluv were abreast of the fort. There a heavy cannoiuult was directed against them, and the Clifton and Saekm were soon disabled, being struck in their boilers or steam-pipes. The Clifton ran aground, and in a short time both vessels hauled down their colors. This disaster decided the affair, which resulted in ignomin- I»KATH or llorsTOS. 461 imi^ «lrtVat r»n tlic part of the fciU'i'uls. The Arizaua and (iranifr Citif Imcki'd out of tlic cmitrsi. and tin- ti;iiis|K.rts bi'in«; left unsu|>|M»rtt'«l, Franklin made no ;itt.ni|)t to land. On hvinj; to cross tin- liar t!io Irr.iiiKi «jrrounded, but succccdod in jjottinir aHoat at tldod tide. Tlio transports also passed wifrly outside, ;ui(l the expedition then returned to N«\v Orleans, liii\inii^ lost two gun-boats, mountini:; iifteen riHed 'iun^<. and over 1 00 iniii in kiilfd and wounded, besich h at hast 250 j)ris(iners." Tiie garrison of the fort ((insisted of oidy 200 Tfxans. art in th*' action. These were presented l»y ri( sidriit Davis with a silver medal, the only honor nt' the kind known to have been bestowed by the confederate jjfovernnu'nt.'^ On the 2r.th of July 18G:}. (General Houston, the soldier and statesman, the arehiteet of Texan inde- jK ndenoe, breathed his last at his home in Huntsville, Walker eounty. His health had been dtclininji; for some time, and with a broken spirit he lia-S. .'i!K>-."i; /.ciWwi/, 111. Slip., iii. 1^21-2. Aecording to tlie rejiort '. //. A'. A.'.. Jong. AS, sess. 2, no. 1, 4!M 3, 49r)-(). '-It was made of a thin plate of silver, with the words 'Davi.'* aH.std to fdicc those wlio had lent their gold to reeeive in povim ul depreeiated trt asury notes ; yet this is exaetiy wlial the men of the n<»rth were doing. (Jeneral lltmston was endowed with great natiiial ahiliti<'S, and gifted with no ordinary physical streii^tli. I lis intuitive quickness of percepti<>n; his foitsi.;Iit and far-reaching mental grasp; his penetratidii :iii unrivalled ; his inHnence among the masses was • \- traortlinarv; and as . s|>eaker, his power over a 'l\\aii audience was magical. Yet, as a jmblic man, whetlit r in a military or civil caj)aclty, no leader had more hittrr enemies, but at tiie same time none had warmer friends. As jiresident of the republic his administration \va> marked by economy, by a pacific policy in relation to the border Indian tribes, and by a defensive and nut an aggressive attitude toward Mexico. He woiilii rather feed Indians than kill them; was ever ready to ward oflT tlmvitened invasion, and adopt prote(ti\t measures against predatory incursions on the frontier, but not to organize such undertakings as the Santa F6 expedition. The enterprise attempted by Co1o?k1 Fisher and his followers in their attack on Mier was never contemplated by Houston. ) ac- Srlf- A (JUEAT MAN. Ill tlir Senate of tin' Ignited St.'iti's, wlnri- In- r»|>- iix iiti'd 'I\'xns for well ni;:rli fouitt rii ycuis, lie was |H>rslsttiilly <<»iis(i\utivt', attacliiiij^ liimsrlf tu tlic ol. It. Vo ted ilist the extension of the Mis- siuii compromise lin > t'» the l*ae*ili«' eoa>t, the iion- |i;is-;a!,'e of wliieh hill \ ilt llilllv «x«-lu\ >iitueof the articles of amiexatioii, .asiii no \ uv ;iir«( ted hy the ineasure. When, howevei-, In- voted ii^mI' ' Doui^las' Kansas riid Nehiaska ^ill, intro- (lut I'd into the senate in ISai, in which tlu «loctrino . t'si|uatter s»assi'd, those teri'itories wouUl in any cast; tlu ill nil wvrv \(lii(K' slavery. Tlu^ north, with its lar^t; |»o]»ulation, Would pour in totl em a tide of enii'''rants which wo uld im •vit.'ddv n>alalth and Intelligence, and tho.se who liad .'-hed their hlood for their country. In a p|)c;ech ddiviied at Nacoofdoches, in December ISSf), he 4(^4 riiOOKKSS AM> END OF IHE WAR. vc'licmently invoicjhcd aoiiiust, the bill for the natuiiili- zjitu)n of forrij^ticrs, whicli allowed c^verv alien ilic riijfht to vote after six inoiitlis' residence hi the counlr\ . Was it. lie aski'verty in his household, and a broken down consti- tution, saddened the days, as, shattered and worn — to use l)is own words'' — he a^^proachcd the narrow isth- mus which divides time's ocean from the sea of eter- nitv bevond. So straiijhtened were his means that his family were often stinted for the necessaries of life. Solium years after settling in Texas Houston again mairied, and at his death left a widow and seven cliildicu, the eldest of whom had not yet attained the a;j:e of majority.'* On November 5, 18G3, Pendleton Murrah," the "111 liis last puMic speech, delivered March 18, 1803, in the city of Houa- toii, ill Tlmill, 507. " I.iMh-'h llitmton awl hilt Rt-p., passim; Thrall, 400, .'k).")-08; Bnlfr's Ttx., 'I'm'; Linn!iI{fmi)ik.,'2'iS,'2~''2-'i; < i ire n'n Reply, \}&iisim; Kennedy, '\\. 1.5il-(>0; //'i7»7'x.l/(i7., xxxii. OSO-5; The Ventuni, Aug. 1884; ,S'. F. Biillitin, A\»: 11, IMKI, sup.; Tex. Aim., 18.59, 119-25; Vnrdm^is Tex., 178-9. 'Murr^h was a native of South Carolina, a lawyer by profession, lii early lifu lie went to Alabama, whence he migrated to lexas, settling in Hist. Mex. States, Vol. II. 80 ' --Jit 33 V .1 ^lll \ 466 PROORESS AND END OF THE WAR. :ii K governor elect, was inaugurated, Fletcher S. Stock- dale boinji licutenant-Liovertior." After tlie failure of the expedition against Sahiin! city, General Banks determined upon another to jj;* t possession of the Texan ports, l)reak up the trade tliat was being carried on with Mexico through Brov/nsville and ^fatanioros, and put a stop to the evasion of the blockade bv vessels sailiny a naval squadron under ConmiantU'r Strong, sailed uith 6,000 troops from New Orleans f»»r the Kio Grande, tl:;e innnediate command, however, bein*' 'jjiveii te General Napoleon Dana. On November 2(1 tl.e soldiers were landed at ]^razos Santiago, and Browns- ville was taken jmssession t>f on the Gth. The occu- pation of Corpus Christi, of the confederate works at Aransas pass, .and of Cavallo j)ass, and Fort ]'>|h r- anza, at the entrance of Matagorda bay, si)eedi]y t' 1- lowed. By the end of Di'cember, Indianola and the Matagorda peninsula were in possession of the fideials, only a faint show of resistance being made by tlu; Texans, wiio withdrew from tlie coast defences \V( st of tlie Colorado, At the bei^innhiLj of 1804 the «mi1v places on the gulf coast of importance that reiii!:in<(l in their possession wero at the mouth of the Ihazos Harrison County. Tn 1857 ho represented that county in the state li gisla- turc. On the surrender of tlio confederate armies in 18(15, Murrali lift the country and sought refuge in Mexico. He died in Monterey in .Tuly "f the same year. T/intH, 408, 5'.M». '"Tiie votes luilleil for governor were; for Murrah, 17,511; 'J", -f. < '' ■I'li- l)ers 1*2,455; scattering 1.070 — making a total of .11,0S(». 1' KeiKirt of the secretary of the navy, Dec. 7, 1863. U. S. II !>"■■, coug. 38, sesa. 1, uu. 1, p. viii. I ' ACTION" OF TEXANS. 487 nnd Galveston Island, both of wjiicli were too stronjjiv (li^'iided to admit of the cnuany nuikin*^ any attempt aii.iiiist them. The occupation of Brownsville ellict uallv stopped the extensive trade carried on by tlic Trsans through Matamoras, and on February IStli, ]*r('siderate vessels.'* Hanks' expedition having faile4, in /(/., cong. 3S, boss. '2, vi., Ill' I, J)]), vi.-vii. 480-7, 489 IK), 4".)8-9, .TOH <»; A.,*y/w /, iii. 2-2.'?-4. '•' ' llu was met by one of tlic nitist dostruotive (iri's known in tln> ami.ils of war. Of liiti regiment, not more than tein^si'aiH'tl doatii or wo\infi In Soptomlior. Brownsville was captured l\v her old enemy, Coitina, under somewhat peculiar circum- stances. A French force al)out 5,000 stroni^ t:ii Governor Murrah did not find his position a sine- cure. It was fraught with anxiety and care, tioulile and annoyances, while the salary attached to it was paid in a currency which was oiily worth from tlnec to four cents on the dollar. The functions of the mt within forty y.ards, and then tlie Itth Iowa emptied nearly every sadlli' as quickly as tlumeli the onler had been given to dismount. KonMiii;/, iii. -''1 -'' Vrcdv Mij., Sept. 22, 1S»)4. The accounts of this affair are soitiiv* bit confusing, hut agree in the ahove main particulars. It does not aiiiicm tliut tlic iitHccr in couimand at Brazos Santiago sent troops to the niamliiiMl to occupy Brownsville. Nor is it likely that he could do so with his small 1 ac. I m- m MURRAH'S ADMINISTRATION. 4<-)a tliivo branches of government were usurped. ^Tili- taiv orders and congressional acts set aside state laws, and denuded him of his authority as the executive. As he was a firm believer in state rig] its and state sovereignty, he was soon hivolved in a labyrinth of (lirticulties. In the hope that some means miglit l>e (Kvised to mitigate financial perplexities, harmonize (•(•iitlirting interests, and promote cooperation between the state and the confederacy in the protection of in- dustrial enterprises, the success of which would l»e of ('(jual benefit to both, he convened the legislature to imct in extra session on May 11, 18G4. From his message of that date, a clear perception of tlie condition of Texas can be ganicd. In the [)re- (■(•ding regular session, the legislature, for the purpose of sustaining the confederate currencv, had made all appropriations in it, and authorized all taxes as well as state obligations to be j)ai(l therewith. The state Ljovennnent had disconthmed the issue of treasury wairants to prevent them from being paid out in con- iK'ctlon with confederate notes, and at tlie same de- preciated rates. But the congress of the southern states had recognized the fact that the confederate currency was almost worthless, and haonds ought to be made, and this could be done, provided that the state was uni inbarrassed, by the judicious purchase and sale of cotton. The governor suggested that the collection of taxes under the existing regulation should be arrested. Tiiey might be collected, he said, in state treasuiy warrants, coupons of state bonds at par, specie, and confederate currency at the market value. Treasurv warrants could be substituted for the coui)ons as tin y were paid into the treasury, and provis'on made for funding the warrants in six percent bonds. The fact that the coupons were received in payment of taxes would probably incri^ase their value, and at tlie same time dinnnish the cost of their redemption in specie. The legislature, however, either througli inability, or throuiih unwillin<»;ness to recosrnize the rlepreciatioii of confederate currency, devised no plan of ndief, and all it did was to provide for exchanging its bundles of old confederate notes for the new issue. The next matter which (xovernor IMurrali brou^lit unchn* consideration was the complication which liad aiisen with regard to conscription. At the last ses- sion provision had been made for the organization ef a state military force embracing all capable of Ixaiiii.; arms between the acres of eiohteen and fortv-five years not liable to confederate service, and also those between the ages of forty-five and fifty. This organi- zation was never completed, and became a subject ef disagreement between the executive and Geri( lal Magruder, the military chief in conmiand of Texas, The time for which those already in the service hud STATE TROOPS. 471 1)r on drafted had not yet expired, and February 20, ]s(;4. was mutually agreed upon between Murrah and ^MiiLjruder as the day for the reorganization; the gov- ernor issued, January 23d, an order continumg those tr()oi>s in ser\iee, and announcing to them that Feb- ruary 20th had been appohited as the day for their ]V( )Tv.anization. This caused great discontent, and inaiiy of them left their posts; Magruder began to act independently, in face of tlie governor's orders, and an eftbii was made to enroll into the confederate at'iiiv state soldiers between eisrliteen and fortv-five Mars of aw whose terms of service had not yet ex- \i'av(\. The men enrolled in the state service had not \nvn given to understand that, when their term t\]Mred, they were liable to ctmscription into the con- f( (it rate arm}-, and were consequently refractory. Jlowever, tlie governor and general came to an ar- rangement by which it was agreed that all state troops sliould be permitted at their option to form new or- defence of the state, and retain a reserve of laboii is that could give time and attention tt> domestic in- terests. The governor then calls attention to the " ftai t'lil detnoralization and crimes jn-evailing tlirougliout the state." The picture which he draws of the social c^'W- fci,", j SOCIAL COXDTTIOX. 473 (litlon of Texas tlurinjjf tliis period is truly frii^litful. lilt his own worils speak: "In some sections, soi-it'tv i«i ;iliiit>st tlisors^anizod ; the voice of the law is hushed, and its authority seldom asserted. It is a dead letter ail unhonored thinijf upon the unread pa«»es of the statutes. Murder, robhery, theft, outrages t)f every kind against property, against Imnian life, against everything saered to a civilized people, are fre(juent ami general. Whole connnunities are under a reign of terror, and they utter their dreadful apprehensions and their agonizing cries of distress in vahi. The rule of tlie mob, the bandit, of unbridled jiassions, rides o\i>r the solemn ordinances of the government. Foul eriiiie is committed, and the criminal, steeped in guilt, and branded by his own dark deeds with eternal in- famy, goes unwhipped of justice. Not even a wainint is issued for him — no etl'ort made bv tlu' sworn olii- cors of the law, or bv the comniunitv, to briii'*' him to })unishment Too often the deed is excused : the conmiuiiity is divided in opinion as to tlu' guilt, and the criminal is screened from justici\ unli'ss his oH'eiid- iiig chances to touch some particular intlueiice or pre- vailing notions, and then, without trial, and without tlie forms of law, he is hulls' bva mob.""' Tills n-allv woithv Liovernor then remarks that the law was not at fault, and that if the officers and peitjile would raniestly cooperate to root out these evils, the law would aijain become the "harmonv of societv, and se- t'Uii' it against this fi'arful confusion, and these fearful dangers." He exhorts the judiciary and all other otiiiers to faithfully discharge tlu'lr duties, and boldly ilcchuvs that the severest ptMialti(>s sliouhl be ])rovided for tlie civil officer who neglected his sworn (»bligations. In spite of this lamentable condition of Texas in a social point of view, her industrial pi-osjxvts were far from unfavorable. Numbers of refugees from Ijouisi- aiia, Arkansas, and Missouri, after the abolition of ' Mi-is,it;u of (lov. P. Murrah to the extra session, May II, ISl>4, no. iJ, I'- H., Ill Tix. Coi. JJoc,, uo. 2. 474 ruaUlESH AND E\I) OF THK WAR. filavorv, soujjflit nn asvlum in Texas, whirl) that law failed to roach, briu^nij^ with tliem their slaves. Tl,t' eonse<|ueuee was that the; year IHOIJ was marked hy nn unpriTcdented production of cotton and cnni. liooins were supplied in ample abundance, grcitt (juantities of cloth were manufactured, and. But the ]>roducers wok.' called upon to make sjicrifices so uicat that their patience became exhausted. The deinaiid for cotton, both by confederate officers and the state military board, was imperative, and the i)lanter was called upon to sell one half of his staple for state bonds bearii.g seven per centum interest. Means of transpoi-tation to the Rio Grande were scarce and ex- pensive, and it was generally conceded that the cost of transferring cotton thither from any distance hi the interior was equal to one half of its value, losses and wastaLje Ixnng considered.'^ Moreover, serious enihar- rassments occurred between the confederate and state authorities, and cotton transported under the state regulations was interfered with on the Rio Grande. Horses and mules were impressed for the use <»f tin army, and all surplus corn was appropriated. A gloomy sentimcmt began to prevail. INIany teni!)K' battles had been fought, and it was felt that the iiul was drawing near. The latter part of 1864 was disastrous to the con- federate arms, and during the first six months of tlie following year the catastrophe came. After the sur- render of generals Lee, Johnston, and Taylt)r, \n "The system adopted l)y Oov. Murrah -was as follows: The vendor trans- ported his cotton to tlie Rio (Jrande at his own exi)ense and risk. One li.ilf of it he retained for his own use, and for the other half he recoivo'l state b()nd.s at its specie value. He had, moreoTer, to pay the titlie iiiiiKisid !iy the confederate congress, and the export duty. Oov. Murrah's Mcs., Id, no, 2, in Tcj:. Col. Doc, no. '2. THE LAST SHOT. 473 Apiil and early in May, a battle was fou«^ht in Texas, wlicio the .stru!L?<4le was wt'ill prol(»njre(|. CJrneral Kirl)y Smith addreHse*), April 21, a proclamation to 1 1 is soldiers. "You })ossoss the means," he said, "of loii^- resistance. Protract the stru«;L;le, and you will surely receive the aid of nations who already deeply sympathize with you." In Texas public iiieetiiijjfH were lield and resolutions adopted to continue the war. A l;u'.;e federal force was set in motion aj^ainst Texas under Slieiidan; l)ut on Mav i^Jth Kirbv Smith surren«lered his connnand to General Canby, before the unionists liad reached tlieir destination." ^[euntime on May IHth, the engagement above alkided to, the last in tlu; war, was fought near tlie <»M l)attle-field of Palo Alto, the scene of Tavlor's vie- ti»iy over Arista. The confederates w^'re stationed at Palmetto, and Colonel Theodore H. Barn^tt who was ill command at Brazos Santiago, sent on the 11th MOO men under Lieutenant-Colonel Bronson to attack tliem. Early m the morning of the l"Jtli Bronson assaulted the enemy's camp, drove him from it, and d hi front by a strong body of infantry witli six 12-p()unders, while a squadron of cavalry suc- oi'e(l(>d, under cover of the chaparral, in flanking tliem. Barrett's position was critical, and ri'treat was his only alternative. For three hours a running fight was maintained without the confederates being able to bleak the federal lino, and at sunset they retired.'* •'■ l\L'j)()rt of the sec. of war, in ^^<■•lx. and Di^c, Ahrhtii., coug. 39, acs.s. 1, 702 ;{. (iuuerals Magnulor and Siiiitli surrendered formally the Trani- Mississippi department on May Cth. Thmill, 407. i W \k Ij iiiii. 1 ! 470 rROiiHKsS AND END OF THK WAR. Tlu! last Hliot ill tlio j^ivat civil war liail Ikm-ii fintl. "L'ol Rjirrctt reported liiti Iohh in thin oxpolition to Iw four otHi«'r.i .ind III iiKMi ill killed, woHiiileil, itiid iiiiHMiii^. l.iMniiiij, iii. m!* M<). Tilt) riNiilcr will tiiiil in tliu foUowiiiu; a nioru cxtviicU'il lint of iititliuniirH nifi'4iiltt>)l. Tlioso h.kviii)/ an otlicial cTiaruftur arc: U. S. LmrM; C S. Siil- vltM; ('oiiij. (I'lolif.; Sill. AV. Dim'/i.; S'ii. Jour.; S'H. Minnl. l)iu-n.; //. Ji.m:; II. fC.r. l>oi:i.; J/. .MUi-.; /I. (\)iii. /fiji.; (\ii.tilM /{( ]>.i.; Minn, nw/ Ihn-^,- Ai'fM mil/ Hilt.; Iii'l. Ajriiif Jfip.; Sri\ Int. /Ajw. ; i'linrtim itml (\iii.iIiIiiI'i,,„a: Sk'. W'lir /'•}>■■<.; til tliu iiiiliiH'M of Mliifli ri'fiTfni'o in iiiailu for Tcxiiii all.iin during tlio iicriotl. Ti'xa^i ntnU; doi'iinit'iits are .SV'i/c fiiiz.; I.kjIiI. Jmir''.; l/iillMfjtiiM ^^r.^.^. Oil S. (^. l(i:iollltitilf; /il.. Oil SiiTMioii; JAw.y. (/oiw. ," 7'/.r /,'iii<, <'oii.tHtiiliiiii; i'oiiii>lrf'/, ITHpii: 1/iiii.if.oii Cilij Chniiir, IH7I, 140 pp.; Thnn-kiiiitrlim'ii Final flip.; (i'lli-i^i,,,; Ai'f. to Im-ni-})., |S7('>, 44 pp. Tlio following arc works of a non-ollicial eh ir actor. <'iiriliii\i'/< 7V.r., passim; JfiikinH Mix. Wnr: lil., I.ifiof Pi>lk\'li\'.\ 'Isf,; 7''.r. Alniimu; lS,"i7-■^<.^ill /'n Cir. It i , i. (■»■_» 27:1; iii. '-'•-•14, I2."l («>, ')7'.>-8(): HoMtmiH fi-j-., i. "J.Vr :{|4'; ii. KS •.Vs III., Li/i'of, 17^0L»; HoUhjh Ti.>:, I'-'-VW); U. S. h'ljiii'i., (>•_» 'JCIJ; /',/.,,, v Mil. Ilrroin, ii. '2!» >%; Jlinri/'s Ciiin}iiiijn Shfr/ir/i, 7ri-ll."i; Miiniii/'n lli'l. I'. S., 4(W-1K»; Moiil;io:iirnt'.'4 Lift' of T'l/lnr, (»0-H73; Oliimtiiiirn joiinn i/. -I'.', 4i;:i-.">l(); hittoii'x'lliM.'U. S.. (iiH-7(>4, Portir'n Kit. of Mi.r. Wui; ,V.' 7,i; li'iiinnri/'HOfln'r Siili', '24-')7; Morfi'x ll'mt. 7V.;'., pa.ssini; Tlinill'n Ti'.r., p:i>-i;n; JUpln/'x WiirMi.!-., l(>--«t, 100 •-•'; Tm/lnr nml /lU Stiir, 'SAM; Fiirlir'.s I'. /<„ tni-x! Ill) 87, 'JM-O; Joiiik' /{ijnil,. •'/ Mi.r., l>;{ MH; ]VilL'l>n'■^ linftlr Fiilils, Xiii^it; l.iirriiiiT''.i Wir iri/Ji Mi.i:, 1.H7-1.'00; Pniiriiiloin, lJ»-l(>t»; T/io,-}h''m Arini/ on lih dniii-l'. 7:V III; Miiiin-'.^ .Mr.r. Az/., i. S:«M); /-A, Mu-. }Voi; 87-14!t'; Xilix' If,,,.. «■,. iiidiuos during the period; llnrwr'n Monthly Mn'/., xxvi., r».">7; xxxii., (i.Kt J; Jin/'x Mf.r. Win; l-_M-4:<; LiniiM Piininix./MSM; M' ('nil's Liftir.i, 4'.",i:i;; Min.ifiilil'xMi'4: War, l<»-43; JliinfnA}ile o/Tli:, I S:!; //., Miir/i. Mil;/., vols. xix. toxl., see indices; Piilivm.'n M'r/., iii. I70-(-, ' Letters from Ti'.r., 148-52. 247 51, •.".i"« 303; E<1. ■lid's Te.r., 41-53; Foiiriiel, Conip. D'Oeil, 2:J-.'»7; Dmhii's Pluin.i Ht IIV.< 48 )2, 131, 1.52, .391-4, 40.3-4; Jlon-.nil's Spt-erh U. S. H. Krp.. .Uuw 11, 18,50 Fry's I/fe of Tiiylor, 97-195; McVa'K's Comp. View, 1.58 !», Tiili; lYDrliii, llitt. fieii. lies Voy., iii. 3.58-62; Miisoiis Spurh U. S. Sin.. Miv 27, 18.50, 'i.-; Seiniiie.i S I'iee Ajli^it, 02-74; Koss' Te.r. Briijode, Louisville, 18SI, ls5 yy.: Koileiiliowius L'd' Dnijoons, 102-1.3, b\4^\6;' Gndiam's Mmj., xlvii., 'MV'M xlviii. 174; OnUatins Penee with Mex., 1.5-23; Jinrliy, 7Vj-., 10-13; Fru^'i'U'i Sjn'irh in Cnif/., Aug. 13, 18.50; Kolwrt.ion's Keininis, Cmnp In Mi.r., 4'.i .'•"': Pap. Vor., Wl, no. 2, 20; 100, no. 7; 107, no. 2, 10; 1G7, no. 10; 173, ii... I'.i; Fillinlo, Kip. al Slip. Got)., no. iii., lG-21; Id., lii.tt. Giierra 'IW., ii. •-"•- '•'; Tlioinp,>S-2, 154; Smit/i, A'k/jVc ^ti/r Ui ()i: Cii^f, / , H i>i'-: 'V"'- "'i»r; i'oniyitf /Hit., l!>-'_'7; .Vi'"/'"/!. /.//I *» t/ir i:>t/i i ,ii- If, I,, •.*'»> H> ; ('iirUtt'n f.iij. MiiiiiKil, •-IS'.'; tlUnHitn'H lli-'l. Ciilh. Chiirrh, ii. |.>. linit'Oi'K Dili. Ill (''>";/., xvi. .V.H>; Murnfn .trir/t /,//<■, 170; MrC/i'iiin .\f. /, ill ('i)H/!/. /i'-,./., ISTli i», «.i' iii.li.cH; A'.«/Iw* .V. H'.' 7'<.'-.. '.M :«7, '2V2, LM't. •Jl.O 1; ,;,,]!' niiiil Jhitrliliit' M'c'o, Waco, lS7t5, 171, I*]).; Mi'rrick nml Ihinnil't Mini., All-till, 1^7!>, .")7 ii|i. : .\firriiii/ilr A'/iiii-i/ All., \s'\, i:(i» 7; 't'u: nml /n r I'n]'!- hi'lfi <. !.■> lii; M i.iiii'h S]xii-li III. Af'iir*, \\\A\. 1^7(5, l."> pp. NuiueruiM .M> \.< ,111 ;iii(i Aiiiuriuitii iit'Wttpapur.s huvo litn-ii exaiiiiucd. H CHAPTER XVIII. THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. 18G5-1870. OovERNon IlAMii/roN — The Question of Fkeepmex s Rioirrs— LAwa.EsssKss IN Texas — EMANrii'AiioN ok Siavehy I)ei"lakei> i\ Texas — Irs Kfhut — The State Convention — Thkockmokton Elecied (Joveknoi: -A Bold MEssAv- ERNOR — ChaNOES OK MILITARY COMMANDERS — REGISTRATION QlKslloNS — The RECoNSTRUcrrioN Convention — Disaoreementh — The (1eni:i;\i, Election — Amended Constitution Ratified — Doings of the Lmiis- LAl'URE. AFTKRtlie formal surrender of Smith and Magrudcr, Governor Murrah retired to Mexico, and on June 19 1805, General Granger, of the United States army, assumed temporary command. On the I7th of tluit month President Johnson, in pursuance of his plan of reconstruction, appointed Andrew J. Hamilton ' |iio- vislonal governor of Texas. As a preliminary step to the reorganization of the subdued states, the president had removed, on April 29th, certaui commercial re- strictions, and on May 29th issued a proc'^n^ation granting an amnesty, with certain exceptions, to persons who had been engaged in the rebellion, on condition of their taking an oath of allegiance. The provisional governor arrived at Galveston at the end of July. He was clothed with the pow^f to *i[amiltou was a native of Alabama, ami camo to Texas in 184(). Whs attoriiL-y-general in 184i>, ami latur a inoiiiher of the sttite legislatuiT. In IS,")!* lie was elected to congress, where he opixised secession. Diiriiit; the war he left Texas. He died at Austin in April 1875. ThnilL, 54&-50. (478) PROVISIONAL GOVERNOR, 479 reorganize the state government, assemble a conven- tion of citizens who liad taken the anniesty oath, and ])i()vide for the election of representatives to the na- ti<»nal congress. Accordingly boards of registration wore established in the different counties, with au- thoi'ity to administer the oath, and register all ptisons who, from their loyalty to the United States, W(»iild be allowed to vote. State, district, and county otlicors were appointed, and under the circumstances, (Governor Hamilton gave general satisfaction. But coiifi'dtirate principles and hopes were as yet ftir from {\viu\ in Texas, and the anti-union portion of the com- munity began to grow anxious as they watched the actio?! of the president. It was soon feared that Hamilton was more an agent of Johnson than the iral governor of Texas, and that the easy manner in Avliich confederates, known to be still hostile to the union, were registered as voters, would enable such to control the state. The all-absorbing question was the future condition of thc! freedmen. Were they to enjoy the rights of ('itiz(Miship, and the elective franchise, or to be re- garded n^crely as aliens? On January 31, 1805, the liouse of representatives had adopted the thirteenth auRndment of the national constitution,' which had already passed th«3 senate during the preceding ses- sion, and there was no doubt that future legislation Would be directed toward securing to the freedmen all the rights of citizenship. President Johnson displayed a leniency toward the sulxlued confederates, and an attitude that could only 1)1" regarded as friendly to them by the clear-siglited observer. Profuse with his pardons,^ many promi- -Tlie following ia a copy of the amendinont: Sfitioii 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a puii- ishiiuut for crime, whereof tiio party shall have been thily eonvioted, shall I'xist within the United Spates, or any place suhject to their jurisdiction. St'i'tion 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate Icj^islation. M>\iriii)j the years 1865 and 18(5(5 jwrdons were extended to over (500 Tcyain included in the classes of exemption under the aioneaty proclama- tion. JI. Conu licj>i, cong. 40, seas. 1, no. 7, 1029-43. i » St ff h' t 480 thj: reconstruction period. II nont and influential secessionists were placed in tlie same rank with unionists ; and ho sliowed an incliiui- t"on hastily to secure tl'e return of the revolted s'ates into the union, before any mrtlier provision in favor of the frcedmen's franchise could be made, in order that their pressure nii'^ht be felt in cono;ress. With regard to the unionists in Texas tlicy wore placed in a peculiar position. After the confederate troops were disbanded, the men with union syni[)a- thies were looked upon as traitors to their country, and many outrages were committed by disbantk'd soldiers and banditti. Toward the union troops quartered in the towns an intense hatred was felt by most of tlic citizens. The military force which occupied Texas was not adequate to suppress tlie lawlessness which prevailed in many parts of the country, and it wa? only in the vicinity of the garrisoned towns and posts tliat security of person and property was sustained. In the courts justice was warped to favor tliose who had fought for home and country in the soutli.' At the beijinning of the war there were about 275,000 slaves in Texas, and during its progress about 125,000 were sent thither from the southern states in order to secure them from the federal forces. Thus at tlie close of the war there was a slave popu- lation of 400,000 in the country, distributed for the most part on the plantations situated on the Sabine, Neches, Trinity, Bi*azos, and Colorado rivers. As soon as General Granger took military possession \n to be seen that free labor would soon prove a success in Texas. The plantation owners were com- jtelk'd to yield to necessity, and offered them terms which promised to ensure steady labor.' As regards the disposition of Texas toward the union, it is safe to say that the feeling was less bitter hen; than in any other part of the confederacy. A large portion of the population, whose voices had heeii hushed during the long struggle, were still union- ists at heart ; the German inhabitants, estimated at 40,000, had ever been for the union, and no small proportion of the secessionists themselves, having fought the fight and lost, were ready to accept their defeat and the new order of things. The refractoiy ■'' An act estal>li.sliing a Imrt-au, in tlu' war departnuiiit, for the relief of freeiliiieu ami refugees was approved !Mareh S, ]8()5. Con;/. OIoIk', ]f>ii4-ii, a]i. 141. Hranelics of this departineiit were established in Austin and othtn- jiliiwrt in Texas, as elsewhere in the other sfiuthcrn states. On tlio .same ilay an act to incorporate the Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company was iijiliriived. ''•iiiv. Hamilton stated that he had information of tiie dead ho'hes of frecdnieuheing found hero and tlio -e throughout the state — some in th( vreeks, iitiurs tloating down streams, utiicrs liy the mails — amounting in ".ii to aliout '.'HO 11 [J to the middle of .Ian. IStid. Testimony of .lohn T. Mien, in /frjvn/, I'' "II}!.. ptiv., 88. ' Wages S-0 a month, or fj the eotton or !, the corn er.ips. (i. \V. Little- liiM. a resident of Austin, and a eotton grower unde: both the slave ami Ine systems of labor, says: 'After the war closed 'vo used the sanu; labor I'M the plant^ations by paying a percentage of the crop raised. Under good iMaiiiiireinent at that time wo calculated to make from J to \, bale of cotton ]"■• .1. re. h'l'iiinrl'x, ('n/fti' ami Ai/rii:, MS., l-'J. IIi^T. Mrx. St.\tks, Vol. II. ;ii. h I it M ! 48'J THK RE(;()NSTKUcrrr()N i'Kr:()I). spirit manifested (luring tlie days wliich succeeded tlie occupation of Texas by the victors was due, in a great measure, to tlie fact that her territory lind ncscr been made the seat of war. The people could not brook the restraint which was now imposed uj)()ii them ; while it nmst be admitted that the conduct of the federal officers in the discharge of their duties, especially in the treasury department, afforded just grounds for irritation and complaint/ On January 8, 1866, an election was held for dele gates to a state convention to form anew constitution. There was no excitement, and little interest was shown. Governor Hamilton in his messaije to the convention, which met on February 10th, declared that the apathy of the people filled him with d(v,\) concern, and stated that there was reason to believi' that less than half the voters had participated in tlit^ recent election. Having elected J. W. Throckmorton president, and W. L. Chalmers secretary, the convention proceeded with its labors, and the new constitution was com- pleted by April. In it every measure that was de- manded as a prerequisite for readmission into tlu union was adopted. The abolition of slavery w;is recotrnized," and freedmen were allowed the riijht b> make contracts; to sue in the courts; to acquire nnd ** It was a oonunon nractice of the agents of the treasury i' ate st;it/^; to refuse to give the party who owned the eotton a paper oigiiatinfj tlio ^vcight.^ of the hales, an I subsequently return the claimant the same iiimi- ber of bales taken from him after abstracting a portion of the cotton, hi other cases permits to ship cottou were not respected, and bribes exaitid before it was allowed to be shipped. Again, permits were often refiisid, and persons employed to purchase the cottou at reduced prices. Such cuii duct afforded a pretext for sedition .and turbulence. Testimony of T. •). Mackay, May 18, 18t)G, in Id., 157. ' 'Art. VIII. African .slavery, as it heretofore existed, having befu tcr niinated within this state by the gov. of tlus U. S. by force of arms, ami its reestahlishment being prohibited liy the amendment to the constitutimi ot the U. S., it is declared that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, tx copt as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly con- victed shall exist in this state.' Copy of the amended constitution will l>c found in U. S. charters and constitutions ii., 1784-1801. (lOVERNOli THROCKMORTON. 483 transmit property ; and to testify as witnesses in civil iuul criminal cases. The convention, moreover, passed (trdinances declaring the act of secession null ; repu- diating the war debt of the rebellion; proclahning the permanency of the union, and the supremacy of the laws of the United States; and assuming the direct tax levied upon the state by the United States.'* Tlie amended constitution was submitted to the peoj)le and ratified June 25th." On the same day the ifriieral election was held, and J. W. Throckmorton " was chosen governor and G. W. Jones, lieutenant- ijfovemor. ' On August 1 8th, Governor Throckmorton, having been duly inaugurated, sent in his first regular mes- sai^e. After alluding to the outrages perpetrated by lawless characters following the disbandment of the f'oii federate army, and congratulating the country upon their end, he supplies the legislature with a Hiiancial statement of the condition of the treasury, th(; available funds in which amounted to $90,028, of wliich $31,399 were in specie, and the balance in United States currency. He then calls attentiori to I m "During Hamilton '.s administration a tax of 12^ eta on the $100 was col- kcted. Thrall, 411. "For the amendments 28, Hi) votes were cast, and 23,400 against them. Tex. Aha., 18G7, 262. '^Throckmorton w.is born in Tonn. in 1825, and migrated to Texas iu IS4I with his father's family; was in the legislature from 1851 to 1850 wh(!n lie was elected to the senate where he remained till 1801. Ho was a mem- i)t.'r of tlio secession convention, and was one of the seven who voted against NCcpMsiiin. Ho was true to Texas, however, when the die was cast, and rais- iiii,' a (•(inipany joined the confederate army. He took part in tlic hattle of Kik Horn, and afterward served under (leneral Dick Taylor. In l.S(;4E of thk phkstdknt. m ing railroad companies, granting extensions of time to complete their contracts, and sections of land to assist tluMH in their undei-takings; and other companies, ('iiiJtaged in a variety of enterprises, were incorporated.'* Ill relation to the United States troops stationed in Texas, a joint resolution set forth that their pres- tiice was not only unnecessary, but the source of much evil/' and as the people *.>[' Texas had returned to their iillegiance, the governor was requested to use all jiroper means to obtain the removal of said troops tVoiii the towns to the frontier, for the protection of w liich they were greatly needed. Under the plan pursued by President Johnson, sttito governments had now been established in all the confederate states. But congress was not in accord with the president. The former considered that as those governments had been set up without its au- thority, they had no constitutional validity; they were under the control, it was maintained, of unre- ]>(>ntant leaders of the secession, and afforded no ade- quate protection for life or property. On March 2, IH()7. an "act to provide for the more efficient gov- ernment of the rebel states," was passed by congress over the veto of tlie president. By this act the ten Itrii'U^ in atUiitod ami inr- tislatiire, 1, ISliT, plaintiff (li'litor 1. ISC.T. |ir iiistal- lot' logis- fmitU of |of (itVu'C kiirr-iscil tn. AH '.>0-2, |ar< they -■"AiiKing which may be mentioned the Houston and Ilarrisburg Tumpiko CO., capital ^itook §500,000; tlu' Eureka ' ' mufacturing co. , fur tliu luanufau- tare iif > :on uiid wool, capital -tock, ^250,000; ihi Houston J-)irect Navi- gation co., capital ,150, (XM», with ;. lim ity to increase the stock to J 1,000,0IM); lun! the Texas I^ind, Li'ior, ;m«l Immigration Co., ca;it;.l stock .si, (>"'\(XK). /'/., '-()4-7. No less than 1 I :;ot8 of iniiipanies, !/' «' ra..iMa(l ci.nipanies, 1(5 of cities, Hi i>f aiadcniies, coll-; s, t.c, 1 ' of cluli:, I .tcrary .-iucictios, etc., and 70 of iniiijianics for insurance, buildii.^ oanals, britlges, and wharves, navigation, •li'iliiiiing channels, gas, cotton-presses, telegraplis, and inclurling about 'JO Iii'tnilcum companies. Ti'.r. Aim., Kji 7, 271. ' 111 feeling continued between the L. S. troops and the iiiliabitants, the tiii'iner on nmny occasion.s conducting themselves in an overbearing manner. On tlie evening of Sept. 7, 1800, owing to trouble caused by some druiiktii soldiers, a scrimmage took place between them and the citizens of Brenham, in wliich two of the former were wounded by pistol-shots. At a later hour, a number of soldiers entered tlie town, and set fire to the store of one of the niorcliants. The contl.agration spread, and a portion of the town was reduced to ashes. The losses incurred amounted to $181,020. U. S. II. Ex. Dik., coiig. 41, SC8S, 3, xii. no. 145. I; fVli W ' THK HKCONSTRIK TIOX I'KRIOlJ. ' ' s in states were divided into five military districts/' and made subject to the military authority of the llnittd States. The power with which the commander of tjach district was vested was extremely ample — so much so that the president in his veto, classified it as tlmt of an absolute monarch." He could organize militarv tribunals to try offenders, and all interference of stati authority was pronounced null and void. In all re- spects the act was severely stringent. It was declared that no state under the ban would be entitled to rep- resentation in congress, until it had formed a consti- tution of government in conformity with the consti- tution of the United Slates, framed l)y a Cimventioii of delegates elected by citizens of whatever race, coloi', or previous condition, except such as were disfranchised for participation in the late rebellion. Such constitu- tion was to provide that the elective franchise should be enjoyed by all persons, irrespective of race orcoldi'. It was made compulsory for a state, by a vote of its legislature elected under that constitution, to adopt the amendment to the constitution of the United States, known as article fourteen; and until tin; people of the rebellious states were admitted to reprt'- sentation in congress, anv civil uovernment would l>o • 1 " . deemed provisional only, and subject to the paramount authority of the United States at any time to abolish, modify, control, or supersede it. General Sheridan was appointed to the comniiuul of the fifth (llstrict, and before long over 4,000 soldiers were distributed in the towns and military posts of Texas," under General Griffin, with headquarters at Galveston, to whom the reorganization of the state was entrusted. ^'Virginia constituted the first district; N. Carolina and S. Carolina 'lie second; Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, the third; Mississippi and Ark;in«as, the fourtli; and Louisiana and Texas the fifth district. Copy of the ai^t iu U. S. Arts and ResoL, ls.i6-1867, 60-2. MA copy of the veto will be found in Cong. Globe, 1866-^7, pt 3, \W>-71 "♦The different places and number of troops stationed at each v ill l)e found in U, S. JicportSer. War. i. 470-2; cong. 40, .sess. 1. «;OVKllN0K AUD iJENKUAL. In view of Governor Throckmorton's t\K|)octations, as huricatod ill liis message, and tlu^ action taken 1») the leiLfislature, this clianufe in aftah's was l)itterly un- |);ilatal)le, more humiliatiiijjf in soiiif respects than tlie Will' itself. Nevi'Vtlieless, lie hasttJiud to assurti (icmral Sheridan, by date of March 30, 18(17. that though the i)eople, with very little division of seiiti- iiieiit, regarded the terms imposed upon them as ((111 reus and oi)prcssivc, they were yet determined tt» iihule by the laws and comply with them. At the same tiiiu; he ex|»ressed his intention to lend a prompt assistance, when in his power, to carry into effect the prerequisites for representation, and advise the people to )»articipatein the reorganization with good feeling." But Throckmorton was a marked man. As early as March 28th (^riftin advised his removal "I cannot," he said, "find an otticer holding position under the state laws, whose antecedents will justify me in re- posing trust in him in assisting in the registration. " He states that ho had again and again called the notice of the governor to outrages perpetrated on union men, but knew of no instance in which the u\'- t'eiider had been punished. At a later date he ex[»lains that cflbrts were made to exclude union men from tlu; jury boxes, to prevent which he issued a circular Older, prescribing a form of oath, which virtually ex- t'huU'd every person that had been connected witli the confederacy, from serving as a juror. ^" Much dissatisfaction and injustice being caused by the late act of the legislature, reducing the judicial districts from twentv in number to fifteen, wht>rebv justice could not be })n>perly and j)roniptly admiiiis- tt'ied, an order was issued reestablishing them as *See his letter to Citen. Sheridan in his Fiwil Jiffjort, nu. 11, p. 71 '_', in Tex. (\)l. Doc., no. 2. -"(."opy of tlie order in [/. S. If. E.v. Doc, cong 40, se.ss. 1, no. 20, 73-4. This circular order, no. 13, was seized upon by Home state otiicials, who at- teiuj)ted to make it appear that the courts were closed by tlie enforcement of it. The form of oath prescrilied was that of 1862 copy of whicli is given t'lsuwliere THE HKCONHTHUC'iroN I'KRIOK ; li; ; ;i !. thoy existed before the passage ot* the ohjeotionnlili ordinance." Governor Throckmorton (•(»ni[)Uiin.s to Uencral (}rifHn. April nth, tiiat certain papers wer«' "lillrd with colunnis of abuse of liinisclf and other ofliccrs,'' and states that, tliough he did not feel called upon to re[)ly to those slanderous attacks, he would be oiati- Hed to exhibit all liis official acts to the authorities ot' the general governnuMit. But ditVerences arose Ik tween the vernor and tlie military commander itt every move. Nevertheless it is evitlent that tin former was really desirous of adjusting himself and the state to the new system of reconstruction adopted by congress in opposition to President Jolnisons viewM.'^" The important <|uestion of registration, the a])pnint- ment of registrars," the election of judges and ]\'\^^h -'Tlio districts wcro as follow: Di.stnct \(i. I, Fayuttc, (.'olorailo, Wliai- ton, Fort Ikiul, IJrazoria, Matagonla, ami Austin; No. 2, Travis, liay-. I !uadalui)e, Caldwell, and Bastrop; N'o. ',i, Washington, Hra/os, Burli'sdii, ;ind Milam; No. 4, Comal, Kendall, Kerr, Blanco, (Jillespie, and Bexar: Nn ."), Newton, Jasper, Sabine, Sliell>y, San Augustine, and Naeogdoelies; .No, tl, Wood, Upsher, Harrison, Panola, and Kusk; Xo. 7, Walker, (irimes, llains, Montgomery, and (Jalveston; No. 8, Ued Jiiver, Bowie, J)avis, Titus, ilnii- kins, Marion, and Lamar; No. 9, Houston, ("lierokee, Anderson, Sniitli; No. 10, Victoria, Jackson, La Vaca, Dcwitt, (Jon/.ales, Calhoun; No. 1 1, I'n ^iilin, I'll Paso, and Worth; No. I'J, v'ameron, Hidalgo, Starr, Zajiata, WMili, Keiiney; No. l.'{, Madison, Robertson, Falls, Limestone, Hill, rrcf-tunc, Leon, and Navarro; No. 14, ,Saii Patricio, Lvo Oak, Karnes, (loliail, \W. Uefugio, Nueces; No. If), Ciiainliera, Liberty, Polk, Trinity, Tyler, Ilanliii, .lefferson, Orange; No. 1(5, KUis, Johnson, Parker, Dallas, Tarrant, Kaiit- iiian, and Van Ziiudt; No. 17, Burnet, Llano, Mason, Menard, .MiCiillncli. San Saba, Browne, I/(«'., no. 2. ■•'■'Throckmorton submittcil ii list of persons wiio, he considered, wire eligible to the appointments of assessors and collectors. The appHc itiniis were returned endorsed with the renuirk that the governor had reconiiiiiiKlcil so many as(|ualiiicd to take the oath and act as registrars, that Ceu. (iiilHii decided not to appoint any to vacancies who could not take the oath of ISli',', Tlie oath reails thus: 'I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or iiffirni), that 1 liavc never voluntarily borne anna against the U. S. since I have been a citizon thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, nr ini- couragcment to person.s engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I liavo neither sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions nt any office what<'vcr, under any authority or pretended authority iuhostilit}" to the ii. i ■ (iOVKIlNlJK I'KASK 401 rTtionjililf filled re u (; :• offu'ds, ' (1 U])<»ll tn lic! jL;i;iti lioritics of ai'osi) Iti- namlir jit tliat tlic insrlf iiiid )iia(lo|)ti'd Johii.soii's 10 appdint- i and lii«4li dorado, Wliiir- Travis, Mays, i/os, IJurlcsiiii, uul Ik'x.ir; Nil. (lochi's; Nil. li, riiiK's, llai-ris, Titus, 11 op- Siiiitir, Ni'. 11, rivsi.iio, ata, W.Mi, , FriM'stiHR', (ioliail, IWi', yler, lliinlin, irraut. Kant- , MrCullnrh. :()sa, Uuiidrra Hell, Cm veil. nan; No. 'Jd. rton, Aivlur, ».'! ill T'r. C'J. tidurod, wcrr ai)lili<'ations 'ecoiniiu'iiik'il , (U-n. CiitHn oatii of IM'i-.'. that ] liavc |)eon a citizen Imnst'l, of en- Ithat I liavc Itions ot any pstilitytuthc otlieialH, and the disnuHsal of prosocutiona againHt (•( rtairi piTsons by onlcr <»t' tho military f}ii<;t', 1h'- cjuiic matters of nilsundcrstandinj^, and t\w jrovernor oil moil' tlian one occasion doomed it necessary to (•(tiiiiiiuiiicate witli tho prosicK'nt in roforonco to tlie iii.ittffs in dispute.'* IMio i)reacli widened day i»y d;i\ . iind on July 'M)t\\, (joni'ral Sheridan issued a sjMci.il order of which tho following is an extract: "A careful consideration of the reports of Major- (Jciural Charles (griffin, United States Army, shows tliiit .r. W. Throckmorton, governor of Texas, Is an iiii|K(liment to the reconstruction of that state, under the law; ]iv is, therefore, removed from that oftice. K. A[. Pease is hereby appointo*! governor of Texas, ill place of J. W. Throckmorton, roni()V(xl. Ho will 1)0 obeyed and respected accordingly." Kaily in August the do[)osed governor sent in his final report of his adnunistration. It contains the titiisurer's report, sliowing the receipts to have been $('»i'<;.r)IH, and tho expenses $r)25,ll)2; a statement of Indian depredations from 18G5 to 1867/' and his ad- dress to the people containing copies of official <'or- resitondenco explanatory of his conduct. In rcivimv- ing this correspondence Throckmorton remarks that ovoiy fair muided person will be satisfied that the rejtorts of General Griffin were made without any foundation in fact, and were not supported by any Iridic or })rivate act of his; and that the imputation that Throckmorton was an impediment to the recon- l'. S. ; that I havo not yielded a vohintary support to any pretended govern- ini'nt, authority, power, or condition witliin the U. S., t-c.-itile and inimical tiiurcto. And I do further swear (or allinn) that, to the best of i>iy knowl I'llgf and ahdity, I will support and defend tho constitution of the U. S. ajjaiiist all enemies, foreign and ilomestic; that I will hear true faith and allfjiianco to the same; that I take thi.s obligation freely, without any mental 1' I'lvation or purpose of evasion, and that 1 will well and faitiii'nily dis- iliargi: the duties of the office on which I am about to ent«;r, so help inc '!t"l.' ('ojiied from Cotig. GMie, 1861-62, ap. 385. ■"< 'ircular order, no. 13, and the reinstallation of judges Strihbling and BiU'oii Nwm among the matters reported to the president. No. 1 1, 81-2, S4 -7, HI 7'.r. Cd. Doc., no. 2. '' I'lom which it appears that during two years 162 persons were killed; 4.? carried into captivity; and 24 wounded. Id., 3t), 41, 05. m m rm ^ hsl i 11! 402 THK UKOON.STRUCTION VKRIOI). structiou of tlic state, showed the sinister influences which surrounded Griffin ami his procHvity to ein»r. In examining the facts Throckmorton proceeds to call attention to the fact that lie tendered the cordial cooperation of the state authorities to aid in th(^ exe- cution of tlie laws of congress; that he called u|)()ii the civil authorities for such information as would conduce to that end ; and that he advised the people to a cheerful and prompt compliance with the terms. But extraordinary impediments to the proper, exe- cution of the acts of congress, had been thrown in the way. First the circular order, no. 13, relative to jurymen's qualifications, filled the country with consternation, and impressed the minds of the people that they were not to have the benefit of the laws;" second, by refusing to fill vacancies in state olHces except by such persons as could take the test oath; third, by delay in appointing boards of registration in many counties. Again, no persons except those of one political party were selected as registrars, while negroes notoriously incompetent were appointed to act on such boards; such persons as sextons of cemeteries, auctioneers, members of police, under-wardens of workhouses, school-directors, jurymen, overseer.s of the roads, and many other classes had been excluded from registration ;" and finally a manifi^st disinclina- tion had been shown on the part of the military au- thorities to believe in the sincerity of the state t)fhcials, and the people when declaring their tlesire to <'oiiiply witli the acts of congress. Such were some of tin impediments. But apart from im})ediments, many acts, he said, had been committed which were violations of the law The property of citizens had been used without <'oin pensation, not in a few, but in many cases; the freed man's bureau had exercised powers not conferred upon ^'' The oath prescrihed would in fiiet oxcliulo the majority of the iieople, except the frceonien, from serving as jurors. "See copy of instructions secretly given by Orittin to the boanl.f m regis- tratiou, /(/., 88-90. I (iENEKAL HANCOCK. 493 it its ajt^ents having^ made arrests and imposed penal- tit s not justified by law; tlu; town of Brenhani had bet u set on fire by United States' soldiers, and a large aiiKiunt of I troperty destroyed ; this deed was perpe- trated almost in his presence, yet no eftort was made to jtrevent it, or to pmiish the oHenders; judgments and decrees of the courts had been ordered to be set aside, and judges required to dismiss suits in a number (if cases. Freedmen indicted forerimeshad been pro- Tocted from arrest, and laws of the state had been s(>t aside: the frontier was a scene of Indian dt!vastation, and yet the troops were scattered in the interior where till' civil authorities were able to inaintain order, and no sufficient number of them had been sent to the; frontier. Such were the views expressed by Throck- morton as to the position of Texas under military iiovcrmnent. In the early days of August, Elisha M. Pease for till' third time became governor; " but affairs were sadly changed since the prosperous and happy period of his first administration. The partisan feeling in Texas, not without cause, continued bitter, and in no other of the confederated states did the work of recon- struction prove more difficult, evidence of which is the fiict that she was the lasst, of the ten to be read- !iiitt<;d into the union. On August 2C^, 1807, Sheri- dan, whose administration t)f the fifth military district ^avc great dissatisfaction to PresidtMit Johnson,"" was rtnn»ved, and the connnand assigned to General Ifaii- cock, Tlie latter's views differed considerably from tliosc of Sheridan, and he was even unwilling to suli- iiiit civil offend(;rs to '.rid by tlie military tribunals. Wit' vgard to the uin-easonably riij^id rules issued to uit i.uards of registration by (Jriffin, by which num- 1>| is of nien entitled to biicomc voters were excluded." ' T'lr- liis liiiif^rapliy see note 27 of cliap. xv. nl tilt' presidoiit's lotter of Aug. 10, 18<)7, to (!eii. r,i. nt. JJ. Ex. Dor.. "iii^;. -40, scsH. '2, vii., no. .")7, 4-d. ' V4 THK RKOONSTKUCTION PERIOD. lii' itl |(!..! Hancock, on January 11, 1868, declared them to be null and of no effect, and ordered the boards of reo^is- tration "to look to the laws, and to the laws aloiio, for the rules which were to govern them in the dis- charge of tlio delicate and important duties imposed upon them." But Hancock gave as little satisfaction to congress as his predecessor had given to the president ; and tlic want of harmony between the executive and legislative powers at Washington was the cause of freijuent changes of military commanders in the south. Not long after the order setting aside General Grif.'.n .. i. structions to the registrars, General Hancock aviss i , moved from the command of the fifth distrie.i, n-d was succeeded by General Reynolds. The business of registration having at last been completed, the election for the convention was Ik Id in February. Each voter was required to register, and present his certificate of registration at the j tolls. The election occupied four days, and rcsultcMl in 44,089 votes being cast in favor of the convention being held, and 11,440 against it." On June 1, 1868, the convention, consisting of G3 stnictions, described as ' Memoriinda of disqualiticationa for the guidance uf tiio boards of registration under the military 1)111 passed March "2, 18(17. I, rvery person ■who has acted as senator or reprcHcntative in congress; 'J, all who have tactcd as electors of president and vice-president; .'{, every i" rsim who held any jxisition in the army or navy of the U. S. ; 4, all persons \\\w hcdd any position under the U. S. in which they were re((iiiruil to t.iko ;ui oath before they entered upon the duties of the ofiice; such as oflic(!rs in the ci.stom-hou.se, clerks, judges, and others; T), all who have held any oHki; in any state under the constitution and laws of such state in force prior to Koli. I, I8G1.' Then follows a long list of disipialitied persons, among wlioni af included ' tax collectors, coroners, police jurors, auctioneers, county iirnnl- crs, notiiriea public, nuinicipal oliicers, including members of tliu boiinl uf licalth, wardens and luulerwardons of prisons and work-houses, school iIiiit- tors, city surveyors and deputies, inspectors of tobacco, flour, beef, t'tc , weighers and nuiasurcrs, directors of the asylum for deaf and duuili, liHiiil, and lunatic, a:id sextons of cemeteries.' ' (!, all who, in 18(i'2 and 1>S(U, rigi.s- tiTcd themselves as aliens, or obtained pj-oteetion papers from the re)in':en- t itives of foreign powers. Any pers(m who at any time held any of tiie above odices, and who afterward engaged iu i,he rebellion against tlic V . S.' No. 11, 88-l», in T<'x. Vol. Do,:, no. 2. "According to Thrall, 4'J(), r)tJ,()78 white voters registered, and •t7.")SI black ones. 1* rom these figures it appears that little over half the nuniluT ti votcr.H appoareil at the polls. AB IXJTIO 495 em to be i of rotris- Lws alone, in the dis- ss imp(jsed o conorross t ; and the letifislativo f fre(]U(!iit .uth. Not ]rrlf-'.n\. ^u x*K ^v■■!,s >' istrict, a'>(l b last born ti was licM to register. it the I tolls. rcsulttMl ill couveiitioii itiiig of G3 the giiiilivuce df Irch -2, ISC.T. 1. I congress; '_', all i:{, every i":rs(in IhII persdiH "h" Irod to tiikc ail IS otKcuirs ill tlu' (ill ;uiy ollko in .'0 prior to I'tn. lioug wlioiM ai'' county nriini- l.f lho"lio:ir-.i .'I la, Hchool 'liri'c- tur, beef, etc, (luuil>, lihiui, Inil KSt>4, rrgi.v u the rejMv ,oii- Ifia any "i tlie liiiat the l'. >■■ |.,l, autl •1T..VS1 theuuiiil'iTd* dcloL^atcs, met at Austin, and organized by electing Hdnunid J. D.'ivis president and W. V. Tunstall, sec- ntaiy. Though composed of loyal republicans, it soon became manifest that it was divided into two parties, entertaining widel}'^ difteront vie vs, and such as were not to be readily reconciled. Shortly before Governor Pease entered office, General Griffin had bcL'ii petitioned by a nundjer of persons to declare by iiiilitary order all acts of legislation since February 1, I8()l — the date of the secession ordinance — to be null, uh initio. This expression supplied a name for one of tilt! political parties in the convention. Griffin died of yellow fever a few weeks after receiving the peti- tion, which thereby was not acted U[)on, and Pease, ill a proclamation, recognized the constitution and laws of l8Gfi, under certain exceptions, as rules for the <>ov('niment of the people of Texas and the officers of tliu civil ijoveniment. Those members of the conven- tion who believed that all enactments since the passage of the secession oidinance should be null were called Al) Initio;--. Anotlier point of disagreement was the question <)f suffiuge, ;i portion of the convention dis- plavinu" nmch intolerance towards those who had sus- Uiiiiod the confederate cause, while the more liberal V. t ju favor of enfranchisini; all ujood citizens of tin; i\»r three months the opposing factions argued and ■'iinjilcd on their resj)cctive views, and but little ;• ";: .ss was made toward the frainlng of the consti- tutinii. Ou August .'Ust, the convi^ntion adjourned to reas.send)l(> on December 7th. When it again nu!t, the ditieren('(>s appeared to be more irreconcilable than over, and nmch I itterness of feeling was shown. Finally, the more liberal ])arty prevailed, tiu; late governor, Hamilton, having submitted a g(Mierous sul,stltut(3 on the right of suffrage for the re[)oi't of ♦'le ciiumittee, which was marked by rigorous dis- tranehisement.^' The substitute having been put to '' Uaiuiltou's substitute oon.stituted art. vi. of the constitution, an THE KKCdNSTRUCTION I'ERIOD the vote, it was carried, February 3, 1869, by 37 yeas against 26 nays. The constitution was now all but completed ; })ut on the 4th, the ab initio members entered a protest against it, signed by 22 members, among whom was the president, Davis, The objection raised against it was that it was based upon the assumption that tlio constitution of the United States and the accepted constitution of Texas of 1845 had not been continu- ously the supreme law of the land. With regard to V ( ' "'^le on the right of suffrage, the disapp' ovin*,' rae. s solemnly protested against it as extending the fritiichise to all those who voluntarily became the public enemy of the United States. "The majority of the convention," they said, "has deliberately re- moved from the constitution every safeguard for the {)rotection of the loyal voter, white or black. They have stricken from that instrument the whole system of registry : they have repudiated the oath of loyalty contained in the reconstniction laws; they have spurned the test of equal civil and political rights. and we do most solemnly call upon the registered voters of Texas to vindicate the national honor, and the cause of right and justice by their votes." This session of the convention did not terminate in a very dignified manner. Without waithig for a formal and orderly adjournment, many members fortli- with returned to their homes, and at the meeting on thus: ' Every male citizen of the U. S., of tlie age of 21 years and ui>\vaiil, not lalioring uiuler the dinabilitie.s named in this constitution, witlin it ili- tinction of race, color, or former condition, who shall bi; a resident of thi< state at the time of the adoption of this constitution, or wiio shall tlnTiaftcr reside in this state one year, and in the ctuinty in which ho offers to vnti; M days next preeetling any election, shall he cjititk'd to vote for all (itiiLci" that are now, or hereafter may he, elected by the people; and upon all ip'.''- tions submitted to the electors at any election; pn '-ided, that no ]irrsiiii shall be allowed to vote or hold otKcc who is now, or hereafter may l"'. ili>- qualified therefor by the constitution of tlie U. S., niitil such dit>rpialili' iti"" shall be removed by the congress of the U. S. ; provided further, that in' I'ti- son, wliile kept in any asylum or confined in prison, or who has bctii ci>ii- victed of a felony, or is of unsound mind, shall be allowed to vote of hoU office. U. S. Sf'H. Mki'., cong. 41, seas. 2., doc. 77, 20; U. S. (%itU i< "" Const!/., ii., 1814, in both of which authorities a copy of the amended consti tution will l.)e found. GENERAL CANBY. <97 ' 37 yens ted; V>ut El protest horn was igainst it that the accepted L continu- regard to ipp' ovin;^ Bxtendin^f icame the ! majority rately rc- •d for tlic 3k. They ole system of loyalty they have al rights, registered onor, and riuinate m for a Ibcrs fortli- eeting eii Is ami uv^*;"''' V witho It ai- Li.loiit ..f thw lliall tluT.uftcr Yerf5 1» vdtr W Lr ;ill t't'iffi'^ [upon all '1"'""' Vat ii« iKi'^'"' \t may 1»'. '1'^' Jisqiuiliti'-'t"'" Ir, that iin l>er- Ihas Itoou con- l, vote or li'il'l leiuled ccnsti- tho Gth, no quorum was present. On February IKh (iciieral Canhy, who had succeeded Reynolds hi the preceding December, addressed a letter to tlic chii f of the staff at Washington, in which he says that a eoimiiittee had been ap})(>inted by the mend)ers that \v«rc! left to consult 1dm. On finding that a largo poition of the records of the convention was in an unfinished condition, the journal not being made up, and other work of the secretary and clerks inconi- jilite, he av Vised that the members present should iiiiisii the mUilsterial work, and then adjourn in a fdiiiial and orderly manner. He describes the feel- ings of the two parties as growing more intense, each distrusting the other, and apprehending that the records would be lost or destroyed. He urged upon the president, Davis, the importance of liis party uniting with the other ; at least let them adjourn In u decorous manner, if tliey could do nothinjj else. Davis, accordingly called a n»eethig, at which less tliuii half a dozen members were present, and Canity fiiudlv ao-iced to take charj^e of the records. He ex- jit rienced, however, no little difficulty in collecting them, as the secretaries and clerks of the convention hud become imbued with the spirit of the memb(>rs, and liad taken away a part of the records in tlieir ke(l>ing. Having finally succeeded, he set a lar^o elciieal force to work to complete them from tlio rough copies and minutes.'* From the above account the reader will be able to form a tolerably correct idea of the disorder which prevailed in the rcx'onstruc- tion convention, and the ill-feeling which was mani- fested between the conflicting parties. By the election declaration of the convention, tho first ^fonday in July ISfiO was appointed as the (hty on which the amended constitution should bo sub- niittt'd to the voters for ratification, and a general election held for state officers and members of tlio Tonsult . ;i, xiii., no. It?. Hist. Me.t. States, Vol. U. 32. i 'V !i,: ii ■u THE RECONSmUCTIOX rERIOD. leuislaturc. But President Grant did not see fit to a[)[)r<)ve so early a date, and deferred it till Novenilx r SOtli, following. Aecordingly on tliat, and the tlino following days, the eleetion was held under the direc- tion of Reynolds, who had been reappointed to tlio command in Texas, 7'2,',iCtG votes being cast for tlio constitution, and 4,9'J8 against it, showing a majorltv of 07, 438 in favor of it. At the same time Edniund J. ])avis was eleeted fjovernor; J. \V. Flanaoaii, lieutenant governor; A. J^ledsoe, comptroller; G. W. Honey, treasurer; and Jacob Knechler, land ofii( o commissioner; and (J. \V. Whitmore, J. C. Conner, W. T. Clark, and Edward Degener were chosen ri'[)- rcsentatives to the United States congress. ]\leiii- ])ers of the legislature were also a[)[)ointed, ant! <»ii January 1 1, 1870, an order was issued by the militaiy conunander, sununoning the legislature to assenihlo at Austhi on February' 8th following." Governor Pease by no means enjoyed the positidii in which he found hhnself The mixture of civil and military rule wtis most distastful to him, especially as he did not meet with that co6[)eration and assistance on the part of the conunander of the fifth district," which he was entitled to expect. On Septend)er 3(itli he resiuned, and during the interval between his resit. Sec. Win:, ri.iij;. 41, scss. ."<, i., pt. ii., 41. ^'Confined at tliia time to Texas, as Louisiana had already liceii re iumii- ized, find lu^r rejtresentativos adtnittod to congress. ♦'Namely Articles xiii, xiv, and xv, the tirst aboliahiug slavti\ ; tiie A REIfJX OF TP:RR0R. 499 transactod tlic business imposed upon it by the recon- struction laws as a provisional body, it adjourned on l-'i'bruaiy 24th. Texas had now drained tlu! bitter cup to the drenra, and foriijiveness was at last vouchsafed to her. On Marcli 30, 1870, the U. S. president a})proved the con- gressional act readmitting her into the union, and on the followinj^ day, senators M. C. Hamilton and J. W. Flanaoan," tlie oath ])reseribed by law having l)i'en administered to them by the vice-i>resi(U'nt, took tlieir seats in congress. On the same day the four repre- siitatives to which the state was entitled were sworn in. tlie members being tJiose elected at the general elrction held November 30th to December 3,' 1809." The reconstruction period extended over five years, (hu'ing which time Texas was a prey to lawles.sne.ss and violence almost in a degree inconceivable. The hreatli of the demon of homicide seemed to have passed over the land, and tlie efforts of the military conunanders to arrest its deadly influenci' were at- tended witli little success. It is impossible to ascer- tain ht)W many persons w^ero the victims of fierce iKission and malevolence durinjjf these five vears, nor i-; it a pheasant subject to dwell u])on. But tliat i]\o nader may arrive at some idea of the excessive crime and the loss of life, let him listen to what (Jeiu>ra.l lieynolds says on the subject in a letter to the war- offi'ce, dated October 21, 1809. "The nund)er of nuu'ders in the state during tlie nine months from January 1, 1809, to September 30, 1809, according to tlie official records, necessarily imperfect, is 384, be- iii'j; an avera^je of about one and g, half i)er dav si',(iiiii (U'claniig all per-iiiin liorii or iKitiiralizt'il m tlio u. N. to In? I'iri/ciu tlit'iv.if; iiiiil the tliirA di'i'liiviiig tliat tlif right of ciH/eiis to vote shnv.M not 111' iliiiiud or ahriilgccl on acfoniit of ran', cohir, ov ])n'vioin curiclitiiiii of sl:ivi'i-y. A military hoard was aiipoiiiti'd to intiuiro ii\to tlui I'hgihility of tiie im '.riliiTs of tlio l(?giilat(ire with tlic power to ailniiiiister oatlis. '■■'. W. Flanagan hail hccn elected lieut-gov., Imt the legisl tiire .ap- pi'iiiti'd him to the U. S. Senate. "//. Jinn:, coug. 41, sess. 2, .548, 1.187; .UM.M. nml Dm:, ISTO I, War I't'I't.. pt. i., 41; S. Jour., cong. 41, sc-is. 'J. 4:U, l.")17; //. Join:, eone. 41, SI'S'*. H, t); s. M'xr., cong. 41, »es3. '2, doc. 77, p. lio; Coinj, Uloliv, cong. 41, SL'ss. 2, pt. 3, "2328. •ft-i'.lJ • \.'l % ' 1 1 ' 1 1 1 * I .. .1 I" JSOO THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. From this statement it appears that with the partial breaking up of bands of desperadoes by military aid the number of murders is diminishing from month to month."" *^ Rtpt nf sec. of war, cong. 41, sess. 2, i. 145. Gov. Pcaso in his messaj^e to tlie convention, Jnne 1, 18('>9, says that during the six preceding nioiitlis 20 ignoble revenge; an act retroactive in its ett'ect, bringing also its curse upon its perpetrators. Though Governor Davis assumed the executive office in January, he was only acting in a provisionul capacity. When, howeveT, the president signed the bill restorinjx Texas to her rijifhts as a sovereign state of the union, Davis issued a proclamation, April 2(1, announcing the fact, and signing himself governor of Texas. On the IGtli of the same month, General Ileynolds remitted to the civil authorities the powers that had been conferred upon the military commander by the reconstruction laws, and the troops were witli- drawn from the various posts in the interior and sent to the frontier. Small detachments, however, werr retained at Jefferson, Austin, and San Antonio, tlic latter point being the principal distributhig depot and the future headquarters of the department. Tlic legislature assembled ayjain on the 2Gth, and on tlic 28th the governor was duly inaugurated. In his inaugural address Governor Davis reniarki.I that what might be termed the second annexation of Texas had been consummated; but the Texas of 184 J was very different from that of 1870. The former brought into the union with her single star also thousands of slaves; the latter knew no bondjnan en her soil. Alluding to the late war he considered that few on either side at the beuiimino' of the struggle had either calculated or desired the full result attained at its close. While the one side sought to sustahi a structure of which the very corner-stone w.is a denial of the truth of the declaration, "that all in' ii are created equal," thcother grasped the sword mainly f:OVEHNOR\S MlvSSACE. 503 tit prcsorvo a j^lorious nationality. It requln>(l vf^arH of misfortune to point out the foundation of the tioublc. "Let UH," lie siiitl, "accept the result as ar) iiKJicatlon and lesson that there is no saft; neutral oiouiid for human iudi^ment between riijcht and wronir. Let us be wholly rijjht." ' On April 21)th, the governor f?ent in his messat:je. Ho first called attention to the nticessity of pn)viding measures for tho suppression of crime, ami reeom- iiu iided the passa«jfc of a law for the efficient orujani- Ziition of tho militia, and the establishment of a police system which would embrace the whole state under one head, so that the police, sheriffs, and constables of the different cities should bo made a part of the ^1 iicral police, act in concert with it, and bi; subject 1 1 (lie orders of the chief He next made mention of a ( lass of criminals n'hich consisted of mobs of lawless iiii'ii, who assembl(>d and operated in dis'j;uise in carry- iiij; out some unlawful purpose, ix>- .ally dinvted a 'aiiist tho frcedmen. The inmmnitv from arrest of siK'li offenders gave reason to su[)pose that tluy were piotected or encouraged by the majority of the jk)- 1)1('. In suggesting measures to supiiress this evil, (iDVornor Davis advocated conferring upon the exec- utive the power of temporarily establishing maiti.-d law under certain contingencies. He, moreover, con- sidered that the frequency of homicides was attribu- tal)lo to tho habit of carrvini; arms, and reconnnended tlic ](>gislature to restrict that j)rivll(\ge, whicli it "v-juld he ;il)lu to do under the amended constitution Oil the subject of education, the governor remarked tliat the establishment of a good system of seliools Would in time op(^rate in diminishing crim(\ and re- miiKJed the legislature that the provisions of tlie con- stitution made it '*thc im})erative duty" of tliat body to |)rovide for tho education of all children of seliolas- ' Ni>. 4 in Trx. Co!. Dof., no. 2, is a copy "f tlie inaugural address. - Mctiim xiii. of tlu! Mil of rijjlits n^ads tiiin: ' Kvcry jxTson shall Iiave til" li.'lit to kfop and licar arnn \u tlio lawful di;fcnoe of himself or tho .state, uiiucr .such rugulatious aj the logiolaturc may pruscribo. ' ', h W I &(>t TKXAS IIKSTORED. tio w^i\ A. porpotujil srliool fund was provuloil H)!- Lv tlic conHtitution, and ho productnl a Huumiuiy of t!i(.* iiiciiius tlion disposaldo for the purpos'is of education/ Oth(!r matU'i's l>rou«j:lit before the notice of t!;(! Ir'ujirtlature were the (|uestions of internal iinproveniciit, suh.sldizinir private enteritrises, the public works, and i:iMni<»ration. With rcspccrt to the iirst, Davis c'lu- ti(»ned the lej^islature a<^ainst affording aid to specula- tors who, pr(»[>osin«if schemes for private tulvantjim^ under the name of internal improvements, were in the liahit of calling upon the state for aid; he was oP o[tinion that, beyond a liberal charter, there was in- necessity for state aid to insure the success of any honest a!id feasible enterprise. With regard toinniii- gration, he hoped that when such res]>ect for law and onler had been established as would relieve new-connis of all apprelicnsions for tlieir personal safety, the cheap and fertile lands of Texas would attract ' igiaiits. It was necessiiry that the immigration bui uthnr- i/td by the constitution should be organized at onco on a liberal basis, and a complete ujeolooical suntv uiiderUiken in order to ascertahi the cai>acitv of tlic 1 t' state, both hi an agricultural and mhieral point nt view. Ife next calls attenticMi to the condition of the asy- lums for the deaf and dmnb, the blind, and insane, and tlie j)cnitentiary at Huntsville. The lunatic asy- lum was far too small to admit even tdl such patients as came within the limited requirements of the l;i\v, and many had to be denied admittance; a liberal pio- vision should be made for the increiused wants of ilie state in this respect. As to the penitentiary, owinLf to bad management it had been, until quite lately, a heavy expense, the excess of expenditures over reccijits up to November 16, 18Gi), being $107,045. The num- ber of convicts, according to the last report of Fehiu- •'Xaniely, cash in specie .^.'iS.OTO, currency ^")43; in 5 per cent bonds un- der act of Nov. 12, 18(H>, §82, 1(>8; principal and interest due to the s. Imol fund from railroad companies §'2,742,198. Governor 'a message, uo. 5, a 7, in Id. INDIANS ANF> FIN'ANCKS. M'l }u\ 10, 1870, was 489 confitu'd within tlio walls, and ill \piil f(>ll<>win«if 181 wero laboriuj^ on t\w railroad. Til*' lyroviTUor deprecated tlio system of eni|)loyin*; tiui (uiivicts on the rullroa«ls, both as tleinoralizin*.; ai.d jitltirdiiij^ facilities of escape. He recommends that tlie jK'iiitentiary bo enlarged, and the outside convicts rt tun led to it. Ill s|»eakindin;j,\ but unfor- tunately the laws for the protection of the stock-raiser's |ii(i|)i'rty were defective, espcicially in relling cattle. Practici s had be- (iiine common in these respects which almctst destroyed tlir siifety of that kind of j)ro])erty. Financial matters were th(^ last topic discussed In tliv' nicssaii'e. The !i;overnor was of oi)inion that ex- |i 'iiditures would amount to about $l,r)00,00(). The iuiKiunt of cash on hand Septendu-r M, 18(17, was .sj().-J;;2; receipts from that date to Ai)ril 1(1, 1870, vcre >5l,384,ll)l, and the expenditures during tin; same ]>eriod .$1,024,851. The amount of cash in the tn asuiy, exclusive of school and special funds, was .^-,'.)o;5 in specie and $4 1. '5, 747 in currency. ])educt- in!4 appropriations niadt; by military orders since Marcli 1st, there remained $2, !);■);} in specie and ' iN'ynolils urged tlie estaMLshmtjiit of a military tuli.'gnipli line along tlio fiiintitr. ami reconinieuik'd that tiie tlopartitii^iit ouiiiiiiainU'r sIkhiIiI he au- tlinii/cil to i;(|uip and employ frontiersmen in co-operatiou vvitli tlio U. 8. tiiiiiis, J{,i,t. i'tf. War, coug. 41, stsss. 3, i. 41. r i h noG TEXAS IMCSTOKKD. 14 i! vti i . '1 I ,$3(>8,42r) in currcncv. The (lc>l)t of tlio state was Hinall. Uiulor act of Noveinher 12, ISGfJ, five jx r centum state b(.ntls, to tho amount of .$82,108, unc Issued to the scliool fund, and $1134,472 of similar honds to tlie universitv fund. If tlie act was to l)c ri'si)ected, the state was so mucli indebted to tlu- above-named funds. The only otlicr indebtechicss was tliat of ten per cent v/arrants issued before tlu; late war, })ut the amount could !iot be considerable Tlie !L?overnor remark(>d that the whole system of ci.l- lectioii of revenue would ha^'e to be revised and mudo more effective. This inessajL^e represented very fairly the conditiuii and r8, wcie of similar was to III! ted to tlu' 'u'ljtodiic.ss before tlio iisideraldc. ieiii of ('()]- and iiuulo ! condition resuiiiiii[)ort of this comniittee, sent in June 2, 1873, it appears that there liad been much irregularity; that the books in the comptroller's office were kept in an inaccurate and confused manner, and witli such a reckless disregard of system as to render any attempt to obtain from them a correct statement of the state's finances extn^nely difficult; and that a deficit in the treasury actually ex- isted. Tlie legislature having thus effected many desirable reforms the democrats next determined to reform the government. The governor was a stanch republican, and tiiere was a republican majority in the senate; but the democrats readily perceived that the thumb- screw of obstruction would conipid their opponents to yield to a measure which would overthrow them, and the house refused to vote money to carry on the gov- ernment until it had succeed in the scheme planned by it. It was a well-eoncelved p(jlitical stratagem. Confident that at the polls the democratic majority would be overwhelming, the house decided to jirocure a new election, though it would thus be legislating itself out. An act was accordingly passed April 'J 4, "Davis' testimony in Tex. Itcpt Com. Invent. Voinyt., Juuc 2, 1S73, 17. m BIO TEXAS RESTOIiKD. i^:\-> 1873, making a now apportionment of tlie state and clianLjing the senatorial districts, wliicli change neces- sitated a new general election. On May 26th, fol- lowing, another act was forced through the legislatuiv, prescribing that the election should be held on tliu first Tuesday in Decemljer,'' the day on which the election for tlie new governor would take place. On the appointed day the election was held, aiul in all three braiiches the democrats were triumpliaiit. But the republicans were not disposed to yield with- out a struggle. The constitutionality of the law under which the election had been held was l)r(iu;j;lit before the sui)reme court which decided that it was unconstitutional, and Davis, on January r2th, issued a proclamaticm prohibiting the new legislature fiDiii assembling. In defiance of this interdict, however, it met on the following day and organized. JMudi alarm was entertained that a collision would tak ■ place between the two parties. And not witli(n;t some cause. The two branches of the lejjislatuiv occupied the upper story of the capitol with a <<'2Seo Tr.r. Oni. Lawx, 13 leg., 43, ot sen. ''(!ov. Ciiki' in liis animal inussagu of Jan. 1S7G, page 4, makos this as- Rcrtiiin: 'Thi" tloor.s of tlie halla in ■which you now sit liacl Iji'cu ix^iiiiiiu'ii by the coussijirators, and it had been ascertained th-'it tie armed f,);ci4 in- trenched in the liasenioiit beneath, could piece them with their iiii--iK'sil necessary to attick you.' '*C."oko Avas born at Williamsburg, Va., March 13, 1820; was eihuatcii at William and Mary colU'ge, and having studied hiw was admitted tu tU'liir when 'Jl years of age. In l!:.")0 he removed to Waco, Mcl.eiinau coiiiiiy, Texas. He serveil in tlie confederati^ ''H'my' first as i)rivate and altera :inlaj capLaiu; waa district judge in Juuc l!»oO, and in 1600 Maa eluded !>_, Uie M ■ LEGISLATWE MEASURES. r.ii ornor Iw a majority of 50,000, and Ricliard B. IIul)- l);ii(l, lieutenant-governor. For some days tlie ))ul»li(' uas ajjfitated by doubt and ap})rebension as to the jiinbability of a peaceful solution of the disput(% but (i:i the I'Jtli Governor Davis vacated the executive otlicc^ without niakinir afi)rmal surrender.'" (iovernor ('(ik(; took undisputed possession, and the excitement was allayed. Thus terminated this contest for supi-em- acv between the rcjmblican and democratic parties, l!a]i])ily without bloodshed. But it was a ci-itical point in the progress of affairs. The least spark cf tilt! would have ex})loded the maga/.ine of animosity harbored on both sides. Thus the city which had so lately been declared the pennanent capital of the state narrowly escaped being baptized in blood. I During the first session of the 14th legislature, no oxtiaordinary measuri'S worthy of es[K;eial nuntion were adopted,'* with the exception of granting jx-n- rli irincratic jiiirty juilge of tlio state suprpuic court, but Wiis roiiiovoil in I,S!'j7 liv Shiricluu as an ' iiiiiiodiment to recoiistriictiou. ' U. S. Sin. Mkci'l., uoiig. 4'}, srss. •_', no. 8, pt i., 71. ''l>,ivi,s in a : 1)c;lh'1i luado to the citizens of Travia county, Oct. 4, ISSO, alliiiKs to tliis afl'air, and sjieuks of the deiiiociatf as liaving 'i;eizcil the statu froMjiiiiiu'iit, in January, 1874.' Duri.i, Sytcrh, [\, willi (Iroii, J/i.if. Ans/hi. (iiiv. ('oke'.s view of tlie nituation was ilill'erent. Tn his nies^age luciitioiieil in iiute lie ."^ays: ' Forehodings of danger to popular liherty aiiil npri'M'nta- tivr LMverninent caused tlie stoutest and most patriotic among u-i to ttemMo fiirtlic result. A conspiracy, holder and more wicked than tliat of t'atalino iijiiiiist (he liherties of Home, had planned the overthrow of free gii\( rn- inriit in Texas. The capitol and its purlieus were hchl hy armed men uinler I'liii' liiiiil of the conspirators; an(f the treasury and department otiices, aKIi all the archives of the govt, were in their ])ossession. Vonr rij^ht to a^siiiililc in the capitol, as tlu^ chosen leprcsentativcs of the people was de- iiii'il, aud the will of the peo])le of Texas s-cotlrd at and delie(f. . . The pre-i- ili lit (if the Uiiiteil States Masheing iniplnrod to semi troop) to aid in ovir- tlii'iwiiig tlie government of 'J'rxas, chosen hy her pi'oph: liy a majority of ,")|I.o;H) T!ie local and municipal etiii -rs throiighont the st^itc in sympathy with the infamous designs of these desp'rateand iinscrupuhms reviihitioni -t ;, takiii'4 courage from the holdiuMs r)f the leader; at the capitol, were reusing to deliver over to their lawfully electeil .successors, the olHees in their jioi- sts I 612 TEXAS RESTORED. sif)ns to revolutionary veterans, and the reorganizaiirm of tlie supreme court, the number of judges \)vh\'T ineroased to five by an amendment to tlic constitution, wliich had provided that the court should consist of only three members. But there was manifested ,i growing discontent in regard to the constitution, which liad been, as it were, tlirust upon the people of Texas, and when the legislature met, in JanL^ary 187."), on the occasion of its second session, Governor Coke recommendcHl it to make provision by appropriate enactment for assembling a convention to frame a constitution of government for Texas. The existinnf constitution, he said, was by general consent admitted to be a defective instrument; many of its provisions were incongruous and rejiugnant ; its restrictions were so manv, and descended so nmch into legislative de- tail, as to present incessant embarrassments; and while some provisions were oppressive or inconvenient, others were positively obstructive to legislation. Ne- cessity, he added, forced it on the people of Texas, and prudence and policy prompted submission to it. But no reason existed for submitting to it anv lonL;( r. The causes which a year before had rendered it im- prudent to call together a constitutional convention had ceased to exist ; federal interference was no lon;j;( r feared, and the popular mind was free from passion and excitement. "For twelve months past," he said. "the thinking men of the state have been studviii'' and investigating the subjects to be dealt witli in framing a constitution, and are now prepared to act."" The governor's message is a lengthy docunient comprising 92 octavo pages, and he enters fully into every subject to which he calls the attention of the Iciiislature. All internal matters are considered, and some space is devoted to statements touching the ei-n- dition of the frontier in connection with inroads made bv Intlians, and Mexican border troubles. He ro- marked that, in nine cases out of ten, the In an increase in figures a})pears in the report. Ih' s;iys; "The hicreasc in the jmblic debt suiee the rcl>ort in January 1874, is re})resented by the Ixmds and certificates granted to the revolutionary veterans of Texas, by act of Apiril 1874, amounting to $809,- '^'^^, and a few thousand dollars of miscellaneous in- ,4.1111 m '" Memorials to this effect weie laid before congress by the 14th h^nislatjire, and :\ho l)v the constitutional convention held in the antniiiii of ^S^^y Tr.i-.. I'- <.',.!•', Icfjis. If), sesB. 1, ap. 1876, .58-9. Ili'-T. Mi:x. Statks, Vol. II. :'3 vU -l r jfiBi \ 1 '§ jl : :\r'j I '■ 1 I h ' ■ I i 514 TKXAS UKSTOIIEIJ. :i debtedness. The remainder was incurred Ixfoiv January 1874, and is due to school teacliers jind others for services in 1873, and in tlie confusion df the records when the last report was made, was wot noted, and in fact much of it was not reported until subsequent to that time," With regard to the pensions granted to veterans, it is necessary to explain that by an act of August \'], 1870, it was briefly provided that the survivinir veterans "of the revolution which separated Tixas from Mexico, including the Mier prisoners," and im others should have certain pensions. Comptroller Bledsoe, however, misapprehended the law, and ox- tended its provisions to persons not properly entitkd to the benefit of it. At least such was the reason given by Governor Davis, May 19, 1871, on the occa- sion of his vetoing two items of appropriations to ))ay claims of veterans; by which act he exposed himself to the attack of his democratic enemies, who charocil him with entertaining hostile feelings toward tin veterans. By act of April 21, 1874, the leglslatuie, however, extended the list of classes entitled to pen- sions,'* and by the end of the year, the govornoi became reasonablv alarmed at the raiiidlv hicreasiiiu number of claims;"" in his message, he urged tin immediate repeal of the act, which, if left on tin statute book, aftbrded an opening for the per})etrati()ii of frauds on the state. The act was repealed Maicli 13, 1875. In March, also, provision was made for subniittiui: the all absorbing question of a constitutional conven- tion to the people, and an election was ordered to In '" Under the act of 1870, a person entitled to the pension would rcceivf $250 if not wounded, and $500 if wounded, commencing from .Tan. 1, 1S7I Gov. Davis considered that there were not at tliat time 10(1 persons in tlif state justly entitled to the pension, yet Comptroller Bledsoe, under liis cum- stmction of the act, soon found 'JS,*? claimants. Sj^t'cr/i of Ex-ijov. Dui-'k, Oct. 4, 1880, p. 1.3, in Gray's ffiM. Austin. * Davis says that Darden and Coke, in the course of a year or so, i.s.sui"i $1,116,000 worth of bonds in pension. ' Some 1,100 j)ersons had turned ui' tu) veteraaa of the struggle between Te.xas and Mexico. ' NEW CONSTITUTION. 515 licU for that purpose, and for dolr«^ati'.s on August '2(1. On the appointed day 69,583 votes were east for the convention, and 30,549 against it. The di'le«;at('S " liiiving been duly elected, the convention assembled at Austin, September 6, 1875, and completed its labors November 24th, on which day It adjourned. The (oiistitution which it framed was submitted to tlie people for ratification February 17, 1870, when 130, 606 votes were cast in favor of it, and 50,052 against it. A general election was held on the same day, and the regular democratic state ticket elected. Coke was rocketed governor, by a majority of over 102,000 votos, having polled 150,418 against 47,719 cast for William Chambers." Some very striking changes are noticeable hi the constitution of 1870. In the bill of rights, the pro- visions of the constitution of 1809 that declared seces- sion a heresy, and that the ccmstitution and laws of United States are the supreme law of the land, are stricken out." With respect to the legislative de- " II -'The names of the delejjates, with their placcH of residence and nativit}', as also their occupatioua, will be found in \Vnlxli and Pilijriiii'x J)l,-fi-t.. i'onstit. Coiivcn., 1-3. The 30 districts sent up eighty -nine delegates, of wlu>ni 7"> wore (leiiincrats and 14 republicans, four of wlioni were negroes. The greater poi'tioii of the delegates were natives of the southern states, there 1 eing only trnir native Texans. ■^■(7. S. Sni. Ml(l, in which no mention is made of "race, color, or former condition." Provision was made that separate soliools sliould be provided for the white and colored childnii; and foreiijn immigration was discountenanced.^^ The 15th legislature met in April 187fi, and the formality of the reinauguration of the governor ami lieut(nuint-govenior was observed. In his message to tlie leojislature, Governor Coke criticised the new ooii- stitution, and pointing out defects, rec iinmended that the legislature propose the necessary amendiiieiits wliich it was empowered to do.'"* The judiciary arti- ri};lit of local sclf-governmeut luiiinpaired to all the stiites. S(;c. 11. All political ])o\vor ia inherent iu the people, and all free f^overnnuiits are loundetl on their authority, tand iustitutod for their benelit. Tho taitliof the people of Texas stands pledged to the preservation of a repalilirau iorni of governineut, and subject to this limitation only, they have at all tiiii'^ the inalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their government in such a manner as they may think expedient. Copies of both constitution \\illln' found in U. S. Chart. ts jciary iii't'- Sec. H. All Icrnniciit^ ''^' 1 Thofaitliot Inulilicinit'onu le ;it all tiiii"s lent ill ^"^'l' " lutiou ^^'11 '"' iiave no \w\y'^' Int ami iii^mi- |rmgiiig ill'""- 1 the iiiMiil)'" (•!( occupied his special attention. He considered tlu' system framed in it so faulty, inoflicient, and expoi- siv(\ tliat in his jud«^ment it would In* better not to ;ittiin|)t to amend it, but to substitute an entirely IK w article. He describes its prominent faults in tlie tullowinix words : "It provides for two liijrh courts of last resort, jjfiving .supremacy to neither, and leaves the country to be vexed with uncertainty as to what is tli(! law when conflictin<>- opinions are amiounced by iIksc tribunals. It established county courts, con- f( irinj^ on them extensivt^ «jjeneral and statutory juris- diction, and prescribes no qualification for the judges, thus submitting at least half of the litigation of the tiiuiitry, and the administration of the laws to judges. many of whom are utterly uninformed of the laws tilt y nmst administer, leaving suitors no remedy for inevitable injustice, except an expensive appeal to a distant court. It abolishes the office of tlistrict at- loimy, heretofore filled by men of learnhig, ability, and I'xperience, and substitutes that of county at- tiiiiuy, most frequently to bo filled by inexperienced iiuii, leaving many counties without i)rost;cutors at all, wliiini they are most needed, thenjby })aralyzing the ctUciency of the laws, exempting criminals from |iiudsliment, and inviting an increase of lawlessness and crime, so difficult to repress under the most rigid enforct>ment of the lawb." Moreover, it (extended the jurisdiction of justices of the peace over matters and i'i'j;lits too important to be submitted to the judgment t)f ini 11 usually unlearned in thcj law; it failed In some instances to provide for a[)peals; it provided insufficient, salaries for district judges; and surrendered the peo- I'lc, in a considerable portion of the state, "to the donunation of uneducated and ignorant suffrage," in thrccvfourths of their litigation. On the subject of taxation he calls attention to t\n) vlocted to each house, the legishituro might propose auiviuliiientB to the con- stitutioH, which were to be published and submitted to the people for ratili- catiou. [(,'; I m OlS TEXAS REST«>KKI». glaring inconsistency in tho ratt's aasignod to citus ami towns of 10,000 InliabitantH and less, and tlmst containin«jf nutrr tlian 10,000 inhabitants. Sections 4 and T), article XI., provided tliat the niaNiniuiii rate of taxation for tlie HU|»i»oit of tlu^ niuide'ipal jl-on" in nient of the former should never exceed oiie-foiiitli of one per centum, and for the latter two and i'.|it pul). instruction; William Steele, adjutant-general; (leo. Clack, atloiiuy- general, also H. H. Boone; Jerome B. Roliertson, supt. liureau of iiiiiiiigra- tion. W county. Tiie particulars nvv, as follow: III December, \-77, a riot occurree salt lakes, lyinj^ 1>0 miles east of that town. The an«ier of the ]>ele was aj^j^ravated by a jKisoiial feutl existiiiii' between two leadiii;.^ inhabi- tants, Charles H. Howard, and Lsits had l)een granted to the citizens of towns on both sides of the Kio I iiaiiile. The Texan citizens of Mexican descent maintained that the treaty, liy wliith the territory wherein the salt lakes lie was transferred to the U. S., tlid not extinguish the right of the public to tliem. ^1 w ''is ;.,'> ■1 ;'V':' w i^kli 6'JO TEXAS RKSTORED. Italian by birth, possessed the entire eonfidenc<3 ot' the Mexican population, being regarded as a friend and champion ; huleed ho had been elected to repir sent their interests in the legislature. His death ox <^ited the most angry feelings, and a determination to take vengeance on the nmrderer whenever an op[)()r tunity might pres(;nt itself. Howard, after the p(>r])c tration of the deed, went back to New Mexico. The exasperation of the Mexican nihabitants of San Elizario displayed itself in the beginning of November, when about 200 men collected with vio lent demonstrations against Howard's bondsmen, from whom they demandi'd payment of the $12,000, and whose lives they threatened to take. Major John B. Jones, of the frontier battalion of Texan rangers opportunely arrived, and by his representations tlic malecontents were prevented from pro(;eeding t(^ vio lence ar.d agreed to dis[)erse. On Novend)er 1 0th, Howard returned to El ]*as(i where he surrendered himself, and was admitttMl to bail on a bond for $4,000. Somewhat later a trjiin of wagons left San Elizario for tlie salt deposits, and were exj)ected to return by ])e('-ember 12th. Wluii Howard, who was at Mesilla, heard of tliis he deter mined to enforce^ his rights, and on the evening of that day, ^v itii about 25 Texan Hangers, under Lieu- tenant J. 13. Tays, entered San Eliza»'io for the j>ur })ose of assisting the slieriff to (execute writs of at tachment on the cargoes of salt. Whereupon tlu' Mexican population rose in arms, ))inng ])rese!itlv joined by a number of Mexicans from the otiiei' sidi' of the river, Howard and Jolm (J, Atkinson, one of his bondsmen, took refuge in the rangers' quarters, but Charles E, Ellis, another bon«lsnian, while oii- deavormg to do the same, was killed in the streets. On the following morning Sergeant C. E, Mortiniii was shot while within 100 yards of the quarters, which were forthwith laid siege to by the rioters, and tirinu commenced. PliRPlDlOUS MEXICANS. 521 The besiegers repeatedly demanded the surrender of Howard, which was as often refused, their intention to kill him being well known. On the I7th, however, it appcar.s that the position of the assailed was <^on- siilerod so desperate that Lieutenant Tays and How- iiid went oat to confer with the rioters, who promised the latter his life if he would relhiquish all claim to the :alt lakes. As there was no one to interpret for thcHi, AtkinK;n was sent for, and on his arrival souk; unauixement was made bv him with the insurjjfonts,'' upon which the rangers surrendered, whereupon they were immediately disarmed and confined, A mooting was now held by the ring-headers, at which it was deckled to put to death Howard, Atkin- s(Mi, and Sergeant McBride, a ranger who liatl made himself verv obnoxious to the Mexican element. Thereupt)n these men were led out and shot, Howanl Hr4. Had it not been for the iuHuenee of Chleo Ba- rt'la, the chief leader of the mob, all would have been killed ; as it was, the rangers were permitted to depart, stripped of their arms and etpiipments. The stor-.' and mill of Ellis were sacked, anil otluer robb(jries coiumitted, as usual on such outbreaks. Mcantinu' the United States' district commander-, (^olonel Edward Hatch, hastened with troops to Sail Klizario, where he arrived on the 'J'Jd. lie jiuule such a dis[)ositioTi of his scddiers at Soeovio, Vsleta, and Fraidd by rangers sei\t after tliem by the sheriff. The Mexican authorities on the ojjpusite side of the river seem to have been powerless to prevent their peo[>le from taking part in this riot. A hum' o-atherino- had collected at K\ Paso. Mexico, to attend the annual fair held there December 12th, ■'■' .Vccording to tlio account given l)y an eye-wituess to tlif .Unilla Imh- y-'Hiind, N. Mez., Atkinson gave §11,000 iu specie, currency, ami drafts, on cimdition that ho, Howard, and tlie rangers sliould Imj iKjrmitted to depart witliimt molestation. f^>i)t Jiw' Pioneer, Aug. '24, 1878, i ,4 |;l It it M i it m n- h 'J 521.' TEXAS KE.STORKI*. and it was impossible to control tho great nunibei of bad characters that had assembled in the vicinity /" ii 1 At the election held November 5, 1878, Oran M. Roberts was chosen governor, Joseph D. Savers lieu- tenant-governor, S. H. Dardcn comptroller, F. ii. Lubbock treasurer, and W. C. Walsh land commis- sioner. George McCormick, George F. Moore, and M. H. Bonner were respectively elected attorney- gen ':;ral, chief justice, and associate justice. All these successful candidates were nominated by the state democratic convention, which had met at Austin in July. On retiring from the executive office, January 14, 1879, Governor Hubbard, in his message of that date. supplies the legislature with a succinct and clear ac- count of the financial condition of the state during tin period from August 31, 187fi, to September 1, 1878, from which it appears that the total receipts weiv $3,306,05<).82 currency, and $81,297.10 in specie; the disbursements for all expenses of the government, in- cluding public schools and frontiei defence, amounted to $3,227,362.55 currency, and $49,880.77 Hrie. leaving a balance in the treasury of $78,697.-/ eui- rency and $31,416.33 specie. With regard to the public debt, he reported that it amounted to $5,086,7S.']. <.f which $5,034,109 were bonded," and $52,674 float- ing, showing a decrease of $123,290. Indeed, the financial condition of the state was very favorable, her ••^ Fuller particulars will be found in U. S. //. Ex. Dor., cong. 45, scss. l!. xvii., nos 84 and Q'.i. See also J. P. Ifnifiie's Acct, MS., and San Jofi'. Phnin: lit sup. Tlic Mexicans were finally obliged to Hubinit to the tax, pajing >|1 jHT fanega — aliout 2k Imishcls. Jf. Mi.. Tliia afl'air is kniiwn as the Salt war. ■" I'lirtioiLs (it the public debt bad been bonded at intervals from Nov. 1!'. Ui()ti. On .Inly (i. IS7(5, an act was parsed to provide for tiie payment ot tiif bonds due and returnable in the years 187(5 and 1S77, and to make provisions for t 111; tlo.iting indebtedness of the state, and to supply detieiencies in the nvi • nue by tiic saics of these bonds of the state, and to make an appro])ri:itiiintii carry into cfl'ect the provisions of the same. Under this act the g(i\ iriior was authorized to dispose of bonds to the amount of $1,675,000, pay^ihle 30 years from July 1, 1870, in gold coin, and bearing 6 per cent interest, .V'"'- s«!,e. .Ian. 14, 1870, 8. (GOVERNOR ROBKRTS. ( redit being such that her bonds, bearing an inttrtst (.f six per centum, sold in New York at a premium of two and a half per centuirr The policy of Governor Koberts," as expounded in his inaugural address, aimed at important changes. He objected to positive laws limiting judicial discre- tion from fear of abuse of power; he deprecated the present system of procrastination in the sale of the public lands, thereby burdening the present genera- tion with taxes for the doubtful benefit of future gen- riations; and he advocated the disposal of the })ublic lands at a fair value as soon as practicable, so as to meet the obligations of the government, increase the scliool and other funds, and relieve the j)resent gen- eration from an onerous taxation, imposed for the dim ])rosj)cct of a future good Widch would never be realized. On January 27th he sent a special message to the legislature on the judiciary, in which, like Coke, he advocated amendments of the constitution, one of wlilch savored somewhat of a dislike to the utter overthrow of everything in the form of centralism."" He recommended that district attorneys should be aj)})ointed by the governor, and be removable at his pleasure. His reasons were not without some force. "The district attorney," he said, "is peculiarly an ^■Oraii M. Roberts was bom, 1815, in S. C, and educated at the univiT- sity of Alabama. Selecting law as his profession, he cnninionced praiticf in ISlis 111 that state, but in 1.S41 migrated to Texas. Having settled at San Aii>.'iistnie, he became ilistriet attorney in 1S44, and district judge the year tullciwing. After anuex,''*ion, lie resumed tlie jiraetiee of his jinifessiiui, which lie continued until 1857, wiien he was elected one of the associate jus- tices (if the supreme court. In 18('il, he was diosen jiresidcnt of tlie secessidii ■ invention, as.sembled at Austin, and in that capacity, acting under its aii- tluirity, proclaimed Texas a free and independent state, in iMi'J, U(il'tit-< iiiised a regiment for confederate army, and was attached tn , 11. '•"(lov. Coke also considered that the reboun in 'Uy ai,'t of congress, .lune'2'2, 1874. A jiurtion of tlie Kitkiipoos rofiistil til loavc Mexico, where tliey liarl made their now home. A iironiise wa.s i^ivcii hy the Mexican authorities to locate them on a reservation at siu li a ih.staiK'o from the hortler line as to prevent, m itii the sii|)ervi.sion that woiihl lie excn iseil, any further tlislurhance from them. Prior to tlie civil «ar this trilie was located in Texas. U. S. Sen. J//.-c., cong. ■}.">, sess. '2, i., no. '2li. ■''Tiiey were located in the vicinity of Fort (irillin, Shackelford county. Till V hart no reservation, and were dejiendent to a great extent U]ioii the vhiiiis of the land owners of the .suri'ouuding cunntry; had no stock, and liwil ill hrush-houscs and topees. They hail always l)(;cn friendly to the whites and were well contented. A insuiiicicnt appropriation for tlieir siipjiort was annually made hy the U. S. governnient, and the citizens of Texas had assisted them fron\ time to time. Sn\ Interim- h'ljd., 1882, '207, •KK). 4:;(): /,/., eong. 41, t^ess. 2. 8;!.5, SIW; U. S. Sni. J/isc, coi^^. 41, scss. 2, >l"i' Kid, 17, '21; //. /'Jr. JJi.r., cong. 47, se.ss. '2, xxi., no. 77, M. "^t e pp. 4&-V thin vol 4 m -H * kM r |1 ■ : i 626 TEXAS RES'JOKEl). 'it [hMik li m 1852 by captains Marcy and McClellan, under the direction of the war department, it was discovered that there were two niahi branches to the river proper; but, probably owing to the inaccuracy of their instruments, the explorers located the lOOtli meridian below the junction. In 1857 the commis- sioner of Indian affairs, who wished to know the boundary between the Choctaw and Chickasaw coun- tries, caused an astronomical survey to be made for the purposes of ascertaining the true meridian, which was found to be 80 miles west of the junction of the two forks, the surveyors designating Prairie Do^ Fork, that is South Fork, as the main branch. Texas at once questioned this designation, and congress passed an act, approved June 5, 1858, authorizing the president in conjunction with the state of Texas to mark out the boundary line. Commissioners on both sides were appohited who proceeded to do their work in 1860. No agreement, however, could be arrived at, and Texas, adopting the report of her commis- sioner, established the territory in dispute — about 2,000 square miles in area — as a county under the name of Greer." In 1882 a bill was before congress seeking to establish the North Fork as the true b(jundary, but hitherto no settlement of the question has been attained. Meantime complications hav( arisen, through persons claiming to exercise rights on the disputed land under the jurisdiction of the state of Texas; conflicts have taken place, and blood hax been shed, owing to procrastination in the adjustment of the disputed claim.** On the 16th of January 1883 John Ireland, having been chosen governor, assumed office and was sue- ceeded, in January 1887, by L. S. Ross. No state' in the Union has passed through more political vicissi- *• In an act of congress of Feb. 24, 1879, 'to create the northern judicial district of the state oi Texas,' etc., Greer county is included in the (listrict. U. S. Statutes, 1878-9, 318. ** The question having been agitated for so many years the references re- specting it are very numerous. The above sketch is derived from See. Jnta-ior Ifepf, 1882, 15; U. S. //. Reptt, cong. 47, sess. 1, v., no. 1282. 11 ^ MANY FURNACK FIKRS. .JL'/ tudes than Texas. During the present century h(rr jicoplo have fought and bled under no less than five different national flags, representing as many different governments. First we find her with a sparse popu- lation among which might be found some few indi- viduals of the Anglo-American race, under the royal standard of Spain, ruled by monarchical laws; next the eagle of the Mexican republic dictates the form of government, and exasperates by oppression the free- spirited settlers from the United States ; then follow revolt and a short but sanguinary struggle for inde- pendence, terminating in the establishment of the Texan republic with its emblematic lone star flag. After a brief existence, however, as a sovereign nation, Texas was content to repose beneath the standard of the stars and stripes, which in turn she threw aside to fight under the confederate banner. Such is the outline of her career. The land which was once the abode of savages has been converted into a civilized country which will prove a center of human development. m CHAPTf:R XX. INSTITUTION A l> ANI> EDUCATIONAL MA'HT.llS. 1835-1888. Rafis Pko<;krs.s — roriiLArniN— Social Aiivan(;kmknt — Dkcrkask i>y Crime— '!"iin Statk CArrroL-TiiK IIunisvim.k Penitkntiaky--Kk- FORM OK AlllTSKS — Rusk J'ENnF.NTIAUV (MlAltllAIU.E In.stitutions— Asylcm for the Deaf and Dumh— Tin: Institute for the Bmnd-- IN.SANE Asylum — Development of Education— A i-ritoPKiATioNs fou niE Establishment of Fri:e Schools — The Puiilic School Systfm Statistics— Founding ok theTexas University — The Aoricultuum, AND Mechanical Collecjf: — First Protestant Churches — Mauisiack BY Bond Li.r.ALiZED — Ec-clesiastical kStaiistics — First Priniint, Press in Texas — Early Newspapers — Texas Editorial and Pkkss as.sociation. Short as has been her life, the comraonwealtli of Texas has had a varied experience ; first as the borch i- land of contending colonies, then a lone re|)iil»li(', as niember of the great federation, nieinber of the south- ern confederacy, and finally reinstated as one of tlio still unbroken union. The annals of her past canri, as we have seen, are replete with stories of rf)inaiitir events, and persev(Ting struggles to shake oil* tlio l(!aden weight of impeding influenct^s, and elevate lier- s(!lf to the proud level of advancing civili/atlon. ITcr future is bright; she has entered tlie broad higliway of universal progress, and henceforth her march will be one of unprccedtinted prospcirity. A marvellous rapid it}'^ lias already marked her onward course \o wealth and happiness. Probably there never was a country which entered upon the long and brill i tut progressional career which we may confidently look forward to In this instance, und(^r more favornhli ( .'■.■2X ) i 5 «"«picos than tliis staf,. a i., "" ' l]"J>""l'l" a,v .vtill five.,, <„ ■„ ./"'^ '"■'■''■ <"i'"i<'• I'avo not all fi,„[.,'^ T " '» aro l,<.i,- ow„, „,„, ''"""''"'"■« »'■'• >">t I..T,; itt ,1 ' u''""*^ '""' "i'1'.vssivo » itli Jut vast -iroa of t; In ' ,"*''"-* "'"J anv ,.s „„ h,.i^.|,tof .,.aXur \ ■^"" "^ »•"•'""»', "71 ""V not rea.sona,h a ',;:""'' "''« ^"'"'"™- -"'-ttle-,;i':';^,,;">«-;, frontier ],avo ooasoj '•'' .VX'Uins to foarless If:^- •■ ^";'^'»«"<'»s an.l vvh ,. '- ai'plioation of I* ta '"f r""", "f .>"»<"- l' !'"" fc.- path tI,o r< fco tnV f" ,"'■''? '** ^""i'!"' ;:':,;';;■"■•' tv-.-d°t;» S ^it I'^l ^'^•^■- -»« ti. "t.,0 ,,,,•,„ „f „MalT,.v«l ,, ' "'^'f ''■''i'"^'i<»'s will ;\'"l«t«l by official .statstio'r '''•>'-,'"■" st'ikii.-lv t' "'."""orce, i,Klu.,trio S ;;;; I'l'l"!'^'""". a^n™!' /""'g to tile ccMisii- >.,>f,. /> ^ '.^ *-''tui|)rjjs(>s - totaJ population ^' 'V^'-"^!^" ^'^'^^-' ^tu :' 'V^'^"»0 source it annoirs/rV^ '^000,000. JV ,; ,' •^'V"'"!^ fanners '> ',7! ^I. i *^'^^*^ "^ 18G0, ti.ero w ■'"1' / -iOo o^i ,*:' '^'^ stock-rasors 9 000 . , ^^'^^' < (..)0. school teadicrs T,, 7 qoA fr" '''^'^"^'J^'i'its, ^^^ f-'nnors and planters! 14 'J,? ^'''' '"^"^'^ ^'^^^^ : : I 5no INSTITUTIONAL AND EDUCATDNAL MATTERS. stock-raising, including drovers and herders, I0,!)r)4 traders and detJers, exclusive of clerks and enpldvi s in stores, and 4,334 teachers.' In connectioa \v\{]\ this extraordinary increase of population, due mainly to iunnigration, it will be jiroper to compare tlut social and political condition of the people with wliat it was quarter of a century ago, — as described in chapter XV of this volume — and just subsequent to the war. During the re-construction period tlie condition of the people of Texas, from all points of view, may l»c considered to have reached its lowest ebb. Tlic sudden elevation of the freedmen to the riiihts of citizen- ship and suffrage, overwhelmed for a time the Avliiti' population at the polls, and the colored inhabitants with their partisans, the "black leaguers," caiiird their candidates for all state offices. As a result of this abrupt change from slavery to political ecjuality with the whites, not only was a conflict between the two races inaugurated, but the del)ased negroes, no longer debarred the use of sjurituous liquor, under i;s influence incessantlv, enijaLied in fravs anions tluiii- selves, which generally terminated in bloodshed. Tlic number of murders committed during this period Mas un])aralleled in any epocli of Texan history, as I liave iTlie following table, made from the U. S. census returns, will dialile the reader to mark the rapid increase in populatioji: "' ' " 1830 18(10 KS70 18.S0 White 104,034 58,5J8 420,S!»1 182,»'_'l 403 olht,700 253,475 370 25 l,iu7/.':i: Black 3!i:{,;^+ Indian V.''2 Cliinose i:!i; *21'_',r)!l2 (504,210 818,5/0 i,r.«.)i,74ii According to the state bureau of statistics, tlie population in ISStwas 2,215,700, showing an increase at tlie rate of over 155,000 a year. W. O. Hamilton, representative in tlie legislature from Coiii.uiilio aiii Brown counties, has lately introduced among otlicr important liiU-. < n' '■' provide for the taking of a state census, with a strong jirobability (f it) It- coming a law. Hamilton was born in Oeorgia, .Tune .'lO, ]S,")4, was .uhiiitt 1 to tlu' liar in 1879, in wliich year lie wont to Texas and settled in Cinii^nr'i' county. In 1880 he was elected county attorney, uiid in Mov. 1884, tn tk' legislature, Bioij,, MS. SOCIETY. B81 slK^vn,' and wlmt was worse, tlio judiciary was inadc- (lii;it(! to punish. Intimidation ruled the hiw courts, }i;irty spirit swayed the jury Ijoxes, and local pul>H(r passion dictated verdicts, licnce lynch liiw was more operative than the penal code. But this clinos was not destined to endure. The flood of ininii;4ia- tioii which set in from the states aiul all parts of Europe after the war, soon turned the scale. It niat- tcnd not whence the immijj;rant came, he was ready to support the white race against the black league rs. A "white l(>ague" started into existence, and in lis7 4 was triumphant. The short-lived supremacy of the i)la(k league was destroyed forever in Texas, Since that victorv, hundreds of thousands of new settlers have made Texas their home, and their ad- vent has tended, more than any other cause, to sup- press lawlessness and crime, and build up an orderly and law-abidln12 •'■)'.) Theft 1 75.S Arson 23 Perjury Kape 71 41 Rii1i!i('ry ForLjiM'v i:ii Bnrt'l irv 2(11 'J'o/iiL^ 2,.V.IJ C")NVI(TI()*:S 115 051 5 10 10 9 19 82 907 Murder 71 471 5 3 11 13 9 58 .'•S Theft .)s! .1 Perjury Kape a Rohliery Foruerv ' ' ' ' IS lii) Burglary lit 'l\.t.nh.... !!4I 799 ::.s From the above showing, it appears that whereas in 1877 there wore 3.1 "0 indictments with only 641 convictions, iu 1880 the indictments liad decri ;i iil to 2,592, auU tho couvictious iucreasud to 738. This shows that a hcoldjy (-! s. lire still . Mui' •jivislins Icalt out lO, wlnii nitc tlu- T tlif "m- tnliciit lull i dcciras- ')_ 1SS3, ;iiii;in liin 'M iiii-sHin it.il ill •ill t""^ •adill^ the li-it, il'Vl'Il. Of tllC! C. Till! riiiun 4, iiu'i'iiil'Mii m anil 1 fiii'liMr- me. r till! foiii >'■•'"' will l>i! iil'li' '" riiiieJisi-ciaiils y tdiowiui; l!;u 7i tl 111) i:u •ioi_ 4S! IS ',11 bcrc wcrr 3.1''*J lui.l (liHMv:i-=|il I that a. litMl"'-!')' HOSl'ITAJ.ITY AND liKI'lNKMKNT. 888 In otlicr rcsjtccts |)r(»!i^i-css In 'IVxas is ((lually iii;irk('tl. The l(»iL'' liuts liavr ^ivcii way to ctduloitaldt) tV.iiiic l)uil(lin«^s oil wcll-ri'iiccd farms, wliilo villa rcsi- (Itiui'H of wraltliv a'ji'iculturalists adorn tlio coniitrv, iiiid ill tliti c'itii'S Hue cdiriccs and spacious |»iil»li«', Imildili'L^'^ liuvo Ix'cii erected. Tiu; state ca|»itoI at Austin, ulieii coniitleted, will rival in dimensions and Ilia 'J, 11 i licence any otlier edifice of tin; kind in the I'liited States, with tliu exce[)tioli of the lialioiial «.i|>lli)l Jit Wasliinu;toii.* With all this advancement in wealth and elevation, (!ic former characti'ristics of tlu; IVixans still [)rt\ail. Hospitality is y(>t a ])ioininent virtu(>, and tlic; res|>< » t- aitle straiiLfer or visitor is rei-eived with a n'enuini! Welcome. He may he called upon to givi' soiiu; ac- cnuiit of himself, hut iiKjulritis leadin*^ to such infor- iiiatioii — iiecessarv as a i)rovisirovc.- iiii'iit. '' i'.y a jirovisioii of the eonstitntioii of ISTti, art. xvi. »ec. 'u, ;!,()(l(t.<)()0 iicic-i iif the puMic! ilomain were aj^jroiiriatccl for the ]iuri)ose of eicel in;; a iirw eajiitol and otlier neee.s.sary Imililiiifjts at the seat of i.';overiiijient, tlio l.iiiils to In; sold miller (lireetion of the le;^islatiire. 'I he lands ajjiiropriated \(),(M)0 acres, iiiid ail' r hefore Feh. 1, 1S.S2, aiiij the edidce to he completed and (hlivereil en orliefore .Tail. 1, ISSS. The iniitractor, Mattheas Schnell, of Knck Jslan,(>()() acie< of land. 1. 1- ailiiitioiial "lO.dOO acres ai>]irN."), heint; the aunivcr-ary 111 the iiiJepeudeuce of Texas. 'J'cx. licpt Cap. JJuiklinj Cum., Jan. 1, IbS'S, ir 1^ F '!•' ' * ^fl »f. M ¥. I 684 INSTITUTIONAL AND P:DUCATIONxVI. MATfERS. on inimigraiits from foreign clinics. While iniltatiui'- these hij^li princi})les the latter bring with thcni a trnn(|uillizing influence, steadily operating in tlie direction of a hiifher order of civilization. A na- tionul character is gradually being developed by anial- guiiuition,()hj('ctionable distinctions are gradually van- isliing, and refinement is taking the place of cojum'- ncss.' The day is not far distant when the wliite people of Texas will be a connnunity homogeneous in ftelings, principles, and aspiratioiio. Texas has pas,s< d tiirough the furnace of an ill-considt^ed problem; lias bei'ii worsted in the argument conducted b,' bayonet, Hword and cannon, and has accepted the resalt. Xo spot on earth is more favored with all the resources needed for an advanced condition of ?)rogressiA'e devil- opinent than is Texas, and her people have lo.»g since scuttled down to their pursuits amid the enjoyment d permanent tranquillity. With reference to the crimhial statistics gwvu Rbov(\ it is proper to make some mention of the state penitentiaries. The first provisions for the estahlisli- nient of such an institution was n^ade by the Icglslii- ture in 1846. In the followinp" year work was com- menced at Huntsville, and 1 1,000 square yards were in time inclosed with a brick wall and bu;l(rm»i. Tlie system adopted by the state government w.is to make tlie j)cnitentiarv self-su))porting by conxiet labor, and in I85G machinery and suiUible buildiiiijs were erected forthe manufacture of cotton and wonltii goods, work connncncing iu the factory in June et' that year.* From this time to the close < ^ the civil ' Saiil ail Kuiili.-li si'ftltT til lli'pwortl' J)ix(iu iiuirc tliiiu ;i;u ye.. ■ au ■, 'Vii' drink less liiiuor, iiiul iinoki; iiKiri' Uiw.' \\'/iifr 'o//'/., i. .'■.'?(). '' I'rovisiou was uuidc foi* thu cstablishuieut of this factory by the logiJa- Ti STATE nilSON. fl:w war tlic income derived was greatly in excess of the cxi)onditure. ' During the reconstruction period the nuni))cr of convicts so increased that there vi. ^ neither room nor oniploynient for them witliin the walls of the p;;hiten- tiarv," and recourse was had to employing tlie rsur- ])his on the railroads — a system strongly dt'precated 1)V Governor Davis.'' Moreover, the annual exjR'nses began to exceed the income at a gradually increasmg rati', and on July 5, 1871, the perutentiary was leased to Ward, Dewey & Co, foi' tlie term of fifteen years.'' This was neither a humane nor enlightc'.ied ])olicy, th'> convicts heing submitted to systematic maletreat- niciit. They were ill fed, bjully clothed, hard worked, and nmch abused. The charges of inhumanity be- came so repeated that in April, 1875, the govt'rn- luciit appointed a connnittee to investigate and report iipoii the conditiim and general administration of the )icuitentiary. The result was that a mandatory law was passed by the fifteenth legislature requiring the •jjovernor to resume possession of the Huntsville peni- tentiary, and on April 2, 1877, the lessees surrendi-red the control of it to Governor Hubbard. After this lamentable failure of the lease system it is sur])rising that the government should have persisted hi it; yet th(! penitentiary Wd-i again leased December IG, 1877, to E. H, C'lmtingham, of Bejar county. turn ill ].S,").t. All pnssililc laLnr such as brickinaking was pnrfnrmcil l>y the ciMiviots, l)y ■whom also most, of tlic work was done in the erection and ex- tcpsion t'roiu Lime to time of the penitentiary. '■' For tl.e 2.3 moiiths endinjf Aug. ',i\, 1S;V.), gooils wore manufactured to tilt; amount of ^ItWjtW"), yielding a profit of .*!|4,.S4".). This was the jiroduc- tiiiii of 40 looms. During the war additional niacli. lery was set up, and tlic siHicrinttnidet.t, Thomas Carutliers, in his 7-eport to the legislature of .Aug. HI, iMi:?, states that in L'l months 'i,'J.'{,'{,.">S7 yds of Osnahu;-g><, 405. ill!,") yd.i iiitfi.ii jeans, and 3'J*2,Si)0 yds Kersey and other goods had lieeii in iiiufac- tuicd. The income amounteil to .'?l,.VJl,(iS7, far exceeding the- s'xpendituron. '"In 1805 the number of convicts was 118; in 1870 it was 480 and HM in 1S71. " j^eo his message of Apr. 29, 1870, no. .''i in T(X. Cnl. />><•., no. 2. '•The leseees were to pay tlie state annually .i and tvviiu reelcctecl in IS77 and 1S70 re-liectively. In ISSS he was chosen scu.iti v to th(! state legislature from that I'oiiiity. and in Nov. IS.Sl was elected lieuten- ant gov. iiy a, niajonty of ):5»',0U0 votes. Jiioij. iSkckh, MS. IS. DEAF MUTrS AND BLIXD. [ instltu- itlnji; ono :liau (>iH> :>, provis- o otliers, r'olnraflo. isk, 5,000 ^'iciuitv of :ed. Tl>c iry, 1S71); brary and spital, and it of pri«- n of crime of escap*^ lis as was 'uitcutiary, !ctin;j; witU i so largely •tors Avhicli population. sc inslitu- f Burnett c, the sys- doiu' away do for tliy state p'lii- 1 of \vliieli , or eitlier of wliich "uly tlie rcm;iiu<'.i''' I Sei-t. 1, 1^'"-'. attoini>tin:4 '" L.ah in-omiiH'nt ]„f Virfliir.a m Lvcnt t.. '1'^''^ Is::, ami twu'c of tlicm, shall hereafter be made, and tlie state si:a]I resume control thereof." The law was to tahe efllct after passage.'" l']nactnu>nts were passed in August, 185G, for tlie cstablislnnent ofcliaritabk^ institutions. Tlu; aj)])ropria- ro suffifiontlv liberal for tlio rccnrirenicnts at tions wi pu tliat tune, an endowment of 100,000 acres of land and $10,000 being granted for su])})ort to each asylum to i»e erected for the deaf and dund), the blind, and fo r orpjians. or lunat ic asj lum $30,000 of United States bonds were appropriated for the erec- tion of the building, a similar quantity of land being also donated. Tlie institution for the deaf and dumb was openc d Jaiiunrv 2, 1857, I. A'an Nostrand, of New York, be- lli', nil J ai>pointed the first principal. Instruction coni- ■ncod wltli only three pupils which number had increased to seventy-one ])}' October 31, 1880, and John S. Ford, the superintendent, hi his report of tliat (late, believed that the future annual increase would be nearly 100 per centum. Under an act of t!ie fourteenth legislature the experiment of teaching the deaf mutes the printer's art was made and pro- duced most favorable results. The [mpils soon proved themselves apt scholai's in type-setting and press work, and Ford considered that if allowed to linisli their education in this brancdi they would success- fully compete with the best practical })rinters. Other iiieclianical arts tauLilit in this asvlum are mattress- making, book-binding, cabinet-making, shoe-making, and some others. A. similfir system of instruction is pursued in tlie education of the blind, but these unfoitunatt; beings lalior under areater disadvantages than the deaf and ^' Trx. St:U(! Pcnifcn. Iiiilrx, ]SS.'?. Tlio loa-;c to < 'unninrjliam c'\[)'r('(l .l.iii. 1. ISSI; ('onsequcntly sitico tliat date tlio pi'iiituntiaricM liavc Ix^cii luic'cr tlic, cnnti'cl iif the govt'rnint'iit. ' !n re ;;,ir(l to iui firjiliaii asylum, ill I'^ti^ siuli an in^titutidii v.n njiciiid n; l'.:!\i:Miii, ll:iri-i» county, liy the l!cv. Mr i'rustoii. Jii JsT.'ltlii; l(').'i-latiiri! il"iiati.| to tliis iustitiitio'i a jiortiou of tlio hunl set apart in 1S,':() fur an iiqilir.ii asylum. Timdl, 7-W. {■: 688 mSTITUTIOXAL AND EDUCATIONAL MATTERS. dumb; progress is slower, and most meclianical open- ]iati()ns are beyond their requirement. Nevertlieli ss they soon become proficient in making baskets, brooms, and chairs; they are also taught music and telegraphy, in the former of which they make especitil progress. This institute went into operation in 1858, with ten pupils in attendance, a commodious house being rented in Austin until the state building avus completed. In that year the legislature added ^G,5()0 to the sui)porting fund, and appropriated $12,500 fi)r the purchase of a site and the erection of the build- ing, which was finished by December 1800. Duriiii; tlic war means were wanting for the successful ()[)(i'a- tion of this establishment, but $9,600 were expciu va in 18G7 in repairing the building, and the sixteenth legislature appropriated $7,500 for the erection of additions thereto. In January 1879, sixty-eight Itlind persons were in attendance; since that time the insti- tute has progressed in proportion to the necessity for ])roviding for the relief of this helpless class. Both tills institute and that for the deaf and dumb are situated in the vicinity of Austin. The site selected in 1857 for the lunatic asylum liis three miles north of Austin. The plan adopted for the construction of the buildhig was such as to admit of additicms being made to it from time to time without marring the symmetry of the whole. Glasscock and Mill(;r, of Austin, obtained the first contract by wliicli they engaged to erect three sections for the sum of $47,514. Tlie first superintendent was C. G. Ketiiaii, who held office from 1858 to 18G2 when Dr Stoiinr succeeded him. During that period 67 patients had been admitted, of whom 49 were males and 1>^ females. After the abolition of slavery in Texas additional premises were requlrcid for the admissimi of freedmen, and in 18G7 what is known as the Cross property was purchased and improved at a cost of $35,000. The completion of the original plan of the building having been prevented by the ci\il war, SCHOOL LAND GRANTS. 5:i;) Si:0,000 was appropriated in 1870 for the erection of tlu' remaining sections. In that year th(i inmates \V(ie 83 in number, which by August 31, 1878, had increased to 275." With the growth of popuhiti<)n the necessary additions liave been made to acconnno- datc tlie hicreashig number of applications ft)r admis- sion into the asylum. It may be asserted without cavil that previous to Hk^ independence education was a d(!ad letter in Texas," and in their statement of grievances in tlie declaration of independence, the colonists mathi the faihue of the Mexican government to })rovido means of instruction, which had been promised for their diiMren, one of the many grounds of complaint. No sooner, however, was the victory won than the Texans ill their constitution of 1836 declared that it sliouhl he the duty of congress, as soon as circumstances would adndt, to provide by law a general system of etkieation. Accordingly, in January 1839, the congress of the new republic assigned tliree leagues of land to eai-h oi'uanized county, and in the followin.g year an addi- tional leiigue, for tlie purpose of estal)lishing })rlniary schools. By the same act, fifty leagues of land were devoted to the establishment of two colleges or uiii- ''I'lio tv)t;il resident iiuniher of lunatics during the lisoiil year ending Auj;. .'il, 1S7S was '.i~0, thus exhibited: I'liticiits discharged restored TiS I'atitiits discharged improved 1\ I'atiriits disc'.iarged uniniproveil 4 I'liti.Mts died i-.! laiiiiiining r "JT"' Om. I[,ih}Htrd's Mr.^., Jan. U, 1S70, 37. "'AliMunte, in his rejxirt of -Ian. 1, IS;^."), states that a .school had existed inlVj:ir, supported hy the aynntaniieiito. Init it had he<'n closed Ironi want lit liiiiils; that there was a private one near lira/oria with ;U) to 40 ]iiipilt, wliii h was >ui)]xirted hy suhscrii)tions: and tiiat tliere were three jiriiiiary srliuols rev3^'ctivelj- at Niieogiloches, San Agustin, and .loneslmrg. He re- iii,iv|i< il, - tho.sc hinists wlio ccudd attord the ex])ense jirefcrred to send tl;c:i ( h /.iren to K' educated in the LI. S. ; tiiose who could not, cared little iilioiit iir-'-e.'.ivt, having SlVCi, liS4, wimli douhtlcss came from tuition fci^s ])aid liy tiie )i.i ruts. The sciiools, therefore, were not yet free schools, [iropeily siieuking. RS. CONSTITUTIONAL niOVISIONS. r)4l and two jf scluM 1 Vr/c their , cxainiiit' ttion and ,]iis l)aMS, the inoiv ucatiou iu sparseu'ss icd by tliG I, and that ic union, it 45 tluit tlie i, estahlish lish nu'aiis -; that mt of the stair rt as a ]» i- lit the huul> ot he aVu'.i- set in pvr- liuarv l^"'-^' ols was a]i- iti>d States' Under this ntinuoil ii'- ,vlien cVia'iii ihools hciu;4 found hor- \n were reV'"'*^" iHll.lic S.lni"!' ,i TlK--!'.-! U from iiiil"«- ^n:dun^SM).'M leaking- self without resources, and her school fund wasted;" Imt she devoted herself at once to the task of repair- iiiLj the evil. Under the constitution of IHGT), all funds, lands, and other property previcmsly set apait f(»r the support of the free school syst(>in were rededl- oati'd as a perpetual fund. It furthermore devoted to tliat fund all the alternate sections of land reserved out of grants to railroad coni))ani(>s and other corpora- tions, toujether with one half of the proceeds of all future sales of public lands. The lejjjislature was de- ])rived of the power to loan any portion of the school fund, and required to invest the s}>e('ie principal in United States bonds, or such bonds as the state iiii^lit ijjuarantee; and it was authorized to levy a tax for educational purposes, special provision being made that all sums arising from taxes collected from Afri- cans, or })ersons of African descent, should be exclus- ively ajipropi'iatf-d for the mahitenance of a system of ])ul»rie schools for the black race. Provision for the uni\ersity was renewed; a superintendent of [)ublic instruction was directed to be appointed by the gov- ei iioi', who, with hhnand the comptroller, should con- stitute a state board of education, and have the genei'al nianagcment and control of the ])erpctual fund and •'onnnon schools, under regulations thereafter pre- scrllied by the legislature. The constitution of IHGS did not materially alt(>r tlirsr provisions, except in one markcid particular, and tliiit was in the significant omissioii of the provision upftropriating the taxes [taid by colored persons for ->X. ally all tlic ?'2,00f>,000 in U. S. homh appears to have l);>,'ii lost l.y iiijiiilioioin loans torailr(iaiiry, due tlie school fund, S|,7.").'t,IU 7, iMlereit-liearins^ bonds of railroad tiiiii|iMiies with interest due >i])on said bond* np to Mareli I, Lii;;, amount- ing to >;!(»(),•_'();». :s<). I am unahlc to form an op nion as to the ji'dhabdity of till,' p;M inL'iit of this interest. ' Oov. J)a\ii, in liia message of Apr. 'JS, l.S7(), iiK'liK • u the .school fund ,*'J,74'i,l!).S, | ■ inc pal and intei'est, due from rail- riiid coinpauics. Mi; reuiark-". 'I.sniipo.e tqiwards of t\\o millions of th.o tutid diic hy the railroads eould he real /u I \\i Ji certainty.' lie reeormiemU isulu m1 all the roada indebteil to the selioi 1 fund. ^mrn^ I II s i-rMii 'i i I 542 INSTITUTfONAL AND EDUCATIONAL MATTERS. the support of schools for their children. The schools were inadc! free to all.'^ Uiulcr tliis cotistitution a law was passed Au*jjust 13, 1870, diroctinj^ the governor to appoint a supctiii- tondciit of public histruction, to serve until the next general election, and ordering that tlienceforward tliat official should be elected by the peo[)le, to serve for a term of four years; each organized county was made a school district, and eacli couiitv court a board (»f 1 *' scliool directors, whicli, subject to the direction of tlio state superintendent, were charged with the duty of dividing it into sub-districts. The schools were to be open at least four months in the year, and the di- rectors were to see that all cliildrcn between six and sixteen years were to attend, unless instructed else- where. ()ne-f()Ui'th of the annual state revenue from taxation, an annual p niaiiiti'naiK'(! of a systeiri of puhlic free si'hools, for the gratuitous iii-.tnii,'t;. ii of all the inlwihitaiits of this state between the ages of six ami eiglitcou. U. S. t'/iart. and Comtit., pt 2, 1814. ;!!'! P SCHOOL STATISTICS. 543 f'dllcicted from the parents of non-attending chiklren. I'lidcr tliis system schools began to mcrease rapidly in number." During the years 1873 to 1875 inclusive, consider- ahlc cliangcs were again made. Tlie government was now democratic. The state supcrintendency and county boards of directors were retained, while the state board of education and supervisors of large dis- tricts were suppressed, and the trustees of each sc1k)o1 dintrict were ordered to be elected by the voters of tlic district. Under this reformed system, the control of the schools, management of the funds, the adoption oftlie method of education, and other matters connected witli free tuition were i)laced in the power of the jH()|)le, who elected their inunediate agents. Tlie en- rollment in the scholastic year 1874-5 was 124,567 puiiils, under 3,100 teachers in 2,924 schools. By the constitution of 187G some chang(>s were aLjain effected, both as regards the perpetual fund and tlie system. Instead of one half of the proceeds of sales of public lands being set a])art for the fund, it was directed that one-Iialf of the public domain should bo donated to it f* all lands granted to counties for the supjiort of schools were made the property of th( counties respectively to which they were granted, and the proceeds when sold were to be held in trust '-'In Dec. 1871 there were 1,324 schools, with 1,578 teachers, and G3,ri04 silidlais. The report fur the foUowing year showed 2,000 scli'iols, witli 127,- (')7J I innllucutatives, taking his seat in .Jan. 1883. In the 18th legislature he in- ti'iiiUieed tlic measure whicli endowed the state university with 1 ,000.(100 acres of liiiiil. JfcKiiuiey has made various suggestions, recomniendiug a new phiii fell' tlie government and control of the puldic school system. '■■'\'y the constitution of ISfiS, th„ puMic lands given to counties were placed umler the control of the legislature, and when sold the proceeds were to be added to the puhlic school fund. ■25 rPl 644 INSTITUTIONAL A\T) EDUCATIONAL MATTERS. by tho counties, for the benefit of j)ublic scliools therein. Separate schools were to be [)roviik'tl for the white and colored children, and impartial pt(»- vision made for both; and the board of oducation wns restorcid to be composed of the governor, comptrullrr, and secretary of state.'" Under these provisions laws were enacted for the carrying out of the same. At a sptjciall y called ses- sion of the k'gislature, January 1HS4, improvements in the system were effected. The office of state sup- erintendent was reaffirmed, the superintendcint Ik iii^r made the ofiicial secretary of tho board of educatidii; boards of examinee's of teachers were provided ; and colored school communities were given the right to have trustees of their own race for their schools."' In 1884 county school affairs were superintended by county judges, and in cities and towns the boards of aldermen had tho exclusive power to regulate an J govern the free schools within their limit. Austin, Galveston, Houston, and the larger cities have sclioel superintendents. The system of free schools in Texas has firmly fixed itself in public esteem. According to Spaight's offi- cial map of December 1, 1882," the princii)al of the perpetual school fund amounted to $4,1()G,I38;{, in easli and bonds; the amount of land pertaining to the same was 33.000,000 acres, besides 4,002,1)12 acres given to ^•'TJy the school law of 1S83, this hoard was authorized to appoint a sinri'- tary witli a salary of §1,800 a year. U. S. Ifrpt. Com. E/iir., ]SS;<-4, ■2{'d lieiijaiiiiii V. Haker, was made secretary in Jan. 1883, and held thiit dtiia' for 18 months; tho oHice of state superintendent of puhlic instructicni was tlien created hy act of tlie 18th legislature in extra session, anil iu Nm-. 1884, Baker was elected to it hy a majority of 181,01(5 votes. He jiriparoii tiie ])id)lic scliool law in force at the time of writing, 188(5. Baker \v;is Ikiiu in Kussen cJ. EllS. ic scliools )vid(jd for irtiul |»t()- •atioii was •iu])trullLr, IW'VKiWilTY. Jli'rf^'r''' ""■"''''"rtionmont forties,, , ,• yi r 1882-,), b, count i«, ..jti,., .„„| . '"'" "■l">l"»tic «l'"lly cvorvd l.v tl,o ,:,i l';" '■''"■'"!'''"■<■ was ,H,t """"'"' "-i",^' pau'l t H„ " f"' •''^•''"."' '""'I. »"".., "Inn an act w-i« „... "i 'P "" Marc, ;jo .oo, '-' "'• " '"i'd tf';:: inL'::;'''"^ '"■• «-• ■ "i- i- ' l'l'™.yand funtituro. I,, S T *'"' I"'"*'""' "f «^.-K,t,y wa* opcnci," you«r f.; ^ '«**•' «'« "'"- « I m i r "t J' ' l| 11 If M IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I *- lilM ;; 1^ 11 2.0 IM 22 1.8 1-25 1.4 ||.6 4 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 &? L<5> Ipii 646 [NSTI'JUTIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL MATTERS admitted on equal terms, tuition free. The acadi mic dcpartineiit comprises instruction in literature, .sd. ence and the arts,'^ the course extending over fom years. In Juno 1885, the number of students was 206, of whom 55 were law students; of the remaining 151 nearly one third was represented by females.'' Special mention umst be made of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, located four miles from Bryan, Brazos county. It was incorporated by an act of the legislature approved April 17, 1871, con- gress havhig granted November 1, 1866, 180.000 acres in land scrip for its foundation. The fund derived from this donation amounted in 1872 to $174,000, which were invested in bonds of the state bearing 7 per centum in gold. By successive a))[)ro- priations, made by the state, aggregating $187,000, suitable buildings were erected, and the institution was opened in October 1876, there being six pu[)il.s in attendance. The increase in the number of stu- wocmI, T. D. A\'oot«u, K. J. Siuikiiw, M. W. (Jaruett, Jainea B. Clarku, i[. L. Crawford, ansi, . . Todd, wlien only four yvar.s nt age, was taken to Texan hy his father who moved thither iu 184:i. He was cilu- cated hy his niotlier, whose maiden name was Kliza Ann Undgins, uiid wijo originated and condiicted for many years a female educational institute at Clarksville, Texas. He comi>leted his education at the university of Vir- ginia, and on his return practised law iu Jefifcrson; on the outbreak of tliu civil war volunteered in the 1st Texas regiment, and after served iu Hooil's Texas brigade. •'■' Leading to the degrees of bachelor of arts, master of arts, baciii'ldr c)l letters, l)achelor of science, and bachelor of laws. '■^* From tlie reports sent in to the U. S. com. of education, 1884, it appears tliat the other colleges and universities iu Texas at that time were as fol- lows: St Mary's university, (Jalvestou; Soutliwestern university, (ionrge- town; Baylor university, Ijulependeuce; Mansfield, male and female college, Maustield; Salado college, Salado; Austin college, Shermau; Trinity univer- sity, Tchuacana; Wai;(» university, Waco; Marv'in college, Waxaliatchit: and Add lliin college. Thorp's spring. Five of these institutions admit young men only, the other five are open to both sexes. The collegiate insti- tutions exclusively for young women are: Dallas Female college, Hallxs; Ursuline academy, Oalvestou; the Latliea' Annex of Southwestern univer- sity, Georgetown; Baylor Female college, IndeiHiudence; Woodlawu Female college, Paris; Nazareth academy, Victixirt of A; 1872, :m; 1875, 5'.'; //. Ex. />,»•., mug. 4'-', sess. 2, vii., no. WTt, .S2!); 2\'x. (for. M'sn., 187(5, 187»; 'JW. I{q>t. I'i'i!ri(i Vli'w School, 1882. By an aot of the legislature, .Marcli 1881, it was ]ii'(ivided that tlirco students from each senatorial district should he ap- p.iiiitud hy the senators and representatives, and maiutiiined and instructed tivr (if charge. To state .students a cmirse of stiuly is assigned; paying stiiijcuts make their own Bcl(M'tion. In 18S2 127 students were reported as taking the full course; in 1884 only 108 Mere reported. //. Kr. I>ix\, uong. 47, stss. 1, vol. 12, 249-50, GIO; /{rjif. Com. E'/in:, 188:{ 4, 2(i.->, MX ■'■' In 182(), Elder .Joseph Bays preached at the hou.se of .NIoses Shipuian, 111 tlie Bra/os, and afterward moved to San Antonio. Jn I8'_".», KMi-r Tlidinas Hanks also preached in Shipman's house. During the same year, tlic lirst Sunday-school in Texas was organized hy T. .T. I'ilgrim. AfornU'x Fln.r,;:^ itml Fniitu, 72-.1. " .Morrell remarks that this was the first church I'wv organized in Texas (III strictly gospel principles, having the ordinances and ofncers of ancient ii'ikr. Of course Ik? means u liapti't church. OMI INHTITUTIONAL AHl) EDUCATION AI. MA'nKl<.><. first protcstant episcopal church was estal dished in 1838 at Matagorda by Caleb S. Ives, wlio t'ollcctcd a congregation, established asf;hool, and Imilta church. During the same vear R. M. Chapman organized a parish in Houston In early days, the Anglo-Texans cannot bo said to have exhibited nmch sentiinentalism on the score of religion ; indeed, they may be considered as forming a sonuiwhat godless comnmnity; l)ut with tlie great it)- flux of Immigrants since the war of secession, Texas has proved a fair field for evangelical enterprise. Many denominations In 1888 were well represented in tlic state. According to the United States' census of 1880, the number of raethodists was 157,000, of cath- olics 150,000, of baptists 125,000, and of presbyterians 13,000. The first printing-press in Texas was put into oper- ation at Nacogdoches, early in July 1819. It wa.s brought into the country under the auspices of (li n eral Long, who established a provlsitmal government and a supreme council, which issued a declaration proclaiming Texas an independent republic. Th( printing-office was plticed under the management of Horatio Biglovv, and was used for the publication "f various laws enacted and proclamations issued by that ephemeral govenuneiit. Ten years afterward, the first regular news|ia|irr made its appearance. It was published at San l^\li|)(\ anil bore the title of The Coftmi Plant, Godwin 13. Cot- ten being editor and proprietor. This publication was ^•'I'ln! marriage ccrenuniy in Tcwn li.id Inun littlo resorted to ui> t" tliis time. Marriages before tlie inil(|u^iiilrin'o were illeg.il unlcssi jicrt'orincil liy liriests, wlio wi're oU'eii.sive to the Aiiglii-Tc^xatis, (llid luoreoVi'r. exacti'il a ffO of !^'2r>. A eustorn firvw into vogue of the j)artieH simjily signing a l"inil in the i)re.i(!nco of witnesses, and tlu^u beeoniiug liushand and wife, jiyan act of eongress, a|i|)roved Jnno 5, lH;i7, provision was made to legali/t.' \\iv^' marriag(!s Ity liond hy alhiwing parties ho connected to tiike out a liecriM' in «lnc form, and l>e married heforo an ordained minister of the gospel, a jndj^e of a district court, a justice of a county court, or a justice of the pe.i< > . iiH of whom were so autiiorized. Ltiirn Hcpnh. Trx., L 233-1). in the autiiimi of the Hamo year, Morrell ])erfonued the rite nadcr the new law. /Vcfo •■I'l'' Fi'mta. 78. NKWSl'APmW. 540 issued under the above nai^io during the four years . 'in ling 1832, when it was eallod The Texas Repuhlican. The second paper was tlio Trxax (inzcffeand Hrazoria .ls and material, revived tli<' T h ;/nij,li at (^>luinbla, and subs(>quently moved to Houston, wliere the papier was j»ublished for many years under the titK; of tlici lliiii.^lini Tele(/r(ij)/i." After tlu) indejtendeiiee, tin; nuiiibtM- of iie\vspa|>er8 imivased rapidly," the first daily paper ever i)ublished 'Miniy's will! w:is a slirrwil woman, iiiul wax ohargi.il with intriguing; to iliri'ttlio eseajio ol' Santa Anna. Her lni-sL'i(urtitly In; ri'turnrd t> N. Nnrk, and (;nniniittc(l Hnioide. Ty Ferdinand Pinkard; and as early as 1835 a paper was estiihlished at Matagorda Ity Simon Mussinii, anas8ed out of existence. In 1839 the Otizfltf was starttil at llichmond on the Brazog, K. E. Handy, one of ( Jen. Houston's voluiiteiT aids at San .Tacinto, being editor. " Kennedy, howuvei, makes mention of a «laily paper Injing publislieil aa early as June 1839. He fails t<» supply the names. J'l.r., ii. 393. *-'Tho association had power to buy, hold, and sell property; to maiiitaiii and defend judicial proceedings; to make contracts; to borrow money on tlie credit of the assm-iation, each stockholder being only liable to creditors fur the unpaid portion of his stock; and to make proper and needful )iy-laws. C'apitiil stock $10,000, to be divided into shares of !SS25, and capable i>i ln'ing increased to $50,000. Trr. Eii. Pre^s Arnior., charter, etc., nos 1, 3, and 4. CHAPTER XXI. INDUSTRIES, COMMKKCK. ANI> HAILKOADS. l83o 188S. I'HYMi Ai. Divisions— A Fokbst Kein:(rri«iN- The Cekeals — Pk Mechanical Industries — Foreign CoMMEUt'E — Imi-okis am> \.\- I'oKTS — The Postal Service — Railroad Systems — The Oi.nK.sr I,im:s HopsTON THE Natural Centre — Narrow (UiMiE Lines— Likeu- ai.ity ok the State (rOVERNMENT— The Strike at Fort Wokiii. Texas, wliicli comprises 220 counties, of wliich 17fi were organized bv January 1886, is naturally (Uvidinl, ill an agricultural point of view, into six grand divis- ions, dirtering in physical features and in the charac- ter of their soils, most of which, however, an^ of extraordinary fertility. ' The first of these divisions is kn«»wn as t^ast Texas, and includes the territory lyhig between the Sabine and Trinity rivers, and that portion of the state situ- ated between the Sabine and Red rivers. The soil varies in character, but a distinctive class is that '('. A. WestUrnok, a prominent lintl owniTaml iiuprovi-r of stoi'k, stiitea tliat tlic Bra/os imttoni lantl is consiiliirt'd supLTJor to any otliur in Texas. Hi; was liiirn in Nortli Carolina, .Ian. 1, 18;W, and arrived in 'I'exas in 1858. The f>tiinate3 of the area of Texas, and tlie apportionments thereof may v.iry iMinsiderably. Tlie Texiu Farm, Jan. 15, 1880, gives tiie following fig- ures: ]irairie, 1 10,423,100 acres; forest, l.'),000.000; improved, 'J.'j.OOO.OOO; 'ultivuted, 8,000,000; and covered with wat«r 11,076.040; the unavailable land liting 11,076,040 acres, making a total of 170,099,200 acres. By the 7V.ii Toxas is a 'jiiat tinibertJil ivgion and pioduci s n var'mty of forest trees, of wliieh the prlneipal arc ihr pine, attaininij; an (Miornious »jjro\vtli, tlu; white nak, wliite ans(il aiv intersected by hmumorable rivers and streams, and are for the most part treeless, tind)er being nnly found along the margins of the streuujs which aiv densely wooded, and in isolated groups of elms and live-oaks, called "islands" or "motts. " The snll is unsurpassed in richness, being of alluvial origin, sup- plemented by sedimentary deposits of the rccKkd waters of the gulf and decayed vigetable niattcr. The depth of the soil in the rivei- valk^ys is \( n great; it has been examined to the depth of .">0 litt, where it shows scarcely a perceptible dift'enncc iVoiu the surface soil. On the prairies the land is baldly so rich; the soil is of a black tenacious nature, win! that of the valleys is of a chocolate color. The slaplo products are sugar-cane, cotton, and corn; vegclalilts of all kinds flourish exceedingly well ; and many NATURAL DIVISIONS. .Vi.l tropical fruits, such as tlie orange, banana, and t^uava liiii bo 8U(;co3sivoly cultivated in certain localities. Central Texas extiiuls from the Trinity to the Colo- rado and the Ui)tli dej^ree west longitude, and from the soutlu'rn alluvial [)li»in to the .'VJd denj^rei! north latitude. Its pbysieal feafun's an; of a hilly ehaiae- U'V, displayhii^ gentle undulations as It rises from tin; southern plain, j:jradually develo[)in|^ into hiLihlan«ls aiitl valleys which assuini>, as the traveller journeys inland, a somewhat mountainous aspect. Tin; soils ill this reglonare loams of various colors, black, brown, ltd. and chocolate, but all containin;^ sand in sueh preporticm as to render them easy of tillage. A laro;«; |)(trtion, probably one fourth, is timbered; and as this division is composed of hills and valleys, roUinijf prul- ries.' and forests, tlu^ landscape scenery is ind(>scrib- ahly hcautiful. Cotton, corn, oats, and other cereals are inae produced, and the northern portion is a favorite wheat-sjji'owin*jj re'jjion. Immenst; herd.>^ of swine are raised in tlu> vicinities of the post-oak for ists, and sheep, horsts, and cattle by thousands thrive on th(> prairies and hill sides. Situated on the north of this division and west of I'astcni Texas is north Texas, terminated on the west bv the DDth meridian. It is a re!.;lon composed of tonsts aiul prairies, the soil beinuj a loam of thret; varieties, namely the dark sandy loam of the forests, •Mi'iition must 1)0 iiijule of tlio ' h(>g-\v;illii\\ ' jir.iirio.-i, sitti.-itiMl in tlio u iitliriii iMPi'tioii (if this (livisioii. 'llicy iirc so calluil from tin- multituilcs of ■iiii.iU ui'|iii'>sions ill till) siiif.ioi'. Tiu' soil in llicso priiirirs arc as Macli hm Ur, .111(1 aftfi- a rainfall as sticky aiul clnj^'ny. Tlic follow iiij,' explanation of the oimiii of tlii;st! wji.llows is gi\cn liy S. I'.. Hiu-klcy in tlir F/rst Aiiiiicil ti<\>artsof tlio stati-, ainl larj;o ciacks Wire niiiili; in all .soils alioumliiig in wallows. Hig rains came, llooiling ia;uiy parts of till) country. .Vi'lirwanls in passing s\ Ikto the liog-wallow.s iniviiili'd, wt( coulil sec plainly how tlicy were made. '1 ho holes niailo liy tiie ricki w.Tc hoing lillrd in nart hy tho washing in of loose t'arth, madi' looso 'M till' I'.lges of tho erauks ny tlio rain, and thero iu)t lieing sutlicieiil. t 1M»USTHIL.S, COMMEKt'K, ANIJ RAILROAIts. the sticky black of the prairies, and the jilluvial uf tlie valleys. With the exception «»f the [i'lnv tlic forests contain varieties of tiniher similar to thost; of east Texas and tlie northern portion of centr»l Texas. A new tree, however, lu^re appears, the Osfij^e oraip^c. or hois (/' arc, which attains a large size, aiul is in iSU'iit (leniand for raiii-oad ties on account of its aliil- ity to resist decay. The staple products are the saiiu' as those in north central Texas, especially wheat.' Western Texas comprises that extensive territory lying south of the .32d [uirallel of latitude, and wi-.st of the I)9th meridian to the Colorado, thence exttiid- ing on the west and south of that riviu', to the gulf of Mexico. This is the most sparsely populated portion of the state. It contains every variety of soil and physical f<»rmation. Level and rolling prairios, disserts, «lense forests, high ta])le-lands, valleys, docp canons, and rugged mountains, are found to succeed viU'h other as the traveller moves from the sea-hoard ■'N. M. liiii'dnl, of I >idlaii county, Hpeiikiiig of northern Texan, say;) that tliu ailjiiHtnient of tliu dittieultieH whieli oneo existed in connection 'with tlii' old Peter's colony niarketl an eitoch in the history of northern Texas, liv the terms of the contract hetween the colony company and the r(|iiilihi' "i Texas each family intrtHhiced was to receive (>40 acres of land, and cacli single man !)'20 acres. The convention MJiicli framed tlie first ciinstitiitinn , among other acts pa.ssed an ordinance ilnh'r- itig that the comjiany had failed to carry nut their contract, and was iiiH entitled to any land. Thus hoth the commny and many immigrants, who hail been introduced, had no titles to their lands, llie contract expircil 'hily I, 1S48, anileettlera kept arriving till that date. iar. In the spring of ISO."), Buford resigned, and was elected to the state li<.'islaturi' in 18(i6, and later again filled several judicial offices. In Jan. 18.54 he iiiarriw Mary Knight, daughter of an old pioneer of Dallas county. AWf-f im P''"' (hi, MS. rONFlCUUATlON AND CLIMATE. MR nil a curviliiKiar route trending northward. This viist rcLC'ioii Is the pt^culiar feedin|j; j^routid of iniiiunsc IkkIs of eattle and flocks of sheep, es|)ecially aloii«j the |{io (Jraiule. In tlie central and nortliern portions \\li( ;it and other cereals are cultivated, hut fin-niinj^ is .,'( in rally nt'glected, agriculture Ixnng a seconihiry cdiisideration to the great industry of stock-raising. ()t' the region lying west of the Pecos river, niu -h still remains to ho known. It has hardly any popuia- tidii. ('xeej)t in the small towns on the Kio (fraiidc, ill VA Paso county, and in the vicinity of tlio United States military posts. The sanu! is the case with Tom Oreen and Crockett counties, two of tin; largest ill the state, lying on the north-east <»f the Pecos fiver.* The sixth and last natural ted to grazing and stock-raising, the belief that it was generally deficient in water being exploded hy later investigations. The panhandle is hiterseeted hy innumerable ravines, in most of which small streams and pools are found; in the prairies, also, "k'pressions frequently occur, which, filled by tlu; rains 'Till' t'ciiir largest counticii, are, Presitlio, r2,9r)5 sq. miles: Torn (itveii, i'-'.".7',l: I'ucos, 11,370, and '>ockett, IO,0'J<.> so. miles. Spni,,ld\t Official Map, Tills immense plain extends in a geological point of view, from the niirtlierii imint of the state, southward, nearly tt> the northern houndaries of Kinney, Uralde, and Medina counties, west of San Ant«. 1 hold water during the greater part of the y»nr, rvrfi in Heasons of Wivcre drought. This impervious <|u.ilily of the 8()il autliorizes the assertion tliat aiiiticiul res(;rv«>irH can Ix' aucccHsfully constructed, caiKililc of sui>|)lvin«' lar<'c lierds of cattk; and a ronsultiuhli,. I I. «• '^ " 111 A [M)nulation with water all the year. Tlio climate of Texas varies from moderately t. m- )erato to seml-tn )pical a<*cordlng to altitudt iind (K^ality. At Fort Davis in Presidio county, o.OOO fe«!t above the sea level, in January 1873 the tin i niometer was onco 15° below zero, and, in the nor tlit m l)ortion of the state, Hnt)W nnd u-c and extrem* ly (did weather are experiencei of it they are irregular, droughts frequently ottur. and the <\uantity is greatly diminished. "The panliamllo is tho 4.'Jd rcnreaont ivo district, and noiuh to the Ippiv laturo only Olio rcin-OHCiitative, wlio, in ? iOwasJ. W. Ilrowiiinj; of Wliidir county. Urowiiiiin canio to 'I'cxa.s at tlic ago of 1(», and ncttlid in >i;.nla'i- ford county in ISti", iH'ginninjj lif(; as acf)«l>oy. He found time, liM\\iv(r, to Htudy law at inlt'i-vals, and was ailmittcd to tlio liar in ls7<>. Iluvin^ served as ju-ttico of tlio jioaoo and county attorney for Sliai'kflinrd iniiiity, in 1881 lio was appointed district attorney of the new juclii'i;il ilistriit tlitii fonnciL Ho was elected to tiie lower liouse of the legislituro in l^'^-. H'' was opposed to leasinj| tin; ]nililic lands to cattlemen. Tlieal)o\oiic.-ii riiition of Texas is mainly derived fmni the rejidrts of S. B. ]>iieU!c_\, aln.i'lv quoted; Tij-d.^; llir ffcs'inrnn nnd C'aixtl.ilUh •!, issned l>y tlio Soulli-we tern Immigration company in ISS); and iSt>"!ilil'^ Ifi'sntiroi,, Soil, < Hm. T-.r., 1882. 'The average annual rainfall ea -t of tlie lOOtli meridian may '"' 't ilmr: at from alioiit ItOinelies, southern 'l cxa'i exceeding, ami central aihi 'iniil.tiii Texas falling siiort of this average. The fall in tho western ]i(iiliMn ol tlic Htato is much lielow this. With respect to this region, jiarticiilar-* air ,-niiic- what deficient; but some estimate of an average may lie derivcil imm th>' mean annual rainfall at tho following places, as supplied in Sjiaiglit'- nllicMi map of 1882. Kagle pas.s, MavericK county, 2G. fiKiii lilt' Htuitli and Houtli-wcst, over wi-strrn 'I'rxas, an loUliod of tlioir liunriro,(>f;5, 1 72 hushels; in mi a crop of .•i:i,.377,OO0 busliels, worth $.'53,043,2:50 was produced on 2,803,700 acres; and in 1882 the imiiilMr of hushels amounted to 03,410,300. Next in valiii' follow oats, the productions of whicji in hushels tnrthe same three years are represented rey[)ectiv< ly I'V the figures 4,893,350, 8,324,000, and 0,2.39,000, tiie last amount heing estimated. The value of the • r(i|. ,.f 1881 was $5,077,040. Whfut was introduced into Texas hv the earlv si't- tiers mcrelv as an exix-riiiient, in the endeavor to tmiiisli flour for honu' coiisumj'tion in tli(>se districts wliicli were remote fi'om a market. For many years It Mas cultivated onlv to verv small extent,* and in ' '>i":.' til tlio iiUTcu.siiig aroa of land juit iiinkr eiiltivatiim, ami tlu^ iiicn a.--i'il .'riiWlli iif trees on tlic jiraiiics. "Iti the last iiieiitioiii'il year Texas, Louisiana, anil Arkansiis jirodiieeil I'lU gri'.iti st yield jier aere, tho resiieeUvc li^jurcs, Kliowing tlie jirojtortion, • 11),' L'lO, •.';{."), and '2',V,]. '1 he llgures for all otiier cotton growinj^ "tatea were I'W'joo r. S. n. lux. Dor., cong. 47, hc-s. 1., vol. 20, (JTIM. ■'.Aec'unling to tho census of 1850, the total protluetion of th»' etate wm :ily.-ll,7--".Mjiiahela. \ m I i '■0. •i" 1 - ': i'm "-t^d^B J.- ■':■*■ 'f^^ 658 INDUt:' s UIKS, a)MMKUCK, AND KMLROADS. early days the belief prevailed that the soil of IVxus was not adapted to its culture." But those iinprcs- sions yielded to more careful attention to the selection of suitable land. Tt was discovered that a gnat lu It suitable for the most successful cultivation of wheat extends through northern and central Texas, and further developments have proved wheat-producint,' land is not limited to that region. In 1879 tlitre were iJ73,G12 acres sown with this cereal, yickhng 2,- 567,760 bushels; in 1881, 3,339,000 bushels were produced on 263,200 acres, valued at $4,674,600; the estimate for 1882 being 4,173,700 bushels." Other grains, barley, rye, and buckwheat arc only cultivated to a small extent.'" Experiments jiavt been made with rice, but have not been sufticuntlv encouraging to hold out the expectation that it \\n\ ever become a staple production. Tobacco cultuiv receives little attention, as also that of the sugar-cane. Viticulture is assuming some impoi-tance, sonic kinds of grapes thriving well in most of the settled poitidiis of the state. The wine produced, however, is mostly manufactured for home consumption, its ex}K)rtati(iii not being so i)rofital)le as other productions. Tin El Paso grape is one of the finest in the world, and tlio wine made from it has long been in great repute. In 1860 the number of farms in Texas was 4*2. 8!H comprising 25,344,028 acres; in 1870 there wviv 01, 125 farm.s with 18,396,523 acres; and in 1880, 174, 184, witli 36,292,219 acres, valued at $170.468,8.^(1 The relative percentages of unimproved land for tliosi years are rt!spectively represented by the figuivs. 89.5, 83.9, and 65.1. The size of these farms varied '■' I'arker Mritiug in I.SH4 -5 says: ' Wliwit will not grow iu tliis t'lmiitn. The Htalk will run uj) rank, hut the ear will not fill with phuiip kerntl* Trip to tlir lV<:~it ami Tix., 141. " Tho ahovc Rtatisties aro takuu front tho report of the uoiiiiiiissiniu'n'' agriculture for 1S81-2, in U. S. II. Ex. Doe., cong. 47, seas. 1, vil. •-'(). ■"'- (i7(> jiasHiui. •-'.lames A. Redtlick gives tho following average yield per acn' ■,. from III,. l!*">7. In, '•'Tl,,. »-ero („ 1 «M dllci' I.UI»0.(MII» •'".Votlicr "liii 111,1,11 Kr'HiMil.s. 'i:iii.llv ill STOCK RAISING. 559 iroin loss than three acres — of wiiich there were very few — to over 1,000 acres, the averages for the sani» \on.rs bcmg respectively, 501,301, and 208 acres. In 1880 the total amount of inijmnctl land taken up a.s fiirii'.s was 120,05,314 acres, and of unimproved 2.'5,- ()4 1,005 acres, including 15,851,305 acres of woodland and forest. The nund)er of persons I'ngaged in all the occupations of agriculture during the same vear was 350,317, of wliom 330,125 were males. The iiuiiilicr of male laborers is represented by the figures 1 10,205, and of female laborei-s by 24,517. The total iiuiiilK'r of farmers and planters was 200,404, of whom 4,5(12 were females, the balance of the number, 350,- ;U7 l)eing represented by stock-raisers, herders, gar- (K'lk'is, vine-growers and others." A'Ticulture in Texas occasionallv suffers both from (Irouglits and floods. Gra«shoj)pers .ind locusts '* have ul.so assailed the cro[)s, but their visits are of rare oc- curence. Where formerly the buffalo roamed in countless numbers,'" innnt'nse herds of cattle now find tluir pasture grounds. Before the civil war almost tho onth'c area of Texas was on(; vast feedinuf ground fur cattle, horses and sheep, but during the last twenty ycuirs great changes have been effected by the influx (»f innnigrants, who liave taken up large 12.;:-' I8(>i) 1. •<.•-• I 1875 187» 1882 !?l8.-_'7 I *!-J().2(l 11.4'.> I ii.o:! "( Iriis.-ihoppers laado their list ajipcarancc in 1848, the swarms coiiiirij,' Iroiii the north will) tlit; Ot'toluvc winds. Tlii-y again appeared in 18.'")(i and l!J">7, liiiiii ihv same (juarter. 7'i r. Aim., 18(51, 1S8. ''Tlie i)iin'alo is now extinet in Texas, Imt as late as 187(5 great nundiers were to ho fountl ill tho i)atdiiUidle. W. ('. Koogle, a large cattle-raiser «M (line engaged in hunting theiii in tiiat region, and remarks that tiioiigh l,0()(),()(H) of thorn were needlessly killiMJ, their destruction did mon' than 'iny other thing to civilize the country, inasnmeh as it compelled the savages, «ho iiiululy dc])cudcd on them for food and covering, to suck other hunting gnimiils. Koogle was born in Maryland in 184'.), and settled in the pan li;"iaiuiii 1«70. Remarhon 'IW., Ms. Si 060 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND RAlLROADri. C'^»n verted tbein into cultivated farms. In tliis part of tlic state, comprising the greater portion of eastern, nortlieni, central, and southern Texas, cattle arc raised mostly as domestic animals. Consequently tlie great ranges are now to be found in the region west of the 98tli mtaidian. and south of a line extendiii^i from San Anttuiio to Matagorda: in the soutlicni portion of this extensive region })rol)aMy more cattle are raised tluin in ajiv other division of the state." L The panhandle, however, is admitted to be, witliout exception, the best stock country in Texas; it is cuni- jiaratively a new country, but the staked plain is behig gradually recognized to be as fine a gia/in*; region as can be found in tlie Ignited States." DuriiiLT tiie last decade tlie increast; in the number of stock has been enormous, as will be evident to the reader hv referring to the table below, showing the statistic for the last six years only.'" '"It was fstimated in 188."> that tliore were fully '2,.')00,(KK) lica.l vf cattli in the south of 'J'cxas. U. .?. Bureau of Stntktks, Report, ( 'attic ltiisiiio^>. May 16, KS.S5, lOS. "The panhandle was first partially stocked m J876. In Nov. |S77 diaries CJoodniglit located a lienf of U.'200 liead of cattle. Accordiii;,' to tin reports there were 2'lTi, 8,")7 head in July 1880. U. S. H. Muic, cong. 47, sc^s. '2, vol. \',\, pt 3, gen. fo. 072. (i. W. Littlcfleld est;il>lished a ruiic'io in Oldiiam and I'otter counties, and sold it in June ISSl toa Scotch .^vnilicati f..r .«'2.")3,00(). Lial I ri.UK.SCK) \ r),r);ir>,2(H) | li,088,7(K) 1884 li..")!»-_'.r)(Kr ISS^ ">.l.lKU.(i(XI The aliovo figures, with the exception of tlioso for 188;"), do nut nikii the actual nunihcrs. Tliis is explained liy (Jeo. li. Loving, of Fort Wmth. in his letter of .Ian. '20, 188;"), to the chief of the U. S. bureau of statistic. lie .states that aicording to tlie comptroller's report, the assessiiunt rulNc' tlie state showed that oil .Ian. I. 1884. tliere were at least 7,0IH).(liKt li.ad if cattle in the state, and that the actualnunihcr of cattle in Jan. 18S.') wasalioiit (•.000,000; the discrcjiancy arl-cs from the fact that hut few, if any. .'f th. largest ranchmen render the full numher of cattle owned liy thciii t .r taxa- tion. U. ,S. liiinnii S' '/., lit .«./;-., 102; ITo)'/ /i/vo., IJn- Sf'i'/.- .)[■„•'■„' nl. h is, indeed, impossiiile to give any other than approximate nundiers, a.s stiiti.-- tiral tiiliU's compiled liy dillcrciit individuals siiow extraordinary diircrciiiv.v For insianee the tallies s>ip]ilicd in I'rorinlni'j.ful' tin' i'iiM Xiitinnal ('•'Vtiuli"' o/CiitUr (!rivi-s8:i. and 4,8<»4,()i»2 for IN^I: »»'' tliese figures are sui)posed to include all cattle c larni-", ranelio-i, and r.'.iigt^-. One of the liirgest cattle owners in Texas is Col. C. C. Slaughter, nf Malla- county. In Howard, I'orden, l)awson, and Martin counties he owns 'J'JO.tW acres of land in fei'-simple, and has ;M0,00«) acres under lease. In l'>vjl:i refused !?!, 000,000 for his cattle interests alone. He also owns hali intcivst THE CATTLE P.UniXKSS. cm In a country so proclurtivo of incroaso, rattlo-dc aliiiLj has Ix'coino a jjjreat bus'niess, aiul yearly Iiuiulrcds of thousands of animals arc driven northward to ranjjfcs In N7, was a capt-ain of rangers, ami in 1S8.") was ek'cteil jire,i(lent of thfi'attk' A-isooiation cf West Texas. SlmijliUrH Xnfc'^ "ii T settled in (iar/a I'Uiity, Texas. In I8JS3 he formed the Llano Cattle eo., selliiij; iSO.O();) iuivs (li laud. He owns l."),(K)0 liead of cattle and lielieves tliattlie llereford kwd is the liest adapted to the climate of that section of the country. Ynuiti/i Si'ilniK iit-1, MS. L. H. Collins, who went to Texas in ISCm, considers that the I'lst class of stock for the country is tlie l>urham; tliougli lie says the Hei-cford i;ittlc are excellent to cross with tlie native Texas animal. The Burmnda st"(k is also good for crossing. L. li. Collins was horn in Louisiana, April '.'■-'. jsts. Il( iiKirkt on S/ork, MS. N. C. liakUvin remarks tiiat with care, iiiil"'rttcl stock do very well in Texa'!, and little loss nceil he feared. Bnli/irhi'i I! i.iiiii.i nil Sfiifk; MS. John S. Andi-ews, of ])allas county, is a prominent »t"cki:iisi'r, and has heen engaged in that business along tho western border It many years. Jiii;/. Sbfr/i, .NIS. 'T. N. liiinaii (>)' StitfiMirn, i(f. sup., 2'^A. John B. Slaughter, brother of •'.<'. Slaughter, has been engaged largely in this business, wliich is very prniital'li'. His first venture was made in 1S7H, when lie paid ."ST for yearlings •iinl slU ami .S|'2 respectively for animals two years and tiirie years old. Ho 'Irnve tliiiii to Kansas, and after wintering them, sold the beeves at the rate "'•"'.'Oa liead; the yearlings he kept till tiie spring of 1875, when they real- '■".■>\ s.'i'J a head. SliiU'ihtir, l'iitt!f-'/■.;..' .V, A .«, MS. llisT. Mex. States, Vou n. 36, f li:l mz rii *)4 ff* 108 INDUSTTJES, COMMKRCE, ANTD RAILROADS. IM [ 1 ho'mcf gradually forced westward, has led to the ajipiv- heiision that eventually no way will be open tlir(>u;^li the country where a sufficient sup])ly of water at necessary intc^rvals can be found. ()n Januarv 17 1885, James F. Miller, of Texas, introduced in tl; • liouse of representatives a bill to establish a d live-stock trail thniULdi Indian Territory to tlir southwest corner of Kansas, thence over the unap- propriated public lands, on the most practicable route, to the north boundary of the United States.'* That the reader may understand the recjuiicim iir that Texas cattle should be made subject to ([iiaraii- tine, it is necessary to explain that an extr.iordinarv and destructive bovine disease is generated in tli;:t state, known as the Texas fever; also called splcnii fever and Spanish fever. It is endemic rather tlia;i epidemic, the cause of it being yet unknown. TIi ■ lowlands on the gulf of Mexico are admitted to ho tin locality of its origin, and the hifected area is Ixlicvtl to embrace more than half of the state." It is a ii . markahle fact that the cattle of southern Texas do imt tluMuselves suffer from this disease, but connnunicat^ it when thev are driven north to the cattle of nmrr northern latitudes, the infection being the result ol* the latter walking over or feeding upon the trails aloiiu' which the former have passed." '•''■' It was proposed that this trail should be of any practicahlc widtli not ex- cociliiig six miles, ami the (jtiaraiitiiicil grazing-grounds Hhould not nxiwd 1;' miles sipiare iit any one place. U. S. linrmu o/ Sta/iitir-^, iif .iii}'., -7, h"' The approximate numher of cattle driven north from Texan during tlie jun ■! from 18«)() to 1S84 ineliisivo, is 5,1201, i;{2, the greatest 'drive' heiug in l>ri. and numhering (500,000. Tlic 'drive' of 18^4 Mas .300,000, wlii.li, at .*l7a head, amounted to Jj?."), 100,000. ■-' Its northern limit is supposed to he bounded by an irregular li:i»,'t'XteiiJ- ing in a southwesterly direction from tlie northea^ t corner of ( uaysou iniiii;} to long. 100°; thence westerly to EI I'aso county; thence nuitlnvist t ■ the bonier of N. Mexico. ■•'-'The generally accepted theory is tliat the disease exists in a latiut state in the cattle of southern Texas, under conditions of food .'iiul clinia:. which prevent impairment of the hcaltli of the animal; during the iiiigniii i nortliward the latent cause of disease passes ott' in focal matter, and is iiili.il' • or taken into the stomachs of the northern animals wheji they fccil mi i;niui> • passed over by Texas cattle. To animal < tlius infected the disc:ist' is I'lW' Experience proves tliat it is never communicated north of South I'hittiryr Tlie couiuiittee of the Wyoming Stock-growers' Asuociation, ai>i»)mtcd u SHEEP AND HOUSES. ^63 During late years, syndicates of cattle-raisers have Ihth formed, which have acquired large tracts of land ill western Texas. These extensive properties have 1)( 1 11 surrounded hv wire fences, which have occasioned iiiucli trouhle between agricultural settlers and the cattlemen. When farmers found their roads to the IK aicst towns closed, they ]>roceeded to open them l>y cutting the fence wires. Tliis action was resisted, and not a few lives were lost in the quarrels whieli ensued. The right of road qu(^stion became so serious from the determination of the farmers to nisist U[ii.n their really just demand for convenient lines of transit to and from their farms, that Governor Ireland con- vened a special session of the legislature in December 18.S3, to legislate on the matter. As the reader is aware, cattle raiding on the lUo Grande frontier has been carried on for many years. Tlicse depredations, however, are diminishhig yearly ill magnitude, owing, in a measure, to the organi/.u- tion of cattlemen's associations for the mutual protec- tion and benefit of stock owners. Ill sliee[) raising Texas takes the lead of all other states of the union in .almost as marked a dcirree as ill cattle breeding. ^^ The numln'r of horses also is in excess of that of any other state except Illinois. The subjoined table gives the comparative figures for < I investigate the subject, reported at the annual meeting, April 1885, tliat cattle lirought from southeru 'lY'Xin are mily daiigLToiis fm- aliout 60 days imm tlio time of leaving tlieir native rangu.s. The cause of the (listaso is I'liniiiiati'il while on the trail. On Jiarcii I'J, ISS"), a (|uarantine law vas lias.iii'l l>y t ' 'te of Kau.sas, prohihiting cattle heiiig driven into tlie state troiii >(iuth .11 me 37th parallel of nortli latitude thiring the months from Miiriii Ist to Dec. Ist; a similar law M-as ])assud March 20, ISH,"), l>y the slate •it ( (ilnnirhi, asiiigning the 3(>tli parallel as the «marantine line;, the proliiliiti.in [icriiiil liriiig iro\n ^farch 1st to Nov. 1st. In New Mexico, Nebraska, and "Viiiiiirig (juarantinc laws are in force. Tliey are less rigid, however, and tliuir aiijiliiation is left to the decision of executive officers, Mho^c duty it i-( t"ili't»Tiiiine when quarantine regulations shall he enforced and when \> county in the south. Little enterprise, however, has hitlierto boon displayed in the exploitation of this mineral wealth, and the principal mines opened are chiefly worked by the railroad companies for huoi tlve fuel." »' SHEEP. mi- Texas , Calif oniia. . . . N. Mexico. . . Ohio 1880 5,y40,'20O 5,7-27,:{0() LMt!»0,70() 4,90l',40() ISbl 0,850,000 G,'2G."),000 S,<.)oO,100 4.!t:)l,500 1882 7,877..">00 r),M 7,!»r)(>,'.MM) I s,(i:i:,,7(io (»,'Jo:<.0(M) (;,;i,v.'.:«itt 4,4;;.-),i:(K) | 4,47!i,."'(ti) ,".,000,000 I 4,>N)0,(»0il Tixas... Illinois. . Missouri , Iowa. . . . 890,000 1,1 2.-., 300 859,700 830,700 H0KS]':S^ 947,500 l,i;U,900 861,300 842, .300 1,02.3,500 1,141,10,) 871,800 883,900 1,038,100 1,1 51,. 300 8.tO,(K)0 9.39,100 l,(>H."i,l(li) 1,1.V.I,7(H) !t4iS,!Ni(l '.)!K),:tH) Xuint'rical exactness in statistics of tliia kind is impossible, bnt the aliuvf figures are as aiiproxiniately correct as can l)e attained. The qiiaiitity ii •Wool produced in Texas in 1880 was 0,928,019 Ihs at the spring clip; in l^^^i tiie clii> was estimated at 31,000,00011)8. U. S. Bunun of Shit., no. 4, l.SMW. 54.5-0; WiKxl BroM Lire Stork Movement, Attention is l)ein^ paid to iiiirnivi ment in the breed of horses. J. Johnson had a fine T.orse called IJlii'- Bird which beat, Nov. 16, 1885, LeLa li., the winner of a race M |!30. 000 at Sacramento, Cal., in the previous September. Jolnmyn, /I'f.v ■//"/•-< in Te.r., MS. The nuiul.er of hogs in Texas increa.sed from 1,1HMI,0(HJ m 1880 to 2,153,000 in 1884. '^*ln 1885 the principal mines worked were those in Palo Pinto. Tiirktr. Webb, Maveric, and Presidio counties, and in the Eagle mountains in tlic extreme west of Texas. It is estimated that the coal fields in Tcx.n exttiil over an area of .30,000 sq. miles. Bcj)t Sec. Int., cong. 41, sesa. 3, I'.'."); Lnui and Thompson's Galveston, 39-42. MIXES AND MANUFACTUllKS. 5'*)5 Tlio iron vein enters Texas from the noiilieast in Biiuio county, and the on; is fimnd in ahiindaiicc^ in tilt' eastern counties, and in tlie mountainous districts of tlio upper Colorado and its tributaries. In Llano county there Is a massive hill of inm ore, .'JO feet hi,L»h, 8()0 long, and 500 wide. The ore has been tested and found to j-ield 70 per ct-ntof pure iron." As yet the dt'velopment of this mining industry, like that of coal, is only in its infancy. It does not a})i)ear that any ent( r[)rise in iron smelting was engaged in Ix'fore the civil war. Dunng that period three small furnaces \\c\v erected. Another metal which Texas 3'ields in great abun- eUiice is copper,the belt of which extends from Wichita county southward, with some interruptions, and a westerly bend to Pecos and Presidio counties. A coinpaiiy was chartered in 1885 to work coppi'r mines in ArcJier county, which ma\' be considiued rs the first serious step taken toward the establishment of this industry in the state. Silver-bearing ores, }»riit- (ilKtlly argentiferous galena, crop out in Llano county and can be traced to San Saba and Burnett c(»unties where old S[)anish mines are still to be .seen, as also along the Pecos river. Lead is found in El Paso, Presidio, Gonzales, and Gillespie counties, Valuable deposits of salt are found in Gregg, Hi- (!al^(), Van Zandt, El Paso and many other counties. Along the Kio Grande it is found in inexhaustible '|uantities, the salt lakes of El Paso being famous. Iviuallv so is the Sal del Rey in Hidalgo, which is a l:U!.fu body of salt water about one mile in diameter and nearly eii'cular in shape. From this lake the |ii'o|)le of Texas was supplied with salt during the eivil war. Building stone of every descri}>tion exists throughout the state, an 'j,'i I c 1,1 It I I see INDUS'IRIKS, COMMERCE, AND RAILROADS, tlifforent colors, white, black, flesh color, and cloudid, Tho manufacturing and mechanical industrits arc but sli'28, employing a caj/ital of $:)/245,5Gl and 12,159 hands, 11,045 being nial.s above 16 years of age. The wages paid during tli»> same i>eriod amounted to $3, ,34.'^, 087, and the v.ijiic of the materials used to $12,U5G,20D, showing ii< t ju'oceeds to the amount of $4,420,572. Tlie vahif df sinilar i)roducts in California for tlie same year was $1 1(5,218,933. The subjoined table exhibits the prin- cipal industries, namely all those on which a capitiil of over $100,000 was employed." In 1870 tlie valuf of the corresponding ])roducts was $11,5 17,302, wliicii compared with the figures for 1880 exhibits an in- crease of $U,202,G26 for the latter year. The foreign commerce of Texas, previous to h(T p- Valuu of 1880 Capital. lil<'u'k.>4iiiitliiiig Root and shoes. IW'ick iiuil tilo i Carriages and wagons.. | Flour and grist mills. . Foundry iiTifl niach. lihop Ice, artilicial ........ I Liiinlier, planed I Lumber, sawed on, cotton-seed and rake. I'rintingand pulilisliing Sadillery and harness. . Sash, dIS110,043 .«!2,520,223 gl 1,240,410 ■■*I7.1H'.'."- Materials. 247,4(54 140,043 105,074 1.39,000 0,371,000 228,151, 45,485! 295,(h10 2,01M>,775 192,441 207,438 .325,.-)79 305, 2(K) 280,220 259,300 Vaim; nf I'roiliu't.s 7'J7,(I7!> 37'.'.- Ill 44. .(IS :!()i Mni 7. I'll 7, 177 .■i:i'J,7'S I7ii.(i''i> 4.')H.iK"l 3,i;7:i.4i:i ■J7i>.4''i> (;i).'v.iNiii r).s7,N7l 4H!,.-><«' 4.H(i.4'»' 4!ll,4'.'!l 11. Mixc. Due, cong. 47, scss. 2, ii. 189-90, g;.a. fol. IMPOR'iS AND KXPOUTS. 54)7 admission into the union, was very limited, the imports raivly exceeding lialf a million dollars, and the exports liriii<4 })roi)ortionately small." With the year 1870, liow'cver, foreiijn trade assumed a viiror which marked tilt' hei^inning of an era of })rosiK^rity, and a rapidly iiK leasing development. In tiiat year the exports of tldiiM'stic merchandise from Galveston amounted to .$1 t,S0!),001, and in 1881 to $20,085,248, the increase Ixiiijjf attained through spasmodic fluctuations.'* The total amount of domestic merchandise exported from all tli(; ports of Texas for the year ending June .'{0, 18s:!, was $:j;{,400,808, over $20,000,000 rei.ivsenting cotton. Nearly nine tenths of the commerce with toivi:^fn countries is conducted through the [tort of (liilveston, as will he seen by reference to the suhjolned talile, showing the commercial statistics for the year ending June .'30, 1883." -'"rin; value of the iinpoitit, including coin and hullion, at Oalveaton in is.-,ll was .-?!»■-',•-•.'>»; in I8il(), .s.-.;n, l."):}; in lS(i(i, .*lll,;i.-)7; 18ti8, .,.")17. 'J lie valutas of tlioexjKirts from tlii! same port for tin; sanie y.ais w.ro ri'spectively )?1, '_•.")•_', !fJ.'), !?.'., 772, 158, .*! 1,288, !••_'( i, §.-),H2!>, 1 10, and V.i,''li'. I •'»;{. U. s. If. Ki;. l)i»:, cong. 47, hcss. 2, xviii., p. lix.-lx. -'■''J'lie following talilu indicatui the tluctuationn: Imports. KxportH. 1\0 $ .")04,:{84 W,i 12,211,774 Is7:{. i7,()2!t (;:{:{ ]\i i!),i:{.">,'.»5i h7."). . 15,S7t),(i.S-2 l.'),24,">,041 isTii h77 l.->,l(J0,:i!»4 12 177 510 IsTS isTli. 1(>,:«K{ 877 issil l(!,712,S(il lvs| 2(),r)8.".,-_'18 bvj 15,51 5.0t»4 /■/. " I Jniiiort.s. 1 '■ Exports. (::ilvist.,n !S1,5I 1,712 8(tl,447 1(K),084 711,787 §2!>,(;27.8!I8 I'ra/.H lie Santiago Siiliina 1,102,801 871,(Mi8 C(ir[ms ( 'liristi 1,798,081 Total P, 125,0.10 .«!;W,400,8(t8 k ■ 4i V. S. II. Ej: Doc., coug. 48, ausa. 1, xvii. 134-5, 27U-7. The growth of mcr- Wt^i 088 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND RAILROADS. As the increase of tlie tomiajjfo of vcshcIs i'inj(!(i\((| in the carryinj^ trade is neci'SHarily |>r(>|M>rti(tMair \,, the increase of coiiiinerce, some iiiforination with r,-- ixard to the former may l>e iiiterestiii«j. In is;)(;. whini tlie exports from (ialvcston aniountcrl in v.iliic to $1,252,1)25, the tonnajj^e of vess«Ms entered at that ])ort\vjcs 10,84f)tons; in 18(10 it was :}2,2r):}; in IS70, ,'n,555 tons; in 1880, 117,1)72 tons; and in Ish:{, 153,014 tons. At the date of June .'{0, ISBIJ, th.iv were documented in the state of Texas 274 vessels, with an agu^rej^ate tonnajjfe of 10,(572 tons, of which 30 were steamers, a«jj,0(tO M-ortli of goods annually, and in Dallis it nearly three times that amount. Wlien they first opened tlieir hmisf in Waco, tlu'y em])loyeil only two clerks; now they employ (So clerks in tlii' same estahlishment. This result was attained in less than a dozen yars. Sdiiijt'r't Sfiitriiit'iU, MS. ^'lu 1850-1, a canal was constructed hy the (Jalveston and Iha/ni Navi- gation {*(). , connecting ( ialveston and Rrazos river, at a cost of .'?;U(>.(liin. Tlie 4'Utting is 8 miles in length, .">0 feet wide at tlie surface, awl .SA, feet drrp: the remainder of tliis transportation line is HO miles in length, and jiasses tliiiiui;li the slack waters of tiic Oyster ]$ay and West Bay. U. S. II. Mixc, inii:;. 17. sess. 2, xiii. 7.")4-.5, gen. fol. ■'■^ Improvements are being eflfected at Sahine pass and Blue Ruck liar, »n the Sahine, Neciies, and Trinity rivers; at the entrance to ( Jalvestmi liarlmr. and on a ship-cliannel in the hay; on RuH'alo hayou; the channel ovcrtlieliar at the mouth of the Brazos; at I'ass Cavallo inlet to Matagni-da hay: Aiai)s;is ]iass and hay, up to Rockj)ort and Corjius I'hristi; o!i tlie harhorat ISra/'is Santiago; and in tlie protection of the river hank at Fort Brown on tiiu Kii> Grande. U. S. H. Ex. Doc., coug. 48, sess. 1, vol. iv. 1047-97. IIOADS AND MAIL8. TKli) and in the iWy st^aaou no difficulty was cnrountcrcd, (Atcpt at tlui livtTH, ill j()unu'yinropor- tidii to the Increasing reciuirements of the state. Ac- citi'diiH^ to the postmast'f- en mayo d juiiin. ' .\''. F..-1'ul. Tij., 44. See also ('"/•. I myrcson, '1, wo. vi., 44-"), (!o-88, talilu no. 7, in;. 'Mlti tlic niiiiv iKH'tht.Tn overland mail nmtc to f'alifornia, Adam Itankin ■l"lmc.ii received a shot in the right eye, the hall passing in nar of the left ivi', and through the left temiile. Hoth organs wen; instaiiMy detrovcch IVuig t;ikcii jiri.oner, he was exclianged Marcli 'li), I.SCm. and return\}- ■'•l .Sec alio 7Vx. Aim., ISM, Ul'J-50. I" I 570 INUUSTIIIKS, roMMKRCE, ANT> RAIIJlOADS. 18,871 niilo8, tlio mails lu'in^ tranH|K)rto(i ovor 5, .".7 1 uu\vH by rail, and 492 milrs l»y HtcanilK»at, tlic IkiI- aiico (»f I. '{,008 mill's rcprt'sciitiu}^ routes (h'si;j;?iiitt(| as "star routes," irn'^ular prod'cdinj^s in contracts fnr which hav(i been repeatedly exposed." The tot.il an- nual transportati<»n is representt>d hy distances aj^i^rc- gatinif 8,l)48,o:}5 miles, at a cost (.f !?718,r)ir.." liailroad systems have been developed in an extiJKir- dinary dejLfree in Texas durini^ tln» last ten 3'ears. hi 1870, there were less than .'JOO miles in ojK'ration, .-iikI in 1870 only about 1,000 miles, while in 1885 over 7,000 miles had been completed. Purinf( the npiili- lic numerous chai-ters for railroads wen* j^ranted, hiit none were acted upon, and it was not until 18.V2 flint the first road was commenced, A brU'f account df the oldest line in the state will not beuninterestin;^'. In the above-named year, a preliminary survty vns made, and some work done, on what was then callid the ]^uttalo Bayou, Brazos, and Colorado road, start- in«j; from llarrisburg with a westerly direction, and in t]w same year the whistle of tin? first locomotivooii Texati soil was lu'anl at Harrisburjj^, beini; also tin second put in motion west of the ^Mississippi. The company was organized June 1, 18r)0, at J^ostnii, JSlassachusetts, by General Sidney Sherman, \\]u> may be rej^ardcd as the father of railroad systems in Texas. The work j^rogrcssed slt)wly, and the Colo- rado was not reached till 1851), when the lini' \v;i> open to Eagle lake, G5 miles from its initial point, In 1800, it had been extended to Columbus, theiivtr being brid*} d at Alley ton. By an act of the Ici^isla- ture the ci rter was changed in 1870, and San An tonio made the objective point. Since that time it has been ca 3d the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio rai ,vay, perhaps better known as the "Sun- set route." On January 15, 1877, the road readml San Antonio, the citizens of Bejar county having votnl, ^ This remark doea not nijply individually to the Texas mail service, kt to that of tne U. S. generally. »« U. S. U. Ex. Doc., coug. 48, seas. 1, ix. 108, 133. Janu; S[).c(j llir p; to if. ill',' til J 'a so, into \v is >til| that p( Tlir I,. JiKid ill and <)«• liirf,.,| miles, t I'lanch ii''<'tion '**!|iit|i;»r( iii.iiii 111 ^'<»l•tIlel <^-in Xai .i,'iv('ii to I'.iih'oad The lh'Ust( was fr,.; <'"'•] ""■■vt( .1 line fi tlio state instead Khcneze It'.^nsJatui ,1,'i'inted t thoiiccfor I'ivaliT e> aiTatigod ly,, l,S.-,-0; 1 f/ioiiipso/i'ti Gi m HAM, WAYS. 871 .Taiiuarv 1^70, $.'100,000 iucountv bonds t«> sorun- tho s|i. fdy <'«)ii>j»lt'ti(m of tli«! liiu\ In tlio Hiiinc month tlic passi'ii^tT terminus was ilianj^cd from l[ariisl)Ui'»; ti lloiiston l>y a lino from I'lcice junotion. Follow- iii;4 tlio Huttinjjf sun, it lias since lu'cn ('xt('U(U'«l to VA J';iso, where it coimeets with tin* South<'rn Pacific, into which system it has been incor|>orate«l, though it i.s>till under the control of its own mana;j;ers. At that i)oint it also connects with the Mexican (Central. TIk' leiijjrth of the main line is H4H miles, and no rail- road in Texas has had more inHi"«nce In the scttlemeiit and development of tlie country. The hranches con- II. (ted with it Jire the La (Jran<^e from Columhus, .'U miles, the Gonzales from llarwoo«l, 12 miles, and the Itiaiich to Eai(le Pass, on the llio (Irande, where con- ii'ction is made with the Mexican Internutional. At SpnUnrd junction, a few miles from San Antonio, the main line is crossed l)y the International andClreat Northern, which ionnects at Laredo with the Mexi- can National. Thus it will be seen that access is j^ivcii to all ])oints in the ^fjxican republic that have railroad connnunications."' Tlie next lailroad conunenccd in Texas was the Ifoiiston and Texas Ci'utral. The original charter was t^rantcd in 1848, by winch the company was in- ('i)r]»oruted under the title of the Galveston and lied liiver Railroad company, tlit; obj(!ct being to construct a line from Galveston to the northern boundarv of the state. Work was begun in 1853 at Houston, instead of Galveston, by the original incorporator, Klu'ui'zer Allen, his action being confirmed by the loi^islaturc, which, on February 7th of that year, ,1,'ranted the charter fjr the road under consideration; tluMiceforth the line assumed its present name. The rivalry existing between Galveston and Houston was arranged by a compromise, under which the two cities lit i' I '; » I m •u ^. hi !| A'- ■infr '■r/niW, 018-19, 7C6-7; T,'x. Aim., 1850, 219-20; 1800,202; 1801,228; ISi;:, l,s,VU; 1808, 122-0: liiidrM T,.r. Aim., 1882, 210; 18H:?, 72; L^uid and Tkuiiihion'i) GalveatoH, 49-50; Tex. Jmiu.it. Houston, 1884-5, 'i'A. 572 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND RAILROADS. were connected by the Galveston, Houston, and Ifen- derson road, which was begun at Vh-ghiia point, and completed in 18G5, a junction being effected with tin.' Houston and Texas Central. In 1859, a bridge was constructed across the bay by the city of Galvostt)ii. The main line was slow in progress, having only ])vvn advanced about 80 miles when the civil war biokt; out. Then an interruption occurred, and it was int until March 1873 that it reached Denison citv, (iiav- s(jn county, where a junction was formed with the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas road, thus opening coin- munication by rail with St Louis. The distance from Houston to Denison is 341 miles. Branch lines are from Hempstead to Austin, 115 miles; from Breiiliam through Waco to Albany, Shackelford county, '2:i\ miles, which northwestej'n division is to be extciKKd through the panhandle to New Mexico and Colorado; and the northeastern division, aheady constructed from Garrett, Ellis county, to Roberts, 51 miles, and intended to reach the southern contiguous corners it Intlian Territory and Arkansas. There is also a 12- mlle branch from Garrett to Waxahatchie. Houston is the natural railroad centre, no less tliaii ten different lines converging to it from as many }>oiii!s in the four quarters of the compass. Three of tlusi' have been already mentioned; the remaining inads are the International and Great Northern, ojKMU'd to Longview, Gregg county, distant 232 miles from Houston. From Palestine, Anderson county, ex- tends the Laredo branch to the Ilio Grande. 41.) miles. This railroad is the result of the consolida- tion of the International, chartered Au'jjust 17, 1H7(i. and the Houston and Great Northern, chartered October 22, 1806. Houston Tap and Brazoria liail way was completed in 18G0, purchased in 1871 liy th(! Houston and Great Northern com])any, and now forms part of tlie International and Great NortLeiii sj'steni. Its direction is due south to Columbia. l!ra- zoria county. The charter was granted Septendur I, RAILWAYS. 573 >)".i f these 1U'(1 to from ■tv. cx- v, 4l.> lisoVula- 1870, liU'trVcd |871 l«.v iiilur 1. 1850, and the line completed about August 1859, its Icn^tli being 50 miles. The Texas and New Orleans railway extends from Houston to Orange city, near tlu" Sabine river. It is 106 miles in lengtli and was npciK'd in 1861. It now forms part of the Southern racific system. Connection is formed b}' it with M(ii!j;an's Louisiana and Texas railroad, which com- |tl( tcs communication from San Francisco, California, to New Orleans. Ill May 1873, the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe line was charterea. This was a Galveston enterprise, tin' intention being that the road should start from tliat city, and passing up the valley of the Colorado lio carried on to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The orisci- 1 • iial plan, however, was changed, the line turning uj> the valley of tlie Brazos to Cameron, thence to Tem- ]ile junction, Lampasas, and Coleman, a total distance of iiJl miles already constructed. This is the main line known as the Santa Fe division, and wlien com- jileted will pass through the panhandle to that city. The Fort Worth division, already completed from Temple junction to that point, is intended to pass through Montague county, and be extended through Indian Territory to Fort Dodge, Kansas. Construc- tion was commenced at Virginia Point in May 1875, and the road opened to traffic as far as Richmond in 1^^7S. Branch li»\cs have been built from Alvin to Houston, 24 miles; from Cleburne to Dallas, 54 miles; and from Somorville to ]^dontgomcry, 53 miles in lt-'li;j;t]i. The Houston. East and AVest Texas narrow gauge railway extends northward from Houston, and is already constructed beyond Nacogdoches. This road was chartered in March 1875, and was intended to reach ]led river in Bowie countv, (onnectinix with the entire systems of r.ailroads in eastern Texas and southwestern Arkansas. Tlie western division, as {irojocted, was to extend from Houston to Victoria, Goliad, and Bceville, a'.id thence to Laredo on the ^i ■nfB i B|' » 1 ' S'i r , ■|l ij ii : 1^ 674 INDUS iRIES, COMMERCE, AND RAILROADS. Rio Grande, having a branch to Coi-pus Christi bav. This system was an enterprise of the citizens of Hous- ton, its promoter being Paul Bremond of that citv. Anotlier narrow gauge railway is the Te^as Western, the objective point being Presidio del Norte, on tlic Kio (xrande, 1)00 miles due west of Houston. Construc- tion on this line, to any great extent, was for some time delayed Connection, however, was made at Seaby, 53 miles from Houston, with the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe road. The Texas-Mexican line is now in- corporated with the Mexican National. It was ori.'< Sf^rht, Oct. 20, 1885. A. P. Ryan of Fort Worth, gives some account of tin; tine agricultural capacities of that portion of the comitry, and of tlir tliiivng condition of that city. He was born in Wayne county, Kentucky, in l^'lii HAILWAYS. .'),.) otlior great railroad centre, nearly a dozen lines, coni- ])leted or in course of construction concentrating in tliat city. jVIany other lines are also projected to connect with tlie al)Lve-nanied system, on which more or less work- was (lone, while the construction of others will bo under- taken accordhig to the transportation requirements of this progressive state. In the above brief account of the railroads in Texas I have confined myself to the main systems in operation within her boundaries; but the reader will apj>rehend that numerous local liiirs connect conununication between them and most of tlic principal towns, and that the whole net-work is connected with the great transcontinental and main roads of the United States, and also with the Mexi- can systems — of still greater magnitude if, in some future time, they be connected with stupendous trunk lines reaching into South America, — a consum- ination already conceived by projectors. Railroad enter[)rises, from the first initiative stops taken to introduce into Texas this nu'ans of trjms[)or- tation, have met with most liberal assistance; from tlie state government. Charters have been granted on easy terms, enormous sums of money— principally fi'oin the school and university fund — have been loaned, and a large amount of public funds has been donated to such conn)anies as have fulfilled their contracts, extensions of time having been granted whenever the petitions for such were reasonabU\ It is to this liberal action of tlie state that Texas is in- ilchted in a great measure for ht^r late rapid (h'velop- iiiont and increase of popiihition. T(^\as did not escape beinsjf afl'e 'ted l>v tlie trouble caused bv tliv- serious strike of railroad employes in the s|»rii';4 <'f 1H8(;. On April 3d of that year a train which kt't Fort Worth on its way south was ('red into at tl'.' junction of the Fort Worth and New Orleans llailroad, two miles Went t()T(!xaa in IS.IS; and servoil in tlie t'oufeduratc army iluriiig tlio whole of tht' civil war. ObscmUiom, M.S. .iti i. p 670 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AXD RAILROADS. ,1 1^ h I from tlie city. Deputy Sheriffs Townsend aiul SihmmI, and Police Oflficor Fulford were scvercdy wounded, the former dyinoj tlie next day. Great excitenKut prevailed throughout the state, and military Cfinipun- ies were rapidly hurried to Fort Worth. The < iicr- sretic measures adopted by the governor and tlio authorities of many principal towns fortunately pro- vented further bloodshed." '^^ Thf Di'Uixs Mnniiivj K< ll•.^, Ap. 4 and 5, 1886" Tlie strike coiniiicnci'il in the work-sliops of tlie Texas ami I'iieitic R. R., at Marshall, }liuTi.riti a tleet ordered to the Baltic; went to Chronstadt and Sevastopol, where he rt- sigiieil in jireference to becoming a British subject, a requisite reiiuin-il hy that government in view of the existing war. He then returned to San Francisco, arriving there in Dec. 18.")."). After further travelling he liiiaily married Lucy J. 'liiurman, of .letTerson, Missouri, went to Texas, and setilfl at Waco in the autumn of 18")7. During the civil war he was .sur^'eon in the confederate army, and M-as present at several important baltle<. He ;i a zealous mason, and has been eminent commander of his coininaiulery. lih;,., MS. Isaac Van Zandt was born July 10, 1813, in Franklin county. Teiiiie<'i'i': feeble health prevented him from receiving a thorough education. Haviiy engaged in mercantde pursuits in Mississippi for several years he ahaii'ioiieii that vocation; engaged in the study of law; and in 183!), having iM:i.'ra!el to Texas, commenced practice at Marshall, in Harrison county. In t:ie tel- lowing ye.ir he was elected representative to the lower house of the Tevan congress and reelected in 1841. His nextotheial position wa-i iliac of ilian;> d' atfairs to the United States, which he resigned in 1844. Having i' turn 1 to Marshall, ho wa:j elected iu 1845 a, delegate to the cuuvcutioii that com- ;ii' BIOGRAPHY. pU'toil the annexation of Texas to the United States, and framed the first constitution of the new state. In 1847 he hucanie a candi, when he removed to Waco, where he practised very successfully his profession. Dur- ing tlie last three years and nine months of the civil war he served in the coiifeiierate army. Capit. Herring is a royal arch mason, and belongs to the I. 0. 0. F., being the founder of the widows' and orphans' house of that so- ciety. Binj., M.S. Col .biliu C McCoj' was born Sept. 28, 1819, at Clark county, Indiana; was eiliieated at Charleston and Wilmingt(m academies, and admitted to tlie Karin]S42. On Jan. 1, 1845, he arriveil at ( lalveston as an agent for the Peter's colony. In 1851, he married a niece of Ex-gov. Porter of Pennsyl- vania. During the war of secession, he hehl various positions, such as ialiMisa, Alabama, September l'.(, 1831). He received his degree of M. 1). at the university of Pennsylvania in 1859, and that of A. M. at the university of Alabama in 18l5(., in which year he migrated to Texas. During tin; civil war, he was surgeon of the 1st regiment of heavy artillery of the confederate army. Bicxj., MS. J. W. Swain was born in Kentucky in 18.39, and arrived in 1859 in Texas. He served in the confederate army till the surrender of Johnson's army, and cu his return g.ive his attention to farming, which avocation he jiursueil for tive . He then adopted law a.s his professiim; has served both as repre- sentative and senator in the state legislature. In 1883, he was elected for a stcouil term aa comptroller, with the extraordinary majority of li)O,000 votes. Asa ineinlier of the state board of education. Swain is anxious for the adop- tion of text-book uniformity. Ttnu Bimj., MS. HiisT. Mex. States, Vol. H. 87. ?!/ 4 i v1: : II A. v^ i 078 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND RAILROADS. J. W. Baines, secretary of state, and an active member of the state l)oar(l of education, is a great supporter of public schools, and strongly in favor of uniformity in text4)ooks and method. Texas Biotj., M.S. Among periodicals may be mentioned Street's Monthly, a literary and ma- sonic publication. J. K. Street, the proprietor, was born in Tuiincssce in 18.S7; went to Texas in 1854, and has for many years been engageil in enter. prises connected with the press. Street'i Bhij. Sketch, MS. Samuel Bell Maxey was born in Monroe county, Kentucky, Man'li ."iO, 1825, and graduated at West Point in 1846, and served tlirough tlie Mexican war. He resigned in 1849, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. In |s,")7 he settled at Paris, Texas, and was elected state senator in 18GI, but rosi^rncl and took service in the confederate army, at tlie close of which lie was a brigadier-general. Was elected to the U. S. senate in 1875, and reelected in 1881. Statement, MS. W. S. Pendleton, a member of the 19th legislature, was born in Tennes- see Feb. 7, 1850, and graduated at Manchester college in 1809. Afterward, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar, and in 1873 settled in Tar- rant county, Texas, where he engaged in practice. In 1878, he was electeil district attorney of that county, Lemg twice reelected to the same otiiee. In November 1884, he was elected to the house of representatives, where, among other measures, be introduced that known as the jury bill, inserting new- causes of challenge, and making provisions by which p. "ossional jiiryintu are excluded, and allowing intelligent men, who read the papers andkeep tliemselves informed, to sit as jurors, though they may have formeil opinious from what they have read. Bioij., MS. George Clark was born in Alabama in 1841; served through tlie civil war, in which ho took part in many battles, being wounded on three .-ievural occasions, and went to Texas in January 1867. In 1808 he settled at Waen, which has since that year been his place of residence. Was a member of tlie democratic state executive committee of 1872, and attorney -general of the state in 1874; this office he held till April 1870. Somewhat later, he was appointed one of the commissioners to codify the laws, and served in that capacity till Oct. 1, 1878. In 1879, he was app' mted judge of the court I'f appeals, continuing in office till Oct. 1, 1880. Since that time he lia.s pur- sued his practice as a lawyer at Waco. Bloij. Sketch, MS. The hrst county judge elected under the new constitution was W. li. Plemons of Clay county, no less than 10 counties being attached to the one named for judicial purposes. Jackson Bradly settled in Dallas county in 1851, but afterward nioveil to what is now Johnson county, where he was justice of the peace for 10 years. In 1801, he was commissioned by Governor Lublwck a captain in the sitate militia. During the civil war, he served as a lieutenant ni the confederate army. Bradly was born in 1810 in South Carolina. Bioij., MS, One who has seen 10 years' service with the rangers is C L. Neville. During that i)eriod he was captain of six different companies. He was beru in Alal>ama, and became sheriff of Presidio county. Biixj., MS. The following is a more complete list of authorities consulted in the pre- ceding chapters: Those of an official character are, t'omj. O'lolic; II. Jmn-'.; H. Me. Dors.; H. Mkcvl. Docs.; H. Com, Reps.; Sen. Jourx.; Sen. Bx. />">,• Sen. Muicel. Docs.; Sen. Com. Reps.; Mess, ami Docs.; Cen^iiM Jt'ijii.; U. S. Laws; Sec. Interior Reps.; A(jric. Reps.; Education Rcpi^.; Com}'/. Ciimnnj Revs.; Postmaster-ijen. Reps.; Cocmt and Oeodetic Surveyn. To the respective indices of which the reader is referred for matter relating to Texas. Texas state documents are, StiiteOnz.; Oov's Messa/jes; Trcns. Rcp'^.; C'lmyt. h''f: Supt. Ptd). Instruc. R(ps.; Attorney Cfen. Reps.; Stnte Engineer /iV;w./ 'J''-^"-" Repealed; Den/ ami Dumb Asylum Reps.; Lunatic Asylum Reps.; SUrtr Penitin. Reps.; Capitol Buildinff Com. Reps. The following are works of a non-official character.' Conhn-ir'.i. T'X.: Tex. Aim., 1857-61, 1868; Foote's Tex., i. 218-63; ii. 186-92, 339-41; /M'M Ttx., 55-72, 17&-82; Uan/wd'a Tex. State Ren., 1876, 1878-9, passim; UU- AUTHORITIES. 579 o/(v/'.« Jnum^f, 43-480; Id, Cotton Kimitlom, L 3r)7-76; ii. 5-20; Mnore'n 7>../v>., Tij-., 14-lR, 42-137; DMurmlCx U. S. Iifo,l,ie'.t Plaim Gt. Went, 405-19; Froxt's Mex. War, 299-307; I)iifii.'mrh'n Mimoii. Advent., 10-12, 00-2, 82-4; Id., Denertx of X. A,,,,,-., VX\~ 51; North's Five Yeitrsiit Tex., 19t>-209; De Bmr.s Bev., hvc indices; Id., In- ,hip. ; I.iiiii'n Reminis., 65-7, 283, 322-4; Hunt's Menh. Ma;/., xii. to xlv., .sec iiidice.; Xnnll's lievol. in Tex., 157-05; Overlind Mouthli/, i. l')7-04, 307-71; ii. 3()'.) 74; vi. 555-61; vii. 270-7; Lund and Thompson's Gidvestim, (!alv. 1885, 151 ji]).; Sjmi/hi's lies., Sail and Climate Tex., Galv., 1882, 300 ]ip.; IliU(ir le, 397; Putnnni's Mi'ij., ii. 151-4; Baneroft's Footprints of Time, 511-12; Bustamnnte, (li'ilmfe Mix., MS., i. 2!?-4; Colorado and Brazos Cattlemen s Assoe. Proemlin'js, 1.S80- 4, 47 pp.; Howard's Speeeh on Par. R. R., 6-9; Crane's I/i.'^t. Wash. Cn. Te.r., HO-'J; Miir.-ihidl'a Christian Mis.'iions, ii. 244-50; Shepnrd's Land of the Azl., hi:! •-'04; Crouhl's Alamo City Giude,^^. Y., 1882, 151 pp.; Xntionnl R. R. I'i'iir., Proeeediwjs; Prorealiitijs l.tt Nat. Conv. Cattlemen, 12-13; Tex. ond Ilir ('ii)i'ii>ii;f,i,.s, 17-01, GiVtert's Ahilene Iieport<:r 3d An. Ed., Abilene, ISs4, 110 i'li.; I'illinj's Bih. of N. Amer. Lamj., nos. 1402, 2910; Industries of Ansti4i, Au-^tiii, I8S5, 108 pp.; Munijuia Clement Pastondes, no. ii. 18 20; Preso., 138 pp.; Velivico, Notinas Son., 297-8; Tex. Elitorial ami Press Assise., I'hiii-ti r. lie.; Coke's Speeeh on Reaijnn Bill, Wash., 18S5, 23pji.; Thoinpsou's llii-oi Mix., 97-8; Minutes oj Memphis Conv.; Te.r. Col. Does.; tUlltti'sA Fun /lisf.irlr Rreords, N. Y., 1885, 131 pp.; MeCul'oeh's Defuse, Austin, 1S79, 4(i lip.; /v. Worth Commercial Cluh, Charter, 1885, 12 pji. : Terrell's Address on I'riMfi' Coi-p., Au.stin, 1885, .32 pp.; Ft. Worth and New Orleans R. A*. Co., <'lmrtir, Memphis, El Paso and P. R. R. lUit, 8-20 47-02; Semamirio Indu.i- trin, .Mi.r., no. ii. 325; Carter, Wynne and De Berry's Tex. Laivs Relafini/ to Cnl. 0/ Defils, 1885, 16 pp.; MrFnrlane's Coal Regions of Amer., 502 4; AtUin birert., 1877-8, 9-10; Momn Bros. Mem.., 1879, 37 my; Zamavoii, Hist. Mex., ti- !M>.': .Mrrrantile A (jency Annual, 1871, 154, 157, 159. In addition to tlio I>rt'o(Mling, an immenfle mass of newspapers have heen examined, wliieh lack of •^pate forbids mentioning in detail. Names are given of a few. Waco Ex- FT' ! 580 INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, AND RAILROADS. iil £,.riimmer, font, ana jtuunm, )iiii)iiMiie(i in nan rranciHCO, \:a,\. Jto. Kivmiit- run and Olnf)e Dfinocrat, puMiHhud at St. Louih, Mo., and the I ntr r DURAN(U) MaDE KErABATE Si VIES— Pakty Strife and Revolts— Liherals anu Conservatives - Federal Coalition in the North — Chancie ok (!oveknors in Dl'RANGO — Al'ACHE RaIDS IN ClIIIHIAiniA— DECLINE OF I'llKSIDIO Dk- KKN("EH — Indian Warfare — Scalp Huntino — Massacre at Janos — The Central Kboime — Federal Oitosition — DuRAi^oo Joins Paue- nEs' Revolution. Thk objections that had in 1785 led to th(^ division of the provincias internas, forced themselves more stroiiijjly than ever upon the home ^overnm(;nt as tlie (t nil plication of duties increavsed with growing popu- latiuii and resources. In 1804, accordingly, came a iMViil decree ordering a redivision of them into two distritts, the Occidente and Oriente, the Califomias ;iii(l tiie southern portions of Nuevo Leon and Nuevo SaiitiunJer, below the line between Soto la Marina and Parras, being left to Mexico.' The new com- andante gtnieral of each district was to exercise the saiiii' authority as the existing conunander.' Political changes interfered with the observance of this order, till the war of independence made its exe- tiilioii in 1812 a military necessity. Viceroy A^ene- 'Tlu' Bdlson do Maijiini falling to tlio eastnni ilistrict. Tlio oastcrn l>or- iIt f.illii\v(}(l Ivio Pilou. See i. GIJH, ct sc^q., this sorios, for {ircvious extent. ■Till' siihalterii cliiof's salary was to Imj .S*2,(KM), vliili: tiu^ governor and '■'iiiaiiilante general was to receive SIO.OOO, a nMluotioii of .^r),000. The "ruiito eiunniaiidor had to orgaui/o forees to jiroinoto the colonizatiou of Tixw. 'I'cxt iu Jital Ordcn, May 30, 1804; Mayer's MSS, iii. (581) ^1 I, n' r ■ m i ||B •1 1 i^^ 11 1 w' 4fl CHIHUAHUA AND DURAXOO. gas tlicreupon appointed to the command of the ()ccid(Mite section, tlie brijjjadier Alejo Garcia Coiidc. governor of Sonora and Sinaloa, a deserving soldier nearly half a century in tlie royal service.* The Oriente division was offered to the Marisral de campo, Felix Calleja, and he, declinhig to accept the position presented it to Simon Herrera, govcriinr of Leon, who was slain by insurgents before accept- ance, whereupon Colonel Arredondo received the position.* Nava, who ruled the united provinces at the opening of the century, was replaced in lft(»4 hv Colonel Pedro Grimarest,' and he soon after by lhi;j;a- dier Nemesio Salccdo y Salcedo, who was presently recalled to Sj)am. The troops under Sara's command consisted in fait of ou\y some four hundred and fifty nuni, many (it whom were filibusters from the United States; hut with this slender force he invaded Texas in ISIJ, and took ])ossession of several cities, driving back tlif forces of Salcedo and llererra. Warned of this dan- ger, Arredondo, whose forces had been (piarteretl in the valley del Maiz, at once marched against tin? enemy, collecting men and material on his way thi(iui;li Nuevo Santander. Meanwhile, Colonel Elizondo, who had been sent in advance, had aHowed himself to hi: drawn into an engagement^ and was totally' routed. A few weeks later, however, Arredondo himself in- flicted acrushino; defeat on the insurjrents, now uiuKr the command of Alvarez do Toledo, who had su|)- planted Sara. Many of the prisoners were executid, imduding all the filibusters who fell into tln^ hands of the Atc-xicans, and thus ended all hope of aid fioiii the United States to the cause of the revolution. *The register says 47 years, during eight of wliicli ho occu[)ieil Hio latter graik'; ilecorated witli mcrito de ifiicrnt ami otlicr distinctions. The onUr for tlie division, dated May I, isll, was confirmed in 1812. Text in I'mr. IiiUtii. licid (h-iltn, 1811; Jlaycr'n MSS, noa. 0-7, refer to the Souuia diapttr concerning (Jarcia C'onde. •See lllsl. Mex., iv. 541-3, this series. ■'Of thi? 3d battalion of Estremailura infantry. Real Onleo, -May 30, 1804; Jlaye/s MSS, no. 3. Th of |>o J'csoUl .'Hid V iiiiuei IxMiiei hut to ulanni de Sai of the tlie Ui rection a nee in Jiini by thi- Ui] Texan / ill Mexi tiiat Jio Jai'g(3 an Nalcet while av sciited b war for ^\ hen ; liillisejf '•xchide to his p] suverciiri ''"is posj ""' (iiiain;!! ; ■■ij'i,ii,ti,, M,.j J'iku met hill \l. L'7»; XV. 'Ho urgei "atcli ,vas , ,4|i|'<-'il of sul Jllf |i,.„j,lu 'jun,|-,,„ j,„]y •\^-- l!l.-, 0, fsas ",' "ii-^i! anpe: ;'^m,vl, at Tar "it'iiu the Lu. REVOLUTIONARY MOVKMKNTS. 583 The changes thus iiiudt! \V(^ro tluo less to tlio inereaso oi' population, and the (lcvelo|)ini!nt of tlio material irsdurces of these provinces, than to military reasons, iiiiil with a view to the suppression of revolutionary iiinxcments. In the north-west the only trouhles to li(M iicountered were the usual Ijostilities with Indians, hut toward the east the revolution had attain assumed jilarming proportions. In 1811, Bernardo Gutierrez do Sara, a citizen of Kevilla, and a strong Supporter (if th(3 revolutionary niovement, had taken refuge in the United States after the suppression of the insur- nction in Nuevo Santander, and there sought assist- aiict; in hehalf of his cause. The welcome accorded to liiiii hy the ])eoplo, and the well-known intentions of tin; United States g»)vernnient with regard to the Texan frontier, had given rise to no little uneasiness in Mexico, and this was further increased by a report that he was already on his march at the head of a lai'Lje army, to support the fortunes of the insurgents. Salcedo had filled the otfice satisfactorily enough, while availing himself of the many opportunities ])re- sciitcd l)y remoteness, and the disortlers attending the war for independence, to accumulate a large fortune.* When this contiict broke out in the south he exerted liiuistlf most commendably by adopting measures to cxchule it from his own territory, and by appealing to liis purse-strings and patriotism in behalf of his sovereign.^ While failing to achieve anything note- 1" "■f 'ill '' 1 1 i.s position embraced the oflfices of inspector of troops, snixlelcgado of tlio liiiaiKH' and mail depts. He returned with the Hpriiig fleet of 1S14. Al'iiiniii, Mrj., iv. .S7; Dinrio ('<)rfi:t, xix. '2'M; J-Mirllit Orrhl., Sept. 4, 18(JS. I'iku iii.;t him in 1807. Tmr., 2So, 4i.'l--8; J'iiw, A'. J/ij:, '21, 45; Utir. Mcj-., xi. •J74; XV. 40, »o:J; xvi. 812. 'Hi; urged tiie l>i»h«p to exert himself. Lnrcl.o, Mien. AVc, MS., 7-11. Watch was also kept by Freneli ayeuts. Cut. I'ror. St. Pup., xix. .'{0-3*2. .\piic' il of sulHirdiuatca in /'((;i. \'atrit)ts. A month Ixforo Hidalgo's capture, a nuin- >cr of hiHurgonts wito secured, and the openiiit^ df 1812 was marked hy a conflict at San Francisco hc- tween several hundred men.* Toward the close of 1814, Trespalacios and Cahallero ])lanned an outlin-ak at Chihuahua, but the plot was revealed to (Janiji (^)nde, who now controlled the Occidente section tVoin this point, anarative exeniptidn was maiidy due to the watchfulness of the authorities. including the clergy, who exercised most eliectivclv the pardoning power." Brigadier Berfuirdo J^cmavia y Zapata," governor intendente of Nueva A'izc.iya, and his lieutenant at Durango, the asesc.r, Angel J'i- nilla y Perez,'^ were ct)nspicuously zealous in tlie royal cause. Chihualiua liad its usual Apache raids tn meet, and Durango suffered in 1820 brief irruption from rebellious Opatas, which was quelled without any serious bloodshed.^'* Tho visit of the ex[ihir(;r, * As fully related in Ifht. Mex., iv. 276 et scq., this scries. A iiKniiiinoit was eruotoil (PU tho siiot of oxecutinii hy diicreu of July 10, \i>'S.\. .i \i\.\\\\ j)yraiuiil sihtoiiikUmI ny circular stcjis. Jijiru'/rii', Chili., HS !»; l)i<-r. I'liir., n. (iitH. Alliiwaiiccs wore grautuil for animal ceremonies thereat, (ormi, Fcl. i\h.r., Aug. 'J7, KS7'.'. •The royalists nunihcred Al?<, an. '■•On Nov. 4, 1814. T!i., I .'trayer was .T. M. Arneta, who had sorvcil Hidalgo as colonel. Tlis! (''iiiers wtire eondemiied to ten years in im-iiilio. Trc-spalacios escaped from Hahana, and Cahallero was jiardoned in S[i;iiu. A lama II, Mcj., iv. '204 years' service in 181'2, 1.5 licingas hrigadier. Id., xii. ."^41; .U'Ujir'i MSS., no. vii., 2; Dor. Mix., no. iv., '2X '^He was jiresented hy tho citizens with a gold medal, 'por sint'iilir ser- vicios.' Not irhniO I'll., tit. 2.'1. ISKS; /Kinn-M), in Pap. I'ltr., xviii., pfJT. "Of whom 240 were captured. Noticioso (Jen., Deo. 20, 1820. rUUZ AND NKORKTK. nsft I'iko, ami tho luonu'iitarv roostabUHhinont of Jcsuit.s, ill 1811),'* caus»'«l II tempo rarv oxcitciiu'iit. In iHliI, tin- |)rov iuocis wore ('Ih'cihmI by roccivliii^ tlio lilwral coiistUutlon conr«'(lo«l to the oolt)i»i('S by Spain, with tilt" proHp«Mt of an aiKlunicia.'* Altliou^h tlu; conHti- tutioii Wiis suspended Hoon after bv tlio vicTov, Nueva \'iz«!iva nianaj^ed to eleet a representative to tln' e('>r- tcs," till its revival, in 1820, provided also an assem- l)lv and provincial deputations. Fioyalty to Spain was most pronounced at tlio open- lii.r of tliis third decade — so much so that when Itur- liidti turned ajjjainst his viceregal master,'" Geneial (\'\y/., ruler of Nueva Galicia, and the second power in the country, went to Durani^o to make a final effort ill lirlialf of the totterin;^ cause of Spain, lie entei-ed t'lJit city July 4, 1 821, attended hy ofHcials from Za- ciitccasand other points, with a few hundred soldiers." Xcjjrete, Iturhidc's lieutenant, followed in pursuit, and l.iid siege to the city early in August, with about ;?,000 men. The defence was maintained for over tlii'ce weeks, with brisk firing and occasional sorties, varied bv assaults, which involved severe losses.^* Xcgrete finally planted a battery against a vulneralJc ]ioiiit, and on the 30th gained a decided advantage. By til is time defection had assisted to undermine the zeal of the royalist. A truce was accepted," and on '■'Tlicy entered ])urango on Palm Sunday to reopen tlieir eollcgo. Tiny V\\ to loavo again tiy decree of 1S2I. Vi<\t, !'"(•., clxv., pt 17. On Disumor- i':iO',ii B-rl,:i., see Sor. Mu: Oim/. Bo!., i. 4!)i-."). "•(V.,y,w, Dinrlo, xv. '281»; xvii. KM); C'orfcf, Art. Ord., 1814, ii. ir)9-(M). '".T. J. (iiiereAa, native of Durango. He was curate of S. Miguel, Mexico; >uli>i'inioiitly canon doctoral at PueliLa, and prominent in sjipcading vacciua- t;"ii. According to Alniinin, M(j., iv. '21S, he ilied at (Mdi/ on Oct. l.'l, ISIM, 'luring the epidemic, yet Cortes^ Dhtiio, six. 238, alludes to him as acting in hJ). '^Tlie provincial deputation hanteneil, in March 18'2I, toassuic the vieo- T'V i>f its devotion, and Bishop L'astafiiza warnc'd his flocks against the pcr- tiiiiniis acts of Iturliide. Oac. Mix., xii. .'Wl '2, 40-_'. ''■" The total force at Diirango was now placed at ahout 1,()0;) men. (Ii'o. Owt,!,, Aug. I, 1821. Cuevas, I'orniii, i. IOC), reduces it to harely 800. Licfii'ia, A'Uc y Jlcrt., 4(12. •'l".-jici'iiil!y t!ie sorties of Aug. (>th, l.")tli, and :?OLh. On the latter occa- ^iiiii, a 1p;dt st)'uck Xegrcte in the mouth, kimcking out three trctii, and coin- I'llLn.,' Iii( t(!mi)orary retirement. Lin-njit, Ai/li\ ;/ J'n-t., 4li"_' ;{. ■'Idiring whioh, troops' ou both aides frateruized. Gac. Gwvl., Sept. 1, 1821. \\\- U' if m ■mm 586 CHIHUAHUA AND DURANGO. September 3d the garrison surrendered, with tlie lionors of war, and porniission to retire with Cruz to Spain." M. Urrea was installed as gefe politico, while Antonio Cordero, who had governed at J)u- rango as civil and military governor for the last tliice years, was rewarded for prompt adhesion with the coniandaneia general of the Occidente section, in place of (^rarci'a Conde, who had delayed. In the following year the empire was received Avith tlie acclamation usually accorded to success, and Clii- huahua and Durango were gladdened with the pros- pect of separate comandancias de armas." Wlieii shortly after the federalists rose against Iturhide, Chihuahua joined with equal readiness in the cry, after a momentary objection from Janos." In Durango measures were at first taken against tlie movement, but on March 5, 1823, the troops de- clared in favor it it,"' followed by the people. Coin- andante general Cordero resigned, however, as did Brigadier I. del Corral, civil and military governor at Durango, whereupon the diputacion provincial dec land the intendente Juan Navarro successor to the latter, and Jaspar de Ochoa, colonel of the pronouiiciiiiif garrison, as commander in place of Cordero. By decree of July 19, 1823, the supreme con;4re>^.s decreed the division of Nueva Vizcaya into two provinces, to be known as Chihuahua and Duraiii,'o, respectively, the capital of the former receiving the title of city and becoming the seat of a dij)utaci(»n provincial.'" The act was just to Chihuahua, to ■-^Textin /'/., Sept. lath. The officials took tlie oath on Sept IMh. /'";). Vnr., 1. i>0. The I'coplo and authorities began to vie in honoring iturliiiit. Gar. Imp., i. 249-51, 38!). ^3JAu'. Mi'm. Gun:, 18'23, 25; Pop. P.dit., ii., pt 15. '-'* Whose garrison objected to the proclamation of the Ca.sa ilata ]il.iii at Chihuahua, on March 12tli, and marclied ui)on tliis city. Negotiations simhi brought these troops over. I'imirt, Doc. C/ii/i. M.S., i. 27-38, IK), !»:{. -•'("oininandiint Ochoa at Durango pronounced for it. The iliimtacinii provincial reconunended the new order to the people in July. Viill'j'>, l''"'- Me J-., i., pt viii. 1-7. Vaca Ortiz, deputy for Durango and cast into prison by Iturbide, was now honored. Bwitnimtiite, Ifiit. Itnrliiile, 97. •■"i Chihuahua to extend from Rio del Norte to Kio Florido, and I »iiraiiL'<' coutiuuiug to its original sonthern boundary. J/tx. CoL Ord y JJcc, ii. U'*' IXTERNO DEL NORTE. ^v]lichwas already conceded a population of over 100,- noO, with roquirenicuts that made necessary a separate administration from that residing at the distant and uncongenial Durango. Nevertheless, a party per- suiided the chamber to reunite the two provinces, in- cluding New Mexico, under the ap})ellation Estado Iiiterno del Norte, with cai)ital at Chihuahua." Du- ruiiL:^!), however, raised objections. She demanded tliat her chief city be retained as capital, or that she 1)" made a separate state or territory," on the ground of liir large population, with resimrces far superior to tliose of Chijiuahua and of several existing states. Tlio appeal found hearing, and on May 2ild and July C), 1824, the separation was affirmed, New JMexico l)iiiig declared a territory of the federation."" In the following year the two states, issued their constitution, in ;u oordance with the federal organic law of the re- imblic^" Chihuahua established oidy one legislative chamber of not less than eleven deputies, while Durango in- dulged also in a senate of seven members," thereby supplying additional food for the party feuds which quickly began to unfold. In the constituent legisla- -'OeiTce of Jan. 31, 1S"24. On Feb. 4th was issueil a law creating a lifxis- liiniic for tliia state, tassiguing to L'liilnaliua ami Durango live deputien eiuli, and to New ^Mexico one. Mc.r C>1. Or-i y Drr., iii. '25-0, 18. -"Tliis appeal was made ))y thu diimtacii". itself. Tt was slifiwn tliat pijiulation and resources were 3Ulli'v'.;ntly abundant for a separate ■''■, iii. 50, 54-5. Her limits were Paso del Norte on one side and tbo iiaiii'iida de Rio Florido on the south, 'con su resjiectiva pertencncia.' Tl Uiu'unu'o legislature vhich met on June .'iOth, had eight j)ropriel:ary members, and President Escaizaga, yet for tlie following legislature eleven M'erc clcitiil, at the rate of one for 11, (KK) souls, the I'stimated pojiulation being IJil.o." ; r. Col. Tcj., 30-2. The federal constitution of Octoi)er, con- tiriiiiil tlic separation. ^' I'lirango on Sept. 1st, and Chihuahaaon Dec. 27tli, the provisional Con- stitulioii of the former apjieaied as early as .Tuly 2;(, 1S24, and I- 1 1, H^-(i5; -l/ir. Col. Coiistit., i. 15(>-y4, 274-311). This will lie considered in a sc]^ ;ari.ao ciiaptcr. ■'Her voting in 1825 ia given in Pap, Var., xxxi., pt :>vii I .". 688 CTTIHUAHUA AND DURANGO. i ture or convention, the esoocp'^ and yorkino, or con- servative and liberal, elements'' already asserted tlieniselves in a marked degree, for a time under the localized nicknames of Cliirrincs and Cuclias." Soon the military entered as a third party to watch tluir opportunities for spoil, Tlie elections for the fiist regular legislature were disputed," and it was not till May 1, 1826, that the body was histalled '^ in not fullv complete form. The triumphant liberals contiolkd it and failed not to direct blows against the clerical?), who responded by fomenting a conspiracy i'or August 4th. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures wcro taken against the party, to which end extra powers were conferred upon the governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the yorkino party.** Tlie result was that tlie o))- ponents had recourse to fresh plots, one of wliicli in November met the same fate as the preceding;" an- other took place in March 1827, when Lieutenant J. M. Gonzalez proclaimed himself comandante general. arrested tlie governor, dissolved the legislature, and terrified the liberals generally, assisted by women. "'■'The rise ami (levelopment of which are treated in IfinC. Mcx., v., tliis series. ^^ Tlie former denoting pretenders to learning and greatness, and ;is tliey emhraced besides C'huroliinen and Spaniards, the students and youth, lie term 'partido de los niuch.iehoa 'was also applied l)y tlie Cuchas, a naiiu' sig- nifying buffoons and lieggurs, who gained their bread by creatuig niuiriiiuiit among tlie people, linndm, Xot. Dur., 6'2 .1. The Chirrines nnt'iiiltd .i green standard, with tlie watchword Viva la Religion ('at(')lica; lu'iiic iil o the appellation Catholics. Tlie latter sjilit after IMS into Atalayas, ar mw men, who objected to the extreme conservatism of the other faction. See also Zdiiiln, I'l'v. Mvx., 277 et seq. "'Arguments for both sides, in Ahililt; Eupcin.; Mcx., 01iKi-n>. nl ('iiinir""', 1-2; Eilo ricni' iiiiii/ iil (vwo, 1-2; Pup. I'di:, xxxi., pts IS, 22, Ixix.. \i\ 11, witli remonstrance against divisions of tlie constituent committees. ^■'' Under the prcsi„i:, ()4. ■'" It was fniiioiited by Canon Zubirta, More than 20(Hiad joined tin' plot when it was divulged, t'orrvo iicinanario, i. 08-711, I2;J-4. POLITICS. 689 r con- Icr llie Soon h tlu'ir le first iu)t till ot fully iitrolK'd lericak, ,cy lor rith the es Avcvf" I, powers i-o Baca id leader , ihv oy- w]\\v]\ in [i\if\^' au- euaut J. ox'iu'ral. ure, and Wollicll. }[('.r., v., this ami ^'■^ tuey youtli, li.e a iiaiiu'si^- lig niciriimut k lUltuiU'il 'l I; lu'IU'U al ';,Y;IS, 1)1- new ■action. f^i^tJ ((/ CiiiKjri'-^i, I'lxix.. I't 11. |e' aii'l 1. >!• |e c'cvu^Mtiu'tit HissiuVr- [,,1 him ;:'■'■■'' liiiiiii^ti"!"""' •s. He then summoned the leirislature which had 'lu oM ciissolved by Baca. The civil and military aiilt,:>ri!i> s were now headed by J. A. Pescador and O'hu. V 'ho ; encrpl feat ires of the preceding occurrence ap- plied iiif>L i-j Chihuahua, although in a modified form. *M)iifia 1). Pacheco de Arenas inarclicd through the streets and enlisted f"ll"\yiis. Titriicl, Kiic. Mi'j., '273^S4. ■''''ilio expulsion of S )auiards was a cause for the revolt. Snurii )) X'n;irn>, IliM. M,'j., 8'2-li\ ]V>,r/., Apiil l-.'tii, May 2, 1827. An amnesty was granted to the rel«'ls. Arrillojn, ' Ohliiriiig aceej)tani'e of the divisions made by the electoral ennventious ^' -.")-:;(), 1827. Toniil, Xnr. M, IS, ;{:{-4. '■"■ ;c).'i slut ure sent its congratulations and eontrihuteil .^lO.tMK) to the J."i» . treasury. Conro FiiL, .Ian. :!(), Feb. 12, 13, June 8, 1828, sup., wliili. e'iiiliuahua gave three times as nnieh. ■ PL ^' 4K,' r li '4>i 'ii ?. 11 %. m ■M -'•m !:. *!■ ' m ;'i. Ill 590 CHIHUAHUA AND DURANCO. I; H J ^i The first person elected under the new constitutidii of 1825, was Simon EHas Gonzalez, who being in Soiioia. was induced to remain tliere, J. A. Arce takiii-j; ]iis place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, houiver, Oonzulez became comandante general of Chihuahua, his term of ottice on the west coast having expired. Arce showed himself a less thorough yorkiiio than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular clamor for the exjndsion of the Spaniards/' he st • •) onorreled with the legislature, which dc^'hircd its(>lf u for Guerrero, and announcing his siijipd', of Bustui' .(ite's revolution, he suspended, in ^laicli 18.'10, ci<»;ht members of that body, the vice-sjjovtriKir. and several other officials, and expelled them from tlio state. The course thus outlined was followed hv (lovernor J. I. Madero, who succeeded in 1831, as- sociated with J. J. Calvo as comandante ueiieral, stringent laws behig issued against secret societies. which were supposed to be the main s])ring to thr anti-clerical feelinix amonjx liberals. This feeliii"- was wide-si)read, and at tlie first symptom of reaetion against the government at ^Texico, IJurango dis[>!a\r(l active approval. In ^Tay 1832, Jose Urna, a rising officer, undertook to su]>port the restoration of l^vsi- dent Pedraza, and on July 20th, Governor EloiriaLia was reinstated, and the legislative minority overtlirowii together with Baca was brought back to assist in forming a new legislature, which met on Septeiiihti Ist." Chihuahua showiuix no desire to imitate tin revolutionary movement, Urrea prepared to iiivad. the state. Comandante-ixeneral Calvo threatened tn retaliate, and a conflict seemed imnnnent wlieii tl.' entry of Santa Anna into Mexico put an end to tl > *'Wlii(,hiiianifeste(litselfstrnnglyin 1S2G. La Pnlanca, Sviit H, IS-li. I'- IS'JT tlio k'gi.slaturc oppuseil tlie I'XimLsiou liill liy eight votos ag;iiii-t tW' Mom, OhniM Sm Iftis, ii. 'Z'liS; Imt in vain, for thruo sooro wvrv cxiu'llcil ci* of eight score entercil on the list. Mix. Moii. Estnd., IS'J'.t, iliit of Mendarozqueta, associated with Ochoa as conuuKhuifc general. Gutierrez hund)ly yielded, but Escahmte refused to surrender office, midst riotous demoiistr;i- tions, whereupcm troops were sununoned from Zacate- cas. Their approach gave force to the mediation of the returned prelate, and the change was etlected without bloodshed." ■"' Correspomlenco in Zuhiria, Docs, 1-27; Pop. Vnr., Ixxiii. pt >S. Tlf hishop (lepiirted ipiietly by night, on Alay 9th, to obviate an I'liioutL' an g his devoted Hock. ♦*The supreme govt approved the ol)ject in Oct. 183.1; the fcih nil l\atiia' came to naught; but the germ was left for adefensive alliance against saviit-'t^ inroads from the north. Documents in Pimirt, Doc. Son., ii. '2\, Hi -, -tl; Id., Coll., nos. 97, 200, 297-8, .318. <'Text in Pinnrt, Coll., no. .320. Midst cries from the mob of M\irrii la Fedcraeion! y Viva Santa-Anna! Rnniirez, Not. Dur., 15. *" Names in Tievvpo, Sept. 22, 20, Oct. 8, 2(i, 18.34. **Ofmirioti, Oct. 8, 22, 29, Nov. 20 2, 18.34. Gutierrez wrote a Iniii: di"- culpation. showing that he had merely given effect to popular df-iii-. ami obeyed every order from Mexico. Indeed, his moderation procured w'uh ap- proval in Durango. Dur, Examm Cril., 30 44. INDIAN AFFAIRS. 693 The ensuing election brouglit a new legislature,'* with governors conforming to the change of aspects. Nevertheless, in September 1835 political hifluence brought in as ruler Jose Urrea, of federalist tendon - cii's, wliose different re voluti(jnary efforts had brouglit liiiii to the grade of brigadier, with an ambition to gain further distinction." lu Chihuahua, where the reaction under Farias had found less active response, the Cucrnaviica plan was adopted in July 1834, with quiet defereiico to the national decision. At the same thne the old favorite, Sinitiii Elias Gonzalez, lately comandante general, was nominated governor, while the supreme authori- ties conferred the military connnand upon Colonel J. J. Calvo," whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which required the concentration of all en- or^ies and resources for defence. After a review of tlic situation, Elias declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted, Ojiposition being made, he firmly insisted, and re- signed." This exemplary abnegation was not lost, for in 1837 lie was renominated with acclamation.** Tlio advance of settlement in these northern prov- inces, as described in a preceding volume, had been contested step by step by the aborigines, till sword and cross succeeded in bringing the less roaming ^Witli J. M. Asrinaoto for covernor, who was replaced liy J. M. del Uiir. One. Ooh., Jan. 9.~\ 1835. ■'Altliough styled also comandante general in Pinart, Coll., no. 440, Kl Tiniipi, Oct. 13, 1834, proclaims H. Ochoa as appointed to this position on Sejit. 'J'Jil, in order to neutralize the bent of the other. 'M. >1. Echavarrfa was declared vice-governor. Id., Aug. 7-8, Sept. (>, 1834. (lovernor Madero's term was ahout to expire. For deputies, etc, see /'/., Se]it. 19th; Pinnrt, Dor. Chih., MS. ii. 25-30. "'This was represented by the Sol tie Mnyo as an act by the lugi.slature, liiit El /'■iii'il of Chihuahua exjjlained the truth. Onasicion, Apr. .30, May 13, •fimc 13, 1 S35. Calvo was accordingly recognized also as governor. A rrilhvja, Kn-"p.. 1S35, 549; HH. Dor. Cat., i. 1G6. Echavarria acted at times for him. Oi/. .S^ /•„,,. (Sac.), xiii. 5. ** Ami likewise for Sonora. Oandnra, Eiipo8.,9-\0; Pap. Far., cliii., pt 10. Hist. Mkx. States, Vol. n, 38 i.i 594 CHIHUAHUA AND DURANGO, tribes under subjection, and driving the rest into tlio mountains beyond the Rio Bravo and tlie IIik s (if presidios skirting it. Among these intractaVjle ]>aii.!s, designated by tlie general terms of Apaches and Cn- manclies, hunting was practically the only occu])utii)ii. Closely allied to it was warfare, fostered during (his long struggle till it became a second nature, and stim- ulated by the brooding idea that their hunting-grounds had been taken from them by white invaders. I'iLjlit, as well as vengeance, therefore, urged them to retalia- tion by entering this domain bequeathed by their fore- fathers, and wresting a share of its produce in fat cattle and fleet steeds, with scalj^s for trophies. The ordi- nary chase fell into comparative disrepute Ixsiile this ready source of supply, made glorious by dariiij; feats and bloody achievements. The colonial government cried one measure after another in the effort to clieck the terrible raids, wliieli between 1771 and 1776 resulted in the slaughter of 1674 persons in Nueva Vizcaya alone, not countiii;; soldiers, travellers, or captives, while vast districts wciv laid desolate. In 1786 Viceroy (xalvez proposed a war without cessation or mercy aufahist everv trilx' until it siiould be forced to sue for peace — a peace to he based on nmtual interest, by encouraging tlie Indians with regular or occasional gifts while undenniniiio- their health with subtle distribution of fiery li(|ii(tr. and creating a desire for luxuries tliat could be obtained only in peaceful intercourse with settlers. Any in- fringement of treaties was to be relentlessly punished, and wars of extermination suscitated amoni; the trihi .s. This Machiavellian policy was pursued with ^reat success, although subjected to modifications Ity (liU'ei- ent commanders, for during the remainder of tlie century and the beginning of the following no serious depredations are recorded. With the chanui s and administrative corruption attending the entry of Viceroy Iturrlgaray came a degree of laxity, wliicli encouraojed the insolence and darinsx of the Aiuiclies, RAIDS AND DEPREDATIONS. 595 isuro afttT aids, wliu'li auj^Utoi-nf )t couutlnij; ^tricts were )()st'(l !v war tviln' until X'aci' to lie ,]ic Iiiduins nacrininiii;4 iei'v li>lU"V. bJobtaiu^tl Any iu- rtlu'tlilH'S. witli i^rcat IS l>v ilill'fi'- lidcr of tlie irr no serious IhaiiLl'^ anil c entry "i ,xity. ^vllH^l' Two chiefs, Rafael and Josd Antonio, proved especially trcublcsome in their raids, which extended, durlnir lialf a dozen years, from Rio Bravo to within the bonkirs of Durango, and resulted in the murder of 300 persons, the kidnapping of more than two score, besides heavy losses hi property." Soiiora suffered also. The death of these two savages in IS 10 procured a lull,'* wliich was broken by no very severe outrages, save in 1813-14, when Sonora bore the l)runt. Yet petty depredations were of constant occurrence. Tlic transformation of the colony into a republic, with its rapid development of party strife and male- aihuiiiistration, led in the north to indifference and de- sertion among the unpaid orneglected soldiers, and to a re(hiction of the presidio garrisons so as to render several of them of little service. The ever chang- ing comandantes and comandantes generales had been prompted by pledges or zeal to reorganize or improve tlie garrisons, but the lack of funds and means had ever proved insuperable. Assignments of funds were freijucntly procured from state and general govern- ments, only to be set aside for other preferred credi- tors, or to be absorbed by revolutions which were often starti'd solely to obtain possession of such moneys. Tlie sums allowed served for momentary propitiation, to secure the small portion of the force; others re- ci'ivod (»nh' partial pay. The immense arrears were no longer hoped for either by soldiers, or by settlers fioHi whom the former had been obliged to extort su[)plies on credit." *'Iii Dor. Mix., ser. 4, iii. 1-88, is given a detailed account of l.'J7 raids liv tliciM, and therhief Chinche wlio perished in 1800, resulting in 'J'.IS Itillcd, 51! wdutided, and 45 captives. Eactrnrlo o Siirinta lichwion, by Ruiz de Busta- maiito. *' Ilafael was of Opata descent, and educated, according to some accounts, liy a Suiioran priest. This enabled liim to acquire useful guidance, tlirough the roliliud niail, for his depredations. He had for a wife a Mexican captive, wliiise Idve indue mI her to fight by his side. When he fell, she refused to surrender, and killed several soldiers before herspirit fled to join her warrior liom. /■',■,.,./«./, ii. 240; Putnam's Ma;/., iv. 412. "' Ovci a million was owing to the few existing troops of Sonora aloue act,)rdiiig to Vdcuco, Son., 90-2; Soc. Mcx. Oeo'j., BoL, viii. .'592-4. 5% CIIIHUiUIUA AND DURANfJO. For a while the colonial presidio system was 1( ft unmolested to prompt the diminishing^ jy^arrisoiis tn a certain maintenance of order among the finrrouiidiiH^^ tribes, by energetic pursuit and punishment of niaiau- ders, in which expeditions they were sustainrd to Bomc extent by the local guprds, although these wcri? seldom provided with better arms than bows and lances.'* Soon, however, the spwit slackened, partly because the raids were not sufficiently severe t<> louso tlie people, partly from political preoccupation and from tlie causes above enumerated. The Indians were not slow to perceive the change, and as tlic lack of means became perceptible in diminishing j)n'S('nt3 and allowances, they felt an additional motive fur re- suming the long deferred inroads. In 1831 the upris- ing began,*' extendmg gradually into Scmora. Tlie <,fov ernmcnt of Chihuahua took prompt steps by sciidinu; troops in different directions, one party under Cajitain Ronquillo penetrating to the Gila. Nevertheless tlu> peace proposals of the wily savages were entertained in 1832 with such readiness that the stolen cattle and other booty were conceded to them.** The effect of such leniency, in marked contrast with the extermination policy, was to encourage the Indians to renewed inroads on a larger scale. In faot. the state capital itself was threatened that yeai". and their ravasjjes reached such an extent that one settle- ment after another was abandoned. The method of the marauding tribes was well oal- culated to inflict the greatest possible damage witli tlie minimum of exposure. After leaving a small band to provide for the safety of the women and camps, the rest of a tribe, to the number of perhaps 200 or 300, would approach the selected raiding ^ And few could manage the bow adds the Opcmdmi, May I.*?, 1S;)5. "'l^ue to a lack of policy aud circums|)ection, says Conde, S(x: Mer- Oe.o;/., Boi, V. 313, which meant the withholding of rations, cU:, and tlif attempt, as Escudero adds, Not. Chih., 249-50, to force them into a more civilized life. ^The cattle were actually branded so aa to prevent dispute. SYSTEMATIC STRALTXC}. B97 left to a idin;^ a I'i lu- ll to wore ■i and iJU'tlv rouso 1 1 and iidians :'fS('iit3 for ri'- ;■ UjM'is- |\i';40V m'udm;^ ^a|>taiii less tlu' rtaincd ttle and ontrast [a^c tlu' in fact. •;\r. and . settk'- Lvcll oal- L.jri' witll a snudl liu'U and 1 pi'viiaps raiding i<-., and the [uti* a more grf)un(], and tliviJiug into small i»artios, overrun it at ditli ivnt points, tiius cnsurinjjj more booty, wliilc; di.s- tr.iitiiit]f the settlors from effective pursuit The entry ^ri'iitrjiliy took place durin*^ moonlight nights, the day In iiig passed in hidden retreats, guarded by sentinels. If travellers or caravans became the object, ambus- (iult'S proved the best means for entra])ping them. A d('tt;rmined resistance, howi'ver, readily obliged the assailants to retreat. For the capture of stock, stam- peding devices were much in vogue. In retreating witll the booty, the party often divided into still snialUr bands, in order to secure at least a porti«>n of the i)lunder, a fleet rear guard being left in observa- tion to give warning or to misdirect pursuers. Occa- sionall}" a larger number would unite to check the troops, so as to give time for the captured sttwk to bo liurricd off. If closely pressed, the Indians prcfoir(>d to spear the animals rather than leave them for a lati-r descent. At the rendezvous chosen before departure, the hands met to divide the spoil, whereupon e h re- turned to its home, there to celebrate succe.-^s with dances and other entertainments, to which the posses- sion of scalps lent special eclat. Women and children were captured for adoption, the latter being reared iis warriors. Indeed, some of the fiercest and most formidable fiijhters and chieftains have been assijjcned to this origin. Although averse to the risk of open liuttlus, the Apaches nevertheless offered and accepted it on many occasions, displaying tactics fully equal to tliosi; of the troops, with due coordination of cavalry and infantry, of bowmen and lancers.*^ Under the Galvez system, each presidio had to send »iut every month a reconnoitring party. In time of danger, settlers as well as soldiers kept horses and '^'Adclitional details on their habits and warfare may he found inSor. Mia: 'J'o-j., BoL, V. 315-17; xi. 92, llSetseq.; Vela-ico, Son., 253-4; Esctulero, Son., "1-C. '-I'iko refers to this as early as 1806. A Spanisli officer '.sj)oke of his civalry lireaking their infantry as a thing not to he tliought of.' Tnw., XV.)~ ^'' 111 my Xnth'e Ruccs, i. 493 et seq., their weapons, methods of warfare, t'l'.. are ileseribed. ■' 1 ,,. i-^. ;■' •m c i 1 598 CHIHUAHUA AND DURANGO. > supplies ready for instant niarcli. The dccliiu in sticiigtli and discipline among the garrisons invulvid the total or partial abandonment of this corddii (.f ohscrvation. Latterly, the skillful and daring nuun u- vres of till! Indians rendered these Hyh»g excursions df less valu(\ Moreover, the small parties ordinal ily detached for such duty were now exposed to grcati r danger, owing to the ever-increasing efficiency of Ind- i;ui armament, hi muskets and powder obtained fioiii United States traders in exchange for cattle and otln r st(>l(!n effects. The large proportion of forced reeiuits ill the republican army tended to diminish still nioiv its value, for these unwilling soldiers were little inclined to expose their lives.*' As the danger increased, a general call to arms was made; the governor received extra power, and a Iduii of $80,000 was decreed to wage war upon the sav- ai'iily mlvn- cated to grant certain bonds monthly rations, §5,0(M) a year, ami. irinri'iivir, tlie right to sell their stolen booty. Pinart, Doc. C/tiL, MS., ii. 3-. CENTRALIZED (iOVERNMENT. 601 of t lie agreement. In their exasperation, tlie Sonoraiis on one occasion quietly followed some bantls to their oiK'ampments round Janos, and when they appeared for their stipulated rations, fell upon them, slaughtering more than a hundred men, and carrying off nearly as iiuiMV women and children. Deeds like these a?"o said to liave been not infrequent in past days, and to have done more to inflame the Indiana than encroachments upon their hunting grounds. All measures failing to avert the tempest, the tcr- ri1)](! man-hunting is again resorted to, and Kirkcr onco more engages in scalp-taking. But the Apache is tioot and cunning, and the chase soon becomes un- profitable. But if hostile scalps cannot be had there art' plenty in the peaceful rancherias. And so the liuntors pounce upon many an innocent band, renhrn., ir)8-9. }«r. I{i})r>:i. ik Vktoriu, 1-10. 'is ; C02 CHmUAHUA AND DURANGO. I nicnt" was made in sympathy with the federal ist re- volt which Urrea had maintained in the noitliwist and east for two years, and in 1841 the conuindjuito general, J. A. Heredia, joined the Gnadalajaia pio. nunclaniiento by Paredes, which, demanding a reft iriiKd constitution, brought about a dictatorship under Santa Anna/' This opportune movement procured for liiiii the governorship/' but his remissness h) seconding; tlic ri'volution of the same leader against the dictatoi-, at the close of 1844, lowered his prospects soinewliat. The return now to a federal system brought 13. ^Itii- darozqueta into his place/' In Chihuahua, both the assembly and goveriKU'. General J. M. Monterde," sought to resist the inevo- ment against Santa Anna, and failinix in this, the lat- ter placed in charge of the administration Deputy Luis Zuloaga. The character and abuses of this man [no- voked loud protests,"* and in June 1845, Connnandaiit Ugarte compelled him and several obnoxious asstiii- blymen to resign, whereupon Angel Trias was instalKd as g«)vernor.'"'' Neither this governor nor tlie livil authorities of Durango favored the uprising of (im- "'Ky Capt. Kosa and some artillerists on ^[ay ."^d. rom.-gi'ii. IKivilia proiuplly .suppressed it. Biixt-.tiiiiiiitf, (Inhhutc, i. 1S7. !M. t'astafuiia wa.s gdviTiuir at the tiai-j. P. de Oi'lioa had acted iu ISIiT, and befure him IVfia ancl Kspar'.a. Pay. Var., clxxx., pt vii., 10. ^ JJi.4. .\fi:f., V. 'J'JT etseip, tliis .serie.s. Heredia's proelamatimi, in !'■'• llrjo. Dor. Mix., ii.,pt4()4, i;{-l-4. The hisliop of Uurango jirote-^ted a^'aiii>t the power given the congress liy the orgaiiie law of 1S4.S aa iniupartMl witii that of the elmri'li. Dui: Oriii: J'nlmlo, in /',rj). I'lu:, ilvi., ])t 4. ■"Mn whieh he was eontirnied in 1844, although failing toohtaiiia (liiisi\o majority in the iirimary loeal election, ('oiisfitndomil, Feb. '27, Mar. 1, l">n. Mendaro/cpieta and Zuliiria had acted jireviously. •■-Hu still IkM llie power iu 1847, although F. Elorriega acted in lS4.'i ami 184(1. Mi'iii. JIM., Fell. 1, 1S4(). •■■'Who succeeded F. Carcia Coiide in 184.'?. The latter had. m IMfl. ly cneral retpie.st, succeeded the deceased gov., .!. M. Irigoyeii. who h.ol>lii'rlly )efore ri'plaeed Klias (lonxalez. M. Andrade, Man!/., wa.s .ippniiitcil in 18lti>, but set aside before taking possession. Pujt. I ur., l.xxx., pt i. 8ii; /(/., Itcprin. (If Alliudf, and j)t 8, tor 8\ieeessors. Conilf, I'iiiiln:, ."i; i kamki — Victory of the Liberals — Entry of the French — Juarf./ Fuf.s TO Chihuahua — Brincourt Occupies the City — Dkpai!Tui!k ok hie InVADEIIS — DURANCO OPPOSES THE JUARISTAS — MuKDER <)V pAliiM— - Revolution of Porfirio Diaz — Lerdista Movements — Sierra ^Iujaha TERRrroRY Formed — Suppression of Indian Raids, A CAUSE for the comparative lull in political stiift' in these provinces, as contrasted with the a^itatinii in the republic generally, lay in the relations with the nortliern republic, which since 1841 had beuoiiie strained. In 1843 the prospect of war was Ciitti- tained, and the government began to give si'iious attention to frontier defences, a measure wliicli appeals for protection against savages, had failed to evoke. Anns were sent with which to increase tlic the efficiency of the presidios and to equip the militia, and a regiment of defensores de la Frontera was or- dered to be organized ni each of the three frontier divisions.' The people joined enthusiastically in the defence preparations, and aided in sending 500 ni< ntn ^To consist of liglit cavalry, in fonr escuadronts of two conipanit- caili, with a force of il4 men ami 4i' otlicers, to cost ^lOO.GOS a year. AiMitinii^il Cdiiiiianios were granted to the east ami west jirovinoe.-f ami to Taiiiauliiiii". Details in M(x. Mv»i. Giicr., 1814, does. 3, '2'2A. 'llie exi»'nses \n ri' tn reeeive preference at the treasury. Pnlncio Li i/i>i, lS44-4(>, !'.•. Tin tlino frontier divisions were Soiiora and Siualoa, Cliiimahua and Dnrango, C"aluiila and Texas. (004) f I? V 1 1 THREATFAED INVASION. 605 Xr\v Mexico, against the expected invasion.' They I'Viii submitted for a while to the interruption of the overland caravan with the United States, sprung up of late years with great advantage to these settle- iiu nts, so remote from the market centres of the re- puhlic' As the prospects of war increased, troops were or- dcvod into these central sections of the frontier,' mod- ified by subsequent operations^ Governor Irlgoyen not displaving a zeal commensurate with the eaoor- iK'ss of the ascendant war party, was ft)rced to resign in favor of the energetic Trias, who stood conspicuous for anti- American sentiments. The change was op- portune, for he gave a decided impuhe to preparations, Ity seeking a loan among his people," with which to equip and organize the numerous volunteers.' This self-reliance wa.j the more needful as the promised aid from the republic diminished to a small contribution of arms, and a few troops from Zacatecas and Du- ranuo, brouijfht bv the little esteemed Heredia.' In the latter department equal zeal was exhibited, with a uiusterinij of some 3,000 volunteers. After the invasion of New Mexico by the United States troops, a corps of 12,000 men was sent to the I *i 'I i -Of whom .SOO roinained. BuMrtmnnie, TTid. Santa Anna, MS., iii. 46. >'ln.i-iineiis of the alarm notices may be consulted in ConstUudontil, April 2.3, 1>44. ' V \, in March 1844 the frontier custom-houses were declared open again. Dit'lm and LriZ'iiio, Lnj. Mcr., iv. 752-3. ' Kilisola was first appointed commander of forces in Zacatecas. I)urango ami Cliihuahua, strengthened with l,(X)() men from San Luis I'otosi, liringing ti'ii liiittery pieces. Tiie national guards could in case of need lie calh'il upon tosi'ivt! outside of their respective states. Text in Etrwicro, Mem. I'lii/i., 4."); P'l]'. V'fr., Ixxxvii. pt 1.'?. On .Inly 11th the Chihuahua assenilily decreed the raising of COOO men. S'lifi-i ii.'O', Aug. 7, 1846. In tiuadalupe 60 of the leading citi/uns joined as V(iluMti.ers. Rcstnurdi/or, Aug. 11, 184(5. "■Sulisiitquently a forced loan was assessed among the towns. Jri,^ Enp., Fell. i:i, 1847. ■ Wislizcnus, Totir, 48, adds that a cannon foundry was erected. ''Only 1,000 muskets were sent. Apuntes Gtn'rin, 1.39— iO. In estimating for tho repuhlican war fund, the bishop of Durango was assessed ^0,0., Dec. 12, 1846. 11 ■il^' !; il 606 LATER HISTORY OF CHIHUAHUA AND DURAXOO. frontier to check their' advance into Chiliualma, Lieutenant-colonel Vidal '* beinj^ in conunniaiul. Eaijjer to meet the enemy, this body passed bt Vdinl El Paso, and A. Ponce, who had been sent foiwaid Chihuahua. with 500 cavalry, 70 infantry, and a howitzer," came December 25th, suddenly upon the enemy careKssly 'To recoiKiuer New Mexico, stiya Bustamante. Mem. HiM., v. '.Ml. '•' Ool Cuilty of Durango having fallen sick. "Americans place the detachment at from 1,100 to 1.2*20, imlnS; aii.l Musta- mante, Mem Iliit., vi. 27, implies the same. DONIPHAN'S EXPEDITION. 607 en ramped at Brazitos." This formed a main body of .")00 11)1 11 under Colonel Doniphan, who had been ordered to piopoed from Santa Fo to Chihuahua, to ruinforee Wool's colunm, which was expected to be in posses- sion of that town.'^ So complete was the surjjrise that the Americans had not time to saddle and mount tlicir horses. But Ponce lost his opportunity by wasting time in drawing out his force in formal l)attle array, which being carefully completed, he sent in a black flag with a summons to surrender, the alterna- tive bsing an attack without quarter. The Ameri- cans, however, had recovered from their confusion, had seized their arms, and formed in line, Doni[)lian's answer was an empliatic invitaticm to charge,'* where- upon the Mexicans bore down upon the enemy, deliv- ering a noisy but ineftcctual fire at long range. Aftor tliioc vollevs, the cavalrv, with Ponce at its h('a practice which threw the horsemen into disorder. Doniphan's rear column now appeared hurrying for- ward, and the repulse was converted into full flight, the Mexicans abandoniuLT their howitzer, and lcavin«x aljout two score dead on the field. '' Vidal retreated to Chilmahua, and on the 27th the enemy occupied El Paso. Learning that Wool had not advanced into Chihua- hua, Doniphan remained for some weeks at the latter phue, awaiting the arrival of his cannon, which came up early in February 1847, to the nund)er of six pieces. On the 8th of that month he resumed his 1 1. 1 to in . I dn.l,. 1 lo.s •. Twenty miles from EI Paso, on the Rio Bravo. Soe UiM. Mi'x., V. 405, et sec|., this serius. ' He writes in his reiiort: 'Tlie reply was more ahnipt than decorous — Kirge anil he ilanmeil.' Alev. Win. Doniptian was a lawyer of -Missouri, I'lUg a l)riga(lier of militia, about 8i) years old, and u^iward of si\ feet iu lit. Biography hi Ifioi/iis' Dniip/iinnEijo'i/., K^'-H). He hahan that the system of redoubts could be readily turned on the west. On arriving, therefore, within a favorahlc distance he suddenly diverged to the right and ^ainid an elevated plateau.'* Recognizing their blunder the "In Ajyiintfia Oucrrn, 143-5, are given Bome details with wliicli I'ma liar- cena, Iienienl(M, 125, Bustamante, Itmi.iiini, ii. 105-6, and Maiislicl.l, J/i.c Wy ii(lv;iM*'irig tlieir cavalry. Tlic movcincnt vvjis n<»t (■(rc<'i(:7. "All tlic pieces in the riulouhts wero hurricilly tiirown out of hattcry and liutiu iiKilion toward the L'urro del Sacramento, while tlii^ infantry actually Will t.) inovo in the sauio dircMjlion. 'I'hoii^ih lliredia ciideavorcil to cor- rect Uie itiistako, it proved fitai; no cfl'ort enidd allay tlic confusion. ■'()iily one fell on the lield. (f. S. (,'lr, i;i7-7S; jV/Y<.<' /'.;■, Kxii. 102, 144, 171-"); Ftwt.'i I'irl. UK 'Alrx., i2\\-\); Id., Mr.r. War, --I). ISustanianto asc'''''-^ tlio tlefeat to the inuoin[>etence of the loaders, ko * H kiiiiwn in Mexico that defeat was predicted. Inni.tiin, ii. 107-8. In tliis .Ms. of this Avork ho exitresses unutterable Kliamc over the affair. Cmittn' ^>"r'J, \M; Id., cong. 8^1-(i; liiplnj, War Mex., i. 458-69. Hist. Mex. Statks, Vol. U. ^^'^. f). "-i -.A- f\ >4> hfe i'lf ■m 610 LATKll IIISIOUV OF flllllUAJJU A AM) J)L;UAN(,() entry into Cliihualiua.'' Tho position i)f tlit; luttei was somcwliat embarrassing : In tlio midst of ahostil. country, several liuntlnid miles distant from otln i si'ctlons of tlie army, liis men cojunosed of vnlunttcis unfit for garrison duty, witliout clothes oi- p.iy. iind with term nearly expired. Many interests urged liim to remahi, yet he had orders to join Wool. I fin- ing that the latter was at Saltillo, a nu^ssage was dc spatched, March "HM\\, to obtain his instinct iiinv;, The^.e were to proceed to that ])oint. On Ajiiil -JOtli, accordingly, Doniphan set out by way of Mapimi and Parras, and reached Saltillo on Alay 22d." After the departure of the Americans, atfiijr.s re- sumed their (':ourse, under the cond)ined ell'oits of governor and assemblymen, wlio had already jdiiicd those of other departments in favor of restoration nf the federal constitution, now that the weakness of tlic supreme governnu;nt afiorded oi)i»ortunity,^' and foi stayhig the seizure of mortmain i)roperty for war pur- poses. The ap|)eal against this proceeding came fiom Durango, which had shown greater respect for erclo- siastical property than the sister state.'^' With the progress of the war, and the ]»rospect of another inva- -' Strict orders were issued for maintaining discipline and protucUiij; Iir"!' erty. IJolihs Wthl Life, V.Vl. Tiio citizen.s eagerly welcDnicd the tni'li- <-iim van, and luany looked upon tlie American entry aa lilienitioii fniiu Iiiilni'i wars and exactions. BuMitmanU', InmiMum, ii. 108. Fonrial iiossissidii w,i- taken on Marcli 1st, in the name of the United States. -^Suffering nnich hardship from dust and scorpions and liuk of watiT Not far from Parras, Capt. Keid intercepted and defeated a li:iii'l iiq>h"ii'< Birped., 3G7-70. Doniphan was voted a sword by the congress. Caii'i. (-Hi". '1847-8, 327, 337, 433, 45!); BrndrU'.t U. S. Crmlry, 104-7. ParUniiin, '>''■ Trail, 415-17, praises the order and effieiencv of tlie volunteers. Ami so in U. S. Gov. Doc., ulnsitp., 54-5, 495-513. -*The representative in the congress had, in Jan. 1847, l>ecii instnictiilt" advocate a reform of the 1824 organic law, and a nund)or of cliaiinLv-i lieiu- ticial to the state. Consult Em-tidi-ro, Mvm. Chili., 73-4. KsiiuKin, a- i member of the congress, protested against the seizure of mortiiiain pniperty for war purposes; this should be made to contril)ute only its sliarc. '^''Tiie governor, indeed, had refused to publish the decree Inr Minn: ludilmain estates. Bu-ttiviinnfc, Mkhi. //'■n,u;<.'r was sent with a Hajjf «)f truce to tlie Sacra- iiiciito pass to [)rotest aj^ainst the advance, on the oroimd tliat ])eace liad ah'eady been conchided. Prici; i\\f:n'ded tliis as a mere suhterfujufc, and i)uslied for- \v;u(l, whereu[)on Trias retreated with a fi'W liunre ipilckly dispersed, and tlu' siege o[)eratlons resumed. Toward sunset Price nideit'd an assault. Preceded by a well-dirt!cted vol- ley, the Americans peiu'trated the outer lines, and forced their wav to the i)laza. Seeing that nothnm- more could be done, Trias surrendered. He could do ■'' IhrrHo fluerrii, in A/;). Vnr., xcix.; Piixtrf, Doc. Son., iv. (il; Mrr. I'ol. /.'//., 1S47, 2(>."). A quanvl roso Ixitwcen tlio governor ami i-oiiiaiulaiiti; gcii- onil, AiUigui, of Durango, coiici-rniiiL; tlit! right to control tlio militia, h'azma- 'l''i\ Aug. '2\, 1847; Dcinorrn/'i ami >>iim'iri'ii.'<(', Jiilv'i, 1847: Corrw S'nr., Oct. ■^K 1S47, .Ian. 2J), 1848. •'Price set out from Santa Fe on Foli. 8tli with a comp. of Missouri liorso t'lr El Faso, where the coneentrati(»n had been ordcrcil of three comps U. S. ilnigooiis, six compa of Missouri horse, two conips Miss, infantry, Walker's tlirue oimips of Sauta Fe horse, and one of light artillery. CL S. Gou. Doc., ■^"H- :*0, sess. 2; //. Ex. Dor., i., pt i., 113-15. ■' A] unites Guerra, 399, gives him some 400 nieii and eight piecea. %\ « i^ 1..i i^: % .l,_ • I'J r-ATKR HISTORY OK rillllUAIIl'A \\U hl'hWt.u tills witliout, licsitation, for his men liad tou^lit with a (h^tcrtiiiiiation that sluul a rodt'cmin^ lustre ovi i former ciicouiitcrs, rxen Ix^yoiul flic limits of Ciiiliua- hiia. This was tho c'losiiiij battle of the war." Tho AnK'rieaiis remained in occupation foi- idtmii threo montlis Ixfore tlu^ olKclal coTifii-matioii <•!' \\r:uv call(Ml them away. Their |)r(^Henc(^ served to idiisc anew tho f(Nir of a jiosslhh^ cession of tlic statr. aj^ainst which reju'ated prot(>sts liad been made.'* ThcMi followed Jipprehensions that the a[»pn»aeli ot'tlie noijjjhhorinef repuhlii*, to tho Illo Bravo, would ivsitlt in it drivinjjf the hostilt; Indians into Chihuahua. Tin suprtMiu' jjjovernment had reruived its conscience on these ])oints hya clauses in the treaty, and mi^lit liaw troubled itself little more about the dauijfer inciirn d by the settlers. But, a formidable power having new stepped across the interveninu^ space, the safety ef the republic became concerned, and deman"■., 11/ sup., Ii:{ ;ili; /i',)il' i/'.i War Mc.r., ii. (ill 1.'?. Tlie Mixic.in irai rinon was cjtiiiiated at TOO men, with 11 giHH, inde])en,\ 1S17-S, :{-_>7, :U7. 4;!;i. [W.). •'■"'At tlie dose of 1817. /,'az'))iic. 4, KS17; Arcofrh.. |t.v -Vi. 1m: Esciuliro, Mem. C/ii/i., iH'. 7. •■'To this end tlie northern line was divided into Hireo section-: ()i'ii'iil'. Chihuahua, ami Occidente, the lir,4 cniliracing Coaliuila and Taiii;udi|>:i<; tin' second, Chiluiahua alone; and the Occidente, Snuora, and J.(iA\er (':il;liirni:i. Chilmalnia and Sonora were to receive live colonics each, the [leiiiiiiiihi i'Mi' and the Oriente seven, each with ;i fair ])ro[)ortion of the total ot lM'.'II truni'' assigned, of wliich 1701 cavalry, the annual pay list of which \y:\- pl:u'oil :it 671'7,r)7"i. After six years, service tho recruits might retire as civil settlors on the land to which tlieii- term entitled tliem. Further details in ll'-l- M"'- y. 573 et swi., this series. < 'vvii lin( rec ficr.s. ,: le.s.s fha "f (lie Siili,M.(|| fi'e.lllicp, ;i i'r\V y( ivvhal, 1 tii/K Is. ■'^IK'll col duties -) i^arrisont' sllewii t, I'liliau ra '"'•'liod oi •^>< a pj niulrv the militia. IK) ■d\>h' A[,.xi, '■'■•|iiiivni(.| ill tlie ni(d ^tate fop ■ W'ifli a se .HIK.IH.- til "l^'aro tot •Tlie Orient "■''••■ ""1 found ''';.""'f>'ly or pr ""'■^■''s and ;{•>•! ;■*'■»; iiu) last"" 7*s4wag.,„J ^.'oreilces m /A ""l'"ilu.a colon ,,,. ,""■' Wis .st "U''-' I'- "• „„ ^"'' IMrticui ,:;''-'^'-' \-H'ciai '"'.in warfare, '^' .^'oMora, to I,, '"''. "" '■loll com ;:'"'l"";"t. Tar. ^ 'i III! '. ,' tm- II kO. j/-,.j.. MILI'I'IA •IS ( hvinL( to tlu^ rliroiiic lack of t'iin, tht rr|»urt tor In;') I indicated I.» than ha!}' the .sti|»ul;il((l tniec, witli oidy a portion .if the settlcnu'iits hi a fair way ot' dcveIo|inient." Siil»e(Hieiit revohitittns dUeiird attention tVoni tho t'lviitier, and the colonies dtdined to a shadow within a t'rw vears. In lH(».s orders wt-i-e issued tor their iv\i\al, hut no steps wei'c taken to raise tht; ne<'essary t'liiids. Lately a connnittee reported adversely on such colonies, coinl)iiihi<;' inilitai-y and a«jjricultural (liiti'S— and recointnended instead tlu^ ei'eeti(»n of .;anisoned oosts wherever nceilful.''' No haste was shown to act upon the su!L!:L;<'stion, pai'tly heeauso Indian raids, the main cause for the necessity of such iiiithod of defence, had l)e«>n [)ractically checked. As a partial suhstitute for regular troo])s, reduced uikK r the economic r»'construction of 1S4.S, was the iiiilitia. now i-eor^ani/ed and made to endn'ace t>very :ilile NFexican hetween tho aj^i^ of Is and T);"), with tin; iiiiulrement for six pi>r luille of the pojtulation to serve ill the nwthilc division, liahlc to ho called heyond tho state for slioi't periods." 'i'lus laudable measure met with a serious check, from tho lack of jmhlic spii'it ;imon;_j tho classes tVom which the hest example aiul >iHt[n'rt should have come. lndol(>nce and raer feel- iiiu' are too strong for ci'rtain idemeiits to overcome '-'I'liu Oriontu lino being Ics.hoxixisimI to Indian^, the must easterly enloiiiea Wire nut fouiKleil, liiit tlioso of ( 'liilni.iliiui anil thi; Occuleiite were cither il'iiiiitcly or iH'ovi-iioiKiUy estalilisln'il, the foriiier hy 'XM soMicr.-i, with .'t8 ■'iiicci's, and .'{'_*■_' settler.-i, jiossessiii;; 7S liousoi, IS 'v.-igoin, ainl lOOyi.kesof ' vi'ii; the last hy ."U") soldiers, .'{S ollicers, and "JiM) .>iettKrs, uitli only 4 ImilMM, 4 wagons iiiid .W yokes. Jli.r. Mm. (I'lnr., lS,"i|, due. ■'! ;>. Soe also rKivims ill J/i.it. J/(.c., v. ^u\, this series. The iij)ort for ISo'J gave tho < liiliuiima colonies ;M7 men, with i).j liorse.s. ^fl■.|■. M'ln. Gun:, ISS'J, i> doe. 'Z 'Tlii-i was still under iiousideratiou in ISS'J-:!. ^[cx. Mfiii. (iitci:, ISSl, I'l'. I'^V-, 1>. ii. "'For [lartieulars, see JIi.it. Mi.r., v. 571--, this series. In the northom '.;iIl-! a speeial niohilc force of 'M eompaiues was r ("hiluialiua a.iil Sdiioi'a^ to be enrolled and ctjuiitped by tho states at federal expense, tho t"'t (ii each company being calculated at $18,'25'2 a year, with §1575 for < lii'.piiiiTit. Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon and Zacateeas had 4 couips) oach, •-'ulmilui. M'-j: r.cjl)^., l.'^iO, L'lH-lM 614 F.AIKK lIIST(?Ui OK CHIHUAHUA AXI» HUIlANdO. their inertia or repuf^nance to stand side by side with the humble Indian. Hence a disgraceful shirking' (>\ duty, facilitated by criminally indulgent otficial.s. During the American invasion savage inroads wen ■ less frequi-nt, but in IS48 they were resumed to sucli an extent tliatthe Mexican authorities Were influenced to frame tlie military colony project, appropri;itiiii> $'J00,000 to aid the states in this cam})aign;'" iuid ap- ]»oiiiting a committee of congressmen from the in- invaded region to report on the best measurts to be adopted for joint action against the tribes.'" Mean- while several of the states, including Chiliualiuu and Durango, had recourse to scalp-liunting, assisted by American riflemen; but notwithstanding the stimu- lating prize of $200 for ea/di token/" the hunters failed to obtain nuich profit, oi- have any marked ini- ]»ri'Ssio-i on the savages, while from the southern states not so afflicted, came a howl of indignati )n against sufdi blood contracts."'''' But almost any measure was ]>ermissil)k; under cu'cumstances so distressing, wlmi a large part of Chihuahua lay desolate, and tlie east- ern half of Durango was overrun, and thousands of families beimx ruined, and thousands more in daily apprehension of a similar fate." ^'Rulii iu Sill. Mini, (lull., 10, '11, kIiows tliat tlio guanlia iiaciniial df siiiuli)a ill 1S()7 was 7,H87, with I l,8l{.") oxciiiiits, wlin to a great extent avdideil jiayiiig exemption fees hy jireteiidiiig ahseiiee, ite. For amount si e a!s(i Piimrl, Dor. Sail., i. '22S. Cunmeiits in C/ii/i. Mini. Ool,., IS.")(>, S 10. ^'■■J/<-,''. Col. L,i/., KS48, 4.">.S 0; rorno, Xar., Get. ], 1S48. ^" Many views were sulimitted. Plnti puni dij'iiifii ; the former rescuing a numtier of cajjtives. Tliey had soiiit tioulile in olitaining jiayment for their .services. Pnli/iii.iidii, yii. I''-: vi. 131'. •"'See J/isf, M(.i\, v. 579, this seriej. A law of l)urango for safely disp"- ing of Indian captives was annulled hy the congress. Correo, A'ik.'.. '"^i I't- -•'• JSt8. *" Scalp-hunting continuud for many years, even aftor tlie IVcnrli ex- ('(INFKDKRATION OF STATES, 6i; Witli the ak! of the goverimu'nt a large number of tititips opc/ned the campaign of iSoO, with tlio resolve to grant no jteaee to Indians coming from the Ignited States." The chie** opei'ation was diret'ted toward Lu"Ui)a do Jaco, the savages vieldin-j;;, as usual, to the iirtssure, either hv evaeuatino- the coujitrv, or hv su)>- mission on the partot those elaiining it as their liome. Watchfulness, with regard to the observance of agree- incutb, was trusted to the newly established military rolonies, one station being located within the borders nf Durango/' Political turmoils leaving the states (iiHf more to their own dexices, a coalition project caiHe into t.peration; Jalisco, Zacatecas, San Jjuis rotosi, and Tamaullpas joining by sending \\\ sub- scriptions. The general government also promised >iihsidies; but soon this union of states, to which minor had already ascribed a desire for independ- • iice ' created alai;m, and steps were taken to break up the arrangement.*' One result of this was an increase iif raids and (h'vastation, until Chihuahua in 1850 ap- pealed for aid*'' to Durango, although t Ik; latter was ilieii writing under the same atiliction. Three of her 1'!i1m(iu ill lS(i7, altlumgli the siiiicridr gcivvniim'iits soii;;lit to oj)pnsc it. ' ///'//. \hiu. , //. Ex. Dor., i. ptii. IS-(i7; If', -obi;, Oet.-Pee. MS, .Ian. -.Mar. 184<»; Sonomi.^r, 1S4S .">0. passim. 'KV' r. Mini. Our,:, 18,")1, l,")-n;, doe '2; Pin'ir/. Dnr. <'/,;/,., MS., ii, 4.'?. '- .\t Pelayo, at a cost of 82."), (KK). It was hinted that eoninianders r.ititeilhy fiirnisliing supplies. A/iilni/d iuul I'^minrrii.t, , Nov. Ti, ISIS. Among I'Uus l'(ir ohtaining anil a.ssuring peace is Castaneda's /V't/i ]>ri'c !!.■<,), 1 '21. Ve also S. /■'. /'"-'. Xrwx, Dec. 7, 1S.".0; M'X. Lr.j!.^., ]S4!», SO i'; ArrlUn.iu. /'■•vf.. IS4!». 1 •_'.") (i. " Dl-/tiiiirii CddliricDi: Pup. ]'iii:, eevi, pt4; ^f' r. lufuriiir Prsijuis., SO I. " ehiluialiu.a deputies <'l)jected iu Oct. IS.'i'Jto tiie coalition fin the ground :li:it it Would create anotiier centre of government. Mix. Mrm. (!urr., lsr>'_', ti .V.'; I'liirirsiil, Aug. Dec. 1852. Tho committee on frontier defences isaw ::Ml,uiger or prospect of excesses tln-ougli eontrarts, witli duo sujiervision. .If'c. <'iiiii/.'<. (,'itii:, Di'rfjiiiii'ii, i. 11-14; ii. IV 8. Xivertheless the ('(utiiuli, ^'■\A. 'J'.l, 18i)5, and other journals raised an otitery against the slaughter of !».ii.'oal'lo Indians by scalji hunters. C S. Iirl. Aff.: Jni/if, C.in. J''pt, ls(>7, '■-^. In Durango a joint stock eomp'y was formed to hunt sealjis. i'liinrnal, iXt. !l, IS.VJ. In IStVl Cliiliuahua i)aid §.".00 for a chief's .scalp, and $2(M) for Tilinary ones. E' I.ATKR ]nsr<11lY OF CHIHUAHUA AND DUl'ANCiO. ])arti(los alone reported at this time 102, HS, atit' ;!4 nmrder.s respectively, with robberies and ravuin s in jtroportion.*" The extent of the desolation may hv. readily )ui(l('r- stootl when it is borne in mind tliat the district (tf Papasquiaro, though in tlie centre of the wcsimi lialf of Duraiigo, was repeatedly visited, and tliat every scalp secured wus at the cost of many lives/' The state authorities can liardly be blamed for ]>uyiii<4 a precarious peace from ditt'erent tribes, idtlnui.fli aware that it would be broken the first opportunity." The ubiquitous robbers took advantage of the di'^otdci' to exact their share of the spoils, especially in J)ii- rango, appearing disguised as Indians, and nioiv frecjuently in the safer garl) of political guerrillas." Sliortly after the American invasion drouglifc and cholera came to swell the evil'"' while the gold excite- hxvni in California lured away a large number of t In- most desirable citizens/' ^''CucuLaino district njxtrtiHl in 1S5G 68 iriunli-rs, and the (k'strucjnii ni r)'2 ranclids; J'.niasciiiiaro, ;U iininlor-i iiiul 1"J ranoluis (lcsti(iytMl, v, l.i'ic Kl Ori) olaiiiiod tin- grcatu it siitVering. Ndfioii, Nov. 0, l.sr)(i; lUt iiclmi , Xac, I'Vl). '2;!, '_'."), M.ii". 4, ISoT; L'<)>l, X i«"rr«.-.c. aniiyiV> Xn<'., Mar. 7 '•!, I*."7; <\)i'rm, /.V;)., I'Vl). 21, Ji'S.m; Frodtl's Cnl. Aiiio:, ii. 'JH- "24, "JS!! -t. Thi, last authiir gives a harrowing account of tlio devastation; and alliiilrs ti waatdii di'structioti o'' livi; stock liy Indians, and to mutilated lioilii.s of women and cliildicn in rovengo for defeats. Consult also Mcj: S^'nip-, i. 1."; A//7, 4S jicrsons were killed in .i northeru ilistrict oi iHirango. Ditrh ArU., Mar. JT.iv, 1857; Ticinpt, Aug.-Sopt. 1657; JinzMi, Jan. 9, IS5S; I'm. ,lim. >*. 1S5S. *' ' For every tifty soldicr.s killed l)Ut one or two Indian.^ die,' say.s a foreign Avriter. Mi:r. Srrnpi, i. SO. Yet it was hoastcd that 10 t oiiiiiiulii' chiefs had talleii hetwccu Sept. 1 Soil and Feh. 1851. Efo Etp., March 4, II, April'Jl', lS.-)4. <'A treaty in April 1855, for instance, with a tribe of 288 Apaolici w■a^ jirocurcd for rations to the value of ^8,724 annually. Cnrfo }!■<)'■, .'luie (', 18o5. ' A criminal and imbecile action,' rails tlie Mr.)-. Jiii'ormc j'c., 207; r<>- Mrj., Feb. 21, 1878. Cholera broke out at Duran-.i iii;hil.. 1841), and carrie I off by Sept. 2,408 victims, or fully 50 ])er cent, of th' stricken. ,S(>r. Mtx. Ocoi., BdL, v. 4ti. Details in Simornisi' fuel rw'w.o/', Jr.ly-Nov. 1840. Swall-pox followed in Nov. Id., Dec. 14, 1850. IlnrmnA UUt. Ihir., :!(>, "K.\ploring expeditions from the U. S. at first tended ratlier (,> jTomoti) UEVOLUTlOiV. 017 The frontier provinces had entertained ijjreat ex- |)( ctations from the restored federal system under llrrrera and Arista, only 11,- bo disappointed. The niilitary colonies were allowed to fade away, and the [uvsidios were left in a worse condition than ever. This In itself sufficed to sour loyalty. The revolution in da- lisi"), reestablishinjjf the dictatorship under Santa Anna, I'luud therefore ready endor.sement in Durango as \V(11 as Chihuahua, where Trias himself gave the .fR(;trsi t'xj)lorc(l the Kio IJravo in IHoO fur u.ivi- 2;itiiiii. ,,UL. ^ut.i. Oaij., Ji'L, iii. ;IS; J/,i,/im' Si-niji.i, linl., iii. .■V_'4-;); ami Lit'iit Couch iiiado a geograjihic and hotauic tour iu 18j'_'-.'>;5. SmU}uii>iilin U'l'i. Is.U, 8t)-7. 'Who had succeeded Trias uimu liis rt'.signatiou iu IS.'iO. I'niivr-H'il, May lit, ,hme (i, July 5, Doc. J), KSoO. •■tiovonu)r J. M. del llogato bciug deposeil, Uuinr-'iiil, Due. 4, ti, 'J'2, I'H, Ivc. 1S.V2. "'I'lie correspondence betw..!'-i the two governors is given iu Uiiiitrsal, April, .May. 1S.">;{; Uhrni, H!4. Jul., iv. 40'_» .•^. Domenech points out t)iit littli 1« ueilt was derived from the $7,0l)0,tK)0 passed tliioui.'h Santa Anna's haiiils. //;,v<. M,j:, ii. '202-0. Trias went to tlie frontier witii 5tX( men and tj (ip S guns. Tliis seconil enero;iehnieut rankled in the hearts of tlie eill/ens, w!in ( iriio to Mows more than once, with settled and travelling AmerieaiLS. •Vi ■'■■", Feb. 1'2, 1857. AU\- lownig year deposing the governor. Two iiioutlis later, however, he was forced to seek refuge "' in Du- raiigo. There the plan of Tacubaya, one of the con- servative reactions against the constitution," had Ixmu adopted in April 1858 by General Heredia. ]{(> re- placed the vacillating J. de la Barcena*" as governor, and held out against the liberals till Julv, Avlion I^]. Coronado captured the city, assumed tlie chUf magistracy and retaliated upon the ch'ro-conscrvativo faction by imposing heavy contributions.'" The contest continued in the interior, aidtil in l)art bv the fugitive Zuloaga, and in 1851) tin? conservatives and liberals alternately rose to the summit, signalizing the occupation of the, capital and other towns by executions and plunder. Toward the close of the year Cajcn entered from Jalisco with a large force. After a brief campaign in Chlhualiua, which resulted in a temporary reestablisment early in 1800 of the conservatives, he advanced upon Duranj^e, routed the liberals under Orteu'a and Patoni, and took l)ossessl(n) of the capital, as governor,"" Toward niid- •""'Zuloiiga luarclieil from Corralitos at the lieafl of ]000 men aii'l occniiit'd ehiliiialuia ami I'arral. Ho failuil to olitaiu a fooling' in Soiiora. Ill A\igust his aviny, partly e(|iiippe(l at his o^yn cx)ie'ii«e, yiiddod to an iiikrior Idivo iliulcr Oro/co, douhtlcss hucausc it wa:^ hhoral at hoart. Jti't.iils in ninrio Ari.1, Dec. 1, IS.'yS, .luuo '24, .luly'j:{, Sopt. '2-2, lS.-)--or to Heredia. See vote in /v>V((//'Ao-A' Xc'., .July 12, IM.jT. Wii'lii<'rC. Barcei'.a at lii'st tlcelared for the plan and then -wavered, lli' was charged v,-'th Amerieau .sympathies. Jleri'dia created a couniil and reorgin- i/<'(l tl'.e court. J)i irio Ari.f.. .Tan. '2'A. .March G, May !(!, 1S.">8; A'vi Xm:, April 2, l''-'^- The hisliop waa imprisoned for refusing to assist in collecting tlie .'<40.iK») rk'rical share of §11(),00() forced contrihution. •^'According toDvrWo/livji., March 13, 21-4, 18G0, the defeat at Gall i n- suited in the deatli of 7-4 liberals ami the capture of l.'U, out of a iom- plaouil EFFKrT OF FRENCH INTERVENTION'. 619 suiimior lie found it expedient to seek tVesli forees in Cliiliualiua, in order to meet tlie o-atlierino; liberals. He y,ained, indeed, a few advantai;es;"' but liis defeat soon after in S'lnaloa, and death by trcarlierv"' lias- tciicd tlie triumph of the opposite party.'"* The vietors of Dui'ango as well as Chihuahua hastened to clip till' Avings of clerical power, by enforcin<; tlu^ confisca- ti'iii of their enormous wealth, as decret>d bv the president.'' This measure drove the opposite party to iHdtract the struLjirle, although with littk; success, and ( Jeneral Patoni was rewarded for his success by Ivin;:; confirmed, in l8Gl,in the ])osition he had as- sumed at Durani-o as wvernor,'" while in Chihuahua (Tciieral Luis Terrazas was chosen.'"' Suiuemacv was not lonii* contiimed however, for in the following year the French intervention infused fresh spirit into the conservatives. Their first ettbrts were not encouraging, for the entry of foreign armies stirred the liberals to , '2til. 15. Silva acteil a while in lv'>'2-;!: Viya, J)o<:. \.H:>; Tr"!f. dL^nlon,' .K-.n. l.">, Sept. 'J.'i. IMil. "7'.,Feli, 1(), iV'ov. 17, ISlil. lie also had to enntinne the task of >iip. invssnig u'uerrillas. Bal. Xnlli;, Feli. 14, KS(i!, i:.r. The local authoiities yielded, and the (om mander-in-chief i)ru(lentlv made a ])artial concessimi by installini^ the pojmlar Trias as governor and {>s his military second.*" By this time the Fn^nch had overrun the centnil provinces of the r('i)ublic, and prepared to coiKjUer the north, and drive out the f'uu^itive liberal o-oveiniiu nt then at Saltillo. To this end GcmTal ]j'Jleri]]ei t\d vanced with his brigade from Zacatecas into l)ui;nilled them to retreat northward.'" The supreme government, which in August liad been driven from Saltillo into thedistcict of Nazas, was therefore obliej-ed to retreat into (hi liuahua. Juarez w^is received with the most Inyal demons! rat ions by the people, lieaded by CJovetiior Trias." Ciiihuahua on October 15th was derlared tlu^ provisional caj)ital and steps were taken to collect fresh resources and men.'^ '■"Mr.,: Col. I.,,,., 1803, ii. 50-1; Estrdla Orrkl., .Jmir- :?, .liilVJ'.'. I^(VI; V(yz M<'j., Aug. i-'O, 1801. •''•• Ai'tiiig govcinor Mast•aT•lM-la^i on July l.-i'|it- I8(»4, arc most oonijtleto on campaign operations for tlioir nitsju'ctivc Miles, (i:> I Caihaj"; Were fr nieilts 1 enter C fl'inii tl foiward lca\'ing ■'Hid San •V'^iiirre find the conrt to and apj)( It woi ol)lig(> Ji lision vvii the Fron further i I^rincour which th \vc!v r(^j)( October pied the < l>y Jvstor •"'(•J I vaca era! who ;»'i Iiidiai riicir ca' '■"I'l'-'irliing, t ■'■'nare/ e; Ih-t. .Int., V. (i ' "ji'iaga w muhuh he w;i JUAMEZ IN THK NOUTM. 021 In November the Frciicli liad penetrated to llio Kl(»ri(l(>," but the diversion of troops into Sinaloa pre- V('iit(Ml them from sustaiti'mg tlie advance. In May 1S(),") l^atoni besjjan to advance, and sliortly after Ciirhajal ventured to besieo(> ])uraiii;'o.'' Their liopcs wci'c frustrated, liowever, by the ai'r'ival of recinforee- iiiciits under l^rineourt, who moreovcn' had oi-ders to enter Cliihualiua, and drive the republieau presuk-nt fidin tliis Ills last state (•a])ital. The Kreneli moved for\\;ird 2,r)00 stro!iijj, j)ressin«j; l>aek tlie liberals, and Iciivniijf detachments at Klo Floiido, Alleiide, Parral, and Santa llosah'a. The bodies commanded by JIui/, A'^uirre, Villa<;ran, and Oj'masjfa offered no op{)ositi()n and the re|)ublican authorities tied to El Paso.'^ Jbin- court took ])ossession of Chihuahua on August 15th, and appointed T. Zuloapja, prefect. It would have been easy to continue the march and ol)li'j;(> Juarez to cross the frontier, but fearinoj a col- lision with United States troops, Bazaine had ord tlir French to return to Duranijfo after adv;uicin;4 not further than a day's march bc^yond Chihuahua city. Briiicourt asked permission to n^tain 1,000 men, with wliich the state could readily be held. The orders wovr repeated, however, and the invaders d(>parted on October 21)th. The republican ji^ovei-nnuMit reoccu- picd the capital, and conciliated the popidar Terra/as l)V restorinj^ to him the jjjovernorship. This ha,d just l)crii vacated by the death of ()jinacc. '.':«, IMU. ■' Mar(|U(Z iK- [.Cdii states tliat lie wa.^ ai)])(>iii(, 12, ISC"). El-: h'M 111 ' Wi |. i W \ ll'.:*l! [|r 6'2-> LATER HISIOKY OF IHIHUAHUA AND DUP.AM.O. ment of an expedition on which hopes hatl Ixcii founded of driving- Juarez from Mexican soil, and Bazainc ordered 500 men under Billot, to reoccupy the capital, which they did on December 1 Ith. Juarez returned to El Paso," wliile his officeis fell l)aek to harass the enemy's communications. AmiirTc liovered in the desert to the south-east, and Villai;iiiii created enthusiasm on the western side by the ditVut of a French detachment at Parral.'" This served td sustain the ardor of the liberals, and when tlir men".chig attitude of the United States iiiduad the French to concentrate their forces for retreat, the patriotic s])irit cast aside the last restraint to join in pursuit. No sooner had the foreigners turned south- ward, early in February ISGH, than the re])ubli(aiis fell ujK>n the scanty conservative colunms left in jios- session of Chihuahua and other leading points. In March tliu imperialists were compelled to evacuate the ca})ital,'* and although their remnants still struji gled awhile, they yielded to the i)ressure, and followrd close upon their foreign allies, who slowly fell liack from one })oint to another.''' In the middle of 1806 the liberals were able to de- clare Chihuahua free of enemies, and now joined their brethren of Durango, who had maintained the struL'",Li;K' under circumstances even more adverse. Cornna, from Sinaloa, assisted Patoni and other leadcrss to harass the imperialists, and even ventured to threaten the capital, capturing in January 1866, the iin[Mir taut base at Nazas, after defeating Aymar.'*' " He was grcetud with festivities, which displayed at least ;i clHfriiig devotion to his cause. Lt';i(ir. Mr.r., (.'irnif., 443 4, 4i')5-~. "*Oii Aug. 8th. It consisted of (50 men under Lieut I'^ot. \\lin fout;lit desperately, and lost 17 killed and 24 prisoners. Tiie Juarists lust <'in. Meoqui. /iikniii.'i Iiilcn:, iii. 4()G. Billot inflicted some blows, liowcver, anil Ooniezancl C'asahantes were routed in Jan. 13()(), near (hierrero. Diunn luqi, Feb. '22, Mar. 8, ISGG. ^'Half the garrison pronouncing for the liberals. Voz Mi'J., ^iar. ."•!, M'>y .'), 24, 18G0, estimates its total at 700; a sortie shortly before liiid jinivtil disastrous. Diarlo Imp., of Mar. 20, 18GG, still claim.s a victory lU the olnse of Feb. , for Carraneo. ""The last position abandoned by the French in Chihuahua was I'arral, "Who fell in the battle. VozMt'j., Feb. I, 18Cfi. For fuller details on tlie northei'U campaign see Ifkf. Mex., vi., this series. rOLITICAL AFFAIRS. cc:? Ill July tlic French abandoned tlie Nazas line, and oil yoveniber lotli the city of Duran licaiis. On tlie 17th Colonel Perez entered the eity, and in the followin*' month Juarez arrived from Chi- hualiua, making a triumphal entry on the day after Christmas."' At the general election of 18G7, this nsnlute supporter of the liberal cause received an overwhelming majority (»f votes, especially in Clii- liuiihua. Duranij^o showed less devotion, partlv be- cause of her stronger clerical faction, and partly through the influence of Patoni, who favori'd (Jreneral Ortega's aspirations to the presidency, after Juarez's tiTui expired in 1 805. To avert trouble during the licat of election, Patoni and Ortega wc^re arrested. Xivertheless l)arty spirit displayed itself on n>ore than one occasion,"' but was t'ounteracted by (lovernor Ziirate and his successor, P. G. Palacio."' Luis Ter- razas was confirmed as ruler by the people of Chi- huahua.'""' The Juarist administration received another blow in tliis (juarter by its supposed im[)lication in the murder of Patoni by the military chief. General Canto, in Auijust 1868."" The growth of this feelinij was revealed in the follovviniX year, by an outbreak of so wides])rcad a nature, that the government prepared to suspend the constitutional guarantees."' Hostili- '■-Diirango hucauio the national cai)ital for a Avliilc. JJiilitmi iiml Lritmxi. //;/. .)/ji<\, Nov. '_'8, ISC)?. Tlii'V wore jmnished for it. Ext., 1869. '" To which the governor objected. Mntiit. Roj>., .June 16, 1869. Other JitaiN in OccidifiiUil, Mar. May. 1809. The conservative feeling was dis- !j' . ■s 'r' W \k' HI Hi 1 '''^H 1 i '^fl 111 K -:9|KBf' i |l 1 -w' 1 !?' -V 'v-J*l j|H If Iff, W'^ i I'll I ., : •i 6*24 lj\TKR in.vrC'UY JF CHIHUAHUA AND J)UKAN(i(i. tu^H wort! maintained durini,' tlio following years, > ntil tlio reolcction ofJuaroz in 1871, wliich, heinij dec and to be fraudulent, gave risc! to proiiuneianiientns in favor of the revolution started \>y ]?orlirio Diaz, the popular candidate. Tlio niovenieiit proved su( (•» sst'ul at lirst, under the leadersliij) (tf IJonato (lut ira, wlin ovi>rran Duranjjjo and <:jained the mastery in Cliihua- liua; but the death of Juarez in the middle of 1S7'- caused adherents \> fall olf; Diaz relintjuished his aim, and peace was restored."' In Duran;j;() tlic ^u( - ceedinjjf period of rejiose was inauijjurati'd by (jlovciiutr Carrillo; and in Chihuahua, where Terrazas liad re- sinned in 1H72, a. Ochoa assumetl ilu; control."' The elections of 1875 a<;ain afl'orded iust cause \\y mobs, lifijcn. Sin., Jiiiii' l'.'. INi!'. riic revobition was still active in 1S70. Didrio OJic, June 11?, KS70; ('•mMil.. Mar. 2"t, KS(iS. "* .*^cc IIM. Mi'x., vi., tliia series. ™ Ho ontciv.l upon oflico in Nov. KS;.*?. Federal, 'Hov. IS, IS:.*?. Carrillo did so a year earlier. I'\ iiu; Oct. 24, 1872. Terrazas had been ur<,'iiii; lii'c- toral reforms. Mix. Mini, (loh., 1S71, app. v. G'2; Mon'tt. Ii'iji., May l>. IN'- '''The Chdiuahua election was brought before congress as Ir uiihilunt. J^ar. I)(l,at('.i, eong. 7, iv. 10, 38; cong. 8, i. 40 .W; eoug. !>. i. 7titi 71. I" Oilobcr nuiuerous points were occupied by rebels, yet the g.iv.Mnnioiit claimed shortly after to have practically mastered the situation. I'lirit 'ijii-; Nov. 2.-I, 1875. '"(liierra is said to have been killed by the guard at the camp at Av.ilo> where he was imprisoned, during an attack made on it by Trias. Pi'irioOji''-. Sept. 2i), Oct. ], Nov. 7, 1870; Juno 20, 1878. The capital fell S(pt. IS^ Dlnr. Deltati'K. CoiuitU., 8, iii. 110-19. An American banker coinplaincii that ^'^ forced loans had been exacted from him within six moiitiis /W-m'"' OJir., March 17-18, 1879. IIKVOIA'TION. 6iiS mil in the follow iii!^ .lamiarv to tlu^ victorious Poitirio ])i;i/. ; whereupon tlu' pr(»|)l(' ily election to the vacated jKist.'' The northern states liad still to endure a tinal tlhui'^h feehle attempt made hy the ('Xpiriu;^ l^er-dlst |iiiity. manu'uvred from their retreat in the Ignited Statrs. It resulted in a little more, so far as Chihua- hua was concerned, than a ttiiijiorary armeroclaimed the removal iif Trias, and succeeded, after a hrief cam])aign, in '.'aiiiing possession of the ca}>ital. The approach hy i((|U(st of federal troops under Trexiho, bi'ouglit iihnut his ready surrender ; yet he achievi'd his aim. tiir Trias was inn)i'ac]ied and dep(tsed. Terrazas was 'ulh'd in November to replace him,"' and ruled till iN-^-l, when (General Fueio received the }>o])ular vote. riic leader in Durango, J. A'aldesj>ino, succeeded in *' ^t^lI■ioz lioliliiij' the otiice prior to elei'tioii. Vaz Jl'J., ,Mui'')i 'J4, Api-. U, Juiii' 18, 1877; l>iiu-. Dilnitrs, emig. S, i. 'J.S. *• llv M:u'horn>. />/'/(Vo '{//,V., Juiit.' IS. 'JO, Julv I. In7)S; ]!< ri.a>}>.. x.wii. SITi 17; ■ '■ir, IhlHtifn, cong. y, iv. Iith ••( v< ral reverses before he gaineil the capital and T. Mkx. t-TATKs, Vol.. i;. 4(1 U Iii;- O'JC T.ATF.n lllsroi:V ok (IIIIH'AIIUA ANI> I»rKANan\vliile dispuies liad arisen lietwecn tlif two states, as well as with Coahu'ila eoricerniiij^ hnidi r tracts. In the latter ciise water ri!L:;hts j'tommI ,1 feature of the rra Mojada, with its late i^old develo|iiii(iii. atl'ectcxl alyo Chihuahua, it was proposed to form luiv a federal teirltory. ])uran;jfo's claims rec«'ived sik ii sui)|)ort, however, as to overrule this jtlan. Kiiuillv an amicahle arrant»;ement was eflected."" lender the more enerjjetic elforts of the yovcrii- nient of Diaz, and the cooperation of tlu' Uiiitid States, raitls by sava^jjes W(>re for the most |i,irt abated. The United States proposed more tluui (Hic a joint cami)aii»n a«jfainst hostile Indians, as well ;i> an agreement to the effect that troops of both iv|>iil)- lics might cross the boundaries in pursuit. This course ^NTexlco hesitated to adopt, as the object oftlif northern re[)ublic was moic the chastisement of ^h\i- can cattle-!«tealers than Indian marauders. Tlie «j(iv- ernment could not allow foreigners to deal witli lui "'i' iidii, |»l i\ ilcnr' (Tijitrd Afi \ico' I I'xas, r I'cogiiiz "11 the o •^^e.\ic nt' tlic 1 hidian r sallied ISH2, to, ■it'i' nejgJi ""I'y. Jo s|i.v(|y (,f Diirango rill' scourL 'II.'-;' paisscd scttlcnicnt ■"kI north. ti'icts 1„ 1) ^•-'I't'd by a '"'' It liad iKit ttio Siiiiiio success as the rasavanto iiiovenieiit. Tlu' li'i;i>l;i- ture ill I87S rejci'tcd a propd.sod impoacliiiioiit of Florcs. ]'lh:, Oct. 8-1."), •_>•_>. Ni)V. li), •-'!l. IsT'.i. Aug. 18. :n, 1880. Plan aii.l (.tiicl.»I comineiits in Mix. Mem. Ooh., IsTii MJ, 28-9, 88-«)l. *' Fn 1883 Floros assailed Palaeio's administration, to which I'lni /.7 Tfi- bum journal was is.sued on Nov. '2!t. 188H. He succeeded in 188") to tln^ gi'V- crnnient. Meanwhile Zultiria liad actecT temporarily from Nov. ISS'J til' Feb. 188.1, and during 1884 Pereyra, F\ores and Parra administcn 4 tin state. '•"' Tlie Rio Naza,s question, or that of Santa Ro.sa dam, so-called, \\ i" appiir ently settled in 1878, Dhtrh OftV., .lulyi, 10, 1878, hut rose again in IsTtl. also in connection with Sierra Mojada mines, and continuctl to aL'itiitc tin' people for several years. Id., Sep. 10. 1879, June 10, 14. .Fuly 8. ISSI. M>i. Mem. Guer., 1883, 'JtJ-Sl. ''Chihuahua protested in 1880 against the favor shown to Duningo. I ••'■ Mej., May 27, 1880, Mar. 8, 1879, Diarlo Oji<:., Oct. 13. 28, 187tt. 4 Mi , iMiiAN DiFi'K ur/rii:s. a l>v injured .settlors in Texas, continuin*jj to increase and liavin^' to he finally n( o«jnizod,'" while Indians found a convenient refu«j:e (III the other side.'"' Mexico in vain proclaimed against tlu; culpahility (if tlu^ United States in not guardinj^ hetter tluur Indian reservations from which the raiders mostly sallied <)f late ytsars. Finally she Wiis induced, in ISS2, to a^reo to tho mutual introduction of troops, Iiir neighhor being restricted to tho jmrsuit of Indians (iiily. Joint campaigns wei'o also arranged, with spei'dv etfect in rechicinu' tho nund)er of outrages. Durango had for som»' time boon almost relieved of the scourijo, and Chihuahua rojjjarded hc^rself as liav- iiij, passed the crisis, with every prospect of extending settlements into tho hitherto desolated regions i^ast 1111(1 iiortli. Indeed, scliomos for colonizino- such dis- tric'ts in both states were being rajudly formed, fos- U'lvd ])y a stimulating extension of railroads. ""'I'lic U S. jirosscd tlio matter with .stu^li (letiTiniiiatioii on Diaz' (irst iiavs.sidii to the preHiileiicy, that there was a prospec^t of war. See IliM. Mes., VI., this .series. '"' Kill' awards made by tl»e joint eomniission, see indexes. '"-' .)/('./■. fii/hriiic P(sy Hkkmosillo — CArruKK ot RosAKio -Defeat ok Hehmosillo at San Icnacio dk Piastla -('am- PAItlN Asio> of the Up- risin'.! KxrrLsioN of Spaniards — Hardy's Visit — Se'aration of Sonora and Sinaloa — Popilation. The ojxiiiing of the oentury was marked by tlic ex- tension of settlements toward the northern regfi»)ii,s of Sonora, entaihng the more rapid absorption and ,ci' hand, Imt wore frustrated l)y circmii-^taut'e" iirising ( nt. of th ^ war of Spain with Eiiglanil ami Fraiu'c. Iii'irn'-. Vin'tji-s 187 8;' Vdnsro, Son., \.-iL -In 1810 the governor congratulated thepcn)>le on tlie . -ini'lnsimi of peace with the Seris, Tiinironcs. Tepocas, Coyote Aiiiu'lies, and I'uiiias. ■ .1/" 1811. .1W 3. MA!' (IF SONORA AND SlNALOA. 629 vrrruK nv ;T1,a Cam- h'KlSINi; OF ;au>a Nei;- SKVAI-VllviN \S' Uk.volt ov Tiih Up- >AKATios or and .>ub- Int t-'tVorts ,ainc time, ousccl »lif- (\v. Nvliilo inaniu'"!'^r C,)l.' I),K\, i. .37 upon (^(tsala. Now came a turn in affairs. Villaescusa had been ifcnerou.sly released on parole, but breaking his word he fortified himself hi San Imiacio de Piastla, with tlie aid of loyal hihabitants." and there awaited the arrival of the intendente with troops from Sonora. Hermosillo promptly advanced upon the stronghold heforc the reenforcements should reach it, Ids com- iiiaiid by this time being increased to 4,125 infantry and 47G cavalry, strengthened with the acquisition at Ko.'^ario of artillery and arms.^' He came in sight of Piastla on January 21), 1811, and took iij) [)osition on ' Miisign of militia cavalry, airl soon made col in tliis new service. Zmiiii- "•i", lll iiius- ktts and 100 pistols, 'iliey had some artillery, however. ^ViUaesensa was captain of the ])residio .Saii Carlos de Huenavi-t.i of Siiiiura and hrev. eol. AI'iiikiii, My compassion, lethim ilepart. Jiu.' ai'p- ^^■ '* Under cover of a pa.ss, to wiiieh had been forged the name of the iutni- dente, Bonavia I/crnaudez y Dnvulofi, Col. Dor., i, ,'{83. '■" Villaeseusa states t' _■ t his own force numhcred only 283 men. 'r'f. J/W' 1811, 1170-7. Oondo t.. said to have brought 4(K) Opatas, well aiiiieil with muskets and lances. V'elasco, iS'"/)., b^i!, places his men at over I, OIH). .Vb- man assumes that he had not over 0port of the royalist cause,'' and to jjiiy besides a special war tax, while industries suflered fioni the interruption of traffic and supplies," and the settlements continued t(3 be threatened bv IiKllans. III 1813-14, Captain Xarvona and other officers car- ried on a regular cani[)aign against the Apaches, and claimed to have hitlicted considerable chasiisement.'^ yet tlie readiness with which peace was i)roftered and leniency shown served only to encourage hostilities," and the campaign continuetl with brief intermissions.' under the direction of the successive intendenti's, Alejo Garcia Conde, Echegaray, and Cor. I iliti. Alaniau is followed l)y Zaniacois, HIsl. Mix., vii. *207-7l, :i'Xi 4, .■">!»;{, Arraugoi/, Mi.i:., i. l'2-2, and" most other writers; yet several of his statements and dates are disproved liy tlie doeu- ir.uiits coUeeted in llmonnl'Z ij Daiiiliu, Cul. Doc, i. .'iTii >>:!, \Mtli reports from I'arra and Lope/, as well as letters from Hidalgo. ^' L'ntoMiss. Rrr., MS., 1-2 l.\ 24; /'/„.'/■/, />.»•., ///W. Ssc;i|ie the revolutionary infeetion, for v'apt. I'idalla reports the defeat of i li;uiil in March, near C'haray, capturing 44 and killing 4'.) out of 200 to .'100. '"!'•. .Mx., xxiv. IIDT. '" Quicksilver lieing kept hack, for instance, to tiie detriment of nunmg. Piwrf, Dor. Son., i., no. xxvi., IS. Tiu! war tax decree appeared Aug. 7. LSi:t. I,/., no. xiv., 22. '•' In one of the numerous cneciinteis. 2!> .\pache3 weri' killed. Our. Mr.r., I SI,"., l'.it)-7. -'"Ill 1817, the noted thief, < hicputK, wa.s taken. 'I in intemlente treatid h;m with great coasideiation, and other diiefs coming at tlie time to arrange liin killed tin; liuird, and ran off with some weapons. Vrliuro, i^i»»., 241-2; Sor. M'.r. l/foi/., a-i, xi. S5. 'In A|»ril 1818, the intendente at Arizpe reports naving driven the sav- ages lie\MUr»0,(>23. 044; xxxix. .'iOS: xl. 950; X,t,r.ll,;,, hw li, I8ia I'or an u.'ci>»>»t of tlii.s hrave and interesting people 1 refer to my ."v'lfc R„r.~ I.; esaofi-ro. \,.4. .<:,.„., 14tl :t; Zmihi^i, .M>':n., 1835. This chief "I g:u UNITED SONOKA AND SINALOA. liiissiveiioss was due greatly to want of harnKniv fuiiojig tl ionise] vt.'S which the jjjovi'rninent fostcnd, wliilc oniplovhiLT them as soldier and frontier 'jfuanls They had frecjuently complained of the loss of privi- Icuo bv their vassalaixe, l)ut little heed was ^ivcii to tlirm. In 1820, about tlih-ty of them returning- fi'mn ser- vice f(»und their faniihes nejjjlected and then- own jniv withlield. Th(ur denunciations became so threateiiiiiHr tliat the commandant sent tliem under sjjuanl to Duranno. On tlie wav thev killi^d the s^'ntiucl, routed the escort, and returned to rouse thoh' hirtli- ren/' A few hun(h'ed joined them to ver ooO. Aided by Chihuahua a force ol" over 2,000 men M'as raised au^ninst them, and Ji battle was foimht iK-ar Arivechi. Findinjj: themselves ever- matched, the Opatas, reduced by losses and desertion. withdrew to the church, where tliey held out for two days, and surrendered only when their last shot had been fired. The two leader? Doraine and Espiritu w'ltli seventi'cn adherents were condenmed to be shot. tlu! rest beinij released.'"' The measures taken to suppress Indian rebels after Hermosillo's defeat, checked any active participation received an alldWitiu'o from the government, witli the title of gcncr.il "I' the ii.ition. •' One iicuoiint refer.sto them as revolted presidio soldiers scut to I>ui"ini;n tor puuisliiiieiit. (^i!. ArrhhUh. Arch., iv. j)t i. '20-7. -^ L'ai>t. Simon, ■vvIkj led one, was cajitiired; at Arivcehi tlioy .imnlnl.iti'ii ('apt. .Moreno witli (10 men in the ehnrcii. I'llnsi-o, Son.. IIT-I'.'- -•' Consult, S'oc. Mr.c. (1,011., \. TO.")-?; 'i""--. M,,., iS'JO, I'.'.'iO, IS'.M, p;is.-im; Xinii;/!!, Son., 5; Pop. Viial (lift'erence with regard ti> mimhers and particulars i.s obscrvahlo in tliose anthorities. Steps wi're taken to remove the cause for siunlar out'iri.iks l\v checking the arliitrary conduct of officials. Phiurt C>1., Dm-. S"".. MS., i. no. -xii. 40, no. lix. "J."). THK INDEl'KNDKNCK. 635 in the war of indopendonoo, and it was only when the Si»anisli yoke was thrown ott'tliat Sonora and Sinaloa joined quietly in the revolution. A fore-ruinicr of tlif chan«ije appeared in IH'JO, in the new liberal eon- stilution granted by Spain. Sonora and Sinahia ob- tained under it their diputaeion provincial, wliieh was iiisralled at Arizpe, thence to hold .sway also over the Cailfornias."'' Avuntainientos were also established, and de[)uties were sent to the cortes in Spahi.'' NOt long after, in September I H2 1, independence was cck^bratcd throughout the provinces;'" yet not uiuli-r the supervision of BrigadierCordero, who with dtlier aims in view Inul departed for Cliiliuahua, leav- iii'j; liis subordinates to manage tlie ditt'erimt de])art- intiits,'''' till an order came from Bustamante v Velasco, cliiet of tlie treasury, to assume his duties, and pre- pare for the election of mend)ers to the national con- irrcss,'" as well as to observe that the privileges of local self-rule were duly enjoyed even by the natives.*' Ill the following year the people welcomed the empire ill jiaying eager homage to Iturbide. Tlieattention evoked by this fervor amounted to little iiioro than to cause the creation of a comandancia de annas, or military department, with the same limits as '■'I'lu! latter lit'ing iinnexeil to the inteiidi'iicia at Arizpe. CurtK, lHnrin, 18'J(t, 'Jl.'-:}. •■(.hiiros y Millan and I)elga del Fuerto. Among tlie deputies pmvin- tialc's are named Espiuosa de los Mouteros and Mareelino de liati». 8 ',t, '.VS it. -'■•('apt. Narvoua as military gov., wli<> signs the indepeiideiice proclaiiia- tiiiiis, Kaf. Morales as political ruler, and Ig. l}ust;imant(! as iiiinister of tinaii.T. (.'itdd. GW. Onl,., Oct. 20, Nov. 7, 1821; Mix. Mini, /fi/., 182.S, 58, ■"'riie choice fell on tiie presliyter Salido of Alamos and F. de Iriliarren (it Ciisida, with Kiesgo as supleiitc. dur. Mcj., xliii. r)22. The latter Mas lalkii to sit for the ahscut proprietiiy, and was eliosen to write out tlie liet'la ration of indepcndeiici!. He ligured as an oh.secpiious Hattcrer of itur- I'itlc. When his term expired ho obtained a lucrat-ve ajipointmeut. Bii.i(ii- iiiatiii, HUt. Ilnrhit/r, 21. M 'crtain judges, justicias constitucionales, were ordered to l)e replaced ,' • wlv elected men from among the Indians, fiiinii. Dor. So7>., M8., i. no^ ■ i' 630 UNITED SONORA AND SLNALOA. the; intendonoia, yet subject to the comandantc wncral at Cliiliuahua.'" This neglect roused the hitherto drtVr- eiitial deputy, Moiitcros, to an attack upon thi' ointiiil government, for ignoring many reforms proposed. Ho raised objections to so large a region being ruled by an intendente residing in the distant Durango. TliV audiencia was also too far removed, and he lu^vd that Sonora and Sinaloa should be separated, an audiencia being established at Alamos to serve fur l)oth provinces, wliile diputacion i)rovincial should be accorded to each." Monteros' words were the echo of u wide-spivad discontent with the centralized administration Avhicli savored too strongly of the colonial system. The idea of a repul)lic endiracing a federation of states witli (.listinct local governments had become too firmlv rooted during the revolutionary war, csspecially anioiiu the out-lying provinces, which cared not to 1)p inildl from a distance; by men who were only too ready tn sacrifice them to private aims. The pronunciainicntd of Santa Anna against tlie empire in Dece nber l^2J was based on this provincial desire for scmi-iiulcpiu- dence, and the hitherto passive north-west dejiart- ments rallied quickly in support vf \t,^* General EcIk- varri pronouncing on February 1st, at Duraii^n, in flivor of a sovereign congress.^" Tlie bishop of Seiiora exerted himself openly against the movement, hut tin agitation in Sonora for separation from Sinaloa pro- voked a strouij: feeling in favor of the revolution, and its success was warmly greetetl. The new authorities, however, had weiLrhtier con- sidorations in mind than the wishes of a reninti' border pe>})ulation, and it was not until a nieiiacint^ agitation was exhibited that they deigned to give at ■■-.V/,'.t. Mem. Giin:, 182.% 25; Pap. Polif., ii. doe. xv. 140. '■'To reside at Culiacan and Arizpe, respectively. Montrrom, Ei-po^- Smi.. 9-18; Pa-p. Viir.y cxl. pt xiv., oxli. pt (5. ■'< For an account of this revolution I refer to Hixt. J/^-j'., iv. 7^S et sc'i . thin series. '•^Piniirt. Dor. Son.. MS., i n<--. Sfi ti. K"\'eriiiif i.si EsTADO INTERNO DE OCCIDEN 'IK. 68T ttiitiou to Montoros' bill for .separation, '" which de- iiuukKxI also a number of concessions, such as the es- tal)lishnient of a mint at Alamos, a tobacco factory aiul treasury at Culiacan, an assay offic of Estiido Interno de Occidente, ordered the formation lit' a joint constitutional legislature, composed of six iiunibers for Sinaloa, and five for Sonora, which should convene at Villa del Fuerte/" and there discuss the (iroject before submitting it to the ))i'o])le. The deputies dallleil over it: the Yaqui revolt, which fin- ally drove the p. , jcmbly from Fuerte to Cosala, made the Sonorans less eager for the severance, as they needed the aid of the wealthier Sinaloa. This aided the decision in favor of maintaining the union, and a lonstitution was pre})ared in accordance October -31, 1825, the ( )ccidente state, as its title now appeared, iieing divided into five departments, Arizpe, Horcasi- tas, Fuerte, Culiacan, and San Sebastian.'" ' iMiring the agitatidiis the arehivi's at Arizpe were to a great e.xteut tle- s'.niyeil; heuue the many gaps in hi.story which cannot he satisfactorily cov- 111(1. Tliere were also trouhles at Cosala. BUi, in Snr. Mex. Oemj., ii. fi2-.S; >'i/i. A'(i//V. Oji<\, 7 et se(j. '"I'mject [iresented Feh. ■_".!. I!S'_'."{; text in Montcrnx, K.qyos. Siyn.,'M\ !t; /'';i. Vin-., exl. no. 14. ■"At Fuerte the alcalde was to join tlie tirst four legislative niemhers ami I'rosidc at the preparatory meeting. A/., iii. '2."i (J. la tlic federal Acta Con- «tituti\a of .Tan. .Si, 1824, Sonora and .Sinaloa are termed provinces, of tlie i^tailip intcfno de Occidente, and thi.s union is allirnied in the constitution of "ct. 4. Sinaloa waa called hy many Baja .Sonora. 'The constitution, whidi is considered elsewhere, covers:!!',) arts, wiili iiiiiiifroiis .suh-divisions. It was signed at Fuerte hy M. Escalante y Ai\i/\i, 1- lui'siileiit. L. Martinez tie \'ea, C'. Kspino/.a de los Monteros, F. de Or- 'iiiti.i. 1, T. deKscalante, V. Doniinguez Flscoliar, audi. F. \'sent electors S!23 to $100. Persons wiio had neglected to take tlie oath to the federal constitution, or to ilhiiniiiatf in honor of the event, were fined 8<">. The title sefloria was ai'i'ordcil to inii>t of the higher officials, and to the vice-governor that of exi-ellcncv. I'rcs. Escalante is praised for his services, in BtiAna Coinp., 109. **He had received four-fifths of the votes, and the legislature vottil •l-l.- 500 for bringing his family from Chihuahua. Arf- Con;/, ('nnsiii.. i. .'is-iil; Pimvf, Dor. Chill., ii. 0-7. "In Phiart, Dor. Son., i. no. 02, the name is writt 'U .lose Main, win!'' Nic. Maria is classed in A/., no .")2, as treas. gen. Biiclmi, Coiiiji., lO'.i. I. M. Aluiada appears in 1828 as vice-governor. ^-With deputies Thomas Kscalante, Jose Esquero, Ignacin .\rriiili. Mariano Pando de la Oranda, M'ho failed to be recognized, Ig. \ (.'nhifi". Juan Elias ((onzale/, Jesus Gaxiola, and Jose Manuel Estrella. .■\ri:;>) '^i| Wliik" tliu organiaition was proQ^rossinpf, a serious atlliction fi'll upon tlu; state. Tlic iii(le|H'ii(lence of' the country liad ))eeu liaile«l hy the Yacjuls witli dc- liu'lit, in tlie expeetatiou of pr'ivilcjjjes to be oained, sucli as e(|uality, with tlie rliijlit to ])artiei|)ate in elections, and the enjoyment of independent loc.-d «;o\- iiiiinent. All this proved a (lelusion. The local ad- iiiiiiistration was unchanL!;i'd, reniainiiii;' in the liaiuls nf padres and alcaldi-s controlled by the static auth(»ri- tics. Moreover, exclusion of intruders was no longer lutnrced, and settlers beiL^'an to encroach upon their licli soil. Nor were they even exempted from the |iiiyinent of taxes as heretofore!; and. when, in IH25, assessors made their appearance to nu^asurc land and vahie property for taxation, tluur patience jjjave way. A representation was sent to the authorities, based nil Innnemorial exemption, the answer to which was the arrival of troops to enforce the assessment. At Ralium the Yaquis fell upon the soldiers, and drove tliem off, with the loss of seven men.'" Then they l>ioeeeded to wreak venjjjeance uponobn(>xiousp(U'.sons, aiiioiio^ whom was Father ArgUelles, of Torin. who was nmrdered, tojjjether with several citizens. A de- scent was next made on the adjoining districts, attended with pillage, and all the horrors of a savage outbreak. Their leader was Juan Ignaclo Juzucanea, usuallv called Bandcras, from a banner carrit'd bv him. whicli he had obtained from a church, and represented as belonging originally to Montezuma. Although small "f stature and unprepossessing in face, he wielded an iinuiense hifluence by means of rare eloquence and Jeeidcd admhiistrative ability. But for his persuasion, the' outbreak would probably have assumed no hnpos- liijj;' "»rm, owing to the lack of unity among the tribe, "•GnrriaCulxi.-i, Escrit. D'wtr., 15. The cura of Cocori urged them to re- sist. Vtluico, Son., 80. The durcated force, under Capt. Mier, Sue. Mi'u: '•V'-i;/., BoL, viii. 301-2, is said to liave numbered 200 men. In Mcx. Mi'm. .l/m. I'll., 1827, 13, the tirsfc outhreak is said to have been suppressed in l)e- giimiiic' of 1825. The comandante-gencral was on his way with 400 men to ixiiliire the mining region when he was recalled to figlit the greater uprising. &//>;/( Occid., Oct. 19, 1860. Col Dej>t. St. Pap., Ivii. IS-l'.t. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. ■'j, ^j '<»!% 1.0 I.I " i^ lllllio M 2.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -^ 6" — ► Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 % Lf Mig. Kstevan, astute arul audacious, wlio Huhseqnently assumed the leading place in a war among tlic wliites. Velnjirn, Son., H), 8.1. **" Those failing to respond to the temporary militia enrollment were toln' condemned to serve for the full term fixed by law. PinaH, Dor. Son., i. no. H'J. *' At Cieneguilla alone, 159 men gathered. More than ?nO Yaquis offcrcil their services, ami Pimas joined readily. Pinart, Doc. Son., no. 2i. '' He passed through Caxon, Bacatete, and Punta dl la Ag-ja, through Coyotes, the reales de iSan Marcial and San Jose de los Pimas, the villugoH of Chibato and Subiate, and through Los Angclea aud Tcpaguc, near ritic. MOVEMENTS OF BANDEIIAS. 641 under the Indian chief Cienfuegos, he worked so per- suasively upon the garrison that when the chief issued orders for defence, he was beset and compelled to tloe, severely wounded. Shortly after, hearing of the execution of some captured Yaquis at Alamos as rebels, Bandcras retaliated by court-martiaHng and condi inn- ing to death a number of prisoners in his j)ower, as abettors of tj'ranny, and usurpers of Montezuma's authority, a formal notice of their execution being sent to the comandante jreneral, Fiijueroa, with a warning to avoid unnecessary cruelty, and the inti- mation that he himself would be guided by the exam- ))le set him by Christians. Early in August, 1826, Banderas arrived before Pitic, the headquarters of the comandante general Figueroa, who was advancing from Alamos. On the nth a battle was fouirlit between San Lorenzo and Santa Rita, which was hotly maintained till night intervened. Banderas then departed in quest of rciinforcements, leaving the chief Guiscamea to hold the ground. The absence of the leading spirit proved fatal to the Yaquis, who were defeated on the follow- ing morning, with a heavy loss in prisoners and dead. Those who fled encountered Captain Mier, who siteadily scattered them with additional slaughter." The Yaquis, however, soon reunited, and Banderas was again in the field with fresh forces. The mer- cliants of Guaymas, believing that the enemy was lienimed within their own territory sent into the in- terior for the long delayed caravans; but Banderas suij»rised the Pitic consignment, valued at fully thirty thousand dollars. A series of successful raids now followed, in numerous directions, all attributed l)y rumor to the personal direction of Banderas. "■^ Figueroa reported that this episode, which took place at rancho de la Mi'sa, Aug. 18th, resulted in the de.-ith of .1(10 Yaquis and tlie capture of 2i. Palnnca, Sept. 21, 182tt. All exaggerated as may bo supposed. Hist. Mkx. States, Vol. II. 4L 642 UNITED SONORA AND SINALOA. Dismay spread over the country, and had he followed up his advantages by attacking the larger towns it is difficult to say wh t may have been the result;"* but he confined himself chiefly to petty raids and attacks on the smaller detachments, sustaining by this seem- ing forbearance the declaration that he desired only to obtain redress for his people. To this end also lie sent a conmiission to the government, offering to dis- band his men whenever their grievances received attention," Meanwhile he relaxed his ravages, only to direct his efforts to preparations for renewing hostilities; notably in making powder, preparing arms, drillinsr men, and in seeking further alliances, a number of white soldiers being secured to aid in disciplining and leading the Yaquis. These doings greatly alarmed the inhabitants, and his force, which amounted tecially seized upon. Pinnrt, Doe. Son., i. nos. 70, 221. ''' In April 1828, several orders were i.ssuoil to detachments and local au- tliorities. Priests who a1»etted t!-.o riovoruen'j were t:> I o expelled. 644 UNITED SONORA AND SINALOA. iiig came of it, save an increased stringency toward foreigners with regard to passports and surveillance."* Among notable visitors of late years had been Lieutenant Hardy, who in 1826 made explorations from Guaymas along the gulf shores, and far up tlie Colorado, for pearl beds and gold.** The latt^ir at- tracted hi the same year Colonel Bourne, who in- spected the chief mining camps of the two provinces.*' Although the union of Sonora and Sinaloahad been decided upon in 1825, the divisionists continued to agitate their project, and gain adherents by different manoeuvres, such as the choice of capital, which ex- cited rival towns in no small degree. Arizpe natur- ally claimed its long preeminence, and resisted with armed force the removal of the deputies to Ures, in accordance with the separation decree of 1828. In ortler to stop the quarrel the legislature met at Fucrte, which might be considered a border town. This encouraged the Sinaloans to strive for a still greater advantage, and Culiacan pressed her claim, rousing the jealous Sonorans to vigorous counter- efforts which resulted in a decree of October 26, 1827, declaring Concepcion de Alamos the capital." These proceedings added fuel to the party-spirit which became so violent in the legislature, that tlie assembly was fora timevirtually inastate of dissolution. Vice-governor Iriarte made himself so conspicuous by advocating division that the unionists succeeded in passing a decree December 20, 1828, declaring him removed and ineligible for reelection.'* Both sides M Circulara of Jan. 20, 1827, .'uly SI. 1828. A list had to be kept of foreign residents or visitors. '-'In the vessels Wol^ and Bruja, during July and August. Hardy's Traiih in Mix. •"Three years later the English war vessel Sapphire came to gather infor- mation on triulo and condition, Coniliier, Voy„ 184-90, 345-64, and the F^iirie traded liere in 1829-:%. B4nard, in Soc. de G4og., xvi. 36-40. •■^ All officials being ordered to meet here on Jan. 10, 1828. The congress ordered the necessary public buildings to be erected. Decree of Feb. 1'.', 1828. Pl., viii. 1286. '^Arrillnije, Hfrrrp., 1820, 42-3. Heated discutisinn of the decree in the logi.sliitiire, ^i(«. Actii S'-ztiiiii, tl-ll. '"In Sinaloa, Culiacan, Cosala, and San Xavier, ■which liad licen roused jirt-iitly liy the removal of tlie capital to Sonora; and in the upper province, ance, and urged that the feelings of the majority lie ascertained. >S''//., Pitirinti CiiiiL, 1-8. "'ihe revenues for 1825, 1826, and 1827 had been 8104.212, .«186,3in, and f-l()S.S14 in Sinaloa, and .pr()val of the division was issued, on October 13th," and in the following month apjK^an d the proclamation for elections for legislatures, whicli were to be installed in March 1831.** The l)oundary between the states was drawn through the ]Mesn , owiny: to the extension of Chihuahua and Duran<'() '•"■J. M. Almaili. aisuincd (riixiola's place when ho olieyed the order to resign. Son., (^on'ui pir tin Tajxitlo. '"On Sept. 17th, in 8 arts, vlierchy Figneroa offered to instate Iriarte liy force if necesoary. PiwiH, Doe. Son., i. 15>4-r), 204. " It had also to make inventories of furniture and other public effects fur division. Decrees 180 1, in /eputy Monteros, and on .luno "tli hu powers wrn- revoked. An extra session «>f tlie legislature was resolved on Aug. 2il f.n- promoting the division and electing a Kenator. " Antl on tlie following day were issued rules for tlioact. fScneral ,as.seiii- Itlies were to Ihj convoked as soon as iK>ssi1ilo at Pitic and Culiacan. 'i lie three depitrtineuts of San Sel»astian, Culiacan, and Fuerte, forming .Sinaloa. were assigned tliree electors each; those of Arizi>c and HorcAsitan, forming; Sonora, four and five respectively. The junta general of 8ouora should dc • igiiate eleven deputies to form its state congress, Sinaloa likewise, ai-tl tlu'y should proceed to frame election laws, and choose .senators. Decree in I'.* arts, in Dn'tltn and fjoziino, Liy. Afrr., ii. 201 3. Arrillaga adds the electii ■ acts from the Occidente constitution of 182.'». Ifi'mjri., IH.30, 4W olS; Mr.: Col. L'l/., 1829 ;», 127 9: S. MijUfI, R^j. So,,.,'!: »» Piiiart, Doc. Son., i. no. 228 .3.3. Some dirticultios occurred, whicli n' quired legislative orders to smooth with fresh election decrees, and an ai.i- nesty appeared on Dec. 20th. The final date of installation was to Iks Man Ii IStli. Provisional regulations were issued for the treasuries. Coraisano Gen. Riesgu fuuud a strong opposition from lleruioaillo. OCJCTDENTE APFAmS. 647 over a wide tract alonj^ tlic western slope of tlie sierra which, by position and interctmrse, pertained to the Occidente/' The i)opulation of tlie new states was estimated at one hundred thousand each," with the ))rosiK)et of a rapid natural jjrowth for the conipara- tiN'ely protected and peaei'ful Siimloa, and a strong counter-attraction for St>nora, ajj^ainst Apache raids, in the mines, and in the wide area, wlilch should bring immijjfration. Indeed, in 1839, the population »)f this state was reported t*) he one hundred and twenty-four thousand," from which a formidable mil- itia could be formed for defence ajjjainst irruptions if tlie local authorities would only enforce the decree ))assed for this imrpoae.*' The last acting goverjior of Occidente was Jjt'onardo Escalante, a powerful promoter of the separation." " VeloKt^, Snn., 15-10. In colonial times, Rinaloa cxtendotl from Rio Kosario to llio Kuertc; Ostiimiri, really liflniigiii^ to it, cuntinueil to Kio Miyo, ami tluMi Smiora. /litniMtft, h'sMni Pnl., i. •_'!("> 7. In Cortii, lUnrin, IS'JO, xi. 'jr>, Siiialoa is said to cxti-nd nvi-n to tlie Ya(|ni, ami MontcroH hlrcti'iios Sonora hcnuo to lat. •{(•. Kijum., Son., Ti. The name tSnnora lieins leuig 1 15; applied also to Sinaloii, as liiija Sonora. Sor. Mfx. dioij., lioi, viii. *_M4 C'lluilli-ro, E^l-iiif. Son., 4; /'i/j». Vnr., exi., ]it 14. •"' Hy otliuial report. aMij; Mrni. Srr. Kxlml., \K\'2, doe. i. 0. Yet UieHKo, Miin. Est.tiil., i. (M), plaeed the ]io|)ulation of Oceideute in IH'JS at eon.sideraoly more than '3N),00<), while i'ahallero estimated it in ISi>'> at ITit.-'ilti. luKtiulitt. Son., 4, M-ith details on ji. 15. *^ ,, !'.(; vii. I.'W-O; i\. '27*2. Stone seeks a ]>artial eause in the Altar nnniiig exeitement of \HHT. Ill, alh.ws only 101. lieing Spaniards, .15,7(i(> mixed, aixl ; .MilW ]lUt. Mr.r., I'tO. The Vaipiis alone nund)en!d ahout 12,000, and lieyund Ari/i>e lived few whites. "•As late as Juno o, 1H:M). J'iwirf, //«•. Son., i. 213 14. Odicial appoint- ments had to he mailc under recommendation from municipalities. The exemption fees, nioditlcd hy decree of Due. 14, 18.')0, were lil>eral enough to allow of witlu evasion. " I'rca. P. Sanchez issued in Feh. 18,31 the congratulatory address to the new states on l>ehalf of the dissolving legislature. V. Kseohosa acted as gov. in the earlier part of May Ihitt). linelnn, ConijtfniL, 100. l^ick of funds caused the suppression of the subordinate jcfos ])oIitieos in A])ril. Acccuinta for settlement were still pending between the two states in 1834. Lieta R. \V. If. Ifanlji, R. N. Tmirh in the Intvnnr of Mvriro in 1835, ISJO, l&i7, and 18J8. Loudou, 1829, 8vo, pp. xiii. aud 540. Illust. with map. 648 UNITED SONORA AND SINAI.OA. This writer wu engaged iii tlio capacity of a cnmmimiimor liy 'thn Oeneral Pearl and Coral KiHlicry AttmMMation of Loiwlon,' and wax occuiticd for mihul' time in exploring the gulf of California in Moarcli of |H!urN. Hix work roii- taina a grout dual of valualile information, not oidy us rt-ganU matters con- nected with theolijuct of liiH vitiit, hut uIho on liiHtorical cvciitit which (K'curri'd at that time. Being in Sonora when political itchiMn'8 were rift;, he ix alilv to HUpply many intereHtins particularly an regarded hy a foreigner, among w hicli may fie mentioned his description of the panic whic!i )ircvailed in Kuerte on the ticcaHion of a falxe alarm lieing given that the Ya(|uiii were approaching, pp. 188' IKJ. Hardy, moreover, xupplieH much information uliout the haliits, cUHtoms, and character of the Mexican people at that time, a.s well ah con- cerning tile Indians of Lower Cal. Tiie Qwirtirtif Uu'li'ir chargei) thin anthor mimewliat too Hcvurely with indulging in 'a certuin allowance of stale joke.s, bad {lUUH, and HUiall wit'; liut in view of tlie really valualile and varied iii- furniatiou he atfords, he may readily be pardoned tuis weakueiis. CHAPTER XXV. SOXORA AND SINALOA AS SEPARATE STATES. 1830-1851. Sonora's First LEotsLATURK— Leapino Towns — Indians vkrsph Whites — Bandkha's Sik — His Dkkeat ash Dkatii— War wmi the YAyris — ExrEhlTIONS AdAINST THE AI'A«;HES— pARTY SlKni(i!.KS— ( JoVKRNOR fiANKARA — UkREA P|{0CI,A1MS KkKKRALISM-He IS HK('()(!NI/KI) hy S1NAI.0A — 1 1 Ankara's CoiNTKit-llKVoi.rrioN— The Yai^iis Roisk hy Oankara— War retwken Fkdkraijsts and (.'entkai.ists — Alhr- NATK .SrCCESSES — ClIANtiKS OK Itll.K.RS— WaR Willi TlIK UniiKU States — (ii'AVMAs Homiiardki) — Amkimcans Takk I'osskssion- Ma/ai- LAN CaI'ITREO — MlOHATION FROM SoNOItA TO (AI.IKORNIA — TlOURLES WITH Al-AUHES — CuANliES IN THE ADMINISTRATION. In 1831 was installed the new lon^islaturca ' of Soiiora and Sinaloa, with Manuel Escalanfe y Arvijjja as governor ' for the former, and Ajjjustin Martinez do (bistro for Sinaloa. A bond still remained hetweou tlie .states in the offiee of romandante t^eneral wliieh embraced both, though located at Arizpe, as the best centre of military operations. In 1835, however, the president created a separate officer of this denomina- tion for Sinaloa."" Another reminder existed in the constitution of both states which differed little from that adopted in 1825.* The capital, as designated by 'Under protection of N. Sra. ile (Jiiadaliipc. as patron saint, /'iimrf. Doc. Smi., ii. .'11, C"). Deputies M'ere to receive .^:{,(X)0 per annum and mileage. ^ K'icalante represented as a kind-hearted and accomjilislied young man, and the ipialitics of Castro approved l>y reflections to otlicc. Jiiiclini, Coiiij)., 1 10; ]'ilii.iro, Son., 71; Cat. l>i]i. St. Pup., iii. &2. An auditing oHice was es- t;ilili-ihed in May 18:M. All ])ul(lie einploj-es were to bo lielil rcMponsiide. I'liKiif, IW. S., iv. 51-5. The i)ay was .S4,0()0. Tiie linal military si paratioii of .^iincira anil Sinaloa took place in 1)S4'J. Diihlim i/ hcniKi, /,<;/. .)/<.r., iv. ll.'t. * Tiiat for Sinaloa, adopteunals, with courts of (649) SONORA AND SINALOA AS SEPARATE STATES. the soparation decree, was Herinosillo, lately known as Pitic,* anre ex-missions, for secularization had been steadily practised since coin nial days. The change from this fatherly regime to republicanism led to unscrupuhius inroads upon the riMnaining missions, until oid^-a few missionaries were left to witness the rapid decadence of their charge in ruined buildings and dispersing congregations. Tliis applies rather to Sonora. One way of spoliation wus to purchase or seize as loans cattle and other ejects, first instance in canton towns, courts w. i ascHorcs in dciMirtmnntal licid towns, and a muHirior court at tlie c:>,pital, of nine juilgcs, was iu'mt Htrictly followed. Coniniunts hi Jinilnn, Conip., 14; Mrx. Zii'ec. 0, in J'iiuni, Vol., no. 272. ^ Name changed l)y decree of Sept. 5, 1828. "On the eaHt side of tlie town is a lime-stone hill, called La Campana fr>>m the hell-like Houmleniitteil M-lien struck near the sunnnit. WiiriTu Mcx., i. .")(l."i, ii. (V.K'i. Mo.st of the opulent merchants resided here. Hanlya Trni:, 'X>; I'iiiiiH, Dor. Son., i. no. 424. ' For tlescriptions of the leading towns I refer to Itiesijo y Vnltlrit, Mem., passim; I'imu-t, Doc. Son., i. 104 12, 14.'), 107, etc.; Comhier, Voif., 17.'> li 204-9, 21()H2; Veliuro, S»n., 17 et scq. By decree of July 5, IS-SO, each my was entitled to two leagues of land on every (juarter, and villas, oiio lea>.'iie anat. Soiu y Sin., 15; Pitjt. Var., cxl. pt 14; Pimirt, Doc. Son., i. !>-' et >• ■!.; Bndnn, Conip., 31-3; Soc. Mtx. Ofo,/., BoL, ep. 2, iv. 66-6. Mazatlan suflcrtd frequently from sturuu, uutably in 183!), and 1855. MISSIONS AND I'RESIDIOS. «B1 and then withhold payment.* The decHnc of tin- presidios, also, hastened that of the northern missions, and the speeial seeuralization decree in 1833 almost completed the dcstruw" 'n. By this time missions that a decade before could Sil' H 000 head of cattle in one lot had a mere renmant lett. Of the eight Queretaro Franciscan missions, and some under Jalisu) Fiancis- can manajjfement only a few had resident nrihislns. With such ix)verty, and exposure to irruptioii • hy savanfes, there was little inducement for curates t(» ac- icpt the charges oft'ered, and about half the poimlation received no regular relil)nM'ing over 450 .square h'agues.'* On tlie fron ;. r the districts were four times larger, and the consecjuent neglect by ministers had led to a partial relap.se into paganism. The relapse among the aboriginal tribes was the more dangerous, as they lived in comparative isolation, which fostered the prejudice again.st the white.s. True, a large proi)ortion of the natives came to serve in the wliite settlenu'uts, and so maintained a bond of inter- course. The numerous Pimas were more scattered, and the advance of .settlers tended to keep them under control; but the Seris kept aloof on the west to fo.ster then* marauding in.stincts, and the Opatas, to the east, while ever the most lojal, and the very bulwark ajainst Apaches, frowned nt any encroachment uj)on tlieir rich tracts. The Yacjuis and Mayos were more restless owing to their position along the very highway of the obnoxious whites, occu^nhig, as they did, the lower course of Jie rivers bearing the same names." •To the Pimeria Alta missions alono were owing in i 29, $4, 4.")(i I>y pre- fiiilio companies, ^l'7,000 by private persons, and S^SO.IKH) by the govt, in stliii'nd-i. Vi'liiMco, Son., 147-9; Pinnrt, Doc. Sou., i. SO I. 'Mto. Meni. Ser. Eitml., 18.H1, app. 8. According to Id., Hac, 18.32, I'.ii'. N., the eight Queretaro missions were supposed to receive JS'J.SOO in stipends, while tlie 21) .Jalisco missions! in .Sonora, Nayarit, and Tarahuniara elit.iined 89,400. " For an account of the diflfereut tribes, I refer to my Xalice Jfwiif, i., iiL '■> - o it 652 SONORA AND SINALOA AS SEPARATE STATES. pi I "I The success of the Yaquis in the revolt of lR2.j 7, and their subsequent practical independence, liad not failed to raise their self-importance, and to make them disloyal on the least pretence. They had imbibed a taste, also, for easily acquired spoils, and it needed, therefore, only a slight provocation to rouse them anew. This came in a decree suppressing the offices of gen- eral,'" which aliecthig the leader of the late revijlt, Banderas, brought him at once to his feet. He had made good use of his authority by maintaining tlie efficiency of his people as warriors, and ac(piirlng arms, and dreamed of a vast Indian confederation in Sonera, with himself as king, to which end he had sent mess'>ngers to different tribes to gahi support, particularly from the bra\ e Oi)atas. The latter gave promises that satisfied Banderas, who thereupon, to- ward the close of 1832, marched at the head of nearlv 1,000 warriors toward their territory, whence he pro- posed, strongly reenforced, to fall upon Ures antl ad- joining towns, in conjunction with Pima allies. His preparations did not escape the whites. Leonardo Escalante, promptly headed a body of citizens from Hermosillo, which strengthened by accessions from other towns enabled him to meet the Yaquis at So- yopa with about 400 men. Either this promptness, or second sober thought, had caused the Opatas to hold back, a few alone joining. Banderas, neverthe- less, accepted battle, wliich, after three hour's obsti- nate fighting, resulted in the total rout of the trihc, and the capture of the chief himself He was quickly tried and shot at Arizpe." The Yaquis had gained too much confidence, however, from former achieve- passim. Sec also Zuniija, Son., 40 et seq. ; Pap. Vnr., clxviii. pt, l.S; Kour. Anmili'^ Vol/., xciii. ; Ricni/n, Mem. E.s/,ii(l,, 1-6. '-Oct. .10, 18;W. The eight Yaqui pueblos were ruled hy oue director, one alcalde mayor, one capt.-gen,, two lieiit-generals, and one regidor for eacli puehlo. Nearly the same system applied to tlio nine Mayo jiuehlos. Esnidrm, Soil., 100-1. Tile Yaqui population was about 1 '2,000. Thiicaptain-gL'iu'r.d had been granted an allowance after tlie former revolt, /{iiw/o, Mem., '1'; Piiinrt. Dor. Sou., i. 85, '2'2'.i. "By decree of Jan. 23, 1833. Pinart, Doc. Son., MS., ii. no. 59. monts to be disheartened by tl,is d.f ♦ . 'lie Sons, cntinued the Ln i''^' '>"<' ""'''d l-v 'ft« nine n>o„tl,sAwth vlrf^''"' "'"• *"■' i' unti Wl authorities ,„ana"ed t^r- ?*'' '"""■''■ "'«t tl^j ' ^ymthy With tie re£r'T-'l'%*" '''"■- !'"■. vh™ a rev„It occurred at Tori in 'r,*] ^"""•'■''." «■-• ;-e the Co^oterr-l^i^^'^^-.T-"'-. *^-t ''S '"». wj,„, j„i„^.j frefinenH I "^"f' '" wutliern Ari ':;;-• "^l Mo^JZ'^L^''''^ Chirieagr.is, G ." r"'-':'. and Lis Ani,^L "f "l.^i't^vi, Pa|K.ra, Turi '«"o result wa'::.cEfY ""-r" i."p : '";' t lern portion of tJ,o sttt'I. t .•'''''"P"'"'''"" "f the !';->';« and «ottle,n™t*' :; * '? <''''^l;i-a''ar,ce "f e ♦''.'• nnnes which liad attj' t '" ."'"""'"nnient of •■"-Is extended benmd A .?''''', *''°''>«"'l»- '' I'l e JlcrmosilJo. ^ "'"' A"^l«. and around Ures and , Over JOO Vo i "^ '"''•>'' '^'""lig.i. .V,,,,,. / , GM SOXORA ANT) SINALOA AS SEPARATE STATES. more exp-^rt than tho Mexicans. Following up their advantages, the Indians advanced close to Arizpe, spreading consternation through the state. The peo- ple were now roused by very fear to greater exertion ; inducements were offered to volunteers, a coalition of the northwestern states was formed, and by tlio autumn of 1834, several victories had been gained over the Apaches, who had grown over-confident by their recent successes. The famous chief, Tutije, was captured, and executed at Arizpe. After this, a large portion of the volunteers returned home, leaving five hundred men to pursue the scattered bands. This being a less successful system, peace negotiations were opened, at the instance of Comandante Mora, which met witli disapproval on the part of the civil authori- ties," who maintained that extending peace to sucli treacherous foes was only giving them time to recu})- erate for fresh inroads, while the governor informed IMora that he might conclude treaties, but the citizens would again go forth and exterminate every Apaclic found with arms in hand. The legislature ap})roved his determination, and on September 7, 1835, proclaimed a war of extermination, a prize of one hundred dollars being offered for each scalp taken.'" A campaign of fierce determination followed, which lasted till August 1836, when tlie ardor of the volunteers having at length abated, pea< o was once more concluded, to last, as heretofore, only till the Indians felt themselves strong enough to renew their raids." The general government had giv( n little heed to appeals for aid, the disorder in the cen- tral states, and the Texas question, which arose at this time, being too absorbhig to admit of border districts obtainhig much consideration. " Correspondence on the 8ul)ject in Pinnrt, Dor. Son., ii. 49-56. For ii.ii- ticnlars of these campaigns, see M, i. 2.15; ii. 18-10, 2(5; A/., nos 305, :tl.'i, 345, 373; AmlUuja, Recap., 1830, 310-11; Cal. Dtpt. St. Pap., Ben., C. .1 T., iii. 63; VeliMco, Son., 112. ^'' BiirtMl'x Xiin:, i. .322-3; Foster's An'jeles, MS., 12-14. •*In Sept. and Oct. 1836, several raida already took place. Pinarl, Ol, no. 480. POLITICAL STRUGGLES Notwithstonding the a.if.f "^ Ir^^^^'^r^ra^dnoteTa^^T caused by Indian the struggles betvveen nS , *^'^ "^.""^^ «^''«in^' fr<>. Zavale.a caused tur^noif a^,'l^^ The ,\ ' Procla.nied against it wh. ^^^""^ "^ ^^"^'««t 1833 general, Arre|ui,l;t,,rj^;^;^^^^^ tj.o oon.andanS FPPress the revolution T.i''"',^'"''^'''^'^' '''^'m to -ued decrees inflict r;,ea^"nn''^'t'^'""^' '"^-v. Arizpe, decrees which woro J ] ^""^ *^^"«« ^^^'o joined yet Hermosillo ^ Z^^^f ^Y ^^^ J^^^U denounce the legislature A?. ''''! ""^ ^'^«itate to '>bnoxioustothetronn« i T^'^''""' ^^as persomllv^ sidios hav.-ngn;:t 7& t'^"'^''7'« ^<'nT^ ^?^- ^0, 1833, and lirEl';^'^^ ^^^-^^^^ Ins place/' ^^^"^ Cronzaloz installed in The agitation found fnt-fi. J?reat struggle of the c(i„:^^^^^^^ in the 1|;« ''.eral principles aZ^'lA""^ t^^^ ^^^^^^ The legislature declared it? n.-^-"''7 ^^^^^^^^^1 rule.- people that no reforms atf/l? *"*" /^^^ '-^-^^^^i"!? the -untenanced.- TlChS"^' "'''■^^'^^" ^^^^^ '" '^y the popular spirit nrl?, • ^V"''' '^^« rm.<'niz(>d -'^ other^ pointrTffirS ::T""'^'"^ ^^ ^^--^'uz ^'entrahsm, under which rehv/ '''"f ' *^« Pawning ^|.ou,ng evils. A change StT ^T'"^ ^^'^ ^-'^ ^^''^re^rard of the authoritL ^ ti 'T'^"^' -^^^^ ^•^•'«<^'»S- I'^P^^eially in the way of Li^fv ' ^T^''' ^''^^rict.? '"ore regular pa v.^^ "^ ^ati.fung the troops with 'he new era was marked hy the ir. p , ^"A lis* or ew,es .uh a ^^-»«fonnation of ,,.:'£^n.^^ ^. v.. th. «eH. r„ t,r" '■' ' '^ '"" '■' , 834. 7..^. A„,. ,,^ ,3^^ K;::;:;rt'';:;;;-!:^'\;r^^-'f. ,,,;^l-Wtio„aof J„„8.,5.an.Oet.24 1834 " ^. ' ""• ^''"• " '^"'ne of the tr„„. ' ^"""^' ^'"- ^'>": «• G56 SOXOnA AXD RTNALOA AS SEPARATE STATlvS. U ■ i! ! i .ii'ii tlic states into a flopartnicnt, witli four ]iivfocturas. ' jSTanuol M. (xiiiulara boinjx the first (jovonior. (jcii- eral Joso Urroa was iiiado coiuandantL'-jjjeiural. Tlie ai)i)oiiitnu'iit of Urrca was singular. Ho was rccog- iiiz"(l as a standi fodoralist, and liis aj)[)ointinc'nt was due only to President Bustainante's ])ersonal regard. No sooner had ho arrived at his headquarters, Arizpe, then ho proclaimed, Dcccndjer 2('), 1837, the restoration of the federal system, and secured from the (Juaymas custom-house over one hundred thou- sand dollars.'^ ])isa])i)ohjtcd in the prospects of amelio- ration, and caught by the very magnitude of the project, troops and citizens responded in dift'erent directions, notably at Arizpe, Ures, Hermosillo, Te])ic, Mazatlan, and Culiacan, till Urrea not oidy had men enough to meet the departmental govenunont, but was ab^e to send bodies to op[)oso the central corps advancing upon him from Sinaloa, and sup[>ort the pronunciamiento made in Mazatlan. Gandara joineil the movement, was declared provisional govi'rnor, and a congress was convened to reform the federal constitu- tion in furtherance of the self iiovermnent of tlie states. On March 14, 1838, the congress assembled, ITrrea Ixinu iiovernor-elect and L. Escalante vice- governor. The Icijislature confirmed Urrea as com- andante-general, general of the federal army, and protector of Sonora and Sinaloa,^" conferring u})oii him full powers to raise armies, and form alliances. ' This pnvil(\ge ho quickly availed himself of by oH">ro|)riate inscriptions was ordered to ho placeil on i)ul)lio htiilii- ings. Farias and Vie/ca were ofl'ered an asylum with land. Pitiart, 1)im:. Sun., ii. 133 4, 1311 40. '' rieuipuiituutiuricij were to be sent to other utaten to form a uoalitiou. I'RONUNflAMIKNTO. foliowers thr I • i ^ -^«,noial,lvi;i^;^- -;^^ in different I" SmaJoa t]u" forma? "'''''.'''' ^•«''«titutl<>n." Mm- or SisAUKv '' Oh March «>7fi, fi. ""K^. Ptatk^, Vol. ir .., 65H SONORA AND MrNA[X)A Afl SKPARATE STATES. made on January 12, 1838, at Culiacari, by Coloiul Cuevas, soconded by Orrantia. acting govornoi- ' This was followed by the capture of Rosario ,iii«l Cosalit," while Urroa came down with aSoiioran forcr in April in two vessels, and took possession of Mazatlan, wliich added greatly to liis resources by sea and land." These were not of much avail how- ever. By this tinic the government had been al)lc to take steps to check the movement. On the 20tli General Paredes appeared before Mazatlan with a strong column, and reminded the garrison that its first duty was to join in opposing the French, who were then threatening the republic. This ap|)eal to patriotism shook the allegiance of several of Urrea s officers, so that Paredes found little difficulty in cur- rying the town by assault on May Gth." Il^rroa i\v(\ to San Bias, and failing t«> rouse this place, headnl the campaign in the interior of Sinaloa. This, liow ever, languished, owing to the call for Urrea's prcsciico elsewhere, and a small force sufficed to give tht^ final blow to the movement. Meanwhile (Hndara changed his velws with iv- gard to the expected political formation and fell back upon his former position as centralist governor, as- suming the lead in the counter-revolution which was promoted at Horcasitas. He proclaimed it his duty to suppress the movement in favor of the federal sys- tem, and profited by the reaction of fear among wav- ^ Who on the 16th recognized Urroa as protector of Mexiran liberty and placed tlui resourcos of the atate at his diapoaal. RexUtunulor Fed., Fcli. (i, March (i, 18.18. A cause for this lay in the disaatisfaction with the goviMii- meat for closing Mazatlan to foreign trade at the close of 1837, on llio ground of smuggling. .'^*«. Propos., 3-'20. Changes in Coinerc. de GuwI., Eirpos., 1-8; /'(H). Vnr., Ixxvi. pt 10. The port was ordered to be reoju'iiiMl by decree of Feb. 22, 1838. ArrUlaija, Rwnp., 1838, 61; and now again closed on account of rebellion. •'•Hy Cuevas and Cirrasoo, the latter sacking Cosala taking at Itvist $50,000 in silver bars, iMssidea jewels, etc. Jivltm, Comp., 14; I'innrl, Prx: Son., ii. 119. ^^Diai-io, Gdh, June 21-22, 18:J8; Lowemtem, Afex., 401, 424-:{0. IJu.sta- mante writes that of $70,000 duties and other effects, seized partly at (ruay- mas, heaent 170 silver bars to New Orleans in his own name. Galiineta, i. GO I. ''He took the place in quarter of an hour. Id., 59-00; Buelna, Corny., 14; NiUat' Reg., liv. 336. CIVIL WAR. sra oriiig federalists to obtain recruits. Not content with these, he appealed tt> the Yaguis, his former foes, and to still worse northern tribes; nor did he scruple to pander to their propensities for plunder, which re- sulted in the Papagos' ignoring his authority, as did the Yaquis to a great extent. Both factions added to the burden of the people by enforcing contributions. Several encounters took place, the first of note be- ing at Chino (xordo, on May 2'Jd, followed l)y the taking of Hermosillo and the capture of Vice-governor l<]scalante. Urrea now appealed to the peo[)le, call- lug upon them to redeem th(>ir pledges of support. Entering Alamos with 700 men, he afterward advanced atjainst the (landaristas, and in Auijust gained a brilliant victory, followed by successes at Belen and other points, wliich culminated in the capture of Arizpe in October. These successes were neutralized by centralist pro- gress in the south, and Urrea's opponents, taking ad- vantage of his temporary absence, gained a crowning triumph, November IDth, at Opode[)e.'' (jriindara was exultant, but avoided mention of the loss of life and destruction of property," which was aggravated by the Yaquis and Papagos, who rose in 1840 and committed serious depredations, though the Yaqui general, Juan Maria Insa Camea lost his life in assist- ing to (juell the movement.'* It required a cUnse campaign to reduce the relxils, who assisted by tiie Apaches left a wide track of devastation in the dis- trict of Horcasitas." ^'' Consult ^M/Mi/(i, ConltHt., 20-1; Paji. Var., IS."*, iin, ;i; BuxUimanti; (htlii- nitr, MS., 249-53." ■'•/':M!, 203; Soc. Mex. Oeofj., BoL, xi. 92-3, 9H-9; Mcx. Me»i. Ouer., 1841, 36; I'imrU Doc. Son., iL 82-41 131, 1.37, 142, 150-1, 166; P(tp. Var., civ. pt 4. fclf 180 SONORA AND S1NAIX)A AM 8KPARATE STATES. Gslndara made himself rich by the war, and sur- rounded himself with stanch adherents. He retained the comandaneia njeneral for scmie time, and removed the capital from Arizpe to San Jose de lt)8 Ures, in spite of supreme orders to place it at Hermosillo. His tenure of power, however, did not last long. In 1841 Urrea again agitated Sonora, not with success, but its aim -to raise Santa Anna to the dictatorship — was su})ported by Paredes in Jalisco. Gilndara failed to catch the import, and Cuerta, second military chief, more clear-sighted, seconding the movement, compelled him to retire, the government being left to the management of J. L. Pico. A flood of long pent-up complaints now burst forth, resulting in the reappointment from Mexico of Urrea to both the civil and military commands. The new ruler was eagerly welcomed in May 1842, and at once took steps to suppress the inroads of the Apaches. A! though those measures were most necessarv, Gdndara resuscitated the ])olitical {igitation by inciting the Yaquis and Mayos, who were devoted to him, against Urrea's administration, securing also the cooperation of other tribes. The first outbreak occurred in May, and was soon suppressed by Urrea. Supporters of the movement, nevertheless, increased in numbers, and, on July 24tli, they attacked Hermosillo, suftering a repulse. On August 2r)th, they were routed with great loss at Norias de CJuadalupe ; " but sustaining themselves hy plunder, gained possession of a few minor towns, antl several ranchos. But this source of supplies natur- ally failing, negotiations were followed by a formal peace of the usual kind which only led to further depredations." '' Urrea attacked 1,.'>00 iiiaureeiits with only 2.19 men and one gun. He killed 200, sustaining a loss of 9 killed and 17 wounded. Voto Son., Sept. 2, J842, no. ;«}; Id., Sept. 21, Dec. 21, 1842; Mrx. Mem., iii. doc. .1; Voto no. 21. ^la June 1843, Huerta, Armenta, and some others were t^tttght . .. (.hot. Voto Son., June 8. July 27, Aug. 10, 17, 31, 1843. «;OVE,'v,NOR FONCE UE LKiOS. Ml III Soptombcr 1843, Cnlndara attain oaiiio on his o|)|)onent at (jruaynias, Tepepa, and Opodepe, the battle at the last-named place being won on Novi^nber 27th.'* Nevertheless, the war continued with alternate suc- cess until, in 1844 the assembly, now installed at Her- niosillo, invested Urrea with extraordinary j)owers, which he used to such good purpose that the riibellion was nearly extinguished at the close of March." The Giindaristas had carried on a double contest with Urrea, one in Sonora with arms, the oth.er at Mexico with charges against him, accusing him of nialeadministration and infringement of the laws. While it was n«)t evident that Urrea performed hisduty as ruler, it cannot be denied that (Jandara was culpa- ble in rouslnjx semi-barbaric tribes to sustain his cause ; nevertheless, the govermnent, being weak, de- termined to make a concession by replacing the ob- noxious governor.*' Notwithstanding the protests of Urrea's j>arty, Briiradier F. Ponce de Leon assumed charge as t'ov- ernor and coman(hmte-general in April 1844, and in .Vugust the reustablishnient of peace was announced. Urrea remained in tlu^ department, and prepara- tions were resumed to defend the frontier against vVpache inroads, as well as curb the Seris with whom a peaceful arrangement was made. which only resulted, ^* Urrea claims to have dofoatwl \,M0 rabble, I'ausiiig tliciii a loss <>f iJOO. I'imirf, Vol., no. C78. Son. Bol., Nov. US, 1843; Piiiart, Doc. Son., iii. UA; Sor. Mex. Geoij., viii. 527. *• Urrea Itr.^ciin, ,3-7. The Otiudaristas were closely preh8eein^ annulled whieii declared Ari/iio the seat of government. Gaxiola had insisted on residing at Hermoaillo, which by decree of Aug 19, 1843 had been atlirnted aa capital, Duhlan, Lij. Mix., iv. 623, while tho contenii>orary assembly remained at Urea. Cuc.iU followed his example. Piiuirt, Doc Son., iii. 177, 11)0-2; 297-311, iv. 1, 4. *-,VVith Luis Redondo for vice, and I. M. Mendoza for treasurer, (v ballos did come, but found it prudent to rcsiiru in Oct., leaving rnestji to continue in charge till the electu.a. Soiion'nuf, Oct. 30, Nov. 6, Dee. 4, 1 Wti. Pimirt, Doc. Son., iv. 1. Bustamante, Hint. InviMinn, li. 110, has a pcnr opinion of Cucsta, ■'^ A provisional governor or the chief justice waa to replace the regular governor, tho vice. gubernatorial olFico being alwliahed. Ihe state was de- clared to embrace nine partidoa. This organic law waa signed at Urcs mi May 13, 1848, by F. N. Lopez, president, J. Martinez, J. Estevaii Milla, M. M. Encinas, 'I. Encinas, F. J. Agu'.lar, M. Campilln, and R. Buelna, the latte two acting as secretaries. It was iosut'ii by M. M. Gdndara on t ^ loth, countersigned by Secretary C. N.i «w/o, 1848, 1-48, with 103 arts. OnMayJtitli 12 arts. Text in C'orfca Nac., July 14, 18 IN juncil had been abolished. Deputies rcccivcil for mileage. Sonoreme, June Iti, 23, July M, 16, 71-2. Velasco, Sonant, 24-3.3, conmiuuts ease suplentes in the legislature, on lack oi , June 1847 three prefecturas were decrceil, IJres, Hermosillo, and Alam.j, with salary of $1,400, subsequently $1,(300, and the municipal government was graded according to four classes of set tlements, cities, partido capitals, places of 500 inhabitants and over, ami places with less. Rules in Pinart, Doc. Sonora, iv. 33-5, 3&-40. In 184rnati^ siK'nallii boats, I considei tiio war ijressive decided unexpec clo.se of Kearney Chilli forni ai"iJy occ ^'ore, con .^y grant '"g out t tJie adjoi »l>le-bodi( anns," ar ^^ponded ^^ oydecre fon. Hi. 323, <-«iifornia rec^ i^P'«. Ecoivyi lilK TEXAS QUESTION. the peaco, in proportion to their population. The new constitution was not issued until May 1848, owing partly to the war with the United States. The Texan question had given early premonitions •t' danger from the neighbor republic, and here as elsewhere Americans had become subject to suspicion and restrictions. In September 1846 came the news of impending war, with an order to L-.id militia reiin- foreements and other aid to Chihuahua; but the no- tice of blockade by United States war vessels made it apparent that Sonora would need all she could raise for her own defence. On October 5th, indeed, ap- peared the Cyatiti, Commander Dupont, preceded by tiie war sloop Dak, with a demand for the surrender of Guaymas and the two small gun-boats, or the al- ternative of bombardment. Commandant Campuzano signalling his refusal by applying the torch co the boats, Dupont opened fire on the 7th, and inflicted considerable damage on the town, besides cutting out the war brig Condor.'^ This much accomplished, ag- j^ressive operations were suspended, a blockade being (iocided upon. New fears arose, however, from the unexpected appearance on the northern border at the olo.se of 1840, of a large expedition under General Kearney, which crossed from New Mexico to Alta California, through Tucson, this place being tempor- arily occupied. Preparations for defence were, there- fore, contiimed, and the legislature joined in the effoii by granting the governor extraordinary powers, call- ing out the militia, and forming an arrangement with the adjoining states for mutual aid. Subsequently all able-bodied Sonorans were summoned to take up arms," an appeal to which more than 1,000 men n- ^^ponded within the day. =^/m£i(pon., Nov. 11, 1846. ''■By decree of April 22, 1847. Sonoretue, Jan. -June, passim; Pmart, Doe. Am,, iii. 323, iv. 2, no. 824 et se*).; Son. Ley. Vcaios , 9. An appeal from CVklifurnia received official attention. The bishop Joined i> stirring np tha people. MkonomiaUi, July 7, 1847. 1 > m M ^^^._ I «'.« SONOHA AN') SINALOA AS SKl'AKATE STATKS !1 r ?f %,i ^6 , >*, /& :'*■«.>„ ^')%.. M )j^. -9«: V, V in it;"'^^ __iy N'kw Map of Sonoka VTKS FOREKtN \KSSKLS. 667 *>] Little could be done to strengthen the frontier, when all available troops were demanded for active operations in the centre and north-east of the invaded n'j)ublic. While the pn^sidio seemed protected by the wilderness beyond, the coast lay exposed to a tlircatening squadron. Attention was, therefore, mainly directed to fortifyin^^ (Tuaymas, as the poit of the state; to which end the garrison was increased in March to four hundred men; a fort was constructed oil Casa Blanca hill, and additional guns were mounted.** On October Mi, 1847, the frigate CoiKjrcss, Captain Lavalk'tte, appeared l)efore Guaymas, followed by the sloop of war J*ortsmovtli and the prize brig Argn, ' fVoni which a thirty-two pounder and some smaller arms wirc( landetl on Ahnagie island and another point under cover of night. This accomplished, a summons tor surrender was made on the 1 9th, and Connnand- iint Campuzano refusing, fire was opened on the fol- lowing mornintj with such effect that in less than an hour the wliitc flag was hoisted. Persuaded that re- sistance would C/nly entail useless destruction of prop- erty, Campuzano had withdrawn to Bacochivampo, there to guard the approach to the interior, leaving the municipality to make terms for the town." Most of the inhabitants had fled, and foreign traders and otlu IS who remained were permitted to leave in boats for a villaije some distance to the north, owin*; to the cutting off of water and food ))y the Mexican corps of observation. The fortifications were blown up and a guard posted, partly for the protection of ^ Owing to the active participation of citizens, Caniimzano reiiortod tliat wga to Such (. Amoricar States s( ^fexican '•'ockade, a"ti formJ 'Oth, CoiJ INTERNAL DISCORD. 669 ♦f peace, signed in May 1848, causing the departure •f tlie hostile squadron. In Sinaloa the invaders had been favored in their cli'signs upon the rich port of Mazatlan by intenial ulsscnsions. In 1845 R. de la Vega and F. Facio fijjjured as governor and comandante-goneral, respec- tively, to the discontent of a growing faction,*^ which on January 5, 1846, pronounced against them, at Mazatlan, and declared the civil and military author- ity vested in Lieutenant-colonel Angel Miramon, with adlicsion to the plan of San Luis lately issued by Paredes.*^ This was adopted at Culiacan and several other places." Paredes chose to appoint other men for the commands,"' but his own position being preca- rious Colonel Tellez, en route to California with troops, seized the opportunity to remain at Mazatlan and pronounce for Santa Anna, on May 7th under a fed- eral system, with himself as comandante-general and governor. Both titles being disputed the latter by Vega and another claimant, " and the former by T. Romero, Tellez marched against them, routed the latter at Las Flechas, September 1 5th, and compelled Vega to seek safety in flight. Such demoralization favored the approach of the Americans, and on September 7, 1846, the United States squadron touched at Mazatlan, captured a Mexican brig of war, and established a temporary blockade, which was resumed in the following April, and formally proclaimed in August. On November lOtli, Commodore Shubrick demanded the surrender i >1 '^' Vega was charged with smuggling. Amii/o Piirk, Aug. IV), 184.'), and MoniJ.-CwiMU. ; Mem, llist., Feb. 10, 1840. Facio was declared iiicapahle. "•(See UmL Mew., v. thia series; Tu'inpo, .Ian. 2t), 184<). ''Mem. I fist, Feb. 15, 2.S, 1846. "^.F. I. (lutierrez as comandante, and Martinez Castro as governor, \» lio &-^.suiiiud control in March. Id., Apr. 8, 1846; (intierrez, CoiUext., 'J5; i'nji. y>ir.. xli. pt 19. '*(!. Layja, appointed from Mexico in Oct. V^ega controlling^ tlic eloc- tiiiTi at the capital managed to declare himself chnson, regarciless of tiie voto fiitzonador, Nov. 10, 1847. The legislature sustained him. Pinart, ''"L iiu. 854. 670 SONORA AND SINAJLOA AS 8EPARATK STATES. of the port, which being refuscxl, h(^ landi-d Home six hundred men with four guns, and took possession, Teilez retirinix to Presidio de Mazatlan, ei<>;lit leairuos distant. Sliubrick left throe hundred men in the ]ilac(^, under the direction of Ca}>tain Lavallette, in command t)f tlic (.'tmf/rrss ; authorities were ap[)ointcd, and every ])recaution was taken to cahn tlie people."* Meanwhile Teilez and Ve!j;a became enyaijed in rival eH'orts to secure supremacy, Vega sustaining himself at Culiacan as governor. After a feeble at- tempt at resistance on the part of Tellcz, whose con- duct disgusted his folh)wers, A'ega was recognized us governor. While his forces were engaged in observu- tions around Mazatlan, seveial skirmishes took ])\m'v with the invaders, little loss of life being incurriid. ' In March 1848, news of the cessation of hostilities arrived, and on June l7th the port was formally iv stored to Mexico. While the war with the United States was goin'4 on, Apache invasions into Sonora caused great distrtss. More settlements were destroycid, and even the sub urbs of Ihes were assailed, compelling the abandon mc!nt of the Tubac i)residio. A war tax was establislKil in February 1848, and the su))remc congress havint,' granted a portion of two hundred thousand dollars ' devoted to the protection of exposed states, seviral exj)editions were sent out, with no more result tliaii that, ill the following years, Indian raids and outrages were followed up with the same hnpunity. Extend* d desolation followed, made wide-sweeping by the ini- [)overished condition of the national treasury, and the drain upon the population caused by the exciteimiit of ijold discoveries in California. This lured awav '^Vorn'o, Niif., Deo. 14, 1847. Details in U. S. Gov. Dor., cong. ."tO, siw '2, II Ex. Doc., i., pt ii. ; Rmimfjf's Other Side, 428-9; Riplcy'x War Mu:, ii. ti04-(i; CineinnntUH, frnvelK, 81 'J; Mex. Treaties, vii., pt 11; C.-ilifonmiii, l'V'l>- 9. 1848. '">(!. S. Gw). Doc., tU mjh, 1105-22; Cmreo, Nac, Dec. 14-15, 1847: H'i- zottador, Dec. II, 184?; Arco Irk, Dec. 24, 1847, Jan. 28, 1848. "'Sonora received $20,000. Jfftc. Col, Ley., 1848, 468. MILITARY COLONIES. 07 1 [)()th citizens and troops, leaving tlic state in despair, by withdrawing its stanchest defenders/"' and oven the heads of departments." Wages and pri(;cs rose fast, and plans were discussed and tried in ordor to arrest the exodus, but of no avail, — the fever had to luii its course. As regards security of tlio frontier in 1H4S, five military colonies were assigned for Sonora, to be located |)robably at Babispc, Fronteras, Santa Cruz, Altar, and Tucson. So dilatory, however, was the supreme i^a)vernment that by the end of 1850 only that of Fronteras had been properly planted, Santa Cruz Ixnng in course of formation, while the rest were not even located. The total force reached only three hundred and thirteen men, and as troo))s were needed to oppose the Indians, the state was ordered to e«juip, at federal expense, four companies of national mounted <>uards, each to consist of fifty men and four ofticiirs." This measure also languished, and the total force for lHr)0 was only five hundred and twenty-soven men.^' The state endeavored to attract foreigners by liberal olfcrs of land, on condition of being liable to certain inUltary duties, but the national government overruled tlu! measure as extravagant and dangerous. ^m m i 1 Political factions continued their strife, and In March 1848 a plot was formed to kidnap Governor (i!;indara, and replace him by Redondo, with Elias '-It is catiin.'ittMl tliat ])etween Oct. 1848, wlicn tlio lirst earaviin left llcniioHillo, and Maroli 184!), more tlian .'jiOOO porHoiis (li;])arte(l. I!)uriii); tho lirst four iiioutliH of IS.'iO, fully (),00() loft, taking with tliuiu al)out .^Tt.OOO in Ixiasts of l)unlon. Vclasco, Soiiora, '280- (M, places tlu; (ixodus liy Man'li KSt!( at not loss than 4,000. Passports wore recjuired for di,'[)artur(!, hut miiiihcrs left without the douunicnt. Poverty prevented a still greater t:nii- fj;i:ilii)n. Sur. Mtx. Ofoi/., xi. Ill, 120; ii. 5'.); Pvinrf, Dor. Sonnni, iv. IIS, m et S(HJ. '^ A decree wa:s ))assed authuriKing tlie governor to lill vacancies in niuni- eipal aiul other otfices. Pimirt, Vol. Doc, ii., no. lOOIJ. ■'At a monthly expense of $1,521 per company. Soiioirmi, Nov. 2, I84S>. '■'Of whom 132 belonged to battalion, 4 of infantry, .50 to the national ^uard, the rest being classed as military colonists, including those in Lower I al. Mex. Mem. Ouer., 1851, doc. 1, H-4, For remarks on tlie decaying con- dition of the presidio and colony sites, see VdUvtro, Son., 104-2.1; .S""^ M^x. 'Inxj., ii. 58, 63-5; viiL 522-7, 453-6; Zinii;i'i, Son., 60-6. A M •72 SONORA AND SINALOA AS 'EPARATE iSTATES. P Gonzalez as comandante-general, which office Gandara also held." As it was, Redondo received the vote in May for substitute governor, and Gonzalez succeeded to military command in December." In the autumn elections, Josd Aguilar was the chosen candidate, and assumed the governorship in April 1849, Juan Bau- tista, a brother of Gdndara, ruling ad interhn."" Aguilar found his position so far from enviable that he tendered his resiijnation on more than one occasion, and was allowed to retire in October 1851, on leave of absence.'" In January 1851 a new comandante-general arrived, the brave and energetic Colonel J. M. Carrasco. Un- fortunately, within six months he was carried ^fF by cholera,** and his successor. General Blanco, failed to meet the expectations formed. There was particular need at this time for a firm military commandc r. Wide-spread alarm had been created by rumors of filibustering preparations in California, directed against the rich and forsaken northwest, notably under Gen- eral Morehead, who, however, failed to obtain suffi- cient support." '•He had accepted it Feb. 25, 1848. Campnzano filled it until 1847. Moreno, pref. ; Sonorense, Mar. 3, 22, May 24, June 4, Aug. 16, 1848. " Pivart, Doc. Sonora, iv. 72, 99. Gdndara threatened to press a claim of $400,000 for advances and losses during the war of invasion, wliich induced the government to recall an order for Gen. Urrea to interfere. Several strong protests were issued by Gdndara, who was in fear of his powerful rival commanding at Durango. Cremony's Apaches, 39-40; Sonorense, Oct. 13, 20, Nov. 3, 1848. Urrea died Aug. 1, 'l849. Pinart, Doc. Sonora, iv. 1,')9. "* Aguilar resigned in Oct. 1851, the ad interim governor being M. M. Gaxiola. When the federal system was overthrown, in 1853, Aguilar retired from politics. Aifuilar, Vindic, 4. '•Floods in Oct. 1848 had added to the distress. The governor's message •f March 1851 was more hopeful. Sonoreruie, Nov. 17, 1848; Pinart, Doc. Sonora, iv. 297-8. ** On July 21st, at Cochori. His death was a calamity, Voz Pueblo, July .30, 185J, attributed by certain anti-Gdndarists to poisoning. Carrasco's condemnation of previous methods had roused Gdndara and others against him. HaWa Son., MS., 67; Mcx. Mem. Guer., 1852, 45. J. M. Flores snc- cocded him temporarily. "•Morehead went to Mazatlan about the middle of 1851 in the Jonepfiine, knt did nothing. Mex, Mem. Over., 1852; Ii\form. Comis. Penquis., 8. I iipi ',-m CHAPTER XXVI. FILIBUSTERING INVASIONS FROM CALIFORNIA. 1852-1854. Raoosset de Boulbon's Early Career— His Schemes — Pindray's Fron- tier Colony — Raodsset's Grant — Arrival in Sonora — Hostility of Officials— Capto RE of Hermosillo — Raousset Atfacked with Fever — Retires to Guaymas — The Adventcrer-s Capitulate — New Schemes of the Frenchman — The CompaSia Restauradora — Raous- set Goes to Mexico— A Second Expedition Planned — The Return to Sonora — Raousset Duped by YaUez — The Mexican Barracks at Guaymas— Plan, of Attack — Assault of the Filibusters — Their Defeat — Disposal of the Prisoners — Execution op Raousset — His Character. Sonora at leagth received the aid in troops and arms, which had been refused for defence against more savage foes. ' These measures proved opportune, for a really formidable expedition was fitting out at the time in California. For three years adventurers had been drifting into San Francisco from every zone, lured by gold. Finding near realities below their ex- alted expectations, they strained their eyes for pros- pects rendered more glittering by distance and vagueness. Stories of the precious mountains of Sonora, the gold nuggets of the Gila, and the silver bullets of the Apaches, so current on the Mexican border, found ready acceptance among this class of fortune-hunters, who dreamed only of sudden and easy acquisitions. ' Blanco brought in March 1852 suflScient resources to place 1,500 men under arnn. Tanori anrl other friendly Indian cliiefs received honors to en- ^iiro their loyalty. Pimrt. Doc. Son., v. 2, 10-17 Foreigners were now jilaecil under greater restrictions, and their status duly deKned. Those neg- lecting passports were to be heavily fined. Nacional, Oct. 21, 1853. Hist. Mex. States, Vol. II. 43 (673) '?&.. m M -II 1 1 '■' ':i 874 FILIBUSTERING INVASIONS FROM CALIFORNIA. Prominent among them was a French count, Gas- ton Raoulx de Raoussct-Boulbon, of an ancient l)ufc decayed Provence family.' Imbibed traditions and manners had stamped him as a child with a hauglity determination that procured for him the api)ellati()n Little Wolf; yet a natural generosity assisted his Jesuit teachers of Fribourg to subordinate tlicse traits to lofty sentiment and regard for dignity. ]{e- pelled by the frigidity of an unsympathetic father, he hastened, at the age of eighteen, to Paris, t(» yield to the giddy whirl. Talented and handsome, he was well received in society. To a graceful figure of barely medium height was added an oval face of strongly marked features, frank in expression, and well set off by an incipient mustache and imperial of blonde hue. The dreamy eyes fired upon slight provocation. He was a dashing horseman and a good fencer ; skillful with the sword and rifle as with the pen and pencil, and shone equally in song and conver- sation.* With the decrease of a maternal leu]Iets officers listed bj t^'tiy qui( to clear i cover th plaza I ga tainin^ rankc." i irtillerists, 26 MmletHne, 1 73 greatly. " Pinart, 1 "upport Soaor (JAI'TUUK OF HKllMOSILLO. 079 kt;pt his routo Hocret, in order to surprise the impor- tant town <-f Ht'vniosillo, witli over ten thousand in- liabitants, i A with tiiis advantaj^e to dictate demands for justice, lis lie dechired to some, though really to |iroelaini the independence of Sonora, sustained by the frontier allies, and by the immigration to be in- vited. A lovo att'air induced him to jjrolong his halt at Mag(hil(!na, and enabled ]^lanco to anticipate him in the occui)ati(Mi of Ifermosillo; so that on [)resenting himself here, October 14th, he found fully one thou- sand men prepared to defend tlie place." A com- iiiissioii from the prefect came forth to propose an arranLrement, evidentlv to detain him. }iaousset'3 icply was to draw his watch — it was eight in the morning. "Tell the prefect," he said, in a sharj), de- cisive tone, ** that within two hours I shall enter Her- inosillo, and by eleven I shall make myself master of it, if oppi.aition is shown." A deafening cheer behind him gave endorsement to his words. He placed his train within a building, under a score of men, made his dispositions, and advanced to the assault. The objective line presented the usual Mex- ican town front of one-story adobe walls, with muskets protruding from windows and over roof parapets, and with approaches barricaded, though not very strongly, owing to the promi)tness of the attack. A shower of i)ullets greeted the foremost body, but urged by their officers they pushed forward, now at a run, and as- sisted by a ladder carelessly left against a dwelling, they quickly carried it. The guns were brought up to clear the streets with grape-shot, and under their cover the French followed the retreating troops to the plaza. Here the militia distinguished itself by main- taining a firm stand until guns arrived to sweep its rankc. After this it was mere flight, led by Blanco artillerists, 26 in number, were chiefly sailors; Lenoir led the 42 horsemen. Miuleli!ne, 173-4. Fossey adds a few to the total; Vigneaux reduces it greatly. '' Pinart, Doc. Son., v., no. 1,107. The supreme authority took steps to support Sonora. Mex,, Arddvo, i. 145-6, 150; Warren's Du^ and Foam, 205. m i 880 FILIBUSTERING INVASIONS FROM CALIFORNIA. B X. himself, and followed by the execration of the entire country. Raousset had kept his word; within the hour he held undisputed possession, but at a cost of 17 killed and 25 wounded, the former embracing six of the leading officers. The Mexican loss was placed as high as two hundred killed and wounded, three guns, a banner, a mass of war stores, and numerous prisoners/'" The victory proved sterile. The supposed allies failed to second the movement, as agreed upon, and Gdndara and other prominent Sonorans turned a deaf ear to the invitation to join Raousset in plans for fol- lowing up the advantage in behalf of the state. The intentions of the strangers were suspected, and few dared to face the cry against them of aiming at foreign annexation. This sufficed to rally national defenders, with the assurance of speedy aid from Sinaloa and other states.''' At this critical moment, moreover, the count was stricken down with a long threatening climatic fever, and despondency and discord pervaded tlic camp. The only prospect centred now in the r( - enforcements to come from California; and as it a]i- peared liazardous to remain in the interior, cut off from supi)lies by tlie gatliering nationalists, it was decided to occupy Guaynjas, whence comDmnication could be had with any point. The march from Ht r- mosillo was seriously harassed." On nearing Guav- mas, the prostrated Raousset accepted an armistici', and allowed himself to be carried into Guaymas ti)r treatment. N(^ satisfactorv news beintj obtained from the chief, his demoralized followers entered into ne^o- '" Blanco reduces the loss to a mere tri Ho. Univer/nd, "Sov. 17, ISM. Hall, Sn)>., MS., 97-8, has :W killed. Hivero. ///V. Jnl., iv. 317-18, !^\)vnU nt plundering, and so f i iierefla. French writers deny this. Larhnpidli' . I-") < 'ourt-inartial with severe penalties was invoked upon Blanco. See L-T'ifml, Nov. 17, 'JO, 18.')2; Voz, Ptiehln, Nov. '24. 18.52; Snmrcn.'o; Dec. 24, 18.-.2: ImIi. 11, 18r)3; Alki Cnl, Dec. 7. 18.52; S. F. HemU, hi; Echo Pad/.; Ifnyrx' S--r"p<. Ind., i. 20.3. '^^For defence movements, seo Uiihvrsnl, Nov. 26, Dec. 3, 18.52; £-^ rior, cut otf Usts, it Nvas nniunicatlou from Hi-i-- ,ring Guuy- ,n armist'uv, ^uaymas t'<>i' itained frein Id into nege- .. 17, 185'.'. Hall, Il7-18, spi-ak^^ 'j' CO. See fc.--jv'i"'i'. fc. 24, 18.V2; V''' if.; Ifayen'Sn'ir'' 1 3, 1852; E--T"'>"'^- Ire to coiiic ir»in POLITICAL ASPECT. 681 lar. with a lo>=' t.i tiations with Blanco, acknowledged their error, and consented to surrender their arms in return for an in- demnity of $11,000. Most of them thereupon de- parted." The comandante-general made so effective a flourish at Mexico with this success that, although soon replaced in command, he maintained both his rank and influence." Blanco's recall was hastened by the overthrow of xVrista's administration, by the allied Santannists and olmrch party, which led to the establishment of a dic- tatorship under Santa Anna, with centralist tendencies. Like the other states, Sonora was once more lowered to the grade of a subordinate department ;" the leg- islature, frequently inharmonious and inefficient, was replaced by a council,'* and the elected governor, ^l. M. Gdndara," after temporary suspension, was in ^lay 1853 confirmed as an appointee from Mexico," and honored with the order of Guadalupe, for which he showed his gratitude by advocating the prolonga- tion of Santa Anna's absolute power. The dictator's fancy veered, however, and in the following year Yanez entered as governor, Gdndara being relegated to the rank of second.*' This ctairse was suggested partly by tiie spreading revolution of Alvan;/ in (lucrrero and the prosi)ect of filil)uster invasions, which required the present) of a firmer and more reli- al)le military commander than the variable and influ- ential Sonoran''. 'Tlie capitulation, so ealleil, was arraugeil on Nov. 4tli. The imleinnity w, 19, Due 10. 18.V2. * Figuring in Oct. 1S.").'{ as ])re.'.i(lent of the council of generals for the puiisioii depar' L t. \iii'ii>iiiil, Dee. !t, 18.");i. -"Divided i.i;,o ciglit districts, the Yacjui and ^^■lyo pueblos heing suh- jeotcd to Ouaynias and Xhunos. Xnciomil, Dec. 16, 2M, 18i).'<. A nii,tli dis- trict was added in I8."i4, ''"Names, etc., in Phinrt, Dor. So)i., v. 172. 'Chosen Dec. 18."i2 with deputies; names in /«/., 134-5, 14G, l.'V) 1, 15. Til.' governor ad int. was M. Paredea Gandara took possession oii Fc'i. 1, IS")!!. Oi'iiii/dra, Maiiif'., 17. ^^(."ubillas was in April selected to replace him. " V? inz took possession April 20th. ■ f'^ proin]itly procured a formal disavowal of Alvarez' me.cnic.it in fav.i, of his patron. Piii'tii. Dnf. Sou., v. 22S-31. H a S J( H '^i P ',1 m M\ p i m ■^'■•il 'fii ' '^Mn i^^HH :''l ^BEI 082 FILIHUSTRRINCi INVASIONS FRO^' CALIFORNIA. Walker had already started upon his expedition to Lower California en route for Sonora, and exoitcniciit here was wrought to a high pitch. So many well-to- tlo citizens hastened away to escape the storm that restrictive measures were issued." Every vessel arriving was regarded witli a suspicion and fear, tiiat led to more than one infringement of international law, with consequent reclamations." The United States consul found it i)rudent to leave.*'^ Everywlurc along the coast and frontier prei)aratiotis were pushed for defence, with assistance from the government toward organizing the national guard and friendly Indians as defensores.^" The name of Kaousset de Boulbon was coupled with nearly every rumor of aggression, partly us associate of Walker; but this connection he objected to, and had indeed declined. He had aims for Iiis own aggrandizement, which were hostile to the United States and depended on the good will of the Sonorans, who, like his own French supporters, disliked Ameri- cans." After his recovery in Jalisco from the Sono- ran fever, he \vent back to San Francisco, there to receive the Battering consideration evoked by the achievement at Hern)osillo, and to resume his plans for the apparently easy occupation of Sonora. A landing once effected with the aid of the numbers •■"Passports were enforced; servants liad to be returned, and funience with promises of Sonoran coop- eration, and to keep the general advised." Had the count acted promptly he would, no doubt, have gained possession of Guaymas at least, for his op- ponent was hardly prepared. Outwitted by the Mex- ican, he allowed the opi)ortunity to slip away." Tlio Sonoran troops were daih' increasing in strength, and busily bringing in armament to strengthen their bar- racks. Made confident by number, they naturally raised their tone during frequent drunken altercations. ^For correapondcnce between Yaftez and the authorities, see Yz, Di- fcmti, 20 et acq.; Pimirt, Doc. Son., v. 228-35; NfmonalaniS. Sonorcme, April, 1854, ct seq. ^' I'roniises were Jilso received from principals, but Raousset should have understood their value by this time. Tlic battalion presented him at tlii.s time with a sword. Guerefia paints Yafiez at tirmly opposed from the begin- ning to the count, whom he warned by saying, 'al lado de su espada cstauiia tumba y al lado de la mia esta una deber.' Pcujinm, 9. •'^ Vigneaux attributes the delay mainly to the intrigue of the Frenoh officers to gut rid of one who threatened to assume sole command and to ex- <}bauge their easy life for one of danger and privatiou. Mcx., 216-17. FRENCHMEN OR MEXICANS. 687 Had ihavo op- ^lex- Tho , and bar- irally iions. ire, />'- I. AV''' Id have at this ! begiii- bsta \ma. I French to ex- one of which led to a serious encounter on July 12th. Yanez appeared upon the scene and managed by his conciliatory language and influence in calming the h'rench. Those wiio had shared in the trium})h at Hermosillo were eager for the fray, however, and the entry shortly after of large Sonoran reenforcements roused the alarm of the others and impelled Kaousset to action. " If you are content to become Mexican soldiers without pay or prospects, subject to the lash, then lay down your arms ; but if you desire to be worthy of the glorious appellation of Frenchmen, to resist oppression, to vindicate your rights, to uphold nationality, then raise your arms. Decide ; there is no time for hesitation." Marchonsl Marchons 1 re- sounded on all sides. Now came the cry that he should assume the com- niand. " No," he replied, "you have worthy ofticers. Let me not be the cause of disagreement. I join you as a volunteer, whose sole ambition is to be foremost in danger." It proved a sadly regretted modesty. There were still those who hesitated ; and in obedience to their scruples a demand was sent to Yanez for hostages and guns as guarantees of peace. This being icfused, the French made their dispositions, and marched from their quarters against the Mexican bar- racks in four companies of 75 men each. The barracks in the northern part of the town formed a large par- allelogram, three sides of which presented one-story lirick and adobe buikliiiixs, and the fourth a wall twelve feet high, enclosing the usual court-yard. The flat roofs were provided with sheltering parajtets. Facing the barracks and extending to the hav-landing was the Hotel de Sonora, one-storied like the other dwellings. The plan was for companies tw^o and three to at- tack in front while company one drew attention to the rear, and company four occupied the hotel and the German quarters near by, whence sharpshooters could inflict serious damage until company three gave >»?') :: M , :-•■■ ■■mm J m ■ 'i '■ '■'■ l-ltSk it;l: I >: 688 FlUBUSTKHlN[>eal sword, tlw.n h f^ircum fourth «h-(^aily tives, \ gulf.-' It w.- ^^■<'^■e c tlicir ar the prot M. do tated. <'rivd soA suj-cd,' *'iy fori, j'» return tlio defeij ^vitliin tl 1*08 id en ts tory wag , ''^■'^lie was '■■' ';"■'■/<■, i. 97. """-lit her, t( His nE^EAT OF THE FRENCH. 689 i the count had to n^tire bareheaded, and with two bayonet thrusts through his sleeve; his eyes glisten- ing with inijK)tont rage. Tliesc raiders were not tlie men of 1852. Nor was Yanez a Bianco ; for on obaorving tlie silence of the guns he rushed in person to fill the posts and reani- mate the artillerist in time to break the rally about to be ott'ectod by Kaoussot. With annnunition gone tlio French now raised the cry, " To the consulate," and thither their dejcctod loader mechanically fol- lowed, with the Mexicans in close pursuit. At tho consulate the news came that company four was still holding out in the hotel, liaousset made one last appeal, and this passing uidiceded, he sheathed his sword, and withdrew into the house. Consul Calvo then hoisted the white flag, and the firing ceas(!d, a circumstance to which the mutilated renmants of the fourth owed their escape. As for the Iklle, she was alreadv under sail, crowded with the caiiiest fuLji- lives, whose shame she buried in the waters of the It was now past six o'olock, about three hours since the fight began, and the troops around the consulate were clamoring for surrender. " All who lay down their arms," said the cimsul, "shall be placed under the protection of the flag, with life assured." '* Bjt ^1. de Raousset?" came the enquiry. Calvo hesi- tated. " Unless he is included we resume the fight," cried several voices. "Well, his life shall also be as- sured," was the reply. Yanez declined to enter into any formal or written capitulation while offering lif(^ in return for a surrender of arms. Within an hour tho defeated j)articipants in the struggle lay secured witliin the two prisons of Guaymas, the property of residents being placed under confiscation. The vic- tory was celebrated throughout the state in the usual *f '''■I •''^She was wrecked in the northern part, and all on board pcriyheiL La- c'lijii'llc, i. J)7. Foa.iey, Mex., 21)1 -'2, leaves the iinprcsaioa that liaousset sought her, to escape; Imt this is not entertained by others. UlKT. Mkx. Statbs, Vol.. U. 44 I L I ■I, 690 FFLTBUSTEIIINO INVASIONS FROM CALIFORNIA. Mexican fashion, and tlie supreme government conferrt'd crosses and badges in commemoration. It was dearly bouglit glory, Jiowever, for the Mexicans lost some 50 men, with twice as many womidod, while the French had 4G killed and three-.core wounded. During August the prisoners were disposed of. A few joined the army, three-score were sent to San Francisco, and the remainder transmitted to San Bias. The government showed its disapproval of the leniency and liberality accorded by imposing a sentence of years in presidio, and marching them under great liardships to Perote. At the intercession of tlic French government, however, they were released to- ward the close of the year. The large forces gatli- ercd by Yanez against the French made the govern- ment more ready to listen to the rumors concernino; his loyalty, and he was not alone suddenly replaced in September by General Romeriz de Arellano, but an attack was made upon his reputation by calling liiin to answer charges for not carrying out his orders against the French on their arrival, for subsequently neglecting prompt measures, for ignoring the decree of August 1853, which condemned rebels to death, for usurping the pardoning power of the supreme author- ity, and for extravagant disposal of funds. He was ab- solved, however, and the indictment only served to heighten his fame." Ten daysi after the battle Raousset's fellow-prison- ers were startled by his arraignment before a court- martial, which upon the inculpating testimony of liis own officers, who sought to cover themselves at his ex[)ense, condemned him to death as a conspirator and rebel. Their indignation grew on finding that the consul not only repudiated his promise at the time of the surrender, but refused even to join the **Tlio French addressed a letter of thanks to him and he was feted and honored in ditl'erent places. Vorreo, Esp., Oct. 21, Nov. 8, 1834. Pimirt, Dor. Son., V. 2."»0-4. Santa Anna was driven to abuse Yaflez by fear ami jealousy of hia popularity. Santa Anna Rrv., 130-2. His succesaor com- mended Yanez' conduct. Navarro, Leyea, 1855, 507-6. age. 1852 tained ship tl clear, a great sufficiei i'lfluem parativ( at Hen follow Ouaymj li's assu finally wore an certain f MEXICAN TREACHERY. «1 United States representative in pleading for the pris- oner. The latter accepted the verdict calmly, and turned his attention to final letters and dispositions, and to intercourse with the broad-minded curate of the place, claiming that he fell for loyalty to a great cause, untarnished by an appeal to bad passions, wliich he might so readily and successfully [have in- voked. On the last morning, August I'ith, he gave special care to his person, and with a final brush to his fine hair, and a twirl to tiie nmstache, he followed the guard. He passed with dignified step through the streets, crowded with excited citizens and visitors, and took position before the squad of soldiers at eight paces, his back to the bay. The sentence being read, he embraced the curate, and said to the men, " Aliens, nies braves 1 Do your duty ; aim well — at the heart I" The next moment came the volley, and the count fell dead upon his face. Raousset de Boulbon was a man in whom an ex- Jilted temperament, and a strong family pride height- ened by poverty, had fostered a bent for ambitious though visionary projects which belonged to another age. Circumstances presented a field, however, wlierein enterprise and daring procured for him in 1852 a certain degree of fame, dimmed by an unsus- tained and ill-applied energy and a lack of general- ship that cost him many followers. He lacked the clear, steady head required for planning and executing a great undertaking, and his positive traits were not sufficiently balanced or impressive to maintain a wide influence over followers or patrons. Hence his com- parative failure to profit by the eclat of the victory at Hermosillo, which he moreover had neglected to follow up; hence his feeble control over the men at Guaymas, of whom even the proportion that favored his assumption of the command held aloof when he finally called upon them. His prominent qualities were an extreme but somewhat shallow courage, and a certain fervor, united to a pleasing personal appear- (ilW PIUBUSTERINd INVASIONS FROM CALIFORNIA. ance, and withal an indifference to a life, boinj? now without means or notoriety. He did not rej^jard his plana as wholly frustrated. Far from it. He by no means disdained death as a sequel to the Guayinus episode, and passed to the grave with the firm convi(!- tion that he had embalmed his memory with f^lory, if not as a conqueror, at least as an unfortunate Sonoran liberator and martyr. It was a glory, however, which history largely dilutes with folly." * Henry de la MadfUne — Le Cornte OitMnn de RiwaiMft-BofiPifm, »a vie el .ir.i aventureM (/' iipren nri* ftivpiern rt m ronviipoiideiicc. Parii), 1H7(>, 12 hid., jip., vii., and !H'2^2, in the title of the first eilitioii of a work publinhed in IK'iii, which was rapidly disposed of, and a seuond, issued in 1850, wliiuh niut M'ith a smaller sale. Suddenly the largo portion of it remaining disappeari'd. According to Madelene's statument, every copy had lieen bought up by tlio Itanker Jecker, to whom the Mexican government was deeply indulitud, and who in 18(>1 went to Paris and was endeavoring to move the hu.'^itatiiig em- peror to enforce the payment of French claims by tlie military occuiiation of Mexico, with the additional object of preventing that country from ab- sorption by the U. 8. Jecker . Paris, 1803, 8vo., I vol., pp. 6ti5, was secretary to liaousset de Boullxm, uml was one of the passengers on board the Belle, which carried the leader of the expedition against Sonora. His book opens with some dcxcription of Cal., es{Mtcially H. F. Being intimate with Kaousset he was able to give con- siderable information about nim. A. de LacJmpeUe — Le Cornte de RamuMet-BouUxm ft L' ErpediHon de la Somrre, Correiqniulence — Souvenirs et Ouvres ItUidiUi*. Paris, 185!), 12 nio., pp. 318, portrait an'««<=' ;- y of 1854 the noXZtLh^y Jl'o Gads,Ic,; 7, ? ""l™. w^s transferred t^l,. "l ?***«' "'"'"d- ■i< the boundaiy pushed h-^L «■ neighbor republic i; «.e GiJa to Ke r^ptflefrTr''''' T*"™' '»- ""s "f this fertile strin „„ 1 , " ^' and 32°. Tl,^ 0-1 exc.ite,„ent ::* p rthtlii'^r "f "'^ -p-t^d as a mere Apache Imunt T ^'''/"'""^ I''»<-«d upon « Un,ted States, thZh ^It^.'lf "^^"^ ".I'l"-™^!"' «; '"K to the state, at first ., "'""."'*ely provini' a bless '•"'"Plication, such as the^C™,,,"' '" "'"^'^ *'■»« o?e" "f^l-oh more anon ^'^'''^ ^T^dition i„ igj/ ;^';>'";;yim'rn:rt:itic^ -^^^r™' ^-"»<. C ....el Espejo in charge t ,e C '^''•"".""' '«« Mowing September, when the n„, T'^"'»S 'n the Pl»" of Ayatla agaii;srt„tal:;P'« ^^^f '"' "'« ^»na. Ordridara then (693) v||. ', *u m eM FRENCH OPERATIONS IN SONORA AND SINALOA. embraced the opportunity to seize the vacated seats of governor and commandante-general, and when tlie administration at Mexico assigned them to Jose de Aguilar and P. Espejo respectively, proclaimed a rev- olution. Though obliged to } ield to Aguilar, Gan- dara succeeded in retaining his position as chief-com- mandant with the aid of Yanez. I! Shortly after Crabb's projoot to establish a frontier colony was brought forward, being favored by A. Ainza, with whom Crabb vas connected l)y marriage. Aguilar opposed the sclieme, but because as governor he had tu coinmimicate witb the projectors, Gandara raised the cry that he was about to sell the state to filibusters, and incited one D^.viia to pronounce against him at Urea July 15, 1856. Aguilar was arrested and replaced by R. Euci- nas, a creature of Grand^.ra. Aguilar, however, fouxid a cnam]jion in Ignacio Peaqueira, colonel aud inspector of the national guards, who acting with promptness and dash, secured a foothold in Ures July 17th, and on August 8th compelled the garrison to surrender, securing the person of the rehul governor, Encinas. On the same day Gandara was routed; Altar fell, Hermosillo was evacuated, and Guaymas had to yield. Thus within a fuw weeks Gdudara, whose power had seemed absolute, was overthrown. Ap- pealing in person to the Yaquis, and aided by the clergy, he was able to take the field anew, but defeat following defeat, he betook himself to Mexico to appease by diplomacy the wrath lie had failed to avert by victory. His brother Jesus continued the struggle, chiefly in guerrilla form, till in Jan., 1857, he surrendered with his few remaining adherents. The st niggle had been watched with great interest by H. A. Crabb, Mho during its progress became convinced that the strife between the t5se measures were beginning to bear fruit he was removed iu March. 1854, to Sonora, leaving Valdoz in command. In Jan., 1856, P. Verdugo, recently appointed governor, proclaimed in favor of the liberah, and though opposed by counter-revolutions prevailed with the assistance of Yafiez. In Maj', 1857. the federal constitution was sworn to, both at Culiacan and Mazatlan. Early in 1858. however, Yafiez proclaimed his adhesion to the p'an of Tacubaya, which proposed a consti- tution more favorable to conservatism. Tliis cau-^ed a rising of the liberals, Placido Vega pronouncing in Aug. At t'.ie close of Oct. siege was laid to Mazatlan, which was raised at t .e end of Jan., 1S59, owing to the approach I'M W': 'i eo6 FRENCH OPERATIONS IN SONORA AND SINALOA. of conservative rcenforcements and the lack of ammunition. The liberals, however, assioted by Pesqueira, retrieved themselves ))y a brilliant acMeve- nient at J^a Noria, resumed the siege and carried the place by assault ou April, 3d, capturing 300 prisoners, six vessels, and a great quantity of stores. Vega was now installed aa provisional governor by Pesqueira who then re- turned to Sonora. Early in 1860 the state was invaded by Lozada, the Iml- iaa cliicf of Tepic, but the Sinaloana mustering from all points compelled hiiu to retire. Eight months later Cajen penetrated close to Mazatlau, where his force wad completely routed. For some time men attached to other parties, longing for participation in olilce, had been trying to set aside Vega's authority, and the continued tlireatening attitude of Lozada calling for operations on the Jalisco frontier under charge of Corona, Vega's lack of promptness in supplying funds led to a quarrel between tlie two. The French intervention, however, pre- vented any outbreak; but when Vega marched early in 18C3 to the relief of Mexico, with 2,000 men, the plotters took advantage of his absence to re- new their intrigues. Ou his return he took tlie held against them, but thougii victorious in arms, the supreme government was persuaded to inter- fere, and during 1SG4, Morales took charge. The change was not 8ati;;fac- tory; Cullacan and Cosala rose, and at Rosario, in Oct., a plan was formu- lated by Corona himself, demanding the resignation of Morales, who refusing to yield, Mazatlan was besieged and taken on the 14th, and A. Rosales appointed provisional governor. The president sent Ochoa to assume com- mand, who induced Morales to resign and so allow Rosales to resume the position, T!io frequent revolutions in Sinaloa were not without efifect in Sonora. Ou hi J return Pesqueira found that his old foe Gandara had roused his friends the Opatas under tlieir chief Tanori, joined by the Yaquis, to proclaim him governor. Thid led to a protracted struggle, during which Pesqueira hai. to seek aid of Vega of Sinaloa, until in May, 1861, the Indiana were compelled to accejit peace. Tlie liberal triumph over conservatism in the republic was commemorated in Sonora by the adoption of a constitution conforming to the gencrn.1 one of 1857, which survives in ita reconstructed form of 1872. Uros retained the position of capital. Here aa elsewhere, the church party accepted in defeat tor a time at least, and the Gandarists subsided, leaving the sLito to recover from the disastrous effect of tlie prolonged civil war. Tlio outbreak of the confederates in the adjoining republic caused a bubble of exiiteiiient by reason of elForts on the part of both belligerents, to obtain the good will of the state for the transit of war material. William M. Gwin, moreover, caused commotion by attempting to form an independent colony in Sonora, a scheme apparently favored at one time by Napoleon, with do-signs for its annexation to France. More serious wan the apprehension roused by tlie opening of tlio French intervention in 1S02, and when, in May and July 180-1, war vessels appeared before ( cuaymas, a patriotic entliusiasmpreva.lt d, dijiplayed in a call to arms and levying of funds. A large force was til- lected, but when in March 18ti5, the French naval squadron arrived befuro the same port with several hundred troops and a section of art.Ilery, Pes- queira thought it would be •>, useless waste of blood and property to re.ii.st at that point, and after sustaining a night attack upon his camp, in vhich liis force was dispersed in confusion, retired to Ilermosillo, where 1.^ collected a mere remnant of his forces. With the invaders caine Gdndara, who, after a futile effort at revolution in Jan. 18(12, and another attempt to inaugurate a movement in behalf nf the empire at the close of 1864, took refuge at the court of Maximilian, to rirgo the oecupation of Sonora. Ho now again appears on the scene, ami powerfully supported, once more roused his party and Indian allies, jur- suading them that the time had come for a successful struggle. Pesqueira retired from Hermosillo, thereby infusing des{iondeur.y into the hearts of the liberals. The French entered the place July 29, 1805, and the native I MISERABLE DOINGS. 697 n imperialiats extended themselves in all directions. Besieging Ures, they were repulsed, but an advance by their foreign allies caused its evacuation. Pe^queira, despairing of achieving anything for the time, crossed to the United States to seek support, leaving Morales to maintain alive the smould- ering spark of the liberals in guerrilla fashion. The imperialists soon over- ran the central aad northern districts, and extended tiienisielves as far south as Alamo-i, which held out under promise of aid from Siualoa under the direction of lUwales. This leader entered with 500 men, but was defeated by the superior I'orces of Almada September 4th, being slain with about one third of hii troops. By this time the French began to concentrate their forcei against tlie possible interference of the United States now freed from civil war, ami tlie force in Sonora was reduced in Oct. to a scanty battalion, with instructions to limit itself to the occupation of Guaymas. This im- arted freer. Tiie movement gained strength in spite of the efforts of the native imperialists who were directed l)y C'omandante-General Langberg, a Danish sol.lier of fortune. With the aid of armament supplied by the Juarist agent in California, Mor\les in December captured Arispe, and gained a victory at Mitape; but on January .% 1866, he met with a disastrous check, near Nicori at the lian h of Grandara and Tanori. On tlie 7th, however, Alamos WIS retalien i)y Corona's forces under Martinez, Patoni, and Correa. In March, Poiqueiri reentered the state, and on May 4th Hcrmo.sillo was cap- tured ati'l sackad by Martinez midst great slaughter. While the liberals were thus occupie 1 in ruthless destruction, Langberg, Tanori, and Vasquez appeared fromtlii direction of Ures vrith about 800 men. Martinez sallied fiirtii to injet t!iem; and sustaining a complete defeat, the imperialists re- gaiiiel polo, followed iu the rear < t i- pagny. At Veranos lie fell upon a detachment left tliere, capturing 50 men and killing 17, Vmt being severely handled by reenforcements of the enemy which arrived, he imprudently, under excitement, hanged his pri.snn- er.s in reprisal for the execution of liberals elsewhere. The French general, naturally of a severe disiposition, took full vengeance in retaliation vith tt)rch and sword. Tlius was inaugurated in Sinaloa a warfare which, for the time, seemed one of extermination. The Mexicans were now only able to prosecute the war around Mazatlan in guerrilla fashion, and though two flying squadrons were organized against theiii, tlie.r superior knowledge of the ground, and the aid afforded thcni hy tlie people, enabled them to approach up to the very gates of the town. The i'rench, therefore, carried their operations into districts beyonu, and burnt down San Sebastian, Mazatlan, Guacimas, and Copala, the estates anil ranchoj of known adversaries being given to destruction. This only in- creased exasperation, wl; oh was severely felt by outposts. Greater mi iiibor!) were needed to clear the country, and Lozada was again invoked. He brought in April 3,0iX) Indians, and from Rio de las Cafias to San Ignaeio tlie country was swept of liberals. Corona was so discouraged that he departed to join the campaign in Durango, and advised his adherents temporarily to submit. Meanwhile the lilierals weakened themselves by partisan quarrels. A revolt compelled Governor Eosales to resign in favor of Corona, who tliere- upon appointed Domingo Rubi, who was confirmed by Juarez. Tlien eoin- menceil hostile proceedings between Hosales and Rubi, which were termi- nated by Rosales being summoned to aid tlie Sonorans, in wliooo cause lie ftU, In August Corona returned and the struggle was resumed, Corrca, Parra, and Martinez being conspicuous as leaders. In the north the town of Fuerte was captured and recaptured several times, Martinez finally passing into Sonora, as already narrated. Southward Rubi coiilined himself to raiding the Mazatlan region, while Corona gained several successes, one of wliich was the taking of Acaponeta with much booty. Operations wore nr w resumed against Mazatlan, where only a single battalion of Fronehnien had been left, and as heretofore the aid of Lozada was implored. Cooperat- ing wi li this chieftain, vho had returned to Tepic in the autumn of the prev.ous year, the Prencli with aliout 1,000 men captured Pre.sidiode Mazat- lan, Marcli 19, 188(). Corona, with over 2,000 men, now placed himself be- tween them and Mazatlan, and then assaulted the enemy with sucli ]ierti- nacity that he finally compelled him to fight his way back with heavy loss. Lozada, who had occupied Rosario with 2,000 Indians, now hesitated to advance, but induced by a promise of a simultaneous adviiiiee of the Krenuh, passed onward. When near Concordia, he was attacked by Corona and, CORONA AT MAZATLAN. though victorious, sustained a loss of 200 men. Similar attacks, bootless raids, and the non-receipt of money from Mazatlan, induced him to return to Topic, and declare his neutrality, with an aim at independence. Guzman was sent to watch this formidable chieftain, while Corona pressed closer the line of investment round Mazatlan. The aspect of affairs im- proved; auxiliaries poured in; American sympathy assisted, and a goodly Mupply of arms was obtained. The United binaloa and Jalisco brigades were transformed and organized as the Army of the West, witli Corona as general-in-chief, to whom the governor of Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Coliina was subjected. Several engagements followed in the district of Mazatlan with varying success. Mazatkn was invested, and on 8ept. 12th Corona gained possession of the fortPalos Prietos; but the severity of the conflict and the loss incurred made hopeless the prospect of carrying a port so strongly held and supported by a fleet. After a snarp attack, on Nov. 12th, a suspension of liostilities was arranged, the French having announced their intention to embark. On the following day the liberals entered Mazatlan amid (enthusi- astic demonstrations. Sonora and Sinaloa were now forced from imperialist .tway, and Corona, now a general of division, marched with a portion of his troops to aid ia the overthrow of Maximiliao. Ail m CHAPTER XXVIII. REVOLUTIONS AND COUNTER-REVOLUTIONS. 1867—1887 Party QuARRELa — UPRisisa of the Yaquis— Veoa'8 Piratical Raid ON GUAYMAS — LeYVA's REVOLUTION AUAINST JuAKEZ — Its FaII,. UKK — Revolution in Sinaloa and Sequel — Contest in Somiua Reoardino the Constitution — Mariscal Sent to Restork Oh- DKu — Tub Lerdo Election Troubles — Sinaloa Yields to the PoRKiHisrs — Mariscal Governor of Sonora— Change of Govkk- N(jits — Appearance of Yellow Fever— Revolution in Sinaloa BY Ramirez -His Defeat and Dkath— Makquez de Leon In- VADKS SONORA— Is COMPELLED TO RETIRE — WITHDRAWS TO CaLI- FORNi\— Wars with the Apaches — Their Final Subjugation. No sooner had Corona departed than dissension aro.'^ among his lieutenants ; and though Rubi was declared elected governor, General Martinez on Jan- uary 29, 1868, denounced the election as fraudulent, and proclaimed himself provisional ruler. Rubi, sus- tained by the supreme government, resisted, and soon found himself at the head of 2,000 men, while his opponent could muster little more than half that num- ber, and on April 8th was routed at Villa Union. T]ie rebel general now disbanded the remnant of his force and departed, whereupon order was restored. General Vega, who had returned from California in June 1866, was an accomplice in the above move- ment. His real scheme was to form a coalition which should install a new president, or, failing this, estab- lish a new republic in the north-west. He assisted in the escape from prison of Palacio, one of the late rebel leaders, who, on March 13, 1869, pronounced at Culiacan in favor of Vega. Finding that town luke- 700) VEGA AND PESQUEIRA. 701 warm, he hastened to Fuerte, but a month later he was defeated by General Parra at Los Algodones, captured with most of his men, and shot. Vega had meanwhile been abroad to purchase arms, and now prepared, with the assistance of Lozada, to invade Sinaloa from the south. In February 1870 several pronunciamientos were effected, and a number of petty raids were made into the southern districts. Tlieir insignificance discouraged Lozada from active partici- pation, and Vega became so pressed for means that he descended to the piratical proceeding of sending a steamer to rob Guaymas, availing himself of the vagabond element left over from the war of invasion. With this he continned his inroads into the follow- ing year, after which he sank out of sight beneath tho movements stirred by other leaders. Pesqueira, who had niled Sonora as governor almost without interrup- tion, since the resignation of Aguilar in 1856, partly by popular vote in 1857 and I8(il, partly by appointment under Juarez, was again in 1807 honored with reelection as a reward for his brave and patriotic conduct during the invasion. There was need ako for a man of his tried administrative ability to liual the ravages of war. Nearly all the revolts of the Yaquis and llayoa had arisen from encroachments on their land, and after every victory over tlicni the infringement was affirmed. So it happened in 18(i7. Tliey killed a too yielding chief in June, and prepared with force to assert their rights, vonunitting, meanwhile, a number of outrages. By December about l,r)00 troops were in the field against them; several bloody engagements took place, and it was not until Oct, 1868, that peace was restored. The revolutionary plans of General Vega against Sinaloa found in 1870 an unpleasant outcropping in Sonora. The general had obtained possession of tlie steamer Fonourd, formerly an English gunboat, and sent her on a pirati- cal expedition, under the command of F. Vizcaino. Thiring the night of May '2"tli, 150 of her men landed near Guaymas and carried the town by surprise, witliout bloodshed. A levy was then made upon the custom-house and mer- chants, for funds, gootls, coal, and arms, the latter embracing 4,000 muskets, anil the former rismg to the value of more than $150,000, witli which two »eizi;d vessels were loaded. The Foruxird thereupon entered under a Salva- dorean flag and towed them away. The treasury official Mcjia, son of the minister o? war, was carried away as hostage. Commander I nw, of the r. S. war steamer Mohiran, being at Mazatlan when the news came, decided, at the instance of the authorities and the suffering merchants, which included Americans, to check this piratical raider on Pacific coait trailu. After a lengthly search he found the Foi-wn-d at the moutli of Rio dt; las Coflas, under cover of a battery which opened fire on the cutting-out party. Tlie steamer lieing aground, the only *>ltemative was to fire her, whereupon the Mohkan retired. • iuaymas was exposed to another infliction in Oct. 1871, in connection with tlie Porfirist revolution against Juarez. The garrison declared for it, under Leyva, and made themselves master of the port. Tliey then exacted luuucy from the wealthy citizeua and sailed away tu spread the inovemeDt in mm i',:, :1' 702 REVOLUTIONS AND COUNTER-REVOLUTIONS. the mnrc proiniHit.g diHtricts to the sonth. PeHqiicira wa.s too prompt, liow- ever. (!•> eiicouiiturud them at I'otrcrito Scco aixl eruMhed tliuir forct- iiinl hopes at one lilow, after which he paaaud on to aid the iluariHt cause in Sin.i- loa. Here the revohitioii had Iteen initiated by (ieiiural I'arra aud F. Cai'iidi), in Sept. 1871, and upon their failure it received fresh impulse two months later at Ma/atlan, under Hen. Marque/, de Leon, who iiad more than oiui^ been in charge of the civil and military government of tlie Htate. (iov. K. Uucliia lied nortiiward to seek the aid of I'esqueira, who after a temponn y check took possession of Fuerte and Culiacan. Here he was bcftcigcd \'y Manpic/, hut a federal column under liocha relieved the place in A|iril I87>, driving hack Marquez, and marching into Ma/atlan. The follower^ ot' the latter liegauto desert the failing cause, and it was virtually ahandmud in tlie following.' months, when Diaz, submitted to the supreme governniciil. An under-current remained, however, which was agitated by Lozada, mIki had eho.scn to favor the revolution. A crushing death at liosario inJiiti. 187.'< was a relief to the state. The reconstruction of the organic law of Sonora, in 1872, gave rise to hostility between the legislature and executive, which manifested itsell' in appeaU to arms among the people. The governor carried his point, aiid introduced a constitution, in May 1873, which was tiustained in face of sev- eral formidable pronunciamientos against it, as in the autumn of that yiiu- at Xiamo.s, under the leadership of Connant, who, by means of the iimiiiI forced levies, swelled his command to 400 men, and kept that region in ii;,'!- tatioii for several months. Popular feeling became more roused against the authorities by tlie elcctitms of 1878, wherein, with the aid of troops and cmi- nivance of the presidential party, they manipulated the polls for their own purposes, choosing aa ruler Jose J. I'esquiera, with his predecessor for viic governor. This induced a prominent citizen, F. Serna, to pronounce In August of that year at Altar. Although at first defeated, he recovered iiliii' selfijy several effective operations in Nov. -Dec, anriuv iguil I'V n Ai'iil >WC1> 111 vntldiHil I'liiiii'iit. itla, \^\w in Jan. e rise to itHi'lt' ill lint, mill ;e of ^y failure of crops and epidemics, such as the recently ruling yellow fever. Amoii):; tlio active partisans of Porfirio Diaz in the north-west had licen Maniiie/ de IjCoii. The reward for his services failing to satisfy his amhition, he [iroposcd, in 1879, to wrest it for himself hy a revolution against tlie su- preme as Well as local governments. Me had great intluence in Sinaloa, wiiere he tigiired during the early part of this year as guhernatorial candi- ilale, owing to the su.sponsion of tiie incumhent, Canedo, under certain charges wiiich had roused the people against him. Believing, nevertli(de.ss, tiiat lie could give great impulse to the movement hy a simultaneous outhreak in his native Lower California, he took this task uixm himself, leaving the impular ,Jesiis liiiinirez to direct the operations in Sinaloa. The latter made a not very successful attack on the garrison at Mazatlan Oct. 25, 1870, after which ho took to the country, supported hy several pronuncianiientos, froisi Uusario to Cosata, and hy opportune seizures of funds. Altlioiigh his fol- low ers were defeated in several minor engagements, ho Bustainetain temnorary po.sse.ssion of Mazatlan and of the capital; hut in Sept. he was routed, overtaken, and killed. In Lower California the revoliilion hail run a still briefer course. With the remnant of the forces there routed hy federal troops, and driven northward, Marquez crossed to Soiiora. ile entered liy way of Simoita early in May 1880, gained possession of Magda- Icna on the lUst, and advanced to Ures. Unsuccessful in obtaining recruits, he had to retire before a superior column, whereupon he disbanded his men, departing for (California to seek resources and form alliances for a more fa- vorable opportunity. This, however, failed to present itself. That standing scourge of Sonora, the Apaches, had all this while been swelling its long record of desolating raids, although in a gradually h'sscn- iiif,' degree, owing to the measures taken in Arizona to check the roaming of ln.liaiis and to cooperate with Mexico in punishing marauders. Melore the intliix of settlers into Arizona the Ajiachcs had a free licld. They attacked emigrant parties for Cal., and opened trade with the miners, who scru|(led nut, in exchange for stolen cattle ami beasts of burden, to provide them witii ammunition and armament of the latest pattern, thus giving them decided ail vantages over the inefficiently armed frontier troops. The year IN."' \v. • fraiif^lit with particular disaster to this unfortunate state, which the A|»acln.. gi iiiiiy alluded to as their rancho and depot for supfilies. In Feb. they de- .stroyeil .Mazatlan, inflicting a loss of 40 lives; in Aug. they jvdded M to the li-t of victims, bringing the total sacrifices of life for the year to 200, while earryiiijr off nearly 2,000 head of stock, besides other booty. PtHiineira, then rising into prominence, was defeated with heavy loss, in pursuing them. 8ubsuipieut costlier expeditioua managed to iiiflict only tritliug retaliation A, ,B fi ^ ; k M 7M REVOLUTIONS AND COUNTER-REVOLUTIONS. on tlio clinporMing bandM; nevertheless the movement served to leHHcn tlip irriiptiona for awliilo. lu 1803, however, they were reHUiiiud with iiitciisilii'd rigor, and in •luly ah>ne they were marked hy tlie Mood of 170 vit'tiiu.s. Again tlie autlioritiuH awoke to the nueuttMity for aniiud deiiionHtratinti-i, which i>roeured a niomuntary rettpite; tliun both troopM and Huttkirs a^^^iiii Hunk into negligent indolence, l^ter the destruction of Chinapa and Nanta (.'rii/., and l>y raids also in Arizona, caused United Status tnKips to join the Mexicans in pursuit. Once more a quieter period was followed hy a vjiii. lent inroad in 18UU, wlien over 50 persons were reported killcil in l<'«'lini.'iry alone. Pesipieira then revived lialve// system of warfare, with only p;irtial success, for the peace treaties made under pressure were hroken at the lii-t opportunity, liirce years later the savages penetrated to the very sulmilii of Ures and Ahinio.s. A prize of I^IUU was now offered for each MO;ilp, ami with this inducement the expeditions of the ensuing spring reiiortcil tliu slaying and capture of 200 Apaches. These measures tended to rt^stniiii the hands for some years, in 1870, however, their audacity IncreastHl, iiu ON LOKE'TO — MuUE LiHEKTV GllANTEI) TO InKIAN.S— FeUKUAI, 8Y.STKM KsiABLiaHKl)- I'OLITICAL Divisions — Missions .Seculakizku— 1'auty Factions — The C'alikou- NIAS IlErNiTEu— Fkontiek QuARiiEi,s — Haiidy's 1'eakl-Fishin«» Scheme— United !States Desions — Americans Octiu-y La 1'az— Selkriikie Takes Muleoe— Patkioik; Uisino ai' San Jose del Cawo — Californians Attack La 1'az- The Ameiih;an (Jakrison Re- lieved — San Jose Besie(ied— Retreat ok the Californians — Bat- tle OF San Vicente— Burton's Oi-ekations— Expedition to Toih)s Santos— End of the War— Lower California Rectored to Mexico. In 1804 the political separation of tho peninsula from Alta California was decreed,' and Arillajra be- ing promoted to the uj)[)er i)rovince, Captain Felipe do (Toycoechea was appointed governor of Lower California.'' The frontier tlistrict, which stretched from San Fernando to tho northern border, was now more directly coimccted with the ])eninsnla govern- ment, and promised atone tiiiu^ to grow in im[)ortan<'e tlirouirh the desire of tlu; Dominicans to extend their missions eastward and nortliward. Their zeal soon slackened, however, before the intractubh^ nature of the Indians and the soil, and the discouraging eti'cct of 'By order of Mar. '20, 1804, the old boundary along Rio Rosario, or liar- ralias, to remain. Arr/i. (lai. Prov. liec, ix. '.)f). - This (itlieer had served in both Californias and was at the time habilitado gtiunil at Mexico. He did not arrive till July 1800, and Arrillaga ruled ad inUrim. /(/., Prov. St. Pap., xviii. 175-7; xix. t30-7ti; Id., Prov. liec, vi. 21^ ix. 5(), 95. HlBT. Mbx. Ktatks, Vol. II. 4:> (706) i i I \ 11 ; 70(i LOWER rAIJFORNIA. j>ovortv and discord in tlieir ininicdiato surroundinjj;s.' Indoud, several of them heranu; in stnne instances so tyrannical as to rouse the Indians to desertion, in- subordination, an' '•'■lievi,,,, tj ;"^'<'ilif„n.i, VII'Mtill h.-iv •^'"1 -^.-ilt could "l".;n this far-a striking pietur ^■"'.'■■^"y a spri, 0' ''!stiv"f to lli^" iUlll't' till Wivs au XV ill. i. '.t i:i; ir to 'S'" 1; (;'!-■. !«<•., !"■ hau I'on- ] twi> »>;• beef, hklos, *^min, and fruit tor commodities which tlic fi reign vuhsuIs tiini»tingly diHplayed. They wore, ill othur wordn, bidden to saerifiee, lo throw away, their sur|)lus produeu and be content with a tew crude staple articles.' Lower California escaped the horrors of civil war lavaLjing the mainland durinain, ami two of its vessels, the [}i(UiHnnktirln aiitl AmKCdiio, were (lesi)atched in the guise of whalers to make observations along the nortlu'rn coast ot Mexico, and sound the jteoplc while peaceably making [turchascs of })rovisions. The conunanders of the cruisers disregarded these instructions under tlu^ in- centive of si)oils. On February 17, IH'2'2, the fndc- jii iidmcui entenMl the harbor (»f San Jose del (^abo, sac], jd the mission and church, and made a prize of '' At first tlic g<)voriii>r and liis troops liad not much ilitlionlty in enforcing noii-intorcournc witii liated and feared forcij;ncrs, Imt tho latter, failing; to li;irtiT, liogan to ])lun(l(T tiiinr water of its riches l>y hunting for tiioniselvos tlic fur animals. 'I'o .sacrilico tiicir property was had enough, hut to Itehold it ^■,•lrried away hy strangers was worse. Oiiedieneo ceased to he a virtue; illicit trade hegan, ami expanded rapidly, xmtil it alFected even padres and scildiers. For a while a decent pretext of secrecy was maintained, lint soon tlio governor himself, with pay as well as sui)plies long in arrears, gave open cmmtenanco to the traltic. Tho result i)roved advantageous on all sides, for many wants were aup- lilicil, and a certain incentive was given to pursuits, in hiintinir otters and raising produce for hartcr. Among vessels which took advantage of this iiitcrcourso were, lirst the American hrig BiUcij, C'a))tain .1. Winship, late in IMH), followed hy several otiiers shortly after, notalily the (''('niii. Captain OCain, the Alcjiiin/cr, Captain lirown, Lilid Jii/nl, Captain Shaler, and the f'"lhirinv, Cajjtain Koherts. O'Caiu is claimed to have discovered San (^uen- t ill hay. Li'liii Bynl and O'Ciihi returned during the following years, the latter frequently, and in ISOti the I'ctti-ock, Captain Kimhall, and the lirtom visited tho coast. In KSOiS and KSOlt the .Urmir;/, Captain Ayers, and tho /'(•'i;ho made their appearance, followed in 1810 hy tho AVxitroKx, Captain N. *\'iuship. Several other vessels touched without leaving a record. 'I ho Tnirclln; Captain Wilcox, in IH17, rendered great service to the peninsula liy relieving the suffering i>eople at lioreto, and in making a special trip to •Mlii California for further supplies. The cliief resort of the vessels was San ((•uiiitin hay, within range of several mis.sions, where otters were plentiful, aihl salt could ho had in ahundanee. And many a fete chanipetre was held upim this far-away beach, and tho strange company that assembled made a striking picture, black-robed friars, sailors, and swarthy natives, with occa- sionally a sprinkling of Aleute from Alaska, forming a heterogeneous crowd of festive, traders. i 'm I ■ iiifi; 708 LOWER CALIFORNIA. the brig Alcion, laden with tallow, and en route from Alta California to the mainland southward.* Long continued Jieglcct naturally predisposed the inhabitants of the peninsula to favor the revolution- ary cause; yet they were content to abide the decision of events. In the early part of 18'22 their suspense was terminated by the arrival of the can- onigo, Agustin Fernandez do San Vincente, imperial connnissioner, to proclaim tlie elevation of Iturbidc to the throne of Mexico and inaugurate reform. Tlir people yielded to every disposition made by him, and his steps were facilitated by the resignation of tlie governor, Jose ArgUello, who had succeeded Goy- coechea hi 1814, and was replaced in October 1822 by Jose Manuel Ruiz, commandant at the frontier, under the title of jefe politico.' ''A lieutenant and eight men were next sent to the mission of Todos San- tos, witli orders to phuiaer the church, take the padrc jirisoner, and 'lurn (ir sink a schooner wliich liad lately heen huilt there. These orders were car- ried out on the I'Jtli, but the lieutenant and two of his men .attempted to l;iy hands on the women. The people iiad been unresisting spectators while their vessel was destroyed and their church desecrated, but their pent-uii feelings iU)W burst fortli. Moved by a single impulse, they attacked llie party — which was on the beach — with stones and other ready mean.s, and killed the trio. M.ade fearless by this .achievoment, the assailants hurriiil off to the mission .and fell suddenly upon the remaining si.x men of the party, two of whom were ipiickly despatched and three grievously wounded, while the sixth surreuderetl at discriition. Tiie captives, swelled by three nies.seii- ger.s from the hostile ship, were carried nortiiward to ISan Antonio, but weio surrendered on the captain of the Iiidi'^vwlinrla tiire.ateiiing to destroy both Toilos Santo-i and San Antonio. Meanwhile the Arovciu" Ii.^d gone up tlic gulf to Ou.iynias, and tiien to Lon^to, wlience the people, warned by the oceurren'.'i; further scnith, liad tied, leaving the enemy to jiluiider the tovii and eliur 'h, (iovernor Argiiello losing his silver plate and other jiroperty. 'The most important change by the canon .appeainl in a yw .isional regi unento for administration of missions, whereby the Indians, though .--till left uiuler suiiervision of tlu; jiadres, were given greater freedom, will: '.'.•>' right to demand rations ami pay for their labor, and to elect tjic liitluitn autocratic priest instrument, the niayordomo, from among themselves. 'Ihe faMi"- 's were, morerwer. reipiired to furnish inventories, as a ciieck ujxm tin n nuin,i!^em lit of mission [jroperty. (!reat was tlieir indignation at this in eroaclinient upon tiieir tinu'-lionored paternal rights — tiiat is, to conijiel ii;i Indians to work '''>r r vere I'^^r- ctl to l:iy ,rs wliik' ■ jient-'.iv ckcil tl.f hie part y. led, wluU' . niesscii- but V III'. ,r()y lii'tl' lie up tlio >(l by tUo Itlic ttivn ipci-ty. ■I ,isioii;\l iiugh ^tiU witl-. ;'"' liitluito Ives, 'llo' 1|)11U till'"' lliis tu- lUHiel ill' i)tliiiiti: '"' luive 11" •rt IKllT"!- .01,11 t.i the lliberty to iiioiltiito •c.l til' 111- by iiitor- The change from colonial regime hail been grasped at mainly in the vain hope of some relief from long neglect and distress, and the establishment of a re- pulilic was additionally wcioome from its conferment of local .self-rule. Tlie new era was inaugui'ated by Lloutcnunt-coloiiel Jose Maria de Echeaiulia, ap- pointtid to the civil and military command of the two Californias-, who pre.sented himself at Loreto in June 18'J5, acct/mpanied ,)y several officers and nine Domin- ican friars. On Julv 10th he installed the territorial (leputatit)n, with the ?.id of which several progressive jnoasures were taktai, notably to raise funds for open- ing primary sclioo!«» at Loreto and San Antonio. The peninsula was divided into four districts, Cabo de San Jjucas, Ijori'to, Santa Gertrudis, and San Pedro ]\Iar- tir, eacli with an ayuntamiento, or nmnici[)al council, at its head town, composed of an alcaldt;, two rigi- dores, a sindico, and a secretary, and with auxiliary alcaldes at the missions, appointed by the jefe po- litico." ested schemer.?, and declined rapidly in condition and number. Their decadence would probably iiavu been iiHire rapid luit for the united efforts of padres and scttler.s, for their own advantage, to maintain tlie former domi- nation, and to ignore tiie reglamcnto. ''The condition of the aborigines commanded his special attention, and ho issued, August 19, IS'J.'), a reglamento aiming to practically sei'ulririzc moat of the missions. A sufficient proportir i of mis.sion land was to bo distriliuted .juong the Indians as coniuiunity property, undor the direction of niayor- donios elected from among tiicmselves for a period of years. They were also to receive tlie necessary grain and implements for establisliing farms, and half of the live stock, the other half remaining for support of churches and pailres. The latter were reduced to the condition of parisli priests, under the surveillance of alcaldes .Tud mayrrdomos. Hy decrees of KSHO, all Imt tlu'ce of the missions were added to the secularization list. This system aimed to elevate the Indians almost to the dignity of indepemlent eiti/OTiship, but unfortunately the reglamento was disregarded like the otliers by ne li- gi'ut officials, influenced also b;- interested parties. Tlie unhappy natives gradually deserted the now inhospitable missions, wandering about the hills and beaches looking for food. Occasionally they would work for the recoin- ponse of a little watered atole twice a day, and a breech-elout and blanket every two years, being withal badly treated everywhere. Kpiilcmics and local diseases, moreover, coml)ined to ravage their enfeebled ranks. The govt recognized 17 missions in IS'JCi. As for tlieir property, it was to be ab- sorbed partly by the settlers, partly by favored individuals, who obtained it a^< grants, or against nominal purchase money. The secularization decree had already declared sucli unoccupied lauds national, and open to rental. The padres vigorously op])osed this attempt at Knal spoliation, assisted by neophytes, and took to arms at Todos Santos. The result was au order by I i ti' M 't : 1 Hi •10 LOWKIl CALIFDKNIA. Ill: I The change of political system did not bring tlu expected anu'lit)ration to the settlers. Tlusy remain- ed neglected as ever, and so stricken became tlui, condition that petitions were presented in 1827 tor the remission of tithes and other im[)osts, exee|it nmnicipal taxes, for fifteen years. Misgovernment :iL home assisted to retard improvement. l^^cheandia was supposed to rule the peninsula from his seat in Alta California, but he did not trouble hiniself, and liis functions were | (reformed by a de[)uty, who was sometimes appointed by tin; governor and sometinu'S by the territorial debutation. The ayuntamientos of the iilitiei>. 'I'liis iiiih'pendent action roused Keiieaiulia, mIio hitherto li.iil allowed tiie pei-ple to niiinat;e their own atlairs. His reiiresentations Ird tlie siipreii; • t;(iveiiiiii''iit tn apiioiiit Ijiiutenaiit-eolonel M. N'ietoria, and to separate the |pe!iiiisula f.'uiii Atta California, while snhordinating it in iiidi- tary and judieial matters to thi' eoniandante-ueneral of ."^luiora. Vietoria bein^' transferred to the northern ])rovinee in \S'M). he was sneeeeiled hy M. Monterde, who, upon his cliHtioii to eongress in IS.'U, surri-ndereil the otlii-t' to the i'e|iiitation, and its nienihc rs now rotateil monthly as jefe politien. The eoiise((ueiit eonfusion eaused Monterde to he sent haek as ruler two years later, hut hi' hoinj.^ again eleeted deputy, f\ I'ernvian nieniher of the deiiutativin took charge niilil tlit! arrival, in .Ajiril KSI?.'), of tiie government appointee, {'oloiicl \\. Martinez; hut so intense was the opposition of tin" legislative hody to this tnainlami intruder that le resigned. Then eanie a contet ht'tween tli.; dejiutatioii memhers for I'ontrol, leading to virnlriit party spirit and liloodslu'd. Tlie government thoreitjion ordered the adniiii istration to rest with the alcalde of La Vix/., to which place the caiiital iiad been transferred in KSIM), owing to the destitution of Loreto in nat"ral ic pourcoa, aggraviitoJ by au iuuiuktitiii, wiiich iu the. prueuding yuar liad awept POLITICAL OnANOES. 711 ¥ ■',, m At the fall of the federal system in Mexico the Caiifornians were united into a sin;j;le department under this name, and Jjuis del Castillo Niunte, an ex-judge from the northern pix^ incit, was ajtpointed sul)-jefe under the governor residing in Alta Cali- fornia, yet reall}' with greater jtower than his )>rede- cessors, owing to the abolition of the deputation, nnd til listance fro n his supcrioi's. He ruled with great eiu'rgy and prudence till 1842, and introduced most conunendable land reforms and colonization nieasuris. Afttjr this came a rai)id succt'ssion of military ap- pointees, with sym[)tomsof former disijuiitude. The two districts of the Californias ((uarn'lleil also coii- cendng the frontier jurisdiction, and the disorder was aggravated hy the government's neglect to pr()]K'rly sustain tho garrison, which thus became a party to strife. Indians took advantage of the discord to carry matters with a high hand.'* Troubles also threatiMied to arise from the decree in 182H and followhig years, for the eximlsion of Span- iards, to which nationality the friars belonged, besitlcs a few of the settlers; but as no serious attemjit was made to enforce the law here the afl'air subsided." Now comes a more stirring period, the war with awivy a largo portion of the town. This artioii sorvcil only to unito the fac- tions against tlie common enemy- The ah'altU", M. Canseco, was cast into IM'ison, and the deputation renewed ilie rotation in oliioe. Tin; government imiieratively repeated its former oriler, and Conseco declining, tlie .second alcalde. Captain F. de laTolia was installed as jefe in .lanuary KSH7. '^'Constant raids occnrrcil; in Oi'toNer l.s;!;>, the mission of (iuadalniie was .sai'kiMl, three of the defendi'rs heing killed; and in IMO Santa Catalina mis- sion was liurncd, and Ki of its neophytes were slain. "After the indeiiendenee, intercourse with foreigners was no longer pro- hihited, and hotli La Paz and l^oreto were for a time ojiened to trade. The permission availey (lovcrnor Kigueroa, on the way from Acapuleo to Alta California. While halting at Cape San Lucas part of liis troop.s mutinied, and sailed away to San Hlas with the transport vessel, and he had to takt? refuge at La Paz until the vessel was reuturud by the uuthoritieu of Jalisco. 1:1 4m 712 LOWER CALIFORNIA. IS; the United States, the general aspect of whieh I luw c considered elsewhere. It lias been shown that Cali- fornia, in its wide extent, was tlie chief aim of the invatlers, who were stimulated by the behef that Eng- land had desijjfns u|)()n the coast. (Teogra[)hically by name, and for tlie time j)olitically, the peninsula seemed to be part of Alta California. It was, niorr- over, regai-ded as a desirable acquisition, partly from a strati'ufic point of view, and from the first the im- j)res.sion c.ime from official sources that Lower Cali- fornia would l)e retained by the United States. Tliis was communicated to its inhabitants, with the assui- aiicD of |)r()tection to all who should espouse tli(> American cause. Yet it was not until the conquest of the upper coast had been achieved that the in- vaders turned against its southern extension."* "Tlioir Wiir oshhU liad appnarod in tlinse waters in tlic autumn of 1Ht6, to f^ivo notice of a ((lockadc wliii'h ooulil not thou lie tu- fofocd, ami at clui first iutiinatioii Colonel Miranda, jofe politieo, oH'iicil neutrality if the pursons and property of the peojile were respected, for they wore ilefoui'olesi. Tiiis step, altlioui;li widely eouuteuaaced or taeitly ,i|)- pr)ved, sulHc ^l to rais(! an outery auion^ a set of true patriots, as well .u among puroly political opponents, who, ]iroliting liy Miranda's lack of linn- ii'Ms, in Fe'i. \S^1, set up as jefe politico Mauri(U(t Castro, a proiuiueut and energetic ui;iti. Uc lo^t uo time in summouiug the uu'uilici's of the council to nitiet at Saiit i Anita to devise measures for defeu'je. Orders had heen issiu'd 'J irly in ISKi for raising a eomi)auy of defensores under the coinuiaud of .1 M. Moriiuo, styled jefede < Uierilla de Defensores, anil Castro souglit to orgaiu/ca l)ody of voluntecr-i; l)Ut it was impossihlo at the time for him to eolh^^t siilll cient means or miMi. The invaders found no ohstaelo therefore to takiiiL,' formal possessinn. Tiiey began l>y entering the ports, capturing a few small vessels, and souuiling tlie dispisitiiiu of the people. On March '20, IMIT, CoinmandiM- Montgomery, of the PorUntouth, h.aving summoiuid tlie authori- ties i)f Sin .rose del Cal)o to surrender the town and ail puhlie property to the United States, was prcmiisod strict neutrality. He lioisted his flag, and in a proelamitioii ailmonisiied the iuhahitants to pursue peaceahly their avo- cations, inviting all who should suhiuit to participate in the privileges of American eiti/.eiis. On April l.'Uli the PortsmmUh appeared at liiv Paz, which surrendenil with rather more elahorato formalities, (^olonel Miranda, who still hcM away here, in:ide no opposition, hut ho reipiested that connnissionors from both sides might meet to arrange the terms after possession had heen taken. This was granteil, and fifteen articles were arranged, by which all puhlir property should ho given u]). The municipal otlicers were to continue their functions under promise of neutrality, and military otlicors, if they reuiaiiii'il in the councry, were to he parole this quiet surrender, and to the weakness of the province, the American conunanders neglected to h-ave an adequate force to complete the coiKjuest, '* and secure [)erma- nent tranquility. This error subsequently nearly brought disgrace upon the Hag which they had hoisted. '*Tlu; autlinritics in Alta California wcro more observant, and resolved to ri'Miedy tlio neglect. The N. Y. volunteers had reaehed that coast after its siil)jugatiiin and two of its companies, A and B, nunihering 115 men, under Col. Burton, were eniliarked for Lower California, at Santa IWrhara, (HI .lidy 'A, 1847, with provisions for six months, on lioard the store-shi]» Li.i-iiiijlini, wliieli had to remain with them. On the '20th they were wel- loiritiil at La I'a/, and tilted u]) harracks on an elevated plateau ovcrlookint; llie town. On .Inly 'Jitth IJurton issued a ])roclamation of the same t(Uior as that already jtromulgaied hy CouLmander Montgomery, and sent copies of it to all 111.' nrineipal towns. No opposition was raised to this e.xeept at San Antonio, wnei^: two eiti/ens. Hidalgo hy name, liad sought to ro\ise the in- hahitaiits, hut were promptly madi; prisont^rs l>y liurton. Meanwhile news came that a Mexican force iiad laniled at Mulege, and the U. S. sloop of war Diiiv, Commander T. O. Selfridge, happening to arrive just then at l^a I'a/, she set out in eom[)any of the schooner Liticrtod to investigate". Selfridge reaeheil the [)ort on Sept. ;{t)tli, and promptly out out a small schooner, the MnijilaliiHt, wliieli had lirought the .Mexican soldiers, without meeting op[io- sition. 'J'lie following morning he sent a i»ro|iosal to tlu; autlioritit's to pre- serve neutrality, to surrender the arms hrouglit fnun (iuaymas, and to ali- stain from all intereour.se with Mexico. Captain .Mannel I'iueda, chief of the Mexican troops, and newly appointed comandante ])rincipal o,' the penin- sula, in r»!ply, indignantly protested against the injustice of the Anuiricaa ca\ise and the tre.achei'y of Miranda. La Paz, he yards distant, church, otlicers' quarters, and store-house, which togetlicr formed the main position. The last two edilices possessed court-yards with adobe walls; on the east, open toward ^he distant hills, was added a treii'li and .a chain cable supported by posts tor resisting cavalry, and ditches wen; cut at diH'erent points. These j)i'eparations were accelerateil by the approacli of the C'alifornians, with a fighting force of about GDO or TOO men, swelled by an additional number of irregular followers of less value. Captain Manuel I'inetla, as comandante principal of the jieiunsula, was commander- in-chief, and uii>I'V ,111't \^l^ill-~.,V.I Illiiril ,11V' ,i.,ii, ,bi,,i \,>i,i,,,, ,i>t>\i, .....■■• Irove the Californians from lioth positions with loss. Kiriiiv; lienig resumed Vlan of tuk I'osirioNs Orcri'iicn nv Tkooi's at La I'as DriiiNii i'iie At- TACK.S l.N NOVKMIIKU AND Df.CK.MliKK, 1847. 1—Miiin position of Anieripnus. 'J— Clmrcli. ;i— Storctiouse. ■(— Mirnmlii's Ikiiisc. ' -l'"iirliliciitloii en I lie hill. 11— Mill. 7— ( (iriier of Hellnc's lumse. S — Nearest |)(.iut nf Mcxieiin Hdviiiice. 9— Portugese liouse. l(W-(il(t cuiirtcl. 11-12— t'aiit. Stccle'H )i irtv takiiUT the old eiinrtcl. l:i— (ira-. eyiinl. 1 1— Minimla's town limi-^e, destroyed !iy .Mexicans, l.i— Arroyo, from I to li feet deeji. I(>— .\iiioricau Hanacks. I'rop- II ly destroyed by Americaus. early on the 17th, the Americans sallied and destroyed all buildings which I nidd atl'ord shelter to asssilants, so (hat they soon had a fairly ch:ar view within musket r.ange. They moreover hastened to throw up additional in- trenchinents, with breastwork and ditches; .and to fortify the roofs of their Imilditiys with cotton bales and other suitable materials. On the '27th the Californians were nnexjiectedly rei'nforced by the division f:'oin San .)os6, which had been repidsed there, and encouraged moreover liy the posse.isioti of a four-pounder which the new-comers brought with them, they began a desperate attack about 'A o'clock i'. m., advancing to within 100 lit of the entrenchments, and continuing the tight until after dark. On i , i||t' ]i ' p '1 m il i| 1 716 LOWER CALIFORNIA. the following day the Amorican-s retaliated hy storming the old cuarttil which formed tl>e opposite centre. Tiiey also strengthened their position l)v demolishing their own northern har/uck and concentrating behind tho lol; barricade. Pineda r»!mained inactive for wonie days, and then fell baci< t i Han Antonio. Meanwlule the besieged having sent a launcii to Ma.^tlan tiT aid, tlie (.'^'frtc cntc'-ed the harbor Dec. Mth, followed on the lltii by the Soiillianiybm with orders for tlie relief of Nan Jose. While these operations took place at La I'a/ a similar siege vas laiil to San dose, held by Lieut Hey wood witli '_'-! men and a nine-pounliforni;iiis, wiio under tiie able leadersiiip of Mitl- sliipman McLanahan and (Jillespie defended tiie Imilding witli great deter- mination. Hefore daylu'eak tiie t'alifornians retired, carrying witli tliem two killed and several wounded. The Americans liad three wounded in this night's engagement. The next day passed in mere investment oper.i- tioiis until night, when a forlorn hope, led by Mijares, made a tierce eliarj.'(! upon the cuartel to capture the nine-pounder. It had lieen intended that tiie whole force should storm the cuartel on all sides during the confusidu which tliis charge would creatts but at tlioons, lances, and other implements of their calling, with here and there a venerable musket. They were soon relieved by the arrival of the Southinipoii, followed by the PorUnioiUh, antl duriiij; the presence of these warships everything remained quiet. After a lew weeks stay they set sail, leaving with Heywood a force increased to .'iO marines and Hi seamen, with abundant ammunition and two additional carronades. The departure of these vessels was a signal for the Californians to renew operations, and about the miildle of Jan., 1848, reenforced Iiy Pineda, they encamped within a league of the village to the number of 800 mounted men, driving ott' the cattle and hor.ses, destroying the crops, ainl cutting off all communication with the interior. They moreover captured a party of five men under the midshipmen Duncan ami Warley, who sought to reach a schooner which had arrived on the 2l8t with supplies. Kmbold- cned by this success, they contracted their lines and drew (laily nearer the town. As Heywood had to support some fifty women and ehiblren who had sought his protection, provisions soon ran short. At great risk foraging parties were sent out, but only three cows could bo obtained. These con- sumed, everybody was put on half allowance of salt provisions without bread. The Californians drew closer, and strengthened by a body of Yaquia from Sonora they maintained an harassing fire, yielding only momentarily bci'ore occasional sallies. They also frustrated an attempt to eomnninicato with a schooner briuging supplies from La Paz. By the 10th of Feb. they in thci tary re niainlii cause ( lings. aroused and thf sul)ject( these al iiiands Jilaee. MCllt o\ by eons Nearly llietinj^ Were pei no part^ treaeher tills nati La I' to organ •■'■•ipturin till! arriv ever, bv BATTLK OF SAN VIUKNTE. 717 to :io lUtioiial foruiiiiis reed I'V of :«w ps, anil )t«reriive and competent midslu[iman McLeanaiian, Hey wo«)d's rightii.intl man; and hy the I'Jtli tli'.' ( 'alifornians iiad cut oil access to the waternig pliice liy l)reastworks. The situation of tiie hesieged was now very <'ritical, and tlie sutl'ering of the women and eliilihv^ii made it seem alnuist iniiunian to hold out: yet so far the Americans were as determiiictl iis ever. In the afternoon of tlie 14th a large sail was reportiil, wliicii ^'rcatly cheered the Americans, whde the ('alifornians redouhled tlieir etlorts and revealed such spirit that Ih^ywood, aware of their increased luimher, feareil succor might not reach him. Tlie vessel proveil to he the Cyinii', commander Pupont, wlu) liatl re- ceived orders while at i^a I'az to proceed to San Jose, news of the situation of tiie garrison iiaving readied Commodore Sliiil'rick at Ma/atlan. Deem- ing it impruiipont just outside the lown. The united parties then dispersed the Californians. and marched triumphantly to the euartel, communication between the beach and euartel being rei'stablishcd. Thus ended the battle of San Vicente, a celebrated en- counter for Lower California. The siege of San Jose reflects credit on both sides, on the one for staunch endurance and considerate regard for fugitive families; on the other for considerable skill in siege operations, and a da.sli, illustrated by leaders like Mijares and Navarrete. If the Californians failed in their aim, it must be attributed greatly to the superior discipline and mili- tary resources of tlieir opponents. The rcenforcenients sent them from the mainland proved not only of little value, but positively pernicious to the cause of defence, from the lack of syiiipatliy ami principle among these hire- lings. Moreover, the treatment to which the Californians were submitted aroused disgust. Loyal citizens were ground down by forced contributions, and those who were regarded as traitors were rutibed of their jiroperty, and subjected to outrages of every description. I'iiieda might have cheeked these abuses, but paid no heed cither to remonstrances, or even the eom- mands of liis superior in Soiiora. Thus the imforlunate Californians were ]ihu'i>l between two fires, and it is no wcuid'.T that many of them ojieiily went over to the sidi^ of the .\mcricans for self-iirotection. This vas dime by considerable numbers of inhabitants who hail otherwisi^ lieeii true patriots. Nearly every place of importance was ii 'onstant ferment anccd into the [ilace, and dis- persed the Californiaiis after a hiicf skirmish, killing three, and capturing L'aptain Calilcron, Lieutenant Arcj, and a soldier, llie American prisoners were found and rescued, and aftei destroying some arms and ammunition, tlio expedition returned to La I'az, whicii was reached on tlie 17th. 'Ilic arrival, on Marcii 'J2d, of the store-ship lndUWi, with over 1 50 addition;il volunteers, undtsr (!aptain H. M. Naglco, enabled Colonel liurton to give wider scope to his operations. Fo, r days later lie set out from La Paz with 217 men, and on the next day a detachment of 1;> surprised and captured.it San Antonio the comandanto principal, Pineda. Learning that the Califur- nians were concentrating at Todos Santos for retreating toward Magiia- lena bay. Burton iiastuncd in pursuit with the main body, while Nagicc sought to gain tlioir rear with 45 mounted men. Timely M-ariicMl that tin' Californians were lying in atnbusti in some dense chaparral througli wiiicii the road ran. Burton directed his course along a ridge of high tabic laml. frnin which afull view of the enemy was obtaine(t, whereupon the latter fell liack tn a hill commanding iiis, advanced and received him witii great spirit; the en- gagemunt was cut short, iiowever, l>y the appearance of Naglee to the rear. and the Californians dispersed in all directions. Naglco continued the pur- suit, and captured several Mexican soldiers; ho also surprised a camp nl' .sleeping Yacjuis, two of wiiom were secured, and by Naglee 's order brutiilly butchered. He tlien issued a ])r()clauiatioii to tiie authorities and rancheros, directing tliem to arrest all Ya(piis wherever found, intimating very plainly that the lives of the outlaws were of no value. Such acts and words couM not fail to give strength to the rumors industriously spread of Ameri(:iii outrages. Meanwhile other officers from naval and volunteer corps had brought in a number of prisoners, among them Mauricio Castro, who since Pineda's capture had combineil the military and political commands, and tiie shrc«i| iiiid energetic P. (ionzalez, as well as his two sons, M'ho were serving as otii cors in the army, from whose inlluence the Americans had more to fear than from all tiie military leaders. The principal jirisoncrswero sent to Mazatlaii and released on parole, several returning afterwards. The volunteers ecu- tinned to garrison the peninsula unmolested till the treaty of Ciuadalui"' Hidalgo restoretl it to .Mexico, after whicii they M'ent back to Alta Califor- nia to be disbanded. .\s the American commanders had repeatedly dcclarcil that Ijower California would be ])urnianently annexed to the United States, and had thus induced m.iny of tiie inhabitants to compromise themselves with their countrymen, by espousing tiie inv.ader's cause, the course of the Uniti'd states government in surreiKlering the peninsula was subjected to seven' criticism in many (|uai'ters. Tiie reasons were its poverty iind awkwanl po.sition for communication and defence. True, certain amends were nuiile by offering those afraid of remaining the opportunity to leave the country and settle in Alta California, togetiier with a certain indemnity for losses: but this breaking up of homes and families was not possible to all. Those who had suffered from the invasion as loyal adherents to Mexico, were ac- corded grants of laud. CHAPTEII XXX. oMght in rineila '^ shrow.l as olli- ar tliaii a/!itliiii ers ci'ii- i/. /Arc, l8.->0-4. In small places lack- ing alcaldes jueus auxiliaries take cognizance in cases involving amounts not over .^15. There were eight constitutional alcaldes, two in the capital and one in each municipality, with 33 alcaldes de cuartel, 21 being in the south. An Indian ruled at >S. Bona. f719) t. '11 m 720 LO\VKU CALIFOUNIA tration.* The jcfo jiolitico should ho appointed ]>y thi^ supreme yoveriiinent, after roiisultiiig tlie lenrjs- lature.* ' Decree of April 25, ISAO. The meir.bcrs were to lie elected l>y the col- logo choosing the cniigressidnal ilcputy, for four years, rciicwiii>la hy halve-i. j\itioirrii, A^'z/cx, IH.'jO. 104 7; M<.r. <'<>l. LiyiM, |S,")0 1, 71 U. For dcjuity elect ioti sec Vniivr-'oil '2\, Nov. l.S4!t. * Witii J?U,000 pay; tlic eldest lej^iHlativc inonil)er HUceecded temporarily. Phiiirf, Due, Sail., iv. X\. A most importiint moaHiiro wa.s to asHi^ii to tlic peiiiiiHula one of the several milit.iry ('olonies decreed for the protection of the northern frontier against Americans as well as Indians. Tiie manner of carrying out the 8chemu niaile it useless as reg.irds the former, for it was ea.sicr to enter hy sea than across the northern wastes, and it brought no im- provement on previous methods of dealing witii the aborigines, while the dis- trict itself lost rattier than gained by this accession of eoioiiist.s. The order to estalilish the colony witli l(K) men was issued in July L'O, 1848, ami pre[tarations to that end were begun in the following year by Col KspinoHa,who, as jefe politico and coinandante militar of thojieninsula, was also appointed iii- Hpector of tiie projected settlement. According to lii.s regidations recr\iits were to bo attnicte1 As early as ISjI liostilo proj^ots assunKKl atliroat- (Miii»;^ as|)t'ct,' and tiu! ()j)L'riiti«)ns of Kaoussrt (l»; Boullntii in Siniora in IH.VJ rovealud the (letoniiina- tioii witli which such nww could follow flimsy pru- texts, while his short-livud victory at Honnosillo sorvod to iiiflamu the minds of a larj^e number of men in Alta California. Amoni^ them a certain little wiry, plain-faced Tennessean, some thirty years of a*^e ; a reserved mail, slow of speed), swift and nois(>- less as a snake in action, with the seal of an indomita- ble will set upon his firm lips, and a relentless soul lookinijf out throU'^h his steel-ufray eyes — eves so peculiar in shade and exi)ression that they fascinated while they repelled, and seemed to subordinate the will and read the thoughts of him upon whom their steady <^aze was bent. Such was the ap[)earance of William Walker, editor, lawyer, filibuster, whose pen was as sharp as his sword, and as ready for attack, iirave, energetic, resolute, ambitious, and unscrupu- lous far beyond ordinary men, he appeared to have l)oen created for the desperate work before him, save tliat lie was called to plav his part some centuries t(jo late." for making encroachments upon their neighbors' property. As gold he- cimo Moarcer, the more rostless of these adventurers began to look about thiMU for a new harvcit liehl. It mattered nut wlin miglit own the iinagiiiary KMorado; if tiiey were only strong enough to take and }\ohl it, it was tlieirs liy the only code they ruuoguized, and they turned their eyes to Mexico; fir had not tiieir own government pointed to her as fair game? *In June '201) men came to La I'az, ostensibly to trade, and 400 more Were expiicted. Uiiinr.inl, .Tuly 18, ISoI. For Sonora expeditions, see under tiiat province, ^[r.r,. Mem. Owr.. 1S.")'2, 17-10. Pr('i)arations for defensf? were made in Feb. 1S,")2. />«•. Ifltt., linj'i C'll., ii. i.'):! fil, o:)()-t)0, passini. These threats and the consequent anniuLt and irritation led to the murder in that inuiith of two American miners, Isaac lianes and Van Ness, near Guadalupe, by greedy soldiers. Evidence in Id., ii. '2t)(i-5S.1, passim. '' He and his companions contemplated a scheme similar to that of tho French count, and two agents had been sent to Sonora to obtain as a foot- ImM a grant of land near Arispe, in return for an offer to protect tlie frontier f'i;Tiust the savages; but warned by Raousset's action, the governmont Would not listen to the proposal. Walker, therefore, deciiled to renew tlie application in person, and in June 1853, accompanied by Henry P. Watkins, lie sailed from San Francisco forGuaymas. The authorities, however, treated him with suspicion, and the two sheep-faced wolves were forbidden to pro- ceed into the interior. At this point of aflfairs, as Walker relates, news came of fresh Apache outrages, threatening Uuaymas itself, and ' several IliST. Mex. States, Vol. II. 46 iii^ 722 LOWER CALIFORNIA. The acquisition from Mexico of the Mcsilla tract of iiortlicrri Sonora, in 1854, sot on foot c(3rtain rumors that Lower CaUfornia and even Sonora were to Im sold. Tills led to iiKlignant ])rotestations, and to ap- peals to the authorities at Mexico, which served at ■women of the place ' iirgcil liim to bocoino tlieir cliamiiion. This was a siilli- cieiit [iretcxt, ami he rcsolvud tliat not only (riiaynun, Imt the wiiolc jKNiplu of Sonora, .-.lioiihl have protection, and forthwith returned to San Francisco to i>re[)aru for \\\>i chivalrous undertaking. Little time was lost on his arrival there. A recrn ting .lihce was opened, and volunteers were rapidly enlisted; lioinls of the proieeted repul)lic of Sonora were printed, and as jnoney was pltMitifn) and .speeulavion rife in those days, they were .sold to some extent. With the \ roceeds, aiKi sul)scri|i- tions from intcirosted parties, arms and niunitions wee provided, and tlie brig ,1 /vow was chartered, (ieneral lliteheoek, however, eoniinam er of the United States forces in California, took upon himself to niti.i Tere .vith this breach of n(!utrality toward a friendly power, and seized the Arnm Septem- b3r X\, IS.')!^. Impatient at delay, the lilibnsters chartered the CarMhii', tran-fcrred their stores and three guns to her, ami sih-ntly depr.rtcii duriiii^ the nigiit of Octolier Kith, with 40 men on board, with Walker at their liisid. So sanguine were the adventurers, that a full-tledgeil administration liad heci. mapped out, and a full corps of army ami navy otlicers appointed. AlthoUL'ii Guayinas was the umlerstocxl destination of the expedition, it was decidid to make the lirst descent on Lower California, and after touching at Caivi Sau Lucas, the dindiiK' anchored at La Paz November 3d, under a Mexican flag. Conlident that he was not expected, Walker, vitli two of his otlicers went on shore and called on (rovernor Ivspinosa. After having sati-^licd himself uf the defenceless condition of tiie place, hj caused his men to land in force, and before the iniiabitants had thought .if danger, the town was iii possession of the tilil)nsters, and the governor a cajitive. Fortiiwith tin! new repuidic was ;.roclaimed, ^itii Walker as president; an api)ropriate tl.i^ was lioistt'd, composed of two red stripes, witli a wiiite oiu! Ipt^'^ween, whirli bore two red stars ri'|)resenting Lower California and Snnora; and the cmlo of Louisiana was declared to \n'. the law of the land. To pleases tlie natives, all eustomdiouse duties were abolished. Walker, however, did not deetn it safe to remain long at La I'a/ witli his small force, as troops might be ex- pecteT Ian with thirty nien to tiie rescue, wliile the < 'uniHiii' opciied lire on the town lively skirmidi took place, m wiiich tlie CaliforniaiH were routed, with t! loss of six or seven men, according to the account of the Amencans. T Ciiriiiiii' niHV sailed for San Likms, b'lta Nb-xi an cut'cr cruHing itf thi so wrought u])on Walker's apprtdien^ionstliat he continued his voyage t( bay of Toilos Santos, or Kusenada, as it was freipiently called. Here he fsafe from any Mexican land force, and if attacke. retreating talillsheil (list; from the Cniicd States' b sea w ,s « n ii'i> c,'i-v utry. .AcPd 'diiigly, lie c-- is headi(uarters in a one-story adobe Imihling near the bay. this isolated place he remained till tlie latter part of I)eceinber. during ' tir th(! lilibnsters w ere eiiyaee^ •ai skirmislie.! with t\v rll iht:irv oiloiiists of 8aiito Tenuis, u one occasiou laid, siege to their buil r ! PRESIDIO AND BISHOPRIC. 723 tract iiiiors to be to ap- ^cd at vs a Mitfi- ['"raiK'isco 3 oppned, public of »ii rife 111 suUscriii- , ami tliu ("er of thu ,vith this n Seiitcm- ; Varoliii'", tcu (luriiii; ,hoir hc:i(l. iih;v(l li;- liu'ii for till! i-aiifje vi'SM'l „iol lW-1- ni'tl to ll:« Ispd com" r.'i' Irrillj: "on j llk.'r by disco/ering one morning that the Ciirolhui had disappeared with a large proi)ortion of tiie stores. The fa.'t i.-i, that the fear:' of the captain had heeii so wrought upon l>y the re]trosenta- tions of t)ie two captives, that he agreed to carry them down t.- San l^ucas. Walker now found himself in a predicamoiit, imt lu^lp uncx])ecte.lly arrived hefore long. Exaggerated accounts of the 'liattleot J,a I'a/'liad riached Nan Francisco, : reating great entliusia:'m. Again tiie recruiting otiice was y tlui cause to hohit up their right hands ami swear to do so. .Most of the men took the oath, hut iliout ;")() declared they hail enough of Hlihiistering, and were allowed to de- li irt. Hut this lirst hreak proved contagiom, and desertion set in to .-,uih .•l:i extent as to exceed the reenforcemeiits, which continued to arrive. A< I lie example cf a few executions and Hoggings failed to make an ini[)ression, Walker hastened his departure, and on .March "JOth set out from San Vi- r^iite. After letiving a smrU diitachmeiit to ■hold the •oiintrj," he had only Mil) men, less than one third of the fore • he atone time couiitid. Alter ,i \iieks toilsome march the Colorado wai reached, the niimlieroi his followc!-) ' 'iitinually decreasing. It was decided to cross six miles ahove the mouth ' the river, which was 40l) yards wide and very dee]) at that ](oint. Jii at- I'liipting to swim across the river most of the remaining few of the cattle \ liich they had hrought were drowned or escaped. The men passed over oil I (Its. and the entry into the jiromised land was celelirattMl liy a cold-hloodcil nmrder. Captain Dongliss, an otHcer who had already shown liimsilf n, liiiilil tyrant, shot dead an Knglishman, named •'8mith, who in his hunger li 111 tilched a little hoilcd corn helonging to the caplain. Walker remainid '■1' imped on the Sonora hank of the river for three days, diirinu' '.■ hirh de- M 'Moll rediiceil his force to It.'i men. The indoiuitaMe iletcriiiiiial ion nf the tihliUjtvr leader wad forced to yield. It would have been niadiie.sn to pr.>- i,'ii nil KiSllil l!i.r ■ 1 >■" i y ' )| 724 LOWER ('AT,lFOrvNIA. were taken to form a bisliplioric in tlic peninsula, to which end Esoahmte, bishop in paitibus tie anos- tasiopolis, arrived in l(S55 with three rl3ro;ynien. The J)oniinieans abandoned the secularized missions, and orders were issued to restore all their unsold lands for support of ministers.' ceed; 1)ut lie would not yet give up Tjower California; and on April (itli iio roiTosst^l tliij Colorado ami led the ragged, dejected iiand of tlie faitiiful few wlio still followed his misfortunes toward San N'ioente. Hefore the depart- ure of the Somirau exj)edition tlie frontier settlers, driven to the verge of doHpair l»y tiie des<)lating exaetioiis and ravages of tlie tilihusters, had al- ready couihiiusl against them, and when tlie main liody departed, the .small tletieliinent left lieiiind was soon captured in detail or driven across the boundary. The Californians next attacked Walker ou liis return, wiio al- though lie reached .San Vicente, found it iiupossitile to sustain himself there. Hetherciforo turned toward the frontier, hotly purHUeroae]u'd in iniiiliator-i. I'hey were allowed to give their parole to rejhirt themselvc-) toironeral Wool at San Francisco, to answer the charge of violating the neutrality laws. To this end they were accorded free passage liy steamer to their destination. W. 1*. Watkins, the vice-president of the vi.sionary rcpiili- lic, anil v. l"'mory, secretary of state, hadheen arrested while on a recruiting tour ill California, for infringing neutrality laws, and lined .*l,r)tK) eaih. Neither of them were ever pressed to conform to the judgment, and the pri.-.- oners sent to San Francisco had nothing to fear. Indeed, Walker alone wa; lielil to answer before the courts. He was tried and acipiitted! It is un- necessary to enter into the details of this judicial farce further than to rc- luirk that the judge declared that from his heart he symiiathi/.ed with t!ic aceusiul. If such were the sentiments of the judge, what must have bciii the .sentiments of the peo])l''? To most of them the tililiust(?rs were ventiui - some heroes, fresh from doughty enterprise, pioneers of 'inanifcvst destiny. who, if checked by failure, had, nevertheless, effected a ste]) onward in tlic iiiirch of progress, and toward the realization of that dream which pictuns the entire northern continent under the stars and stripes. To right-niimkil men the expedition will ever ai)pcar as an impudent crinu!. 'I'he mail charged to carry out the paternal intentions of the government was (general .1. .M. Hlancarte of .lalisco, sent by Santa Anna in bS.")4 to replarc l{,ebi)lleilo. He had rendered great service to the dictator, and disapiioinfi'l with this jt.'tty appointment, turned against his patron, toward the eml "i th'j year, by pronouncing for tlii^ plan of Ayutla, and issuing a iirovisioniil cointitutioii ill accordaiic'j therewith. In December ISSo, the legisl;iti\r (l!l>ilt:ici,>ii, suspiMiiled ntli ''ijitiiu Z'rinail jireseiited himself in the name of Alvarez, with tw" ViMseU an I !•")► men to form scttK'ineiits. As the nieii were all foreigiui - HI lucirt,' chiAi- t ) regird them as (ilibiisters, .-au-ied them to be arrested, an ' s^iiit tlien uudiM- giiar.l to Mazatliu. Early in IS'iT, rumors of anotlur i\ p>:litioii fro'u Sa'i F'raucisco were seizeil upon by him as a jiretext to \vA\r t'l ! e I'lnh-y -lie had again been reappointed governor, owing to the resigii.i tioii of Ciouie/ August 1. 1S,")(i - to iirociirc piiy and resources. In reality li' abm lone I it to join a revolutionary movement, and not only took with limi all his own men, t.> the number of .'WX). but seized three vessels with troo|i-; aoconipativ'ng C.eneral Noriega, who had touched at La Paz on his way i" Sonora. This proceeding exposed the peninsula to threat danger. In eou- '•'"■!■ Ilinri', l^'^'- of ruct KEVIV.VL OF INDUSTRIES. The entry of troops from tlie inainlaiid sorun d peace in llic south as wcW as in tlie north. Jjoiii; repressed iiuhistries, iiotahly agriculture, sooiv revived, witli a conseijut'iit increase of })rosperity. Foieign- ers felt ( iicouraL!;ed to work; and by oj)enin|yf nniics so increased trade that a San Francisco steamer was in- duce*! to touch niontidy at San Jose and La Paz, nuctioii with the prcsiilio the gdvcriinicnt liad cstiildislicil jioiial st'ttk'iiu'iit.i at l.a I'a/ ami ( 'aniu'ii i--laiiil for coiivict-i frinn all tlio wcstiTii stati -i. 'I'lioso at tlio lattvr jil.ico siMzod a vosscl and osuaiHMl; the C()iivii;ts at tliu cajiital lirokt! (lilt in upcii revolt hut wero olicuked hy *-hu aid of Siualoa troops sent to ruplaoc tlioso taken away hy lUancartc. Aaother ;ins on hoth sides met with a siinilir fate This reign of terror was (lut an end to liy the arrival in March, ISCil, of the w;ir vessel /''fnniiti, when the lead- inu' insurgents were drivi'u out, and .1. M. Mori'iio was instalhd as snh-jefe. I'>\' this time luiarly all tin; hotter class of jicoplc had de^iarted, trade h;id xeltemc!nt abated, owing in a great measure to the lack of ca))ital among most of the miners, wlio had rushed in" to speculate rather than develop their claims. 'In J 8(52 the war of intervention in Mexico I)egan, anrl, as before, re- ni(itom;.s.s sHvcd tlio peninsula from lieing locally atlue'teil l)y its (levastations. A (U'liiancl wasnuiile, luivvever, for a coiitingunt of L'OO men to assist tiie rt'- pulilican cause; tlie aalt-tields of Carmen were leased, and an immense Cdlonization grant was made to American capitalists in the central |iart nf tlii^ territory, to obtain funds for the general government. Pedro Navaretti , who had succeeded as jefe ixilitieo in ISOU, showed linnself rather hikew arm toward till' giivernmeut. When, in the course of 1804, French war vessels toueliud at La Paz, the jefe received the otticers in a polite manner, though refusing to accept tlie enipu'e, and allowed them to Keek what sup- plies they could obtain, powerless as he was to resist. In the following year his successor, Felix (iilbert, a progressive member of tlic dcputacion, was called upiin to accept an imperial connnissioner in the person ot Espinosa, er t.iUe the ciinseciuences of a forced installation. The jefe convoked the leg- islature, and this body decided in November that it woidd be prudent to yield. '1 he French tliereupon departed. This encouraged the patriots and others to rise under Navarrete aiul Cota, and drive out both the eoiiimis- jjioucr and the obsecjuious jefe, who was suspected of imperialist symjiatliy. Antonio I'edrin, senior inendier of the a.ssend)ly, assumed control until the (lection in June. Tlie choice fell on Navarrete. Pcdrin refused to sur- render the ollice, but Navarrete, sustained by San Jose and other - a hugiuning hy ronstruciing roads, clearing land, anil opening wells. The artesian sinkings proved a failure, and iloomed the colony. It so Ii.ippened, however, tliat the coast was found rich in orchil dye, and heedless of tiie ! ick of rc-iources for a settlement, ahout .Ml);) persons wore sent out from New York under contract to gather mos.s, and to lieciune colonists. Lack of houses and other acciunmodations. poor food and iiisulVicieTit water, togetlicr with a desert like surronnIO.(M)0.(liH) chum ujion Alexico, \\hieh was (.oniiiroiTiised hy al- lowing the cioii^iauy the pnvileye to gather oreliilla for six years. 728 LOWER CALIFORNIA. during these two derades, with merely an occasional faint success to sustain lingering hope ; " yet some- thing must in time result from these several efforts. The suspicion of United States designs upon the ter- ritory " tended to sustain a not very friendly feeling of the inhabitants toward foreigners, as well as a cautious attitude on the part of the authorities. Nev- ertheless the value of innnigration is understood, and recognized in the great impulse imparted during the last decades to mininor and trade at least. If ao-ri- culture failed to keep pace, it nmst be attributed greatly to the insecurity not only of life and [)roperty, but of land titles, a state of affairs which is rapidly chanojino; under the late firm administrations. The fact is that the immense aijricultural and min- eral resources of Lower California need only be thor- "j1/(»,t;. Dif laiidhiws. ^f(X. Mem. al Emv., ISdo, 5(57-8. The Peninsula Plantation and Homestead Association obtained a large, fertile tract along the Mulege l)ay, and a city was to be located 70 miles s. w. of Ouaymas. Thirty thousand shares were od'ered to actual settlers at .SUi. Broirmt'-f L. Cal., 17.")-C. The gov. granted in 1870, .'?.'?, (XK) to aid two colonies, one near the frontier, the other on (Juadalupe island, where tlie Comp. de (!ua. CuL Srrnpx, 185. Hyde, once al calde of S. F., planned a town 8 miles from San Quentin snlt-ficlds, wIhlIi took no embodiment. Brnii'iii''n L. ('al., 110. At Scammon's bay two-score I. .en were iniroduced in 1870 by Janscn to gather salt. His right was con- tested. i)[i:i: Dhir. Ojic, .luiie 9, 1870. The Carmen island salt-field was conferred upon the Cal., Oregon, and Mex. Steamship Co. in 18(57 for!575,00(). Biijit ('y congressional inquiries. THE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY. r2*j sional SOUK'- iliorts. le ter- Foelinjj; I as a Nev- )d, and i agn- ributtnl operty, rapidly nd niiu- je tlior- i grant, Go- ; was mailc. ,0(1 thrDiigli u reiiinsula [tract aloiij; (luaynias. /•()»'«(,'■■' />• (iiic! near Jo (Juail. ng Angora A., July 1, ,u(l slaug'.i- £, otV the :l seciiuil ;. -iS, 1.S71. , V:k'(^ i'^ lids, wliiili twn-scori' . was con- t-tiel(l vas i.r><7r),(M)0. lie WL'StlTII En'. Mar with allii ■■(). foriiu'il (oily & O'. vlo in 15C8 i^tiio i^^land. ito ixplora- anil A'"'-- II uuiuiriiis. ougly undi^rstood to entrage capital for their devcloj)- iiiont ; vvliilu tlie conditions of life in this region, among vvldch its soft and healthful climate is a most iiotewortliy feature, are such as to strongly induce thrifty laborers and home-huilders to settle there. The republic of Mexico has been enjoying for some 3'ears tlie benefits of peace and an enlightened administra- tion of affairs. It has been doing much to encouraue industry and to promote modern improvements on a large scale. Under the new regime railways have been constructed, telegraph lines have become fairly numerous, mountains and uninhabited regions being si)anncd to brinyj distant border colonies into ready C(»mnmnication with the commercial world, and postal facilities have been much enlarged. The government has appreciated the importance of an increase of population, and to this end has awarded to colonizing companies subsidies, most of them in the form of grants of large tracts of land, accom[)an- it'd with exemptions, to induce the coining of a de- sirable class of foreigners. '^ The colonization act of December 15, 1883, is an invitation to the citizens of friendly nations to settle in Mexico, and share in the advnitages of a new country rich in every element conducive to the comfort and happiness of man. This law also |)rovides for the ])artition and distribution of the j)ub]ic lands on a most liberal scale. Under it several projeets of colonization have been entertained, abroad as well as at home, and a number of colonies have been established in different states. The na- tional constitution l)i'stows the rights of Mexican cit- izenshij) upon all f)reigneis owning real i-state or liavinoc Mexican-born children, a i)rivile*j;e whicli the pi'es(!nt administration has rendered quite? acceptable to f « *eign settlers. The renouncement of his former n;ttionalitv is, however, a matter of choice with the settler. He is given, furthentiore, f )r twenty vears t\\v. right of importing free of duty, for his pursorial '■^ Jiancro/l, Vklu dc Porjirio l>iuz, 574-0. fr :iiiif i-iii 730 LOWER CALTFORXIA. use, house! i()](l and personal eftects, farininLj Iinjilo- iiieuts, seeds, horses and cattle for use and for breed- iiii;', tools of trade or instruments of profession, builtlin;4 material, and machinery of any kind for manufacturing i)ur[tosei. The elements of wealth possessed by Lower Cali- fornia have not passed uiiperceived. Takini^ advan- tiicro of the liberal laws and favorable conditions, the International Company of Mexico, a corporation ex- istintr under a charter of the state of Comiccticut, and havin>5 its headquarters at Hartford, has virtually be- come ailistributinii; aii;t!nt of the Mexican goveriunent, by ac(|uii'inL( a com|)l('te and perfect title to eiojiteen million acres of land in Lower California, all of winch hav(^ been duly surveyed by the company. For this service it obtained one-third of the tract without fur- ther cost; the other two-thirds, it is understood, wen- acquired by actual purchase from the national govern- ment. The climate of the northern portion of the penin- sula, where the company's lands are situated, is all that could be desired. If not superior to the climate anywhere else, it is certainly as g()()d as any along tlic coast. The same may be said fairly of its soil, for the production of fruits and grain. The extreiiiv temj)erature at Ensenada in sunnner is placed at 97°, and the coldest about 40° Fahr.'' It is related that a tomato plant grew in a garden continuously for four years, with no signs of frost. GarcU>n vegetables are sown and gathered every month of the year. The country is also excellent for sti)ck-raising ; the varieties of orass being wild oats, wild clover, alfileri'a, and bunch-grass, besides immberless shrubs abounding in the mountains and foothills. Neat cattle enjoy great advantages of climate, shelter, food, and water: while the conditions are excellent for the breeding of ** L. Cnl, Di-xn-ip. nf L^ and tlirougli tlic winter mouths of 3.^" THE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY. 731 horses, mules, sheep, and goats. The horses raised in this region are noted tor endurance. Mules of extraordinary size are bred; and there is a large demand for them at renmnerative prices. Sheep, owing to the uniformity of climate, yield a W(H)1 of remarkable eveimess. Even goat-raising here be- comes a profitable industry. Under the protective system of Mexico, manufacturing interests, such as woolen-mills, tanneries, etc., have o[)ened to the pro- duce of this favored region the large demand of a whole nation. Another source of wealth, subordinate, perha})S, to that of agriculture, is mining. Cojiper mining has been carried on for a decade or so in some localities, while other places known to ct^ntaiu rich deposits have remained almost unnoticed. Little has been done even in the richest fields, owing to lack of capi- tal and other obstacles, which intelligent energy can easilv remove. There are extensive ledu'cs of i>'old- bearing quartz in many places. Coal, sulphur, alum, nitre, soda, borax, talc, kaoline, (juicksilver, tin, nickel, antimony, iron, zinc, and lead abound. Salt and guano deposits and a variety of valuable stones are also to bo found. All these elements of wealth are calling for the industrial hand to bring tliem into comnu-rcial existence. A large extent of the company's southern land is covered with jirecious woods, such as rose, ebony, mahogany, and cedar, various gums, and dye- woods, on which the nativt;s i)laced so little store as to make charcoal of ebony. There are also many thousand acres of pine and live-oak. The lands of the International Company comj)riso the northern or upper j)ortion of the peninsula. Their I)roperty commences at tlie line fifteen miles south of San Diego, near the .'32(1 parallel, extending south- ward a distance of about HOO miles, with an aveiage of 100 miles in width, having the Pacific ocean on one side and the gulf of California on the other. Until lately the population uf the whole region did IP I li I 782 LOWKr. (WLIFORNTA. Mot exceed oOO, Afexicaiis. Anierirniis, and otlior na- ti(>Maliti(>H, It was a peat el'ul conmiuuity, where life aiirnment has incurred no obli- gation to aid in forwarding the operations of tlie company, cither with subsidies or privileges, other thaji those set forth in the revised colonization law of 1883. JNIoncy exi)enditures nuist be tlefrayed by the comjiany, or the settlers, as the case may be.'" Tliere is every reason to believe that the efforts of the coni- jiany will result in develo])ing this interesting countrv, whose wealth has hitherto lain dormant and useless to civilization." There is a part of the native j)opula- tion who, from race prejudice, oi)i)ose the enterprise, although in connnon with the rest of mankind they "'(ioorgc Ryerson, the coininandatit of tlie nortlicrn district during tlio last .six or seven yeais, s]ieakiiig on tli(! advantages of his district, sayK that a few acres siilliced for sinniurt; that tlie earth and sea teemed witli food; aud that he lived in the district ahout -H years without a lock to any door of his liouse. Ryerson was horn in Texas in 18IU), when the country was a part of Alexieo. Though he has lived in tiie U. S., he has i!\er reniaineil a Mexican citizen, serving in the Mexican army in 1847, in the canijiaign against A\ illiani V'alkcr in Lower Cal. and Sor.ora. and l.istly during the French war in Mex- ico, with the rank of major, which he iniw liohls. lie; owns a tract of land given him hy the Mexican government in the northern district of J. <-"al. His last connnissiiPii as chief exoiMitive officer of that district was issued in ]S8."), anend n|)(in. hcini; ahle ]irotital)ly to compete in the latter instance hy reason of thi^ sujierior (|u;dity of their ])roduce. '"The lands, as advertised, may he ])nrch:iscd cither for cash or on time. ''•' In Dei'eird)er ISSl! a large nnndier of families selected tracts, whei-c they |)ro|)o.;ed to cidtivate grajies and olives, and a steamer was placed upon the route between Sau Diego and Eusenada. TITK TXTKRNATIONAL COMrANV, 733 confess tliat the Ix'st interests of the country will l)o st'fvud therelty, the undertaking^ hein^^ nuinai^ed as it is hy ]iii» lily hon(»rahl(^ and ahle men. VetLjenerations must ])ass hefort^ the vast rcisources of the eom[)any can be fully l'i,(M)0 per mile, to Iniild from Sail Diego, or any point near there, to Knsenada, and other lines from K.\- seiiada to Yuma, with a hraneli running across to the liead of the navigalilo waters of tlie gulf, eastwai'd to Chihuahua. Another franchise gives a mih- .sidy of §l'J,()!)l) per mile to Imild a railway from the I'acitio port of San 15e- iiito across tiie licailwater.s of the (Jrijalva liver, which makes, in a distance of ISO miles of railroad, a coiniilete transcoiiliiK^ntalliiio 1,2")0 miles shorter than any other lino between New York and the I'acilic coast. This line pre- sents advantage! over any otluT route. The distance is shorter than tlic northern lines, and lieaUhier than tlie .southern; after leav'iig the sea-coa it it will traverse a saluhrions table-land, where a valuable trade can bo liuilt up. The lino also passes through the finest cofTee region. Anollier franchise is to run a steamship line from San Diego, or any other U. S. p(U't, down the Mexican I'acilio coast, stopping at twenty .N'.exicaii p. )rtu, and terminating at San Jose de (iualemala. This franchise ctirrics with it a subsidy of ijiS, ();)() tor the round trip, in addition of iSli;) ])cr head for i'V(\ry foreign immigrant over seven years of age, without restrii^tion as to uumi r. The proprietors of the International Company have also three i^raius giving them for an extended term tlio right of Working all the guano also h hi thi 'ht t,. lev )iave lieeii eiii|>!oviii!i Is on tl:e I'jieitic coast belonging to .M(\xico. Tl wovk all tlie deposits in tlie gulf of Califor •!l>l) men for two years, and shipped guano to the value of about .^l.dOO.OOO. They have several other grants, namely, the ownership of the islands of Cedros, (Juadalupe, Socorro, and Coronado gniup. In Soiiora they have a grant conveying the exclusive right of canalizing the river Yatpii, and using its waters during ")."> years to ir.'igate millions of acres. The company has been engagivl in developing its grants in four ibtj'erent states; biiib ing railways, canaU, and piers; and expects to build piers ill twenty-two porli. Si'iS'm'.'i Dictitlion, .MS., 1-4. T : l{ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I :F MS 110 1-25 1.4 |||.6 ^ 6" ► p>. <^ /; ->/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 ^ 734 LOWER CALIFORNIA. toiuala." In anticipation of tho railway from San iJiogo, a tolo<^raj>h line to Ensenada has Inion built, and nmny other im[)roN'enients, inrluns, another of 500 for the local tradu, ami live iiKuvlioat'i for the (Neutral American trailc. A/., MS. 4, ■'^ Major ( It'orgu II. Sissim was born in Cass county, Miciiigan, in 1W4. After receiving a common school etlucation, lie attentletl Ashlmry Univerxity for two yearn, Ann iiarlior Law University for two years, aiui Albany Law School one year, where ho grailuateil at tltc aj^e of twenty-three. In 1' (17 lie iiiarrieil Miss Sarah Set lii'M, ' erof Kdwanl ScolieKl, ]). D., who w:i-i a bosom frienil of (ten. Ham v'-iitlent of the United States, and tlic (ireek tutor of JlcnryWanl li*. and Harriet Iloeciicr. Sisson practiveil law several years, anil transaitcd dihcrliusincss, accumulatin<' aconsideralilo fortune. Having sutrered heavy losses during the tinancial depression of IST.'J, ho tnrned his attention to mining in Colorado and Arizona, availing himself of tlie knowledge he had acijuired of tlie business) from his fatlicr, who had been a metallurgist. '1 his knowlcMlgo materially aided him in his investments. Among the mines ho became interested in were the Old (Jlolie of Ari/,(ma, which has yielded from 8(i(K),(HK) to l?LOOO,(KK) per year for t! e past six .years, and the cojiper mines of Clifton, Arizona. In acknowlecl;;- ment of his superior ability in that direction, the university of Tennessee cooferred oii him the diploma of mining engineer. It was a grand ide;v wjiich led Major Sisson to ap]>ly his largo means, his almost unlimited mental a'ld material resources, to the development of th.i great eohuiization cnteriirise. With the intluence of Luis Iluller, himself a man of great genius and practical ability, ho succeeded in obtiiining liy purchase several private grants in Souora, n;'gregatiiig 7r>0,00() acres, where tho two men as partners operated several gold and silver miiu's, tho managc- nuMit of whicli Iluller still retains. They sulisequently obtained from tlie Mexican government a grant of land on the Yaipii river valley; and later jietitioned for tlie right to ac((uire the entire valley by survey and coloniza- tion under tlio revised law f which 1 have d.^ewliere made mealion. .Vm.on his friends, wlio at once saw the possihilitics of grand returns, articles of incorpo- ration were drawn up in March, 1885, and a charter was granted to the association by the legislature of (yonnecticut, incor[>orating it with a capitiil stock of .51,000,000 ; tiie stock, unaiiy of llahfonl, vieo-preaident of the Wailiash Kailway ( 'oiiiiiaiiy, ainl jire-idotit of tlii^ Oranhy Miningaiid Kiiielt- iiig Company of St Loui.s, one of the largest lead and zino conipanica in the country. -'("a])tain Pavy was a coniniissioiied otHcer of tlio 74th Highlanders in India during the great revolt, seeiny nuicli service ami nnder^ning many hardshiju. lie was xuh.-ietiuently given a permanent appointment on the s'atr in civil service in the Madras ri;venue survey department, for which lie was eminently fitted l>y his knowledge of niatiiematics and survi'ving, as well as of the Hindoostanee language. In I.Sdt) lie was promoted to tl e captaincy, hut weary of tlie inaction nf home -ervice, he retired on hall' nay. }iu MiMiu after ruvisitud ludiu im butunui^ti, and later trvullud in the West ^m 736 LOWER CALIFORNIA. director; William Hamersley of Hartford, solicitor and general counsel of the company. Max Bernstein is resident agent at Ensenada. Otiier perf' ns are also entitled to special notice in connection with this vast enterprise for the valuahlc services they are rendering toward the accomplisli- nient of its great purposes. Among them I nmst mention (xeorgo C Cheape, of Scotland, and Charles Scofield, late of Arizona. A few biographical remarks on these re[>resentative men will not be out of place." In honor of the Mexican statesmen, Cdrlos Pachero and Manuel Romero Rubio, they gave their first two colonies their names, calling the one at Ensenada, Colonia Cilrlos Pacheco, and the one at San Quentin, Colonia Manuel Romero Rubio. liiilies and Canada on important niisaiona. Ho was pretty constantly in France during tlio Franco-! Jeniian war, having meantime retired altogether from the army, on his appointment to the hri)4 of (ientlenien- at-Arni4 (Queen's lioyal Body (iiiard). In 187.) he as8iime(i. After completing a collegiate term of three years in Illinois at tlio age of 20, he win two years engaged in copper and leail mining in Missouri. ag6 rfe w.xs next employed in the lumber and )nilling business by a large firm, il 1881. He tlien took charge of the Old (ilolw copper mine of Arizona. until 1881. He tlien took charge and niiVile it develop very extensively. Tliia mine had been jmrcliaseil by Major Sisson, who d, and the result should certainly be beneficial, not only for the broad-minded and ener- getic promoters of the enterprise, but also for a nml- titude of others, for whom happy homes are lu'ld in prospect. The undertaking ought to be a magnificent success, and that it will be so there seems no doubt. In the olden times, the founder of a colony was re- garded as akin to the gods ; surely he is entitled to at least as much credit now, for as mankind swarms over the available parts of the earth, he is substan- tially a benefactor who finds fresh soil and healthful air, and makes it practicable for thousands to enter upon another and better life — to build new and per- manent habitations for themselves and their children. General Bibiano Ddvalos held control for several j'^ears, chiefly owin^ to the federal force at his com- mand, for the people did not forget the long-enjoyed privilege of electing their own governor. Diivaloa proved, moreover, so arbitrary, by interfering in local elections in behalf of favorites rnd adherents, and making himself obnoxious in other respects, that more than one uprising was attempted, although in combination with unworthy elements. In Octob r 1874 a party in the south proclaimed Toledo jefe, and levied contributions on wealthy citizens, besides com- mitting some unwarranted outrages, which only with- drew support and hastened the collapse of tho conspiracy.^* -'"In the following June a more organizelace, \iuiler Kinilio Iharra ami ntliers, who, with a Jiarty of iKM) uiiin, stirjiriscd La I'iiz, captured iMvalos, sent the feileral oMicials out of the country, and he- jjiin tlie usual levy of funds. The governor Heenm to have hecn intimidated into couces.sions, and agreed to resign; hut a detivclnuent of federal triio)m held out until their comrades came ni> from San Jose. Iharra tiicn took to llight, and escaped l>y seizing an orcliella schooner at Magdalena, hut the pursuers were so close upon his heels that most of his followers fell o.iptive. One result of the outhreak was a change of governor, in the person of Colonel Vclasco, and he dying soon after, Miranda y Castro was appointed. Tlie latter showed his ntettle in suppressing a mutiny among hia soluiers hy shout- Hist. Mkx. Statks, Vol. II. 47 738 LOWER CALIFORNIA. Remoteness from the center of autliority, which for a time exempted the peninsula from tlie political turmoils of the mainland, at length seemed to hi- crease the evil. Marquez de Leon, a Lower Calift)r- nian who had fonnerly mixed greatly in local [wlitics, and whose services during the French v^ar of inter- vention, and subsequently, had gained f(»r him the rank of general, became dissatisfied with the lack of recognition of his aid during the revolution which placed Diaz m power.' ing the ringleaersecution. Miranda's zeal led him t«>o far, however, in levying a war tax of from six to ten per cent in aid of his patron. President Lerdo, for the latter being overthrown by Porfirio Diaz, A. 1^. Tapia was sent to replace him as political and military chief. Tapia showed himself fully imbued with the txdicy of the new administration, to iuHure peace and order, so as to permit the devclopnicnt of resources and the increase of prosperity. To this end was instituted here as el.sewhere a vigorous iier- secution of bandits, and an improved administration of justice under tlio code lately introduced, enforced by the creation uf a judge of first instance in each of the three districts. Trade was fosterceds, mines, and other branches, while the reve- nue was protected by more severe measures against smuggling and pecula- tion, to the benefit, also, of the i)eople, since extra taxes were obviated by the saving. The greatest need tor restoration of order was on the frontier, so long the roaming place for adventurers, refugees, and criminals, to the discouragement of settlers. The discovery, in 1870, of gold placers in San Rafael valley had resulted in an excitement which brought many immigrants and started a regular stage line from San I>iego; but it added, also, to incen- tives for marauding by Indians and bandits, who kept the authorities in activity. In Nov. 187(>, political aspirants joined in the troubles, and drove out the sub-prefect, Villagrana. Jefo Tapia came up in Noveml>er IK77, and arrested Moreno, who had usurped the prefecture. Kventually Villa- grana was reinstalled and sustained by a guard of 2ft dragoons. '■"The strength of the government gave little hope of starting a revtdution on the continent, and so Marquez bethought himself of the nu»re distant peninsula, where he, moreover, counted many warm friends. Failing to mveigle the troops at Im Paz on October 31, 1S79, he rallied the people of his native district, and laid siege to the capital on Novend>er l'2, with 2(M) men. The military authorities at Ma^.utlan being warned, Oeneral Carlxi appeared to the aid of Governor Tapia with 125 trfiops, Mar«niez there- fore retreating, pursued by the combined federal forces. Blinded by suc- cess, the latter allowed themselves to be entrapped in a cafion, near Todos 8anto8, and were compelleed to surrender with some loss, Carlw and Tapia escaping with a few followers and seeking refuge across the gulf. Tiic victors at once marched l>ack to fia Paz, where their control over the terri- tory was merely nominally disputed by the war sloop Mexirn, which main- taiued a bluckade and bombarded a portiou of the tuwu. Man^uuz iustallsd POLITICS AND REVOLUTION. Yn as jefe poUtioo, his lieutenant. Colonel Cota, and prepared to extend over the territory an organic statute, which, he claimed, would advance ii-i welfare in a inarkeands remained to face the fec8 of the people. Even railway commissiop.s have been made, to the 8. Luis Pot. and Aguascal line, and to Alas and Rogers for a road from Tiguana to Punta Isabel. Afix. Recap., Ley., xxxvi. 33-7; M<'x. Dim: Vjir., Dec. 10, 1881. A commission was appointed in 1874 to survey lands and issue titles. Manero Doc. Intereit., 84-7. In 1881 appeared a new revenue liw. Mrx. D'lar. OJic, June 11, 1881. San Jose was opened to foreign trade in 1884 — a good sign of increasing traffic. Cron'mUi, April 19, 18M. A terri- ble hurricane and llood occurred close to this spot in Oct. 1884. /i CaL, March 2, Oct. 1'), •_»4. 1870; H. F. Bull, Oct. '27, 1871, Capt Caleb's arrest I'os. Mij., July 23, 1884. m m CHAPTER XXXI. INSTITUTIONAL. 1800-1838. pRONTiER Military Forces in Couimal TtMEs— War for Indepknii- KNCE — GoVKHSMENT— OkMCEIW) AND DlSTKIClS— RhVKNUE — C'HIIHA- HLA, DlKANdO, SINALUA, HoNOHA, AND LoWER CALIFORNIA— Cltl.MK AND Punishment — FrsioN of KAnKs— Akokiuinal I'EOPLEa — Judi- C'LAKY AND CoDES — COLONIZATION— EDUCATION. Ah a part of the vicernyalty of New Spain, for a time a semi-independent aiipenditgc, and HulmcKjuently as Ixirder reuion of a repulilic, the I'rovinci.i.i Inturnati present a retlex of the southern districts in tlieir political and civil institutions. Moulded in the same form, the .aws of the Spanish indict have left tiieir impress here as hulow, through the agency ot otiicials and p^ie^ltM from the I)>erian peninsula, yet a certain distinctiveness was imparti'd liy tiiu greater isolation of this remote interior, by its condition as a frontier extending into the domains of hostile trihes under the eondnned auspices f>f soldiers and missionaries, and its ruder asitects of life also in Iwiing pri- marily a nuning and cattle country. It was in a sense the cidony of a colony. Yet tlie contrast to Ije expected Instween the people of an exixwed hor Icr, devoted to the ha/ards and hardships of exploiting for metal and herding, and tiiat of tlie more .lettled south is not so marked. Wliat dill'or- enee tiiere is lies rather in the characteristics of race, wiiich here present a less degree of direct intermixture, owing to the relatively lower position of the altorigiiies and the later entry of the other castes. In Durango, iSinaloa, and Lower California the ah.sorption of natives was favored to a greater ex- tent hy the conditions of settlement, hut in the adjoining northern states we find the natives separate! from the re.st hy sliarper geographic and social lines. On the other hand, the constant indux of mestizo, and even southern Indian, elements has assisted to leaven the dominant mass into a tndy Mexi- can composition, in sympathy with the feeling and aspirations of the nation. This Ikomogcneity is alxwe all conspicuous in political aims. Doomed to Buhoidination hy paucity of population, and hy depeinlence for protection and higiier comforts of life on the central sections of the country, the cue for action in these respects came almost invariably from the same (juarter. While partizan cry and strife here rose equally high, they followed rather in the wake of southern leaders, varying hetween lil)eral an masics, yet the federal element was undoulitedly in the majority, base 1 on the greater independence of spirit fostered among the masses hy purs, (its con- nected with mines and horses, while the influence of the clergy, although augmented in a sense hy mission establishments, was counteracted bv the paucity and semi-nomadic habits of the population, which prevented clone or frequent contact with spiritual things or clerical chainpious. The distar ce from Mexico made a central regime also loss palatable. Urrea well undsrstt^od this tendency when he sought to start the reaction agaiuat ceatjralisiU;, at the NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS. 741 beginning of its career. Even Dnrango, tlie Rcat nf a liiMhnit, prntontol at the outset against ii lioniination l>y ilistant Moxii'o that wa.s Huxtaiiieil cliu^Hy liy the Hiililiery. Otherwi.se the national lioiul reinaineil Htronu, a.s uvinct'il hy the hrave atruggle imuIit Krias ami Iiim companions against I iiiteil tStates invasion, anil against French intervuntion l>y northwestern leatlers uniler the ilistinguishetl Corona. 'I he strong military forces of the frontier in colonial times provcnteartiL-i])ation in the war for ini)t«'il with eagerness the new onlcr, ami adopted constitutions, M'hicii, dopitc the disturl>ing ctlect of sul>se(|iient divisions of territory anci temporary cliaiigcs of system, have practically survived in tiie latest reformed issues. 'I'hrir main features may he found in tlie general organic laws, considered in my history of the repuhlic. In respect to state specialities, that of Soiiora, the centre of the present iiispano-American group, atl'ords a fair average repre- sentation, altliuugh stamped liy greater democratic deference to]i,(K)II in- hahitauts. The governor, chosen l>y similar ]iopular vote, holds oHice, al>o, for two years, in the other states for four years, and is not eligilile fnr ti>n- Hecutive reelection. He posses.scs wide power in appointing sultordinate otlicials, including the one secretary of state; the other general state otiieer, the treasurer, is selected with legislative intervention. iJistiiets are ruled l>y prefects elected like the governor; municipalities with over TiOt) .>ial hodies are mere restricted, and wholly or partly repla<,edhy elected or appointed jefes. Municipal officers I'e- ing unpaid, and in many grades un{irolitalile and thankles.s as well as r>nerous, candiu.>iness capital above S0; I J per cent on salaries, fees and personal i)roperty; 1.' jier cent on bullion and minerals extracted; 4 per cent on transfers and legacies; .'57 cents per quintal on cotton, etc. P'roni this is derived an income of ^I'JO,- ();>4, the expenditure l>eing ;?1 l'.l,2r)3. The federal contribution of 25 per cent amounts to S>4r),472; revenue stamps yield ^18,8.T0. Durango imposes 10 j>er cent on the revenue of city property and fij per cent on that of rural estates l)elow the value of .*l(),(KXt: above this i')\ jier cent is added for every additional SlO.()0(), s:2(t.(KH), and j<40.(>0(>; the tax -n estates exceeding SlUO.tHM) in value being 'Mk jier cent on the yield. Tbo real estate is valuetl at over .*14,ti:!0I) and «1UH), respectively; ??2.'» to #:«K» monthly "" industrial and mercantile e>tablishments, 10 percent on foreign j^oods, half the money derived from the sale of vacant land; also fees for profession.il titles, IcL'acies, etc. This pro- duces 61>S4.1t7(), with an estimated surplus of $2,000. The federal 2."> per cent yields if.")!!, .'$2.'); stamps Jll),3().'). Sonora relies greatly on (excise and on direct contributions, distributed in 0,U00. Tliu ruvuuuuof 4SI'i(i,5(>o, luavcn a proopeclivu iiurj)luit of nearly ^i.iUM. Tliv fvilural 25 uur cent lirtugi |rJ8,M4; itUnipit |l I,:{d0. The tinanuus of Lowur Calituruia, an a territory, fall under varu if tin; fcihtral govurninunt, wiiich ilerivos iji8nly iSI!i5, while stampii yield ;^,24<>. Municipal, coiiHumptioii, and .storage taxes are levied, tinxtit, tiUiuluit. Mcx., i. p. xi,, et Heij. liusidua the felio, is even more marked in these less cultured frontier states. Ouo cause is the freuuent want of funds, with irregular and ruilucey law. This atids to the incentive for crime, {larticnlarly rohlwry, which has Wcotiie HO prevalent in this country under the fiMtering au.spices of race prejudicrs, anil constant revolutiiuiary disorders. It was hanf for dishanded guerillas to return to honest laltor, and so easy and alUiring to continue as inaraudt-rs, perhaps under the siiecioua cover of avenging an injured church or circiiiii- scrilted lilK'rty. The north, moreover, as a l)order country had grown more and more the resort of fugitives from justice, with smugglers in large nuiii- Iters, (.^attte-stealing ami kidnapping for extorting ransom, were comiimn features to lie expected from a country long ravaged Ity Indians, and it is nut astonishing that so wide-spread an ailment should have affected, also, many a judge aud otiicial, to whom had liei^n confideil moans for aid and punishment, since these could lie manipulated with great prolit. With tho exceptions mentioned, criminal statistics agree with those for the republic in guiicral. Stringent steps were taken at mtferent times to check law-br<';ik- ing, latterly by an increased frontier guard, which, with the aid of railroads aud telegraphs, and tlie decrease of Imlian inroads, is doing gtHMlwork. Tlio effect of the gradual abolition of capital punishment has not yet lieen au- thoritatively reporteright administration of justice, and to providing moro guardians of the peace and l)ettcr pri.sons. The alisorption or merging of the aboriginal race into the new nation un- folding in .Mexico has lieen fully ccmsidered in siK)ciaI cliapters elsewhere. In the north its condition was affected by certiun features, such as a lower aboriginal culture and stnmger tribal cers. I'hc maintenance in the north of tliu mission system proved no longer of lienoKt, save in isolated instance.s, in.is- inuch as it tended to restrain development and intercourse. Tlie latter was, moreover, contincd l)y race prejudice, by galling assumption and striviiins for advantages, which conKrmed the natives in their long practised secluKiuii, as well as in tril>al unity, which served them as a bulwark against ever ro iiiarkuil among Hontherii savagett, aiul thu Hu uoiiiiauiiiUblu eiiurgy aiul puritvveraiiuu ia iitaiii|Hiil l>y a vivacity tliat |>r()m<>tuM thuir valuu an workerit. In fSonora tliu Vai|uiH and (>|)aU<« are jUNtly uMtuuinoil ait the iiumt duHiraltlu lalMirer« in aluKwt vvury Itraacli of in- dustry, and giMMl (tay drawn tlioimaudii front their (tuuhhu every HuaHoa If on ruturuiag hoiau tiiey liriag aiaay vtceit, they aluo footer advauceaient, aud clear tliu way for a more haruionioUH feeling iHitween the raoex. Thu commoa cauMv whiuh ocuasioaally lirought them to the aiile of political par- tieit, or arrayed them agaiast thu Apached, aUo 8«rved to Mtrenglhea the na- tional Itoad, The aliorigiaal communal Hytitem encouraged hy the Spanish crown hait iMten widely HUotained, in nianv inxtnnceit hy aspuiuican decrees, altliough the tendency ih growing to break it up ax a dangerous tribal inoti- tution. While proviMiouiiT partition in made of land for private cultivation, particularly at time of marriage, when a family is to Ite founded, a proiior- tion is aUo sot aMido fy liriil^jing the vlmitiii. Nuvvrthelem, tho iSpaniah elviiii-nt ruiiiaiiiH Htriiii^, aittl tliv iiiixtura liu.i l)uuii little- vuriud l>y tliu atliiiinHii,|, ,,f Uugi'o lilooil. Tliu iiiiloluiiuu aiul uiiKUMtiiiiiuil iiiipultiivvuuriH of tliu haiiuii is lexH iiiarkuil iu thu Itordur atutea, itettlutl, uh tlii'y wuru. cliiuHy liy t^iiU'i'iirin. ing and uiiurgutic uinigraittit froiii liiHcay, Navarru, and Lataliiuia. 'l|,i ir C(iiii{mrativu iHolatiuii liat tc-udud to jirunurvu a tincture ul tliu HUpiTHtitioii bmiiglit Iroiii tilt) urigiual uiouutaiii Ikiiiiuh. On tliu ntlivr hand, tlu'V uii> widfly praitted fur hoHpitality and an daHhaig ridurx, wIkihv cavalry liax earnud duMurvml lauruU in tliu wara. Ah may liu MupixiHud, tli« jarodio ur petty I'ariiiur uluniunt uf Muxico, i» widuly repruHuntud liere inhniall Hcattond rant'lKm, with thuir airy, iihud-liku dwellings, their enclimed patcliuH lor niai/e, huana, yaniri, and uthur KUcculuntH, Hhaded liy (iccaHinnnl liHiiiniax, or other palms, and nuur l»y the heads of live Htoek, that form tin- main rclinmo of the settler. The inlluenco ot Europe which made itMilf felt from the open, iiig of the century throuuhout the central proviiiccH, Jiltereii more ^lo« ly into those remote regions, although aided on the coast hy trndiiig vt»i«el«, ami later, hy intercourse willi the United .States, hy means of prairie ciiravnns, and simple customs long prevailed in dress, eiitertainmciits, and mode of life generally, all of which present the same features as descrilied elKewhcni under Mexico, i'erliaps the htVe of motion and excitement, on hor>el>ark, in liall-room, and at the gamliling-tahle, is more pronounced, and uatuinlly ho witlt the narrow range of amusement y Indians as well as a 8us]iected neighhor. A lack of judicious lihcrality, and aliove all the long reigning insecurity in the repiiiilic, counteracted the efforts to found colonies. Kven those estahlished in con- nection witii the ephemeral military colonies did not tlotirish, and the tew trans-oceanic groups introduced failed to show any vigor. The efl'ort to draw from the United States the atriotic Mexicans transferred to a foreign Hag hy the treaty of are the loss. Liitely scliciiies have hceii started for introducing Chinese and Mormons, al- though tiieir arrival is sure to rou.se hostility. Notwithstanding the restric- tive measures of tiie government, not wholly unjustifiahle in its su.-piciou.s fears, the force of circnmstiinces is tending to a growing influx of Americans into the scantily settled and inviting horder states; an influx favored hy ready acclimati/ation, which has not attendeil sudden transitions from the difTercntly situated Kurope, and hy the growing security. Tiie gradual suppression of Indian raids in the north, and the increased stahility of government, i)roniises decided increase in po]iuIation, for the race is fecund and environment favorahle. In tiie northern part of Chihua- hua and Sonora ague jirevails to some extent; on the west coast hilitms fevers are common, and tlie inferior (piality of water along the frontier con- duces t() .several ivilinents, such as goitre, wliich afflicts the central tlistrictsof Soiiora and Sinaloa. In other res]iects the healtli statistics compare well witii other jtarts of the repiihlic. with which the north shares such ei>idcniics as cholera, small-pox, yellow fever, and famine, with attendant train of disorders. Cholera was partii'iilarly severe in 1H41 and lK4!t 51. Small- pox attacks chietly the ahorigiiies, among whom vaccination and mod- ern treatment are less in vogue, and the yellow fever, whidi lias on a few oucasions ravaged the cuikit &i far inland as Hormusillu and Culiaeau, in de> SOCT/vL CONDITION. 740 clared to be not of the eitronio ty|H) i>reval iiiuiiiiiiury uiul alinrigiiiul urU, Imt iliiriiig ciiuit'inu-.t i\w aii- tlioriliuii hiivo uvur mIidwii ii eoiiiiiivinlablu /.uul for i-uvcriiiu tlio ilt'lit'iL'tiry liy ercRtiiig toiiiporary Hlifltur, uiul iiit, wliile privatu iHitievolLMicu mU-v ^tvil furwanl to lead a licl|iiii>{ liaiid. Altliouijli tliu cliit-r :- '..ad'.' of diMuawoM havu i-vidt'iitly lieeii aiiioiif; the al>ori){iiiuH, iiiioii wlioiii aUi. *liu iiitiru a|i[ar:iiig<), ami it is only in Sonora and Cliihuahua that tiie voluntJiry ixola- tioii of uertaiii tri'iui, or portionn of trilK-M, Mulijuct them to •> iHsihcation as liidi^iiis, witli partial exclii.iioii from political and social rigii In Soiiora tlii't iiuinlKtr is plicud at ahoiit '2*2,000, mostly Yiupiis alld^Il.^ ., who long iiiiiiitiiiiieil a hostile attitu le liy resisting encroachment on tluir lands and ML'clusiou. In Cliiliuahua are nearly u<|ual numUirs of goutlu 'I'anihiitnaras. No tlipoiid to the relative soiMirity enjoyed hy the states, Soiiora having snllcred longer aiicl more severely from Indian ravages. Cliilinahua coiiics next in tlie list of expoieil regions as well as in |iopulatioii, and tlien Ihir.tngo, whilo .Sinaloa ami Lower California have heen almost «'ntircly cxciniit. 'I'iio ejects of civil wars, frei|uent onougii, cannot ho regarded as ncjirly so de- pressing, for tlie Id IsIhhI and ravage are not eipial to the miinlitr of revo- huionary movements. Yet tlie fast growth of tho peninsula is no ilxiht attrihutaide to the greater quiet enjoyed there, thanks to its secluded xitna- tion. Its estimated value of real estate i)er head of po]uilation is also much larger than in the northern states, where the average is placed at al tout. S">0, a figure which varies very nearly in i)roportioii to the Imlian or jn'oii popula- tion of the dilferent districts, whose poverty tends to lower the general rate. Wars do not appear to have causeil any extra reduction among males; imleed, Durango, less exj>osed, exhiliits the least prepimderanco on theirside. On tho otiiur hand the si/.e of families is not as a rule ho largo nsmiglit lieex]H'cted, a* indicated also hy tho .hIow growth of population for countries so scantily occupied. And there is roiMii for expansion, since Sonora and C'liihuahiia possess only one inhahitant to one anil a half square kilometre. Sinaloa and Dur.ingo liave four and a li.ilf and two and a half more iteople to that space, while the peninsula has only one inhahitant to seven kilometres. 1 appeinl dit.'i to support these ohservations and givo opportunity for additional speculations. In education the northern states stand somewhat liehind the mean aver- as{'! for the repuhlic, as may he expected from scanty .settled frontiers. The wave of revival in learniiii^ struck the S|iani.sh cidonies at the close of tiie i;iassaues from the catechism. .Mllioiigli the Laiicastoriaii system was iiitrniiucfd into Mexico shortly after the independ- ence, yet it obtaiued uu real fuutuig iu tho uurth till after the eucrgetio 746 INSTITUTIONAL. measures undertaken by the general government in 1842. Private indiviil- ualu nuw began to display a gratifying zeal in asHisting the uiovciiiuni, ami Bouu came tlie uompuluury system to give beneticial iupuUe, as inauifubtud m the increased schoid attendance from less than two per cent of populiitii.u still prevailing in Cliihuahua, without compulsion, to between three and tivu per cent in the other four provinces. In addition to scanty settlement, isolated tribes presented in 8onora ami Chihuahua an obstacle to rapid diminution of illiteracy. There was a draw- back also in the separation of the sexes, due to climatic and social considtr- ations. As a consecjuence, only a small jjroportion of the scliools wen; mixed, ard owing to the chronic lack of funds the establishments for ^hU Were so few as to allow the attendance of merely one-tiftli to one-half oftliu male numl>er. In private institutions the sexes were nearly e(|ual. Anntlur disadvantage, now rapidly lessened, was the lack of teachers, partly due tit small and irregular pay; but normal schools are receiving support, and Women, so well tittecl for teaching, are rapidly supplying the deficiency. A cause for the irregularity lies also in the fact that so large a proportion u{ the free public schools are sustained by private liberality, which often varies. Ihe educational system was ilefective in several respects, such as tlie ap- pual by teachers to tlie ear, by memorizing, rather tiian to the perceptive faculties; and the ambitions range of the curriculum, even in schools known a-t primary, beyond the power of the pupil, so that he was left glaringly .suikt- ncial. This imperfection was carried to even greater excess in tlie secondary or high schools and colleges, in which the course varied from a few eleinciit- ary branches to the professional and philosophic range, but with startbng gaps and irregularities in method, means, and teachers. Nevertheless, the secondaries have ever enjoyed greater attention, especially from the clergy, owing to their policy to restrict education to tlie wealthy classas, and to tlie national love for gloss. Altliough driven from control in these matters, tlie church strives to retain a certain hold, especially by oflFering in the seminar- ies a higher grade of instruction than is generally obtained in the secular colleges. The spread of journalism is an encouraging feature, and another the establislinient of literary societies, which promote also the formation of libraries, niuscum.s, and art collections. Secular education is greatly siij)- planting the religious teaching to which so largo a proportion of the peo]ile has been almost exclusively confined. This is a naturol outcome of the loiic struggle against clerical supremacy, which has ended in the aci[uisition (If intellectual freedom, and in assigning to the church its due subordinate po- sition. The history of this struggle and the present condition of ecclesias- tical aflfairs has been fully and specially considered elsewhere. Tlic report of the governor of Sinaloa, Mem. Oitv., 1881, 8.3-92, announces 221 primary schools, with an attendance of 7,(562 pupils, the larger propor- tioii being Imys. Tlie attendance in Mazatlan district is by far the largest, 2,2()6 pupils in 40 schools, while the 41 establishments of Culiacan hatl only 1,275 children. 'Ihe report sent in to Covarriibias in 1874 gave 281 prima- ries, with 9,272 pupils. There were 5 secondary and professional collejies, one being a private institution for girls, another a nautical ami mercantile establishment, and a third the philosophic seminario under the clergy, with a total attendance of over 170. Itixtrnr. I'uh., 138-43. The semiiiarii) at Culiacan is the only classic college for Sinaloa and Sonora. It dates siiue ISiiS, Si'min. (le Son., in Pnp. Var., cliii., pt 13, although Bishop Rouset souglit in the previous decade to establish a chair of philosophy. Aloidciw, Son., 33-4. Its progress is depictod in <7See also Cambat, Atku, 2; Rubi, Mem. Gov., 15; Buclua, Conip., 51-2. EDUCATION. 747 Sonora is striving to redeem herself under the compulsory system. She had, according to t'owKVtt'ww, /iiMtruc, Puk, 175-8, l'J8 primary 8uh a year. A normal scho(d also exists. Kiesgo, Mem., 28-30, paints the condi- tion in 1828 extremely black. Semanarin, Polit., ii., 394-5; not till the middle of the following decade were any effective steps taken to improve it, by es- tablishing a secondary ecclesiastic college at Arizpe, and increasing tiie primaries. Oana, PoMtoral, 7; Pinnrt, Doc. Son., ii. 62, 65, 80. Ten years later tlie Lancasterian society began to push their system, and the normal school opened in 1847. In the 5 leading towns between lianamichi and Her- mosillo the primary attendance was only 400. Id., iii., 132-3, 321, iv., 40, 86. Only one of the schools was passable. Monteverm, i., 295; LaneiMteriana Reijl , 1-12. For l)urango, Covarrubias reports, under a non-compulsory system, 174 primaries, with an average attendance of 4,440, about three fourths boys; 4 secondary esfciblishiuents, half of them under clerical care, two being for girls, with nearly 550 pupils. The institute for males and tlie seniinario gave professional courses. There was no normal training-scliool. During the closing years of the colonial regime Bishop CostaAiza gave a decided impulse to secondary education, and left a be(|uest for the seminario, but retrogres- 8ir 1848, and Ramirez, Dur., 45-51, claimed 11 free schools, with 1,437 scholars, for the capital district in 1850. Sor. Mex. Oeo'j., BoL, v. 61-71. The seminario M-as soon after transferred to the state. Mex. Lei/i^., 1850, 129. In and after 1850 the literary institute was endowed. Are/i. Mex., C4. Ley., v. (558-9, partly witli church property. Mex. ('(xlii/n liifarii,n, ."MS; Mex., Col. Li'y., 186;i-7, iii 147-N In 1873 a school of arts was projected. Dinrio DelnUin, cong. 0, iv. .302; Camfnis, Atl(M, 17; article in Dur., Aim., 1885, 09-73, is very faulty. Chihualiua stands low on the list, with only 39 primaries and somewliat over 2,200 pupils, according to C/ii/i. Perioil. Ojie., Nov. 13, 1874, and Coiiir- ruliioH, Inxtnir. Puh., 25-8, an ivssuincd decline from former years. Tlie two secondaries are the institute and seniinario, with 250 students and superior pretensions. Lower California has adopted the federal district regulations, although they are evidently not applicable to her condition. In 1882 there were 27 schools, witli 1,174 pupils, out of an assumed school population of 8,')00; of these La Paz hail 7 schools, with an attendance of 4!K) out of 1,330 chiidreii; the two private schools claiming nearly half the number. The 20 national establishments receive 815,400 for their 700 children. Governor's report, in Bitjn Cid., Bnt. ({fie., Aug. 30, 1882. This shows an increase upon the state- ment in Mex. Mem. Goh., 1878, 98, doc. 96, wherein two of the iiistituti(.iis at La Paz are classed as normal, and two as secondaries, the latter at I..a Paz and MiraHores, with 00 students. The centre district has four of the schools, and the frontier two. For 1872 Hernandez, Omij., Bujn Cdi, 50-1, allows only 8 elementary schools, with 300 pupils, and although this seeios unreliable, the compulsory system has undoubtedly given a great impulse. See, also, (^nmlxm, Aflii.i, 29; Tovnr, Jfi^t. Pari, iv. 771; /Ihi/li' Senipi, Buja Cd, X. (\'i-A. Rules issHiid in 1873. B'lju CaL, /{ei/l. Inxtnir., 1-10; Diario Debatea, cong. 8, ii. 608, 722, 705-80, 910; Baja CaL, Bol. Ojic, 1878. ' ( CHAPTER XXXII. RESOURCES AND COMMERCE OBSTACLEa TO PrOORESS OF AGRICULTURE — PrOPUCTIGNS ANDCrOPS — StO( K- RAI8IN0 — MiNINCJ— EkKKCT OK InUIANS ON DEVELOPMENT— DlSTRR'l's IS Different States — Metals, Minerals, and Precious Stones — Peaiu. FisHiNo— Manufactures — Coiton Mills — Trade — Imports and Fa- ports — Smuoolino — Coast Trade — Steameb Line.i — Roads am> Canals — Railways. The northweatorn states being essentially mining territory, their agricul- tural capal>ilitii;s liave not been widely prolied, partly owing tc; their couipai-i- tive aridity. Water is the groat want. Ciiiiniahua and Durango form the top of a tal>le wiiicii risei in gentle ascent from tiiegulf of Mexico to an aKi- tude of .'{,800 feet at El Paso, and thence lifts itself soutiiward to the liigli plateau of Aniiiniac, wiiilo forming a more abrupt slope toward the Paciiic. The eastern part of Ciiihuahna presents an almost deserted sand and alii.ili plain, with numerous tlry depressions, known as Bolson de Mai)iui, exlcn 1- lug into Coahuila, and for some distance into Durango. Similar land, al. though more broken by hills as well as shifting sand dunes, and relieved by oc- casional river bottoms, stretches from Rio Bravo westwaril to the mountains. Even south of the state capital the soil is patchy, and on the whole, induce- ments for tillage are small as compared with stock-raising, which ranks as the second leading occupation. Durango approaches in its general cliaracter to tiie southeastern portions of the neiglibor state, and regular farming vies witii stock-raising and mining as staple industries. As may l)e judged from the altitude, the climate is comparatively cool on this table-land; smtw falls in Chihuahua to the depth of two feet, Rio Bravo is obstructed by ice, and vines at the somewhat warmer El Paso require protection. The summer temperature averages 80 degrees. West of the Sierra Madre the zones range from the coliI of the mountains to the temperate of the foothills and the torrid of the coast line. In Siualoa the hot belt is 40 miles in widtli, and extends for some distance into the tributcary valleys, with a sandy soil that is productive only near the river courses. In Sonoriv sand plains of vast expanse cover nearly all the region north of (Juaymas, with fre(pient dreaded simoons; but the east fvnd northeast is a delightful, well-watered region, especially attractive to emigrants. Tlie Yiwpii valley is Egyptian in temperature, and in the Nile-like inundation of its fertile bottoms. With irrigation, practicable from rivers and wells, nature yields her treasures in such lavish abundance and variety as to mark Sonora as one of the richest spots on earth. Sinaloa has less adaptability, and aritl Lower California possesses only small and scattered tracts available for plantations. An obstacle to farming has been on one side the indolence fostered by a bountiful soil, on tiie other, the illiberal land policy of the government, de- rived from Spanish times, and confusion involving titles. Until lately tlie control of vacant laml was in dis|)ute between the nninicipal, state, and general governments, and there was the insecurity spreatt by the fre- <^ueut and sweeping auuuliiug of grants, ou the ground that tliey had beea (748) LAND TITLES. 749 ma^le by reliellious or illegal authorities, or with nndne observance of con- stantly changing regulations. In the north the misbion lands, secularized in course of time, aided the fraudulent acquirements of estate, as did stock- raising leases and frontier troubles, whereliy influential men were able to ob- tain possession of large tracts, to the check of development, and to the prej- udice of the Indians and poor people, the true settlers, who were so frequently deprived of tlie small lots charity l>estowed upon them. This tended, likewise, to prevent surveys so necessary for promoting settlement as well as knowledge of resources. The missions checked colonization to a great extent, for a kind colonial government reserved the best lands for the neophytes and kept white men at a distiince from them. In Lower L'al. no land was assigned in proprietorship to settlers till the latter part of the eighteenth century. For a history of land titles in tlie peninsula, sec LiVMi'jifn, Buja Cut., passim. The owner- ship of land, with the restrictions governing communal tracts of towns, mis- sions, and Indians, has l>een considered elsewhere, notably in //(.»<. Cat., vi., this scries. Instance of rules concerning mission holdings, in Son., Lcym Vdriit-n, 33. One of the most startling shocks to titles was the decree by Juarez in 1802, annulling state concessions so far made, and requiring a revision by the federal authority. Arch. Mex., Cal. Lfij., v, 57y-iS3, ()5'J-(J1; BwnrnKtrn, JfUt. Prim, y Srruinl. Con;/., ,338; Bamlod, doc, 141, with allusions to previous steps of the kind. Tlie tax on land sales is heavy, and to perfect titles is costly. Large ranchos are not without their value, however, by promoting more perfect cultivation with improved machinery, by introducing new ideas and spreading l>etter methods, and by bringing under tillage nmch land otherwise intractable. The value of example is recognized in the efforts of tlie government to promote immigration of farmers fnun abrocid, a main ob- ject l)eing, also, by tltis, aa well as by new land laws, to encourage the growth of petty peasuntry, as a i>art of a much needed midt the maize figure, and in Chihuahua to fully 40 per cent. Harley is in small (loiiiand, but frizoles, which constitute the national liean dish, hohl thoaver- a:,'c proportion in kilograms to the maize crop, of about one twenty-sixth, and the accompanying chile condiment, which replaces meat to a great ex- tent, figures at the usual one per cent. Rice culture is creeping into favor, Siniora and Sinaloa producing each about (iO0,()O0 kilograms, and l>urango Hiiiiiewhat over half that amount. Nearly all of the preceding primary arti- cles may be regarded as intended solely for home consumption, and the li<>i)cs I'f enterprising men and prospective colonists are turned rather to semi-tropic )>i'odiicts, such aa cotton, sugar, and figs. Cotton appears to have been known to some of the aortheru tribes before the ooa(][Uttst, by iutroduotion 750 RESOURCES AND COMMERCE. from central Mexico, and the culture flourished during colonial times to some extent. Hardy found it a leading industry on the Nazas in 1827. Trav., 485~(>. It wax introduced at HermosiUo in 1811, but failed. In 184'J tliu culture was resumed, supplying Ifligo's mill in part, and efibrts were madu to extend the cultivation on Rios Yaqui and Mayo. In 1843-4 it nearly faileil at both places, through frost and disorders. Mex. Mem. Aijric., 184.i, 1845, p. 12; Velauro, Son., 61-3. Chihuahua in 1879 produced 566,()00 kdogs., and Sinaloa 1,500,000, while Durango yielded 2,928,000. Hee also Arch. Comis. Scien., i. 446-51; Jialiti Son., MS., 77-8; Mex. Scraps, i. 147-.S; Pitp. Var., xi. 15 et seq. Worms have proved a series annoyance in Sinaloa. Later it received a decided impulse, and while Durango, in 1886, led witli about three million kilograms, the sister states are striving to rival her. In this connection dyes were beginning to obtain attention, when mineral substances came to discourage the effort, as they have done in the southern indigo and cochineal centres. Another prominent article, sugar cane, is steadily increasing in favnr among planters, Sinaloa producing over three million kilograms, and Sonora following close behind. Much of this is converted into brandy, partly as a rival of mescal, which also finds its producers. Viniculture nourishes in the central part of Sonora, and Chihuahua has achieved a rep- utation for its wines. Olives, figs, oranges and kindred fruit are gaining attention, and also coffee and silk. Olive groves existed early in San Bar- tolome valley of Chihuahua and in the peninsula, planted by the mission- aries. Kxeinptions were granted in the third decade of this century to planters of coffee and cacao. Pinnrt, Dv. Son., ii. 19-20. The ranges con- tain many medicinal plants and valuable forests, chiefly of cedar and oak. Tiie vahie of trees is becoming more impressed upon the government, and efforts are being made to reclaim some of the arid lands to the north west by planting groves. Escudero, C/tih. 90-1, Sonora, describes the trees to be found in tiie states. In the estimate of products from the soil Chihuahua leaiU with ii!4,283,561, followed by Durango with $3,873,526, Sinaloa $3,093,415, Sonora $1,886,0.30, Lower California $163,778, lowest of all Mexican terri- tories; while Chihuahua stands twelfth in the list, which is headed by Jalisco with $20,862,066; Vera Cruz and Guanajuato coming next with $13,000,000; then Puebla, Mexico, Michoacan, and Oajaca. Busto, Estivliat. So far stock-raising has sustained the preeminence apparently assigned to it by the northern soil and sanctioned by national indolence. Bell, Nao Tracks, .385-7, discourses on the natural advantages, and Bartlett, Nmr., ii. 439, relates that a settler near Casas Grandes river, in 1785, obtained by 1829 a herd of 40,00J out of four cows and one bull. Previous to the Indian outbreak of 1832 there was nothing to disturb the peaceful growth of herds and flocks to the very frontier, untu missions and private individuals counted their possessions by the thousands. A mission on the Yaqui had over 40,000 sheep and goats. Pap. Var., cxii. At Tumacacosi 4,000 cattle were sold in 1821 at §3 per head. Pinnrt, Doc. Son.,i. no. 71. The ranchos round Babispe had 60,000 or 80,000 head. Veb-^co, Son., 103-4, 121. Uniformity of color was much affected, and one partido sent 800 white bulls to Mexico, Monteros, Espos, 28; and Durango sent 1,000 white horses from one estate. KendaWs Santa Fi Exped., ii. 111. In Amletjin, 142-4, allusion is made to tamed buffaloes and to their breeding with cattle. Nacori found here 900 horses insufficient for complete branding. Id., in Pap. Var., cxl. In 1827 at the hacienda de Ensenillas of Chihuahua 47,000 sheep lambed. Hardy's Trav. , 473. Conde estimates the stock of this state in 1833 at 235,884 head of cattle, 350,000 head of small stock, 128,371 horses, and 35,727 mules ami asses. Soc. Mex. Oeofj., BoL, v. 285, 324. Durango district claimed upward of 200,000 mares and kine previous to the great revolt of 1616. Hist. Nucv. Vise, MS., 6; Doc. Mex., ser. iii. 12; Mota, Padilla, 318. Velas(!0, Son., 73, is full of praise for the ' sabrosisimos cameros.' In 1826 Ward, M>'r., ii. 660, ascribed 200,000 sheep and 40,000 horses and mules to the Tarca hacienda, 80,000 sheep to Ramos, and 40,000 cattle to Ouatimape. The CATTLE AND MINES. 761 sparsely settled peninsula counted in 1800, 7,900 cattle, 4,600 horses, mules.aud asdea, and 17,0U0 small stock. ArriUajn, E*Uul., in Batuliiu, Doc. Cat., .*). But after a time they melted away in all exposed district!), under constant raids into Sonora, Chihuahua, and iJurango, and even adjacent regions suf- fered from the ever pending danger and discouragement. This evil heing now happily reduced, the industry is recovering antl promises to assume vaster proportions than ever. Indeed, rapid settling of the adjoining border country and the rapid increase of communication, fostered especially by railroads, are giving a great impetus to the frontier states, and offering in- ducements to agriculturists by opening markets in more than one direction, and for a wide range of articles. Intercourse with Americans will serve to rouse a bright and attractive population, which has partly by lack of oppor- tunity sunk into non-progressive apathy and improviilence, content with bare sustenance for the day. Rich rancheros lived in bare and dilapitatcd houses, altliough dressing in semi-barbaric glitter, and their retainers have l)een content with mere sheds. 8ce admissions in Dice. Uiiio., viii. 339. Indians especially lack enterprise. Soc. Mex. Oroij., BoL, ii. 43. Gold, tlie chief incentive for the conquest of Mexico, continued to at- tract the Spanish ac given in tlie mining chapters of /lUl. Mex., iii.-vi., this series. Surreptitiims Working of closed mines Ity gambusinos also had ruinous etfccts in cavings, etc. In rich mines the stealings by oiMjratives were enormous. As Hall in- stances, S'Hi., M.S., i50, yi, lltU-l. The hostility of the Apivclies obliged tlio evacuation of entire districts even far from the frontier, especially in Sononi. Among the remedies presented to revive the flagging industry was exemp- tion from taxes. Foreigners began to pour in after the independence, and although at tirst meeting with poor success from lack of pruilenco and ex- perience, superior machmery and dcientitic methods prevaifey paying them a rent 0(piivalent to their average extraction. Fiveliel, ii. 231-2. For mining laws, surpervising boards, mining college, etc., I refer to HM. Mex., iii.-vi., this series. The development of the frontier region under colonial regime, since the discovery of Santa Barlmra lodes in about 1563, has l)een noticed in the pre- ceding volume, and it is here necessary only to introduce its most striking features in connection with a general account of each state. No very reliable data can be obtained for the total periodic or relative production of the different sections, owing to the secrecy observed by own- ers, especially foreigners, for obvious reasons, and to the neglect of officials to collect information. This applies especially to the distant frontier, witii its many facilities for escaping supervision. The statistics of mints, of which Sonora possesses two and the other three states one each, afford the most acceptable figures, and according to these, for the fiscal year ending June 1879, .Sonora headed the four states concerned with a total of 32,917 kilograms worth ^1,287,352; Durango follows with 28,535 kilograms worth .?1, 115,9(54, then Chihuahua with 27,926 kilograms worth §1,092,- 157; and last, Sinaloa with 11,705 kilograms worth .*457,771. The process of reduction in three of the states is diviiled between amalgamation and smelting, the latter preponderating, while in Sonoralixiviation predominates. The four states stand credited also with a gold yield of §24.867, §20,552, ^6,443, and §12,256, respectively, which places Chihuahua tirst here, but fimrth in the order of the Mexican states generally. In silver production iSonora, as the first, stands sixth in the republic, with little more than one- fourth thu yield of Zacatecas; the sister states follow, while Mexico and and Michoacan succeed Sinaloa. The geologic formation of Chihuahua is cretaceous fossiliferous limestone, resting on primary strata, wluch presents three classes of mines: in transition porphyry, with feldspath base and quartz matrix, as at Parral, Jesus MaHa, ( Juadalupe y Calvo, and Cuisihuir- iachic; in alpine li'nestone, with large formations of leatl ores, as at Santa Eulalia and Urique; and those with native silver beneath a sulphide belt, covered by chlor' 'es, bromides, and embolite, as at Batopilas, Morelos, Cueros, and Tubores. The state has revealed fully 100 distinct minerales or districts, all with silver, sometimes in immense lumps, while g.ild has been Buccessfully sought in several, evea recently in placers. One at Chorreas, MINES AND MINING. 753 45 leagues n. e. of Chihuahua, yielded half a niillinn l)etween I8G7-70; an- other at (Juadalupc iu 18<»!) gave §'JO,(X)0 monthly Siy. Mu-. f>'foout 400 locations, from which ^K),000,00() are said to have heen ohtained. The vein is among the widest, and so far not worked Wdow lUX) feet. The leading mines are tlie Veta (irande, 'M metres wide, yielding 4-8 maruos per \'2 arrobas, and the .lesus Maria, whose ore sells at .^S-") to .*(K) per ton. Tlio district was discovered in 1000 l)y a fugitive miner, and rose rapidly, being tlie seat of the territo- rial deputation till the transfer to Chihuahua in the IStli century. Raiiiim, RiipieZii Mill., :i84t5,000 a year since 1704, the average value ot the ore being placed at from $'26 to .*10S per ton. Tlie lack of water has offset the ease with which the ore can l)e treated. Tlie richest mines wen^ Kl CaKillo, San Matias, La Virja, Dolores, and Sau Jose. Tlie discovery was made by fugitive malefactors, wliose camp-Hre revealed tlie out<'roppiiig. when they sued successfully for pardon. Such is a popular version. Arle- gin, Chron., 09, ascribes the discovery to the Franciscans, to whom the Juliemes disclosed the ui Territ. of 18"25 the district had '63 haciendas grounds, 188 homos de fundi- cion (smelting furnaces;, 112 cendradas,'aud a mass of amalgamation works. Mota Padilla, Jfi.eal for aid. Smitti Eulnlio, Mines, 5-11; Oh- .serr. Rq\ Mt.c, iii., 174 SO. Of late it has shared in the revival produced by foreign enterpri.se. The richest ore, however, has been that of San I'edro Batopilas, remarkalile for the calc-spar matrix veins carrying i.ative silver which yielded as much as .S20,000 per ton, with a total production of, say, $100,000,000. Ramirez puts it a^ only ?()0,000,000, but he belies himself, while some accounts raise it to ^{00,0.lO.OOJ. 'Las mas ricas que se ban labrado en el Regno,' says (Jamboa in his CoimnUirioii. The belt is 4 miles by 4, and extends along the western slope of the Sierra Madre. The veins are narrow and iiard, and but little exploitation is required. The richest mines were Pastrcua, the deepest somewhat over 120 metres, which is supposed to liave yielded ?48,000,OOJ between 17:10-50; San Antonio, i*IO 1G,(XH>,000: Carmen, $25-:«),000,UOl); Los Tajos, 5520,00,), 000. Since the imlependence Rivmirez allows only ^,000,000, l)ut the revival experienced since 1849, and e.specially of late by Americans, indicates more. Of tlic 1,400 or more mines, 72 have been noted for their yield. Rii/ii'-z/i Min., 380 7. Most of tlie mining records of the state allude more or less to tlie district. Next in or- der to these three leading and representative clistricts follows .Tesus Maria, the proper opening of whicli in 1821 gave a perceptiiile impulse generally to mining affairs in tlie state. Tlie yield of its principal mine was.*35,00().(H)0. Ciiishuiriachic has probably equalled the preceiling district in production. Morelos is a new district of high rank, but less known tlian (iuadaliipc y Calvo, whicii opened only in 18.35 has nevertheless approached some of the heaviest totals in its yield, largely gold. The oldre<5'ioa of Urique contains Hist. Mex. States, Vol. II. 48 Ii ' r 7M RESOURCES ANI> ('OMMKR(7K. rich ore, mostly requiring; smelting. Tlu.' lli8triut^ of Uniachio, r(irrali(.)s Ziipuri, Topago, Uruajia, inid others, hoiik; in at'tivily, otherH practically a1)an(Innci], arc waiting like several of tlie reviveil mine.s for the capital aii'l skill that shall, with (lec|K!r ami more thorough exploitation, iiufolil thru- treasures, liusto, Edii of I tf>,818 marcos silver and 7 marcos gold, according to mint coinage; yet he admits the unsatisfactory nat>irc of the reports. American.s own large in ti'ru.sti) in Batopilas, I'inos Altos, and Guadalupe, the latter hoiight from Kiiglishmen, who still hold claims at Pino.s Altos. Sonora is generally regarded as among the richest of Mexican stivtes, ypt greatly neglected, owing to lack of water, capital, and security, and to uti irregular geologic formation that lias led to many disai>pointincnts, especially to foreign linns. Poorer men, adapting themselves to changing eircuin dtancca, succeed l)etter. They have been favored also hy the greater propor tion of gold here presented, notably in the many placers of the northern parts, aiscovered at different times and places in course of the last hunilri.'il years, and sustained in interest by such remarkable yields as that of the early C'ieneg.iilla, estimated as high as .*!1()(),000, and by the mystery shroud- ing the arid border region and the forbidden haunts of the Apaches, ;.;uardcMi by gold and silver bullets. The report of rich linds in Arizona in 17t)i>, with silver lumps of 20, and even 110, arrobas iu weight. A}KtKlid Aj'an"<, lib. ii., cap. ii. 2IJ2-7. >Soine of the lumps were presented to the king, whc declared the mines crown property, and so stopped further search. Vdtwn, S'lii., 190 2. One mass weighed .S,.">()0 pounds. Sloue, 25 (i, in Pup. yar . cxii. The subse(iuent silver placer of this name was in I.S55 declared gov ernment pro))erty. Ndvurro, Li'iiia, .S2I-2. Hig lumps were again reported. Corrcn. E-f., May 30, 1855. The Sau lldefonso de la Cicneguilla placers were discovered alumt 176!) during a pursuit of marauding Seris, and revealed jture grains and nuggets, some from 1 to 27 marcos in weight, much upon the surface. At San Francisco, near by, oi)encd in ISOU, pieces of 28 marccn were found. They continued to be worked for several decades in the present century, yielding !5t5, 000,000 annually for ;uany years. V'ldsrn, Son., 104 20{. Busto, ii. 328, quotes an account which estimates tlio total yield at over ?IOO,000, 000. Alrnfo, iv. 575; .lev, Dhirio, of 177(5, 228-9. Pimtil, Dor. S 'II., MS., i., no. 19, reports the condition in 1800 as j)oor, yet IHdi: Mr.,-.. ISIO, xiii. 71-2, speaks of untold prospects. In 1837 the Quitovac i)lacers were disclosed, with nuggets up to 30 marcos, but less extensive. S/;/., BoL, xi. 03 5. Twenty-one plaeors have so far been recognized, one being of silver, (iold exists in all the mining districts, of which oidy a few are now classed as active. Reports from the seven leading groups show that 75 firms, witii a capital of ^10,000,0(X), are operating somewhat over 2(X) mines and thri'i; dozen reduction wm-ks, yielding fully S', 200, 000 annually. In the famonn Alamos district are immense deposits of f)re at from 20 to 50 ounces, while the higher graile yields from $250 to $500 per ton. Klsewliere, as at Baln- canora, two mines ahme are said to have yielded over §50,000.000 within a few years, so that the prospects are most encouraging. According to Rami- rez' reports of 1884, Alamos district has 13 mining Hrma, with a capital of $1,31)5,000, operating 15 mines, of which 7 are yielding an average of 8345,- OiK) a year from as many reduction works, with 730 workmen. Moctezuma, 8 firms, capital 8167,500, 17 mines and 1 work, yielding 102,700, 140 men. Sahuaripa, 25 firms, capital ^4,295,000, 'M mines, of which only 4 yield ?254,000, 5 works, and 434 men. Guaymas, 12 firms. $108,500 capital, 33 mines, including copper, of which one only yields $4,000, 174 men. Arizpe, 7 firms, $l,808.»i00 capital, 52 mines, including copper, yielding $300,000, 5 works, and .'jOO men. Magdalena, 7 firms, 1415,000 capital, 19 mines, of which only one yields $16,800, 5 works, and 225 men Altar, 17 firms, $1,547,000 capital, 45 mines, including antimony, whereof 7 yield $182,400, 9 works, and 165 men. Busto assumes for 1879 only 1 1 works of auy impor- MINB8 AMD MININU. 756 tiiiiie, in U> active dintriutH out of 34. [>alilgrvii raiHeM thu productiou of the faiiiou-i AlaiiiO!! group to K'OO.OOO. The rich depoxita occur in big hunches, Hoinetiinc!) 50 feet wide, tlio i'-nt chi.sa, of copper glance with Hilver 8ul|ihide, yii'Ming 25 to 50 per cent copper and if'J.'iO to IfoOO nilver per ton; the .second chiss is Hniclting ore, tho tliird chiss hringM 50 ounces witli milling, and the fourth class, witli ininien.sc ro.servc.s, 'JO to 25 ounces. The Quintera mine is 80J feet deep, in IH70 the active mines were estimated at 141, and the alicindoned at 583. Twenty years earlier the yield of tho leading districtn was placed between 100,000 and 12(),0()0 niarcos of silver. MimU'W.rile, iii Diic. Univ., iii. 413et8e4. In >Sinah>a the lodes consist greatly of quart/ niatri.x marked by oxide of iron, and holding minute particles and tlireads of gold. The principal de- posits, the argentine, whicli reveal.1 also native silver, is here largely connected with lead, anil to some extent M'ith copper. Tiie average yiehl is estimated at one niarco per carga of 12 arrolias, or an annual production of 1 1 ,705 kilo- grams of silver. The mineral wealth is widely distributed, and each of tho nine political divisiims contains a number of mining districts, of which Cosala is the largest, and Kosario among tlie richest. The mines are placed at more than 400, including copper, with over 50 reduction works and ;{'.) steam en- gines. Ramirez estimated tlic circulating capital at $2,5t)0,(NK) and the men employed at 5,;W)0. Garcia Cubas assumes 445 mines at an earlier period. The most important mine in Cosala district, (luadalupe de los Koyos. has since 1800 produced !i585,000,0()0, it is said, the ore still averaging ?<100 per ton. The secontl best mine is Kl Tajo of Kosario, with even better average ore at present, and in bonanza. It supports a population of 0,000, ac(M>r(Ung til Hamilton. Border SUiUx, IKS. Dahlgren places its ))roduction at .*.')0 00,000 ])cr montli. .Americans are largely interested in diHcruiit dis- tricts, and althougli meeting with obstacles, are paving tlieir way witii enter- prising zeal, as Vega, Dnc, i. 2(iO 4, has already pointed cmt. Tiie revival of Cosala is due to them, (iold placers are found even to-day, notably in the rugged Fuerte region. Among tlie pnncifial of the ;{,'> mining districts in Durango is San l>iinas, to which a production of over ^100,0(X),000 is attributed. The C'andelaria mine, which early in this century yielded .'?2,")0,000 per month, still averages from $70 to §il40 to the ton from argentite, stcphiuiite ore, witli galena and iron axid copper pyrites and native gidd. The Bolaftos mine, at tlie rear of the mountain, jiroduces an average of .*140 to tlie ton. Coneto has remark- ably rich ore in veins of tiiree feet, Mitli much tin. The rebellious on^s of hide and (luanacroi average from SI 25 to .>*;{i>0 jier ton. Del Oro has been rujnarkable for its gold placers, ami yielded at one jieriod §1,0(K),000 an- nually. Not far eastwani of liide are tlie shallow depusits of Los Fresiios, and the net-like veins of ViTbu Hueiia. Tlic district of (iabilancs produced ^.'!00,000 annually during tlie caily part of the cciiuiry. Ctiencame abounds in low-grade ore. Smith of Durango are ciglit grou])s marked by chlorides ;tnd bromides, which cover argentiferous galena. .Mapiiiii, Norias, I'aiiuco, and San Liicas ligure as noteworthy districts. In KS.'fl the yield for the state was reported at78,r)0.S mairoa. Escuilero enumerates 80 mines in 1848. .'Vtnericans are gaining a decided footing. In Lower California the mining wealth is ^mall in comparison with the sister regions, yet each of its eight municipalities contains one or more g'>ld and silver mines, the former metal assuming greater projiortion in the iiortii, where even now such placers as Japa, San Rafael, andCalamahl, are attract- ing attention. The richest district is in the south, the San Antonia, with over 40 silver and a score of gold mines, including three placers. Next come Santiago and La Paz, with 11 and 10 mines, respectively, of which six care gold. Hie tirat named includes tiie Triunfo mino!«, the foremost in the territory. 7M KKSOUIKKS AND COMMKRCK. cos iKT I'iirgn, tlowiiward. Tlii 'iliere are three iiriiifijiiu veiiiH, while the other n The average yichl is from .'< to ]'2 onnecM nf silver jier carga, with gold ad mixture. Tiie Vlrgenen and t.'oeachdas deposits are richer iu i|iiality, hut with narrower veins, yielding from 84 marci formation is granitic. veals vix, with many intermediate streaks. The districts of Mulegc ami Comondii liavc each twogoldand tiiree sdvcr mines, TodosSantos andSantci Tomiis one gold mine apiece, and San .lose one silver mine. Kamircz Hpcaks ]iry tiie large influx of American nnners. Loading authorities on ; -Id and silver ndning in the north are the reports in Mcx. Mi'iii, t'oiii., 1SN-* and earlier dates; /(/., J/f' Mrrint, and Jimiiim, /{ii^iuzn Miuenil dr AUxim, hoth incomplete in range and detail, and imperfect in method and S(5 feet high, calculated to con tain 4(50,00(KOOO tons, the specific weight being 4.(558, and assaying from 70 to 75 percent, of pure iron. Attemjits to work it, since 1828, have only ot late begun to give jiromising results. Lead exists in most of the states, and that from a mine in the center ■■; the Santa Kulalia silver district of Ciiilmahua is used to as.sist the smelting process. Tin has been noticed in Sonora, and Durango contains several immense fields, worked to some extent in the preceding century, and lately promis- ing to revive. Nickel has been discovered at San Rafael, Lower California, and anti- mony in Sonora. Quicksilver has long been sought for to i)romote the reduction of precious metals, ami indications have been found, but not sufficiently satisfactory. In Lower California are three; in Sonora two, from one of which a number ot flasks were obtained. Lo.s Union, T)ec. 1(5, 1800; Don. liepuh. July 6, 1878. Chihuahua has it in two cantons and Durango in boneto, where it extends for two leagues, assaying (50 70 per cent. , the result of special exploration nrjjed in 1844. A/'j-. JEl'tpfw. Tom.., 1845. .')3-4; Pap. Var. xi., pt. iv., 53-4. This is perhaps the most promising deposit. I.«iter the search for coal This MFTTALS AND MINKRALS. 7r)7 exuitoil inoHt inU'rc.st, in coiiiirctinn with railrnnil ItuililinS' The value ut tlio iiulieatioiiM »li>iig tliu Kin tinuKlc in not yet I'vrtfiiii. That at Topia iii i)uraii(lc) i* ctatiiifautiiry; and t'ljnul aHMiinini't; is niadu for n ilrpoMit 7'> niileit cast of Maxatlan, lint they arc not likt'ly to lie- workutl for a long time. In Sonora, however, there are some tine lield.t, eKpecially in Surraniax on Rio Yaquin, not far from Urvtt. it is naiil to Ite •'{(> Hijuare kiloin. in suiaTlii'iex. Cost of transportation is the chief olistacle. Hnmrt-iZ, I'.'-, ">77; /lniiiiUim'i border Stulin, JKS 101; Mu: S'-nijis., i,, 'JHI, ii., IS. Baruche, Itrouces, ami Sail Maroial contain large lields. C'hitiuahua ulaiuis depostitM for tour can- toas, and the peniusula has one at least, (Iraphito has l)ccn fouml in Lower ('alifornia, at San .lavier, ami tmin San Marcial, in Sonora Hliipinents have heen made to (iurniany and New York without obtaining remunerative re.sults. The peninsula has also indi- eations of asphaltuni, oil and petroleum, the latter likewise in hurango, at Sierra du (laninn. Sulphur exists in Itoth regions: in Uurango at Mejiimi, whence sliipincnts were made to the mint at Mexico in early days, and in Lower Califurnia at the Virgones volcano, which has of late years heeii worked. Saltpeter has been found in Sonora and Lower California. Salt abounds ill the coast regions, and in Ohiliuahua deposits have been worked at Santa PMuvige. Sinaloa claiiii-i nine fields and Sonora several, from wliidi even the colonial treasury received revenue. Tlior. L. Cat., (CJ .1; llimlr7r», 580 1. There are also dtposits of guano, alum, gypsum, lime, marbbr and even precious stones, such as the rul>y, beryl, topaz, garnet, the latter, however, insulFioieut to prove an allurement. Pearls exist, however, and have until late years been the chief attraction of Lower California. Although discovered in the days of Cutic it was not until the opening of the 17th century that they became an object of .special .search. The private expeditious found record through the fame of their suc- cess. Soon after the missionaries entered, and regarding the ju-omiscuous contact with adventurers deuntralizing to the Indians they secured restric- tion, under which fishing could be followed only l)y licensed parties. Among the most fortunate of early ailventurers are mentifmed Castillo, of Chiametla, Ortego, and Carboiiel. The first sy.atematic workers of the WmIs were Cordova and Iturbe, 1()15. f^l'trii/i'rn Storio Cnl., i., I(»l; Pnr/irrn, <'a/. Doc, ix., 21-2, 'Xi-4;l\'ii(' jfn, Xof., x.. 204 5. Subse(|uently a soldier named Oslo created great stir l)v his success. In 1743 he <.l(taiiie(l 127 [louiids of pearls, and in the following year 275, ehietly above Mulege. It is said that he filled cellars with oysters cast uj) by the waves, and after letting them rot the pearls were gathered. Kiliiii iii.Vor. Mvx. Oenij., BoL, x., (>7H-y7. adds that he presented the queen with a necklace of alternate round and pear- shaped pearls. About this time the royal fifth is said to have been rented for $12,000 a year. Alvtirwlo I Hit. C'al., i., 10. Boegert, Xr iimtfu'ting thcin, hik h an dividing tlii'rii into four HcctioiiH, of >> liu'li only nu- could liu workuil iiiiiiuiillv, in lotx ri'iitud for tin* M'ii.tnii to the lii^lifnt liiddtTi. Tlu* tirrtt KOctiniiN I'.x- tondtul frorii<'riii't(l Lii I'a/. \>ny iiiid the islands of San -Iomi' and Iv-ipiritu Suiito, the lliird (ovitciI tint Hpaoc from tin' iinrtli end of l.a I'a/. Iiay to < 'oroniidos island, the fourth from San Marcos inlaml to San Bruno liay, licyoud Mulcge. Itetails and ruliM, in Siir. M( r. Ukuj., U<>1., x. iWI 4. Oli-crvaiice has a.s usual l(i;cii iieglt'ctiMl, luit stricter MUii^rvisioii licgiiis to prcvad. KxpciUtions have till late ytMrs liecii iilli'd out at (iuaymas, earli vi-sscl, of from 15 to .'to tons biinlcn, carrying from :<() to .'lO iIivci-h, usually Vai|iii Indians, in charge of an armador. 'I'liey are, as a rule, ]iaid a certain share of the t.'atch, and fre(|Uently kept in dt'iitdmndage liy muans of advances and HU|i|ilies. The regular season lasts from .luly to Se|iteinlier. As soon as the vessel had been hroiight to anchor over an oyster l>ed, the divers liegan their work, which they kept up for two hours in the forenoon and three in the afteriKKin. tiacli had a net fastened to his waist for the reception of the oysters, and carried in his hand a short stick, pointed at each end, with which to dislodge his prey fnun the rocks, and to defend himself from his dreaded enemies, the shark and devd-lish. After the division the oysters were opeiie. La Paz. , Loreto . . Mnlege . Total... 25 1 5 n Z 3 j^ s ■n ■5 •n =3 2 "3 1|. 3'^ ^ h J o s-> s a s 5 ^ c*- "3 13 H ,S2 14 205 7 4400 > > S!22,500 ti 3 31 4 S$I4,000 % 8,000 r>. 1 1 1 50 2 2 •MX) 2, .300 1,200 3, .500 5.;!S 10 112 1(1 5 2 liKK) (iftOO 7,500 S!23,800 4,:i()0 11,800 (>.'25 25 .%8 49 9 11 J!l.'»,500 1837,800 « EXI ,NHE8 OF OtrrKii Cost of (Vaft % 4,900 Feeding 308 divera at 12J cts. i)cr diem 3^ months 6,210 A l>iven 4,(K):{ AovanccH to Uiverw 4,880 |l|»,88:( I'lOICKKIW KOR Yr.AK Siilr ..f IViirla $21.7r.(l S;iU> of Slifll 7 '.•.17 UL'tnrn of Vchh«1h, riuluivtl in Villuc •.'"> plT ciiit '.\,''<0 Nft Profit, «3:«,4:t7 p.>,r.:.4 No mention ia made of any of the my udvanceil to (IIvltm l><-ing re- covered, ' ut ast a rule alxuit one -half wa.s saved. Tlin otiitr hairM.i.^ reekoni'd a.s a Iohh in order to Ki'cure the diver'ft Mervieen for tiie next Hcaxon. 'riii^ri'fore the prolitM may l)e naid to have liciiii: In I.S.V. .'?'J7,4'-'I « 'apital invested *ir),(M)8 In ]HM "Jl.yyi-- " •• i;{,883 H'tniii, Afriii'iri'ifi'irr III Prufiidf I'lrtn, in Six: Mn:. Otn;/. B'>1., x.,r>87 >«'. Ljixttepas givt'M from iiiiollieial ttources the yield of pearls during the follnu- ing years: In I.S.-4 »I7,(MH) I In 1850 ijl'J'i.nOil In 1855 'A80t) I In 1857 '2\,7Mi The same writer estimates that durini/ tlie '_'77 years, from 1580 to \>'<7 inelusive, there were taken from the California waters I,<.M1,:«H) t|uintnlrt id shells, containin;,' 2,770 Ihs. of pearls, valued at ;ji5,.'i40,(K)0. Hujii Vul. (15. .See alsfi (SniUi'iiiin, MiUiiorin, in Anh.df Com, Si'lrn. ilii Mrj-., ii. 417-lil. The sea.son of I8(i7 was au unusually poor one, only ahont :*15,0(10 of pearls and ?I0,(KK) of .shells being taken. /-'» /'.fz i/'ya Oi/., Nov. 1>3, I8<)7. In I8(i8 the pearls taken amounted to f4"J,800, shell, !fi),f)0(), without eounting the yield of tlie seeond se.ason, or eonchada, when the divers fish on their ownac- eount, after being freetl from the regular contraets. This work they keep up till it becomes too cold, and generally obtain about 10 per eent. of the yield of the regular season. T. F. Pujol, in an artiele entitled E-ftniHo liU'iloiiifoiiolrre Inoslromrculti Manjur- ilifenis, whieh not only gives much neientitic infonnatien covering the jiearl oyster, but is also as exhaustive an account of the pearl-fishery as that by Kstcva, places the yield of pearls in 18C9 at $G2,000, and of sheik at $25,000. .S^x-. Mix. Gecxj. Bnl. Epoc. 2, iii., 139. Recent information concerning the yield is less satisfactory than that furnished in the (ith decade, from which it appears that the average catch in a season returned a net profit of somewhat over $20,000, obtained with an invested capiwil oi about $16,000, and a force of 400 divers divided among two dozen vessels. Traders at La Paz oflFcred about $17.00 per oz. for seed pearls and $1,200 for choice jKiarls, according to their size, regularity of shape and brilliancy. To improve those which arc defective in the latter respects, the Californians caused them to be swallowed by hens, which they kill when Buflfcient time has elapsed to allow the surface of the pearl to be cleaned and smoothened. It is only since the middle of the present century that the shells materi- ally swelled the fishing jjrofits, by finding a wider market for the mother-of- pearl. Their proportion of the yield, somewhat over one-half, gave a fresh impulse to the fishery, as it {irescntcd au assureSau Felipe de Jesus show that in former |: ■' Mil 111 7G0 RESOURCES AND OOMMERCE. times thia shell was collected. Boja CaL, 63. This Htatement seems borne out by a letter from Arrillaga to the viceroy, dated Oct. !>, 1797, wherein the former announces tliat in addition to certain pearls he sends ' the »\\A\ asked for.' Arch. Cat. Prop. St. Pap. xvii., 11. Whatever may have hoi'ii done in farly days, however, it was the shell of the ordinary pcarl-oystor which was mainly exported after the trade v.as revived. This was really about 18.'{0; but it was not until after 1850 that tlieiudustry began to as-sunm mucli importance. The shell exports from 1853 to 185G are given by Eatcva 4i.s follows: 1853, 14,000 (juintals, sold on laud at ^1.33^ per quintal. 1854, '21,971 " " 1.87'i " 1855,25,200 " " 1.08-/ " 1856, 0,350 " " 1.25 Cost of placing the shells on board 25 " Export duty by decree of April 27, 1855 25 " — Memorin in Soc. Mm. Gcfxj. Bol. , 686. Lasscpas gives figures for the last three of these years which differ slightly from the above, and adds the export for 1857, 4,957 < juintals, making the total export of shells from 1854 to 1857, 58,948 quintal.s, valued at $120,- 402. BajaCal., 04. On the west cost the abalones attract Chinese fishermen. The other Ksheries of the peninsula, whale and seal, did at one time deserve some attention, but are no longer of any importance. The seal anloying 2,000 men. Scammon, writing about I8lJ7, says tliat between 1858 and ISGl many wlialers visited Scaninion's lagoon, in 28", getting there 22,250 pounds of oil, worth $333,750. Now it is abamloned. The .same fate has befallen Ballcnas bay, where one year eight vessels took 3,500 pounds, and the next year four vessels took 4,700 pounds, worth altogether .*!123,000. From 1856 to 18(11 Magdalena bay yielded 34,425 pounds, worth ■'i'5 Hi, 375, but now it is very poor. Tlie whaling and peltry resources are almost exhausted. Scammo7i's Jiept. Oil ir. Cmt.'Xof L. Gal. in Bi-ow)ir'.i L. CaL, 123-31. Notwithstanding the heavy restrictions on foreign goods, in the sliajjo oi" duty, cost of transport and the profits of numerous micfdlemen, nianufacttins are not flourishing in .Mexico. From the northern states less is to br expected, with their scanty population and absorbing mining and agricul tural interests; yet even here the apathy is striking, which has neglecti'd such ready resources as are offered; for instance, by the iron mountains of Du- rango, and continued to seek rails from distant and co.stly sources. For- eigners have appreciated many of the op))ortunities thus presented, but tlm insecurity and unreliability prevalent until late have checked Ciiterpri.sf. As it is, manufacturers are eonlincd to a few articl(!s of primary necessity, anil such as are easily obtained from rough material at liaiid, such .as powder, sugar, leather, cordage, and '.■.•aj^ons; articles for dress extending from coarse cloth to crudely embroidered shawls and hats of felt and straw, soap, com- mon pottery, and cigars. Mazatlan boasts of two iron foundries of recent date, and Durango of one. The Arizona mines and the completion of tho S^mora railroad have greatly increased the outlet along the line of Guaynias for flour, wine, and spirits; otherwise none of the articles named are intended for other than local consumption, even tho skins exported being sent in un- finished form. The only manufacture of importance is that of textiblo fabrics, notably cotton. Yet even this is not sutlicieut in quantity or quality to prevent tin- introduction of foreign goods, the duty on which forms the leading revenue. Cotton cloth l)eing made in Mexico by the aborigines, their art readily spread MILLS AND MINES. 761 outward aninng those natives, wlm, l)cfore the conquest, plaited fabrics from coarser lil)re.s. Nuverthule.ss, tliu establishment of large factories lias been slow, mainly retarded by competition from abroad and from the southern states, and partly by pulitica' disorders and causes atl'ecting other sectums. Pike, Erplor. 353-4, alludes, in 1807, to blaiikjts and coarse cloth mailo ill Chihuahua. The manufacture of mantas declined afi'.cr the repui>lio gave freer access to foreign goods. Puik Wtr., cxiv. pt. v., 12. Thus .Sonora has only one cotton mill, near Hermosillo, the Angeles, of 04 looms. U. S. Com. Jiel., 1878, !».'>•_». lu 1843, shortly after its establish- ment, it had 54 looms and 'J, 1!)8 spindles, using 71 (piintals of cotton weekly, and producing 57 pieces of cloth. Mex. Mem. Jn.st., 1844, ap. 5 7. Operations were stopped by war between 185li-G3, after which they revived. J/iilCn Son. MS., 54. Later 3lM) ])ersons were employed, producing 1,000 pieces of cloth per month. Velasco, Son., 83, praises the tine zarapes woven by Yacjuis. Chihuahua boasts of three, which yield monthly .some 7,500 pieces of cloth. They are La ludustria, Talamantes and Dolores. Durango has eight, producing some 20,000 pieces, besides thread. They are located, the largest at Durango, two at Nombre de iJios, one at Tumal, two at Cuencami, one at Papas([uiaro, and one at Mapinie. Onrewhi Mrr- clinnt, 58. A mill was proposed already in colonial days, ai.d in 18^7 there ■were five, with 1 88 looms and (i,3li2 spinr. Md: '••i",i.. Hoi. ep. 2, iv., GO et seq. Under the lepublii; freedom of trade and use of water routes were limited oidy by the convenience of the trcasiiry di'iiartmcnt. All nations were received in intercourse; and althouuh established itsage and climatic considerations still maintained the staiuling of inland towns, the costly nude-trains, which had so far carried freight at immense cost from the in- terior, had to yield greatljf to the increasing traffic by ve.ssels, for foreign captains absorbed pho most of the coast trade. In upland territories like Durango they still sustained themselves, but Chihuahua soon changed her sources in part from Tampieo and the south, and notably from Matamoros, and opened traflic with the United States in 1824 by means of caravans of wagons, known as prairie johoouers, which for niauy years followed the \: 762 RESOURCES AND COMMERCE. Santa F^ route, and subsequently passed through San Antonio and Presidio l»el Norte. This prairie conunorce or .Santa Fe trade had begun more than a doxen years befort with New Mexico, to wliicli history, of my series, I refer tlio reader. Sec t .e alsc Ori'ijij's Com. I'mirkf, ii., etc. ine caravans increased in size after 18.S1, forming usually two score wagon.-*, yet (),:{7H, of which .^TiT, 121 were from the United States, besides some .*>(IO,(K)() worth of machinery, and $239,25*2 from Europe. Tlie latter enil)raccs chieHy fabrics of cotton, wool, and linen, groceries and provisions, hardware, cutlery, crockery, and fancy goods. The imports from the United States share in all of these articles, equalling the European in groceries and provisions, but falling a little more than half in the other branches, wliile ex- celling greatly in mining and agricultural inq)lements and drugs. The gro- ceries and provisions amount in all to about 1,300,000 pounds, hardware and crockery to 01G,000 pounds, implements 207,000 pounds, machinery 1,.")00,000 pounds, iron 94,000 pounds, drugs SW.OOO pounds, purfumery 4,400 pounds, faorics 7(>0,000 sq. ni., fancy goods 83.'-i,0O(), besides some lumber, coal, silk, clothing, etc. See consular documents in V. S. Cmii. liel., 1870, 430. For the ijreceding year the imports were $5(>4,700 from the United States, and $390,701 from Europe; of which !?288,000 were in fabrics, .5275,000 in provisions, $1G2,000 in hardware, .^1 17,000 in hunber and machinery. In 1855 the imports were assumed to be §1,1 .'jO, 000, of wliich §150,000 national- ized goods from Siuoloa contributed to yield a total of $176,000 to the cus- tom house, and in 1840 $173,000, wliile the receipts from imports alone in 1879 were !5!283,0()2, and in 1878 §312,000. In 1825, 1827, and 1828 the im- })ort3 were !?5f),280 .$10.3,048, and $83,251, rc:jpectively. Prklo, lieiitas., 308, docs 2-3, 7-10; ^f'.l•. Mi'in. line, for the ditl'urent years; Lerdo, Mem., 108, 558, etc. ; BiiMn. Estndid, i., 4.3-7. The receipts at Mazatlan for the year ending June, i870, were much larger, $2,732,.5(K); $1,170,000 being for fabrics, $1()7,000 for groceries, $l3(),0i00 for hardware and .'ce. Lower California, the imports at La I'a/ for the same period amounted to .$151,050, while those of Ciiilniahua are but faintly represented liy the records of its frontier custom houses, as most of the goods consumed are still obtained from Ma'amoros and other Mexican points BttJ7,425 gol.l and silver, §23,745 hides, $18,'212 pearl oyster shells, $11,309 orchil, $'2,\)'25 salt, Igl.oOO pearls. !!<1,232 oranges, !J3«2 gypsum, )J317 doer- skins, etc., mostly for the U. S. U. S. Com. lid. and other autliorities, tild mp. The totals for the years KSOy-76 range from §274,(XiO to §750,000. The exports from Chihuahua are placed for the preceding year at ^220,- 360, including a small amount of produce, chiefly live stock and hides, val- ued in 1S7'J at .«;23,50«i. U. S. Com. ltd., l.S7!t, 42<). Of the toUl in the text, Bwit% E-'tntllit., 43, assigns §218,251 to Presidio del Xorte, .'?2,597 to Jaiios, and only §13 to El I'aso. Compare with records for Durango in Esciulero, Dnr., (>4-5; Rainiri'z, Hint. Dm:, 5(>-7. The figures given are not only unsatisfactory from the lack of careful statistics, but from the prevalence of smuggling, fostered originally by the illihcral policy of Spain, and sult.seiiuently by political ilisorders and the semi-in3 70, with plans. At Rio Yacui and below are landing places. Sinaloa boasts of Topolobampo, a j>rospective terminus; Allata. the port for Culiacan; also. NavachLiti, 'iama/Aila, Angeles, and Bacorehuis. Lower ('al. has Todos S mtos, Santa Rosalia, San Quentin, San Jose, Loreto and Mulege, besides La I'az. The movement of shipping at Cuayn\as, from ai)roail, in 1870. embraced the arrival and departure of JW vessels, meas\ir- ing 17,1)00 tons, of which 13 were steamers, with a tonnage of 10,5i)0, trad- ing with California. In the i>recet 4,534, and 115 Ijoats. ,SV. Mi-.r. Oi'mj., Jioi, vii, 330-3. Such had been the neglect liitherto that the first lighthouse on the Pacilic coast was not erected until 1880, at Mazatlan. River navigation is receiving attention, along Rio Bravo, and Rio Yaijui is developing interests that must require a water route. Roads called for larger appropriations so iis to permit the extension of wagon traflic, although Mexicans seemed contented with the time-honored mule-trains, which adapted themselves to any locality. In 1863 a stage line was openi'il in Sinaloa by Americans, and since tlien several have followed, so that niorr rapid connection can be had during the snninier, even between Guaynias and Mazatlan. In 1810 a monthly mail was ordained for Sonora, and in Ih'JK the weekly mail between Durango and Chihuahua was increased to a semi- weekly. Oar. Mcr,, 1820. xi., 128-9; Airillaya, Ilerrrj,., 1829, 15, 96; M(.r. Mini. Har., 1848, 130, 1849, no. 15, wherein the Sonora mail expenses aic given at $10,204 and the receipts at $12,338. Routes in Soc. Mex. Geoij., liol., V. 293-4. Creat hopes now center in the diti'erent railroad projects wliich embrace not only trunk lines, but a scries of branches by which to dcveloj) hitherto neglected resources. So far, two international lines ait; completed, the Mexico Central, ruiuiing from El I'aso through Chihuahua and Durango to Mexico, and the Sonora, running from Guaynias tlirougli lli^rmosillo and Magdalena to Nogalcs on the Arizona frontier. The Sonora railroad was suggested in 1850, Moii/ircn/e Mini. Son., MS., 118-24, and coii- oessi(ms sought in 1861, Phiart, Dnr. Sou., vi., 185, and in 1809, when a Chihuahua connection was proposeil. In 1872 tlije Sonora R. R. Co., Con- tfitrtt, 1-30, was seeking grants and taking other steps. Fri-rornrril ile Loii., I l(J; Jfatiiiriz, Id., 1-8; Ariz., Jonr. Lciji.i., 1875, 31. In 1877 a change ot holdors took place. Me.r. Kerop. Lei/e.t, xxvi., 995-7, 1048-9, xxvii., C00-2'_', XXXV., 101-209, 1,057-83; Sonnrn li R. Kept., 1-10; Pap. Vitr., cv. In 1854 Chihuahua took up the agitation for a line from Presidio Del Norte to Guiiy- mas, and grants were made to this effect. Mr.v. Leifis., 1854, 100-6. Further stc[)s in Mex. Col. Leife.i. 1863 67. ii., 203-12; Fcrrorarril, /laMa Qol/o, 19-36. Even Lower California has thought of a line near La Paz, and one in tli<' north from S. Diego or Tijuana eastward into Sonora. While many project.'* are long delayed, they cannot fail to serve, in connection with the lines in operation, as a healthy stimulant to the people so far kept by indolence from a proper enjoyment of the wealtii provulect by a bountiful nature. Rapitl locomotion in itself is an invigorating incentive to enterprise, aa in a meas- ure is the rapidly extending telegraph, especially when attended along the railroad line by such striking results as the springing up of settlements, the opening of markets, and the budding and blooming of industries and com- merce. Concerning trade in the republic generally, with acoount of methods, BlCfiRAPHHAL. 76S •M). the ects ill roil I >(l!<, banks, cuatom-honses, tariffs, maiU, tratiio, cauuU, roads, railroads, etc., f refer to my chapttrs in ffiM. Mex., iii., vi., this series, which apply equally to the northern states. James \V. Throekiuorton, a native of Tennessee, wlu^re he was born in 18'25, began life as a physician, and for many years wdii repute in this call- ing, until inclination prompted iiim to adopt the profission of law. Ueniov- ing to what is now Collin county, Texas, in KS4I, he was elected 10 years later to the state legislature, being rei'lecLed in KS.");{ and ISoS, and in ISfiT was chosen for the senate. During all tliese years the legislation of the state bears the impress of his tireless eti'orts, and to none are the people more in- debted for the development of her resources. Though a democrat in politics he was opposed to secession, but after the outbreak of the war joined the ranks of the confederates, in which he remained until its close, though at intervals disabled by sickness from active .service. In I8(j()liewas elected governor of the state by a vote of nearly four to one, but thoiigii his admin- istration was most satisfactory to the people of tlie state, he was deposed in tile following year. In 1874, and again in 187(i, he was ciiosen for congress, where he .served with distinction until March 187il, wiieii lie retired into pri- vate life. Early in his professional career he was married to Miss Ann liiitten, a native of Illinois, and of their nine children seven still survive. (leneral Thomas Neville Waul, whose ancestors on both sides took part in the revolutionary struggle, is a native of Statesburg, South Carolina, where he was born in 1813. After receiving liis education at one of the best colleges in South Carolina, and studying law at V'icksburg in the otKce of S. S. Prentiss, he was admitted to practice in the supreme court of Mississippi in 1835, and was soon afterward appointed district attorney. Removing later to New Orleans he took an active part in politics, being a thorougli democrat of the states' riglits school, and winning for liim.self a high reputa- tion among liis party. After the war liroke out ho organized what was known as VVaul's legion, wliicli he commanded in many hotly contested en- gagements. At its close he .settled in (ralveston, where ho resumed his pnt- fcssion, and was elected president of the bar association. In 1837 the general married Miss Mary Simmons, a native of Georgia, and in November 1887 celebrated his golden wedding. One of the most prominent lawyers in (.ialveston is M. E. Kleberg, a native of Ue Witt county, whither hi!) parents removed in 1847, and a grad- uate in law of Washington university, Virginia, of the year 1873 Soon afterward he was elected to the legislature, his district rejircscnting nine counties, and at the expiration of his term removed to Austin county, and thence in 1875 to (Jalveston, where he has ever since enjoyed a large and lucrative practice. Robert .Justus Kleberg, the father of this gentleman, was a native of Herstelle, Prussia, where he was born in 180.3, and after graduating at the university of Goetingen, lilled several juilicial appointments. In 1834 he removed to Texas, and after suffering shipwreck on the islantl of (calveston, reached the settlement of Harrisburg. During Santa Anna's in- vasion of this country he took an active part in the struggle for Texan inde- pendence, and was present at the Ijattle of San .lacinto. Worthy of mention, also, among the legal fraternity of fJalveston is W. F. Mott, a native of fiouisiana, where he was born in I8;{7, his ancestors be- longing to one of the oldest soutliern families. When 15 years of age he obtained (Mnployment as a clerk, saving money while in this position to edu- cate himself for his profession. In 1859 he was ailinitted to the bar, and since that date has enjoyed an extensive practice. R. S. Willis, a native of .Marylainl, came to Texas in 1837, being then sixteen years of age. After farming, and engaging in mercantile yiur- suits in various localities, he finally established himself in (Jalvoston in 1807, and there he has ever since remained, his l)usiness expanding with the growth of the city, until his firm is now al)le to compete with the merchant princes of New Orleans for a share in the trade of the scmthwest. He is also president of the Texas bank, with which inatitutiou he has been for many 766 UE80. RCES AND COMMKKCK. ^v r years identified. In 1847 he married MisH VVurdham, a native of Alabama, by whom he has several ehildren. In the buaine.sH circles of the Texan capital no man is more higlily resj)ucled. I.sadore Uyer, a native of Baltimore, where he was born in 1814, and ed- ucated at St Mary's college in that city, began life as a watchmaker wlu^ii fourteen years of age. After being employed as a boatman on tlie Tennes- see river, and later in a store, he came, in 1H40, to Galvestcm, where, after serving for tliree years as a clerk, he eatablislied the )>usiue.ss which he still oonduets, and which has grown with the growth of the city. He is also a director and ex-president of the national bank, and is identified with the wliarf and gas company, and with other enterprises having in view tlie pros- perity of Galveston. In 1842 he married Miss E. Louis, and of their three children two survive. Gus Rey me rsh offer, a native of Austria, where he was born in 1860, is well known to the citizens of Galvestim in connecticm with the Texas Star Hour-mill, established by himself and his brother in 1878. During the first year the output of the mill amounted to 20,()(K) barrels, and in 1888 it had increased to 180,000 barrels per annum, m(>.st of the product finding a home market, though a considerable quantity was shipped to Louisiana, Mexico, and Central America. Mr Reymershotfer came to Galveston in I8(J(), and tiiere he has ever since resided. He is also a di. tor of the Lone Star cracker factory, recently organized in that city. Jolui D. Rogers is a native of Dallas county, Alabama, where his father was a planter. After graduating at a medical college in New Orleans, hi' began to practise his profession, nut removed to Virginia at the outbreak of the war, and there remained until its conclusion. He then came to Te.\a.^, and in 1868 commenced business in (lalveston, where he has remained ever since. At present he is largely engageanker, the care of his ample possessions, which include a large amount of real estate, is sufficient to occupy his leisure. Samuel Allen, a native of Houston, where he was born in 184;i, is nephew to tiie two brothers of that name who organized and laid out the town of Houston in 1837. Here or in this neighborhood he remained until the war broke out, when he enlisted in the C(mfederate army and served until its close. Returning to his native city, he worked fur a .salary until 1809, when he engaged in the lumber business in a small way, his capital being less than .?l,OOD. His business now exceeds 61,000,(HX) a year, and with two others lie is the owner of (i(),0()0 acres of Texan timber lands. Prominent among the merchants of Houston, as a self-made and most reliable business man is Adam Clay, a Herman by birth, who came with his p irents to Houston in 1851. When nine years of age he eained his own livelihood by selling newspapers on the streets, and at fourteen had attained to the dignity of a railroad news-vendor. In this occupation he remained until 111! was twenty, when, having saved a few liundred dollars, he ojieiied asmall dry-goods and notion store. From this slender Iteginning he has gradually built lip his present business, 'whicli now ranks among the first in the city. .^mong other kading citizens in Houston may be mentioned Samuel M. Mc- A -ihan, who, since the organi/atioii of T. W. House's bank iu I St>7, has beenjits casliier. A Virginian by birtii, though his ancestors on his father's side were of Scotch descent, and on the mother's French, became to Texas in 1844, living on a farm in Fayette county until iiineleen years of ago, wlien he ob- tained emiiloyinent as a clerk in a mercantile house. In 1850 be mar- ried Miss Kuiios, a native of his own state and county, by whom he has two sons and two daughters, his ehlest son, now over thirty years of age be- ing assistant casliier in tlie bank. One of tlio earliest settlers at Houston was (^ol W. 1\. Hakcr, a native of New York state, where he was born in IS'JO. When ii^lit years of age he was put to work on a farm and since tliat time, as he relates, has alvvays earned his own living. In 1S.'$7 he removed to Texas, tn^aching Houston in August of that year, when the town contained but tifty families. Here he •luickly found em]doymeiit and soon afterward iiegaii business for himself. In IS4I he was elected clerk of Harris county, which jiosition he retained for seventeen years. He was a member of the first board of directors, thi; first secretary, and later the president of the Houston and Texas Central railroad. In 1870 he was chosen state senator for Harris county, and iu 1880 mayor of Houston, being twice reelected to the latter office. Dr D. F. Stuart, a V'irginiaa by birth, came to Texas in 1850, and after working for several years on a farm, attended the medical college in Piiila- delphia, where he graduated in 1859. At the outbreak of the war he entered 768 RESOURCES AND COMMERCE. the confederate army ax a surgeon, and served until its conclusion. In ISCrv he established himself in Houston, where he is still engaged in the practice of liis profession. One of the oldest residents of Fort Worth is J. F. KUis, a native of Mis- souri, who after the death of his father in 1847, came to that settlement while still a young lad, wiien, as he reliitus, tiiere were but live white fanu- lies within a mile of the spot where the city now stands. When fifteen years of age he found employment as a teamster, and soon afterward had teams of his own, reniaining m this business until the outbreak of the war, wiien he joined the confederate service, and remained until .cs close. Ju 180.') he returned to Fort Worth, and engaged in ranching, merchandising, banking, land-speculations, etc., until his possessions are now valued at more than .^.■<00,(X)1), most of them in fjal estate, including tiie Ellis hotel, built in 188.-) at a coat of .'*KiO,000. John I). Templeton, a native of Tennessee, where he was born in 1845, came with his parents to Texas in 1850, and there received his education. In 18t3'2 he entered the cS'Jt>, all of his ancestors heiiig southerners, lie r.iiiu; to Texas in I8K5, ami hy hard study and close economy, ac(iuired the training and the means to start in his profession when tweiity-.seven years of age. He began his practice at .\Ic- Kinney in IS'iS, and tiiere remained for fourteen years, except for a brief period, when he served in the confederate ranks, though disabled by sickness from protracted service. One of the foremost citizens of Bos(|ue county, .lutlge L. H. Scrutchlield, settliid there in IS.jl and wa< the lirit county judge, also hoMing the offices of County-surveyor, justice of the peace, and notary pul)lic. On many oecasi.;ns he took a prominent jiart in defending the settlers against the dep- redations of Indians, and later of the liandsof white marauder's who infested the state. In 18().") he was pres'iiit at the engagement at |)oul)le creek, in which a body of Texans attacked the stronghold of the Kickapoos, and drove them across the .Mexican border. In I8.">l the judge married Miss I'rotitt, by wliom lit! had five children, two of his widowed slaughters residing with him at his h >me at Valley Mills, \V(dl known among literary circles in Texas is Mrs C. A. Westbrook, a resident of Lorena, cind the author of .several works that have won more than a local rejiutation. Among them may be mentioned her /'ili/rhn, a poetical adaptation of Bunyan's famous allegory. To it is appended, under the title of Friiiiiiii'nt.s, n nuinlicr of shorter poems, most of them of a religious character. Worth)' of note as among the most prominent men in San Antonio is Col. C!eo. W. Brackenridge, who became a resident of that eity in IS")!, and has ever since been identilied with its leading interests. In 18t)(i he organized the San Antonio National Bank, of widch he was elected the lirst president and still held that position in 1889. He is also the president and one of the largest stockholders in the city water-works and in its ga^ company, and is largely interested in laiier mcrcliants in southweHtern Texas is A. C. Hcliryver, proHident of the San Antonio Fair Association. Arriving in that city from Chicago in 1877, his first year's transactions amounted to JSO.OIK). la 1888 they were considerahly over $500,000. Aiming the railroad men of Texas shouhl l)e mentioned the treasurer of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass R. R. Co., A. Hansl, a Viennese hy hirth, will) canio to the United States in 1875 ami in the foUowing year settleil in western Texas, wiiero lie engaged in banking and farming, accepting his present positifin in June, 1SS8. At the head of the street railroad 8y.stem of .San Antonio is Col. Augustus Rclkiiap, hy whom was huilt, at the recjuestof the citizens, the first street-car line in tliat city. In IS82 he was elected a member ot tlie city councd, and has sinco been re-elected in each succeeding year. In 1888, when republican nuniiiico for congress, he reduced by more than one-half the democratic majority returned at the previous eleotiuu. Protnineut among the sugar-planters of western Texas is Col. Edward H. Cunningham, the owner of a tract of 3,H(X) acres on Oyster creek, the crop from whicli 8(.hl in 1888 for ^280,000. Between 1878 and 188.'} he held a contract for the labor of the prisoners at the state penitentiary, whereby he relieved the burden of taxation to the extent of .?85,000 a year. Coming to Texas for his liealth's sake in ]8r)5, he is now a permanent resident of San Antonio, in the future of wliioli city and of M-estern Texas he has the greatest coutidencc. Among the many eminent lawyers of San Antonio is Charles W. Ogden, whoso father was formerly chief justice of the supreme court of Texas. A 'i exan by birth, and educated at the n:ilitary institute at Austin, he began tlio practice of his profession in 1875. He is now largely interested in an enter- prise f(ir deeiM'uing the water at the mouth of tlio Brazos river, a project which will materially add to the prosperity of tlio southern portion of the stnte. Edward Dwyer is also one of the most prominent lawyers in San Antonio, thougli sinco the decease of his father, in 1884, his time has been largely occupied in the managementof his estate. Mr. Ihvyer isdescemleil from one of tlie oldest families in western Texas, his grandfatlier being a resident of San Antonio prior to 1840, and in 1844 was elected its mayor. His fatlicr was a native of the same (^ity, in the politics of whicli he played a lewling ])art. In tlio ranks of the medical profession at San Antonio none are more highly esteemed than Dr. Amosdraves, the medical director for Texas of the Southern Pacific & San Antonio & Aransas Pass railroads. He came to Texas in 1878, on account of a pulmonary affection, which was cured by a two years' residence on a sheep ranch in western Texas. For such ailments he believes that tliis section will eventually rank among the leading health resorts of the worbl. In this opinion he is indorsed by Dr. F. Heril', also a resident of San Antonio, and whose ex^ierieneo as a medical practitioner in western Texas dates from 1846. Here, as he relates, all diseases appear to assume their mildest form, and in no other atmosphere do wounds heal so rapidly. In Laredo, on the Rio (Jrande, one of the leading physicians is A. W. Wilcox, M. D., who, after taking his degree at (Jalveston, was appointed, in 1874, surgeon of tlie Mexican National railroad at the former point. For tlie same railroad J. P. Flynn was selected as general agent at Laredo in 1 884, and in the following year was chosen by President Cleveland as United States consular agent at the town of the same name on the Mexican side of the Rio (Jrande. In April, 1887, Mr. Flynn resigned both these positions, devoting himself to the organization of the Laredo Improvement Company, of which he was elected and is still the president. Tiie president of the Laredo Water Company is A. L. McLane, a native of Texas and a lawyer by occupation, who came to that town in 1873, and hai ever since engaged in the practice of his profession. INDEX. Ab InitioB, party, n. 405; protest against cnnstitutioit, 18US, ii. 4!M>. Alierdouii, l/ord, iiiuiitinii of, ii. 'MH. AliolitioiUHtH, Texas, ii. 4i.'0. Ai;a|)uli.(i, Spilhurg touulius at, Ifil"), i. Mil). Acaxees, revolt of, KiOl-'A i. SI."?-!'). Acel)eil(t, I'. A. (le, tiie Tepeliuaiie revolt, 1()IG-17, i. 1, i. (J2.")-6. Ala'ni), Fatlier L., tlio Tehuecoa' re- vol , 1(511 12, i. •2-M. Atla.ns, l>r W. A., biog. of, ii. 7,c.. 1774-81, i. G84. Aguilar, Villa de, location, etc., of, i. 3.55, fight with Indians near, 1(5.50, i. .3.50-7; .Spaniards massacred at, 1G52. i. .358. Aguilar, A. M., with Vizcaino's ex- ped., 1602-3, i. 1.53; death of, i. 1.59. Aguilar, Gov. Jose, resignation, etc., 1851, ii. 672; appointment of, ii. 694. Aguirre, Father M., mission afifairs in Fimeria, i. 5(52. Aguirre, Capt. M. R. de, mention of, 1. 159. Aguirre, Brother T. de, dispute with .lesuits, 1(57.3, i. 24;}-4. Ahoincs, Siiialoan tribe, llurdaiile protects, 1(50! , i. 211 12; alltge.l conversion of, i, 212, 214. Aivinos, exped. against the 1(522, i. 226. Alabamas, Indians, docility of, ii. 442. Alamo, description of, ii. 205; ground plan of, ii. 20(5; battle of, ii. 2(»7; mawacre at, ii. 211 et seij.. Alauian, Lucas, measures suggested by, 1830, ii. 11.3. Alarcon, Capt. F., works of, i. 9.3. Alarcon, H. de, exped. of, 1.540, i. 90- 8; meeting with Alvarado, i. 9.{; >lendoza displeased with, etc., i. 94. Alarcon, M. dc, gov. of T'oaliuila and Texas, 1710, i. 604; rule, i. 017 IH. Alarcon, 1*. de, exped. of, 1.540, i. 83, 88. Alberoni, Minister, mention of, i. 44.3-4. .\lbieuri, Father J., ' Historia," i. 12. Albury, Mrs, at Alamu massacre, ii. 213. Alcantro, battle of, ii. 327-8. Alcarez, I), de, in charge .at San (ieronimo, i. 88-9; meeting witli Vaca's party, etc., i. 69; death of, i. 90. Aldai, M. de, gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1720, i. .581, .58.3. Aldaina, Envoy, executed, ii. 18-10. Alemy, Leon, artesian well privileges, ii. 97. Alford, Oen. G. F., biog. of, ii. 768. Allen, Elicnezer, mention of, ii 571. Allen, Dr R. W., biog. of. ii. 708. Allen, S. T., mention of, ii. 172. Allen, Sanmel, biog. of, ii. 767. Alley, at battle S. Antonio, ii. 185. (771> - * i^ ' i' INDKX. Alniii./Ji)i, F. I', lie, gov, of ('(Kihni''i iiiiil Texas, 17-2 (}, i. (101; Mitii Agiiiiyo's fxiM'il., 17-0-'J, 1. (■)•_':<; fiiv. iif 'l\,'\in, i. G'JH, G.'tO; rulu, T'-'i (S, i. «:«) •.'. Alllioiitc, (ii'ii., 'Xotii'iii Holire TcjiiN,' ii, I4S; NiiiTutKlcr (if, ii. '2&i; pm- tt'Mt iigaiii.-it Tux. unuexutioii, ii. :v.n. Alciiisi), Kiithor, i)r()tcst agaiitHt the ilnHiiit^, 1077, i. 'MM. Altiiiiiira, MiinjuL'.i do, rcitt of, 1744, i. ()4I. Alviirailo, Cajtt., cxpeil. to New Mox., l.')4(>, i. H"). Alvarailo, I*, do, expcd. of, I'l'JH, i. 17 IH; meeting with Alarooii, 1.540, i. ilU; iKirtlierii exped. of, i. 5t(5; death, ir)4l, i. !Mi. Alvarez, Seflora, liuinanity of, ii. 237. Alvarez, Friar 11., murder of, 1702, i. fi!),). Alvear, Alcalde. I., the Tepchuane re- volt. If. If. 17, i. 323. Alvear y Salazar, tl. do, gov. of Nueva Vizoaya, l«iir.-18, i. 30G; sulidiies the Tepeluiane^*, 1017, i. 32r)-8; ((iiarrel witli Je.suits, i. 342. Aiiiador, (len. .f. V., courage of, ii. 211; api.oiiited gov., 1700, ii. 725. Aniat, Col, Filisola's eommisiiioner, ii. 270. Aineri'.'a, early discoveries in, i. 2-5. Amt^rioaii.s, first in Texas, ii. 5; attacked hy Spaniards, ii. 6-7; Mex. dislike of, ii. 88. Auipudia, (Jen., mention of, ii. 203; defeats Texans, ii. 301; treatment of prisoners, ii. 3(i5; ca;''t'ilatiou of, ii. 3ii(;. Amusements, Texas, ii. 3112. Anfihuac, Teiiorio attacVed -.r, ii. 150. Amayr, fJen., montir m ■ I. ii. 327. Anders(.n, K. L., electi;d vice-pres., KS44, ii. 378. Andrade, (!en., disobedience of or- ders, ii. 281. Andrew.s, John S., mention of, ii. 501. Annexation, Texans, desire for, ii. 284; agitation f(.r, ii. 382; U. S. rejects, 1837, ii. 342; admission of, 1845, ii. 382. Anson, Capt. G., voyage of, 1740-2, i. 201. Anthony, D. W., mention of, ii. 549. Antonio, Jose, lud. chief, ii. 595. Anza, Col J. A., exped. of, 1774-6, i. 716-18. Anza, Cnpt. J. R., cxpod. against Apaelie<, 17.".8, i. 'uiH; 170(1, i, .'..V.); mention of, i. U99-700; in AltuCal., 1770, I. 7tiH. .'Vpachcs, Indians, raids, etc., (.f the, lO'.Ki 8, i. 272 4; 172t, i. 510 17; 1730, i. 035; 1734, i. (i3(;; 1700 I, i. O.TO, raids in Sonora, i. 702; IS'.H, ii. 653; I8»0 7, ()70; 1851 87, ii. 703-4; (rallardo's orders concerning the, 1750, i. 5;U; war with, 1754- 0(5, i. 557 9; defeat of, i. (.35; etft.rts to convert, 1757, i. 044; war with C<.manches, i. 044-5; policy m dealing with, 178(!, i, 082 3; defeat of, 1790, i. 609; operatic.ns, etc., against, 1774 97, i. 714-15; hostile tactics <.f, ii. 597. ' AiM.stolic(.s Afanes do la Campaflia o 7. Ariiuiiui, M. ill', gov, of Hiijii ('ill., 1770, I. 7-'M !). Aiu'.x, Fiitlior v., ill IJjijft ('ill., I7. Arri'dondo, Col, uppi'd >{ov. Orient tlivision, ii. r>iS'J. Arri'^ui, (Jov., rcnioviil of, JSIU, ii. (m.">. Arri'Uano, iluneriil, hucuhhiU Yiiflez, ii. »)!•:«. Airic'ta, .1. M , incti^'on of, ii. r>.S4. Arrillaga, ('aht., iioiit gov. of Uaja Cal., I7M.'}, 1. 717; tour of, ]~>i"t, i. 748; ^o\\ of IJaja Cal., i. iy.\ \). Arrillaga, .1. J., gov. ud int. of Alta Ci.l., 171)-' :<. i. 77-J. Arrington, William W., mention of, ii. i'-2. Ari'iciviUa, Father J. 1)., -works of, i. 7'-'0. Arroyo Hfpndo, boundary line, ii. 10. Arvina, V. Rafael, jire.s. missions, etc., 180'J 4, ii. 700. A.seension, Father A. de la, with Viz- caino's exped., KiO-i :<, i. ir>4, 1(50; ' Uelaoion JJreve,' i. I">4, lli7-8. Asylums, Texas, ii. 5:{7-".>. Atkin.son, J. G., execution of, ii. 520^1. Atotonilco, Spaniards massacred at, lOUi, i. •,V2'2. Augustiu, Major, mention of, ii. 321, Aury, Ijuis de, api>t'd commodore, etc., 181(5, ii. lii-u; ahandons (ial- veston, ii. 'M. 'Austin,' sloop of war, ii. 3ol. Austin, J. ]$., mention of, ii. 300. Austin, Jo'nn, joins insurgents, 1832, ii. 120; altaeks on \*elasco, ii. 121-3; reply to Mejia, ii. 12."). Austin, Moses, liiog., colony, etc., ii. 'iCt et seq. ; death of, ii. 4"8. Austin, S. F., mention of, ii. 57; founds Austin colony, ii. .")!1et se(|.; grant contirmed, ii. ()3; additional grant, ii. 09; additional grant, 1827, ii. 74; op]>oses Edwards revolt, 1820, ii. 107; I'onimended by Mex. govt, ii. llOj member state con'.., 1S33, ii. I.'t3 4; liel'oru Mex. congress, ii, |;{0; arrt.'st, eti'., of, ii. 138 42; 'Lxan council, I8:;4, ii. 141); return .iml advue of, |83r>, ii. 102 4; cum'd'r in chief of Texans, ii. KiS; cmlias.sadiir to tho r. S., ii. 173; lialllo (f Coiiccp- cion, ii. 17.V7; «icgu <>f l!i'jar, li. 177 et sei(.; resign < cummand, ii. 178; favors independence, ii. 2ir>; appiNil of in aid of 'I'twas, li. 2.S4; deleat, etc., of, ii. 2'.M) 2; app'lM .sec. (if .tale, ii. 2!>4; dcalh and l.iug. of, ii. 2'.is :;o,». Austin, .'"^an Felipe de, nametl, ii. (il, capital at, I'ui'.t, ii. .■(.'!7-8; archive war at, ii. Ii'/ii. Austin, Col W. .1., battle of S. Anto- nil., ii. 1S2. Austin, \V. '!"., Kouston'ii aid-de- camj), ii. 238. Austin colony, .urant, ii. ")() et seq.; settleinent of, ii. ,V.( et si'i[.; grant contirmed, ii. 0.3; gov't, ii. t>3-5; adilitional grants, ii. 0'.) Austin party, mention of, ii. 2'.ll, Austin's map of 18.'!."), ii. 7.'>. .\valos, exj)eil. of, i. 14 1."). Avalos, I'rovince, sulijugation, etc., of, i. 14-1."). Ayestaran, (len'l .1. .1., removal of, ii. 58! ». Ayiitla, ]ilan of, in Chili, ami Duran- go, 18.")5, ii. 017. Azpileiieto, Father M., ndssiouary labors, etc., of, 1030, i. 228-!». Ai:tatlau, Guzman at, io'.iO, i. 2'.i. Bak.!!-, Col VV. R., liiog. of, ii. 707. Baldwin, N. C., mention of, ii. 5(iL B.ilol ; other ex- peil.s ag'st lexa-< ii. 4tH» 7. Bai)tist-i, Texai. rir.st church, ii. 547. Barela, Ciiico, leader Salt lakes riot, ii. 521. Bar'vcr, Stephen, mention of, ii. 48. Barnird, iJootor, mention of, ii. 2ill 2. B.ii-ragan, Col, mention of, ii. 254-5; humanity of, ii. 'M't't. Barratarian freebooters, doings of, ii. •Mi. Barraza, Cipt. J., exped. of. KiHO, i. S.'?:{ 4; defeat-i the Tolioso.-*. I(>44, i. 34S; sup.'rse led, i. lUl); the Tara- humare revolt, llU!) 51, i. .'{.54 S. Barrera, 1. !>. de la, liisliop of Du- rango, 1705 <). i. 51):i 4. Barrett, .ludgo I). C. , mention of, ii. l(il), 172, 17t; elected judge advo- cate gen"l, ii. 19H 4. B.irrott, C >l T. H.. hattlj and retreat Palmetto rancho, ii. 475. B.irri, V. lie, gov. of \\uva Vizeaya, \~K;i, i. t;7(>; gov. of BajaCal., etc., 1771 5. i. 7;iO '.». Barriga, A. (r., cruise, etc., of, 1(»44, i. 181-2. Barrioniicvo, Father, mission to Tar- aluimara, I()7;t4, i. .'It^i 3. Barriin y .Ja'-regui, .T. de, gov. of Coahiiila, \iiM, i. ()04; gov. of Texa-i, 1751 00, i. C30, 04:$. Barrota, J. E., expeds of, 1080 -7, i. 413. Biirrutia. I. F. de, gov. of Nueva Viz- eaya, 1728, i. S--^!. Bartlett, .lesse, mention of, ii. 100. Basaldua, Father J. M., mention of, i. 42('> 7; mission to Mex., 1704, i. 428 i(; in cliar/e of (iuaymas mis- sion, 170!), i. 511. Basilio, Father, death of, 10.52, i. 358. Bastan, C:i\)t A., i)roiect of, i. 170. Bastrop, Baruu de, app't'd, ii, 04. Battle creek, battle of, ii. 311. Baylor, Lieiit-col ,). R., exped. .ag'st Indians, 18ol>, ii. 411; captures Forts Bliss ami Fillmore, ii. 451. Baj's, Elder Joseph, mention of, ii. 547. Bazan, F. de, gov. of Nueva Vizeaya, 1584-5, i. 113; exped. to Smaloa, 1.58.-,, i. 114. Beall, l)r Ellas, mention of, ii. 577. Bean, E. I'., hiog. of, i. 7-8. Beaujeu, Capt. La Salle's expeil., i. 3!»7 401. Beaumont, F. de(;., 1002-5, i. 337. Becerra, D., exjied. of, 1533, i. 45-0; murder of, i. 40. Beckham, Mayor R. E., mention of, ii. 574. Boe, B. E., cftmmis. to Mex., ii. 340. Bee, (len'l, proclaims martial law, ii. 457. Bejar, San Antonio de, (see also San Antonio); mission of founded, 1718, i. 018; Aguayo at, 1721, i. 02;i-4; 1722, i. 027-8; descript. of natives at, i. 003; siege of, ii. 177 et se(i. ; captured hy Va.squez, 1842, ii. :us. Bejar, San Fernand'> do, villa of founded, 17:50, i. 032; memoi ial of, 177(), i. 0.V2-3; condition of, i. 053- 4; garrison of increiised, 1772, i. 050. Bclaunzaran, .T. B. de, gov. of Nueva Vizeaya, 17:58^48, i. 582. Ik'h n, presidio of, founded, 1700, i. 585. Belena, Licentiate E. V,, mention of, i. 711. Belgium, recngnizes Texas' imlepeml- ence, ii. :$40. Bell. .1. H., mention of, ii. 100. Bell, (lov. r. H., election of, 1849, ii. :$<»8; vetoes Texas debt bill, 18.52, ii. 4!)4; elected to U. S. ii. 405. Bellislu, S. de, atlventurcs of, 1718- 21, i. 020. liencvolent institutions, Texas, ii. 537. Benitoz, Father E., murder of, 1080, i. 303. Bennett, Lieut-col. at council of war, ii. 2.58. Beranger, exped. of, 1720, i. 019. Bernal, Lieut C. M., exi>ed. of, 1097, i. 20t 5. Bernstein, Max. mention of, ii. ~'A6. Berrotaran, Capt. .T. de, report to viceroy, etc., 1748, i. 5S4. congress. INDEX. "5 Berry, Capt., death of, ii. 3G.'{. Bcvil, Joliu, niuiinoa of, ii. 172. liililiugiupliy, Tuxiis, ii. ',iKi et .seq. Lii;kley, (juo. \V., ineiitiim of, ii. 4.'}4. lJigli)\v, Horatio, iiientinu of, ii. 48. }Ji(igr;ipliy, ii. 570 IS, 7liu-9. Bisciiotf, Fatlier J. J., at Loreto, 17.VJ, i. 4()!t. Blaiu'arte, (jteii. J. M., revolt, etc., of, ii. 7'24. Blanco, (reiieral, succeeds C'arra.sco, ii. (>7-; ultimatum to tilibuftturH, ii. C77-8; defeat of, ii. 071); recall of, ii. 081. Blanco, Victor, elected vice gov., ii. 8(). Blednoe, A., comptroller, 1809, ii. 41)8. Blind asylnni, Texas, ii. .").'{7-8. Bloiiut, L'ol iS. -M., l)iog., ii. 570. Bogarro, Anselmo, esoai)e of, ii. 21.1; casualty report of, ii. 215. BoIion|uu:i, Adjutant N., with Salva- tierra's exped., 1701,, i. 494. Bola.s de Plata mines, discovery of, 17."10, i. 525; richnus.s of, i. 520; claimed for the crown, i. 527. Bonavia y Zapata, B., gov. intendcnt of Kurango, 17'.'0. i. 078; zealousy in royal cause, ii. 584. Boneo y .Morales, J., gov. of Texas, 174:?, i. <;:«». Bonham, death of, ii. 212. Bonifacio, Fathiu'L., death of, 1644, i. 2:i4; l)iog., i. 2.'>4. Bcmilla, exped. of, l.V.).-). i. 128-9. Bonnell, (Jeo. W., mention of, ii. 550. Bonner, .liulge M. H., associate jus- tice, 1878, li. 522. Boone, 11. II., mentini! of, ii. 518. Boi-den, (Jail, iiRiition of, ii, 170. ,549. Borden, T. II., incntio.i of, ii. 549. B'iiic.i, D. de, gi.\. of Cal., 1794, i. 751; 1800, i. 759, 772. Borrego, T., arrest of, ii. 023. Botello y .Siirraiio, (_'iij)t. A., report, etc, of, l(i30, i. 177 8; license granted to, i. 178. Bouillon, Raousset de, early career of, ii. 074; sclienu's of, ii. 070; ultimatum ti, ii. 077-8; captures IFcrmosillo, ii. 679; illness of, ii. 080; return to S. V., etc., ii. (iS2; Santa Annaappts a colonel, ii. 0S.'{; interference of^ Cal. authorities, ii. 084; second exped. ol, ii. 085; Yaflez outwits, ii. (iSO; defeat and capture of, ii. 087 9; execution of, ii. 090 1. Uouudary, Looiaiaua poaaessioaa, ii 45-7; Texiis, defined, ii. 297; New Mex. ami Tex., 1848, ii. :{98; lied river, ii. 525-0; bill, for Texas, synopsis, ii. 400. Bourne, L'ol, explor. of, ii. 044. Bowie, (-ol James, mention of, ii. 128; hiog., etc., 175-7; grass fight, ii. 178-9; Alamo massacre, ii. 201 etscip ; death of, ii. 212. Bowles. Cherokee chief, ii. 321. Bradhurn, Davis, t.yranny of, ii. 115- 17; proclaims martial law, ii. 119; nieutiou of, ii. 215. Bradhurn, .Tohn 1)., mention of, ii. 97. Bradley, Capt. J., hiog,, ii. 578. Bramhila, Lient-col, surrenders com- mand, 1844. Branciforte, mission, founded, etc., 1797, i. 772. Bravo, Father J., exped t., etc., of, 1718-21, i. 444-9; death of, 1744, i. 402. Bravo, J. v. D., hishop of Durango, etc., 1709, i. 084. Bravo, Nicolas, mention of, 373. Braw, A. L. , mention of, ii. 410. Brazitos, battle at, ii. 000 7. Bra/oria, founded, ii. 110; angry meeting, etc., at, ii. 117. ' Brazoria," schooner, ii. 121. Bra/iis, Indian agency, formation of, ii. 400 7. Breece, Caiit., mention of, ii. 179. Bremond, Paul, luention of. ii. 574. Brenliam, Dr, death, etc., of, ii. 300. Brenliam, U. F., Texas .Santa Fo exped., ii. 3.34. Brineourt, captures Chihuahua, etc., 1804, ii. 021. Bringas, Col Juan, mention of, ii. 2()3. Bronsfdi, Lient-col, victory of at Pal- metto raiicho, ii. 475. Brotherton, Capt., mention of, ii. 524. Brown, Capt. J., capt. selmoner In- vinciiile, ii. 271; captures the ' Pocket, 'ii. 272. Brown, Mayor J. T., mention of, ii. 574. Brown, P R., escape, etc., of, ii. 219 20. Brown, Capt. T. J., biog., of, ii. 709. Brown, Capt. Win, capt. scliooner lihertv. ii. 271. Br ownsv.lle. Cortina's raids on, ii. 44+; eapUi"e,-i and recaptures of, ii. 4('.ii-S. 'Bnii:uy,' schooner, mention of, ii. 272: los;, etc., of, ii. 2S3_4, Bryan, (r. M., meutioa of, ii. 290. 776 INDEX. Bryan, William, mention of, ii. S5'2. Buciiivli, Niicstra Senoni del I'llar ile lJUul)lo ot cstalild, 1774, 1. Got}; site ol ruiiiovt'tl, 1779, i. (iuG 7. Buckley, defeat of, iSoS, ii. 427. Buckley, !S. B., iiientiou of, ii. 553. Bueiia y Alcalde, Father M. A., nien- tidii of, i. 70tJ. BuH'aloes, Texas, ii. 559. BufiPi'd, M. N., mention of, ii. 554. Bullock, James W., defeatof Piedras, ii. 127. Burleson, Cdl E., succeeda Austin, ii. 17S; at couiuil (if war, ii. 258; l*at- tleof San Jacinto, ii. 2(>0 1 ; Cher- okee battle, ii. 323; elected vice pres., 1S4I, ii. 342; defeat of, elec- tion, 1844, ii. 378. Burman, Jesse, mention of, ii. 171. Burnett, Pres. David (i., colony grant, ii. 74, 110; memher state couv., IS,'{3, ii. 133; election of, • lS3t), ii. 218; proclamation, Marcli 1831), ii. 24(); at Cam;) .San Jacinto, ii. 2()8; army ofHcers' letter to, ii. 273; chaiged with trea.son, ii. 274; message of, Oct. 1830, ii. 2'.t2; res- ignation of, ii. 293; elected vice jires., 1838, ii. 313; ilefeat, election, 1811, ii. .341. Burnley, meiliation of Mex. v^ Texas, ii. 310. Burr. Kohert. app't'd postmaster gen- eral, ii. 294. Burriel, Padre A M., 'Noticia de la California,' i. 281-2. Burton, Col, campaign, etc., of L. Cal., ii. 713 et seq. Burton, Major I., achievements of, ii. 282. Burts, \Vm P., mayor Fort Worth, ii. 574. Bustanianto, ('apt. B.,exped. against Ap.iciies, I7"iti, i. 557. Bustamante. ('apt. F., witji Figueroa's exped., I(i3(>. i. 174; alcalde mayor of San Felipe, I(i3(), i. 207: lleut- gov. of Sail Felii)e, Hi.'Ki, i. 231 2. Bustamante y N'elasco, election orders of 1821, ii'. ().•?."). Buster, ('apt., writing of, ii. .3(50. Bustillo y Cevallos, ,1., gov. of Texas, i. (134; ride, 1730 3, i. li.'U (i. Byrom, John S. D., nuntiou of, ii. 172. Cahalloro y Carranfo, Friar J., with Liicciiill'a's fxped., Iii(i8, i. 184. Cahallero y Osio, J., aids Saivatierra, 1()97, i. 280. Caliorca, attacked by Pinias, 1541, i. 544. Cahello, D., gov of Texas, 1778-Sl, i. ()(iO, iidii. Calie/as, raids of the, 1(544-5, i. 348 9. Cabildrw, Coali., decree ordering, 1812, ii. 79. Cabrera, bandit, capture and execu- tion of, ii. 445. Calirillo, J. R., exped. of, l.")42 .3, i. l.'13--5; ' Relacion," i. I. '13; discovers upper Cal., 1542, i. i;}5; death of, i. 135-6. Caderita, Viceroy, decree of, 16.''\ i. 178. Cadillac, M., gov. of Louisiana, .t. , 171.3, i. (!10. Cajen, (Jov., captures Dnrango, 18.j9, ii. (J18; defeat and ileath, ii, GI9. Cajeiiie, Ind. cliief, execution of, ii. 704. Calalior'"a, Father, exped. of, 17(10, i. (>49 ."lO. Calder, Capt. R. J., mention of, ii. 2(i0 1. Calderou, M., alctilde mayor at San Felipe, l(i71. i. 237. CaldwiU. Col .\1., liattle with WoU, ii. ;{57 -8. California, name, i. 82. California (.\lta or upper), discovered by Cabrillo, 1542, i. 13,") G; Fer- relo'.s voyage, l.")43, i. 13G; Viz- caino's exped., !G()2-3, i. I.hS-GO; Vizcaino's scheme for colonizing, U)'-'0, i. I(i7 8; expeds to. I7G9, i. 489 9i); Anza's exped., 1774-0, i. 717 IS; occupation, etc., of, 17G9 1800, i. 7G5-7.'5 ; Franciscans in, i. 7G7-70; exjiloration of, 1775 (>, i. 708; mission all'airs in, 1781-90, i. 709-73; industries, e;c., in, i. 771; lililiu.stering exiieds from, 1852 4, ii. 073 et seip California (Baja or lower), I'lloa'sex- ped., 1539, i. 78-82; Alai-eon'a, l.")40, i. 90 5; Cabrilio's. 1512, i. I.'{.{ 4; Vizcaino's cxi>ed., I.')9.r, i. 147-51 r 1002-3, i. 153 ()l);('ardona's exped., 1015, i. 104; Vizciiiio's sciienie for coloiiizint:, li)20, i. 107- 8; regarded as an i land, i. JliN-',); map of, 11)21 5, i. lll'.l; (.)r:(ga'.s ex- Jieds, |0:!2 (), i. 171 5; Cafias' ex- ped., 1042, i. 181; HaiTi>.'rs. 1044, 1. 182; CasaiKite's, lO),' ; 183-4; Luceuilla's,lG("^, i. m 5;i)cjudo'u, INDEX. 777 1683-5, i. 187-93; Itamarra's, 1G94, i. 194 5; Damper's, etc., 1704 10, i. 191) '.'(K); Fn.iulae".s. 1709, i. "JOO; Shflvock'.s, 17--'l, i. 200 1; ell'oct of failuros to colonize, i. 'J7t)"7; Sal- vatierra's expeii. to, Hi'.)7 1700, i. 2Sl :!()l; Loroto foumlu.l in, 1097, i. "JSl (i; map-; of, i. 4'_'7, 447, 404, 471, 479, 74;i; mission affairs, etc., in, 1701 17, i. 4-Jl 438; 1709-74, i. 7-G; 17S I ISOO, i. 745; mission sys- tem, i. 439 41; mission funds, i. 441 '2; mission affairs, etc., in, 1717 1)9. 1. 443 91; .lesuits in, 1717 -68, i. 443-82; Ugarte's cxplor. of, 17-1, i. 4.')0 -'J; Icicu.i plague i:>, 17'22, i. 453; Taraval's explor., 1732, i. 45iJ; Inli-Ki out!)rcaks in, i. 457 02; cpide nio in, 1742 8, i. 402; Coiisiig s explors, 1740, i. 403 4; 1753, i. 470; Escobar's rept, 1745, i. 4iJ5; iruhntrie) of, i. 4(i7-8, 488; native diplomacy in, i. 474-5; Jesuits expelled from, 17t)7 8, i. 477-82; Franciscans in, 1707-9, i. 482-90; Sal vatierra's cxped., 1701, i. 4'.t3 8; Kino's, 170) 0, i. 495- 502; Dominicans in (1777) i. 742; pestilence, etc., in, 1781, i. 745; ex- plorations of, 1794-7, i. 752-4; set- tlei'ie.it^, etc., of, 176S 1800, i. 700-li; populatii>n, i. 702: indus- trio-i, i. 702-3; proi^re^s an 1 cents, 18i).> 1888, ii. 705 09; separation from .Vlti Cal., ii. 705; neglei't of, ii. 70l>; foroigTi intercourse, 1S2()- 32, ii. 711; war witli U. S., ii. 712; U. S. restoration of, etc., ii. 719; Walker's tiliUusterini; exjied., 1851, ii. 720etse(i.; Freiicli intervention iu, ii. 720; revenue of, ii. 742; edn- r-i'-ion in, !i. 742: ii. 755-0; iron, '.li, tin, quicksilver, etc., ii. 750; gr iphite and salt] ctre, 757 8, pearl-i, ii. 757 00; mills, ii. 700-1. Calleja, Felix, iiu'iitiiui of, ii. 581. (_"alt/ont/in. King, munler of, i. 28. Calvo, Consul, surrenders lilibusters, ii. 089. Calvo, J. J., f'ommandante gen'l, 1S;!4, ii. alio. .503. Ca'iilion, I'ltluT. ill cliarge at San Fi'rnaiidi), 177H, i. 7'i7. Oa'iica, .hian M. I., Naijui gen'l, do ith of, ii. 0.50. ('amiTon, Cap'., di^oljedicneo of, ii. .'illO; livttlcof Mier. ii. 303; escapi', etc., of, ii. 305; execution of, ii. 3()S. Cameron, .lolm, colony grant, ii. 74; mention of, ii. 97, 155; apptd Ind. commission, ii. 109. Campos, Father, escape of, 1095, i. 201; the death of Kmo, 1711. i. 505 -0; labors in I'imeria, i. 507; ex- plor. of, 1715, i. .507-8. Canijiuzano, Ci 'nmandant, surrender of (iuayuias, ii. ti05, 007. Canales, Col, mili. disaster, ii. .301. Canales, (ieu'l Antonio, battle of Al- eantro, ii. 327-8; inaction of. ii. 328; Arist.i defeats, ii. 329; Davis' defeat of, ii. .357. Canalizo, fien'l, incites Ind. hostili- ties, ii. .'{21; capture of correspon- dence, ii. 322; force at Matamoras, 1840, ii. 320. Cai\as, L. C. de., exped. of, 1042, i. 181; alcalde mayor of San Velipe, 1041-4, i. 207; comtnandante of Sinaloa, 1041, i. 2.32. Canby, (ien'l, defeat in battle of Val- oeide, ii. 452; battle at I'cralta, ii. 453; surrender of Kirl>y Smith, ii. 475; letter on Texas affairs in Texas, 1808, ii. 497. Caneio, Ca]>t. L., letters to viceroy, etc., 171)0-7, i. .507 71; the .lesuit expulsion, 1707, i. 575- 7, 704; men- tion of, i. 000. 0119. Candelaria mission, establd 1744, i. 041; founding of, 1701 2, i. 0.50. Caned, (Jov,, election of, 1877, ii. 702. Cafifdo, D. de, at La Pa/, 10.33, i. 172. Canto, (Ien'l, murders Pantoni, ii. 023. Caravajal, Ocn'l, mention of, ii. 445. Carhajal, ,1. S. L. de, gov. of Nucva Vizcaya, 1723, i. 581. Carboiiel, E , expcd., etc., of, 1030, i. 175 0. Cardelle, Cara, ' W. B. Dewees' Let- ters,' ii. 3S5. Ciirileiias. ('apt orado, 1540, i Cardenas, Jose 80. Carilenas, Father 228. Cardis, Louis, death of, etc., ii. 519 Cardoiia, N,, voyages of, 1013 15, i, 103 5. Car bma. Cant. S., voyages of, Kli.'i- 15, i. 10:t 7: nicini.rial iif. i. 178. ('arni's, C;ipt., scouting ex]iliiitH of, ii, 244; coinniis. to Mex., ii. 2.sl 2. Cams, Henry, at battle 8. Antonio, ii. 184. exped. to the Col- 85. S. de, coiiiu'illiir, ii. L., liostility to, i. f78 INDEX. Cora, Ramon M., estimatea of Alamo casualtius, ii. 1.'14. (.'ari'iinco, Padre, iiiuriler of, 1734, i. 458. Carrasco, C'apt. D., with Kiuo'a ex- ped., 1(1!I8. i. 20(5. Carrasco, Col J. M., death of, ii. 07-. Carrera, Father A., mention of, i. 878. Carrillo, Oov., i)roclaim8 Iglesias pros., etc., 1870, ii. (i24. Carrion, Ca]it. J. F., the Tarahumare revolts, l(i4y-r)2, i. 354, 359. Carson, .S. P., Letter to Buunett, ii. 2-i' letired. ii. 2()!». ' Cai . Casa t . r i. 2(>5. Casanate, Sinaloa ''oxas, 1857, ii. 417 19. uiua of explored, 1097. comandante of j.i. jniral, i. 233. Casanate, Capt. P. Portery, survey proposed liy, 1035, i. 177; report, etc., of, 1030, i. 177-8; license granted to, i. 178; revoked, i. 178; capturL'd hy pirates, 1037, i. 178-9: memorial of, 1038, i. 179; commis- sion, 1040, i. 179-80; at .Santa Cruz, 1043, i. 181; ship 1)uilding projects. i. 181-2; cruise of the 'liosario,' 1044. i. 182; vessels, etc., of hurned, i. 1S2-3; royal favor to, i. 183; voy- age of, 1048, i. 183-4. Casavantes, G., revolt of, 1829, ii. 025. Casli, iTohn S., execution of, ii. 307. Castaficda, Lieut F., Texans defeat of, ii. l()5-(). Castani/a, Hishop, mention of, ii. 584. Castafio, Father Ii., missionary labors of, 1038-9, i. 230. Castilla, P. H. dc, captain at San Felipe, 1080, i. 2.37. Castillo, Capt. D. tlol, map of, i. 80-1; cxped. of, Ki.'iO, i. 3S5~(). Castillo, (!. del, gov. of Kueva Viz- caya, 1095, i. 3.38. Castini, Father P., retirement of, 1044, i. 234. Castini, Padre P. ,T., missionary labors of, 1021, i. 225. Castlcman, S., mention of, ii. 300. Castrillon, Cen'l, courage of, ii. 202. Castro, (Jov. A. M. de, installation of, ii. 049. Castro, Brother F., death of, 1527, i. 230. Castro, Jose, murder of, ii. 725. Castro, Gov. M. M., succeeds Cafieda, ii. 703. Castru, Capt. Mauricio, defense prep. of, 1847, ii. 712; orders to Pineda, ii. 713; capture of, 1847, ii. 718; suspended, etc., ii. 720. Cave, E. \V., refu.sal to take confed. oath, ii. 440. Cavelier, priest, with La Salle's ex- ped., i. 400-11. Cavendish, 8irT., voyage of, 1588, i. 144. Ceballos, Gov. Rafael, appointment of, ii. 0(53. Cepeda, Father, remarks on Ind. out- break of ir44-5, i. 351-2. Cereals, Texas, ii. 557-8. Cermenon, S. R., voyage of, 1595, i, 147. Cerralvo, Viceroy, grants license, etc., to Ortoga, 1031, i. 171; to Casa- mate, 1030, i. 177-8. Cerro (Jordo, fortified camp at, 1045, i. 351; presidio site removed, i. 080. Cervantes, Father B., death of, 1649, i. 234. Cervantes, G. G. de, gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1631-.3, i. 300. Cespedes, Col, battle San Jacinto, ii. 203. Chalmers, W. L., sec. state conven- tion, ii. 482. Chambers, A. J., biog. mention, ii. 544. Chambers, Judge Thomas, biog. of, ii. 144. Chambers, T. J., defeat of election, 1853, ii. 405; 1801, ii. 451; 1803, ii. 400; treason of, ii. 425. Chambers, William, defeat election, 1870, ii. 515. Chainetla, Port, Cortes' exped. at, 1535, i. 49-50; Guzman's, i. 58; name, i. 203. Chametla, Province, Guzman in, 1530, i. 30-2; Ibarra's occupation of, 1505, i. 110. 'Champion,' capture of, ii. 284. Chandler, Capt., party of, ii. 371. "japmau ii. 548. Cluapman, Rev, , party ol, u. . . K. M. , ment lentiun of, Chaves, Lieut, arrests Ncgrete, ii. 720. Cheape, Geo. C, b.og. of, ii. 7.30. Cherokces, Inds., petition for land- grant, ii. 103; battle with, 1839, ii. 323. Chevalie, Major M., mention of, ii. .397. Chicliimecs, country of the, i. 12-13. Chicuris, Sinaloau tribe, conversiua of, 1071, i. 239. INDEX. 779 Chihualma, see also Nueva Vizcaya; naiiiu, i. GOO; Iturbiile revolt in, ii. 5SU; admitted as a state, ii. 587; political events, 1825-4H, ii. 58!)- G0;<; events in 1843-88, ii. G04 et seq. ; invasion threatened, 1843, ii. 604-"); map of, ii. 600; Douiplian's capture of, ii. 008-9; retreat of French from, 180(5, ii. G'2'2; revolt 1871-2, 1870, ii. 024; boundary with Dnrango, ii. 620; revenue of, ii. 741 , education in, ii. 740. Cliihuahua, town, previa, capitol, 181U, ii. 620. Cliinipa, Hurdaide's expeJ. to, 1601, i. 211. Chinipa.s, misju.. vries among, 1620, i. 224 -t"); missions founded among, 1526-7. i. 227; revolt, etc., of, 1631- 2, i. I.-.X.) 30. Cliirrint s conservatives, party, ii. 588. C'liirinos, P., with Guzniau's exped., 1,')20, i. 28. Chivington, Maj., battle with confed- erates, ii. 452. Cibola, province, Coronado's exped. in, 1540, i. 85. Cignataii, province, Guzman in, 1831, 1. 33 5. Cinco Seflores, Pueblo, founding of, 1728, i. 5S4. Cisneros, Father B., death of, 1616, i. 323. ' t'ity of Monterey,' jylan, ii. 395. Civil war, Texas, ii. 4,")0 et seq. Clark, (iov. Kdward, succeeds Hous- ton, ii. 410; proclamation, June ISlll, ii. 451; defeat election, 1861, ii. 451. Clark, Judj,'o Geo., state attorney- gL'u'l, ii. 518; biog. of, ii. 578. Clark, W. T., representative, 1869, ii. 4!»S. Clark, .lames B., mention of, ii. 546. Clay, ,\(lam, biog. of, ii. 767. Clay, Son. Henrv, boundary and debt of Texas, ii. .399. Clavigcro, F. S., ' Storia Jella Cali- fornia,' i. 282. Clements, J. D., mention of, ii. 172, 174. Climate, Texas, ii. 556-7; L. Cal., ii. 730. Clingman, Senator, mention of, ii. 435. Clough, Colli. M., mention of, ii. 577. Coahuila, annals of, 1582-16(M), i. 126. Coapa, the Tepohuane revolt, 1616- 17, i. 324. Coahuila, limits of, i. 375; church afiTairs in, i. 375-6: map of, i. ,377; boundaries of, i. 603— i; govs, of, 1702-89, i. 6(M; condition of, 1701- 1800, i. 605; population, i. 605-6; settlements, i. 0(H)-7; missions affairs, etc., in i. 607-8; despotism in, 1824, ii. 77; population, I8(»:i- 10, ii. 78; gov't of towns, ii. 78-9; resources, li. 80; indej)end('nce in, ii. 82; state formed with Texas, ii. 83; constitution of, ii. 83; election, 1827, ii. 86; finances of, 1827. ii. 86-7; administ. of jxistico, 1827-9, ii. 94-5; education, 1811-30, ii. 95- 6; separation of Coali. & Tex. dis- cu.4sed, ii. 1.30 et seq.; factional tight in, ii. 143 etseq.; state auth- orities deposed, ii. 154-5. Cocke, J. ]),, execution of, ii. 307. Codallos y Rabal, Dr J., vicar-gen. of Texas, 1721, i. 625. Coe, Philip, mention of, ii. 171. Coke, Gov. Richard, election of 1872, ii. 510-11; message, 1875, ii. 512; reelection of, 1870, ii. 515; pro- poses constitutional changes, ii. 516-18; elected U. S. senator, 1876, ii. 518. Coker, John, mention of, ii. 260. Coleto, battle of tlie, ii. 227-33, Collantes, Father J., retirement of, 1044, i. 234. CoUard, F.., mention of, ii. 171. Colleges, Texas, list of, ii. 540. Collingsworth, Capt. George, capture of (Joliad, ii. 109. Collingsworth, J., sec. of state, 18.36, ii. 209; coiiimis. to Wasliinj,'ton, ii. 284; suicide, etc., of, ii. 313. Collins, L. H. , mention of, ii. "01, Colombo, town, Guzman at, 1531, i. 35. Colonization in Tex., .Sjianisli, ii. 54- 5; Austin's, ii. 50et se((., othir colo- nies, ii. 73 et sccj. ; L. Cal., 1.s04, ii. 727; act of, 1SS3, ii. 729; N. Mex. states, ii. 744. Colonization law, Texas & Coah., 182.5, ii. 70. ' Color.ailo,' war brig, ii, 351. Colorado river, Diaz on the, 1540, i. 88; .Marcon, i. 91 3; Sedclinairs ex]dor., 1744, i. 537; 1748-50, i. .540 1. ColHml)ia, revolutionary meeting at, 1835, ii. 102. Columbus, theory, etc., of, i. 2-3. Comaiu'hes, war with .•\pacries, i. 044 5; massacre at San SabS, 1758, L U45-8; exped. against, 1759, i. r 780 INDEX. 64fl; further raith of, i. G19; tlcfoat of, ITIK), i. (kilt; liiwtilitici of, \SU), ii. IJ'24; trouldes with, ii. 40j; res- crvatiiiii for, ii. 407. CoiiiiiioroL!, Te.\a5, imports and ex- ports, \H'M, ii 148; lS:i8-40, ii. •U'J; 1870 82, ii. 5(17; Nhippiiig, ii. .'itiS; L. Cal. 1800-17, ii. 707; N. Mi'X. state.s, iiiiport-s anil exports, ii. ~&2; ports, ii. "liV.i. Co:iip(Mtula, capital of Nueva Galicia, I, ■).!!, i. 3!». C'oiiiiiri|.i, Sinaloa, alleged miracle at, i. '.'43. Conot^njiou, hattlo of, ii. nS-T. Coaue[)cion d*; Alamos, declared capi- tol 18-27, ii. (U4. Conclid, native name for Loreto, i. 28(). Coiiclios, revolt of the, 1()45, i. 349- '.'on It!, lii-jg , A flarcia, gov Sonora it Sinaloa, ii 582; capture of, ii. 630. Coiido, Oareia, mention of, ii. 5S(J. Condor, Max. war brig, ii. 005. Confederates, Texas, Iwiggs' surrend- er to, etc.. ii. 437 et seq; capture of Forts .\rhuckle & Brown, ii. 4.")(); of Forts Hliss k Filhnore, ii 4.")l; New Mexico invasion, ii. 45l et SOI]. Coiifcderaco congress, act of conscrip- tion, ii. 471 Coufo derate currency worthlessness of, 1804, ii. 409. Congress, Texas, session 1836, ii. 295; 1837, ii. 303. Congress of U. S., act for gov't of rel)el .states, 1807, ii. 487. 'Congress,' U. S. frigate, ii. fi(>7. Congressmen, Texas, list of, 1845-61, ii. 449. Conner, J. C, representative, 1809, ii. 498.' Consag, Father F., biog., i. 457; ex- ped. of, 174ti, i. 403 5; 1751, i. 409; 1753, i. 470; map, i. 404; death, 1759, i. 470. Con.servatives, Durango, ii. 5S8. Constitution, Texas state, 1876, ii. 515 10. Constitutional legislature, Sin. & Sonora, 1824. ii. 037. Coo'.i. guide, 'oattle of S. Antonio, ii. 1S2, 18.-). CoiiU, M.ijor Hamlin, mention of, ii. 4S 50. Cook, l)r T. C, hiog. of, ii. 577. Cooke, Col, surrender of, ii. 335. Cooke, Capt. P. St C, disarms Snively, ii. 371. Cooke, \V, Vt., eommia. Tex. Santa Fi! exped , ii. 334. Copala, province, location, etc., of, i. 203. Copart, Father J. H., with Olondo's exped., 1083, i. 187, 192. Corhalan, P. de, gov. ad int. of Sonora & Sinaloa, 1709-72, 1777, i. 711. Cordcro, (!ov., deposed, ii. 017. Coi'doro, Ant., com. gen 1 Occidente section, etc., ii. 580. Cor.lova, Vicente, Nacogdoches re- hellion, ii. 320. Cordova, Vicente, death of, ii. ,358. Corn, Texas, ii. 557. Coro, Caci(|ue, victory over Apaches, 1098, i. 274. Coronado, E. , captures I)urango, 1858, ii. 018. Corrmado, F. V. de, gov. of \ueva (ialicia, l.-)38, i. 71 2; expi.d. of, 1539, i. 72 7; 1540 2, i. 8.i 7; ex- ped. of, i. 381. Coronados island, pearl fishing at, 1098, i. 294. Corona, harrasses imperialists, 1866, ii. 622. Coroua, Gov., succeeds Resales, ii. 098. C'orpus Christi, caj)ture of, ii. 4.")4. Corral, Brig. 1. del, resignation of, ii. 580. Correro, Mex. schooner, ii. 101. Cortes, H.,expeds,etc.,of,i. 4 25; Ouz- man's hostility to, i. 20-7. 42-50; expeds despatched hy, 1532-3, i. 40 7; appeal to the audieiicia, i. 48; exped. of, 1535, i. 49-52; rup- ture with Meiido/a, i. 95; return to Spain. I54tl, i. 95. Cortes, Fatln-r J., with Canas exped., 1042, i. 181. Cortina, J. N., depredations, etc., of, ii. 443: victory of, ii. 44t;; defeat of, ii. 418; capture of Brownsville, etc., ii. 4()S. Corvan, T. G. de, with \'izcaino's ex- lad., 1002 .3. i. 1.53, l,-)9. Co-!, Gcn'l M. Prcfecto de, action in Coah. atl'airs, ii. 15.3-5; conciliatory circular of, ii. 1.50; p-oclumation of, •i. 157; mention of, ii. 101; niarc!i to Tex., Oct. I.S3.-), ii. I(i5: si.Mjc of 15 jar, ii. 177 etsc(|.; caiiil ulalion of, ii. IS7; capfuri' of, ii. 20.-). Ca-a:, .luan B., sei/cs governor, 1811, li. 17. INDEX. 781 Cosliattas, Indiana, docility of, ii. 44L'. Cossin, Father B. de, martyrdom of, i. ll(i. Cottcn, (jc. B., mention of, ii. 548. Cotton, conffd. restrictions on, ii. 457; demands for, ii. 457; cultiva- tion of, ii. 557. C'rabl), 11. A., colony sclieme of, ii. G!)4; execution of, ii. ()'.(5. Crane, Capt., atl)attloS. Antonio, ii. 18». Crawford, M. L., mention of, ii. 54fi. Crespo, M., bishop of Dnrango, 17--':{-S4, i. 594. Cru-tpo, F., gos-. of Sonora and Sina- loa, 1774, i. 711. Cri mo, Texas, ii. 391; 1804, ii. 472; ]8t>5 (5, ii. 480: IS.IO SO, ii. 5;{0; jicnitentiarios, ii. 5;?4-(>. Cri»tol)al,'C, do, alcalde mayor of San iMiguel, l.'nU, i. 59. Croix, ( It'u. T. lie, commanilantc-gen. of l'rovi?icias Interna-!, 1777, i. 071, 081; tour of, i. 071; powers, etc., of, i. 071 'J; recommendations of, i. 072-;i; viceroy of Peru, 1783, i. 673; reforms, etc., of, 1779, i. 714- 15. Crocker, Frances, captures Saljine City, ii. 455. Crocker, Lieut Fred, defeat of, ii. 4(i0. Crockett, David, death of, ii. *_M'2. Crockett, Licut-gov. J. M., election of, 1801, ii. 451. Croix, Connnander C dc, visits Coa- huila, 1777-8, i. OOS; arrival at Be jar, 1778, i. 000; regulations of, 1. 00'_'-3. Croshy, S , elected connnis. l.md- otlice, ii. 48.5. Crozat, A., charter granted to, 1712, i. 01)9-10. Crngcr, J. \V.. mention of, ii. 550. Cm/, (iencral, surrender of, 18'Jl, ii. 585. Cuchas (liberals) party, ii. 588. Cuernavaoa, plan of, Durango adopts. ii. 592; Cliiiiualina adopts, ii. .");(3. Cuesta, CIov., removes fiamlara, 1841, ii. 0(!0; installation of, 184.'), ii. 003. Cuervo, .T. T. do, gov. of Sinaloa and iSonora, 17tiO-2, i. 501-5. Cuovas, Col, pronnnciamento, 1838, ii. ().")7 8. Cueto, Padre, mission to Hina, 1030- 1, i. 330. Cuiliacan, Coronado's exped. at, 1542, i. 80; capital Sinaloa, ii. 6.")0. Cuiliacan, province, 7. De Berry, A. W., Texas sec. of state, ii. 518. Degener, Eilward, representative, 1809, ii. 498. DcL'ado, Col, capture, etc., of, ii. 202-3. Democrats, party, victory of, 1855, ii, 4^0; 1857, ii. 423; state convention, 1858, ii. 424, 427; defeat election, 18.")9; ii. 420; victory of, ii. 508; su<'Cessfnl scheme of, ii. 509-10; victory of, 1870, ii. 515. 'Descripciun Topogralica,' i. 0!S7. 782 INDEX. Devine, T. J. , mention of, ii. 437. Dewees, \V. B., 'Letters,' ii. ;W5. Dewitt, (ireeii, coUmy of, ii. 73. Dexter, P. B., sec. is. Felipe council, ii. 17-J. Diaz, Fatlier G., founds Sau Gabriel, ItWI, i. 3.34. Diaz, Capt. H., tiio Tepehuane re- vult, 1010-17, i. .3'J7. Diaz, M., alcalde iiiaynr of San Mi- guel, 1530-7, i. i)!»; iiieetiiijj with Vaca's party, etc., i. 09; explora- tion, etc., of, 1540, i. 83; exped. of, 1540 1, i. 88-9; death, 1541, i. 8<». Diaz, (leu. rorfirio, revolt of, ii. 6*24; defeats Fuero, ii. 024-5. Dickinson, Mrs Lieut, at massacre of tlie Alamo, ii. 212-13. Dickson, Lieut-gov. 1). C, election of, 1S.").3, ii. 4U4; defeat of, 1855, ii. 4-JO. Diez, Father J. J., in Baja Cal., ITOiJ, i. 47.3-4. Dillon, Consul, advises R. deBoulbon ii. ()70. Dunit, Capt. P., in command at (ioliad, ii. ]S8; urges Matamoras exped., ii. 195. IHouisio, l'.ici(iue, mention of, i. 287. Dixoii, Hepwortli, mention of, ii. 531. Dodge City, a cattle mart, ii. 501. Dolores, Mange's exped. at, 1004, i. 250-8; fiesta at, 1008, i. 20.3-4; mis'2. Doniphan, Col., defeats Vidal, ii. 000 7; captures Chihuhua, ii. 008- 9; Joina wool, ii. 010. Dorainc, Ind., execution of, ii. 034. Dorantes, A., with Vaca's exped., etc., i. 01, 00, 70. Dorn, A. J., Texas treasurer, ii. ,518. Douay, Father A., with La Salle's ixpcd., i. 406-10. ]>onglass. Senator, amendment Mis- .souri compromise, 1854, ii. 423-4. Douglas, Gen., defeats Cherokees, ii. 323. Dover, Capt. T. , voyage, etc., of 1708-10, i. 197-'J00. Doyle, Pcrcj', mediation Mex. and Texas, ii. 734, Drake. Sir F., expeds of, i. 140-3. iJuarle, M., ' Testimonio juridico.'i 12.V4. Ducriie, Father, the Jesuit expulsion, 1767-8, i. 478; hiog., i. 478; works of, i. 478 9. Duhaut, with La Salle's exped., i. 403 17. Duncan, at battle S. Antonio, ii. 185. Dunham, Maj. K., execution of, ii. .307 8. Dupont, Comn'der, blockades Guay- mas, liS47, ii. 005, 007. Dupuy, K., mention of, ii. 410. Dufjue, F., succeeds Brambila, 1844, ii. 00'2. Durango, see also Nueva Vizcaya, mining exjilorations in, ir).")4-0'2, i. 100; Jesuits in, 1593-1000. i. 1'24- 5; the Tei)ehuane revolt, 1010-17, i. 324, .327; Iturbide revolt in, ii. 58C; revolt, 1871-2, ii. 023-4; 1875, ii. 0*24; affairs of the diocese, lO'JO- 1800, i. .307-8, .3.38-9, 593 5, 084-7; Intendencia, established, 1780, i. 070-8; govs intendent, 1785 1800, i. 078; population, 1790-lisoO, i. 691; epidemics, etc., in, 1784-98, i. 093; boundary with Chili., ii. 02(); an1 INDEX. 78:1 Edwarda, at battle S. Antonio, ii. KS.-.. Kilwards, Benjamin, letter to Ahu- niada, ii. lOiMO. Eolieandia, Lieut-col, appt comd'r of tlie California^, l«-'.'), u. 70J>. EuliL'Vurria, IVocurador, exiwd. of, 17--'1>, i. 45."). Edwards, Haydcn, colony of, ii. 73; j;raiit tf), ii. !t8; tlilKcultici of, ii. '.>;); measures adopteil l)y, ii. \W); alcalile election, ii. 101) I; annul- ment of title, ii. lO'J :<; revolt of, ii. II).") et seij. ; biog. and death, ii. io;». Ejjidiano, Fatlier A., death of, 1677, i. 'SMI Elections, Texas, ISIW, ii. 291; 18.38, ii. -M-.h 1841, ii. :W1; 1844, ii. 378; 184'.», ii. :«)S; 18.'>:i, ii. 404; 18.")7, ii. 4-_>;{: 18ilt). ii. 4S'_); ISdl), ii. 408: IS72. ii. .')l)8; 1S7(), ii. .")lo; Chih. and Duraiigo, 187."), ii. 0'J4. El,'ue/al)al, Juan J., appt gov., ii. 14."). Eli/.acoechea, M. de, hishop of Du- rango, 1730 47, i. 5!14. Elizondo, ('i)l 1)., exped. of, i. 567, 5~'2; cam' ;ii>;na of, 1768-71, i. 61)5 -701. Eli/oiido, Dionicio, councillor, ii. 86. Eli/ondo, Col Ignacio, defeat of, 1813, ii. ^2r^ S; death of, ii. :W. Elliot, ( 'luirlcs, British charge d' af- faires ii- 374. Ellis, .1. v., biog. of, ii. 768. Elmer, Hon. R. A., mention of, ii. 735. Elozua, Col .-Vnt., mention of, ii. 128. El Paso, Spaniards at. 168.%, i. 388. El I'aso county, .Salt lakes riot in, ii. 51!». 'Einprosario system ' of colonization, ii. 70; terii.s of. ii. 71-'-. Encinal del Terdido, battle of, ii. 227 -33. Ei'.gland. (see also Great Britain) en- croachments in Texas, i. 6t')2; llireateiied seizure of Cal., 17l)7-!l, i. 754 8; relations with Texas, ii. 338 40. Engli-ih, Capt., mention of, ii. 179; at battle S. Antonio, ii. 184. Ensenada, see also Todos S.antos, \Valker'.s occupation of, ii. 722. E-icvliute, Col, position of, etc., I8'.".), ii. 045-6. Escalante, Capt., mention of, i. 431. Escalante, .1. B., expeds of, 1697- 1700, i. 264, 275. Escalante, Oov. L., promotes divis. of Son. and Sinaloa, ii. 647: defeat:! Vai-i y. Falcon, (lov. .loMO M., apiiomtincntM, eti;., of, ii. 1;")."). Fannin, t'ol. .f. W., battle of Con- ci'licion, ii. 17'> 7: at S. Felijie, ii. 10.'); upptil niilit. agent, ii. 15)84); f.ine, etc., at (loliad, ii. 211); fatal mistake of, ii. 2'_'(); defeat of, ii. 227 'Xi; surrender of, ii. 233; death of, ii. 2:;."). Fai|iia, Hon janiin, mention of, ii. 172. Fan.u, (Joniez, vice-pres. of Mcx., ii. i:i4 -). Federalists, overtures to Texas, ii. 3:.'7; victory of, battle of Aleautro, ii. .S27-8; Aresta's defeat of, ii. .'{29; system (ivertlii'own, ii. (iOI. Fernandino-i, Cal. mission:) grtanted to, etc., ]7()7, i. 482-3. Fernando, IV., eedula of, 1747, i. .■•3'.). Ferrelo, I'ilot B., on coast of Cal., IN43. i. 13(1. Fit'ld, Dr, mention of, ii. 237. Fields, Ii\d. ciiicf, ii. 103-5; murder of, ii. lOi). Figucroa, M. de 11., with Salvatierra's exi>(Ml., l(i<)7 S, i. 284, 288, 2i)3. FiguiToa, ().. with Ortega's expeil., l(i.S(i, i. 174; exiu.d. of, Iti.Si), i. :U(i. Figueroa, ( 'apt. I. de, in command at San .lavier, 1701, i. 423; removal of. i. 423. Figueroa, (Jcn'l.Iose, com. gen'l, 182(5, ii, ().3S; victory of, ii. G41; inetii- cieiicy of, ii. ()42. Fililinsters, Sonora, 1852-4, ii. 073 et se(|.; Walker's L. L'al., 18.">1, ii. 720 et spq. Filisola, (!en. V., colony grant to, ii. 7"): in Santa Anna's invasion, ii. 203; retreat, etc., of, ii. 2(55; in- structi.ms of. May 183(5, ii. 279-81; succeeded by Urrea, ii. 281. Finances (see also revenue); Coah. an, i. :m (>; KMO 1700, i. :«;:» .S; ITO'J (i7, i. fi'.K)- (K)!; 17(18 I son, i. OSS !»l; in Coaii- uila, ir>8'2 I0()(», i. 120; 1711 72, i. (>07-8; 1781 7, i. 007 «; iu Sono- ra, i. '2'.V2 'i; Qiu ic't.iio in, i. 704 0; Sonora & ^inaloa, I7t>7- 1800, i. 704 10, 710 '_'."i; list .if, i. 725; ilalisuan, in .Sdiiora, 170H, i. 710; ill liaja Cal., l707-".>, i. 4«2 1)0; 170!) 74, i. 720 :{;{; inAltaCal., 1700. i. 481) 00. 707 70; Qnerttaro friars, iiii.ssions of removetl, I7H1, i. OI>.j; in 'I'l.xa.^, i. (!li'.l 42; Miicular- i/,ali(iii of Toxa-i missions, 1704, i. GOD. Franco, Father.)., mention of, i. 47.'). Franco y Luna, Don A., hiHhop of (!"ii..liaiia. 10:t2 0, i. 308. Franklin, (!on"l, Sabine ("ity expod., ii. 4(M). Franklin, Judge Ii. ('., dist. judge, ii. 2'.».-.. Franks, Col Nidland, Wattle of San Antonio, ii. 182. Franqnis. CiA ('. de, gov. of Texas, i. 0:{7; rule, 17;U>-7, i. 0:«7 -8. Fredoiiians, revolt of, ii. 107 et seq. Freedniaii, 180.")-0, Texas, ii. 47ft. French refugees, colon!/, of, Texas, 1818, ii. 44-^.5. French, army of, rebel alliance and defeat of, ii. 408; inttsrveiition, ii. 619 et seq. ; fears of U. S. troops, ii. 021; intervention in SonOra, ii. CftO; in .Sinaloa, ii. 097. Freyta.s, Father N. de, with IVnalo- sa's expcd., 1002, i. 380; ' lltda- cioii,' i. 387. Frondac, C'apt., voyage of, 1709, i. 200. Fuca, .). de, voyage, etc. of, 1592, i. 145 7. Fucnte, (ten., campaigns of, Uift.VO, i. 272-4. Fuero, (Jen'l, Diaz dcifcatH, ii. 024 5; election of, 1884. ii. 025. Fiieros, P., gov. of t'oahiiila, 178;) 9, i. 004-5. Fuerte, Rio del, Ciuzman's expcd. on the, i. 50. Fuerte, town, legislature at, ii. 644. Texas. ."iO O (iadsden purchase, ii. 693 et se(|. (iaines, Oeneral K., mention of, ii. 280; occupies Texas territory, ii. 287; succeeded by Ariiuckle, ii. 288. (Jalan, C. F., arrest, etc., of, ii. 726. (iali, F. de, voyage of, 1582 4, i. 14.*)- 4. (i.'ilicia. Professor, ' Fxpedicion,' i. 10:1. <12, i. 80. (iallego, i*. Miguel, pres. missions, 1804, ii. 700. (lalvoston, sale of island, ii. 1)09; U. iS. capture of, 18()2, ii. 4.54; con- federate recapture of, ii. 455 0. fiidveston & Brazos Navigation co., ii. .^(iS. (ialvez, (ien. .10, vi8itador-geii., i. 485; meaHiiiL-.s, etc., in IJaja tJal., 1708, i. 48,5 9; exjied'a to Alta Cal., 1769, i. 489 8, J. J., land uoministiioncr, i. HIS, Ground plan uf thu A laiiiu, i. '206. '(iuadiilupc,' Mex. war ithip, ii. SoO. Guadalupe miaaion, founded, 1710, i. 014. Guadalajara, city, site of rcuiovctl, ir)til, i. 97; aeat of audiencia at, i. 97. Guadalajara, D. de, exped. of, 1654, i. 'Am. Guadalajara, Father T. de, mention of, i. 360 7. Guadiana, Bishopric of (see also Ihi- rango, diocese of); catald'd, i. 307; l.i.shop, 1620-40, i. 307-8. Guajuguilla, presidio founded at, 1752, i. 585. Ouanecevi, attacked by Tepehuanes, IGIO, i. ,123. Guatiinape, Spaniards besieged at, 1610, i. 322-3. Guayabal, Port, Cortes' exped. at, 15.35, i. 51; Alarcon's, 1540, i. 90. Guayina.s, U. S. blockade of, 1847, ii. 005; surrendcrof, ii. 007; French, capture of, 1804, ii. 090; capture of, 1870, ii. 701. Guaziipares, Sinaloan tribe, submis- sion, etc., of, i. 248, 250. Gua/avcH, Sinaloan tribe, subjugation of, 1000, i. 209 10, 235. Guerra, Donato, r'val leader, 1871-2, and 1870, ii. 024; Portirist leader, Sinaloa, 1876, ii. 702. Guevara, Fatiier M. de, with Peflalo- sa's exped., 1002, i. 380. Guijosa, Father J., with Otondo's exped., 1083, i. 187. Guillen, Father, mention of, i. 435-6; exped. of, i. 449. Guillen, Visitador C, measures of 1734-5, i. 458-9; death of, 1748, i. 462. Gunter, Col J., biog. of, ii. 708-9. Gutierrez, Col J. I., intrigue of, 1834, ii. 592. Gutierrez, Father P., death of, 1616, i. 322. Guzman, D. de, hears of Hurtado's fate, 1533, i. 45; exped. of, 1533, i. 55-6; ' Relacion,' i. 55. Guzman, Padre D. de, missionary tour of, 1618-19, i. 224. Guzman, N. de, rule, etc., of, i- 11- 12; hatred, etc., of, i. 20 7; hostil- ity to Cortes, i. 20-7, 42-50; pla^^i of conquoat, i. 27; exped. of, 1529- 31, i. 27-30; map of exped., i. 31; gov. of Nuevalialicia, i. 39; aggres- sions of, i. 47-8; death of, i. .'W. Guzman, l*. de, exped. to .Sinaloa, 1529, i. 28. ( iuzman y Cordoba, Capt. B. do, with Otondo's exped., 1083, i. 187. (J win, Wm M., colony scheme of, ii. 696. H Hadra, B. , mention of, ii. 546. Hagerty, John, death of, ii. .366. Hall, Dr, mention of, ii. 2.37. Hall, C. A., R.H. strike 1886, ii. 576. Hamblen, W. P., h'uta. of, ii. 707. Hamilton, A. J. , app t'd provis. gov. Texa.s, ii. 470; suffrage in state convcii., 1808, ii. 495. Haniilt' u, Oenl James, contract with, ii. 317; representative to England, ii. 3,39; proposals to Santa Anna, ii. 349; purchase of the 'Zavala,' ii. 351; death of, ii. 421; biog., 422. Hamilton, \V. O., biog., ii. 530. Hanunersley, Wm, mention of, ii. 730. Hancock, Mier prisoner, ii. 306. Hancock, (ien'l, succeeds Sheridan, ii. 493; removal of, ii. 494. Handy, U. E., mention of, ii. .550. Hanks, Elder Tliomas, mention of, ii. 547. Hanks, Wyatt, mention of, ii. 172, 174. Harden, George, mention of, ii. 410. Hardiman, Bailey, elected sec. of treasury, ii. 218. Hardin, A. B., mention of, ii. 172. Hardy, Lieut, explor. of, 1820, ii. 044, 647-8. Harris, J. P., mention of, ii. 410. Harris, William P., mention of, ii. 172, 174. Harrisburg, .Santa Anna burns, ii. 251. Harvey, Mier prisoner, ii. .300. H.'irwood, T. ^l., mention of, ii. 545-6. Hatch, Col Edward, quells Salt Lakes riot, ii. 521. Hawkins, Capt., defeats the 'Monte- zuma, ' ii. 272. Hayes, Col .John C, ruse, etc., of, at Bejar, ii. 357i battle of Monterey, ii. 395-6. Health and disease, N. Mex. States, ii. 744. |),t! E' i| I 788 INDEX. Heard, Capt., mention of, ii. 244-5. Heint/eliiian, Major, defeats Cortina, ii. 447-8. Henderson, J. E., l)iog. of, ii. 708. Henderson, (ien'l J. P., mention of, ii. iJ7;<; app't'd attorney-gen 1, ii. 294; c'oniuii.s. to Lond. and Paris, ii. .S3S; biog. and inauguration of, ii. 393; battle of Monterey, ii. 39:) -6. Herbert, Oen'l, super.seded, ii. 455; proclaims riartial law, ii. 457. Heredia, (Ien'l, mention of, ii. 605; defeats of. ii, 008-9, 018. Heredia, Father J , exped. of, 1030, i. 33.i-4. Heredi'v, J. A., Gov. Durango, 1841, ii. 002. Herera, Jose M. dc, revol. doings of, ii. 34-^5. Heriller, Gen'l L., victory of, 1864, ii. 620. Hermosillo, French capture of, 1805, ii. 690. Hermosillo, Bishop O. de, visit to Sinaloa, 1031, i. 230; death, etc., of, i. 230-1; bishop of Guadiana, 1620-31, i. 307-8. Hermosillo, J. M. G., revol. exped. of, 1810,ii.030-l; civptures Rosario, ii. 031; defeat of, ii. 632. H«rrera, M. de, bishop of Guadiana, 1686-9, i. 339. Herrera, Simon, death of, ii. 582. Herring, Capt. M. D., biog., ii. 577. He}'Wiiod, Litut, occupation of La Paz, etc.. 1847, ii. 710. Hidalgo, litio also Farral; founding of mission, i. 377. Hidalgo, Presi0; gov. of Sinaloa and Sonora, 1 73 Ml, i. 5--'0-l. Huller, Luis, colony project of, ii. 734. Humana, exped., etc., of, 1595, i. 128-9; death of, i. 383. Hume-i, missions among the, 1683-5, i. 3,30-1. Hunt, (roneral M., mention of, ii. 273; defeat of, ii. 341; envoy to U. S., ii. 312. Hunter, John D., ctforts in lichalf of tlie Cherokees, ii. 10:'-5; biog. . etc., of, ii. 104 et mai ; murder of, ii. 109. Hurd, Capt., defeats Thompson, ii. 101 2; mention of, ii, 272. Hurdaide, Capt. 1^ M dc, in coni- niauil at San ti\;li[)e, 1599, i. 16 2i), 123, 207, 209; sululuos the (lua/.a- ves, i. 21)9-10; tl,o Suaipiis, i. 210 12; exped. to Cliini])a, 1601, i. 211; protects the Ahome.s, i. 211-12; sul)due3 the Tchuecos, i. 211-13; visit to Mox.. 11)03 4. i. 212; de- feat-! tli(! Bicohuriljw, ICOt, i. 213: tlie Ooiirono-!, i. 213, 2l(i; suliduc-t the Vanuis. lOiO, i. 216 19; expnl. to Topiliiie, 1612 13, i. 220 1; against th'i .\i\iiiin, deatli of, 1(526, i. 227. 16'J 1. 22li: Ibarra, Emilio, rovolu of. ii. ,";{7. Ii)arra, V. di', mining; explor.itir.TM of, 1554, i. 100; assists Franciscans, i. 101; gov. of Nui'va Vi/caya. I.'.iil, i. 102; exped. ot, 1562 5, i. 103 10; death, 157-"i, i. Ill; gov. of Nucva Vizcaya, li>76. i. 112. Imperialists, menace of the U. S. towanls, etc., 1866, ii. 622, Import< (see also ciim.nerce), prohibit. i of Coah. and Tex., 1S29, ii. 87; ! Texas, 1838-40, ii. 342. I Intle, mining camp. Toboaos attack, I etc., 164i, i. 318 50. Independence, Texas, declaration of, ii. 215-17; signers tf list, ii. 216; reeognitiou of, ii. 301, 238-40. 'Independence,' schooner, defeats the .Monje/uiua, ii 272; capture of, ii. 284. ' independencia,' >var vessel, ii. 707. Independents, revolt of, 1811-14, ii. 17 et s.il names); hos- tile ineurs\.)iis of, ii. 286; attack on I\)rt J'arker, ii. 287; hostilities at Austin, ii. 3.37-8; hostilities of 18.37-8, ii. 310-11; 18:{8 9, ii. 319- 26; Clu^rokee battle, ii. 323; depre- dations of, ii. 405; colonizatic.n of, ii. 40li; externii.iation council, 1.S58, ii. 409; massacre of, ii. 410; Texas, removal of, ii. 411-12; atlairs of 1S59 82, ii. 521-5; lu)Stilit;es, Nueva N'izeaya, etc., 1771-1845, ii, 593- 601 ; V'^iceroy Galves' war a;.'ainst, ii. 594; Apache murders, Duraiigo, ii. 595; u|ifising of Sonora, etc., 1831, ii. 59(i; systeniatic raids of, ii. 597; halves" retaliation .system, 597-8; head jiriimiums (in, ii. ;")99; American aid to, ii. 5911 !ii); (ii)v. (Jonde's inc!ho(l, ii. {',',):); hostili- ties, 1850 (■), Cliih. and l)uran- go, ii. 614 16; robliers, di.sj^uised as, ii. (ilt); joint .action ag'st by .Mix, & U. S., ii. (i2tj 7; Apache c;iiii)).iign, 1813 14, ii. 6I!3; Op.ita outbreak, Sonora, 1820, ii. 6;i.3 4; Yafiui revolt, 1825, ii. 6,'>9 43; IS:V_', ii. 652; outbreaks in Si. nova, 1842, ii. 660; A(i,irii(. raids, |s;{4 6, ii. 653-1; ISKi 7, ii. 670; IS.'ii 37, ii. 703 4; L. Cai., co'iditioii, |S25- 6, ii. '/()9; tribes of, tre.itnii'ut, etc., N. .Mex. states, ii. 712 3; pop. of, ii. 745. Indian war del)t of Tixas, ii. 413. Ini.'rah.ini, L. 11., mention of, ii. 735. Iiitendeucias, establd., 1786, i. 676; otlicials, i, 676; working"*" system, i. 678 9. International company of Mexico, ii. 730 et seq. [ r I- 1; : ,! 790 INDEX. Intemo del Norte, formation of, ii. 587. 'Invincible,' Texasschooiier, ii. 271-2; capture of 'Avispa,' etc., ii. 28.'i. Iriarte, Gov. F., succeeds Gonzalez, ii. 638; removal of, ii. 044-5. Iriarte y Laurnaga, Father J. P., mission to Baja Cal,, etc., 1708-72, i. 73;i-0. Irigoyen, -8, 704; li.st of, i. 578 80; in Baja Cal., 1697-1700, i. 284-304; 1701 07, i. 421-74; expulsion of, 1707-8, i. 476-82; list of, 1097-1768, i. 482; in Pimerfa, 1750, i. 543 4; 1751 07, i. 5(J0 4; quarrel with (Sovcrnor Parrilla, 1752, i. 548 .54; secularization of missions, i. 704. Jesus Maria y .lose, mission, mention of, i. 417; location, i. 418; aban- doned, i. 419. Jimenzs, F., pilot toBecerra's exp«d., 1533, 1. 45, murder of, i. 47. Jirouza, D., gov. of Sonora, 1093, i. 2.55; campaigns of, i. 2i>5-0; in Pimeria, 1095, i. '202, '27'2-4. .lohnson. Pros , leniency of, ii. 479. .lohnson, jailor, murder of, ii. 444. ■lohnson, A. K C, mention of, ii. 172. Johnson, A. R., biog. of, ii. 5C9. Johnson, Col F. \V., revolt of, 1832, ii. 119; arrest ordered, ii. Itil; bat- tle of San Antonir, ii. 182; succeeds Milam, ii. 184; favors (irant's plan, ii. 190; defeat, etc., of, ii. '2*20-2. Johnson, J. , mention of, ii. 504. Jones, Pres. Anson, mention of, ii. 244, 297; opposition to Island land sale, ii. 309; election of, 1844, ii. 378; inaugural address, ii. 382; proclamation for annexation, ii. 382; 'Memoranda,' etc., ii. 380; opposition to Know-nothing partv, ii. 4'20. Jones, Lieut-gov. (!. W., election of,. ii. 483. Jones, .T. 11., mention of, ii. 160. .lone.s, Maj. J. B., mention of, ii. 311, 520. .Tones, R., mention of, ii. 171. .lones, T. L., execution of, ii. 368. Jordan, Col 8. W., battle of Alcan- tro, ii. 3*27-8; return to Texas, ii. 329; defeats Centralists, ii. 330 et seq.; retreats to Texas, ii. 331. J ' .Tosiah Bell,' victory of, ii. 459. Joutel, with La Salle's exped., i. 400- 11. Juarez, Capt., exped. of, 1633, i. 330. Juarez, Pres., reception of, at Chih., 1804, ii. 0*20; at El Paso, 1805, ii. 6*22; rfivolt against, death, etc., of, 1868-7*2, ii. 0*23-4. '.Tulius Ciesar,' capture of, ii. *284. Juiico y Espriella, P. del B., gov. of Texas, 1748-50, i. 0.39. .histicc, administ. of in Tex., ii. 4; 1870, ii. ■53l;Coah. k Texas, ii. 94 5; N. Mex. states, ii. 74*2. Juzucanea, Juan P. (see also 'Ban- deras '); revolt of, ii. o39-43. Kansas, agitation over admission, ii. 4*24-5; i)()lit. strife in, ii. 428. Kappus, Father A., joins Mange's exped., 1094, i. '2.57. Kearny, Genl, mention of, ii. 398. Keenan, C. *«,, mention of, ii. 538. INDEX. 791 4; ii. Keller, Father, mission to Pimeria, 1731-7, i. 523-fi; Gov. Vildosola's hostility to, i. 530; exped. of, 1743, i. 536; charges against Parrilla, 1752, i. 548-9. Kellog, A. G., mention of, ii. 172. Kemper, Major, mention of, ii. 21-2. Kendal], 'Texas Santa Fe Kxped.,' ii. 334 et seq. Kennedy, William, ' Texas Rise, Progress,' etc., ii. 383. Kerr, Peter, news of Fannin's massa- cre, ii. 245. Kickapoos, Indians, troubles with, ii. 406. King, Capt., defeat and death of, ii. 222-3. King, V. 0., mention of, ii. 262. Kino, Fatlicr E., with Otondo's ex- ped., 1683, i. 187; diary of, i. 190- 2. Kino, Father E. F., biog., i. 250-1; labors, etc., of, i. 250-4; expeds., etc., of, 1694-1700, i. 257-71; 1701- 6, i. 495-502; enthusiasm of, i. 277- 8; meeting with Salvatierra, i. 278- 9; exploration of, 1701, L 421; in- tercourse with Salvatierra, i. 4'_'l-2; labors in Pinierla, i. 492 3, 502-5; map of, 1701, i. 498-9; death of, 1711, i. 505; life and cliariicter, i. 505-6. Kirker, James, scalp hunter, ii. 599- 601. Kittrcdgo, Lieut J. W., captures Corpus Christi, ii. 454. Kleliorg, .VI. K, iiing. of, ii. 765. Knechler, Jacob, land-offic'c oommis., 1869, ii. 498. Knight, James, delegate to council, 1835, ii. \(M). Ivnigla.-^ .,f tl'.'jGipldcu ('ir(de, objects, etc., of, ii. 43.'1; iiiurder.s of, ii. 435. Know-nothing party, defeat of, 1855, ii. 420. Koogle, W. C, mention (.f, ii. 559. L'Archveque, murder of L» Salle, i. 408. LaBahia, siege of, 1813, ii. 21-2. La Harprt, exped. nf. 1721, i. 619-21. La Paz, Lower Cal., Vizcaino's exped. at, 1597, i. 149-.')0; colony establd. at, 1633, i. 172-4; settlement, founding, etc., of. '16;i.'l, i. 172 5; 289 90; iiiaugu- elccted iiKtug. ii. :{15; abandoned, 174 5; reestabl'd. 1683, i. 187-8; hostility of natives. i. 188-9; again abandoned, i. 190; surrender of, 1847, ii. 712; U. S. occupation of, IS47, ii. 713 et seq.; plan of, position of troops, etc., ii. 715; siege of, ii. 714-16; filibuster capture of, ii. 722. La Salle, R. C, «le, exped., etc., of, 1678, i. 393; 1684-7, i. 396-408; death of, 1687, i. 408-9; character, i. 409. Laba, Friar I. M., 'Informe.' Labado, Father F., murder of, 1645, i. 349. Labranche, Alcee, charge d'affaires to Texas, ii. 301. Lafitte, Jean, biog., etc., of, u. 39-4.3. Laguna, region, Jesuits in, i. 311-12. Lallemand, colony of, 1818, ii. 44-5. Lamar, M. B., appt'd sec. of war, 18.36, ii. 269; opposition to Santa Anna's treaty, ii. 271; app't'd major-general, etc., ii. elected vice-pres., ii. 292; ral address of, ii. 2!)3; president, 1838, ii. :{|3; address, ii. 314; message. Ind. policy of, ii. .'122; ciicouraj^'es SantA Fe exped., ii. ',iX\; message of, Nov. 1841, ii. 341; extravagance of, ii. 345 7. Landeras, Mcx. coinniissioner, IS42, ii. 37">. Lan.", ii. 19et8e(i.; appointed gov. IM.'t, ii. 24. Lara, D. de, the Tarahumare nvulr, 1649-51, i. .356. Larins, F. G., gov. ad int. of Ti'.yas, 174;»-8. i. 639. Larios, Father ,!., visits Coaliuil.i, 1670, i. 375. Larrea, J. B., gov. of Nueva Vizcava, 1700, i. :m, 581. Las Palmas bay mission, founding of, 1733, i. 457. Lavalette, Capt., captures Guaymas, 79-2 INDEX. 1847, ii. 667-9; capture of Mazatlan, ii. 670. Lawij, Toxas legisl., 1867, ii. 485-6. Lea, Lieut-commander, death of, ii. 45(). Leal. Visitad(ir A., with Kino's ex- ped., UJ'.t!), i. '.Hi'J. Leftwich, Robert, colony of, ii. 73. Leger, T., mention of, ii. 54it. Legislature, Texas, Kansas rcsolutioi Joae mission, 1751, i. 554; report, etc., of, \H\'A, i. 565-6. Llewellyn, Capt., at battle S. An- tonio, ii. 184. Lok, M., nuip of, 158*2, i. 151. Louielin, 1'. Ii., bishop of Ouadiana, 1656-8, i. ;{38. Londo, I'ailada de, Salvatierra's ex- pedd to, 16it8-J7(K), i. 1194-5, 299, :iOI. I of, ii. 4'25; extra session, 1861, ii. I Long, (Jen., mention of, ii. 548. 434; session, 1867, ii. 48,"); 14th ses- l^oii:,', David, irientioii of. sion, ii. 511 I'J; Duraiigo, susj)en- j Lony;, .Liiiies, rxpcd into Tex., 1819, sion of menil)ers, ii. .")ilO; ,Sonora and Sinaloa, 18'26, ii. 6:i8. Leon, Capt. A. de, eoniandaiite of Santiago do Monclova, i. ."{76; ex- pedsof, 1689 00, i. 414 15. Leon, lirig. F. I'onee de, gov. and com. -gen. , 1^*44, ii. 661. Leon, Oen. M. de, revolt of, 1879, ii. 703, 738 9. Leon, M.irtin dt, colony of, ii. 73. Lester, .1. S., mention of, ii. 17'2. Letona, .Tosie M., elected gov. Tex., 1831, ii. 116. Lewis, Capt., Tex. San 'a Feexpeertv, ' Texas schooner, ii. '271; .sale <'.f, ii. '283. Licpii mission, founding, etc., of. I70.''), i. 4:V2. Linare-;, Niecrnv, aids the Jesuits, i. 436. Lincidn, I'rcs. A., rlci'tion of, IStll), ii. l.'tii; reltellioii |ii'iiclamation, ii. 449. Link. Fatlior W., in charge at Korja, 176'2, i. 47'2; expeds of, 1765 6, i. 473. Linn, K. 1)., biog. of, ii. .")77. Linn, .1. ,1., mention of, ii. .')77. Lipans, raitls of tlie, 17-2-6, i. <>3I: suljjng.ition of the, i. 640; Quintero defeats, 1813, ii. 3li ijipantitliii, town, surrender, etc., of, ii. 188 9. Littlefield, G. W., mention of, ii. 560. Littleton, Lieut, defeat of, ii. 446. Li'/a/.oin, Father T. I., rofoimds San ii. 47 ol; death of, ii. 51. Tio[i(/, with (ui/muirs exped., 1,5,30-1, i. 30, 36 7. Lopex, Col, treachery of, ii. 3'29 et •-■»•' 1- r.oju^z, ,\.. ex[ied. of, 1654, i. 3S6. Lopez, r.iiii'c 1)., the Tcpehnano revolt, l()l(i 17. i. 3'29; mission to the.lumanas 16-29, i. 38.5. Lope;-., .1. A., revol. expcil., 1810. L()]ii'/. Faflicr .1. F., rejit on Te.xan missions, 178.5, i. 664 8. L'^piz, I'athcr N., exped. of, 1684, i. :^ss 9. LoiMuco. (ill, Corlinas d.<'fc;i.t of, ii. 446. lioreiizo, ('., with Ortt'ga'.s exped., 16,3ti, i. 174. I orenzo, ('apt. K. K., in coinmai\d at San .lavier, 1701, i. 4-23; deatli of, I74(i, i. 46-2; biog.. i. 462 ;;. L.ireii/o y la Rca, l>. K.. in eharge at i^'in ,lo-i; did Cabo. 1736, i. 46L Loreto missi(>n, f<.uniled by iSalva- tierra. 1()97, i. 284 0, '29u I ; map .>f, and vicinity, 1700, i. '285; troubles with natives, i. '287 8, '292 3, "298 9; reenforeements, etc., for, i. '293 4, '298; prosperity of, i. 296; Salvatierra leaves, i. "303 4; di.stress at, 17(11 -'2, i. 4'22 5, 4'29; outbreak at, i. 4'24 5; Franciscans at, 1768, i. 484: Calvcz' measures, etc., 17(i9, i. 7'26 7. Los .Angeles, foinoled, 1781, i. 770. Louisiana luuindarv dispute, ii. 9 11; treaty, 1819, ii. 45 7. iiove, (.'apt. Wni M., mention of, ii. 311. Loving, Crco. L., mention of, ii. 500. Lowder, \V. J. F. , mention of, ii. 410. Lower California, see California, Baja. Lower Cal. Coloni/ation and Mining CO., ii. 7'27. Lozada, lud. chief, invasioa of, l&V), ii. 696. INDEX. 793 Lozado, General, captures Mazatlan, ii. 697; defeats Corona, ii. 698. Lubbock, (jov. F. R., electioa of, 1861, ii. 451; suggestions of, ii. 457; state treasurer, 1878, ii. 5'J2. Luecnilla y Torres, L'apt. F., voyage of, 1668, i. 184-5. Luekctt, P. N., mention of, ii, 437. Luis, Caeitjue, the Pima revolt, 1751- 2, i. 544-5. Luna, Fatlier, with Barriga's exped., 1644, i. 182. Lunatic asylum, Texas, ii. 537-S. Luyainlo, Fatlier .1. B., in Baja L'al., 1727-8, i. 454. Lyons, Patrick, death of, ii. 360. M McAshan, S. M., biog. of, ii. 767. Mo Bride, Sergeant, execution of, ii. 521. McCormiek, (ivo., state atty-geu., ii. 522. McCoy, C<'. J. C, biog. of, ii. 577. McCulloch, B., mention of, ii. ;W7. McCullougli, H., mention of, ii. 4;!4; captures San Antonio, ii. 4:>7. McUermott, Lieut-com., deatii of, ii. 4(iO. McDonald, Lieut Wni, at battle S. Antonio, ii. 1811. ^Ic(!owan, J. B., mention of, ii. 397. McKimiey, equips 'lexas schooners, ii. 27! McKinupy, A. T., bi<.g., etc., ii. 543. Mclvarialian, iMiilshii)nian, bnivcry, etc., of, ii. 7H): dcaiii of, ii. 717. McLeotl, (liu. H. !>., mciilioTi of, ii. 206; (.'omanclie council, KS40, ii. 324. McLcod, (!cn. Hugli. Tex. Santa Fc expi'it., ii. 3Ii4; surrender of, ii. 336. McMulliMi. mention of, ii. 3!t7. McNcal, \V. \\'., liiiliau massacre of, ii. 410. McXeii Stii'ling, di>l('ji;itt' to council, 1835, ii. 160. Mackay, T. ,1., testimony of, ii. 482. Macoml), l)avii. IJ., ' History of Texas,' ii. 141; misrepresentations of, ii. 214. Maldonado, Capt., exped. of, 1540, i. 87-8. Maldonado, A. del C., witli Vasca's exped., etc., i. 61, iW, 70. Mahlonado, L. F. dc, voyage of, 1588, i. 144 5. .Malhado island, S[)aniards wrecked on, 1528, i. (il; locution of, i. 63. Mange, Capt. .1. M., 'Historia de la I'imeria Alta,' i. 256; cx])eds of, 1604-0, i. 256 70; with Salvatierra's exped., 1701 2, i. 404 500. Manufactures, Texas, ii. 566; Souora and Slnaloa, ii. 760. .Mapimi, presidio of, reoccupied, 1711, i. 583. Maps and plans, region north and west of Mexico, i. II; (lu/man's expedition. 1531, i. 31; explora- tions, l.")32-6, i. 43; Cabe/a de \'aca's route, i. tl7; explorations of, 15.30-42, i. 73; Ca^tUlo's, l.">4l, i. 81; Nneva \'i/caya, i. 101, I'M, 677; /-ok'.s, 1."kS2, i. 151; Wytlliet- Ptolcuiy's, l.'iOT, i. 152; ^'izcaillo's 1603, i. 1,")6; Dutch map, 1624 5. i- 160; D'Avitty's, l(;:!7, i. 176; Ham. pier's, 1600, i. 105; Harris, 1705, i. 106; Sinaloa and Sonora, i. 208; Pinicria, i. 251; l^oreto anil vicin- ity, 1700, i. 2.S5; Orozco y Herra's, i. .'ilO; .southern Niu;va Vi/.caya, 1700, i. 312; nortliiM'ii Nueva Viz- caya, 1700, i. 347; Coatuiila, i. 377; Texas, i. .381, ()I5; peninsular mis- sions, i. 427; California missions, i. 447; Consag's, 1746, i. 464; Vene- gas, 1757, i. 471; Baegcrt's, 1757, i. 470; Kino's, 1701, i. 400; Sonora and Sinaloa, i. 555; Sonora in tin- eighteenth century, i, 703; I'.ilou's, i. 771; Austin's ma]) of 18,35, ii. 75; San Antonio and environs, ii. ISl: Santa Anna's march, ii. 203; jiround plan of the .Mamo, ii. 206; sectional map of 18:t5, ii. 210; foiti.'ss of Perote, ii. 3(18; city of MSau Jacintu, li. 25(). Mariuual, Ciov., election, removal, etc., of, ii. 702. Marjiano, Father L. M., at >San Ig- nacio, 1722-3, i. 507. Marie, Sieur de, with La Salle's ex- pcd , i. 406 8. Marra.s, llector D. A., dispute witli Aguirre, 1073, i. 2434. Martial law, Texas, proclaimed, 1832, ii. 119; 1862, ii. 456 7; proclama- tions of, 1871, ii. 507; Chih. and Duraneo, 1864, ii. 619-20. Martin, Capt. H.. expcd. of, 1650, i. 385-6. Martin, Wylie, poiit. chief, ii. 160; mention of, ii. 171; company of, iit S. Felipe, ii. 246; rejoins Houston, ii. 250, 253. Martinez, ficn., defeat, etc, of, 1868, ii. 697, 700. Martinez, Capt. F., with Teran'a ex- ped., 1691-2, i. 410-17. Martinez, Father (i., mention of, i. 3(i5. Martinez, Paiog. of, ii. 184. Miles, capture of Santa Aunii, ii. 'M>4. Military uioveinents of U. S. and Mex., 1805, ii. II; army ordinance, Texas, 1S.'{5, ii. 173; appropriations for, ii. 305; protection of frontier, 18.39, ii. 317; posts, li.st 1801, ii. 437; movements, 1861-5, ii. 450 et seq; withdrawal of, ii. 50'J; militia organization of, 1870, ii. 506; miiit. colonics, Mex. frontier, decree, 1848, ii. 612; militia Mex. frontier, ii. 613; force iiiSonora & Sinaloa, 1826, ii. 638; frontier force, Sonora, I848-.50, ii. 671; milit. colony, L. Cal., 1850, ii. 720. Millard, Lieut-col H., mention of, ii. 172, 174; at council of war, ii. 258; battle San Jacinto, ii. 260. Miller, Major, capture of, ii. 2.3.3-4. Miller, J. B., member state conv., 18.3.3, ii. 133-4. Mina, Javier, movements of, 1816-17, ii. .36-7. Miller, John F., quarantine bill of, ii. .502. Miller, S. A., '.Journal,' ii. .372. Mines and minerals, Texas, ii. .564-6; N. Mex. states, ii. 751; pold, ii. 751; statistics, ii. 752; sdver, ii. 752; leading tnines, ii. 753; Sonora, ii. 754; jilacers, ii. 754; Sinaloa, Durango, ft L. Cal., ii. 755; miscel. minerals, ii. 750. Minon, (lol .lose, at battle of the Alamo, ii. 210. Minutili, Father G., at Loreta, 1702, i. 426-7. Miramon, Lieut-col A., Paredes ap- ])oints gov., etc., ii. 669. Miranda, Col, ncutralit , 1847, ii.712. Miranda y Castro, (^J' , ..ppointment, etc. , of, ii. 737-8. Missions, Sonora and Sinaloa, decline of, 1833, ii. 651. Missouri compromise, ii. 42.3. Mitchell, Asa, mention of, ii. 171. Mixton war, 1.540 2, i. 96-7. Mocte/.uma, Viceroy, mention of, L 280. Moderators ami regulators, war of, iL 354. Molano, Col., treacliery of, ii. 329 et se(j. Molina, Father, massacre at San Sabii, 1758, i. 6J0 8. Monclova, Presidio, site of trans- ferred, 1772, i. 608. Mondragon, Ii., comaudaute of Sina- lon, 1.589, i. 115. Monroy, A. ib', gov of Nueva Viz- eaya, 1.586 <», i. li:;. Monsalve, L. de, gov. of Nueva Viz- caya, 1639, i. .300. Montalvo, O. de, ' Sergas de Esplan- dian,'i. 82. Montaflo, Capt. F., the Tepehuano revolt, 1610 17, i. 320; the Toboso outbreak, etc., l(W4-.5, j. 349-.50. Monterde, J. M., gov.-gen'l Chih., iu 002. Monterde, M., appointment, etc., of, 18.30, ii. 710. Monterey, Cal., Vizcaino dincovera, 1003, i. 1.59-(j(); mission founded at, 1770, i. 707; capital of Cal., i. 708; plan of, ii. .395. Monteros, deputy, reforms and ob- jections of, ii. 036. Montesclaros, Fuerte do, buijiliiig, etc., of 1010, i. 215-1(5; garrison of, i. 220. 'Montezuma,' Mex. war shij), ii. .356. Montoya, (len'l, defeat of, ii. 331. Montoya, P. d(!, exped. to Sinaloa, 1583, i. 113-14; death of, i. 114. Moore, J. \V., mention of, ii. 171. Moore, Commo■_'- Ii. ' Moruiny Light,' surrender of, ii. 459. MoiriU, llcv. Z. N., incntioa of, ii. 547. Morris, constable, murder of, ii. 444. Morris, Capt, It, C, mention of, ii, 179. Morris, Major, battle of San Antonio, ii. IS'-'. Morrison, Lieut-col., battle at Pal- metto raiicho, ii. 475. Miirtiiiier, Serg. K. C, death of, ii. 5-'0. Mota, Bishop, the Acaxce revolt, l(;0l-2, i. :5l."i. ilotheral, W. E., Tiidian massacre of, ii. 410. Mott, W. F., bio^. of, ii. 705. Mtiga/abal, Broliii'i', death of, 1701, i. 472. Miilcgc mission, founding, etc., of, 1705, i. 4S2-3. Murrah, Gov., Pendleton, inaugura- tion of, ISO.'?, ii. 4(i5-(); incssagr, etc., 1804, ii. 408-7;J; flight of, ii. 478. Mus^juiz, Ramon, polit. chief, ii. 110: vice-governor. 1835, ii. 140; propo- sals of, ii. 157. Mussina, 'Simon, mention of, ii. 550. N Nachitochea, Fort, Ramon's visit to, 171(!, i. 615-10; site of transferred, I7.'?5, i. 0:?6. Nacogdoches, resolutions of, 1835, ii, 167; rebellion, 1838. ii, 320. Naglce, Capt. H, M,, eampugn of L. Ual., 1847,11.718. Niipoli, Father 1. M., mcutioa of. i. 453. Narvacz, P. de, exped., etc., of, i. 11-12; 1527-8, i. 00-1, 3.S0; gov. of LasPalinas, i.OO;fateof. i.OI -2. Narvoua, (.'apt., gov. .Sonora and .Sin., 1821, ii. O.'IO; Apache campaigns of, 181:1-14, ii. 033. Nava, ri'iilaced, ii. 682. Nava, Gen. I', de, comandante pen. of Proviiicias Internas, 1790, i. 075. Nava, Priest 1). de, with Ortega'a e.xpc.l., 10:i2, i. 171-:5. Navarctte, A. M., gov. of Coahuila, 1750, i. 004. Niivarettc, Pedro, jefo politico, 1863, ii. 720. Navarro, Ant., sign.s dcelaratioa in- depeiiileiic(!, ii. 210. Navarro, J. A., Tex, Santa Fe exped,, ii, 334; escape and biog. of, ii. 3.')7. Navarro, Juan, succeeds Corral, ii. 580, Navarro, Don P. G., auditor de gucriaof Provincias Internas, 1777, 1. 072. Navarro, Gov. R., election of, etc., 1858-00, ii. 725. NavigatioTi, Texas, ii. 508; N. Mcx. states, ii. 76;i-4. Navy, Texas, battles, etc., of, ii. 283-4; appropriations for, ]8;;9, ii. 317; operations of, 1842, ii. '.'>od et seq. ; authorized sale of, ii. 352; I'cpeal of act, ii. 353. Mayarit, location, i. 518; conquest of, 1721 2, i. 518 19. Xeal, iiiiuilcr of, ii. 444. Xegrete, L. del ('., captures Durango, 1821, ii. 5S5-0; sub jefo politico, _ 1842, ii. 711; arrest of, ii. 720. Negroes (see iil^o Frcediiieii): con- .s[)iracy tif, Texas, 1850, ii. 410-17. Neighbors, R. S., Ind. agent, ii, 411; death of, ii. 412. NeiU, Col J. C, battle of San Anto- nio, ii. 182; Alamo commander, ii. 190; btter to Houston, ii, 201, 'Nelson,' schooner, ii. 118. Nentvig, P'ather, escapes from Pimas, 1751. i. 544. Neve, F. de, eomandante-pen., etc., of Provincias Internas, 1782, i. 073; gov. of Cal., 1774-9, i. 738-42, 745; in Alta Cal, 1777, i. 708-9. Neville, Capt. C. L., biog., ii. 578. Nevome mission, description of, 1658, i. 242-3. INDEX. 797 Nevomes, Sinaloan tribe, missionary labors among, ItilS, i. 2*23-4; con- version!) among, i. 2*26; revolt of, 1526-7, i. 227. New map of fcionora, ii. GOO. New Mexico, annals of, IMO-IGOO, i. 127-9; church affairs in, 1001-30, i. 374; revolts in, 1080-9G, i. 374; boundary with Texas, ii. 398; Texas boundary bill, ii. 400-1. New Orleans (Irays, organization of, ii. 170-1; arrival at S. Antonio, ii. 179. New York volunteer campaign in L. Oal., ii. 713. Newcomb, J., mention of, ii. 427-8. >iew8paper.s, Texas, ii. 54S-50; The Cotton Plant, ii. 548; The Texas Republican, ii. 549; Texas iJazette and Brazoria, ii. 549; Constitutional Advocate and Texas Public Adver- tiser, ii. 549; Texas Republican, ii. 549; Telegraph, ii. 549; Houston, Telegraph, ii. 549; Texas Planter, ii. 549; Civilian, ii. 549: Austin City (iazette, ii. 549; Morning Star, ii. 650; Texas Sentinel, ii. 650; Times, ii. 550; Advocate, ii. 550; (iazette, ii. 550. Nicto, Miguel, capture of, etc., ii. 120. Nira y Quiroga, G., gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1085, i. S'.iS. Niza, Friar M. de, exped. of, 1539, i. 74-7. Nolan, Philip, exped. of, ii. 5; death of, ii. 7. Nombrc de Dios, Durango, founding of, 1563, i. 101-2, 104; progress of, 155:i-l«00, i. 111-12. Nonibre de Jesus, mission, founded, 1088, i. 378; refounded, 1098, i. 379. Noriega, Gen'l, vessels of, seized, ii. 724. Norris, Nathaniel, Nacogdoches re- bellion, ii. 320. Nueces, river, name, i. 385. Nuestra Senora de los Dolores mis- .sion, founding of, 1087, i. 252; 1721, i. 4rj2. Nuestra Sefiora de los Dolores de los Tejas, presidio, founded, 1710, i. 614-15; reiistabl'd, 1721, i. 025; suppressed. 1729, i. 633-4. Nuestra Sefiora de Guadalupe Mis- sion, founding of, 1719, i. 449; location, i. 449-50. Nuestra Sei5ora del Pilar de la Paz Mission, founded, 1720, L 449. Nueva Galicia, name, i. 39; conquest of, 1542, i. 97; bi.shopric of, i. 97; Franciscans iu, i. 97; industrial progress, i. 97. Nueva Tlascala, founding of, i. 126. Nueva Vizcaya, (see also Durango), maps of, i. 101, 312, Ml, 592, 077; name, i. 102; Ibarra's province, 1561. i. 102; location, i. 102; Ibarra's exped. i. 103-10; settlements found- ed in, 1503, i. 103-4; 1.504- .5, i. 108- 10; 1.509-10(M), i. 12; 1054-07, i. 595-001; industries of, ii. 112; gov- ernors of, i. 112 13; gov's 1600-40, i. .SOO; 1040-1700, i. 837-8; 1700-68, i. 580-1; 170S-18OO, i. 676-8; Fran- ciscans in, 1554-90, i. 116-19; 1600- 45, i. 3:i4-0; 1640-1700, i. 363; Jesuits in, 1590, i. 119; 1602-40, i. 311-34; 1641-1700, i. 340-63, ."{OO- 72; expulsion of, 1767, i. 688 91; name, etc., i. 205; extent of, i. 305; government of, i. .306-7; church afl'airs in, 1000-40, i. 307-8; 1(540- 1700, i. 338-9; 1769-1800, i. 684-7; mission districts of, 309-11; 1641- 1700, i. 'MO; snbjugation of natives in, 1001-14, i. 313-19; the Tcpe- huano revolt, 1616-17, i. .320-9; tribes, etc., of upper Vizcaya, i. 332; &uant :tnnals of, i. 339--40; Indian outbreaks in, 1644-90, i. 348-372; presidios, etc., i. 582-5, 680; mission aflairs in, 1701-07, i. 585 601; 1768-1800, i. 687-911; aProviiicia Interna, 1776, i. 670; Indian raids, etc., ir., i. 679-81; Indian policy ii. 1780 8, i. 082-3; division of, ii. .580' reunited, ii. 587. Nuri, 8iual(>a, alleged miracle at, i. 243, Oats, Texas, cultivation of, ii. 557. 'Ocean,' steamer, mention of, ii. 273. Och, Father, at San Ignacio, etc., i. i)01. Ochiltree, W. B., defeat election 1853, ii. 405. Oclioa, (Jov. A., succeeds Terrazas, 187'.' -i. 624. Och..!t, <.'ol u de, revolt of, 1828, ii. 589. Ocoiior, Col H., provis. gov. of Texas, 1707-70, i. 0.52; mention of, i. 714. Oocirinis, Sinaloan tribe, revolt of, 1004, i. 21.3, 216. Otficials, Texas, salaries of, ii. 205; 1841, ii. 346. 798 INDEX. Ogden, James, elocution of, ii. 368. Ojiiiaga, Oen'l, death of, ii. 621. Ojuela, Father M., with Kino's ex- pod., 1706, i. 501-2. Olid, C. de. expods of, i. 5-8, 1.3-14. Oliva, Padre A., founds convent., 1604, i. 336; labors, etc., of, i. 336. Olivares y Benito, O. de, bishop of Duranao, etc., 1796-1812, i. 685. Olivas, Capt. M., the Tepehuane re- volt, 1616-17, i. 323. Oinitlan, Guzman at, 1530, i. 29. Onabas, Sinaloa, alleged miracle at, i. 243. Oilate, Capt. -gen., policy of, i. 378. OAate, C. de, with Guzman's exped., 1529, i. 28, 30; acting gov. of Nueva Galicia, 15;i8, i. 71; ex- ped. of, 1605, i. 163; 1601-1611, i. 382-4. OAate, J. de, conquest of New Mex., 1595-9, i. 129. Opata^, missionaries, etc., among the, 1630-9, i. 230; outbreak of, 1820, ii. 633-4. ' Origin and True Cause, Texas In- surrection,' ii. 159. Orobato, Father, mission to Sinaloa, 1600, i. 209, 212. Orobio y Basterra, P. de, gov. ad int. of Texas, 1737-40, i. 638-9. Orozco, Oidor, dispute with Ibarra, 1563, i. 104-5. Orozoo, Father D., death of, 1616, i. 323. Orozco y Berra, map of, i. 310. Orrantia, Gov., actmg gov., 1838, ii. 658. Ortega, arrest of, ii. 623. Ortega, Gen'l, defeat of, 1859, ii. 618; 1864, ii. 620. Ortega, Friar D. , visits the Jumanas, 1632, i. 385. Ortega, F. de, expeds. of, 1632-6, i. 171-5; 'Primera Demerccion,' i. 172; protest, etc., of, 1636, i. 178. Ortega, F. D. de, gov.-intendent of Durango, 1786-92, i. 678. Ortega, H., at La Paz, 1634, i. 173. Ortiz, Gov. C R., flight, etc., of, 18S2, ii. 703. Osorio, Father G., labors in Nueva Vizcaya, 1715-25, i. 591-2. Ostimuri, Province, location, etc., i. 204; mission affairs in, 1701-30, i. 512-13. Otermin, Gov., rule in New Mex., i. 374. ondo y Antillon, I., contract with viceroy, etc., 1678i i. 186; fleet, etc., of, i. 187; expeds of, 1683-5, i. 187- 93; in charge at San Felipe, 1684, i. 237. Ouervoy Valdes, F., gov. of Coahuila and Texas; i. 376. Oviedo, with Vaca's exped., 1528, i. 61, 65. Owen, Lieut, Comanche defeat, ii. 326. Owens, Dr S. A., biog., ii. 676. Oyarzabal, Capt. 8., the Tepehuane revolt, 1616-17, i. 327. Pacheco, Capt. R. M., quarrel with Martos, 1767, i. 652; gov. of Texas, 1789-90, i. 669. Packenham, mediation Mex. & Texas, ii. 340. Padres, Lieut J. M., deputy gov. L. Cal., 1825, ii. 710. Paddock, 6. F., mention of, ii. 574. Padilla, J. A., mention of, ii. 174. Paez, Father M., death of, 1676, i. 239. Paine, Dr J. F. Y., biog. of, ii. 766. Palacio, Gov. II., mention of, i. 664. Palmerston, Lord, mediation Texas & Mex., ii. 340. Palou, Father, rept, etc., of, i. 729 33; feud with Barri, 1772, i. 735-6. Papagos, mention of, i. 508; removal of, ordered, 1750, i. 533; the Pima revolt, 1751-2, i. 544; missionaries among, i. 561-2. Parades, revolt of, 1844, ii. 662. Pardifias, J. I. de, gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1690, i. 338. Paredcs, 'j:{ T); 17r)l ti7, i. TiOO 4; minintt affairs, 17.% 41, i. .')2r) 8; treatment of natives, i. M',i; Jesuits in, I7.">(), i. 54.S-4; revolt in, 17') 12, i. .')44-5. I'ifia l>. Qiiivir.n, Spaiiiardit ilcfonil, etc., iGui, i. ;is;m. R Raba^^n }■ Toran, F. do, capt. of San Javici' nii-isidu, I7'>l, i, !)(-■ Raliagd y 'reran, 1'., ^nv. of Cuahuila and 'I'exa-i, i. ;{"(>, 004. RaceM, N. .Mex. .states, ii. 743-4. Rafael, hid. chief, ii. i)'.)'>. Railmads, 'I'lixa.s, ii. 570 (5; .^tato aid to. ii. r)7->; .strike, 1H8(), ii. .57-) •>. Rainwater, K. R., mention of, ii. 200. Father G., lahora of, i. F'ri.irJ. H., with Lnccnilla's IOCS, i. 1S4. ilesu.s, defeat and deatn of, Ramirez, l*->4 5. Ramirez/., expiHl., Ramirez, ii. 7o:i. Ramon, ('apt., murder of, i. 031. Ramon, C'apt. !->., e.xped. of, I71C, i. 012 10. Ramon, C'apt. J., exped. of, 1721, i. 023 4. Ranged, Col J. M., quells revolt, 1880, ii. 7:f'.t. RehoUar, M. do, gov. of Nueva Viz- caya, 1074-(), i. 338. Reconstruction, Texas, ii. 470, et .scq. Roddick, J. A., mention of, ii. u,-)8. Redondo, Gov., elected aub.-gov., 184S, ii. 071-2. Reo.se, ('apt., mutiny of, ii. .%0. Reeve, Col, cajiture of, ii. 437. Reeves, Donmorc, mention of, ii. 200. Refugio, Nue-itra .Sefiora del, mission, founded, 1701, i. OlJS; attack on, ii. 222 4; capture of, 1842, ii. 'MS. Regulators and moderators, war of, ii. 3r)4. Religion, Texas, ii. 00, -)47-8. Remedios, town, founding of, i. 253. Rengel, J., comandante gen. ad int. of I'roviiicias Internas, 1784-5, i. 673; coinaTidante inspector, i. 074. Renshaw, Commander, surrender of Galveston to, ii.4.-)4; death of, ii,45ti. Texas. 51 Rcntcrfa, M, do, with IlMirran exped., 1503, i. IO.J. i lli'preseiitaliveM, Tex.is, list of, 1840- 01, ii. 440, Republic of the Rio Grande, organi- zation and defeat of, ii. 320 et .sei(, Itepuldic of Sonora, Walker's, ii. 72.3, Uepuldicans, Texas, defeat of, election, I.s72aml I.S73, ii. 50S; I,s7(i, ii. .-.15, Retz, Father .J., nu'ntion of, i. 4l>0; labors, etc., of, i. 470 2; theJc.suit expulsion, 1707 S, i. 47'.l. Revenue (see also tinance), Texan, collection of customs, IS3I, ii. 117; I.S.->2 58, ii. 415; N. Mex. state:!, ii. 741 2. Revolution against royalty, ISII, ii. 17 et .sei|.; of Texas, evt'iits lead- ing to, ii. l.-)2 et seS, ii. (i50; Gandara's revolt, )S43, ii. 0()1; Sonora and iSinaloa, 1852-8, ii. 005; Sonora I'orlirists, 1871, ii. 701; I'or- firists, Sinaloa, 1870, ii. 702; of Manpiez do Leon, 1870, ii. 703, 738, Reyes, Father A, do lo.s, r<'pt. of, 1772, i. 700; bishop of Sonora, etc., 1782 7, i. 712-13. ReymeraholTer, (r., biog. of, ii. 700. Reynolds, Gen'l, suoceediiilancock, ii. 404. Ro/.abal, Capt. A., comandante at San Felipe, 1701, i. 510. Rliuen, Father E., at Sonoita, 1750, i. 543; murder of, 1751, i. 511. Ribas, Father A. P. de, mission to Sinaloa, 1(W4, i. 212-15; jtroviuciai of Mex., 1020, i. 225; 'Triumphs of tho Faith, ' i. 535-0. Rickott, Capt., operations againrt Cortina, ii. 447. Rio, Father M. del, labors of, i. 242. Uio (irande City, Cortina cultures, ii. 448. Rio y Loza, Capt. R. del, mining ex- j)e, i. 'JIM); mission, etc., of, 104t), i. 235-(i; towns, etc., of, l«r>;i, i. 242. San Francisco Javier de Najera mis- sion, founded, 1722, i. G27. San Francisco Javier do Sonora mis- sion, mention of, i. 24-1-5. San Francisco de los Tejas mission, founded, 16Q0, i. 41"); 171(5, i. G14; sickness at, i. 417; location, i. 418; abandoned, i 419. San (rL'jriel mission, founded, 1771, i. 7(37. San Galiriel, puel)lo, founding of, 1G31, i. 334. San (JenJnimo, settlement, founding of, IMO, i. 87; lK)stiIit3-of natives, i. 89; site of, changed, i. 89; de- serted, 1542, i. 89-90. San Ignacio, missions of, 1645, i. 236; 1728, i. 454. San Ignacio, town, founding of, i. 253. San Ignacio de Piastla, Hermosillo's defeat at, 1811, ii. 631-2. _ San Ignacio de Yaqui mission, men- tion of, i. 244. San Ignacio Zapo, see Zape. San lldefonso mission, cstabl'd, 1744, i. G41. San Jacinto, battle of, ii, 253 et seq. 'iSan Jacinto,' war schooner, ii. 350. San Javier mission, founding of, 1()99, L 299; outbreak at, 1701, i. 423; Ugarte at, i. 423— t; prosperity of. L 423-4; revolt at, 1703, i. 428; prosperity of, 170-5, i. 433; mission transferred, 1719, i. 4.50; Francis- cans at, 1768, i. 484-5; establ'd, 1744, i. 641; dosertion of, i. (542. San Javier del Bac, Kino's exped. to, 1700, i. 270. San Jose, pueblo, founding of, 1777, i. 768. San Jose, mission, founded. 1797, i. 771. San Jo.se de Aguayo mission, doseript. of, 1778, i. 657-8. San .lose mission, Texas, founded, 171(J. i. 614. San Jose del Cabo, mission founded at, 1730, i. 455; jiresidio establ'd at, 1736, i. 461; miss, and churcli pil- laged, 1822, ii. 707; U.S. occupa- tion of, 1847, ii. 714; siege of, ii. 71C>-17. San Jose de Guaymas, mission, men- tion of, i. 511; refonnded, 1751, i. 554; attacked by Seris, i. 554. San Jos^ Imuris, town, foundi::*" of, i. 253. San Jose Tizonazo mission, mentioa of, i. 344-5. San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo mission, establ'd, 1720, i. 619. San Juan Bautista, Alta Cal., found* ing of, 1797, i. 771. San Juan Bautista mission, founding of, 1G99, i. 379; 1705, i. 432; avisi- ta, 1721, i. 453. San .Juan Capistrano mission, mention of, i. 658; founded, 1776-7, i. 7'i8. San Juan de los Caballeros, capital of NewMex., 1599, i. 129. San Juan de Maxatlan, see Mazatlan. San .luan de Sinaloa, founding of, 15()3, i. lOS; Indian outbreak at, i. 113; ai)andoncd, i. 113. San Juan valley, Ibarra's exped. in, 15G2-.3, i. 10,3-7. San Juan y Santa Cruz, M. de, gov. of Nueva Vizeaya, 1714, i. 581; measures, i. 583. San Lorenzo nussion, founding of, ^ 1761-2, i. 650. San Luis presidio, site of, transferred, 1772, i. 608. San Luis de las Amarillas presidio, foiindiiii i>f, 1757, i. 644. San Luis Gonzaga mission, founded, 1737, i. 461. San Luis Obispo mission, founded, 1771, i. 7(57. San Luis Rey mission, founded, 1798, i. 771. San Miguel, villa de, founding of, 1531, 1. 37-8; site of, removed, L 38; condition of, 1620-5, i. 20(>-7. San Miguel mission, rebuilt, 1721, i. 626, founded, 1787, i. 748; founded, 1797, i. 771. San Mituel do los Adeas, French oc- cupation of, 1719, i. 718-19. San Miguel do Aguayo, mission, founding of, 1675, i. 375. San Miguel deCuellar mission, found- ed, 1716, i. 615. San Miguel Horcasitas, presidio es- tabl'd at, 1650, i. 538. San Miguel port, Guzman's exped. at, 1.533, i. 57-8. San Miguel, river, Guzman's exped. on the, 153,3, i. 57-8. San Patricio, surrender of, ii. 221-2. San Pedro, Hood at, 1G12, i. 313. San Pedro Mdrtyr do Verona mission, founded, 1794, i. 751. San Sabii mission, founding of, l/CV, i. 644; massacre at, 1758, i. 645-8. INDEX. SOB San Sebastian, villa, founding of, 1565, i. 110; mining at, i. IK'. Viz- caino's exped. at, IJU7, i. 11'^: min- ing, etc., in, i. 1205-0. San Vicente Ferrer iniiiijion, founded, 1780, i. 745. Sanuliez, Jose J., at battle S. Antonio, ii. 18G. Sancliez, Pres. P., address to Sonora and tSinaloa, 1831, ii. 047. Sandoval, Lieut-col, capture of, ii. lOi). Sandoval, M. de, gov. of Texas, i. C:{0; rule, 17:i4-(), i. 636-7; residen- cia, etc., of, i. 038. Sanger Brothers, success of, ii. 508. Saiisl)ury, mention of, ii. 300. Santa Anna, Gen'l, intrigues of, ii. 1.34 et soq. ; tenders resignation, ii. 143; arbitration in C'oali., ii. 145; acts of, condemned, July, 18.35, ii. 1(!0; decision on Texas separation, 18:54, ii. 140-7; letters ot inter- cepted, ii. 192; invasion of, ii. 202; plan of march, ii. 203; forces of, li. 20t; battle and massacre of the Alamo, ii. 204 et seq. ; false reports of, ii. 214; butchery of Texans, Goliad, ii. 234; pursuit of Houston, ii. 247; orders to Urrea, ii, 248; movements of, ii. 24'.)-51; burns Harrisburg, ii. 251; wild actions of, ii. 254—5; battle of San Jacinto, ii. 255 et seq. ; flight and capture of, ii. 203-4; despatch to Filisola, ii, 205; treaty with Texas, ii. 201); opposition to release of, ii. 273; terror of, ii. 274; attemj)tcd assas- sination, etc., of, ii. 275; media- tion of Hon ton, ii. 275-0; inter- views with Pros. Jackson, ii. 277; Filisiila's instructions conoerning, ii. 279; rcle.isos Texas Santa Fe prisoners, ii. 330; Hamilton's pro- posal to, ii. .'i4!>; Houston's letter to, ii. 348-50; Robinson's ruse, ii. 372 3; revolt, 1852, ii. 017; proiuin- ciamento, 18'J2, etl'ect in Sonora and Sinaloa, ii. 030. Santa Barbara, mission foiiiidod, 1780, i. 770; presidio iouiided, 1782, i. 770. Santa Catalina, ludi.'.n outbreak at, 1010, i. 322. Santa Catalina M:irtyr, mission, founded 1707, i. 754; progress of, i. 75li. Santa t'lara, mission, fnunded, 1770- 7, i. 7iiS. Santa Cruz, founding of, 1701, i. 771. Santa Cruz bay.Cortcs at, 15,35 ,i..")07L Santa Cruz del Cibolo, lort built, 1771, i. 0.')0. Santa Eulalia, cathedral, etc., of, i. 001. Santa Fe, founding of, i. .374; capital of New Mex., i. 374; captured by confederates, ii. 452. Santa Fe Expedition, Texas, 1841, ii. 333. Santa Gertrudis mission, founding etc., of, 1751-2, i. 400. Santa Maria mission, founding, etc.« of, 1706-7, i. 473-4. Santa Rosa presidio, site of trana« ferred, 1772, i. 008. Santa Rosalia mission, founding 6t^ 1705, i. 4.3.3, Santaella, T. G. de, aida Salvatierra» 1000, i. 279. Santarem, Father H., labors in Topi^ 1599-1000, i. 123; later labors jjk Topia, i. 313; revolt of tlie Acaxeeg. 1001-2, i. 314-10; death of, 1010, u 32,3-4. Santiago de Monclova, villa, found* ing, etc., of, 1087, i. 370. Santiago I'apasquiaro, Spaniards ma»- sacred at, 1010, i. ,323. Santo Martires de Japou missiojo, mention of, i. 245. Santo Tomas do Aquino missim, founded, 1791, i. 751. Sarmicnto, A. de O. , gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1005-70, i. 337, Sarrabia, Prefecto B., gov, Durango, 1804, ii. 020. Sastro, M., gov. of Sonora and Sina- loa, 1772, i. 711. Savariego, Capt., mention of, ii 2.37. Sayers, Liont-gov. J. D,, election of, 1878, ii. .522. Schotiold, < 'harlca, l)iog. of, ii. 73(). School fund, Texas, 18.52-01, ii. 416. Scrutchtield, Judge L. U., bii>g. p^ ii. 709. Scurry. Col, defeat of, ii. 4.52. Seal, of Texas, 183('), ii. 295. Securities, Texas, 1838-9, ii. 318. Secession, Texas, ordinance for, 4!>(i; popular vote on, ii. 439. Seilelmair, Fatlicr J., mission Pimeria, 1730 7, i. 524-5 of, 1744, i. 5.30-7; 1748, i. 540; 1750, i. 510-1; ' Relaoion,' etc., i. 538 9; escape from I'inias, 17ol,i. 514; rofiitos I'arrilla's cliargos, 17.V.', i. 5 lit 51. Se!:;('ssi'r, I'atlier F., mi.ssion to Pim- eria, 1731-0, i. 523-4. u. t« ex]ied. 806 INDEX. Selfrid^e, Commander F. 0. , repulses Mexicans at Guaymas, ii. 6ti8; campaign of, L. Cal., ii. 713 et seq. Senators, Texas, list of, 1845-(il, ii. 449. Seris, expeds. against, 1800, i. 275, 5.35-G; 1701-2, i. 565; 1768-71, i. 095-701; Jesuits among, 1690-1709, i. 511; subjugation of ordered, 1750, i. 533; demands, etc., of, 1754, i. 554; war with, i. 554-6; • mention of, ii. 028. Serna, F. B. de la, gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1640 2, i. 337. Serna, tiov., appointment, etc., of, 1874, ii. 702-3. Serra, Father J., mention of, i. 766; in Alta Cal, i. 767-8; death of, 1784, i. 770. Sesima. General, to relieve Cos, ii. 203; force, etc., of, ii. 244. iSbauleford, Dr, mention of, ii .237. Sharpe, Capt.. mention of, ii. 244. Shaw, James B., Texas comptroller, ii. 403. Shelby county, Tex., vendetta in, ii. 355. Sbelvoeke, Capt. G., voyage, etc., of, 1719-21, i. 200-1. Shepherd, James L., execution of, ii. 368. Sheridan, Gen., removal of, 1867, ii. 493. Sherman, Col S., mention of, ii. 244; at council of war, ii. 558; battle San Jacinto, ii. 2()0-l. Shubrick, C'omuiotUn-e, captures Ma- zatlau, 1840, ii. 609-70: L. Cal. campaign, 1847, ii. 714. Sibley, Jolin, mention of, ii. 48. Sibley, (if^n., capture of, ii. 437; joins confederates, ii. 451-2; defeats f Canby, ii. 452; retreat to Texiis, ii. 4,')3. Sibul)apas, campaigns against the, 1708 71, i. 695-701. Sierpo, P. G. do la, aids Salvatierra, 1097-8, i. 280, 293-4. Siena, Father A. F. de la, labors, etc., of, 1670-3, i. 247. Sierra, L. dc, gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1077, i. 338. Sigler, Wil'.KimN., mention of, ii. 171. Siiiikins. E. J., mention of, ii. 546. Sinaloa, N. do Guzman's exped. in, li'.'tO, i. 30; 1533, i. 50-7; annals of, lCC4-r6, i. li;i-16; Jesuits in, 1591- 1600, i. 119-23; location of, i. 203; name, i. 103; territory, i. 204-5; map of, i. 208, 555, 657; and Du- rango, map of, ii. 591; floods, etc., in, 1639^1, i. 231; missions of, 1645, i. 236; 1650-1700, i. 238-40; settlements, etc., in, 1747-9, i. 546- 7; progress and events, 1800-1830, ii. 628; revol. exped. to, 1810, ii. 630-2; and Sonora, new constitu- tion, 1820, ii. 635; separation from Sonora, 1823, ii. 6.37; 1827-SO, ii. 644-0; revenue of, ii. 741 ; education in, ii. 746. Sinaloa y Sonora, gobemacion of, establ'd, 1734, i. 520. Sinnickson, Dr, battle of Mier, ii. 363-4. Sisson, Maj. G. H., biog., etc., and project of, ii. 734. Sistiaga, Father S., with Bravo's ex- ped., 1718, i. 445. Slavery, decree of emancipation, 1827, ii. 90; decree of, 1829, li. 92; ejtcep- tion favor of Texas, ii. 93; lexas constitution, 1830, ii. 305; English interference, ii. 377; legislation in cong., ii. 423 et seq.; legislation in Texas, ii. 423, 428; agitations in congress, 1800, ii. 4.30-3. Slaughter, Col C. C, biog. of, ii. 560-1. Slaughter, J. B., mention of, ii. 561. Slough, Col, defeats confederates, Apache caflon, ii. 452. Smith, at siege of San Antonio, iu 180. Smith, Deaf, at battle S. Antonio, ii. 182; important ciipture of, ii. 253; destroys \'incc's uridge, ii. 259; bearer Santa Anna's de.spatches, ii. 266. Smith, Ashbcl, minister to p]ngland, ii. 338; Eug. evasion of neutrality, ii. .350; pres. university regents, ii. 545. Smith, Col B. F., commissioner to Filisola, ii. 270. Smith, Gov. Henry, mention of, ii. 172; appointment of, ii. 173; rup- ture with council, ii. J 90 et seq.; defeat of, ii. 291 ; app't'd sec. of the treiisury, ii. 294. Smith, Gon. Kirby, suppresses insur- re(;tion, ii. 355; surrender of, ii. 475. Smith, Mayor J. P., biog. of, ii. 574. Smith, Capt. J. W., at battle S. An- tonio, ii. 182; enters the Alamo, ii. 209. Smith, M. W., mention of, ii. 171. Smith, Capt. T. I., 'Archive war,' ii. 354. INDEX. 807 lU Smuggling, Texas, 1831, ii. 117-18; Aiiuhuac, guard attacked, ii. lo6. Snively, C'olJauob, disaster of, ii. 371. Soliaipuris, uprising of, 1701, i. 504. Society, Texas, pop., 1844-7, ii. 390; crime, ii. 301; amusements, etc., ii. 392; illiteracy, etc., ii. 393; condi- tion of, 18G4-5, ii. 472; 186a-6, ii. 480; 1860-88, ii. 530 et seq.' hospi- tality, ii. 533; benevolent institu- tions, ii. 537. Soils, eastern Texas, ii. 5.51 ; south, ii. 552; central, ii. 553; north, ii. 553; •western, ii. 554; ' panhandle ' of Texas, ii. 555. Soldiers, land grants to, ii. 217. Soledad, founding of, 1791, i. 771. Solis, Lieut A., outrages of, 1G95, L 2G0-1; exped. of, 1G9G, i. 272. Somerville, A., mention of, ii. 100. Somerville, murder of, ii. 443. Somerville, Gen., mention of, ii. 253; at council of war, ii. 258; operations, etc., of, ii. 359; biog. and death of, ii. 3G1. Souoita, Sedelmair visits, 174.3, i. 536; attacked by Vimas, 1751, i. 544. Souora, name, i. 204-5, 241; map of, L 208, 5."i5, 703; new map of, ii. GGO; missions of, 1645, i. 23G; Jesuits in, 1650-1700, i. 242-50; separ. from Sinaloa, 109.3, i. 255; Ind. revolt in, i. 255-6; mission affairs in, ]701-."0, i. 512-16; 17G7-1S0O, i. 704-10; Indian raids, etc., in, i. 694-702, 714-18; govs, etc., of, 1763-1800,1. 710-12; see of, establ'd, 1781, i 712; cliurcli affairs in, 1770-1800, i. 712- 13; progress and events, 1800-1830, ii. G'28 et seq. ; new constitution, 1820, ii. 635; separation from Sina- loa, etc., 182.3, ii. 637; division of, boundaries, etc., 1827-30, ii. 644-6. made a Bnb. dept, 1853, ii. 681 ; rev- enue of, ii. 741; education in, ii. 747; mining riches of, ii. 754. Sosa, G. G. Je, expcd. of, 1590-1, i. I'JS; arrest of, i. 128. Sotclo y Figucroa, Father M. M., mention n, ISll-.'JO, ii. 95-G; religion, 1831, ii. 93; revolt, 182G, ii. 105 et seq.; Mexican oj)pression, ii. Ill etseq. ; changes in laws for 1830, ii. 114; military despotism, 1830, ii. liii; martial law, 1832, ii. 119; Coah. separation discussed, ii. 130 et seq.; colonization decree, 1832, ii. 132; state convention, 1832-3, ii. 132-3; constitution, ii. 133; gov't measures for, 1833, ii. 137; decree for ■ supreme court, etc. , 1834, ii. 144; land frauds, 1835, ii. 149; C!oah. state authorities deposed, ii. 154-5; coniuiitteos of vig. and safety formed, ii. 155; bill of rights, ii. 172; provis. gov't, 1835, ii. 173; polit. affairs of, 1835, iL 190 et se(i. ; public domain, ii. 191; breach be- tween council and gov., ii. 193; apathy of, 1830, ii. 201; finances of, ii. 202; 1870, ii. 505; 1874-5, ii. 513; 1879, ii. 522; debt of, ii. 399; debt, 18.10, ii. 401-2; li(|uidation of debt, ii. 412 etseq.; school fund, 1852-01, ii. 410; revenue, 1852-8, ii. 415; independence declared, ii. 215 etseq.; signers of list, ii. 210; recognized, ii. 301, 338-40; con- stitution adopted, 1830, ii. 218; seat of gov't at llarrisburg, ii. 238; at Oalveston, ii. 2GS; statistics of 183G, ii. 285; elections, 1830, ii. 291; 1841, ii. 341; 1844, ii. 378; 1849, ii. 398; prospects of, 18.38, ii. 310; boundary with N. Mex., ii. 332, 398; capital moved to Austin, 1S39, ii. 337; foreign relations, 1838 42, ii. 338-40; navy operations, 1842, ii. 350 et seq.; second invasion of. ii. 357 et seq.; annexation to U. S., ii. 382; volunteers of, in Mex. M-ar, ii. 304 et seq.; Santa Fe exped., 1841, ii. 333 etseq.; claims aiiiiinst, 1847-51, ii. 403; »ei-ession, 424 et soq.; prosperity of, 18.")r,-9, ii. 42(1; adopts confederate constitution, ii. 439; reconstruction, 1805-^}, ii. 4V8 etseq.; state constitution, 1866. ii. 482; restoration to statehood, ii. 501- 2; political vicissitudes of, ii. 520-7; progress of, ii. 528-9; editorial and press association, ii. 550. Texas K. K. Navig. & IJanking Co., act to incorporate, ii. 29G. Thompson, capture of Santa Anna, ii. 204. Thompson, Capt., desertion, etc., of, ii. 303. Thompson, A. P., mention of, ii. 549. Thompson, Alexander, mention of, ii. 172. Thompson, J. M. N., execution of, ii. 3G8. Thompson, Capt. T. M., outrages, etc., of, ii. 101-2. Thrall, H. S., 'A Pictorial History of Texiis, ' ii. .380. Throckmorton, (iov. J. W., pros. state conven., ii. 482; elected gov., biog., etc., ii. 483; message of, ISGG, ii. 4iS3 et seii.; disagreement with Gen. Griflin, ii. 490; removal of, ii. 491; final report, ii. 491; bi(ig. of, ii. 705. 'Tieson,' sclu)Oner, ii. 118. Tiguex, Province, Coronado's exped., in, 1540-1, i. 85. Tobar, Capt., exped. to Tu.sayan, 1.540, i. 85; at San Gerdnimo, etc., i. 89. Tobar, Father H. de, murder of, 161 G, i. 322. Tobar, v., comandante at San Felijie, i. 115. Tobui, Capt., mention of, 445; opera- tions against Cortina, ii. 447-8. Tobosos, raids of the, 1044-5, i. 348- 51. Todd, Geo. T., mention of, ii. 605. Todos Santos, see Ensenada. Toledo, Jose A. de, biog., etc., of, ii, 20; defeat of, 1813, ii. 28 9. Tolosa, J. de, exped. to Zacatecas, 1540-8, i. 99. Tol.sa, General, mention of, ii. 203; reeuforces Sesiiia, ii. 247; ratilies Texas treaty, ii. 270. Toiity, 11. de, exped. of, 1088-9, i. 412. Toi>ia, Province, Ibarra in, 1503-4, i. 105-7; extent of, i. 309; subjiiga- ti(m of, 1001-14, i. 313-19; extnit of, i. 31('); conversions in, i. 310; mis.sions, etc., in, i. 340-1. Torncl, Mex. sec. of war, orders to Filisola, ii. 279-80. Torre, L>. 1*. do la, gov. of Nucva 810 INDEX. Galicia, etc., 1536, i. 71; death of, 1538, i. 71. Torre, J. de la, exped. to Nayarit, 1721, i. 518. Torres, J. A., leader of uprising, 1810, ii. 630. Torres, Gov. Luis, succeeds Sema, etc., ii. 703. Torrey, James N., execution of, ii. 368. Tortolero, Capt. L., Salvatierra's exped. to Cat, 1697-9, i. 284, 288- 97. Townley, Capt., voyage of, 1685, i. 194. Towns, Coah. and Tex., gov't of, 1810, ii. 78-9. Trade, see Commerce. Trahern, mention of, ii. 366. Travis, Col W. B., capture of, 18.12, ii. 119; release of, ii. 124; arrest ordered, July, 1885, ii. 161; at S. Felipe, ii. 195; reenforcement of, ii. 202; carelessness of, ii. 207; ap- peal of, ii. 208; death of, ii. 211. Treasurer, Texas, d if' 'jit of, ii. 509. Treaty of peace, Mex. and U. S., ii. 612. Trejo, P. de, gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1577-83, i. 112-13. * Tremont,' Amer. brig., ii. 161. Trcsierra y Cano, A., intendente go- bernador of Arizpe, 1793, i. 712. Tresino, Manuel, mention of, ii. 445. Trias, Gov. Angel, installation of, ii. 602; succeeds Irigoyen, ii. 605; surrender of, ii. 611-12; deposes Cordcro, ii. 617; removal, etc., of, ii. 625. Tristan, Provincial A. P., 'Informe,' i. 687. Tristan, E. L. de, bishop of Durango, etc., 1786, i. 684-5. Troutman, Miss, mention of, ii. 206. Tubac, presidio of founded, 1752, i. 554. Tubares, Sinaloan tribe, revolt, etc., of, 1681-4, i. 248 9. Tubutama, Indian outbreak at, 1695, i. 260-1. Tuuon y Quiros, Capt. G. A., coman- dante at San Felipe, 1712-24, i. 510- 17; charges against, i. 516; Apache raids, i. 516-17. Tunstall, W. V., sec. state conv., 1868, ii. 495. Turnbull, James, execution of, ii. 308. Turner, Col Amasa, mention of, ii. 244. Turrill, C. B., mention of, ii. 735. Tiirsch, Father I., mention of, i. 473. Tutije, Apache chief, execution of, iL 654. Tutifio, Padre A., mission to Topia, 1602, i. 316. Twiggs, General, surrender, eto., o^ iL 437. Uvalde, J. de, gov. of Coahuila, 1778* L 604; comandante gen'l of Provin* cias Internas del Oriente, etc., 1787, i. 674; defeats Apaches, etc., 1790, i. 669. Ugarte, Commandant, removes Mon* terde, ii. 602. Ugarte, Father, explor. of, 1521, i. 508-9; labors of, i. 511. Ugarte, Father J. de, aids Salvatierra, 1697-8, i. 279-80, 298; labors, etc., in Baja Cal., 1701-9, i. 422-35; biog., i. 422; exped. of, 1721, i. 450-1; death, 1730, i. 456; charac- ter, i. 456. Ugarte y Loyola, J., gov. of Coahuila, 1. 604; comandante gen. of Provin- cias Internas, 1785, i. 673-4. Ugartechea, Col, mention of, ii. 116; oattle at Velasco, ii. 122; address to Texans, 1835, ii. 157; order to alcaldes, 1835, ii. 161; demand for cannon, ii. l65; orders to polit. chief, iL 171; at battle S. Antonio, iL 185. UUoa, F. de, exped. of, 1539, i. 78. Ulloa, P. de, mission to Cortes, 1535^ i. 49-50. ' Uncle Ben,' victory of, ii. 459. Unionists, Texas, victory of, 1859, ii. 426-7; murders of, in Texas, ii. 458; maltreatment of 1865-6, iL 480. United States, claints to Texas, ii. 1- 16; boundary troubles witli Spain, 1805, ii. 10 et seq. ; boundary in- trigues of, ii. 88; influence in Texas affairs, 18.35, ii. 158-9; aid to Texas, 1835, ii. 170-1; neutrality, etc., of, ii. 285; occupation of Texas terri- tory, iL 286; recognizes independ- ence of Texas, ii. 301; annexation of Texas rejected, ii. .342; annexa- tion, ii. 382-3; jealousy of Great Britain, etc., 1842, ii. .374; threat of Mex., etc., 1842, ii. 376; purchase of Texas Santa Fe claim, ii. 400 3; menaces the French, 1864, ii. 622. United States volunteers, in Texan INDEX. 811 II. ii. ii. aa war, dis^at at inaction, at S. An- tonio, ii. 179; restlessness of, ii. 195; iuduceinents to, ii. 294-5. Universities, Texas, list of, ii. 646; Texas state unisursity, ii. 545. Urdaneta, A. de, exped. to the Phil- ippines, 1564-5, i. 137-9; death of, 1568, i. 139. Urdifiola, Gov. P., gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1602-11, i. 306; revolt of the Acaxees, lGOl-2, i. 314-16; sub- dues the Xixiines, 1610, i. 318-19. Ures, French capture of, ii. 697. Urrea's campaign, map, ii. 2*28. Urrea, B. de, corresp. with Gov'. Pineda, 1767, i. 569. Urrea, Gen. Jo»e, mention of, ii. 204; defeats Grant and Johnson, ii. 220- 2; defeats Funnin, ii. 227-33; Santa Anna's orders to, ii. 248; succeeds Filisola, ii. 281; supports Pedraza, 1832, li. 590; promotion of, ii. 593; proclaims federal system, etc., 1837-8, ii. 656; defeat at Mazatlan, ii. 658; defeats Gandara, ii. 659; reappointment of, 1842, iL 660; de- feat of, ii. 662-3. Urrea, M., gefe politico, ii 686. Vaca, Capt. A., exped. of, 1634, i. 385. Vaca, A. N. C. de, treasurer, etc., of Narvaez' exped., 1528, i. 60; ad- ventures of, i. 60 70; 'Relacion,' i. 62; map of route, i. 67; further career, i.70. Vaca, C. de, crosses Texas, 1535, i. 380-1. Vacapa, town, Niza's exped. at, 1539, i. 75-6. Valdes, ,T., revolt of suppressed, 1880, ii. 625-6. Valdes, L., gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1639-40, i. 306; 1642-8, i. 3:J7; tlie Toboso outbreak, etc., 1644-5, i. 350. Valdcz, Pedro, defeats Vega, ii. 695. Valdivar, exploration, etc., of, 1540, i. 83-4. Valle, Father A. del, , .o T ^^jliuaue revolt, 1616-17, i. 32 Valle, Bishop J. del, vi t to Sinaloa, 1610, i. 219. Valle, Santiago de, councillor, ii. 86. Valle de Banderas, name, i. 15. Valenzuela, E. C. de, with Ortega's exped., 1632, i. 171. Valverde, battle of, ii. 452. Vancouver, G., voyages of, 1792-4, i. 772. Vandersipe, Father, death of, 1651, i. 242. Van Dom, Maj. Earle, capture of Sibley, etc., ii. 437. Van Nostrand, J., mention of, ii. 537. Van Zandt, Texas charge d' affaires, ii. 374. Van Zandt, Isaac, biog. of, ii. 576-7. Van Zandt, K. M., mention of, ii. 577. Van Zandt, Dr L, mention of, ii. 577. Vara, Col, captures Miller's volun- teers, ii. 233-4. Varohios, Sinaloan tril^, submission of, i. 248. Varona, Capt G. S., exped. of, 1691, i. 417. Vasquez, Gen'l R., defeat of, ii. 331; capture of S. Antonio, 1842, ii. 348. Vega, Gen'l, schemes of, 1868, iL 700-1. Vega, Gov. F. de la, Valdez defeats, ii. 695. Vega, Father R. de, with Ortega's exped., 1636, i. 174-5. Vega, S. L. de la, comandante of .Sonora, 1644, i. 233; death of, i. 233. Vehlein, Joseph, colony grant, ii. 74, 110. Velarde, Father Ii., eulogy of Kino, i. 505-6; Campos' explor., 1715, i. 507. Velasco, Viceroy, contract with Viz- caino, 1594, i. 147. Velasco, D. F. dc, gov. of Nueva Viz- caya, 1596, i. 113. Velasco, Fiscal, report on Texan affairs, 1716, i. 616-17. Velasco, H. de, gov. of Nueva Viz- caya, 1030, i. 306. Velasco, Father, mission to 8iualoa, l()00-9, i. 20<>-ir). Vuhwco, Father J. B., labors of, L 222; death of, 1612, i. 222; biog., i. 222. Velasco, FatlierP., death of, 1649, i. 234. Vela.sco y Altaiuirano, G. de L., bish- op of (Juadiana, 1692-1700, i. 3:59. Velasquez, F., captures Tamotchala, 1.J33, i. 56. Velastjuez, J. , gov. of Nueva Vizcaya, 1784-6, i. 676-8. 'Velocity,' surrtMider of, ii. 459. ' Vencedor del Alairio,' capture of the 'Independence,' ii. 284. 812 INDEX. Veiicgas, Viceroy, aid to SilceJo, 18i;<, ii. 22. Viiiiiigaij, Father, map vt, 1767, i. 471. Veiicgas, M. , ' Noticia de la Califor- nia,' i. 281-2. Ventura, Fatlior L., at Loreto, 1757, i. 470; mention of, i. 473. VDra, Father F., with Urdiiiola's ex- puil.. Kilo, i. 318. Vuriistegui, A. M. de, with Otondo'n exj;od., 1G83, i. 187. Verdiigo, (Jov. P., x^roclaiina for lib- eral.-i, ISiM, ii. 095. Vermillion, eapturo of Sant 4 Anna, ii. 204. Vertiz y Ontaflon, J. ¥. de, gov. of Xuova Vizeaya, 17.17, i. 581. Veterans, Texas, pensions to, ii. 514. Vietoria, town, founded, ii. 110; Comanche attack on, ii. 325. Victoria, Tarn., state gov't at, ii. 3.30. Vietoria, (ren'l, mention of, ii. .340. Victoria, Lieut-enl M., app't'd sub. jefe politico, 1829, ii. 710. Vidal, Lieut-col, defeat of, ii. 600 7. Vidaurri, Francisco, decreed gov- ernor, 18.34, ii. 143; overtures to Texas, ii. 327. Viesoa, Gov. Agiistin, election of, 18.3."), ii. 14(); arrest, etc., of, ii. 154-5; address to Texans, ii. 158. Viesca, Jose M., elected gov., ii. 86. Vila, v., exped. toAltaCal., 1769, i. 489. Vildosola, Don A., gov. of Sinaloa and Sonora, i. 628; rule, 1741-8, i. 528 31. Vil, E. T., pres. Land Co., ii. 735. Welles, Col T. G., mention of, ii. 7.35. Wells, Major, battle San Jacinto, ii. 258. West, Claiborne, mention of, ii. 172, 174. Westbrook, C A., mention of, ii. 551. Westbrook, Mrs C. A., biog. of, ii.769. AVestover, Capt., defeats Rodriguez, ii. 188-9. INDEX. 813 Whaling, Henry, execution of, ii. 3ti8. ' Wharton, ' on coast of Yucatan, 1842, ii. S52. Wharton party, mention of, ii. '29\. Wharton, J. A., iiiuntimi of, ii. 1150, 162: draughts 'hill of rights,' ii. 172; Texas inilit. agent, ii. 15)2; nieu- tion of, ii. '2'M; capture and escape of, ii. :V):i; death of, ii. 313. Wliarton, \V. H., chairman state oonv., 1833, ii. 133-4; app't'd eni- ba^nador to the U. .S., ii. 173-4; appeal of in aid of Texan, ii. 284; return of, ii. 2!).'); minister to tlie U. S., ii. 2'Jl; capture and escape of, ii. 303. Wheat, Texas, ii. 5.57. Whiitlor, Ool., oooupiea NacogdochoH, ii. 2S7. Whitaker, William, mention of, ii. 171. Wliiting, Samuel, mention of, ii. 550. Wliitinoro, (t. W., representative 18(Ji), ii. 4!>8. Wilie, T., Indian massacre of, ii. 410. Williams, arrest ordered, ii. Itil, Williams, equips Texas schooners, ii. 271. Williams, S. M., commis. to Mex., 1812, ii. 375. Williamson, 11. M., arrest ordered, ii. llil; mention of, ii. 172. Willis, R. S., I)iog. of, ii. 705-6. Wilson, Charles, mention of, ii. 172, 174. Wilson, Robert, defeat of, ii. 313. Wing, M. C. execution of, ii. 368. Wintuisen, T. F., gov. of Texas, 1741-3, i. 639. WoU, General, force, etc., of. ii. 244; despatch to Houston, ii. 267; cap- tures S. Aiitouio, ii. 357; media- tiou Mex. k T(!xas, 1842, ii. 375; miniiu. T., inauguration of, ii. 397; tiiroat against New .Mex., 1348, ii. 398; defeat of election, 185.3, ii. 405. Wood, W., mention of, ii. 410. Woodbury, John L., coal mine priv- ileges of, ii. 97. Woodridge, A. P., mention of, i . 546. j Woods, J. B., mention of, ii. 172. ! Wooton, T. D., mention of, ii. 546. Wortli, Gen'l, battle of Monterey, ii. 395-6. Wytfliet-Ptolemy, map, 1597, i. 152. X Xiximes, submission of the, 1607, i. 317; upriHing of, 1610, i. 317 18; 1616, I. 324; subjugation of, 1610- II, i. 318 19; touversiuo, eto., of, 1011-14, i. 319. Yafiez, Gov., appointment of, 1854, ii. 6M. 695; outwits Hoi.Umn, ii. 686; V ictory of, ii. 688 9; removal, etc., of, ii. 690. Yaijui river, Guzman's exped. on the, 1533, i. 67; Vaca's, i. 66 8. Yaquis, defeat, etc., of, 1533, i. 57; war with the, 1609, i. 217 18; Hub- missicm of, i. 213-19; treaty with, 1610, i. 219; niissionaries among, 1617-19, i. 224; convcr.sicms anxriig, i. 226; troubles with, 17<>4 7, i. 566-71; revolt of the, 1740 1, i. 521-3; 182.5, ii. 6.39 43; l,s:t2, ii. 652; 1867, ii. 701; 188', ii. 704. Yellowstone, steandioat, ii. 252. Yoakum, H., 'History of Texas,' ii. 384. Yorkino party, Durango, ii. .588; arrest of prom, members, ii. 589. Young, C'(p| Hugh F., mention of, ii. 372. Young, Col W. C, capture of Fort Arbuckle, ii. 450; biog. ". ii. 561. Yucatan, revolt, etc., of, ii. :f51. Yuma, Kino's exped. to, 17(H>, i. 270- 1. Yumaa, Sedclmair among the, 1748, i. 540; 1750, i. 541. Zacatecas, mining in, i, 07-100; re- bellion of, ii. 15.3. Zacatecas, City, founded 1548, i. 97. Zacatula, founding of, i. 19. Zambrano, Juan AI., counter revolu- tion of, 1812, ii. 18-19; mention of, ii. 29. Zapata, Col Antonio, battle of Alcan- tro, ii. 327-8. Zapata, Father J. 0., report of, 1678, i. 239 40. Zapata, Father 0., report of, 1678, i. 244-5. Zape. the Tepehuane revolt, 1616-17, i. 322; nias.sacre at, i. 323. Za])])a, Father J. B., mention of, i. 279. Zarate, Padre G., ' llelaciones. ' 814 INDEX. 1i 3 7. !r"f*~"?'>P'.ffw*«of, ^vala, Gov. Lorenzo de. colonv putto.ii. 75, mentkmofjMT,?^ I" fl7' J^' Austin 8 recopti.m of, 11. l»7-8; mention of, ii. l^i- g.gng independence declaration, ii. 2Ifl- elected vice-pres. Texas, ii. 218- ii!'m *'°" ' "■ ^~^'' *^"^*^ ='• Sonora, 1833, ii. 665. -u""*'" na.lor of Arizpe, 1786-9, i. 7i| '^ ^fierman, Capt, seizure of, ii. 794 " Tm!' ^"^^^^ ^•' ""'■'^°'' '»^' '«*«. Zubira, Bishop, banishment of, ii. 692 ^ulvaga. Gov Luis, anptment and removal of. ii. 602; AJht, etc.. of, Zuairaqui, Father, mention of, i, 434. Sgobflfr 12. !4. f, 1C45, ii. 592. t and to., of, i Paz, i. 484.