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(From the Canadian Journal of Science, Lilcrature and History, vol. xiii, j'. iClJ 4- -^m^ ^'3 4- xMEIlTON COLLEGE AND CANADA BY HENRY SCADDING, D.D. litad before the Canadian Inslitate, January 11, tSTH, as the PrcsUkiil's Address for the Session lS7.i-J. -^ Durinq my stay for some weeks at Oxfoixl, a few years since, I "was letl to take a peculiar interest in Merton College, in that Univer- sity ; and had circumstances rendered it in any way advisable for me to become an incoi-porated member of the University, I should certainly have asked to have my name entered on the boards of Merton. As it was, the minor privilege of aihiu'ssio comltatls cansd sufficed for every purjjose I had in view, and that did not requij'e the selection of a college as a quasi-home or house, but gave, during the remainder of life, whene\'er resident v^ Oxford, without any such limitation, all the advantages of degree and rank, the franchise alone excepted, which my position in the sister University of Cambridge could claim for me there. And I cannot refrain from confessing that even the semblance of affiliation with ancient and venerable Oxford which a mei-e adiiiis-s'io comitatls causa creates — form- ally conferred by the \^ice-Chancellor in the Convocation-house, and duly enregistered, and printed in the Calendar of the day — was vastly enjoyed by me as a small incident of romance occurring unexpectedly in one's experience. But more than this, the positive benetits accru- ing from the privilege were found to be of very great value. Besides giving the right and the pleasure on any occasion of assuming in the ITnivorsity tlio jicadiMnic; dress, it secured a fixed pliice in ]Mil)lieiissein- Ijlaijos, iiud opi'iK'l the w:iy with extra facility to lihraries luid iimsivams, .n well as ti) the le-^ture-rooins, in several iustanees, of professors of jJi-eC'iuiui'iit altility and world-wid;* faiiii^ And, as I haw said, the boon is iroul for tht; ; iiaaiuder of one's days. I ii'vid n:)t say, I eu Ij.ivoure I to avail niys;'lf t ) the utmost of the rich and vaiac 1 privilcffv?s with which, for a }»oriod all too Jtricf, I found myself surrounded. In res})eet of area covered by buildinifs and in regard to extei'nal grandeur, Mertou Colletija cannot conii)ai'o Avith Christ (Jliurch, All Souls, New College, Dalliol, and perhaps other Colleges in the L'ni- vei'sity of Oxford. But no College in the University matches Merton in s.'v.'r,,' vonerabloMisss of asp.^ct, or in the extent, I thiidc, to which, in its g 'nr'ral outline, it has retained uiraltered the visible embodi- ment of the id<;as of its several very eai'ly architects. Its entrance gateway, bearing the statues of Henry III. and Waltc^r de M<'rton, foumler of the College ; the two diminutive coui'ts or quadrangles lirst traversed inside ; the low vaulted })assage leading fi-om one to the other of them : the east window of the chapel and t!i(^ m;issive sipiare tov.'er seen just lieyond the gable; the steep slopes of the Treasury-roof, made tireproof by plates of rough ashlar instead of slate ; iinally, the tpiaint lights of the Ial)rary along the walls, ami rising above tlie eaves of the I'oof on the south and west sides of the third court ; all at tirst sight stir the imagination very stro!i''ly and stami* themselves indelibly on the memory. Of the Librai-y just named — its internal air and as[)ect — I desire especially to sp.'ak to you for a moment, such a surprise and delight w.iH it to myself when I tirst entei-ed it, either from not having been previously aw.'rc of its existence, or else from ne\'er having fallen in with any striking descri})tion of it. It is supposed to be at the present day the most genuine ancient library in th(> British Islands. Its shelves and books look as if they had not been meddled with for several centuries. The Avood of the book-cases has a pale weather-worn hue. The covers of the volumes are almost all of them of A'ellum or forel, with the names of the authors or matters treated of in them inscribed with a pen on the back, or on the outer edge of the leaves when the book is turned on the shelf A\ith its back inward and clasps outward. Some of the volumes are still attached by chains to the bookcases, Avith the con- ^V <^ ^s- 5 triViiuc'c of a small polo ov roil for tlir Hliifting' of the voiiimfK soirio (listanoo to tlui ri,i:,'1it or left alou;,' a nloic' for its reception when oj)rii, while in iVont of the slope a rude bench is iixed I'or the aeeonunoda- jion of re.iilers. The poudorovis bahutrades of thn staircase leiidinc? \i]i to the Library, the amount of timbci-, or lumber as wo should say. in tho heavy tables and stools, placeil here and there, tho floor, the roof, the plank employed in the carpentry of the casas and closets, all indicate a ]>erioil when wood was plentiful in the land. I exi)ccted to read in Antony a Wood an entlmsiastic account of Morton Library, but I was disappointed to find that lie spoke of it with no especial warmth. It may bo that in his day, the libraiies of the other Colleges of tlie University all wore an aspect so like that of Morton that, in his view, it ]).)ssessod no peculiarity. Ho chiefly bemoans cei'tain jde.nderings that had taken [dace therein at the period of the Eeformatiou, and previously. However, after all, the internal arrangements of Morton T>i1)rary are latt} as coni})arcd Avith the date of tlie ibundation of the T'ollogo. Notwithstanding the very quaint iind antique look of everything about it, most of the fittings, we are told, are of the time of James the First. One would scarcely have imagined this, at lirst sight : although, as we remember, two high, thinnish, wooden arches, some- what of a triumphal cliai'acter, near the head of the staircase, forming an entrance, one of them to the north wing, the other to the east wing of the Libraiy, exhibited a style which was post-medi;e\al, But this nevertheless is certain, that the two sj)aciou.s rooms which now shelter the collection of books at Morton are the apartments designed and built in 137G, by Bishop Rede, of Chichester, one hundred and twelve years after tlie fomulation of the College ; and that many of tho volumes still to bo seen hero, in raanuscri[)t, of course, are portions of tho library presented to the College by the same bishop, who had boon a fellow there ; and it maybe perhaps portions of the library of Walter do Morton himself For it is implied in the Statutes gi\en to the College by Walter De Morton, in 1270, that books were to be had within the walls of the buildins. He ord(u-s, for exami>h^, that the Gnunmatkus of the house, the Master of Granunar resident in the (College, should have Ubrorum copia, a plentiful su})ply of ])ooks for his purposes, as well as alia aibi necessaria. And for the reader at meal-time, he directs that ^ e rlion* shall !)!> jn'ovidcMl dlli/Hid quod col sclwhn'luni inntrHctlonem U ediJicati'oiHjiii jhi-tiitcdt, suiiietliing that might tend to iu.stnict i'lid cdifv th(.' scholars. 1} 'fore the coiistnii'tiou of the Library Ky I'lsliop Kcdo, the l)Ook3 of tho (Jolk'go would be kept in clu-sts. Such was the custom then and later. Antony a Wood .s[»eaks of the c'tstoi oVuii in JVihllolhecd Afertonens! reponlttr, filled with Alathematical and Astronomical works by iiieiiilti-rs of the College; books, he says, rjnos harhurd superiunim ,srfi(/,>ri(tii piitux, fjiiK/tnua Arfis Jfai/iar. jrrosrminatores, reiqne proptered (.'/irisiidiio; (famuosos, cxecnirl nou Jenfiftf. (In the same place \w s])eaks of the loss out of the Libraiy, from the same cause, of the litsftutiiinin'n Jlift/n'matlca, qnal'm Hunt Astrolahla, radii, qn((ilf(i.)ite.s, dr., dcidque iutcrjnim clarissiiiuti Hdeutio: Ariim- meutarii'iit.) Walter dt> 31erton was born soon after 1200, and died Oct. 27, 1277. He was twice Lord High Chancellor of England: lirst in 1258, uudei' Henry IIL; and again in 1272. for a short time, undei- Edward 1. : in 1274 he was madi- lUslioj) of Rochester, occupying the Se(^ only thi-ee years. A [)ortrait of him exists in die Inxlleiaii Libraiy, and has been copied in Ackermann's Histoiy of Oxford. It shews a countenance of a cast modern, rather than mediseval ; reiincd, thoughtful and intelligent ; the hair and eyel)rows siKjwy Avhite. As a ])reliminary to th(; foundation of his College in Oxford, he established at Maiden, in Surrey, a Doiiu's t>cholarui ra de Jferton, nn institution M'hich in addition to educational and other Avoi'k at Mahlonwas, in accordanci; with rnles laid down by himself, to sup[)ly means out of its endowments for the sustenance of twenty scholars fre'.Mienting the Schools at Oxford, or anywhere else where learning for the time being might be flourishing. Then after the lapse of six years, in 1270, the Donuis Seholarium de Merton, intended to aid in the sustenance of scholars at Oxford, is removed to that place ; and a reason is implied why it was not in the first instance estab- lished there. The date 120-4 is spoken of as tonpus turhatiunls in regno Angl'uv snhorfa', an unsettled time,— as indeed it was, the struggle of the Barons with the King still going on. But now, 1270 is described as a period of peace (nunc tempore jmcis) ; and therefore the Domus Scholarinm de Merton is removed to Oxford, where the founder had desired and intended it to be. A power of removal, however, to any other locality, should circumstances so <^yy _ T rcquiiv, \\;is .still <,a\on to tho Society,- in aiiticipatloii probably of troubloiiH times oecuniiii; auaiii. Nine years ago,— viz : iu ISGI, the meiiinrablr year of the Shak.s- peare Tereenteuary-^the luenibers of Meitoii ('(jllcehnically called "Universities" had been instituted at different points on the conti- nent of Europe for about tifty or eighty years (reckoning from the time of Abelard's lectures in Paris). They were incorporations of scholars and teachers, privileged by em])erors, kings or popes, with peculiar jurisdiction in the towns where they were respectively situated ; which towns, as a rule, became the centres of great disor- der. Young peoi)le Hocked in thousands to attend the lectures of this teacher and that. In this way Oxford was thronged. In the meantime, discipline was feebly maintained. Brawls and fights (battles they might even bo called iu some cases) Avere the order of ^/C- (Jio (lay. 'Hh' town canii^ into i-ollisioii with tlio ^'oAvn ; Wolshmon, Si'otc!i!ii;Mi. \()rt]i-of-Kiii;liiiiil mm, with tlicir rrllow-islaiidcrs, wlinsd lioiiics li!!]!]) Ml "il to 111' Moiitli of the Trent. I'i\al in.stniotors also i^'cnc- ratoil rival tar) idns anjoii'^ the youtli ; and not altMic on i>oinls of ordi- nary .secular h'arnin,!,'. nilii'rcm'fs of \ iow in rc^L^-ard to ri'li,i,doiis (|U(«- tions and matters of conventual disci|tline a!^'i,'ravate(l tin* ''•".. ord, i'^aeli L,'reat inouastei'V uf tin- Uritiisii Islands Jiad a class of its foster- cluldi'cu stiidyin;^ at the place, and tli<>sn jiartook of th(! prejudices of tlie houses wliich sustained them. Disvotees of the different order.s of fii.irs wen; thus arrayed i.ino aa;ainsL the other: JienedictiiicH iiijainst Ans^nistinians ; Cistercians n-j,'ainst Carmelites; Dominicans against Franciscans. T'he rnlversity, in fact, was dominated in 1 l*r! 1 i)y the monastic or(h'rs. The .sulijects of studv" were nominally ^ood and comiirehenslvo : tho .seven lil)eral arts, as thoy were; called : the Trivium, /. . ., the stmly of classical literature, rhetoric and dialectics ; tho Quadri\iuni, /./., arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and mumic : but alracst every one of these was [uirsued t.. an extent that we should now consider only (dementury, and iu a inrit wdiich we should call excessively pedantic and narrow. The logic of Aristotle, received in an abridged, condensed form, ni>t directly from the original Creek, but thro\igh a meagre translation in Latin from the jVral)ic, was applied crudidy to all the stock to])icsof discnssicm, theology included. And this was held to be tlu; highest exercise of tho human mind. Doubtless the gifts of intellect Avere distributed then as now liberally throughout comuniuities ; and, failing really rational and fruitful subjects of speculation, niattei-s the most irrational and useless — albeit extremely ingenious and subtle — exei'cised the wits of clever men. Cons(>f[neutly, the literary remains of the period I'eferred to, im[)ress moderns most unpleasantly. Two di; 'fugues of the celebrated Abelard, named above, the all-accomplished Master as ho was styled in his day,— one between a Christian and a Jew, the other betw^een a Christian and a I'hilosopher,— may be taken as specimens. Aiul thus speaks one Avho has looked into them : " Words are wanting," he says, " to express the ntter insipidity and absence of all taste, energy or life which these spiritless com])ositions display: nor can we," he adds, '■ concede to them the praise of being written in Latin which will bear the test of strict examination." {Emjlish Cyclop., art. Abelaud.) T 1 6^f 1 AVlicu at a later datn tlio in(«ta])liysi('a1. iiliysu-al ami ctliicivl \voi"lvo iliscovi'ivd and stiKlii'tl, these, with his Lotricrcad no h»iiy;('r in tvaushited ahstraets but in the orit-'inal ( livck, liad n mark"d cnV'ct on the i>hih)soi)hy and seic'iier of the universities, ('X[):indin;i,' unur;,'iiiL,' I'oth from several errors. (Nevertheh>ss, at the lleforniatioii period, Holbein, in a well known ))ioture, " Chri.stus V 'ra l.u\," rei-resents Aristotle and IMato plunj,'- in^' into a dark abyss, (ojk.n cardinal, l)ishoi) and professer all following them -with closed ey(>s, eaeh h(,......,i,' on to the other.) Oxford in I'Jiit was not the beiuitiful Oxf.u-d wldeh is to b.- seen to-day--:i Asiilespread eity, rendered eonspieuous from afar ))y dome und turret and s[>ire ; remarkalde, when you enter it. for streets oxooeding fair ami Itroad, traversing it in various direetions, llaidced pverv hero and there with Ion-' lines of collegiate buildings, reverend und picturesque, eiieli disclosing within its vaulted gateway, court and cloister and velvety grass-plot, hall : ' eh qiel and library; each, provided in its farther recesses with a pleasaunce of its own, more or l(^ss extensive, of hiwns and gard. iis and grove- \ucal with birds, fragrant with sweet-scented shru us and How r,-, ; trampiil pai-adises, scene: of trini order and comeliness, kept up from year to year with minute, unromitting car '. The Oxlord of 12G I was, on the coutruiy, a liard-featured walled town, with few contrivances for juxury or learned case, its limited area chiefly tilled with dingy host(ds or lodging- houses, in which, under the mi huicholy tutelage of friars of orders and colours manifold, were herded at niglit the unkempt youth who flocked to the i)lae(^ from all parts of the kingdom and from abroad, and who during the day were to be seen hastening to and from the lecture-rooms of the various doctores; to and from the serxices in the several churches, thronging the narrow streets and Ian >s, ji.itling against each other and against the settled inhabitants of the [)lace, sometimes not without mischievous intent. Mingling with the mass would doubtless be vagrants and charlatans inumuerable, native and foreign, Avho seldom fail to tind their way to places where inexpe- rience and folly seem likely to yield a harvest. Here then it was, amidst surrountlings, animate and inanimate, such as these, that Walter de Merton commenced the great experi- ment which Anally developed into the modern English College or University system. We shall not enter into the discussion relating to the foundation of University College in Oxford, and Balliol, both of which in soL^e ^s-^ 10 works on Oxford are made to take precedence of Mertou in jtoiut of amiqiiity. A legend, now exploded, assigns Alfred the Great as the founder of University College. The real author of its existence apjiears to have been William of Durham, certain moneys left by ■\vlioin were a])proi)riated in 1280, and more distinctly in 1311, to the foundation of a House plainly after the pattern of Merton, so far as relates to the matter of residence. And Balliol seems to have taken tlie form of a College or House for the accommodation of a society of scholars in 12S2. Previously, since 12G8, sixteen scholars had been charitably sustained at Oxford by John de Balliol (father of John Balliol, the ill-starred King of Scotland); but no house was approi)riated to their use until 1282, when, probably after the pattern of Merton again, so far as concei-ned residence, a building was hired for them in Horsemonger lane, afterwards called Canditch, in the parish of St, Mary Magdalene. I now give very lu-iefly the leading distinctive features of the new foundation of Walter de Merton, as described by those who have cl<«elv examined the original constitution of the College. These a[»pr^ar to have been (1) the union of a discipline resembling, without being really, the monastic, with secidar studies; (2) the recognition of E.lucation, rather than ceremonial or i-itual duties, or the so-called religious, /. e., monkish, life, as the ])roper function of the Society ; and (3) the liberal provision for the futui'e adaj)tation of the new system to the growing requirements of the age. (Although I possess and have read the original statutes of Merton, I prefer giving their purj)ort and drift as summarized in an article on the Sexcentenary of 18()4 in a London Times of the day. I make fur- ther use of the san)e authority below,) The inmates of the College were to live by a common rule, under a common head ; but they were to take no vows and were to join none of the Monastic orders. (As we have already seen, most of the students hitherto frcipuMiting the University had been "sent up" by one or other of the Monastic institutions, and so were committed to the ideas of one or other of the Monastic orders.) They were to study Theology ; but not until they had gone through a complete course of instruction in Arts ; and they were to look forward, some of them certainly, to being secular clergy, that is, parochial clergy, as distinguished from Regulai's or Monks ; but many of them also to the public service of the State and the discharge of other imporUmt duties in the great lay world. •«» ! 6f/ •s^ 11 They Avere maintainetl by endowments, but the number of scliohirs Was to inex"ease as the value of the endowments increased ; and they ■were emi>owered not ordy to make new statutes, but even, as we have uli-eady seen, to change their residence in case of necessity. The effort of mind required to make such innovations, worked out as they were with remarkable foresight in details, can hardlv be estimated at the present day. Nor did the new reguhitions of Walter de Merton fail to produce the i-esults intended. The Monastic orders soon began to lo.se their n.sceudancv in the University ; secular learning began to g:iin upon the casuistry of the rival religious controversialists : the science of Medicine established itself by the side of Law ; and other foundei's, followiuiT, as we have already in some degi'ce seen, the wi^^e example of Walter de Merton, and borrowing the Rejuhi Merf.onen.si-i, irradu- ally transformed O.xfurd fi'om a mere seminary for monks, which it was fast becoming, into a seat of national education. A like change in the character of Camlnidge s]^)eedily took place:. When St. John's College in that University tirst assumed the position of an educational institution, in ll!SO, fi'om having been an Augus- tinian Hospital or j\[ouastery, its statutes were formed after the model of those of ^Merton. Those of Peterhouse, likewise in the same University, were brought into conformity with the same pattern by Bishop Montague, of Ely, in 1340. The original statutes of the College of ^Merton thus, as Chaml»ei-s, in his History of the Colleges and Halls of 0.\:ford, observes, affords an extraonlinary instance of a matured system ; and with very little alteration they have been found to accommodate themselves to the progress of science, discij)line and civil economy in more retined ages. And for many a geneiatiou Merton held the foremost place among the colleges. The brilliant catalogue of her reputed memlx'r.s includes s-ome of the most illustrious names of the thirtet^nth and fourteenth centuries. It may be doubtful whether Duns Scotus and Wycliife should be numbered among them, though there aie strong reasons for believing that V)oth once resideil at ^Merton : but Roger Bacon, the Doctor Mii-abilis, Bi-adwardine, the Profound Doctor, and Occam, the Invincible Doctor, have always been claimed as undoubted aJumui; and in later times Hooper and Jewell, the reforming Bishops; Bodley, the founder of the library bearing his name; Su- Henry Savile, founder of Lectureships in the University on Geometry and 12 Astronomy ; and Harvey, tlie discoverer of the circulation of the blood, odorned this most ancient Society. In regard to Duns Scotus I give the testiuiony of Johannes al) Incaniatione, froui my own folio copy of that learned friar's edition (Conimbricio, Nonis Martii, in die Be.xti Thoiuie Aquinatis, Anno Domini, 1G09,) of the O.coni- en^e ScrlptuDi of Duns !)i Lihvutii prbiuuii Senfaitiantm Jf(i;/!ntri Pi'ti'l LuiiihanU. He says : Is (idoJcsceiis, sen fere pucr, online Sera- p/iici Patris [/'V(7»c".>*t'/], et rerjiddin profderetur Oxonll la prorincia Any^i'ie, iniOi ttfudio artl/'/n liheraliurii quampviimi m desfinrttin'. And then, after relating his removal to Paris for the study of Theo- logy, he adds: Inde ad stnts rcfjressns in AinjUani Oxonii in i'oUefio Jlci'fonensi ante auntiin rtiion aefafis sxac vigesimuni s«crlic t<»acher8] are divided in every state, in eA'ery camp, and in every burgh, es})ecially through the two studious orders [Dominicans and Franciscans] ; when neither, perhaps," he continues, "was their ever so iwicl; ignor- ance and error. The students," he says, " languish and stuj)ify them- selves over things badly translated ; they lose their time anil study ; api)earances only hold them ; and they do not care what they know, so much as to maintain an appearance of knowledge before the insen- sate multitu O^" 14 of the virgin ])rovince, Governor Sinicoe imimrted to Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society, liis hope that he slioukl be .able to estjil)lish therein, among other means of civilization, a University. "A college of a higher class," he says to Sir Joseph, "wonld be eminently useful, and Avould give a tone of principles and of man- nei's, and Avould be of eminent suppoi-t to Gove seen, held the opinion that British institutions might, by their evident superiority, when honestly and honourably worked, have theii* effect even on the United States ; might ultimately even win the i-ecently revolted colonies back to the i-ule of the old mo*^her country. Every year, however, that sliiiped away without Ijeginning the experiment, made the chance of such a consummation less. The letter Ls dated January 8th, 1791. It begins: "Sir, — I was much. disapi)ointed that the variety of business in which my good friend Sir George Yonge wa.s engaged, and my own avocations, prevented me from having the honour of being introduced to you, as soon as it was genendly made known that I was to be appointed to the government in Ujiper Canada. But, sir, as it is possible that I may be hurried oil", witliout having much time to spare, in endeavouring to procui-e hi pei-son, such advantages for the communitv I am to surierintend. as must necessarilv result from the great encouragement this nation under His Majesty's auspices affoi'ds to those arts and sciences which at once support and embellish our country, I am emboldened by letter to solicit tliat assistance from you. and on tliose subjects, which I venture to i»oint out, })reparatory to my return to London, when I shall ho|>e to have the honour of frequent communication with you, and to iwaCA my.self of your ideas and patronage. " The libemlity of your character, the high station you fill, and the I>ublic lu-incijdes which I apprehend that you entertain, leave upon my mind no hesitation of communicsiting to you, confidentially, my views, and the object Mdiich iiTesistibly imi>els me to undertake this species of banishment, in hopes that you will see its magnitude, and, in consequence, afibrd your utmost supjiort to the undertaking. " I am one of those who know all the consequence of our late Ameilcan dominions, and do not attempt to hide from myself the impend Mig calamity, in ca.se of future war, because neither iax council nor in the field did I contribute to theii* dismemberment. & fd 15 " I would die by more than Indian torture to restore my King and Ids family to tlieir rightful inheritance, and to give my country that fair and natural accession of power Avliich an union with their brethren could not ftiil to bestow and render permanent. " Though a soldier, it is not by arms that I hope for this result : it is vohntcs in fopnli),- only that such a renewal of emi)ire can be desirable to His Maje.;ty ; and I think, even now (though I hold that the last supine five years, and every hour that the Government is deferred, detracts from our fair hopes) — even now, this event may take place. *' I mean to prepare for whatever convulsions may happen in the United States ; and the method I propose is by establishing a free, honourable, British Government, and a pu; 3 administration of its laAvs, which shall hold out to the solitary emigrant, and to the several States, advantages that their present form of government doth not and cannot permit them to enjoy. "There are inherent defects in the Congressional form of government. The absolute prohibition of any order of nobility is a glaring one. The true New-England Americans have as strong an aristocratical spirit as is to be found in Great Britain ; nor are they anti-monar- chical. I hope to have a hereditary Council, with some mark of nobility." He then proceeds to speak of the locality which he expected to make the heart and centre of his new community, and of the name which its chief town was to bear. "For tlie purpose of Commerce, Union, and Power," ho says, "I propose that the site of the Colony should be in that great Peninsula Itetween the Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario, a spot destined by nature sooner or later to govern that interior world. " I mean to establish a Capital in the very heart of that Country, upon the River la Tranche, which is navigable for batteaux one hundred and tifty miles, and near to where the Grand River, Avhich falls into Erie, and others that communicate with Huron and Ontario, almost interlock. The Capital I mean to call Geoi-gina. I aim to settle in its vicinity Loyalists who are now in Connecticut, provided that Government approve of the system. I am to have a Bisho'j>, an English Chief Justice, Ac." He then observes that he is aware his views will be doemed chimerical by some in England. He is nevertheless confident of sympathy among many in the New England States. ^/^ IG " Tliis, Sir," lio says, " is the outline of my j)lan, and I trust it will force its way, notwithstanding what circumscribed men and self- interested monopolists may allege against it. It must stand on its own ground ; for my extensive views are not what this Country is as yet ])repared for, though the New England Provinces are by no means averse to them ; and they are the strength of America." And then he speaks of the alluring contrast, literary and political, which, if ho can only obtain proper cooperation and help, his domain will pi-csent, when compared with the United States. " Now, Sir," he continues to Sir Joseph Banks, " not to trespass on your time, you will see how highly important it will be, that this Colony (which I mean to shew forth, with all the advantages of Bx'itish protectorate, as a better Government than the Unittul States can possibly obtain), should, in its very foundations, provide for every assistance that can possibly be secured for the Arts and Sciences, and for every embellishment that hereafter may decorate and attract notice, and may point it out to the neighbouring States as a superior, more happy and more polished form of government. I Avould not, in its infancy, have a hut, nor in its maturity, a palace, built without this design. " My friend, the Marquis of Buckingham," ho next proceeds to say, " has suggested that Government ought to allow me a suni of money to be laid out for a Public Library, to be composed of such books as might be useful to the Colony. He instanced the Encyclo- paedia, extracts from which might occasionally be published in the newspapers. It is possible private donations might be obtained, and that it Avould become an object of Royal munificence. " If any Botanical arrangement could take place [this project he knew it would be in Sir Joseph's power to promote,] I conceive it might be highly useful, and might lead to the introduction of some commodities in that country which Great Britain now procures from other nations. Hemp and Flax should, be encouraged by Romulus." Then comes the passage in which he moots the idea of a University, or College of high class, for the community which he is about to found, and to which I have already referred. " In the literary way," he says, " I should be glad to lay the foimdation of some Society that, I trust, might heieafter conduce to the extension of Science. Schools have been shamefully nreglected. A College of a higher class would be eminently useful, and would J. ^sy ^^^^^p i. 17 give a tone of principles and of manners that would be of infinite support to Government." Tlieu, after describing the surgeon who is to accompany hini and who he evidently th'nks will be of use to him in conductinc. investi- irations m science, h. concludes by promising to call on Sir Joseph when he comes up to town. "Sir George Yon^-e," he says, "has promised my old surgeon a young man attached to his Profession, and of that docile, patient and industrious turn, not without inquisitiveness, that will willingly direct Itself to any pursuit which may be recommended as an object oi inquiry. "^ "I am sure, Sir, of your full pardon for what I now ofi"er to you from the design with which it is written ; and I am anxious to profit from your enlarged ideas. I shall therefore beg leave to wait upon you Avhen I return to London. " I am. Sir, with the utmost respect, " Your most obedient and faithful— -SiRj. Banks, Bart, .j. ^ g,^^^.^^ " President of the Ptoyal Society. "January 8, 1791." From this letter it will appear that the organizer of Upper Canada fondly hoped, through British institutions honourablv worked in his new province, to Anglicise the United States. He would have been amazed had he been told the day would come when the United States would Americanize the British islands. However, the policy of Governor Simcoe still in some degree governs English statesmen. We see his theory apparently pushed in our own day. For one thing, the distribution of titles of late years has increased. There are many persons in the parent state and elsewhere who expect that such distinctions, combined with the real freedom and more positive civilization and refinement resulting from British institutions within the Canadian Dominion will, if they do not in any way afiect society in the United States, at least render the people of the Dominion itself so satisfied with their condition by comparison, that no desire will exist among them for amalgamation with their southern neighboui-s I next give portions of letters addressed by Governor Simcoe to Bishop Mountain, of Quebec. It will be seen from them that he had a very luminous forecast of the future of Canada, and that his plans in respect to it were those of a statesman. He several times refers to his project of a University for Upper Canada. 2 ^/^ 18 In a letter to tlie Bisliop, dated Kingston, Upper Canada, April 80, 1795, he observes : " Perhaps the constitution given to Upper Canada, however late, forms the singular exception to that want of preventive Avisdom which has characterized the present tinu's. The jx^oph) of this Pro- vince enjoy the forms, as well as the privileges, of the British consti- tution. They Imve the means of governing themselves ; and, having nothing to ask, must ever remain a part of the British empire ; provided they shall become suHiciently capable and enlightened to understand their relative situation and to manage their oAvn power to the public interest. " Liberal education seems to me, therefore, to Ix) indispensably necessary ; and the completion of it by the establishment of a University in the capital of the country, the residence of the Governor and the Council, the Bishop, the heads of the law, and of the general quality of the inhabitants consetjueut to the seat of govern- ment — in my apprehension, would be most useful to inculcate just })rinciples, habits and manners, into the rising generation ; to coalesce tliG different customs of the a arious descriptions of settlors, emigrants from the old provinces [the United States] or Euroj)e, into one f'»rm. In short, from distinct ])arts and ancient prejudices to new form, as it were, and establish one nation ; and thei-t^by to strengthen the union with Great Britain, and to pi-eserve a lasting obedience to His Majesty's authority. The income contemplated for such an estab- lishment is certainly, of itself, too contemptible to be withhold from the jirosecuting of so great an object, on any views of expense." In accordance with the usage then almost universal, he takes for granted that the professoi-s will be clergymen ; and he desires that they shall be in the fii"st instance Englishmen ; but ho makes some shrewd distinctions ; he does not desire the presence of over-refined, over-cultiA'ated clergymen. He was acrpiainted with the character of the New-England i)eople. The inhabitants of the young province of Upper Canada would be, he knew, of a similar temper, and would require to be ministered to, educationally and otherwise, by competent and earnest men indeed, but men ako somewhat homely and humble- hearted. He had likewise doubtless often witnessed the bad effect of incompatibility of manners between pastors and flocks in the mother country. "I naturally should wish," he says, "that the clergy necessary for < offices in the University, in the lii-st instance, should be Englishmen, 4 (^.^f 19 if possible, (conforming therein to Mr, Secretary Duntlas's opiniDH, and indeed, in this respect, to my own). But as in an object of such magnitude no exj lanation can be too miiuite which fairly and distii'.ctly elucidates these pjints, which ought not to be misunderstood, I only refer to your lortlship's slight exi)erience of the habits and muuuijrs of the American settlers, to say how very different they are from those of Great Britain ; and how unlikely it is for clergymen, eilucated in England, with English families and propensities, habituatcnl in every situation to a higher degree of refinement and comfort than can be found in a new country, or possibly anywhere witho\it the precincts of Great Britain — how unlikely it is that such persons should obtain that influeiice with their parishioners which may effectually j)romoto the object of their mission." And he looks at the matter, likewise, from the politician's point of view, regarding the Church and its ministers as insti'uments of government. ** In the infancy of such a government as that f Upper Canada," he observes, " and in the general inilisposition of these times to all restraint, it seems to be of peculiar importance to pi'event the pul)lic interest, both in Church and State, from suffering through any ill-will or disregard which the King's subjects may bear to tliose persons who are in any manner concerned in its administration. " On the other hand," ho continues in the same strain, '' I am persiiaded if, at the outset, a few pious, learned men, of just zeal and primitive manners, shall be sent to this country, with sufficient inducement to make them suppoi't this honoural»le banishment with cheerfulness — and that in the first instance your lordship shall not too strenuously insist upon learning as a qualification for ordination, where there are evident marks of religious disposition and proofs of morality — I am confident the rising generation will be brought up competently learned and properly endued with religion and loyalty; and it is probable that they may at least be equal to those of Con- necticut in this continent, whose clergy are, in general, inferior to none in those points of learning and of acquisition in the dead languages, which may be generally considered as the necessaiy materials and instruments of their sacred profession. " In short, my Lord," he then ailds, " if the maintenance of religion and morality be merely considered iii a commercial light, as so much merchandise, the bounty which I have proposed, and most earnestly ^ <^f4 20 implore may bo for a wliile extendod to it, will augment that produce on which the union of this coixntry with Great Britain and the pre- servation of Her Majesty's sovereignty may ultimately dei)en(l. 1 am almost ashamed of using this metaphorical language, but it is that of the age." He then gives his expei'icnce as derived from a late excursion through the settlements ; and he expresses the fear, if institutions of education and religion continue to bo withheld, the inhabitaiits will at no distant day be desirous of migiuting back again to the United Stcctes. •' There has nothing," he says, " in my late progress, given me equal mieasiness with the general application of all ranks of the most loyal inhabitants of the Province, that I would obtain for them churches and ministei's. They say that the rising generation is rapidly returning to barbarism. Tliey state that the Sabbath, so wisely set apart for devotion, is literally unknown to their children, who are busily employed in searching for amusements in which they may consume that day. And it is of serious consideration, that on the approach of the settlements of the United States to our frontiers, particularly on the St. Lawrence these j>eople, who by experience have found that schools and churches are essential to their rapid establislanent, may jirobably allure many of our most respectable settlers to emigrate to them, while in this respect we suffer a disgraceful deficiency." He next alludes to some views of his in regard to the jwssible future restoration of unity between two religious parties subsisting in the community both of the United States and Ui)per Canada, and the happy political results that might accrue from such restora- tion. His vieAvs on this head he strongly adheres to, although he is aware they are in danger of being misapprehended. *' A principal foundation," lie says, " of the wise and necessary friendship of Great Britain with these her legitimate descendants, I have heretofore pointed out, as to be deduced from the most intimate union and reconcilement between the English EjHscopal Church and that of the Independent form of worship used in the New England Provinces — an emanation from the English Church, as all theii authors avow, and principally originating from the harsh measures of the secular power which the English Church once exercised, but which is now no more. Though my ideas on this subject, my Lord; ^y/ X 21 •wore probably n isundorstood, and the lukowanu spirit of the times ^had I been eve.i called on for their ex])laiiatiou) wouUl, doubtless, have slighted my reasons as merely struck out in the heat of i::i:i^i- nation, and not, tis they are, the sober deductions of much thought and of personal observation, yet nothing has happened since I left England in the least to invalidate, to my own conception, the policy of the measures I then j)roposed ; and as far as may be now in the power of His Majesty's Ministers, I most earnestly hope that what remains will be effected — that is, by giving the means of proper education in this province, both in its rudiments and in its com}.ie- tion, that from ourselves we may raise up a loyal and, in duo progress, a learned clergy, and which will speedily tend to unite not only the Puritans within the Province, but the clergy of the Episcopal Church however dispersed, to consider with affection the Parent State, to form, corroborate and unite, within the United States, that powerful body of people who naturally must prefer the alliance of Great Britain to that of Fi'ance, who are mostly members of the Ej)iscopal Oluu'ch, and on all sides to bring within its pale in Upper Canada, a very great body of denominational ists who, in my judgment, as it were, offer themselves to its protection and re-union." (He appears to have supposed that by certain relaxations on the part of the Eitisc(»pal authorities on both sides of the line, the bi'each between the descen- dants of the so-called "pilgrim fathers" and the mothei'-church might be he.iled, and a universal good will towards England throughoutthe Noi'th American continent be established.) " These objects," he again repeats, " would be materially promoted by a University in Upper Canada, which might, in due progress, acquire such a chtiracter as to become the place of education to many persons beyond the extent of the King's Dominions." As suggestive of a precedent for Government aid to his University projected for Upper Canada, he refers to the grant promised (but never made) to Bishop Berkeley for a College in Bermuda, in 1725. He also hints that the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel would do well also to patronize the undertaking, as likely to aid powerfully in carrying out the benevolent designs of the Society iu regard to the aborigines of North America. " If I recollect, my Lord," he says to Bishop Mountain, " Parlia- ment voted .£20,000 for the erection of the University proposed by Bishop Berkeley, iu the Bermudas. The object, not to speak dis- S3 ros)>octfully of so truly I'CHpectablo u prolate, was cortaiiily of trivial importance to vluit T now jiroposo." Aniielit hy pro- moting a University, which, if placed in the pait J meditate, would, in its turn, have gi'eat influence in civilizing,' the Indians, and, what is of more importance, those who corrupt them." Ho then puts it generally to the Church of the mother country, that its mend)ers ought to assist in estaltlishing a Univei-sity in the Colony, inasmuch as such an institution would be a bulwark therein against the encroachments of dangerous principles Avhich everywhere were endangering society. The terni " minute" which he uses, was probably caught from the title of Bishop Berkeley's book, the " Minute Philosopher," directed against the free-thinkers of his day. " The E})iscopal Cliurch in Great Britain," he says, " from pious motives as well as policy, are materially interested that the Church should increase in this Province. I will venture to prophesy its preservation depends npon a University being erected therein, as one of the groat sup[M)rts of true learning against the minute, the plel)eian, the mechanical philosoidiy which, in the present day, from the suc- cessful or problematical experiments of ill proft^ssors in rational in(piiries, lias assumed to itself the claim of dictating in r(>ligion and morality, and, in coTisequence, now threatens mankind with ruin and desolation." The old Universities of England, he suggests to the Bishop, ought also to be applied to for help. " The Universities of England, I make no doubt," lie says, " would contribute to the planting of a scion from their resi)ectable stock in this distant colony. In short, my Lord, I have not the smallest hesi- tation in saying that I believe, if a Protestant' E[)iscopaI University should 1>G proposed to be erected even in the United States, the British nation would moat liberally subscribe to the undertaking." Again, he refei-s to his project in a letter to Bishop Mountain, under date of "Navy Hall, October 16, 1795," thus :— " My views in respect to a University arfs totally unchanged ; they are on a solid basis, and may or may not be complied with, as my superiors shall think proper; but shall certainly appear as my system to the judg- ment of posterity." ^ (/ 3 23 Anil onco rn( re, to tlio same correspondent, writinjr,' from '* York," on tli(^ 2Htli of Kehruary, 17i)0 (the year of his reciill), he nays; " 1 have Hc'iD'oely the sniallt'st liope of this (}ov«'rninent being sui»[iortetl in the niaiUKT whieh \ oaiiiiot hut tliink proj>er for the national interests, ami eonnnensurate with its estal>Iislie(l constitu- tion. In partieuh\r, I liavt^ no idea that a University will l)o (!stal)- lished, tliouyli I am dailv eonfirnu'd in its neecssitv. I lament thrs(f events, from th(> duty I owt^ to my Kini,' and country, and have only to j^uard, that no opinion of mine; Ix^ inter]>reted to promise beneficial effects, when the ade[)er Canada, eithci- consciously or unconsciously, was a genuine son of Walter dc ^Merlon : (1) in his desire to secure in perj)etuity an enlightened training in matters of religion, in n)anners, in science and ])ractical knowledge, for the community wliich he had initiated ; and (2) in his auxic^ty to make the institution of education which was mainly to help forward the great work, in the generations that should follow aftt^r him, com- prehensive and national, aiming, with this object in view, to bring to an end, so far as in him lay, anumg the poojde over whom he presided, religious feuds, and irritating, clashing interests. II. — I turn now to Lord Elgin, Governoi'-Gen(?ral of CanaiUi from 1847 to 1855 ; who, before succeeding to the title by the unlookcd-foi- death of an elder brother, Avas a Fellow of Morton College in the Uni\ersity of Oxford. I have not been able to lay my hand on any reported speeches of his, having direct reference to the University of Toronto. I have been obliged on this occasion to content myself with portions of other productions of his, shewing his views in regard to high educa- tion. It will be seen from these that in a Canadian Governor aarain Walter de Merton had a genuine representative. Even wliile yet a student, but one vry near his degree, we have him offtiring in a private letter to his father a criticism of great weight on the working of the English University system as he found it at Oxford in 1832. His conviction, like that of Roger Bacon of Merton before him, was that education shoidd be no thing of seeming, but as real us possible. His remarks may with advantage be borne in mind- % 24 " In my own mind I confess," he says to his fjither, " I am much of opinion that college is put off in general till too late ; and the g-.iining of honours, thei^efore, becomes too sevex'e to be \iseful to men who are to enter into pi-ofessions. It was certainly originally intended that the degrees which require only a knowledge of the classics should be taken at an eai-lier age, in oi'der to admit of a residence after they were taken, during which the student might devote himself to science or composition, and those habits of reflection by which the mind might be formed, and a practical advantage drawn from the stores of knowledge already acquired. By putting them off to so late an age, the consequence has been, that it has been necessary proportionably to increase the difficulty of their attainment, and to mix up in college examinations (which are supposed to dejiend ujKjn study alone) essays in many cases of a nature that demands the most prolonged and deep reflection. The effect of this is evident. Those who, from circum- stances, have neither opportunity nor leisure thus to i-eflect, must, in order to secure their success, acquire that kind of superficial infor- mation which may enable them to dn\w sufficiently plausi])le conclu- sions, upon very slight grounds ; and of many who have this forvt of knowledge, most will eventually be proved (if this sy.stem is carried to an excess) to have but little of the substance of it." The real educational results, that is, to the nation, woidd be gi'eater and better, if the merely pre}>aratory studies of young men could be made to end earlier, and the time thus gained be converted i!ito an interval calmly and seriously devoted to }>hilosophic inquiry in various directions, by those intended for the pi"ofessions and othei-s having a genuine love of learning, iiTesjx^ctive of emolument. This is a thought which opens up a noble view of what a University might be. At the Michaelmas exsimination of 1832, Lord Elgin was placed in the tii-st class in chx.ssics, and common report spoke of him as '• the best fii"st of his year." And not long afterwards he was elected a Fellow of Merton. In Walrond's Memoir, few letters of Lorel Elgin are given of a very early date. But we ai-e told that after leaving college, he kept lip a i-egular correspondence on abstruse questions with his brother Frederick, still at Oxford. Some of these letters shoidd have been gi^•en for the benefit of students. Before his appointment to the Governor-Generalship of Canada, Lord Elgin had in Jamaica, where he was Governor in 1842, a field Jk» 25 A> for eilucationt 1 experiments, of the rudest kind ; to the cultivation of which lie a. once addressed himself. '•The object " says Mr. Walrond, " which Lord Eljrui had most at heart was to improve the moral and social condition of the Xegi-oes, and to tit them, by education, for the freedom which had W'en thrust upon them ; but, with characteristic tact and sjigacity. he pi-eferred to comj>a.ss this end through the agency of the plantei-s themselves. By encouraging the application of mechanical contrivances to agi-i- cultui-e, he sought to make it the interest not only of the i»ea.Siints to acquii"e. but of the planters to give them, the education necessai-y for using machinery ; while he lost no op[)ortunity of impi-es-sing on the land owning class that, if they wished to secure a constant supply of labour, they could not do so better than by creating in the labouring class the wants which belong to educated beings." Tlu.s advocacy of the use of machinery with a view to pi-omoting culti\ation of mind in those who must superintend its working, is interesting. In a letter to the Colonial ^linister Lonl Elgin touches uj)on the matter himself. '• In urging the adoption of machineiy in aid of manual labour," he says, ''one main object I have had in view has ever Wen the creation of an aristocn^cy among the labourei-s themselves : the sub- .stitution of a given amount of skilled lalx)ur for a larger amount of un.skilled. !My hope is," he continues, " that we may thus engender a healthy emulation among the labourers, a desire to obtain situations of eminence and inai"k among their fellows, and also to push their children forward in the same career. "Where labour i.s so scai-ce as it is hei-e. it is undoubtedly a great object to be able to eflect at a cl eajKT r.ite V»y machinery, what you now attempt to execute very iinsi\tisfactorily by the hand of man. But it seems to me," Lonl Elgia then observes, " to be a still more important object to awaken this honou.niltle ambition in the bresist of the peasant, and I do not see how this can be effected by any other means. So long as laViour means notliing more than digging cane holes, or carrying loa«ls on the heail, physical strength is the only thing rerpiii-ed ; no monil or int'llectual qiuility comes into })lay. But, in dealing with mechanical apidiaiK'^s. the case is different ; knowledge, acutenes.s, .steadiness, are at a pi-emium. The Negro will soon appreciate the worth of these qualities, when they give him position among liis owu class. An indirect value will thus attach to education. ^^/^ 26 " Every succossfiil effort made by enterprising and intelligent indi- viduals 1) sul)stituto skiil(;d for unskilled labour; every premium awarde(l by soL-iijtios in acknowledgment of superior honesty, careful- ness, or ability, has a tendency to afford a remedy the most salutary and effectual which can be devised for the evil here set forth." And again he says in a despatch home, *' So long as the planter despairs — so long as he assumes that the cane can be cultivated and sugar manufacaired to profit only on the system adopted during slavcny — so long as he looks to external aids (among which ] class emigration.) as his sole hope of salvation from ruin — with what feel- ings must he contemplate all earnest efforts to civilize the mass of the popidation \ Is educatioii necessary to qualify the peasantry to cany o;i the; rude field operations of slavery? May not some persons (!ven entertain the apprehension, that it will indispose them to such pursx'.its \ But let him, on the other hand, believe that by the sub- stitution of ]nor(? artificial methods for those hitherto emnloyed, he may materially abriiige the expf^use of raising his produce, and he cannot fail to perceive that an intelligent, well-educated labourer, with something of a character to lose, and a reasonable ambition to stimulate him to execution, is likely to prove an instrument more apt for his purposes tlrui the ignorant drudge who differs from the slave only in being no longer amenable to pei'sonal restraint." '' It is inii)ossible," observes the biograjjher of Lord Elgin, in a note on the abovt>, " not to be struck with the applicability of these remarks to the condition of the agricultural poor in some parts o^ p]ngland, and the cpiestion of extending among them the benefits of education." The same remarks might be pondered also advantageously by those who entertain tlui fear that a good educational training, for which such facilities exist amongst us, and for which in the futui'e even greater will exist, will render men disinclined to, ami in fact incapaci- tated for. the work which must be done on Canadian farms, if a home sui)ply of fooil and clothing material for the population of the country is to be maintained. The probability, on ihe contrary, is that, gradu- ally hereafter, the effect of a universal educational training, of a judi- cious kind, and not pushed beyond the point indicated by connnon sense, Avill be to render agricultural work in the highest degree inviting to a due proportion of the community ; and light in numerous respects where now it is heavy and most weary to the bodily powei's. -m^ «■» ^ 27 Like his pi edecessor, Governor Simcoe, ainl like "Wjiltor do Morton Lord Elgin (id not regard secular education as all-sutKcient. He ever took into consideration the religious juntion of men's nature- We have a clue to his principles on this point in an extract from a memorandum of his on a systematic coui-se of study for degree, given us by Jiis biographer. It is characteiistic of the stud'^Vit James Bruco, and of tlie mature man Lmd J']lgin. " Ancient History," he writes, " together with Aristotle's Politics and the ancient orators, arc to be read in connection with the lUbh' history, with th? view of seeing how all hang upon each other and develo[> the leading schemes of Providence.'' The various branche.'-. of mental and nioval scienco he proposes, in like manner, to hinge upon the Xmv Testament, as constituting, in another lino, the history of m(n-al iviul intelligent development. The sympathies of Lord Elgin, as Govermn- of Jamaica. :;s Goveruor-Grporal of Canaila, and as Governor-General of India, were entii'ely with those who l)elieve (to adopt tlie words of the "Vice-President of the Committee of Privy Council on Education, Mr. W. E. Forster), that, "while it is a grt>at and a good thing to know the laws that "overn this world, it is better still to have some sort of faith in the relations of this world with another ; that the knowl(Mtge of cause and etl'ect can never replact^ the motive to do right and avoid wrong ; that . . . Keligion is the motive power, the faculties are the machines ; and the machines are useless without the motive power." But, as a [practical statesman, Lord Elgin felt that tlu' one kiml of education he had it in his j)owi r to forward directly by measures falling within his own legitimiite ])voviuce ; while the other he could only promote indii-ectly, by pointing out the need for it, and dr.vwing .attention to the peculiar circumstances of his government respecting it. The persori-^ in the mother country and among ourselves who maiii- tain an agitation in favour of the educational arrangements of former centuries, ignore the facts of modem society, which have been brought into being, not without Providential supervision. It has become impossible now for governments and governoi's to insist on particular beliefs in communities, however possible it may huve been for them to do so once, and however right and perhaj>s ))eneticial it was for them to do so then. From the necessity of the case, the modern Csesur must coutiue himself to the things of Ciysar. It does not ^^^ i 28 follow that the modern Csesar is indiffei-ent to the things of God. For the things of God, so far as man n\ay therein co-operate, Csesav may be held to lielieve that other agencies moi-e direct than his own have been ordained ; and that for him it remains solely to ai)})rove and to encourage, without dictating. Walter de Merton worked out his reform in the national education of England by quietly ascending to a sphere above that occupied by " eremites and friars, black, white and fifrav," who sousjjht to assert themselves in an exaircrerated dejjree. Somewhat similarly now, in an ei-a of intellectual and sjjiritual ferment, governments find it essential to just action in resjject of many mundane matters, to maintain themselves at an altitude where the air is, com})aratively, serene. We have an utterance of Lord Elgin's, containing words of most wholesome drift, educationally, in a lecture to the Mercantile Libraiy Association at Montreal, in 1848. He said : '' The advantages of know- ledge, in a utilitarian point of view, the utter hopelessness of a successful attempt on the part either of individuals or cla.sses to maintain their position in society if they neglect the means of self-improvement, are truths too obvious to call for elucidation. I must say that it seems to me that there is less risk, therefoi*e, of our declining to avail our- selves of our opportunities than thei-e is of our misusing or abusing them ; that there is less likelihood of our refusing to grasp the trea- sures sj>read out before us, than of our laying upon them rash and irrevei-ent hands, and neglecting to culti\ate those habits of patient investigation, humility and moral self-control, without which we have no sufficient security that even the pos.session of knowledge itself will be a blessiu" to us." .... And aijain, in the same strain : " God has planted within the mind of man the lights of reason and of conscience, and without it [/. e., outside of it] He has placed those of revelation and experience ; and if man wilfully extinguishes those lights, in order that, under cover of the darkness which he has liimself made, he may install in the sanctuary of his understanding and heart, where the image of truth alone .should dwell, a vain idol, a en-ature of his own fond imaginings, it will, I fear, but little avail him, more especially in that day when the secivits of all heai'ts shall be revealed, he if shall plead, in extenuation of his guilt, that he did not invite others to worship the idol until he had himself fallen prostrate befoi*e it." In a note on the above lecture, Sir F. Bruce thus writes : "A knowledge of what he [Lord Elgin] was, and of the results which he <^99 29 in conseqti'^nce achieved, would bo an ndmirable text on which to engi'iift idtas of permanent vahie on this most important question [of education], as heljung to shew tliat to reduce education to stuffing the mind witli facts, is to dwarf the iutelligence, and to reverse the natux'al process of the growtli of man's mind : that the knowledge of principles, as the means of discrimination, and the criterion of those individual ap[)reciations which are fallaciously called facts, ought to be the end of high education." (Lord Elgin had said in the lecture : " Bear in mind that the quality which ought chietly to distinguish those who aspire to exercise a conti'olling and directing influence in any department of Innnan action, from those who have only a subor- dinate part to play, is the knowledge of princij>les and general laws." In illustration, he contrasted the qualitications of the mason and car- penter, and tlie architect; — of the steersman, and the master of the ship ; — -of the merchant's clerk, and the head of the establishment.) We now come nearer home. I select a passage from a speech on " the great and imj)ortant work of providing an efficient system of general education for the whole commimity," delivered at Toronto, on the occasion of laying the corner-stone of the Nonnal School in 1851. The statesman indoctrinated with the ideas (modernized) of Walter de Merton again iqipears. " I do not think that I shall be chargeable with exaggeration," Lord Elgil^ said, " when I affirm that it is the work of our day and generation ; that it is the problem in our modern society, which is most difficult of solution ; that it is the ground upon Avhich earnest and zealous men unnappily too often and in too many countries meet, not to co- operate, but to wrangle ; while the poor and the ignorant multitudes aroimd them are starving and perishing for lack of knowledge. Well, then, how has Upper Canada addressed herself to the execution of this great work \ How has she sought to solve this problem — to overcome this difficulty \ Sir [addressing the Rev. Dr. Ryerson], I understand from your statements — and I come to the same conclusion from my own investigation and observation — that it is the principle of our common-school education system, that its foundation is laid deep in the firm rock of our common Christianity. I understand, sir, that while the varying views and oi)inions of a mixeil religious society are scrupulously respected, while every semblance of dictation is carefully avoided, it is desired, it is earnestly recommended, it is contidently expected and hoped, that every child who attends our yy his life and conversation the sincerity of his prayei's that that Father's will may be done iipon earth, as it is done in heaven." The successor of Lord Elgin was Sir Edmund Head, who was transferred from tlui government of New Brunswick to that of the whole of British Korth America, in 1854. Sir Edmund Head had been not only a Fellow at Morton, biit also a Tutor there for several years. He had associited himself at an early period Avith the advo- cates of improvement in English eJaoation. Among the names of the Local C!omnxittee, at Oxford, in 1833, of the famous Society for the Diffusion of Usoful Knowledge, the president of which was Lord Brougliam, is to be seen that of " E. \V. Head, Esq." This indicated in Sir Edmund the ])ossession of much moral courago. The Society for the Dirtusion of Useful Knowledge v/as in its day one of the best abused institutions in England ; but it initiated, or rather it power- fully promoted, what had already in the Pi'ovidential order of things been in other ways initiated, a great cliange in the intellectual con- dition of the British nation. Sir Edmund Head was Lord Elgin's senior by a few years, and it had curiously happened that in the examination at whieh Lord Elgin won his Fellowship at Merton, Sir Edumnd Head had taken i)art — a circumstance to which Lord Elgin gracefully alluded in his farewell speech at Quebec. As introductory to my notice of this third Merton man who has been one of our rulers in Canada, I will give the passage in which Lord Elgin, on this occasion, spoke of the gentleman who was about to succeed him in the government. It was at an entertainment given by himself at Spencer Wood, near Quebec, on the eve of his final departure, in December 1834. " I trust," Lord Elgui said, *' that I shall hear that this house [the Oovernor-General's residence] continues to be what I have ever sought i I ^^/ \ v^ 31 to rcMidpr it, a noutrul territory on \vlii(;li povsons of opposito opinions, political nnd religious, msiy moot together in harmony Jind fui-gct their (lifi'erences for a season. And I have good hope," he adds, " that this will bo the cfise for sevei-al reasons, and, among others, for one which I can barely allude to, for it might be an impertinence iji me to dw<'ll upon it. But I think that without any breach of delicacy or decorum I may venture to say that many years ago, when I was nnich younger than I ai'i now, and when we stood towai'ds each other in a relation somewhivt dift'erent from that which has recently subsisted between us, I learned to look up to Sir Edmund Head with respect, as a gentleman of the highest character, the greatest ability, and the most varied accomplishments and attainments." (On this is a note in Walrond's memoir : '" Sir Ednumd Head, who succeeded Lord Elgin as Governor-General of ('auada in 18."')4, had examined him for a Merton Fellowship in 1833. Those who knew him wull recognize how singularly appro[)riate, in their full force, are the terms in which lie is here spoken of.") Sir Edmund Head visited Lord Elgin, at Toronto, in LSIO. A letter to Earl Grey thus opens: " Toronto, Nov. 1, 1850. Sir H, Bulwer spent four days with us, and for many reasons I am glad that he has been here. He leaves us knowing more of (*auada than he did when he came. I think, too, that both he and Sir E. Head return to their homes reassiu-ed on many points of our internal policy on which they felt doubtful before, and much enlightened as to the real position of men and things in this Province." It may reasonably be conjectured that Lord Elgin's personal regard and high esteem, united with the weight of his juk again. I had a great desire, I remember, to examine this collection. That Sir Edmund Head was no neophyte in the modern school of enlightened Englishmen, we have already seen. The sentences which T shall now read, containing opinions of his on the subject of educa- tion in general and of Canadian education in particular, are taken froui a speech delivered by him at the placing of the cope-stone on the turret of the Great Tower of the University Building, at Toronto, on the fourth of October, 18.58. The report of the speech would, I think, have been the better for revision. The stenographer seems not to have caught the sense in every minute particular. One or two phraseological changes have accordingly been made. (For a full account, see the Journal of Education, xi., 1G3. It may be noted that the foundation-stone of the building had been laid exactly two years previously, without any public ceremony ; and that one year later, namely in 1859, the professors were vigorously at work in their resjiective lecture-i'ooms). It was in response to a toast at the lunch which followed the ceremony of October 4th, 1858, that Sir Edmund Head spoke. He said : ** I shall long remember the kind manner in which the Vice-Chancellor has been pleased to sjieak of my services in connexion with the University. It is, however, my duty to tell him, and to tell you, gentlemen, that he has gi-eatly overrated those services." (The Vice-Chancellor, Mr. Langton, in a preceding apeech, had said that " from the smallest details to the most important matters, Sir Edmund had exhibited an interest in th^^ building ; and had it not been for him, he believed it would never have been built.") Sir Edmund then proceeded : " The good sense of the people of this country acknowledged the necessity for such a University and the advantages of the education to be afforded by it ; and I have acted only in the discharge of my duty in doing what I have been enabled 4 ii t. 33 to accomplisli in promoting the progress and, I hope, in consolidating the foundation of this great institution. But although," he added, *• t]i(^ Vice-Chanccllor has overrated my merits in connexion with the institution, he has not overrated my inclination to aid it. That inclination has ever been strong, and will ever continue strong." Then in exactly the strain which we can well conceive Walter de Merton himself adopting, when contemplating the condition of the vising generation of England, in 1264, 8ir Edmund continned thus : " I have a thorough conviction that academical institutions, such as are calculated to afford the means of acquiring a superior education, are of the highest value, especially in new countries. They are of value in all countries. Tliey are of value in old countries. But in new countries, which are beset with peculiar difficulties, these results are of great importance to the whole community. Such institutions are doubly important," he said, " where the rougher coiustituents of society ai'e called upon at an early age to go into the wilderness, there to earn their daily subsistence — they are doubly important in every case where it is necessary that the young men of the country .should go forth with those resources whicli may enable them to i)ass their leisure free from vice and in a manner befitting a Christian and a centleman. You have to contend with circiimstances which make it doubly difficult to ap}>ly a remedy for the softening down of that surface which is necessarily more or less roughened by contsvct with the world, because in new counti'ies, such as this, men are called into active life at an earlier period than in old countries, and they Jiave not therefore the means of receiving the fullest benefit of a Univer- sity education. "It is also clear," he then went on to say, "that however sound may be the basis of classical learning — that however much you may wish to refine those with whom your lot is cast — you must rear an enduring superstructure, or the mass of the comnmnity will not be able to receive at your hands the instruction which you desire to put before them. "I consider," he next observed, "that the instruction inculcated in a University ought to extend a pi'actical influence over a man's life, to enable him to go forth a better citizen and more able to earn his own bread in whatever walk of life he may be placed. In order to dischai'ge these important duties successfully, all kinds of ajjpli- ances are necessary. I accordingly felt a deep conviction that 3 VuMhj 34 [^ amongst the meuns most essential to tiio future welfare of tho University of Toronto, was that of a buihling alike worthy of the city in whicli the University is situated, and of the University itself. Such a building," he said, " was greatly needed, and I did not hesi- tate, as the Visitor, to sanction the outlay of the money necessary for the erection of the present structure. In so doing I felt con- vinced that tlie results woiild fully justify the stej) then taken." He then enlarged on the benefits likely to result from the existence of such a structux'e as the one which had been erected. " Such a build- ing," he said, " is important in many respects. There is a general disi>osition to depreciate that of which there is no outward, visible sign. The existence of a building like this, of an impoi-tant eharactei', commensurate with the gi'owth of the University itself, tends to remove such an impression ; and in the next place the a})iiliances connected with the building are of first-rate importance, not only to the pupils of the Univei'sity, but also to the community amongst whom the University is situated." Ho instanced t'le Li))rary. "A few months," lie saitl, " or at most a year or two, may pass, and the room in which we are now assembled will bo filled with volumes of books ; and in this I'oom the citizens of Toronto, wliether they are or are not membei's of the University, may, if they choose, seek recreation and information." He then remarks on the influence likely to be exerted by the University Library. The ancient Library of Merton, it may be, passed at the moment through his thoughts. It is worthy of remem- brance here, that not only was Merton College the prototype of English colleges, but Merton Library, the cpiair.t old relic of the past which we have described, was the prototype of English college libraries — the first example of siich an institution. It is interestuig to hear the testimony of a fonner Fellow and Tutor of Walter de Merton's Society borne to the incalculable value of such a possession — borne on the occasion of the establishment of a similar Library some six hundred years after Walter de Merton's day, in Canada ; in a region of the earth then undreamt of. " The influence of such a libraiy as this," Sir Edmund Head said, " is a most important matter. It is not only so with regard to what the young men take away, but it is so in its genei-al humanizing spirit — in the feeling of respect for literature which grows by the possession of such an institution as this." He then observed on the Museum : " In i-egai'd also to another room which we have just Icift — i • ^ /C6 A- tfl PI 35 the Musoum — I shall hope to see collected there such reinains as 7nay from time to time be found, and wliich would otherwise be scat- tered about and lost, of the aborit^inal inhal)itanfs of the country — • remains," Sir Kdinund added, " which my friend Professor Wilson is as well able to conserve and exidaiu as any man I know. And again, in Natui'al History ; a museum of that sort, constantly open for the reception of specimens, aftbrds the cei'tain prospect of the accumulation of that which is of the utmost importance in the history of science. And you have amongst you," the Governor took occasion to add, " men, such as Professors Hincks and Chapman, who are in every way (pialitied to occupy a high position iu this branch of science. " Another feature in connection with this building," Sir Edmund Head then said, " which I look upon as of great importance?, is that of providing accommodation within the Avails of the College for some portion of the students. [An especial feature and peculiarity in the innovations of Walter de Mcrton, in 12()4, was residence within the College walls. Previously, scholars attending the lectures of the jangling doctors were lodged very promiscuously in the streets and lanes of a confined mediaeval walled town.] This," Sir Edmund observed, " is undoubtedly one of the most powerful means of forming the character, and maintaining, through the influence of College discipline, that decorum and that sense of propriety Avith which you would wish to see the pupils leave the walls of the institution." He then goes on to i-emark on the architecture of the building, and to interpret, in an interesting manner, its significance. " I do not know," he says, " that the time would allow me to go more into detail on the points connected with the building as beai-ing upon the success of the University itself. I cannot, however, sit down without adding a few words in reference to the character of the building. I congratulate the architect," he said, " for having dealt with the structure in the successful manner he has done. I congra- tulate him, inasmuch as I believe he was the first to introduce this style of building into the American continent. So far as my know- ledge extends, I am not aware of any other instance of the Norman or Romanesque style of architecture on the continent. There may be such instances, but I know of none. " I believe that style," the speaker then went on to say, " is capa- ble of the most useful results. To my own mind it suggests a variety YoC> Mj 36 oi* annloj^ios, somo of thorn boarinp; particularly on tlio nature of the duties of tho momborn of tho University luire assciiihlod. In tlio first i»laco, T novor soo a buililinj,' of this stylo of architoctnro — whether it ho ecclesiastical or civil —but I regard it as a type of modorn civilization. It is tho adai)tation to niodorn purposes of forms which orij,'inated long ago — it is tho adai)tation of Ilonian architecture to modern civilization. Where did you get these forms ] Where did you got tho processes which give hirth to mvuiici- palitios — those municii)alities which, under diftcrent names, are spreading over the continent of America, carrying the principles of local self-government with them ? They are from Rome, from whence comes this Romanesque ai'chitecturo ; they are tho adaptation of forms derived from Rome to the wants of modem society. Many things in modern Euro})e are," he added, " precisely analogous to the stylo of the building in v/hich we are this evening assembled. I will say, moreover," he continued, " that the style of the architecture of this building suggests some reflections ui)on the duties of the Univei-- sity itself ; for it is tho business of the University to give a sound classical education to the youth of our country, and to impart to thc^n that instruction and information which are essential to the discharge of tlieir duties as citizens, both in iiublic and private life, according to the wants and usages of modern society. I say, sir, we may take the building in which we are assembled as the type of the duties standing before the University to discharge." It should be added, that previous to the ascent of the great gate- way tower, for the purpose of placing the cope-stone on the apex of its turret, Sir Edmund Head, in the true Mertoniau spirit of the olden time, had addressed the assemblage present with the words : ** Before proceeding to the work, let us join in supplicating the Divine blessing ; " when an appropriate prayer was said by the President of the University, the Rev. Dr. McCaul. Thus have I endeavoured to occni>v .our attention, for a short space, with three distinguished Gov'^iti.j.s of Canada, who were some- time members or fellows of Merton College in Oxford, and who, in relation to the higher education of the Canadian people, shewed themselves, by their words and deeds, worthy descendants of the enlightened Walter de Merton, of the reign of Henry III. Cana- dians, when they visit Oxford, remembering these things, will, I am sure, look with an added interest on Merton College, for the sake of I r ycy \ V 37 men who (ncu hid thoir hiibitutiun temporarily within its veneruhh) Wiilln, but whi) now Inuo Woi-ome insoparably aHsociiiteil witli tho liistory of (Ainada, from havini,' l)cen tlie means of transferrint^ hither traditions and ideas and solid institutions which, by an imperishable link, will ii.. all future time xuiito Canadian soholai's with Oxford — with tho Oxford of to-day, and strangely likewise with the Oxford of VIU. We may possibly have had other rulers in Canada who were ouce members of Mcrton, or membera of some other of the twenty-tivo coUegos or halls of Oxford ; but we are not aware of any who have so fully (hdivered themselves, as tht! three spoken of, on the subject of University education as adai>ted to Canada. Sir Charhvs Bagot was a member of Christ Church in the Univer- sity of Oxford ; and his was the hand that actually laid tho founda- tion-stone of King's College, out of which University Colh^go and the University of Toronto have grown. But we doubt whether his views on University eduoation were quite of a character adapted to the condition of this nartieular country. He cei'tainly in no way qualified his appi-obation of the charter of the Canadian National University as it read in 1842. Perhaps it was not his business to do so. He said : " I have ever considered tho two Universities of Oxford and Cambridge as the breasts of the mother-country. From them has been derived," he rather sweepingly observes, "all tho comforts of ptire and social religion — all that is useful and beneficial in science — all that is graceful and ornamental in literature. These same blessings," he then adds, " unless I greatly deceive myself, we have, under Providence, this day transplanted into these mighty I'egions. There may they continue from generation to generation ! There may they serve to instruct, enlighten and adorn your children's children through ages yet unborn, as they have for many ages past the children of our parent state." And on the plate inserted in the foundation-stone it was set forth in admii'ablo Latin, that " It was the desii'e of ouv illustrious Chan- cellor (i. e., Sir Charles Bagot) that the youth of Canada should, within their own borders, enjoy without delay, and transmit to posterity, the benefits of a religious, lecrncd, and scientific education, framed in exact imitation of the unrivalled models of the British Universities." (Voluit vir egregi GanadiB statim esset ubi Juventus, Eeligionis, Dostrinse, Artiumque Bouarum Studiis et yos^ ^^^^^ssamm 38 Disciplina, prfpstautissimum ad exemplar Britaniiiearum Universi- tatum imitando expressis, ipsa jam frueretur, eademqiie posteria fruenda tradei-et.) The Clmrter, indeed, of .Kinf,''s College, in 1842, was held and declared by its friends to l»e an unusually liberal one, considering tlie tiui ^ in which it was granted, and the source whence it emanated. On the day of the opening of the Institution, it was stated by the President, Dr. 8trachan, that "the Charter of the Univei'sity of King's College was not hastily settled. It was nearly a whole year under serious deliberation. It was repeatedly refeired to the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, Dr. Manners, who doubted the propriety of assenting to an instrument so free and comprehensive in its jirovi- sions. It was considered," the President proceeded 1? say, "not only the most open Charter for a University that had ever been granted, Init the most libei'al that could be framed on constitutional principles ; and His Majesty's Government declared that in passing it they had gone to the utmost limit of concession." The unjtrece- dented liberality of the Royal Charter consisted in the declaration : *' No religious test or qualitication shall be required of, or appointed for, any persons admitted or matriculated as scholars within our said College, or of i)ersons admitted to any degree in any Art or Faculty therein, except Divinity." That it should have been thought, however, that this concession would suffice to render all the other provisions of the Charter accept- able to a community like that of Canada, fills the mind with amaze- ment. The President was at all times to be the Archdeacon of York ex-ojficio. The Council was to consist of the President and seven Professors, who were also, for all time, to be members of the Estab- lished United Church of England and Ireland. I am not now saying anything to the contrary but tliat all these arrangements would have resulted in a system very efficient ; I am simply expressing astonishment, that with a perfect knowledge of the composition of the Canadian people, recruited annually from complex communities like those of the British Islands, it should have been for a moment supposed that in all future time such arrangements as these could be maintained in an institution held to be provincial and quasi-national. The cautious terms in which the House of Assembly of Upper Canada returned theii- thanks to the Governor, Sir Peregi'ine Mait- land, when he announced to them the Royal boor of a University fe> y^f V w Charter, a -e very notewoi thy. Tliey professod grpat jrnititiule to tlie Kinc:, )rovide'l "the principles upon wliich it (tho eoiueinplated institution) had been founded shoukl, upon eutpiiry, prove to l.e con- ducive to the advancement of true learning and piety, and friendly to the civil and religious liberty of the }>eople.'' They plainly had their doubts. From rumours afloat they feared some i>eril latent in the Royal gift ; and, rightly or wrongly, they detennineaTi:-io)!s, the modifications, the chan,.ted, and • deed l>eing irradually atloptevl in regard to educatioji in all its bra. ches, tut?, whether we like them or jot, the requirements of a new age — i-etpiii-emeuts of the generations of men who arc? to succeed us, and who ar^ destined, as we trust and believe, to enjoy — under the sui>erintendenee of a bem