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 Airieuitura Canada 
 
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 1 
 
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 1 2 3 
 
 4 5 6 
 
MKIOCOPV MKMUTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 ■ai2j 
 
 |Z5 
 
 U£ ■■ 
 
 
 Itt iSm 
 
 ■ 2.2 
 
 •^u* 
 
 ■■■ 
 
 S li£ 1 
 
 ■ 2.0 
 
 |L8 
 
 ^ /APPLIED IM^OE 
 
 165.3 Eait Uoin StrMt 
 
 RochJlLr. Nm Yorl. 14«09 US« 
 
 (716) «2- 0300- Phon. 
 
 (716) 2n - S9a« - fo. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 DAIRY AND COLD STORAGE COMMISSIONER'S BRANCH 
 
 OTTAWA . - CANADA 
 
 Aa 
 
 ■mt. 
 
 THE USE OF BRINE TANK REFRIGERATOR CARS 
 FOR FRUIT SHIPMENT 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWIN SMITH, B.S.A. 
 
 BULLETIN No. 50 
 DAIRY AND COLD STORAGE SERIES 
 
 Published by direction of the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 
 18269—1 
 
 MARCH, 1917 
 
lETTEB OF TRANSXITTAL. 
 
 To the Honourable th« Minister nf AKrioulturc. 
 
 Sir, — I beg to submit for your approvnl tht- manuKcript '>f n report of invc^tign- 
 tions into the use of "brino tu'ik'' refriKcrutur cufk in the >)iipnK'nt of fruit, wliicli 
 woro cnrrit'd out undrr tho inimcdiatr suix-rvi^ion of tin- iiuthor, "Ar. Edwin 
 Smith, B.S.A., formerly in charge of tlie Prwooling mul KxiK'rimentol Fruit >^f(i!ii!.'c 
 Vt'iiri'houso at Orimsliy, Ont. The railway conipanii-. inrludf in their ei|ni]inii'i:t i 
 number of these cars intended primarily for the carriage of meats at a low temperature. 
 As many of these cars loaded with meats and dairy produce are sent into sfme nf 
 the fruit growing districts, it is important to know if they can be used to advantage 
 to carry fruit as a return load and thus effect a con>ideral>li' ci'unomy in car milengi . 
 
 This report gives the results of trial shipments made in Rritish Coluniliiii and 
 also in connection with Ac oitpration of the Grimsby wnrchouse. 
 
 Some results already published in Hulletin Xo. 4>* have been summarized and in- 
 cluded in this report thus brinninn all our data into one ilneunient for the eonvinicsi'-e 
 of those who may l>e interested in the subject. 
 
 I have the honour to recommend that this rei)ort be pulplished as Bulletin Xu. 50, 
 Dairy and Cold Storage Series. 
 
 I have the honour to be. sir. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 J. A. RIDDICK, 
 Dai'^l) and Cold ."■'(orage Commiisioner. 
 Ottawa, January 30. 1917. 
 
THE USE OF BRINE TANK REFRIGERATOR CARS 
 FOR FRUIT SmPBAENTS 
 
 EDWIN SMITH. U.S.A. 
 
 Growers and shippers uf fruits and regctablpsi have stmngly (ibjet-tcd to the liritid 
 tank refrigerator ear for tfau «hipiiieiit uf tlieir productx. Tlieir (ilijn'tioiii nre fiitrly 
 based upon unsatiitfaotury i'X|)crieiici>ti and heuvy Wsos inrurri-d ov'mg to hiiih tt'in- 
 peratures in ahip^lent^< mudc with thiit type of refrigerator rnr. The niilwajM id 
 Canada have found this ear adinirnblo for shipping Hueh iierishnble prmlufe as (Hiultry, 
 meats and dairy products that reiiuire low tcnperatures, and, ax tlio xhipiiinK of fruitit 
 covers only a portion of the .veur, and n dual purpose car lia» been ri'iitiircil, tiny have 
 favored its adoption. With shippers and consignees ruling against, and oitt n refusing 
 to accept these cars for aliipment, and the railways incroaxing their siipplv, a problem 
 has been presented to the I>epartnient of Agriculture which has resolved itself into 
 the work of making the brine tank refrigerator ear efficient for tlie s]ii|>ini nt of fruits 
 and vegetables. Since the season of lOl.'J, when the investigational work was started, 
 great progress hag been made toward this end, so that at the i)r<'»ent time many very 
 satisfactory shipments of tender fruits are being made in brine tank ears, and ship* 
 p«irs who understand the proper methods of using them are accepting thcni for suclt 
 shipments without < <mrplaint. 
 
 In using the brine tjink refrigerator car for shipments of dressed meats or poultry, 
 it has been customary to use from 10 per cent to 20 per cent of crushed rock salt 
 mixed with the ii-e. This melts the ice rapidly, removing the heat from the interior 
 of the car and causiiis temperatures to fall below freezing. By tiie continued use of 
 salt in re-icing, freezing temperatures are maintained in tlie <'ar ilnriny transit even 
 in hot weather. 'Then fruit shi|)ment8 were undertaken in these cars, the use of ,nlt 
 was omitted, through the supposed danger of freezing, the ice l)eing put in the tanka 
 in block form. • " ni'a- to the method of icing the bunker or block-ice type ipf ear. 
 Herein lies ti ► 
 shipfiers. 
 
 When t . . 
 slowly, bccav 
 air that wnulu 
 
 ' has led to the unpopularity of brine tonk ears among fruit 
 
 '«t*d in the tanks iu large blocks, inciting takes place very 
 
 - in a separate compartment, completely shut off from the hot 
 
 lly ciwulnte fr«>m the wurm fruit, melting' not taking place uuti* 
 
 the heat has been transmitted through the iron tanks. It should he more el;.nrTy under- 
 stood that iee has to melt to have its pefrig«>ration made availaMe for the c.."oling „i' 
 a refrigerator ear in just as real a sense as «)al has to l)urn to nuike its heat available. 
 The result of such methods of icing the brine tank car gave very liifrh teiniH-rature^ 
 with a conse<iuent deterioration of the fruit. Thermographs placed in brine tank cars 
 iced in this way show that the temperature feldom goes below .lO" F. Tlic tlierniograph 
 record shown below is a fair sample of such shipments. This shipment was made 
 
 Fig. 1. Tempctature in a briae tank car, in which no salt was vu«d. 
 182C9— IJ 
 
 Car No. 28<,492C.P, 
 
July ll». HM:., with I'urriiiiti'. flirrrion, etc., prrooolc*! tft 4fl' F. before ihipmpnt and 
 Hhip|N-<l to Wiliiiiixtf ill cur No. iH44»2 IM*. It will U- itwii that the briii.. tank i-iir 
 did not furiiixh nfrijr«riiti"ii nuttirij-iit to kwii tlio tfiniMrnturi- ii.t low u<i it wif< iit tli» 
 dtHft, •<> that a i">rtioii >if the cherries ihoyvi-d a wantc of 10 per ecut uiwii arrival 8» 
 Wiuuii)oif. 
 
 The Use of Salt and Ice for Fniit Shipments in Brine Tank Cart. 
 
 (Siiiiimiiry of I'rt'vious Work taken from nuliitiii X". Jn.) 
 
 (o-npprntiiiK with iho I'niindian Taritl.' Unilwa.v ihiriiin the xpriiiif of l!tl4. U*U 
 were maili' in Vanniuvi-r u^iliK low iicriM'ntuni"* of Milt. i.o.. J lnr ont anil .'> jht ri'iit 
 of :,Hlt with .riiBhrd !•■. in .iiiiity hrinc tank cnri.. My u-'iuit J |Hr <Mnt of fait, tli.- 
 
 tinip'Talurr n.-ar the tiuik* rcarhitl Hi'" F. and in tli< litre of the car. :i,s F. 1!,, 
 
 ii>iiiK the .■. per lent of «alt mixture, a tein|N'ratiin' of jrt' F. «iis .eeuivd near the 
 liinkH, and ■'■2 V. in the eentre of the ««r. While the .■> |Mr ecnt inixture *e<'nied to 
 trive a lein|KTature too low for fruit, it ^<ho^lhl be kept in mind th;it th,' testis wen; 
 ni:ide in the middle of April when the outside temiMratiirer lanjied from 40° F. tj 
 <;.-. F. With ten tons of warm fruit in the ear, and an outside temperature of from 
 t;o F. to !"' F. this low temiH-rature would not be oltaincd. (Fitr. 1.) 
 
 Follow iiitf up this work in the summer of 1914 with a sh!. uent of fruit from Sum- 
 intrland l- S'aneouver, B.C., a brin«> tank car was used with slatted IIootm nod with 
 :> iKT cent of ^alt incorporated with erushed ice in the tankn. The shipment arrived 
 in Vaiieoiiver in (food condition. The teiDi)erature« were low and there was no evi- 
 duiK-u ui irue^iiitf. 
 
 Demonrtrations with Brine Tank Can in 1916. 
 
 "With tho oo-op<^rfltioi, of the Canadian P.ioifio and the Ornnd Trunk Rnilwayi, 
 arrnngenients were niadt> to use bnne tank refrigerator* for two cars of fruit that 
 where nnr.h.ised for exiMrimental shipment from Orimsby to Winnipeg during thr 
 past season, in order to <urry the work further, using the suit mixture with precooW 
 
 '^"' tru-hed iee with .-. |..r eent of salt was placed in the tanks of the care. The fruit 
 
 ^^.„^ ,„ ,.„U.d to 40° F. and 45° F. As is the customary practice at the precooling 
 
 plant with all shipments of precool.>d fruit«, slatted false fl«.rs were placed in the cars. 
 A thermograph was placed on the floor against the ice tanks to n^-ord the lowest 
 temperatures .luring transit and one was placed on top of the load of fruit m the 
 eentre of the <ar to record the highest temperature to which the fruit would be exposed 
 while in the .ar. The fruit was loaded and braced in the usual manner ond the doors 
 I. led i h sulphite paper. On September 20. car No. 2«4034 C.P. Fig. 2) was s npp«l 
 ^, Winnipeg. rUuiring four and one-half days to reach its destination. On September 
 '>•{ ear No ".400.53 O T P (Fig. 'J) wos shipped to the some point requiring approxima- 
 tely- five days to rea<-h its destination. Block ice without salt was us«l for re-ieing 
 during transit. 
 
 i^ i!l!!U 
 
 lig. 2. Temperature r«cord, top of lo«l of fruit, centre of cm No. C.P. 284,024. 
 
i"i«. 91 Tfni|i*r«luru nnirl, U'V nf lu«d of lrui% leiilro i.( lar H.T.I'. N". :iii'.iiV(. 
 
 Mr. A. TI. Fliiok. Chi.f Fruit IV>min. .11 . :isp.<-t..r for thr fV'iri. I'rnviiic-. 
 iiis|Mrtf<l tiu' Hhiimu'iiW am! ri|M.rUil tlmt tlicv iirriMcl tlirr.- in j.. rf.Mt .•.iii<lili..ii. No 
 injury whntcviT wn* In !'<• "ovu from Inw t«"n|..riUiiri-. dimI tlir hiirli *l l.nii.. n.liir- 
 WUH a>i li)w u:< i^ .prdlmirilv MTiirci In rifritr.r.it..r Hiii|inirnt-^. (V,,.i..H ..t iturniojrri.tiH 
 ri^-ord- nrc lionwitli -lii.wti, witli tlw .•.x.,iiti..ii ..f tlmt from tlio in-trniiicnt on thu 
 rtm)r neiir tlic l.ui.k.r- of th.- .-ur No, L'-HiJJ (M'., whi.'li fiiili-l to r -ord. 
 
 Fig. i. Tiiiii>tr»turu record, SK"iut biiiio tonka, lloor of cur t i .T. l". Xu. 310,003. 
 
 Inrntigitiont In 1916. 
 
 During thp hot sonnon of IftH) tho iniidc'(iuii.-,v of ordiiuiry rrfriprrnt"T onr* 
 
 without tho use of salt was vory manif.-Mt. Thii. is v.A\ shown in thrriiiu^raph r .rd 
 
 MiM mnd«' in nn oxpross si.. -nt of rnsphorrios in .-.ir Xo. i^iWri C.P.. July :.'fl. 
 from Ori.n-I.v to Winnip,.!.'. fruit was proroohd to ^^"-10° F. and it. the t«T.-day 
 
 Hhipmont th.. fniporatur.. in Uw .••■ntrc of the car on the H.^nr rose to .--.O' F. uotwith- 
 standing that the rur \uis under ii'e the entire way. 
 
 r;?. r,. T.-ain..ratur.. r.x .i.l f >i l.r-t;.c.U;.l r.iHi.lKMTi.^ in car No. 2.^0,-,yj CV. July --li, W:"- 
 
 The first l.rine tunk trial made in tue .ert: uii of lOM w;is villi N'o. WOl:;:) ('..T.!'., 
 Grimsbv to Winnipeg, with sour eherrie. preeooled to 4:5° F. Roek salt to thi- exK-nt 
 of 400 pou'-s ^«* ''^^^ previous to shipment, without inntruetions to use :*alt la 
 
traiiMt. TIh- icmpcraturr> rn*« tn .VI* F. in tlio n>ntr(> «*t (lt# car ilnrinf li<> trip. 
 kliowiiiK tliMl >iiii|*l.v mltlititt •lilt Mt llio iiiitinl iciitir wm tut a(|p<iuiilv. T)ii< ihipininl 
 Vvriulu<<l ill a lunivy |t»a. 
 
 r' -WTTT* -TTri • iTTr* 
 
 I ; ' I iA. , 
 
 
 .H^.iJlMT 
 
 rtiT- rrrr'' rrtt rtrr Tiif nrr' .nit itit.i 
 
 'Ulil'l' ■ nuiJUiilillti'r.iiui mill, 
 
 ';; ■ - -ii" • '• •- 
 
 UltnUHHii'iliii iiijiiif 
 V,".. .1111 
 ■1' nu.>n»«iU\u' '-^^t »\ttV ■ 
 
 rif. 0. TiiB|i*r*tiin rraird tor pfmnbd obwriM ia dm Nu MO.IJO, July H IM*. 
 
 On spptcnilNT t-' liriii.' taiilt oar No. iXiWjn V.V. wmt dhiiipcil from (iriimby t>» 
 'HrMidoii, cuiitHiiiiiiK fruit |ir)-i-(Hi|i-d to nit' with iinttrui-tioim to iim' S per cent mIc 
 in ri*-icini{. IU><-orilii frnm tlu'rniciRraiiliH plnci'ij nnxt to thf bunlcpri) und in tlu> nnitr" 
 of tlie car kIiow Rratifyinit rPKultn. N'on injury from low ti>ni|M>raturi- occurred a«d 
 tbe (fui arrivt'd in cpliMidid condition. 
 
 -■nrf^.TTrr .Trn-.TTTrT rrrr' .mr- Trm.TTTT- rrrrr' /mr trrcTrrT: .uiir .i 
 
 uiuiiuiHiiirniniiuiifvnfuimiiihUH fir.i!iiiui!iiii!iiiHiuiiimiiiit 
 !?U!'',liif ihii'iitit! i^'Uliijiiti'tiii, ni,iiii,,iiui'<i,,ii;uifi"nitim 
 
 mUii' hi fllhir ■'' ■:i><-- ■ ■ ■-■■'•■ •;-■:•-■ •:'<rif 
 
 liJJJ'tJ.Mi JIM": 
 
 "■.M'lmii.i;!.! ■ :.M;.ii 
 
 (HUMiniiiUU :.; !- , . ii.iUll 
 
 mM^'nnnM.JUuu--, . .. .. .....uiV :.. . uu iU5**« 
 
 Brint) Tank RafrianBtor C«r Na n>,076 C.P., S per o*nt hII lued ia nsleiaff. 
 Tlitrmiifniih rrcurd nuula on flonr in oontr* ol ear. 
 
 UiU 
 
 TT:br! 
 
 
 ■ Ji...,jL..;iAj i i.Mt..ijli...jt...^.i.-*..i Jl.i.li CiTiJr 
 
 waw 
 
 Fig. H. TlMnna(nph loaila on floor in end of ear No. Ml,07t. 
 
 Similar inKtrurtion* were iuued with brine tank refrifcerator car No. 3M0tl. 
 aiiipped HeptrnilHT i:t to Ueloraine, Man. The temperature in the centre of the car 
 ia ihown herewith. 
 
 fif. 9i ItaoordofBrin«TankCarNo.38<,«;itoD«k>nune, Man. 
 
Wbik> lliOM inri^tlifntion* Uttff n»t gnn^ (»t (nuutli t<^ irM tbi- pftiiimrv n( lUr 
 lii*iilal>*>l liiilklirail, it wiiiild npiM'ur t<> )iuvi> I>h' MilviiiitiiK" over ibr fan ayatPiii by 
 Hll'twiiitr lbi> fruit to Itc itii tbr roiiii '.'t boiir* *iHiii<'r, -H.HfuliiiK lakiitir pUif wbib- 
 ri'lliiiK. 
 
 Umullt iiiilii'iitf till' iii|vi»ihillt.v »f ii^iiig bt^Mvii-r inixlun'* i'' milt with iIm* i<t' 
 til wH'iin- 'luii'ki'r iiM'liiiiu nl tbr ii'i- iiml ii iiiori' ru|>iil I'lHiliiiir nf tbi- fruit. 
 
 It i« iii>i'i<ii.tir.v to ('tn|ibii»ixi' tilt' iMi-il of iMiutioii rruunliiiv tbc ii<i' of unit wilb tbi- 
 iiv ill rt'friffprntor i-arn iiiib'*- iiriitib' »|iiii'i> !• kIvimi f<>r ibi' culd air to lluw towuriU 
 tlif I'i'iiiro of tb« i-ar. l-'loor rniU* til bM>t I im-bi- fn>iii '\>r I'ur tlmir ami with un 
 <'|H'ii tiir 'Ml to lbi< liiiiiki'r •boiiM III' priiv iiliil. If tnorr thiiii s |Hir rvti' of i>iilt in ii(l<lc<l, 
 pri'cuutiuu ill wuy of iiirulutiuii '•lioulil U' tiikcu In iirovcnt fri'4>i!ii|r i^ur the icv. 
 
 yio«r KMki, End BnlUiMdi and lpluh>bo«rdi. 
 
 In rttn 2MiMl7<t hihI L'niloTI, pimI bulkhcaijn, wbiib allowed a 4-inrli apaoo betwpon 
 till' t'riiit iiikI tbi> |M'riiiiiiii-iil buiLliriuU in tin- ciir. mitc iii'^tulbil. Tbi» ullowcd a fn>f 
 
 I'iri'iilalitMi of uir to pau from nrounil tb >ltl brine tank* uiulpriii'ulh tlic faliM> l1iHir;< 
 
 tf> lb- I'i'iiirp of tb<- rar to rcpbu-n tbi' warm uir. Kcfriiifrutor ran loaded with 
 fruit ilioiild not be >bip|HHl with »iilt iiiixturi>K, unb>Hit ful»<- HiMin arc used, mi an to 
 rtll'iw ibi' 'jold uir alNiiit tlu- iHitioin of tbi- taiil< '<> How frc^'l.v away, mid to bo replaced 
 by lb-- -.variu air RumiiiK from tin- fruit, thf i ipi-riituri' of wbii-b will h«> mliicpil in 
 turn. DiiiiKcr frmii fri'f'iun in tiii> proximity of thi> tankit in imminpiil if cffluiont 
 f ii4i> doom are nut umhI. 
 
 Tlii> Canadian raiitic riilway lia* been makhiR prniirMa in buililintt improved 
 ri'l'riK«'rHti>r cam of thf> briup tiink tyiio, tbi- mont iiiitablc improvement beiiiir in the 
 th'rmunctit mined Hiior rai-k.'< tbnt nn- xhittiil und allow u live in.b i<|iui-i> Unieath thn 
 loud for the enld air to i-irculatit from tlu- ciidN towurdi* the eentre of tbo car. Tliene 
 ciirH aim) bave ample vpiitM in tbe tnnkn no that iiliipnK>nt« may b.- Kent under ventila- 
 ti'nt when no desired. Car* \o, 2>*(M>7rt V.P.. und SHtJOTl ('.P., were of tbia type. 
 
 Aiiidc from needed iinprovenipiit in the in«ulation and floor* of the Keneral ru« 
 o: refriuerated rolliiiK »toek, thin bulletin u to eniphoH-'ze wpeeiiilly thp improv(>m(<nta 
 I! ■ib'd to earry the n'friijprution from tbe bunker* or brine taiil<< to the centre of thn 
 I'T. In irnst refriRerator cur practice, it l.as lieen common to k-ad packafrea of -uit 
 .s<iuarely up aRninst the buiikern und truiit to the eold uir renehinfr the centre t - c 
 ciir tb-oUKh inniffiiifii'ant erackn or apaces between the fruit pnekafre*. The ii . •'• 
 »iMe was expect "d when cold air won to be carried fourteen feet through iiivn>--e« bet ..n 
 pai-liaKCH of warm fruit and have it keep the eentre of the ear cool. h> »iu-b i aaea the 
 ri'iult ha<i been that the fruit near the ieo eooled down, but that farLiu r away haa 
 r<-iuttincd warm throughout tranfit. Even with precooled f>^'». it haa no, .ii-n poH^ible 
 t-. .-onduet ample refrifjcration to the centre of the car tc Mvceome tbe ir uiamiHnion 
 of lieat throuffh the doora and innulation, so that temperi.. .. •• actually raise whil9 
 tl; ' cur is under ice. 
 
 First of all refrifrerator ear^ are in need of an open space underneath the load 
 from the ii'e to the centre of the ear, and this is accorapliahed by having slatted floors 
 p! trtxl ;»ermancntly in the cars from four to six inches above tbe insulated floor of 
 till* I'lir. This spare musf ha>-f an open throat to a spare about the ice or the brine 
 tanks. In most refriRerator ears at the present time (tbe newest types with penna- 
 nciit floor racks arc also subject to this criticism), a splash-board is constructed hifdi 
 enouiih and near enough to tlie load to shut off the free passage of air. In diagrams 
 1 :inil i psges 12 and 13 in shown the result when fruit is loaded in the car. The cold air 
 \* doniniiHl up before it can reflch the open channel made by the floor racks. The im- 
 portanr<> of thiH has bopii thoroughly demonstrated; heat must travel by eonvootion 
 currents to make rapid progress, and the benefits of floor racks will be '■ st if they are 
 -not lendered efficient at their throata. In diagram .<) on paffe 14 is shown the aplaah- 
 board properly located. In making ahipments in car No. 286076 C.P., and S86071 
 
C.P., Buch a throat wa« nindc by ripping up a sl&t of the floor and installing an end 
 Itulkhcad as shown in diagrum 4 on page 15. This allowed u fret circuiutiiin i>f iii- 
 u(M>ut the wliiilc liiud and rfsultcd in HUtistWtury temperatures, 
 
 Oni'o the ear is (■onstriicted so thiit refrigeration may lie eondu<'ti'd to the centre 
 of the ear Halt may be applied freely to the iee in order to rclea.-e tlK- refrigeratloi! 
 <iuic'kly, — the eolder the air being in one part of the ear, tlie more m-tive will l<' tliu 
 eireulation of air to the warmer part«. 
 
 Without the use of salt with crushed iee the lirinc taJik refrigerator ear is ine(!i- 
 cient and unsatisfactory for use with fruit shipments. 
 
 The use of 5 per cent salt with erushed iee in conjunct ion with slatted floor racks 
 has improved the temperature c-oiiditions in brine tank curs. With tliese niethnds a 
 good brine tank car has given ver.v Mnich mtrre satisfactory results than a poor block- 
 ice car. 
 
 Neither freezing nor injur.v from low temperatures occur with the use of 5 i)er 
 cent salt with crushed ice when slatted lloor racks are used. The tloor rucks prevent 
 the damming-np of the cold air at the baso of the tanks an<l allow it to (low freely to 
 the centre of the ear. 
 
 All obstaeles blocking tho opening between the tanks and the space un<lerncath 
 the floor racks should be removed. Where splash-boards permanentl.v bbx'k the opening 
 end bulkheads, pmviding such an opening, should be used. 
 
 It is iKH-essary for shippers to elosel.v follow the meth" Is outline<l in loading ears 
 and to include in their icing instructions on the bill of lading "Iti-ice, using '> per 
 cent salt with crushed ice." 
 
 It is necessary for tho railway companies to provide icing .stations with crushed 
 rook salt and facilities for crushing the ice. It is to their interest to encouniirc t'le 
 proper loading and billing of these ears and to give them special attention at all icing 
 'ations. 
 
 New System of Pre-cooling. 
 
 Theoretieall,v it is necessary to us«f 2-1 tons refrigeration to remove heat sutRcieiit 
 to lower the temperature of 30,()0() pounds of fruit from 80° V. to 40° F. In iutn.il 
 |>ractiee from H to .''i tons refrigeration are re(|uired to do this amount of cooliii).'. 
 dep«niding ujwn the efficiency of application. The difference lK'tw<MMi 2-1 tons 
 refrigeration and tho actual amount used in practice is taken to offset h)s« through hciit 
 from friction, heat in e<iuipment and transmission of heat through insulation. 
 
 The average refrigerator car has space for 4 tons of ice (refrigerntion). In tii'i 
 past, unless the fruit has been precoolcd, the outstanding fiinlt of a refrigerator e;ir 
 has been the extreme length of time (two to five days') reiiuired to n^nke this amoii-it 
 or refrigeration available for the ivioling of the fruit. l>.v the use <i|' salt ini.\''d with 
 the ice it is iiossible to nu\kc this amount of refrigeratou avail il'le in from •_' I to "0 
 lionrs from the time the ice is placed in the car and, if th" refrirrerntion is pro|»'rl,v 
 carried to diffen-nt parts of thi- <'ar. effect a eoolintf of tlie fruit, but if tlio refriger^i- 
 tion is not thoroughl.y distributed tlironghout the err lu'd tlu- fruit, nearest the so\irei' 
 of n-frigeratlou is not pro|i<rly proteeti'd, tlw resull v.IU lie frozen fruit in llii' cuds 
 of the ear witli warm fruit in the centre. 
 
 The prineijile of this system of preeooling is to secure refrigeration in iiuantities 
 great enough to coo] down the loa<l of fruit in the 24 bours following lending by 
 mixing salt with ice and to properly distrilnite tbe refrijroratio:' by me:"i ^ "f tlonr 
 racks, end bulk-heads and either electric fans or natural circulation through gravit.v. 
 Protection from freezing hy radiation of heat from the fruit nearest tJie hunkers to 
 the melting ico ma,v be effected by having the end-bulkheads insulatef^ or by having 
 them conatrticted so as to leave an air space between tho fruit and the hunker ^vith a 
 cove»inrf of jmper to deflect the air currents from passinc directly tlirougli the fruit. 
 The air currents passing downward through this spa<'e (Mvry warm air and jireve';; 
 
freezing. With our invoatigrationn thug far the cnd-hulkhradt hnvc born mnde with 
 u 4-iiich air sjmce with two-ply (if building pigwr on the side nearest tlie Iriiit. ovii- 
 luppinK lit the sides und bottcm. Tests huve been made both with iisinft eh-itrie fiuis 
 to eireulate the air and by using nnturnl i ireulation by gravity, allowing the ear t'l 
 t^tand on the track for 24 hours while cooling. 
 
 Experimental work was started with this system in April of li)l(i, l.,v plaiiii^j; an 
 empty brine tank refrigerator at (Jrimsliy and icing it with cnisiied icv ami :> per cent 
 mid 10 per cent salt mixture. The car was e<iuipped with paper-linwl eiid-WulkhciKls 
 and fal.se floors four ini'hes from the floor, go that a diK't for continuous air circula- 
 tion was made from the top of the bulkheads to the bottom and centre of the car. 
 This test was made to determine if suflicicnt air current could be established to oiual- 
 izo the temperature at the ends of the car with that at the centre to such a dej^reo as 
 to prevent frcczinir at the end and cause sutficient ctMiliiLg in the centre of the car. 
 
 One end of the car was loaded with empty iM-ach boxes in the customar>' manner, 
 lly means of mercurial extension thermometers and tberinoprapha, the temp<iraturci 
 were taken at the floor near the bunkerg, and at the top of the load in the centn^ of the 
 <-ar. A 16-in<'h electric fan was placed about four feet from the ice bunker near the 
 roof,, sending the warm air towards the ice. 
 
 The test showed that with 5 per cent salt only a short time was reciuircd for the 
 lO-inch fan to bring the temperature in the centre of the car to that at the base of 
 the brino tanks. Using 10 per cent salt the temperatures were e<|uali7ed to witliin one 
 degree, the warm air in the centre of the car displacing the cold at thi- base of the 
 tanks and distributing it about the fruit packages. By using 10 per cent salt in one 
 end and an oil heater in the eentre of the ear to unbalance tempeniture innilitioMs 
 as far as possible, upon operation of the fan, tem[)cratures wen> again eiinalized t) 
 within one degree. 
 
 Using 10 per cent salt mixtures in both ends of the ear, the miniiniini tempera- 
 ture was secured in the centre of the i-ar while operating the fan. This teniperalurc; 
 wa.-i ;t]-J degrees. The capacity of the system to replace the cold air near the tanks 
 with the warm air near the centre of the <'ar was here shown when temperatures at 
 the top of the load in the centre were maintained at a lower jmint than at the bottom 
 near the tanks. Without using the fan about 7° F. difference was observed between 
 the temperature at the end of the car and in the centre. 
 
 These observations gave encouragement that resulted in making tests in Septem- 
 ber with loaded refrigerator cars using this system of prccooling. Three cars were 
 shippe<I from St. Catharines to Winnipeg and two ears from (irinisby to Camrose, 
 Altn. 
 
 At both places <'ars were wjuipped similarly. Floor ra<'ks were eonstrueti'd 4 
 inches from the rejrular ear floor. Knd-bulkliead> were eonstriietctl 4 iiK'hes fmni the 
 lierinanent bnnker bulkhead to a height equal to that of the load of fruit. This bulk- 
 head was lined with two ply ot' building paper. The car was loaded to the centre and 
 braced, leaving a space in the centre for air <'irculation. A study of diagram 4 on 
 page l.l will show clearly the im-tlioils employed. an<l that an open space completely 
 .-nrrounds the load of fruit, providing free passage-wa,v inr air circulation. Tlio M- 
 iiieh fans were used at periods, depending upon the amount of fruit in the ear and 
 upon the amount of salt used with the ice. The cars were iced at the tinu' of loadiie^r. 
 tlu! ice being either broken up or crushed to secure a more satisfactory mixture with 
 the salt. 
 
 On account of the long jwriod of loading rccinircd at St. Catharines, but from •> 
 per cent to S per I'cnt sr.lt was ii-c^l witli tl:e ice iiiid the fati:: \re-e scarcel; ii^cil :i^ 
 all. At Grimsby the fruit was placed in tho <'ar, icing done with S per cent salt and (lie 
 fan operated for 24 hours. The latter results were more satisfactory as will 1»> shown 
 by tho thermoffraph re<'ord3 which till the .story graphically. 
 
 Tho fruit cooled in these ears registered 04° F. up to 70° F. at the time of placing 
 in the car. Tins temiK-rature is from 10' to 90° lower than would be the case in July. 
 
19 
 
 ^'*,l.?o Teoiperature record in car Na mm (i.T. iihi|ipM] from St. Cathstinn, Septetnlim' W. 
 1»IB, without prucooUnf. Temperature taken in centre o( caron the floor. IVpioal of a'non- 
 pruuuolea tbipment. 
 
 *iVr.i T""!*'"'"™ ™«fd "> =" No- 4«.e39 G.T. Shipped from St. Catharine., September W, 
 ItflU, car preooohng. « per cent «lt lued. No «ilt uwd in timnait. Thermciraph pU^ in 
 a Uaket on the floor of the car againat the end bulkhead*. "~»r«Hii p»otu in 
 
 Fig. 12. Temperature record in car No. 4C,C8» O. T. Thermograph placed in a baaliet half wap 
 between floor and top of load ; half way between ice bunker and centre of car. 
 
 Fig. 13. Temperature record in car Na 44,689 O.T. Thermograph plaoed in a fauket in the top 
 tier uf the load ia the centre of the oar. 
 
11 
 
 Fip. 14. Tempenture reaord in car IJo. 280,662 C.P. Shipiml from (Irimtby to Caiucuw, Alt.i , 
 SfptomU-r 2^ 1916. Car precooling. 8 per cent Mlt luud. Nuaalt iu tianiiit. Tii>rm(«m|il> 
 placed uii the flwir in centrx of the car. 
 
 Roports on the cars showed that they nrrivod ot thoir dr»stinotion in perfcot con- 
 rlitiiMi. uithnugh this is partially due to the cool weather in September and to tlio 
 kiiiii- of fruit shipped (peaches, tomatoes, pears and jjrapes.) The MeNau(;ht>< 
 Fruit C'orapanjr of Winnipeg stated that ear No. 4«tW(» (J.T., was the most satiHfaetory 
 car of fruit they had ever received from the Province of Ontario. 
 
 Iii »'tud,vinfi the thermofrraph reeord.s, it will he sj-en tiiat ear No. 880ri<!2 ('.P., 
 luiiintaitied aii exceptionally good temperature. Shipments at tliis time of year meet 
 witli eo.)1 ueather. which has to be taken into consideratiuu in upplyiii^ the results to 
 July couditiuus. 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 The rrsnlt.t of the first season's tests show that it is possible to precool fruits in 
 ears ii->iiijr for refrigeration the ice in the hunkers without loss from freeeini;. The 
 raimfe i.f eaolinp in the tests was not as Rreat as desired, this being the result of not 
 usini;: heavy enough salt mixture. 
 
 By using an electric fan in each end of the car for 24 hours previous to shipment, 
 tlif iMoling in the centre of the car is e(|ualized with that in the end of the cHf. 
 
 It is safe to use up to 10 per cent salt with crushed iee, but if heavier mixtures 
 are used: ex|ierie<ice suggests that either insulated bulkheads be used between the 
 fruit aud ike ice or else fans used to circulate the air, causing the warm air from tlie 
 cetitre of the car to flow down through the end bulkhead air space l>etween the fruit 
 and tlio ice. 
 
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