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32 X
1 2 3
4 5 6
LOVILL't tlRII* OP tCHOOL'IOOKt.
•LOVELL'S
GENERAL GEOGRAPHY,
FOB THS
USE OF SCHOOLS;
WITH
NUMEROUS MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND BRIEF TABUUR VETO.
BY J. GEORGE H0DGIN8, LL.B., p.r.o.s.,
AUTROB 0» "OBOOKIFHT IKD HI8T0BT OF THB BBiTMH COLOmBS."
'^
A
r
ev'
^'
• Ctoognphjr and ChronoloKr I nxy (n<l the Snu and the Moon, tbs rl|ht eje ind the hft, oTan Hictorj'-iraaUtttet fhta^m, Pr^kc*.
" The etodf of Oeorwhy U both proflt^Ie ud deUBhttaL"~jm<m-< ffMor* it^JhiMavta, Prt^
«•• • * • I * •
« • • *•* « • • 4 ••• *«*
''•it'll' , . p »
• Hloiitrul:
PRINTBD AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET:
AND rOB SALB AT TBB BOOUTOBia.
1867. ^
"Si-
i
COEBESPOXDrxr; TIME T ui. p ~~"^"""°"="=====-===,— ^
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"•Wo longitude i, wquiml
ANV PLACE,
O''l«ige0,j """"*
OP Utitudb.
m
ow many mw^rnDhio
fftttfitrrn m" -r :. t .
Ilea
n A
LON
VICTORIA . V
BOMBAY
'TTA
,SX!itLtJL_!'_iJ«^
IMUDA
PJKBURCH
PKEFATOHY NOTICE.
TbK Wnrk li '" " " • ■■■■■ -
prejudice the ingenuous pupil air^n^hl' "' '^""'"' •» »«)froquontlv Ukon «.l^ i • ' * '""" " •« "vcrlooked.
u to prejudice their young mind« ^.inst ti/t ^'.^ P^?« '««t-book8 iu the h«nd« of our Xtdln" r ""■"•' '■"*''"« "'■ P"'""^
to tfive promin«„o.
.wwment, to prejudice the ingenuous pupil «li„^7i, '^ A ' "' «»««<»» w too froquonti v Uk..n U.l^ i • ' * '""''* " •« overlooked,
u to prejudice their young mind« ^.inst ti/t ^'.^ P^?« '««t-book8 in the h«nd« of our Xtdln" r ""■"•' '■"*''"« "'■ P"'""^
Briti.!." ^""^f'N'Nr None, o, EAcrBwTiSr/w"'"'**.*'*^'''^'' »»■<»«', and ofTho.^^
i«ntiah and Amernnn «,..!,. .u. .*:" ?«JT'8h Colony.—As fho« n„i.-_.' ,'" '''® ••'J»««'>t interior, hwi «!«, h^.. : . .
faou « could be JZ) but . '^""'^ "J.'^"'""" "^ "-cb quarterrf Z OlT"^'"''/" •»•« B"'i»h
'»• Ab8Bnc« OF PoLiTifii A.. '""''*n'«ttinKiiiore than fh«,,J 1 • ^ '**" •"n'ni«p y treaf •
Hiatoricd faou of generS.^'; ht T2"rn",ti''^''"1!i^^'«"-«" b^ Xrr t^'^, "-/""o ^ JbTJ
4. Pbondnciation or Namm nJ P.? •»■'«"<»«, been given: but thev ««,„„. i? . •"j"""' '""• beon cpeoial
owefiUljr given from the Z^iZTCZ '^i;^^^'^ ^J-'^'^'^'^'^iion^^^^^^^
wa. ~n««aeredj*liable. _ '"'"'"^- T''" 'l««v«t.on of the namea of^coun JiTh^l IiHJ"';^.?!?."."''^ '» 'be text h«i C
wa. oon«.aered reliable. '"'"'"^- T''" 'l««v«t.on of the namea of^coun JiTh^ ilJ'";^ ■"" -"""^ '» '»«' ««' b«i C
been maerted on the map. 7 hSe countrirl"' "T"f"' '" ^"^^ralia, aaXthl o/d i"''- """^ '^ P^^P*' »« "t-C^al K
ietor, Mr. John Lovill
riliih I'roviiKHn. '
•reimontlvbocntttioMto
mo School. The difficultr
P«ru have been treated by
ittixt-bookaforEuropeai
jntrien, at the oji|)ci,ge of
her hand, in their anxiety
le inoonipatiblo with their
"• sliould it bo overlooked
turioal alluidoD and direct
«• Loy«lty to* Sovereign
ban a feeJiug of patriotio
iwilive toMdcnoy of which
>^S»cj of our forelkthera.
»l>Me introductory paj*.
' •««> boon introduced in
Jftons in various parte of
I'nK such brief hwtoricaJ
>r, haa ulao been inaerted
""«)"ly treated, «th in
due to them.
»on eepeoi»llv guarded.
" or intended to offend
ned in tie text has been
» in moat oasea where it
P« hw been constructed,
with some details not
■oper to sute, that the
' others in Africa, have
«t reliable information,
lIuHtrations are highly
in?e original print* and
'Oikill- eawBoiaUythe
John, New Brunswick.
been compared with
tutorial Uand-Book of
he 'American Almanac
.soarocly twoofthem
Jve will be received in
■ iwseption m another
J. 0. H.
-"»"J or the pupil the
iS^teiSKrf""' *"**"'
well to direct an expeH
BA This adds interwt
le memorr of the pupil
'■fMonaamalleriair
'•••on.— oloameM and
M are simply designed
nvjriational questions,
JWlej™, rradsi oount^
><* were but an aore-
— — " vT tat uiuru uiiQ.
nviogs which appear
?.''l»">toriesft)ri8M.
DM labours.
LOVELL'S GEPJERAL GEOGRAPHY.
INTEODUCTOEY ClIAFIER.
" IN X..K »HO,««.»o. 000 C...TED THK Uk.vk.s. .»n XU. K..TH."-0.n..U 1. 1.
ir!;k^o'irS"~'^H. •■■■"' i^'^';''''^ " ^""^"^ fr""" •«"
iroek words (gr, " ourtb, and gr(>j,l..r, " writing •), a„J „i.,„i.
BS a description of the Earth. ' ^ ' » v, ""u "ifeni
2. Division«.-Geoprn,,hy is divided intoil.rct. branchos- vii
a. Matbeinatioal (or Agirononiicl) aeocriiipliv noints out
irifcri'.s''S'„'''''^n''^"" '." ""^ ""'' '^'-^r"^!"
^ow lines whTf. »"'»?""«J«!' ""J •"»«"'■"•; H"d explains the
riou» lines which, for scientiho purposes and convenient refer-
mditK?^. "*:?''"'f,''y J^'."*" "»' »•'« no*"^"'. divisions and
editions oJ the Earth's suriaco (pago 7). Under the head of
ZV :"''?"g»««» '»>« Mructuro of the Earth's crust 11)
nder the head oT Afeteoroloy;,, it explains the Je^™| ar tL if
limatc and atmosphere (p. 9); and under the hc^onw^,^
to which the habitable parte of the World aro divided, and Zms
•t thoir extent, popufation, commorec, government reCn
inguage, and civilixation. Under the heid of IlUlon it S
.0 earfy settlement of countries, thoir forms of Sernmcnt and
le progress of geogrnphical discovery. ^ trnmcnt, and
e. Single UltuitrBtiona of each of these three branches mav
, thus given: (1 That the Sun is 600 times larger than^lH^e
5lS f " f"''"':f }i '^'r^""''"* ^y "^"^ l-ke, and mountib is a
& A •• V^ ^^> ''"'**•'« fi"oProvinoe» included in British
^orth Amenc. form part of the British Empire, is a p^lUi^lZt.
I. MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY.
7. The Earth's Appearanoe—Tho Earth aj>pear, to us, as
^';;^iW/^<ii:^::^. •.. , it did to 'the
Ancients, to
bo a large flat
surface, diver-
•ified by hill
and valley,
lake and riv-
er, mountain
and stream ;
and the sky
seems to over-
areh it like a
dome. In
shape, how-
ever, the
Earth is
round like a
ball. Could
we see the
ho usual equaf.rial projection (as in this Geography), the too
ndeatos the north and the bottom the south; to tWrigl t ba3
w he east, and to the left the wcHt. The north and soufh po'nt.
o t e heavens arc the .l.rections re-iK-ctively in which the icedle
N.,r.r.r. ''"ri i"""P"w J*'"'"' *'"' *""«> variati<.ns, in the
Northern and Southern Henii.phere.. The east and wos are the
pkees rcH,H|c.tively at which the Sun appears to rise and to^t on
the '0th ol March and 23rd of September: on other days it ri^"
and sets near them. The North, .Smth, East, and West are, th^
lore, called the cardinal or chief pointe
of the compass. Intermediate pointe
of the compass aro named according
to their nearness to any of these car-
dinal points. A person turning to
the Sun at noon, faces the south: his
back IS to the north; his right hand
IS to the west, and his loft to the
east. Maps are also drawn on a po-
\va projection, representing both the
_ JNortherii and Southern Hemispherea.
Flu. 2.-Tn« niwsxa'i compam ^f^ illustrations of these four projeo-
„ _ . tions on pages 12 and 13.)
fmf* .^'"8nation.--The Earth is called a planet (" wanderer")
from the revolving character of itj nvotion (see section 16 naa* 7^ •
a WORLD, from ite being part of a cre«/erf system : and a ball
OLOBE, or sPnEBE, from ite being rounded in form. '
lO. In Shape the Earth has the appearance of an oranse and
« called an oblate spheroid; tV.t is, a rounded body whS^ hw
been slightly flattened at thr . aid bottom, o^tL opLito
poles, owing to the rapidity ot a spinning motion. TtelS
diameter (through the «,uator) i. 7,92G miles, and ite shoS
(f om U,e north to the south pole) 7,899,_diflbrenco 26 .SileT
dip of about eight inches in s mile mu.t be »1 owed In ordef to mLi'»
rn'the mT ',"""," "'':""' ('> "" 'hadow which the BaththrSl;
upon the Moon during a lunar oc pae is slwavi circular • nrn,- ST
i«.lwar. .PPa^iy risiug and .etting orVom.Su i/l'^'^^^i;,^
ual form ? & How u thBK;wi; ir2S!^i'.'?l' „«^9."'? . 'M™*
^*fP*IISNT ntTH or 2
Hf. S.-«SI.ATIVB PO.mo5. o» THI SASIH. .P». A,n »„„.. ^
«d the ray. .r iiiiSwK^wa»te^?iih'!i'SS!?.5**' "
branoL .._.
-ualfor..- a-HTwIslhrE^rt-h^pXW »• W^afS-^&MS;? iSw ^'^^^ "^^^^
".jMsn^jer H. rrete that it is round. Explain the Olustntiona.
_ ---- -—™"-aiwiaa i,n»o«n,J
o'n/"ott'bS"7" ^?Sg'?^Lfi!i?.e^L «:0f Jrh?t doeslhT^SS
• Barth;
is?»
6
MATHEMATICAL GEOORAl'HY.
■arface, but on no two plscei, which ar* dua tati and wtti of Mch oth«r,
kt tba Mme moment ; (A) in going north or louth, ntw conitcUntioni
•pp«ar tu rlio abore, or to ««t b«lnw, the liorlion ; (U) irarelleri rontlnu-
Ing th«lr Journey due eut or wo«l, due north or louth, or to »ny Inter-
medlktc point of the compnu, from a given place, will reach the ianie
place again If they continue to keep on In a direct courte. The tint
rojaga round the World waa made by Magellan's Kx|K-illlion, which
Mlled fVom Bpain in September 1510, and returned In September IS'i'J.
la. Biae and Motion.— Tho Earth in nearly 25,0UU niilcH in
eircuinrbreiicc, and (7,920, or May) H,000 in 'Hainetcr. It in about
9fi,000,000 luilos from tho Sun. and 287,1)00 from thu Moon. It
•&■
huM3 motions: vix.,
(1) through apace
08 part of tho Hoiar
System ; (2) daily
on itH uxin, in 24
ifllan Holur hourH,
c<|unl to a aidorcal
day (moasure<l by
tho stars) of 23
hours, fi6 m., and
6 800. ; and (3)
yearly in it8 orbit
.<Y3 ^-„t round tho Sun, in
cwuDwlnitMi 366 days, 6 hours,
F^.i— TBK«oDiAr, wiTnTn«po«iTioNOFTnBsittTH 9 minutes, and 10
iR EicRorTnaroiasiAsoiiii. seconds. Tho daily
rotation of tho Earth produces day and night ; its annual revolu-
tion, and tho inclination (or leaning) of its axis to the plane of iti*
orbit, at an angle of 23° 28', cause the change of seasons, known as
Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. (See Figs. 4 and 8.)
13. Imaginary Unea.— The Earth being rounded or ahaped like a
•pbere, imaginary circlea and other lines are drawn upon it for geo-
graphical purpoioi. or these lines the following definitions are given :
(I.) The rtrcum/crract (about 3f times the length of tho diameter) of
a circle is the line which bounds It. (Fig. B.) Tho circumference of a
circle is divided into 380 equal parts, called degrte:' A minutt is the
60th part of a degree ; and a uconi is the 00th part of n minute. f
(2.) Diamtltr is a straight line
passing from one point of the cir-
cumference to another through the
centre. (Figs. 6 and 6.) Ra-di-ut is
a straight lino (and ra-rft'-i, lines)
drawn from the centre to tho circum-
ference. Jrc is a portion cf the
circumference, as shown in Fig, 5.
Pl». ».-ciBcitii»««. (3.) A irial circli of a sphere is p. « _„„b^,, ^j,,,
iifci. OIAHKT8R, one whoso plane (SCO Fig. 8) passcs less ciactis.
T^' through its centre ; a le$t or iimall
eirclt is one whose plane does not pass through the centre. (See Fig. 6.)
(4.) A straight line passing from north to south through the centre of our
Globe or Barth, about which it revolves, is called itanxit. One end of this
line is called the norlhpoU, and the other end the loulh pole. (See Fig. 8.)
(6.) The equator is a line, or great circle, passing round the Garth
equidistant from the north mA south poles. (See Figs. 6 and 8.)
(6.) A mtridian is a line running through any place from north to
, * A deRToe Is the anele at tho centre luhtended by the
IJTTth part of the circumferenoe, and does not vary with
the site of tho circle. Tho term degree \t often used u
an abbreviated modo of cxpremioii for arc of a dt>Kreo
In thli senile, If tho cirrumfcreiico be Wi miles, thim •
degree of that circle will bo ono mi7«)ong; if the circle
be !MW InchfB in circumfrreiice, thon a donreo will Ik* oni
inch kc. Tho circumftwroe of tlio Earth in ai,«fl« fcoo-
l^raphical niilee, of 60 to a dcurt'O, or iJI.OOO EiiRlinh miles,
of W.07 to a degree. The equator connsta of MO deareea
ormaeoffraphical miles ewh. Parallels of latitude, Mina
smaller circles, havt* each degrre, 1. e. tho arc of each
■Bi- m ».«.»>«. .«... dearee, prwportionatoly shortor, according to tho site of
rtc. 7.— DBOUIS, ITC. t,,g pj„(p ,^1,8 divisions of tho circumfi'n'nco of the
otrele into SM equal parts took its origin from the length of the year, which wis
supnoaed to consist of MO days, or \i months of SO daya each.)
f The term minute is ttom the Latin mia-«-f«m,asmall part. The term eeeondt
Is an abbreviated expression for lecond minutes, or miuute* of the teeond order.
AttroHomieai Table i
m Ramnds (") make a Minute (').
ao Minutes make a Degree r).
t» Degraea make a Circle (OX ..
M Degrees make a 8ign of the Zodiac
a Btnu, or to Decrees, make a Ouad-
rmni (or oiio-Tuurtti) of tiiu'Zodiac.
U Signs, or 4 Laadrants, or S60 Deg.,
oomplete the circ'c of the Zodiac.
(outb, and aitandlng from pola to pola. A/r<l mtrUUm ii ona txad upon
by aatrunomera in ullTeraut counlriii (such as at Oraanwich [grin-idj),
I'aris, Wasliingtun, Ferro in the Canary Islands, 4c.) from wliii h tha
meridians uf other places are calculated. In the maps of this ami ulher
llrltlsh Ueugraphlcs the lirat meridian is fixed at Uraanwich. Thosa
who llva on the same nicridian-line have their noon at the aama mo-
ment, and their midnight at the same moment, unless they llva on oppo-
site sides of the Ijarth. [See the cngrnvluga of " Meridians" on |mge
13 ; see alio " Anlipodea," paragraph (14) l)elo»'.|
(Jeogra|>hlcally, the Earth Is divided by the equator Into the nortli-
ern and southern Heminpherit, or half-glubes, and, by a meridian-line,
into the western and eastern licnilB|iherea. (See pages 11, 12, and IS.)
(7.) Ijititude is the dls- *5SliCu'tr<'a
lunca of a place north or ""■
south of tho equator, and is
called either north lalltude or .A^RkC P^-^V'yfUl VT&v'*'
south latitude. Latitude Is
■narked in degrccii nt the sides
of a mnp. I'uriilleli^ lati-
tude are sinullor circles paral-
lel to the equator. (Sec Fig. 8,
and illustration on page 12.)
Thosewholiveon the same par-
allels of latitude have an
equal length of day and night.
In all countries, latitude is
reckoned from the equator.
(8.) Longitude Is tho dis-
tance of a place east or west
of a first meridian. It Is ex-
pressed in degrees at the top
and bottom of a map, ami is """"■
called either east longitude or ng.s.-caiasTiAtspnuaii UfAOiwAaTtiatt
west longitude. (Figs 84 13.) i'»aw» .oi-»D a .mall laa.a otoaa.
(9.) Tlioarc(icondon/urcfif,orM/ar,f<r(;/Meitend round the .V. and 8.
poles, and are respectively 23o 28' 8. and N. from them. (Fig. 8, and p. 12.)
(10.) The Irop-icf are two smaller circles parallel to the equator, and
respectively 23° 28' north and south from It. The tropic north of the
equator is called the Tropic of Cancer; and that south of it, the Tropic
of Capricorn. (See Pig. 8, and page 12.)
(11.) Circ/M.— The equator, tho horizon, the ecliptic, and all the me-
ridians, are great circles. The tropics, the arctic imd antarctic circles,
and the parallels of latitude, are small circles, (tic Fig. 6.)
(12.) Zones are bells passing round tho Earth at e(|ual distances from
the equator, and parallel to it. The tropics and polu- circles divide the
Globe into five /.ones : vii., the torrid zone, within the tropics ; the two
temperate zones, north and south of the torrid zone ; and tho N. and 8.
frigid zones, between the polar circles and tlie poles. (Fig. 8, and p. 12.)
(13.) bothermal line; ttom two Greek words (i-»o», "equal," and
(A(r-in«, "heat"), are imaginary linos passing Ihrnug'i those points on
the Earth's surface ot which the moan annual temperature is tho same.
(U.) The Jn-tipf-o-de; from two Greek words (unfi, "opposite," and
pout, po-doi, "the foot"), are any two places on the surface of the
Earth, nt one of which, the feet of those living there are diametri-
cally oppotile to the feet of those living at tho other place. When it is
day at one place, it is night at the other ; and when it is summer at
such place, it is winter at the other. Antipodes Island, near New Zea-
land, (see map on p. 12, A sec. 39, p. 92,) is nearly opposite to Gt. Britain.
14. Aatronomioal Deflnitiona. (1.) TIio
horizon is either tennile or ralional. The
sensible horizon is the boundary-line of our
circle of vision, where the Sky and Earth
V V appear to meet. Tho
' X PAHAUEL ^\ ^ant of this horizon
^S. PLANCS \" lathe level surfB<'0 on
Flg.».
which the spectator
stands. The rational
Vl«. 10.— THI BOIIIOIt.
horizon is always parallel to the visible hori
zon. Its plane runs through the centre of
the Earth. (See Figs. 8 and 10, on this pago,
and pamgraph (B) of section 14, on pnice ".]
(2.) An or6i< is the path in the heavens
of a planet or other celestial body. (See
Figs. 8 and 11.) A planet's orbit i» elliptical, or nearly circular.
(3.) The ecliptic is tho apparent path of the Sun in the heavens in the
course of a year, but the real path of the Earth round the Sun (althouM
tho Sun has an orbit of its own [section 17, page 7j) ; and from gonh
part of the ecliptic its rays ore alw(iys vortical on the Karth. It is called
the ecliptic because every eclipse of tho Sun or of tho Moon takes place
• From the Grtek word trop-e, a " turning" ; as the Sun seems to turn again
toward tha equator after reaching i3° 18' north or south of it.
QtnwTlONS.— 12. Give the size of the Earth, and its distance iVom the Sun and the Moon. Explain its revolutions, and the cause of the change
of Masons. 18. Define the teima Circumference, Degree, Minute, and Second. B«pe«t the Astronomioaj Table. Define the terms Diameter, Radius, Arc,
QrMt Circle, Small Circle, Axis, Pole, Equator, Ac. 14. Define the terms Horicon, Mnsible and rational ; Orbit, and Eohptio. Explain the illustrations.
_5rN!lft-UjCH?mjON .
•.niiuiU mv.,l„ii„„. , . .ttllH .?Hll*L. r.L^ri" l''»''"" ljrr..ru, llM-ir
niftmi a " wiinilvrnr,
(Jrwk ko-mr-lr;
»nce of tlio tuil _
.., ...«. •Mviu. -"-y -ii' mil MIIICI
b(HlUM|j|coth«|llui|.
eU. Ilia |«,^„UH,
»n<i li»vu niMi iMiiiit
of Ihi'ir iirhit iionr
tlio Nun, mid t|,e
<ip|MMii« imiiit very
ft" "(T A«t«.roij!i
(or I'lnneloiJii) ant
•iiinllcr plttiicU, or
P-jrl* of |.lmi,.u
TliB Sun iinil «i;
llipM>n>volvinKlMHl-
IM form our Molar
NvkU'iii (Kig. II.)
lic^oiid thU Milnr
i>)'iit«iiiarotlioKixi'<l
Htani, utippoMNJ i„
betlieiiiiiiiiiidi'«n-
tre» of othor mii-
iBiiu. Tlie Milkv
Way it roniiMMwil
of wr'i-K■/,r,or<'luIl-
terI^ of «t«M.
_ 16. Our BoUr i
ff*^ (*'', the I
PHYSICAL OBOORAPHY.
■njjir .^t"';^;r.p;;;;;;;;;::tK[?;'^5!:.^
Thoy»rcfro.....^,„,,fi,;;yis;;/«;i*:x,^^^ «ud jupiu.r. ,
H. PHYSICAL GEOGIIAPHY
I r«p-
VRANUS
ri \ \i . .„ ,'""""• "'ur 'niluw Item the pea.
I ( 10.) Num-NE, by n plum 3,300 fwt disfiint.*
V^V an nrhi. „? i. ■ " "'"" nioveii Onward n .iiiiuce. in
^^ ?«rannm?, "t."''"' J*. ^'"' ""« «' IHWXMltW mile!
hat Of ; pirth"*"']' ." ^'"^ time? ^r^iter Than
> "'■ thrpran'etV.riVr.^;ntu°n^''r "''""'•^ '•"'^"'
niS^-MofhTHi.?',.' '"' ""'"",'*' ll'«"e'- »•"• the one
ni^rto th?lil??,^„"V"'°'" '•W?» fr""> 'he S"n. i,
ellit?"(thit U SSS^hrSTiirr'*^ hy « «oo.or «t-
ion.vi,...n,„nthV^SiS&^'«n^^^
hen between the8unMdM«;n,iSL«^iKi»CJJ'«J!»''i ">e Earth.
Tned •tt™etionofthe8nnaSdiSSlM.^fc2"''**''*^*Moon. The com-
pliw dlacovered tram time
Pi«. lJ.-k.L4Ti»i PRoPoaiioM or i.i»n akd WAi.i orini olou
I ttlt*M VA.iAt.I- M a_
L The II*rth'a Borfhoe ia divided into land and water, aa follow.
MrnVlV"'""';'''''^ Und,Wlli?Und water S?mm
Houtheru Uemijohern.^. land_13£00,00o; and water SSS
Dtrltlona
America..
Riirope ..
Ocnmla..
Africa.
Ar«aa7ii '*"f'''
KoF'I'h In".
'^'''■•"'1 in- . ..
Hurfaoc RatlmatMl "'p«J»»loii
t<> one Population - "> ""'
afCuut
IS.W.OOO I
s,;(ii,i]ao !
ir.ooo.oon I
4,noo,on() I
ll,4*fi,(IOO i
S7,am
i7,ieo
80,00U
la.noo
431
ais
n:
I 79,000,000
Mo.ono.nno
700,(00,000
83,000,000
80.000,000
8q. Mile.
6
76
44
W
7
Mean Itelf ht In
real above the 8m.
\.A.,748,8.A..1'II.
671
1.1U
WI'TUNI
.oMPABAim Biiia
or TBI n.AiiBn.
••i. »■ }*^f;i'7r* "*»«' one-fourth of the Earth', mr/ai^^
>l»notur,.lU,v,„o,a are cl„u,!Jied a. follow, : (8e« Fi^. 14 p 8^
(1 ) A Continent («Vom the Latin con, " U^iheT,"mdtl;^
; %t An wJd "^^Z '"".f '^."'"'"'"K several 'oountri:,'
r4\^ *° ^ «»^."» "portion of land enlirelj, surrounded by water
.. ■ <(^) A Peninsula fVom tho Latin pe^, "almost " and L^S fa
""'j"-!") »» portion of land a/mo/sun^und. -1 bV wate '
f s'^ An Isthmus is a nock of land uniting t« ., laiver portions
I (S.) A Capo is a point of land projecting into an S^^ a 2"
I L'!^;- •"■ ■! '•'^ "^'«'- A cape is^alsi call^, in sonHDuntr^'
A rf,/ ,s a steep or overhanging rock by a river, a lake.or °^
(6.) A Coast, or Shore, is the margin ofland bordering on an
ocean, a sea, a lake, or a river. ""g on an
• ^ V j^ M°"?t**n 's a lofty elevation of land. Its hiahest imin«
Lt S? %rV'"'^''''"^«»f '»»^'* » reckon^ T^rany
called Its bn„. Mountain. tK«„r singly, and in chains, orS^^?
lAnd.Diviatona.-Thc five great divisions of the Earth aie •
PHTHOAL OIOORAPHY.
.;,;ini7'<;;^._
y».) A n»ln !n a portion of Unci oounlrv. An I'xtnn.ir.. „i„
V.M or ,.pl.n.l ,J«i„ U oall..,l *^/.,„,„ or Zl.ZrIZll
«ro Und. ,n wh.oh there an, fow con.picuou. mountain.
(II.) A Pj»irte [prny'rlj (h an extoiiMivv tract of count rv
mostly level, dctitule of trocH, and covered with Ull c^ar^S'
riq ■^ A ^!f '»» barton and sandj or rocky tract of country.
CM.) An Oaaia [o'.|1.»ib] ih « fortilo upot in a dewrt
4. Wttar «rn^ three./o„rth» of the Earth', *urfnct and
Unnatural diouion, art cl^^^M a. /olhw, : (ScJ! Fi^ '14 )
(ll t°i2rr '" ■ T ^I "'>" ""**"■' '*P"™""8 continent..
)o( f ■** '* » «"»'»"<"• body of water than an ocean.
rll f° ^"^*P*"««° [«k-J ] ia a Ka dotted with iaianda.
inland. In aou.e oountr.ea « Halt-wat^r inlet i« called a/W ffoc f
«l. I t 1 '1* ' ^y "'' "»'*"■ """^ondod by land. Some
Mlt lake., when large, are called ir,„. A lake ia houcS
fonncd by the expanaion of a river in it» cour^ it^ ^^0^
and Scotland, reapectivcly, lake ia called /««<,/; and loeh
«,f„;„^ '^^'*^^, ^r*^ or Bog ia a low, wet. apon^r tract of
7hiS 'Z.""^^' " •' ""T'.? *'""* interaperXi^ patched
C?.; A strait la a narrow pamagc connectinsf two lanror bodip.
JuTTrt "^^ ^*"''' ^'^ ^"^ '*'"■ """h of NewfuuXnli
(».; A Channel m a wider pa«wigo than a strait.
rt',!s\^^^ '" ' P**^ *"* ""y ^ fathomed by a sl.ip'a lead
i. t^l il^^Jf"*"*^ ^i""^.^^" ^^''"" «'"-"'■". " t« ''Oil or foam •)
w the enlarged mouth of a river, or the entrance to a bay or inlet
waUr.ChthM;''* "'''' ?' •''" "*"' °[ ♦" ">« "•^''' '" 'ooau- the
rf. ri J. • ,**"',?"r '" '»''««''» to boil and foam. The mouth
n^T.^ **""^ '° """''- •"''' '^''•"' "'<!«'. "/"'A or/fr/A
for .hi« ^^ '• » Weltered bay forming a safe haven or port
/iT'. tr^ ?' «ad,/«arf la a good anctorage off a ahow.
b^i«i. «.«^" '" t '"^ «'"»?« of freah water. Where it
A^ ZI K •**•'«,»'«*''«>» these two pointa ia the ci,ur,e. A
Ate (from the Greek letter A) is . triangular-ahaH island or
SmiS.-'^f P"^"'**^ ^^ "?• ''•^tion of mud, and causing
*°° P" w tne hollow naaaaire rwith Unk. «„ «:.v— -rj-v :_
whioh Um Tint fluwi, and I
llio /nkin ia tho nyion <ifl
iNiuhtry drainoil bv th«' river* ,
Tint ridge or high Und sen.
"faling two river-lmaina i.|
I'allwl a iriilrrthKl A er
or riiM/,< b a aniuJi tlrt,m ^
rill, or hnmk iMining (Voni a !
ffring. (In Kurope, "creek
iiivani an inlrl.) A fc«y.,i,
i" an offahout of a river. A
(^md/ ia an artificial river dr
aignml Ihr the poaaago of vi *
»ul». A tnnjiumcfi ia wht n
two river* meet ; and tho riv. r j
which fhi'ro loaea ila name \,
enllfd a Iminrh, Irihuliiri/, or
iijflurHl. A torrtnl ia a atrearn |
-r Ai^^.^ are oauaed 1, „ co:!:^^:^ z^l^ ::s S;:
shalKMfno*, .n the M of the river; and /./& or a A"«,a7
• proe pico or au.lden break in that decent ThnTn. „f 1
LrRo.r ver, liko Niagara, are call.] a ...^.rT^ i„ b! N 111'
a ran H rrc,„e„.ly calle.1 a ..,uU [..], -nd a chuUl^^q"*'
boina uii.l«r the (•.,ii»t"|l»l ,Vn ,,f ||,V( v . T'* '' VT' "''*'"•• » '"••«'.-
.b!,u[ «r.r,5;;! *: t;r. ^:-i';^ T^o,.xtend j
™^ tesvs^:xa^;tte«Hh -^^^^
.„,! f II J^** .■"* "'« alternate Hue
tihlo on the iihorc. «,«V „r hi^ tiX
the attraction of the Sun and Moon a<tini
perpondinulnrly to each other. "
araiio aitd nt* nou.
(r.) Ocean CurrenU arc chiefly cauned
by wind, attmclion of the Sun 3 Moon
(«uch an tidea), unequal ovaporation at dif-
ferent pointi, difference* of temperuturo and
denmtjir (oauaed by ooldnea. aid .altnM.).
4c. Thcao influenced a<t liiiKly or together
The chief currontii are tho north amfaouth
polar citrrtnU, and tlio rquaiorial evrmt
.nl?L^:r''^'{rr,';;?Te°j:.ar,^s;;;'a%r'"*^^
waters of the «oiutor TWrirSJ^Tj .1^" the wanner and Ikhtcr
G.i^?if^:xiMfXk*°e„t^''^"^^^^
with the at^Mio current fW)mBa^.i^n^f?,™*2TS5 *^' '* »«<•
twoj;g.t^n^nt_;^ofw^
• The rin*/ lonlr nr . ^— i. .1.77771 rr — : — —I! .
which Uu) rimr flown, •nd
Ihu /«i«tH U thu ration of
umrilrydniiiHMl by tho rivpr ♦
Tho ridM« or hixh Und .. |
uruling two rivor-»Mwin» i
iwllt'd a iriilrrikril A o
or riV«/r< ii ■ iiuaJI ,/„„
ri7/, or linmk Muing ^)ii,
»/)ri»j. (In Europe, "crmk
liicnni Ml inlrl.) A fc<i^.,«
i" HR offahoot of » rivnr. A
<•'<«<»/ U an artifleial rirer .1.
niKitiid fhr tho panuiKo of vcc
•uLi. A tnnjtutncfi in when
two rivprw ninct ; and tho river
whioh thoro |oim>ii iu name ii
nnlK-d a hninrh, Irihutiirif, or
'ijDiurnt A tnrrrnt [n a atroam
running rapidly over broken
ntinuou* diwcont and abmpi
; and /nlU or a mimdf, by
lit dowwnt. Tho fall* of >
iil„nirt. In Br. N. America,
wj, and a chute [ahoot].
I) callixl from Mount AHm, in
II flri.t naviKitlol by Mn«<.||«n, in
li><irc<.kw(.nlnnl/oj, »"!»«,'• .
Il™r); anil AnUn'tic ((Vom belm,
al iH)iiue<rt<M|, mill rorni (inn vn.i
e ImiUoiii or Ixxl of tli« ixvan pn-
«, ii« on liiml. Tho ariMi^i ,|,,,,,|,
«Ui'»i.fth(> walProhlmiM'oan urv
" witnwiii, (Icniiity, t«in|><Taliir.'
Ii iM wiiviw, ti.lm, anil iMirrontH
ici Old anil Now Worldn. Ii.
«iit I»,«I0 milt-., anil it* l.rmnlil,
of Miiiiire milfl*. {Hvt, W. Hmi i
mil Amorii-a. It oxtond* about
1 2,000 from rant to we,t. Art .
Ili'iniapnvrx, iwoo 12.)
ithfliioiithofAiga. Thoyeitend
J »l)out (1,000 from OMt to wmt.
•(Til HemmDhere, nafie is.)
J "I"; »nd UitiAnlarHie Ocean,
illioii»or*quar«milM.
i'liil motion. Tho hiiiheat wave I
the aea to the wavea crwit.
. 'i^^'
araivo *»d itiav wdh.
Hg-lS.
r the movement of the colder I
vard the warmer and Ughtcrl
leir wajr, in the ipring of th«l
■ink or melt awajr. I
by a iweral movement of th« I
'? Vllr* '^^ ourrenu of the i
It of thia current U known tt- \
having ita chief Iboui in the I
utr trvm the Ckribbean Seal
into the Atlantic tlmnufa the I
mat alona the Vnhtd4itat«|
!• the louthem Doiiit of Novi I
on the Grand Bank, it meenf
» unequal temneraturea of the I
oaune the celebrated fogg ot l
ti;r.t.riU,u nun »i>oii ggumdomj
Bii th« oppMltc H ide. I
«) clmwifled f Deflne Ooenn,!
me of thcdo diviriona on tlw
iirrentiand the Gulf Stream fl
1
u'?oSr^h«'fel!!l*l!r».?"f,;Yhl*TM^";jfv'?';''i '" •""'""• '" ""'-rt till
p«ur .•..„ of N.«u-w-.n'Y,:te::.;I';;;,';li.;;r,,'::f'i?;;;.':j """ "»
•io'il/d* '?'"»' "•'"'•J. P«>enoa,3n, which an, ob*,rv.blo are
wnda, cloud.. I,«l.,,„„,, ,h.„„|,„, ,,i ^„i„b. ,„„»,;*.il ic^
Im'W, kI*- !•«" tKla*!.], avalanchoa. f,.^, duw wator.noi^
.o«.o..n^ ,u.,ra.bor...lia, volo»„ix», oarth.,ua'2oa. alld tTdt "^ ^•
.v.ul.ii "/"'li'iffrniii'Tn' {h.";:'";:i„:;;r;':.rir ';'"•'"-.• »"" •"• ""ledv
the |.krtli I. .urr..iii.di«l to . . Tt™f »7« ,' , VT "■"""I'h*'"- *"h wliu.fc
Th, ri,.h of eol I :irT.'^'p''';t'',^li'7"''n/ '•><'''•'. ►J*".!, upwinl"
""""" "•• ' — ■ (.f. » hlr,,"'^'..'..'.":."'.!::,!*' *""''• '■•>» h'«h,
'MlYSrOAL OBOOHAPHY.
•frnmlt; tlMdlraethniof
(•iHflll'fcJI. )5»ft vu»l(»iU»tor(n (llnihnrV.',7„;;' "' ""•■"'""*■. (Kill
..u.n.,«i.v......„„.v^H-.n"^Jvte:r;;;'''ter;^-i^
(1) »•■« H;n;«v:;:,i'iu;;r;.r'rt:i;;'::r'i?::: Th« i;pv«'.;;i;;:^
Afn«: VI) tli« ll«r-iii.ui«.. -i.T.i; .1 "'''''"""". *lii'-li Mow rr„in
to Ih. i|««,ru of AfriiVi^ irtli^ ; I iT"'";'"'-. *.'.""'' " "«"''»'•
Indian CVran: (4) the i',n.t«ni Tr»?„' ii- i P*"'"''""' .Mon«o..n of thx
toward II... E,.u»i..r. (.W lir inihiT..l C llil""'"''',"?'':' »'"' """t'-'*-!
every »„M, miA bl.m » lt«r i"l<.K ^ uht . * '•"*«•'• *l'l-ti «"<'iir on »liM..it
r.p^:"!?."^;',:.:,':;;^';::'^-''''"''''""'"' -.«-».»», noatm* i„ th. higher
(I) Thunder i. a IoudT,u"d n" 1 .'^"bl iu.VH',A" V' '"'"' ""• *""'
thmll^l, thn Htni<»phur« nHimwi hy electricity in paHiim rapidly
opiM-it,, l„ II,., Hnn; rndT. ,.»uiHl l\Yl''i^A^^^^^
i:r!^;;Xil:^:lr.::t»\;;S S™'-^
...oimuin,, at an <>^^^»^^'nTut fu,milmuT^^^^^^^ '"kI.
h«uhl i>f a p|,«v nhovfl lb.. «., „„| ,1. ,|„,
"•"•>•' h.i« .did by iHH, , ,n,d wu M,ul' » h"v ':r*"'f>' • r*""' »'•«*.,
>lr.,l,jM and ,*,tr.,l,jM Tl * f..mi»r »« .71? '"■";''^"j', -lividwl ,„i„
' -ton..-, an.l ,h..l«., w,tl, Hjr,dTn"«lir„,r I, V'l"' "*?''"'""''"■ I'"'»-
or innny iiiiI.m, ,ir.. ..n^iii di.li.rlwd.nd h«.l^'i.T " '"*" * •"'«' "'''kn...,
Mi.rk..l by .h..|' .M.nJ- b.,,i,-^.^r L ' "'" """''** Tl... b»l. are
rh«.,r.«.k«»n.«„n„,„„^,,,,^, by U ,'I^| T' " '' "• •",'' """«l' "*•
Id dep,«il,, ,„d ..hIi^i ,„^Z ni^.kV™ I, ,^';'" ■',"'';'''•'';'•"' '«l"»trHti-
lava. YhMe lire .HpiK..„d hy nrnnv i , i, .i^Jl ", ' '""'''''^O. trap, md
inatu.r of the «Jl..lJi.' Wh. f I "^ ,,||«i J,Tl, ' '""", "." """"'"I l"-«l
form vidi.,i..«. ^ ,„,. , , i/;;; - .'•;;||«1 ^-k; .^o U, th« ...rlW*. th.y
TIIK UKOcmAI'IIICAI, DWTttlnrTIO.N,,; .MKTiW
ar^\.^i5T^.;,:!i:i.ri:!:rvi[.:tX!i;i t:\: ••"!"■'- '^ «•
aiif ti;;r;;:;,dii.,. „;,',:; 'ilnir^r-tt
liirrJCi"-
T
%
I. -J
i
I
fft> W.I1 1 t;^""' "" '" """ '" "« >""««»»T «.»a..
into iSXri^^J,'"" fr<"» • '"«"orand warmer atmoaphere and froaen
(w,I <^mte«'l,T(y1^K'••Til^^r„„"er|•;:',^"^' •ri'"" »"'' ""•'ii"' hm.
cooler than the air "'"""*™ "' '"• "'f oondensod by contact with bodiea
are hj«utirul «trcak?of^'Sh;^iU\" ^'^ " I'^J'^.f^^k"^ ?' ^'''^'l'''^ '''^ht'.
"a i%'i tote ''h- ifci Jla^n."*' •" """^"-"'- 0' "•«
- ' thirty**io!J?roJti%h"";ti» v:±L-!:i»^^^^
of the thirty aoncs or belta with whiiilTihn '* "•"''!• yT"? /'"mnallv one
acopMmg to tho obliquity of tl^e Suu' coirL'* n""^ ''■""'^?'' '*"' "'•>'»
atateof tTieatmoaphore iLi roirarts temwm.^« i' """ »"«'"flea a Keneral
are vaned chiefly by an unMu.ldi.ti K?/^' "'^®',*J?''' »"'' 'noiature, which
Earth a «ur(lK!e.'Tte h«t iTirSiteit n t 1 p" . * ""* ?"" ' .™£" "P"" tho
»lly becoinea cooler aa wo annW»!Ihii,rM?n.° '"'"""''•' "^ "t; 't KnAa-
«>quenoeof the 8un",a« fiS&ore oWnl,?'' ^'T"' •'"''»• '»^n-
!^e«oed^^itherway iW^^'f.^'l^to'J.^^'.^'rl.U^lil ^Z
WghVniS^'TZi^RliJ*riii^lS!L'H^*'""LPhenomen.:?"lr^^ ,^ ^ ,
•■ ^ Voi.»SM'2;ViiS."±7-»»,-»"i'r'-re it r»'i.. nui.:?X,^*'o^;^'i:,„n;S!SicTe'F
1 present meaninir nt ('li.Hf.tx. a ?> '
lK™,dr„Clnji;r.,,Vn;,;;irr,rwioi'iMi.";L''""-''''''^ 'rh«e"-;;,;r:
arraiiKod inn, ,,; f,i, o. .„d" ..Hm ' "'""' '"" """■^"f m .p«.A
— iv«| vi. UyKon. hyVn^Lri, „'.';; i Jr ".i ""ni";;; r";;,"'"'",""'"^ "«:
;| Mii.^ou"'- In ,1,., IniiVil .S," ".. " hon a'.; r«i'";^;.ld":"' '""'>".'"
111.. M' p." l»--lii-»n !.Uhi- iiid III. ('„i?. .'*.'""■'''"''»; VI.,
;.. i-m.'r r,.,„Mi.., liriiui^V lb %•„",::. tr'i i" I" !l'"" '■•"""'
lia. Mexiiii, (>.olral Aniorii^ lir.n . , V' '".'',""'l '^"V »'-o-
Aiide,. <i„id ,. f„„„d in ,",' 'ptr". f Ku„,^^' ll.""'i "" "^ "-e
.|"i.ntitie.. It i, ab„nd„,„ .nSvoM^n C.,.n. '".V!?'','?"', 'SJ'"*'
taina, Japan, HMi..rn Afri.n thn K,,L \i ^ '. ■"* ' •*■ Moun-
go[lt\.^i:f,!^i"n";e^^J^;ft.rtl^l^~fr7.•"' -'.'r -:^v.Iu.hIe a.
(».) Sliver i, «..notim.^a ,'Tm.rl h it 7'r'' "'"' ',^»"f""»».
KoW. COPI..T. Ie,«l, «r*ni.^or Sir \loJ,,, iv?,?";i;" * '"''«<' "ith
arc nolcWor their ailvflrMiiinci' TJie pSj K^ V,. lll''"*^^
Norwiiy, .Spmn, Tranaylvania, and H.iniwry ' '^'"'"l'""' ""ne. are in
. W Iron la the most ii.wful of »|| thomptul. Ti.« , ■
i» foumt in Kr«ato.t ab,.ndHni-onr«Jro«tSi„ 11 i„?"'"^[.''* *'"'''« 't
™?ny.Norw,,y..Swe<len, KiiHHiiUho rniS."t"tt4 an^
(R. ) Copper, next to iron, i, the irnXuiif, ,1.,.T Th"' ■ ^- A"'*"™,
minod in Anmrira arc on tho «ho™ nf fill « ''• The ni^heat copper-
I^wor Canada; and in ('hi i^her«tLted"^f **',?:,""' »'"». """'nrin
..mn'di'n^Slnttia^aS:,' H^J-^L""" '»"'-'■ '^ f-™ "raM) » found in
^ rf%'^ i/aiCr, 'fe '""•■"•• «— ^. ''-.0.. Spain.
onlfoVSfe^ittnVa 'i',; «-«'-<l. Spain, and Saxony; al«. i„ Banc^
coi^je't:?uirr*Sl^u."„fe"n».;„^? '•>-' inflammaM.' ^22f^
mitu.^at^lfg'lnite'^ia'toTndt'Nt/SISir S*' «-t»«^t^ Ntu-
foundland, the S^HaSwan-RWeiVS?:; feS*^?™""?'"*: New-
Tonco a-cr liii u.1, tj.e Uuiie,! suites. Kngfand. and"^h^roinn?rt^'*'*^''
Bo'',;^".:'!; vSraS';;Vii?i"'"7'^"°""»"^ "''"^'irfaiu n"* r'cSiSUJ' oT'?"*'' i><r"/*'r'' ki^nvi.id
"i\ "■•"''•mr^''8t are CloudaP DeanrilM
i
10
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
™iv>L *!.'• * ""t"'""'!?,''''* "o*'- f""'"' '1 Yorksl.ire and some other
r« > B,.i«K„1I""" "*?" '^"■' Mourning-oraamentg, such as necklaces, ic.
^«™i;..r.W.^''!."'"^V'';''''S''''"'''"''''''"°e'"' burn-stone from its great
combustibility, is found chiefly in Sicily. *
^Jil'l ^'**^8n io wmietiiiies found in a fluid state, when it is called
petroleum ; in lU solid state it is called aaplialtum. In the United SUtes
}'L*nl^:,"'^° '^* • "'r' of ""'bxlos (West Indies), in the vidni^ of iS
nf^RZ.hS^f wi l"i "rT?,- *''*?* are,pet.oleum..iprings. In the Island
/c^ A ^ *"* Indies) there is a lake or pond of semi-fluid bitumen.
iJ^2i7hiia' *.'*«'"•'"» '"'w'*';™ ""^cn ™»Je into ornaments, is ob-
tained chiefly on the shores of the Ualtic in Prussiii.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL BISTBIUUTION OF PLANTS.
,.i,l?fi.''^' Oeographloal Distribution of Plants is dependent
cliiefly on climate, and on the moisture or dryness of the atmraphere.
VoKotntion of some kind exists in almost every part of the Globe: either
Z „C^„ ■'' i*'''iir *■'"' ."*'•*'■' ,"* «e«-wee<l, &c.. ; or on the snow, ag the red
or oran»e cplmired plant mistaken by An;lic travellers for red snow.
18. Vast Number of Planta-The number of known species* of
cotton flaTandhemp"' '°°'' important pUnU for clothing are
m^ii" hJ}y ^<"?^ °"*i« Torrid Zone embmces a richer variety, and has
more brilliant colours and statelier forms, more fragrant odours aAd more
plln^ent tiiste, than that of any other part of the \rorI.l Here pXs
binin-is, sugnr-cane, colTee, .■..noa-nuts, spices, rice, maize, arrow-r<St'
ca^gvya-n^t^uscioiis fruits tnnber-.trees and .lyewoods. grow' luxuriantly!
m»r hn. „i .'* "^ ^^^ Temperato Zones grows freely during Burn-
er' n,» ,^''?"" ''*^' '*■'?''""« "I "'?«*■•• ^' in'^'ides wheat, barley, oats,
rye. maize, gnisses, flax, hemp, the vine, the apple and similar fruit-trees
th».i^'"Z'',;;::jl'«?r'"'j-^fpt"''i«"' "'«> "-o <Z, the hickory The pS^;
* lo '%u*'^-.ip<"^*'' '^^ "■■• ""> '•e<'"ti »"'l the maple. *^ '
,nl;?;?,^f F^?'*.°f J^^^^^^^onsS'-There are few trees in these
zones except stunted birch, beech, alder, pines, &c. Heaths^w slowly
and moss-plants and lichens are found on rScks ind on d^ecfwood.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.:
17. The Oeographical Distribution of Animals is confined
to the same areas as the plonts. The animals wliich inhabit the
iiarth are naturally divided into three principal divisions; vin.
the torrid (or tropical), the temperate, and the frigid. The fiercest
animals are found in the torrid, the most useful' in the temperate
and the most prolific in the Arctic nones. The caHribe (tiger'
panther, &c.) degenerates as it recedes from the tropics, while
such animals as the bear and the whale improve in size &o
i^^A^^^.i^^^ °f *^« Torrid Zone are chiefly of immense size
moluding the e cphant, the rti-noc-e-ros [-nos-], and "L hippwotWus*
S,ir iH ^•"' t''l«"n-el. the gi-rafl^e (or oa-mil'-o-pard), thrbulfalo the
th?"Li^f.''°?i.*''*.V,«^'"' ',''» puma, and the hyena; the vul ur«'and
thf condor; the rattle-snake and t^e boa-constrictor. The sloth the
fh«'^i!iW*''?..''°°^°''^?"<' th« humming-bird are Peculiar to Amerila^
^l^l^^Au^^'^"' ""'* *'i'' hippopotrmius, to Africa; the dingo the
iS^B A«h£io'W,! or duck-f,illed otter, to Australia. ^ ' ^*
/ V**A°^*1^ of the Temperate Zones are chiefly herhiv'ni-
SU'/hlh.rffl"*''*',."*'^''"'* ""ff"! toman; such as the bote, The .Sth^
ox, the buflalo, the deer, and the sheep. The beasts of prev are the wnlf
^O^^l ^^A^'lx^f JS'' *|£.°ilsC Singing-birds a'i-eLmereus"^
.u • u* Animals of the Prigid Zones present few varieties^" hnf
the number in each spec es is very large especial thrhrrf/ni f 1,1 a'. ."
regions and the flsh^ the coastj ofTewfgSnd, HSn1liJ''G.^'^?
lh^^'»i°„'*^^''*'''l?^^- The principal animals are the White-W-, tjfe nS
the rein-deer, the musk-ox, tfie white-fox, the poIar-harTand th^tem'
^i SlKib, whales, walruses, and innumerable me-du-Vi§ inhabit the
di^™,p?treis"&o.^' ""' "'*°"°° ^*'^'^' '^«"' g-U-I^^omnte!
21. Cl»t<sAfloation.--Animals have been arranged into four Bmnd Ai-^
sions, VIZ : i. The VeHebrated, or those with rElZe of w&th»~
are four olMws; viz., (1) Mammalia, or those Svingmiir(%]S
tiles, .and (4) ^ishM. il, The Mollu^cou, or sofi-b^iia: of whU th^re
are eight classes, chiefly in hard shells III The 4riSji„lJi^ ■ • . j°
of whU there -are four classed: 'riz.^(i)"AnTne,^Mr'Sr1inJe!^^
h?h,rr!;"*'."1^^^'f°-' <2) Crustacek, or soft-shellSl ° ucWVrab '
U. MoUusoa, iiy eO; HI. Articulata, 5.000; IV. Rad iata. 6,000 rtoffl 60 wo'
12^' tli5.1S,'S.L',X.^o?t'il«~"r":S)'i {S«J>!"" «" ">y particular
{ MeduMB,»mnusof(ce»Hnou«-rmHI»tnrt.-i~.tL, jr~:. „...
sometlmn eallod ta-%»tatt.
22. The Wild Animals. &o. most useful ',o man are the following :
MAMHiriiBa (MltK-BEiHlltCO.
Sant: Product:
Tlij Onwiilaiitl Wlialc.Oil and »h»lilMiiii .
ThoSpcnii Whale, Oilandspuriuacfti.
The \\ alrua. Oil,
Tho 8fal, Oil and skin.
Tho PurpoUe, Oil and IcalhBr.
I'hii KIcphaiit, Ivory aiiU food.
The llpaver, SItrt<>n,1
.Mink, Muakmt,
Otter, Seal, Sahl... ! „.„
Ermine, Poi, (Iniy )•'«'•
Kfiuirrei, Chinclill.
la, and OiMissniii, J
Tho Hcccary, K»ii."l
lit
BIPTlUi.
Name: Product:
Tho Turtle, In-ua-l- .
iia, BiiU Frog, J ""><>•
The Alligator, Leatlier.
IIIH.
Food and itlnglasa.
Food and cou>livor
garoo, Uelndrar,
KIk (or Moose),
Antelope, Cha-
mois [shfl-moi'l,
Bison, and Bur-
falo,
' Food and leather.
BIBDI.
The Ostrich, and Bl-)„ ..
der-Uuck, j Feathers.
The Swan, Gocae, ~)
I'uck, Ftannigan I
[tar'-mc-gan], S-Food.
enliie, PailriUgo,
Quail, »o., J
on,ner-\
d..Ma4k. (p„ .
furlmt, f^<»<'-
The Sturgeon
ffttur-junj,
Tho Cod,
The Salman, Her-'
ring,Shad..Ma4'li
orcI, Turliot,
ic.
IRSBCTt.
The Silk-worm, Silk.
The Cochineal [kobih'.
l-iieen Insect, Cochineal.
Tlie Lac Insect, Lae.
The Oall Insect, Gall.
The Hob, Money k wax.
SpanUh Fly, Medicinal.
MOLLCBXa, XTC.
Tho Pearl-Oyster, Pearl.
TjiB Ecd-Coral Builder, Ued coral.
Iho Common Oyster, ■)
Tre-paiig, lobster, VFood.
Crab, Ac, J
THE GE0GRAPHIC.il DISTRIBUTION OF MAN.
"Ood . . . hath made "'one blood allj.ation, of men to dwell ou all the face of
me eartn . . . "— Acts xvii. 24, 26.
28. Mankind.— Man-descended from Adam and Eve, who
were originally placed in Eden (in some part of A8ia)-is now
adanfl^"^ *If7 T'"" °^ ^^^ ^^°^' ^a has been enabled to
adapt himself to almost every variety of soil and climate; which
llf l""!i*"'"'**'^ "1*" ^'^ P^'y"""' constitution, si, as to
produce the different varieties which now exist. Some naturalista
have arranged mankind into five clacses. according to the form
r„l • ' r"; *?.^ ^"ngolum, the A'egro orEtMopic, the
taucasiun or Indo-Europtan, the Malayan, and„the American.
^ouaot,^^
M-An
wy^ia^^^^L-^
Fig. 17.— BFBCIHEirS 01 TH» JIVS CLASSES Ol HAilEISO.
Modern ethnologists arrange them into three classes, after the three
'Zl'fm^K^^-f'r^Zf^'' Mongolian (yellow), Ham's or the
Negro (black) and Japheth's or the Caucasian (white). Another
mode of class ifying mankind is by the affinity of lanirna««.
species, of Plants a?e"there?"'VwcR t^eS'imMrtont'?'"id' W^ the Geographical Distribution of Plants dependent? 18 How m^
.^b^.
ID ure the fullowiug :
IIPTILII.
ProdHct$,
--jPood.
Iieather.
Ilia.
Food and falnrlaai.
Fowl ttitd coU'livur
er--)
oil
Food
NBECTi,
Silk.
[Jiotah'-
»!t. Cochineal.
■ Lac.
■; Gall.
Honey k wax.
Medicinal.
LCail, ITC.
tr, Pearl.
Builder, Ued coral.
Oyster, ■)
Lmer, >Food.
J OF MAN.
rell on all the fkce of
am and Eve, who
of Asia) — is now
8 been enabled to
iid climate ; which
ititution, BO as to
Some naturalists
•ding to the form
or Ethiopie, the
idcthe Americun.
is, after the three
»), Ham's or the
'hite). Another
langnageg,
' f 18. How many
rate Zones P 16. of
i» are aniranlB cIbb-
>in the illustration.
24. ClaMifloation.-The followins is an approxinmte numerical
clas8ifacat.on of the principal divisiouH of mankind "'""""""""•^
SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY
DiTiaiONS
.North America
«'..«t luiliiw ..
SHilli.liuerica
I'>in>pu
.t.'.ia
.vrrica
Uoeania.
Tutala
in. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
and lci„gdo.„,, fhe for.;, of ,orr;.„o"t"iXS ^^1^^^
who is generally chosen'fofa stated S y d^" at^ SS" *'
., u™,,., a„ U.O., ,ta wk,,, i„ MotaS;^ "Ere ;
n,. it-iu»ii 0, ,o„n„ „, ,„„„ „ ,„ „,„„„ „„„„,
Ar.ftr„£g'.raa.a aa wzsKts-
DirisioHs.
North America
West Indies ... .
**nth .\inerioa
Enn)i>e ,
.*ii« .. .,
Afiioa ...
Oceania..
Jews.
Hohamme-
daua.
IdoUten.
280,000
■■■ 70.000
4.000.000
i.liOO.flUO
3110.000
ao.ouo
11.000.000
160.000 W
15,000.000
3,000,000
188,000,000"
8,000.000
3,6eb;ooo
684.006.000
64.000,000
78,1)00.000
7,070,000
«82,6IS0,000'
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
, ™- ™_ ^' ™^ WORLD DIVIDED INTO HEMISPHFRF«?
•on 8 of the Introductory Chanter 1" 5 7 r/u"»i/^^'^ -5^^
into the Northern and So/thern fcsK^ (li F.f 13, p! 70
water, surface than tLEXr^SLherTru 111 ''fJ'''?'' *"'' " ^-^te^
and South America, and 0«e"i"ir,mrt ita^i^"'' '''T'"" "" '"'"'■"'
two of its great rivers (the .Miss K,i,m », rt H.„ ^""" ™»""t?'.n-ran(i;c9, and
run in a 'Lur.l.erly d r"!^ 0^^® th^l tri'f.TxY"'^'' "^^''''^^^^^
Amoriua,and twoothergrcatrive« the Am4mr.;n i flH':!J°^'''* '" *™"'
m an e.i3terly dirootion. At BeVrii^i S.m . }? i 1 i"l"'®-^'-,^''""'-'"'«>i f""
forty.flve miles of eaoh otiwr The mifteTv rf.^n ''«"»«Pl'?n'.s are ivi'thin
4, Th^e%fero?tfe,eMA'^>yj'":^i^^^^ of our
bKXftrS^a'^y'tS^^ru^rtro?^^^^^
run in an easterly di?eiLn The shStmS iiVZ''^^^
ern coast of Asia, with the rivers Indsun,rRM"„'S'"r?.°«!* fl"?"* .'k?"*-
southerly direction; while the ^^1 Luntainrand thi rii/"°T'° «
connects the Continents TAsia and AfS) fa now^^^^^^^^
are given on the map (which see) -esiMc'iinv Jt.1 i„ ' .Other routes
North America via VinTO.iver Sand ^^r»n J i ""J? P"Se?'«<> •cross
tions in each comerof The man of thi pLfS™ SJ?"*^'"!! °'*''« *"«"»»-
««« I"'ipd.^t.,ry Chapterl'U'kfn a' p^f r**™ ilemuiphere. onpnga ij.
.on of L.mdo„. and conSs tTo third 0^fXuS?d?8"u^PteC&l?**-
mtreof the habitable parts of the Ea
5. The Southern Hemisphere
only large portions of land in ifbeinu^,.,,,™,,. .nn ~.- „,»-_x.. .^j_^
and mid-auminer in January. "eimspnere it is mid-winter fat June,
QeESTiOMs — •>!. Give ti "^"Tl -..„ „.„,„. , agg miu-auminer in January . "^
fV-
-;?-w-7.
V-'-T.
frcBoiH*
{^,|i0ilteIMBk Caod (<^_^
■"^'-^'^'-a^si^ii^asssisss
OOMOIftMUDlhip
iiiiii^i^«^e^as;:-tetesi^«
lUiDi^ and riTera; also the
»'W^oirolei,»iKl«M,^.
't_?0'">t»'n«. and rivsn; the
14
SKETCH OF GENERAL OEOORAPIIY.
II. THE CONTINENT OF AMERICA.
(y.racd fro,,, Amerio,,, Ve,p„ciu,, . Florontino «.tr.„.oraer who »ocon.p.„lo<l Col,„„b,„, and who 1„ 1.W7 Br.t .>„hll,l,„^ .n .^ . .
1. The CJontinent of America stretches from the Arctic to
the Southern Ocean, lu east side faces Europe and Africa, from
which it is separated by the Atlantic Ocean; its west side is
btunded by the Pacific Ocean, separating it from Asia and Oce-
ania. It is divided into North and South America,
t.^, ^I^yslcal OutUneB,-The American Continent con«i»t« of two large
tnai (iiih,r-sli!ii.e<l portions of land .'onnected together l>y the IsthniGs
ol luiiainiu These iiorl ions of land are rcsinjctivcly called Norlh and
South Aiiimca. llotli are liroadcHt at the north, and both taper almost
to a lH.iiit at the soutli. An iiniiioiise raiixe of mountains strctidies from
In iir i' 1'' v''^'.'," " ^'.'"■"'.de' KueKO,-tt .li^tante of nearly lO.OOU miles,
in liritish iNorth Americu these mountanl^ ■ sometimes called the Cliin-
|ie»ayan JIo-.n,tains ; ni the United Stat( they are called the llocky
Mountains, in ile^'co the Cordilleras, and in South America the Andes
,ij' ■' L'w^l- ,"'" '^V'''' "f,""' k;*"' mouulain-chaiii arc from 500 to nearly
it.iKK) Icet above the surface of the Ocean. At the Isthmus of Panama a
uuirJV" '.? ^^° chiun, and the laml-elevatiou there is not more than
m ect above the surface of the Ocean. The chief rivers on the American
Continent are also of animmense lenKth (as will he seen in the account of
each countrj through which thoy flow). Recent arctic research has proved
that water suriounds the entire American Continent (see pane 17). It
IS the only one of the four great continents which U washed by the four
great oceans, m. the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Southern, and tha Pacifio.
S. DUoovery.-Tho Nortlimc,, from Norway vi-itwl r.rwnlaad ii, Mfl. Columbus
llthOt't. im^i S,r J.l)»h..t roaiihed N'owroaiullauil h, HOT i In I41« Colmnhin <l «
covrcd the Ori„m.« Blv.r , i„ <m Oj.Kl.. wi, h vl,,„cto, ciplorid th • To^lrefi
wT.;,l'i "*' *- ""^''^ l-ni't'""*" ""I'-.o. »'"1 bi 15.1.1 discovered I^wer CaliR/rnia i,
Lai, "S"'!"',"'''-!'.'^^'''".' M' I"* •lacqiics Cartier discovered Cariadai b, ihu
Do Soto r<.»i.h;;d the MlMlsslupl; i„ 157B Kn,bU'ier discovered Po, Obiouicl Hudson
BV). »i,d i.r,gbi«t.d the Idea ol a •• Norib-Wcst Pa.«,B„", in IS/s Sir "raifda
lirake reached Kao Frai>,Ms<:o (™iled after him), in l^s5 oiv " dKeove^Kl DawS
Stmit , i„ iiKH. Jufti, de F.i.-a disoo.ered Jua„ de Fuca .■strait , i„ l(i,i il,rdson dis-
oivered llud-o,, lUver. a,id. In 1811. Hudson Baj'; l„ Mil! BaHli, lismveTOl iiiffl,,'.
I ay, i„ Iii7i .Marouetu. Hn.1 Johctle colored tfie Mi,Hi8..inpi E v,t; i,n7»l Be,"
ring dl»eov,.re>l B,1,ri„g 8tra,t , In ,777 Oook made several dJioverieH'o,, the Piu',no
OMti ill i,»i Vai,(«i,ver reached Vancouver Isuid: in ISII Sir J C ^a» dl»
covered the South .Maguetic Pole (we 31J. (For " Arc-tic DlKovwy." i^ Swe H.)
NORTH AMERICA.
Size, twice that of Europe. Lent th, 4,600 miles i average bre»dth,3,000 , square, 8.900.
4. Extent and Boundaries.— North America stretches from
the Arctic regions to the tropics, and is bounded on the north by
the Arctic, Ocean, east ' y the North Atlantic, south by the Gulf
of Mexico and Pubifio Ocean, and west by the Pacifio.
g. Phyaioal Featiires of the North Coast
7. Physioal Featurea of the South and West Coaata.
Bias
Ol-LFS
AND
Bays.
Meilco.
Nlcoya.
Calirornia.
San Francis-
co.
Hui„l)oIdt.
iriria.
CUA.NKKU,
SrRAITS,
8oi;iiDs, Ac.
Juan de Fu-
ca.
Queo -Char,
lotte'n 8d.
I'rinci.Wil-
bain's Sd.
C'Klk's Inlet.
P|I1IICI1>AL
ISLAHDS.
Vancouver.
QtiiH?,, Char-
lotte's.
Prilieo of
Wales.
.Sllka.
Pr>m,,iPAL
Capes.
Cor-ri-oh-t«s,
St. Lncaa.
-^t. Lauro.
Mendocino.
llla,ico.
Flattery.
PXXIN-
■DLAS.
l,ower Cali-
fornia.
RuHsian
America
(lu part).
nP V ^?^a'°' ?'^y«'°?l Features.— The chief physical features
ot JNorth America consist of its mountains and rivers. The most
; important ranges are the Rocky Mountains, near the Pacific I
ZTl ^n 1 '''^ -^"^'!>«"y or Appalachian Mountains, whjcl. '
run p:.falel to the Atlantic coast. These two principal range,,
enclose the valleys of the Misai,,sippi, at the South; the Great,
Lakes and their tribut^ies, in ftio Middle; the Arctic Sea'
and Hudson Bay vfith their tributaries, at the North. The i
rivers maybe more minutely grouped as follows : (1) the Arctici
group of rivers, (2) the Hudson-B^ty group, (3) the St. Law-
rence group, (4) the Atlantic group, (5.) the Mississippi group,
and (b) the Northern, Middle, and Southern Pacific groups! '
Ihey may be further classified according to the mountains in i
which they take their rise, thus ;
0. Fhya ieal Features of the Iq^pior of North America.
Pbi.ncipal
Mountain
Ranobs.
KlVBHg
pi-owiiio
NORTHWARU
Ahotic. Cqppciinlnii.
Uighi'st iieak N.K. i.-,i, ,i
l.iOOfi'Ct. Great Fish.
RlVKHS
PI.OW.'NO
SOITU-VAUI)
RocKT Colvillo,
(parallel tii;.Mnekenzle.\
the I'millc W., i,im ni
coast).
Hii.'lii..stpcak
17,8(10 ft
Seas.
POLAK
(lyiiijf norti
of bmiai
America).
Gulfs
AND
Days.
Coronation.
Boot I Ha,
Kamn'a.
Melville.
ni.«ro.
Uuimva.
Hudson,
James.
CUANNELS,
StKAITS,
Sounds, 4c.
Behrlng Sir.
Banks' Sir.
Melville Sd.
V»'ollingtouC
Barrow Sir,
Lancaster Sd
Davis str.
Cumbcrl'dSt,
FrobisherStr.
Fox Ch.
Hudson Str.
Principal
Islands.
Kllesmcre.
Parry.
Melville.
rornwallis
Hanks.
Viet.AAIlwrt.
King William.
Houtlila.
OiM'Abnrn.
Cumberland.
Disco.
Principal
Capes.
l-r. of Wales.
I.lsburne.
Icy.
Barrow.
Demarcation
Point.
Batburst.
Parry,
baud's End.
alley.
L'udlelyb.
6. Phyaioal Features of the East Coast.
Pexin-
BIL.IS.
Uussia,,
America
(i,, part).
Onenland
(in part).
I.ac-ken. Ked. 700tn.>
Tns[-shan]st. Lawrence
(N. of St. " " -
Law'i^aiid
r.t. Lks.)
Hittliest |>eak
4,UII0 ft.
. Vji. K., from
:ni-a. Ontario,
Tim in.; in-
eludnii; the
lakes, 2,li00
Caribdeam St. Lawrence. iBel/e Isle Str
(l.viiiK »ooth|l''und.v. JL'Klslund Sd.
' e. Bulla
oftlieWest
liidta
■nds)
Isl
Chesapeake.
auia I b.
Mexico. jl' lorida Sir.
Campeachy. | Yucatan Ch.
Hondu,-as. Wiudicardps
Guatemala. Uoua Pass,
(the last fourj
onS.E.coast.)
Newfound-
land.
Cape Breton
Pr. Kdward.
A,itU!Osti.
Long.
Bermuda.
Bahamas, '
Cuba,
Hsyti,
Jamaica,
Windward, .
(W. Indian
Brewster.
Farewell,
Charles.
R.Hce,
Bretoifll.
Sable.
IS-
mtteras.
Catoche.
Oraclas-a-
Dioa ( gras-
e-ass-ft-dee*-
Grecnland
(In part).
Labrador.
.Vpva.Scotia.
Florida.
Yueauu.
oco.T
Allbohany
(parallil to
the Atlan-
tic coast).
HUhest peak
6,428 ft.
long.
Prasor.SWsis,
Cilorado.s.W,
l,Mom.-"
Mississippi.
a.ioom. ^
IVRBS
FI.OWINO
Eaitwahd.
RiVBBS
FLOWINO
Westward.
:700 m.
Oolnmbia, 8.
W., l,iuu m
Pbihcipai I
Lak^s.
i.
Great Bear, j
Slave.
„, LPIowing S.E.U
£io Oran-de, l,soo m,
Missouri, $,1IH) m.
Arkansaa, i!,tiOU m.
Meth-ye.
Athabasca.
Wollaston,
Doer.
Winnipeg.
Salt.
Ot-ta-wa,4IiOm.
St. Slau-riee, .100 ni.
Sa*Be-iiay, UJO m.
St. John, {N.
t.'onnectlcnt,
Hudson, 310
Susquehanna,
Ohio, S. W.,
Mo-bile', 1,000
B.),S,>Om.
tlum.
m.
430 m.
1,400 m,
n,.
Ea- L 'ain,
Tennessee, N
W.,l,2(Mm.
Wood*.
Superior.
MIchifnw.
Huron.
Kriff.
Ontario.
Simeoe.
Champlain.
\}H:JF^^^^^, ''^ountaina extend from the Arctic Sea to South I
Amenca. From jftexico, the Sierra (or "saw-shaped" rangeTde fW«
ofp^t'siZtesiei^^M "S"'^*' r-'i"" Pr"V"8^^^^^^^^
nL, 521 ° ^i*r? Ma.-dre, extend nortliword to the South Paii<^
extoud uortb'S,tt''in*»''d*''?r"1 ^^''- "r^*- ^KV Mountains then
extoua uortu-west in a double chain, containing Mount Hooker nud
Mount Brown. From California northward are tTio Sie?ra NOTadL t! e
Cp^cade Range, with Mount Hood, and the Sea Alps In t^e noHh of t e
11 ferA°""F*'''12*''>"''°'^*'°"°'Elias,%latterl7,860nig^
MjSnl^^,^i?i?lLnal35aS^'^teW^^^^^
Q^l'f *of St"*!^ ''> the Laurentian. whioh extend thmugh C^TtrZ
Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior; and (8) the Aretio HiihlanVu
extend ng novfh-west from Hudson Bay to the .^tloO^n "'"^'•'■
12. Inhabitants.— The aborigines or early inhabltanU of North
America are called Indians. Those in Mexico and Per" were former j
cirilize.1, and bad large towns and fiied Kovernments. ™™e"?
12. What u 8,.id of the InhabitauUP
'>*.=:»*•
i-^.'iSBa-j;
It of i voyime to the New World.)
k aquari' of 3,9»7 iiillej.
nth and West Coaata.
ICIFAL
AN08.
liver.
1 Char-
1 of
Pr.ii«v,iPAi,
C'APEa.
Cor-ri-on-tes.
St. Liicaa.
St. Laxaro,
Mi'iidooliio.
Itlanco.
FlaltiTjr.
PK!»IK-
Bl'LAS.
I^wor Cali-
fornia.
RuHsian
Aiiii>r1ra
(ill part).
riio chief physical features !
^iins and rivers. The most
luntuins, near the Pacitic !
luchiun Mountains, whjcli
rhese two principal ranges
, at the South; the Groat j
Middle; the .\rctic Sea]
ries, at the North. The
as follows : (1) the Arctic j
group, (3) the St. Law-
(5.) the Mississippi group, i
Soutliern I'acitio groups, '
ling to the mountains in
or of North America.
isa
INO
rAHO,
BlVIHS
FLowmo
WSSTWABD.
Pkikcipai
LaS^8.
fircat Bear
Slave.
II .•
7«)m.
Meth-ve.
II
Columbia. B.
Athabaaca.
■li., .
W, 1,2U« m.
Wollutoii.
4<»i ,;
Ucer.
num.
Winnipeg.
m.
n.
m.
.
n.
Kii-L 'iiin,
Wooda.
ni.
*;:■ . ■,
Sulieriop.
m.
Michigan.
Huron.
Kri«.
Ontario.
Simioo.
a.
Tennesspfl, N.
w.,i.a»iD.
Cliamplaiii.
m the Arctic Sea to South
i-»h|iped" range) de Sonoral
Mrallel ranges, the Cordillera |
rthward to the South Pb^hA
Hie Rocky Mountains then
aining Mount Hooker and I
are the Sierra Nevnda, tliel
a Alrm. In the north of the I
lins, the latter 17,860 ft. high, f
^palachian or Alleghany I
e State of Alabama in the I
nd through Canada flrom the!
(S) the Arctic Highlands,!
' AKjtio Ocean. I
irly inhabitants of Northl
:o and Peru were formerljl
if America. How is America I
Its boundaries on the map. I
B the East Coast; 7. on the!
ut, Uivers and the direction I
s,.id of the Inhabitants F
a\x« ST.
8ra8Tio»8.-Point oulri
. the Principal countries on this map the oceans, ^ guli^ bay., uhtads. p,^,,^
capes, mountains, riws, to.
TH« PEINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OF AMKEIOA.
the brown bear, the buffalo /nrm^l *f"^' ""* '^"*' ""6 »nd
the moose-deer ,' «d 'hf :\'JiToro7tre7rah?;,'''\^o''s""i' '^ " "-.
.nd the hu„™inK-b.d. 'setnT://i l^fi:-; J^^^^^^^^^^^^
(For nwie. of the Animal. i„ thi. eng^rtnR we action W.)
1J im. '» ■"■ "»o are uumf
^*vThePolltical Divisions of North America are a, follow, :
Namb or
CODBTBY.
RCS8I4IC Ahkrica
UaHISH AMIglCAI
Greenland
loeland
PBBrrcH N. AiiiicA
British N. Amkkica
Area in
17,600
880.000
10,000
120
61,000
10 OOvi Ooodhope ». w oout
64,600 aeikJAvnT. 8 Wc^l •
Sitka Iiland .
8. W. ooait
'■0'" 8t.Plert«I.Und
H^U.on.B^ Ter | L ^^ J . KB.OOoW Factory Have, Elver
18.2d IS.OOOVlQtoria ■ S'SY.ST-- i«S9
6-,00d 122,888 St. Johni S R pln .'?;,V ^■'>^
uiii. vuiuinnia,et<
Vancouver Island
Newfoundland .
ninoe. Bdw. Iiland
Nova Scotia 4 0. B.
New Brunawick ..
Lower Canada. . .
Upper Oanada. ....
URITBDSTATBa
Mexico,
ClKTRAL AMBBicA:
Ouateinala ..
San Salvador..'..'"
Honduras . . "
Britiah Honduras
Nicaragua. .,„
, Costa KIca
WMT-IlCDIAlaL'M: I
?:i'i?Ji'«'»s*' WM
80O
1,200
800
Rediia.
4.000
180,000 1.8!M,0«1
8,2)0.00081,641,977
1,089,600 7,786,000
2»i,fei»'-.::^
69,000; 1,100,000
7 600; 660,000
w..i,i„,JV ''»«e«ntarlo ,.
Washington Elver Potomac
M'*'™ LakeTeKoioo •
[tes-koo'-kc]
New Ouatemaia
mn'mS'?*" ^*''"^'"'-
26,000, Baliie
ffl6,000.!rtnagua..
127,000 8»« .",«....
Spaniah
H»y'i }....
Doulnioaj ...
French Islands
Danish "
Swedish - ■
Dutch "
Venetuelan "
62:;m:2,Mttn\''"'''--'
.. « m. fr. Padfto,
..iAm.fr. coast...
Midw.bet.coaiit8
.Ballse Elver
• iSi* Managua..
. Uidw,bet.coasts
. Jamaica
, Cuba
BajpfOonaives
South coast
Hartiniaue
St. Croix ....::::;:
St Bartholomew
Gurafoa
MarKarita.....'.'i;j
6,706
26,000
7,000
62,140
44,426
61,400
170,000
60,000
10,000
18,600
7,000
12,000
81,000
6,000
166.000
80,000
16,000
80,000
10,000
10,000
7,000
_.. - - I 1,600
QUB8TI0
America, thi J
Oive the shMfBussian
RUSBIAK AICEBIOA.
81... a little lan^ than Ca„«ia. or|^ to a square of 680 mil...
America; aZ fo^ thrioftv fnU^P'""''*"''?") ^•'**««" ^«» "d
AD. jTosmon and Fhvaioal FeaturAtL tki. _ • i
pies the extreme north-WMt ntt* „p a ^~ ^ peninsula ooou- ,
ooast-line extendirto Bri i«h n«f r"''";?^*' *^ ^'«' "''^^ •
Kwiolcpaok «,.d its trfbatarW ^^' ^'*^ "'*" «« ">«
l^-b^l^t^^^tf^^^'i!JSP\<'''A *« olimat, severe; but fish and
„X8. Inhabitanta^ «M.-Th2 nhahuw!,'''''"'*,'^^ "''"'•ee are founA
Eskimo) and IndS^lSd »r^ 8ub&ta^«.a"p "'*■'*"' Esquimaux (or
lished.t«rfing.p«,ta on the c^alt^EwABrBA"^?!^*' '''?>?». «"<»>>-
,J?»!S^''e'»P'Wwid chief factnrv of P^.taif^^*""?'^ "" *he Inland of
19. mie Aieutiai iBles Sst of ^^iS? ■*">«"<»; .PopulaUon lOM
Peninsula of Aliaska and th^A 'atio Co^f^.^T'^^^J^'"' between^
volcamo The inhabitants (ai^ut9,(K»)aS^SZ?.L^'i3'''^™P'''y and
North-Amenoan Indiana. Their'SlXn U fil"g Wn?4!?^"^
JDADISH AMEHICA.
22. Foaition and Fhysioal X^tiima tj,:. • i ^
j,rr— — ■■ -"-'""g me ooaai
™;;^"r '&°.i^^/S i!.'i>l «F"«'on 01 tVe-i,piti;-S;v;^nt";.'.f°^?f ?1?^ ;i!''5:»i«li. 'totu^res. >: What'u' Mid'oTlte^iTsSlr '^'^''
t
t
110 noil IH IlTirivtn nn.l tl ll._..- . . 1^ ••ivyii.
the wutliorn p,rt. Whahi y,'^m*e, liwtl,]. ""'''""b oh «ro phhIiuh!,! in
M«; an. «„»|,, with tiroiiToMS .m„X th "'."i"'' "I "'» ""'•r"U.i.liuu
.n, ol.,th,n». Tho inlmbiUn "are eliie ' iijn'im „""*'-; J"''''" ""!' M
,. „ .. ICELAND.
<»hlch are Hoc-la ana ai^„,ar L k .""''t^'' °" """ '''»"''■ ""o chief of
able for it, m.raero", rujTd s^ w Lw '*' "'"'"- ."'"<=>' i« romnrk-
dented with fiords or S Thriu ".'' T"""'"'"'- '» •'""I'ly ""-
.torn., .re frequent The lonlt ncrb^nf' "*.';'*'"''■ ""'' ^'•'"'■"
summer, and of darkness in wSi. P"'°'', «/.'"'""""'"" dayllRht in
borealisis here seen irr,X;'bH?l1::'o;.'" ■"""' "'""'• ^'"' ---
fl.h is abundant, ^p'ri^^^XtXTCtZ'^CiS^X.^^lT' "^
-ute t<, her E«.t.TndirpSi.^T;„fri?:"n";:;uTir;'^/c"c-!l',;;\;^^
UMpiilcheU niirceiMivu oxi>editinna i^> tha ..^^>i ' "■" ■''■i'""i >fu<nj iioix?.
Sir M>rtln FroblHlier, lj;a
< »|it. IMvln, iiwj.
< Hl.t llinry lIurtMH, IBio,
Sir Thomiii Button, 1«|«.
< «|it. Ulllhu! Ilaltlii. miii
t-:'i.^"v."^;t'v„^rr^?,"i:"''-"«»-
l.liMit. K(.t„j|,u,, igij.
Sir Jolin Rom auu Oapt. P»rry. 1918.
Capt. ftiohanand sir J. Pr«nVlln.l81l>-»».
I r edwanl I'urrv A Cunt. Lvnn issi-iS
Wr Edw.rcl Parry, hy „.», mVu.
Capt Buoliaii, by wa, in-M-n.
l-apt. Bark, by «.», 1^1-37.
81 JjJhn »™" f ,?'"'l>»"". by boat, ISSe-M.
ther hlm».<lf nor cn'w over returned
Dr. John Kae. by boat, 1HKM7
' J..O.C. ur. jon
the,H^t^l^^?;f«n»rf„i;K^^^^^ "\R- "--ered
decdcl hi, sad futo. Tho follow?ni are t in rt .»i'„)'.'i'^''°'^>.'." '*^''* «»»"y
oaptv Moore 4 Mmtnlre, by wa, t84S-5i
Capt. KdlHtt hy »ea, 184S-5I.
l^ininanclor Saunders, by wa ISM-vi
(-apt. AnHtln, by sea. is.w ji. ^'
Mr. Magulre, by aea, mi-n.
?iL?,'rn' "'ll-'ber. by sea, I8aj-j«.
Ueut. Pullsu, by «.«, |8,',j-34.
toinmaniler In^lenuid, hy «.», igjj.
i;arit. Ki'inipilv. hy Hoa 183)
l.oninmii(lpr Tmiloix., by sei, 18M.
Or Aaiin (AiiMrican), by ««, 18i»-S6.
Commanclnr luuk.dold, by sea. 18M-»i
M«wr. Anilonwu 4 StewirVby tand, 18M
L«nt. IUrt,t,.„„ (AmerlcamriSS.
JT:!f*l-/''{i;^v"'i»"''«'"iindr«;J?
ord of Franklin's dwth.aiid disoov.
ered trace, of his lost eipSlmSi!"*
_ -■™ "">-<;• "1 Ills lost eipeUltlon.
~?^^:?H^^^^^5?I^?l£5^£5^^ follows:
IAMB AND PRHMnM. nian^.,.. . „ _ I.. ■
the south-west ooa^t. It MmtansaSn^^r^f .'*'*"''(,"' » """»" totn 5n
hbrw. Population 1,200. "Sja?ik"Z«±i' V"^^' »"'' « '"Wio
the Geyser, or bomngUpringsTtCioimT" (S^ln^Jra^^l^":,^"-- '^'"
rKBMTCH NORTH AKERICA,
99 «»f..l «». „'"'• *'""'' *^ ' ">"»" "f •» miles.
M H:' ^^"^"^^^^^^^^^ '"""'' '" "' '""'" ""'
islands''S?Ml*D«o»HS^l'S'fnHnH'''''',^ "' ""• »»«" "'hing-
BRITISH NORTH AMERIOA
^at extent., its nu^e^r rak^lTn^eTiL' ^tu", ft '^.^-''^
feTrat^^r^eft-a^f^^^^^^
B»"ISIt,CotDMBI*.
[B.ko-lumb'.vi.l
Bbd Bivib ■■
„[red riv'^r.]
HaDaoN-BAT Tll_
[hud'.snii H. p.]
NBWFOO.vnLAND Oil
U"';-'b''nd'-laiid.J Called
P«I!«ci.Kd. Island ~
[P.ed'.wardl.J
Nova ScoTtA
Sir A. Haokentle,
17M
Caoad. eiplorersi!
1«10
rovA acoTtA .. ■>
[no.y».«ko'.»h».i /
APiBiBToir . f
CO. brel'.on.] )
Capi
..CO. brBi-.on. I
NlW BtCKSWIOK .
[nii-bruns'.irtk.j
1"\«*».*di^ r- °""<"- •«»■
Uppbb Canada ichamplaln. 1«15 .
H. Ifuison
and 17»t.
Sir J. Cabot, U97
«d " Prima Vist,V
Sob n Oaliot, Ha».
Seb'n Oabot, 1498
Seb'n Cabot, IW8,
Jao. Cartier, l»M
Vancouver's visit,
17N. Settled 18t8
Treaty. 179.1
U>rd Selkirk's let-
llsnsent, 1811
r Charter to Hudson-
( Bay Co,, 1849.
Act of Parliament, I8M.
orown Colony, isft-.
Utrecht Tr.l7i;i.
Treaty, 17*1
J,';'«*j;5,l?l9»l?«l|ch.neri%„*d'S„i^
Utrocht t;'V^,.;' "^ ''b»'-l"»l.lMlT8C
uiTOLht Tr. 17i:i arato Oovom't. 1788.
^parAteOovcrn't, 1771.
Sep.Go».,174g.^p„,^
Sep. Got., 1781 i '*•••
Separate OoTernt, 1784.
Freneh, 1«08|
Cabot's visit A 1
Capitulation, 1758
Treaty, 17«J
Capitulation, 17S9
Cession, 1^
. Bii5ibih","l7«4.
|8«p. Govt., 179!
} Unit-
ed
IMO.
^ HXXDSON-BAT TEBRla'ORT ^
eruor and Council • and thft of th- • '^"'".'atered by • chief Got-
.nd . ch.ef-.r.t'r;.-M^^i^„rer;;VX^^^^^
- — ..--«... i,v. ui p«no
I ». The Bzporta are ohinflv tha 1
tn rm v_.^ . .. '
9 UaOhi^rin '"* """awnioal mstitr.tioiiB
fc, ■,~:i"VP^J'*?«™Sogion)j!ire: RriU.hn,.! !„•= •" a I ^ "• ^aB jaxpoptB are ohieflv tho f..~ .„j .!.;_. .•._., '--"•"''"''•
" *
E-^whS\^r.
#f>*l>«tioolm»
riainbshitMiti.
(C.n«,h .K ,^'^"'''"*OR-PENINSULA SECTION
ually rises a« It r^wl^ "^^"r^l, ,k ' '^^ ■^"";';""'- ^ho oountry^ad-
13. The Prln:; nil nZl" ^ .^T ." '^''»«-»'«d «" »•■« Hverf
13. The Principal Wver. „ n, T." T"**'""*"^ ''•" *''« "^«"-
uuuu..,, taken. 'i''-'«..;i-'i^rhMiV;^wr;.;'ksr^^^^^
JPEB.T r.ixrn /.»,..
20. The Kivers .lowing into Uul „ , " "'^ """■•
great rivers of llritisl. North Au.PrW iP"^ ""' «;i>i»rat6(l from the other
er^\i;^^.?,,^.'-a^;t^TeTb,it& "■« Ne'-, the 8ev-
eastvvard l?ou. tho°&' M^ mountain-spurs which run
U^r (the .uthern outfet^ratoiVLZ.'Xllfs ttoX5
otLfr-i^k^e?ii!^:X?.S!ir(s^'2L?°„^^,''*^''""'^^
Kiv^r, secii,,,, ;w, on ihi» page.) * """ '"' "«*' ^m. and '•Saskatchewan^
« culledJiiiiies'a Hay; from which il,n?i;:."'. ,1"* wuHiem pw oimation
The .r^jtot width f/ UuK "^ay i w5 m"™The^P"'"« ^?>.'^ hmTZ.
86. The Principal Lakes arn th^V-i *«• """*' " *"» > & roclty
L^dej. and others which empl^ in%estWA""\^Ut3
MACKENZIE AND GREAT man nrxr^^^
("MaokeD.ie"m)m8irA M«ko„.^.h . , BIVEBS SECTION.
ioteriof^^.*?-lJ^V^-^^^^^^^^ I'-f t^^A'ctic Ocean .„the
It IS joined by the Peace S»hnh^.l" ?' 4{'"''«*<»^I^o, whe^
within 317 yards of thTlrSer itS fW !? "'« I^ocky MountafM
Ldk© It IS known as the S™e Jl.ver ij^ ■*"" '"^^ '^ ^^^eat Slave-
extremity of this Iake,it takS the nkm» ,Ti§"'¥ "' '■'>« south-wStern
northwMd to latitude sV/where it .S?»if ^"f^^n^'e Bivcr, and flows
Lake; thence to the Arct o (SS. wK7 .'n? """.'«" '>*' "^at-K
Its other tributaries are the rimTrrrv „„Hi m ®"'*'^ ^> several mouths
flows through a anely-w«,dedMdferUle^„rnin ^"r"-'^'"'- The MSn^ie
from Its mouth. It drai.isTn am o f ifc'.'''''' " navmablo for 1,200 S
»"v NoBMAN, and Good HopETre it^'i^ "^"'^"i ""f***- *'"Bm Simp
\7,^£°PP«r'^e..ri'^er'tiktrrPn^^^^^^
"rNo^rs^^Nrv?^^^
branch of the 8a.k«ld'"wan itiveri ' '^•'"'»««'«- "'"1 northern
from "the l^k^M^~^~it™f,"':V. ""'•^••■•d ■twtohe. ewtward
Cle.r-W.,er Kivers ToTZ^ZZnl^V'" "S "" A«'>«'»«oa and
.urfac. I. great,, diver.ifled wiurrive7hr;,.'i'r;,«r?r:lrt''"'- ^'"
RED RIVEE, SWAN. AND SASKATCHEWAN RIVEKSSECTION
8ive tract of countrv. dUerslfiVd llv M^l S^katchewan is an exten-
The Red. River Cou',;,?;T ttr''d w7;hHch7rYr'''' «■'•''«"«'". '
From the Lake of the Woods, rriih anVfc . ' "j!" " '"'' ""« '"kcs.
westward to the Rocky Mountain, "* ■*•" "' '""» "tendi '
Uj^athesouth. AtFortGi^l;;teSS-H-n^^^^^^
-oJ^a^^JfjJto^l^S^^yN^h rises m Ottertail Ljke. State of Minne-
wliioli are within the Unite<lXtes iw?.^ '" '•*•" ««» «""«<. sasTf
Missouri River), about «0 miles ft^mtsrili.i.L'*"?''?'.''''' """"'«* of the
from 6 to 87 miles^de^t b 067 S?2.m "bout 280 miles lonnnd
an area of SOO.OOOsq. ' ""'*' '"" '"** *■" — = ■ ^
miles. Directly west-
ward, and parallel to
It .are Lakes Cedar,
Win-ni-pe-go-sis,
and Ma-ni-to-buh.
The Lake of the
Woods IS a fine sheet
of water, divided into
3 lakes by a jjrom-
ontory. It is 75 ~-
itiTw-.i^ii.'^riSiVs^^jir.iTu^
"°&.^ Thrc''o^^"er^rrefe"N"' ^^-^^^^^^^^^
tains, and, afterVZ^of ili'o mil'^''?:,! ''iT.V" '{>» ^o^eri^ne Moun-
1^9 found by Sir L. McClfn!i ck oTMontrml Vs?. ' r'^^i}'"" ^^^ in
and Little or Lesser Slava^^thn 'iVLT""" "^ *">« Great-Bear, the Great
the constellation of the S^^B^ w^it Great-Bear Lake 'lies "X
Sril*°'*i'^«"'"'''''« « AmericT'ltll^b^./'^Sf; P '? *'«' «»«' "orthl
rt®' •"".iv'''' northern shores axe nreo^nl'f^,?. ^^""'os long and about as
liake IS 800 miles long, by BOwiZ ^ f«^„ t ""i'SKB®**. Great Slav^
bv th«.r „,„«. ^„.,;,«; Z =«?.'"<le. It « ^ ^"'ff^^from a tribe enslav^
""w«ij. it IB /o m.
long, and about the
same in width. The
other lakes to the
spilth are St. Joseph.
Sal or Seul, Eaiiy;
St. Martin, and Dau-
phin. On the Little
Dog-River a beauti-
ful (all occurp.
4L<aimato. Win-
ter at Red River lasts
about five months.
On the Lower Sas-
katchewan the win-
ters arecomparative-
jy short and mild.
To the north, it is
much colder.
''^^''^^^'^.'^^^'■IJ^t^-^SS^i^'^
«.I5poduot^_^„ti«esonimW
'll=l^u-™^.'«H=tionTs r riit^^^fet^^
.ri < J"5«"°».>.-11. WhatissaiIofLabradori>T°> -^^-^^^^^^^^^^^^ •
enes and _oommeroe ? 10. What iimS^^J • ^^- '.? Positio n f 13. rivers? 14. l.k.»» .- ■■ . -^^11^ "°""'"'^ *°d feed on the vasTpwiriL
•'" 'iive the fiitaQf of '.hn \f--° ■ ^' ■ ' "moe-ItuiMrt, r^nH » on SP /, ^*- 'akes ? lo. ohmateand nivmnnfcs •« :_..... — -r "™"" '_
; aa. Describe the N.' wlndlL^nTSif ^"ou ; . :^. of the MaoTenzi.i^as P^IL^^' •'"'' ChurohiU' r 2a"the NelilJn ?"94"H,f.i^'' ""'""'"ents f la fish-
ied-Ri«,r Country. •8atbe'rhrSii?^i»te<»'«;^^h^^^^^
■ - ^'^P^IS^F' »n« '»^^Ksh Bi™« .' MoV.r"?" i?V '' »• ">e Ukea P
:f^^22^^fSS-*wS
ll> q'-"»>'« '.^'*»i<iM»^MMM^
4a Port Ctarry u. the ospital of the Bed-Eiver Country. Opposite to
8l»-i..,., A .. BRITISH COLUMBIA.
_ «0. JSZtent — This n«w nnlnn" !• h >^-^ ->.- il ^t i ^i.
,!« w,* — -Oj !•• f!«..ndcd Ou tht! north by the
moridian; east by the main chain of the Rooky Mountains- south
by the Un.^.St«tes boundary (49° northl«titude)7^d ^
by tie Gulf of Georgia, Paoifio Ocean. Without QuIT
T/r'!:;' n"';'''-*""'"'*'" """«' »'°"8 ">e eastern boundZ two
other parallel ranges naturally divide the country into tbr«' ..T
tions; nt., (1) the Pacific slSpe, (2) the Praser-River ha.ln !^
(3) the valley of the apper Ooluratli. ^ The parallel ranisfnB^ifuh
Columb,««retheBlue4theOascade.Hounta[n8. The pXcipal „eakS
?rrfln".T ^'°r """» H"°ker; the former 16,000 ft'^Td the UtteJ
15,690, above the sea-level. Between these two peaks then, i..
?3o'o ft ^h "'«A">''t'asca Port-age, the summit of w'Sich is el^v^U
7,300 a above the sea. To the south is the Kootain.e Pass, 3,000 ft
s.r^«ro".:?eVt'r?ffiia'^^iH^^^^^^^^^
The northern branch ?fX^lMluirV& Lk^SlJiS"''"'-
Mounts Brown and Hooker, rdna dmSibI to tli? wiT. ^- ™® °^
Wned by Rat-Bow Piver at the uSSMtrtJh^ui^'li?^*'*."''' *»
runs, -xna anni J.4I11.. ..r..„u —.j ^."-v fr^.. ir™'^-:
umer, and
/ New Weatminatki
mouth of FraserBiTer. ~
the
"• S^i?d=- :^na'Mn" . ^»Wof«o'irei'^rtidi/iSoirmowOML
^i+hi;^***;*^" ?^*^ " IS mifiZSth.
garthery ■ are Forti Lahqlbt, Hope, and fui
. For what is it noted ?
'" Describe climate ; 49.
«i Point outito extent. 48rWhrt"i»";23'SfitaI^ew
va lue of experts go oni ital. and ft>i«« on ^S' K?S^'
I//*
20
"«?«■--,
»W5TCII^Pj)KNERAL OKOOIIAPIIY.
;
A
'Our Kttit^
VANOOUVBK ISLAND.
U«orgia and Queen-Charlotte's Sound; and from Waehini^tnn T«,
53^ kUt?"l^*1 ^'^'^^ *y "•« Strait ofTuan'Te'^ J^"
and vegetatiop begins in February
mie summer is hot, the autumn dn,
J J}"® '"".'«■' »t»™y ; fogs prevafl
«*abUitie8 of the islanl are venr
Si?r- ^he principal products, in
"gj*'"" •" " "ofthe soil, are Airi
obtamed t>om the b^ver; tK
raoooon, t^u laud-otter, and the sea-
£• J • v"'°j °' *•>« most valuable
Kind abound on the coast. Gold has
been discovered, and coalis found
in large quantities.
Bbitmh CotUMBU were in 1868,
oy Act of Imperial Parliament
erected into a British C olon{^Tnd" r
era. are abund^t. Tui ^^'^^&p:i^X!l^^-
do|r,and.tL long curjv-haired NewJounlinttro,"'"^-'''^"'* ^"rador
iPles.— The cod is tlin stinJn «»i. .,'.. j ' i :
JUiSTio*(» -Point out the cap
i^at noted for P 52. its extent f^
ST, JOHXB. THK r*»rT** n- *- -^
ft. I'^heriM _Tf„V""S™ i^cwKmndiund species. ' '".»uur
banVsl^liX^^^^^^^
ta"e»^c;£.„\';^^.~^K"e!ji;1'^^
in the Colonia fi» icrics The nnm Jl [ti^ i u""^ ^"t" are engaged
which tliey catch is «Mit &0«) and tlm !»h.„°^ ?".,'''"'''' •""•^^
Amenam catch, including tic hSunfy"sMch nti.ff".^ ""^ French 'and
The^entranee (or " the Narrows 'TS d'etfi b^se'jrra'f^bllt't'e.ir'&e
- _ - - . t issituttted on an acchyfty and
f.rsw.red\^r'S
.•hurchcs,theG«verm. e^houw {he
u2te"' 'tIII^'T- "Jd theTuna-
g3";e.7^;;;&'^rwXI'
Amenoan Continent. pSwo *
aet\fers'^e??*c*S^j5?l^^« I-Xd""
ftom the islands 'in the BrS
Channel, from France, &c
) 300 eipm^"/'*"°?-"-T'""'e «« "bout
'/ '.'IS *'?'"e"ta.'y si-liools and a nnrmS
'^rakdeS*" '"■'^'"" ''«»i°^'»
61.Wli8tnotedforPS2"iteM3?"ir„^y'' f *,'»'**■ ^arbSiliirSidlS^dr^^Thr;;;; n? _____Mdj^mie8: ° " """""'»
one govprnnient. VirToaii fnnn unnnt » »i. ."~
•eat of goverumont and "h/of t.m?i. '**'' •* "" •»"«'> «' »»>• W«>d, i. th.
NB WPOUNDLAITD.
can 8ca«, and lie, nt .he cn.riu.co toT fil if s/ T '^"'""-
|ba?..?dWo,.r!nrr,7fi'e",,rc';''r "j-vr"-' -^ ««.
rivers, hikes, mo.sy roa si es and bar ,^ , b"''^';'' ''^ '"'">"<•"• hi".,
I the western coast. ""'"'"■'• '""" "-""n '"'^''y rijge,, especially along
(4"?.:,^ra?K^„f^?i:,:^ I>^^ n«y 0^^ (east of B„,hur,t)
8 ThrO?"'";'^ 'V'?.!'""' of "■"' ilnd "•"*' "'""« "'« """»". Fresh'
'"a ^3">^" ''-"•'-■'"?'"*' '" *'""""*' "" """•"• '"o «•""•».
Kogo,^r?he^.t?Ci ^'f^tZ ^n;;!•'.,„«'';i•:,'''^^- lyorld and
Iho south. North llelU-Mo, whi.l l" , (1 '«'li°,'V*h^'"''''''!i« '" Fmncj). »t
I-..wr^m.c, lii; ,*oi?^l^fl^aJ.''H 'of* Z^fV^'T V""^". '"''i" «ulf of St
Wlii.ile.- long, and 12 wide Th«r'„^'^"""'"»!"' "'"I Labrador It iil
NYreyUaii^'tt^^dfn*^^^ ,
Islands, and^t George's, on the weswast 'and ll«rTi ''"""Iv * Jo'-ns
Pla-ccn-tw r-shU 1, on the south coast Uermitago, Fortune, tnd
the«te;«;-|\-,I-Vrar- on the east coast, four on I
{a.er-tl^^1n°&i^'&!,-rro*t' jfe "l^^f^n t^'"'*' '' "tomiy, and
andJiKMning arc rZ" >lie tt^tHfThVi'l^.l^,'!!!!'..'? !'-'<'•• TlilinZ
■oulh of th* Uliad, ii th«
' World l,y sir John Cibol.)
tltoxquaraorMtmllet.
;tc<l for it! flulierieii,
lulled in Aniiricn.
in tlio Niirth-Anicri-
5 "If of St. Luwri-nco.
JO niilci in circunifcr-
Krcutcst breadth 300.
pierced bjr n)»„y fl„g
neu by numeroui hm,
fi<Jge», eniiiclBlly «lung
indu, (Pn«t of Hnthur«t)
went i,ll'„n„ DiMirict;
long tlio nouth, rrch
le Gander, the Oambo,
-We, New World and
floiiKinu ui Knincj), m
H'oiindlnnd and Labm-
coiintrieB.
illi.t of llu'fiujf of 8t
nnd Lnhnidor. It ja
piinicrx to Ireiund and
tlio ROIllh.
llo-na-vis-ta-ExpIoitu,
> eiiHt P()n«t ; H« Jolins
srmitago. Fortune, and
the east coant, four on
iii the extreme end of
een by Cabot in HU7.
flcli nlonH the eastern
'fflanne elevatione, (KIO
Vinter is stormy, and
le ground. Sjiring is
IP, denw fogs prevail
» to health. Thunder
lilts IS roninrknble.
iron, and other min-
' "ire also abundant,
wiry-haired Labrador
lunds on the adjacent
p-e-Ian. The number
18 26,000; and the
'Of the Jrench and
"'6 same. Annual
out 1800,000.
the island. They are
d. (See map.)
noflt easterly seaport
larbpur is excellent,
feral batteries. The
on an a<jtlivity, and
treet is a mile loni,.
ilic edifices are the
)yernnienthuu8e,the
Idings, and the lunn-
5 eitv IS lighted with
applied witii water.
»t» in the exchange
lor the commodities
'"«8;, A submarine-
cts the city with the
nent. Pop. 26,000.
•P**— The original
iiefly. from IreFand,
ds in the British
ranee, &c.
)n.-There are about
L'hools and a nnrnjal
grammar schools
Vancouver Islrrd?
na P 1. TV'hat noted
1 out on the map ;
otsP 19. education |J
NEWFOIJNDLAND-PniNCK- KDWAIU) ISLAND.
21
PKIIfOE-BDWARD
ISLAND.
(So called from Prince Edward. Duke
of Kent, Queen Victoria's (ktlier.)
Slie, about eqiul to s square of «e m.
20. Noted For.— Pbince-
liDWABD Island b poted for
lU fertility, and for its com-
paratively salubrious climate. '
21. Position and Extent
—This crescent-shaped islp nd,
130 nj. long by about 34 wide!
occupies the S. portion of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is
30 miles from Cape Breton, 15
irom Nova Scotia, and 9 from
CHABLOTTliTOWW TBg CAPITAL 0» PKINCK-BDWAaD latAKD.
New Brunswick, and fbllows
the curve of their coast-line.
Northumberland Strait sepa-
rates it from the mainland.
j 22. Fhysioal Features.—
The surfiico is slightly undulate
ting. A chain of bill) extend*
,-^ nearly west of Richmond Bay,
' but in no place does its reach
a high elevation. The land is
very level. The Indentations
.»iou(j liic uuaat itre numerous;
the chief of which are Hinsbo-
rough and Richmond Bay a.
These penetrate the island from
opposite directions, and divide it
into three separate peninsulas.
!ulf, ocean, lakes, mountains, and riven.
ispomtion^Ao. 28. Describe its phyi. feat
I
ii
V
'I
*&^iSii5^
produotivo. AffriculJi'IrftTaVill 'n?®,''^>n ro'k, ejwy of tillatfe m
and n-jlder tliun that of the
hraring. Fo^, are rare; and
• ' ..Huiar character
;n i.< tjeautifiil.
'■ sb.A'idiau-
•rrn*)
^ 1, 1
I^noh^ngSh tnd'^&H'r' "''desoenrt'J.tH otHMi
north ofTlllrotelay^' lS"h^,£f '*"? *»'^»"d. i, rituate-i three rniles
The city is well buift anTWiJ fn.^*"'. '! •'""' »' the best in the 1?
which croM each other »t^J?™'^™'«*' "> ISSS- Its nrinciDal^fmlf.
four public Ws ; V*oSl''of''afef,T .'.22 '^' in wf'Hh 'rh'e'rare'
C oloniaf o r Parliament buijjfnii^r!",' ~ l'*^, '*"' Q"«>n Sni -
, consists of a r,ipiit .«,:„•„—'"_ "l!'<" ijntisli North- American
T axeoiltlve Counni. (nf a „
Pmvin?e;^°con"t of^S'^G^v*^,:^^;" "«•''' '^
„..?A-_?*»« Commerce of the islim.Xr." "?!*??. "lAHfoiiibly (o^ ao).
"»lk
qi ' 2,If *<u;i"fivc Council (of
31. The CJommeroe of the isl,'imi"Xr>7^.VV"™ "' •""'oiiiDiy (of jo).
AnT Pr^"T'"'»''<'^«hips!a^?wrfor IWt'lKh'''' fT'"'"''"' "' '»» -BH-
, . pn^eoutea with oonsiderab'.oTat»''":,^rfl&^ ^e^^fe
••Br«tou ' -V„KtbVSL'i*'eV.!;",„r.&'teff.^ijSo^B'X'„'"'J "'"'W.-
SlEe, ono ftjurth lew than New n^,„.^ v ■>"»«"• or Brittany, in Pjinoe.)
33. Noted wT VnJ! a :""•"' *°""''»"»' '«•»"«.
and othS^ne^I-^te fl^^eri™ "^/•.'"'**^ ''*'' •*« ««J. i™». gold.
S?m. the Queen Sounre' ."kX I 34. Po,i«nn ^i^^x-lSi'^ • Hi^^ '*? "'ooBive line of sea^t!
„ ^PMTioN8.-^rWi^irSiP>^^^^ i eludes the Peninsula'"Qf"N)X»'T".^-'"' ^.''''0''""« "f Nova Scotia io-
29. Describe Oharlmietown nTwhJ^" ""??"'';* ."' SSi^^^Ed^^iirfTsliiidT^rTr^^^^^^ island of Cape Breton
hoohiorpiiblioediflceg.
ntisli North-Amerionn
ivo Couiioil (of 8 mem-
Viwcilllily (of SO).
3 cxoliiin(?e of its agri-
nu Amencan produotg
'onua about 1150,000.
louse. Ship-building
mm ore very valuable..
•B BHETON.
icntland and Brittau —
r Brittany, In ftuSST;
1 square of I40 mllei.
r ita ooal, iron, gold,
ive line of 8ea-ooa«t
of Nova Hootia in-
>°dof Cape Breton,
countiM? 28.towaBP
ova Scotia and Cape
channels, islands, &c.
wliivh ll« lo tlitt Niuth-
I'lisl iif Ni'W liruiiMwii'k
iinil J'rinni. Kilwiiril
Uliiml, mill nrn iinilcil
iiiKJiT iiiiii ^ovitrnuicnt
iiikI l<yii>li.'un'.
35.Phyii<»17MtiirM.
— Tb» I'l'nlnsula of Nov*
HiMTiA la iiiniDWhat i; i
antiiilitr In shajit, •ij m
ciMinrclfiJ with New
HriMuwIrk ' i aiiori
iiihmiK III III. I In '• ,ilib.
Ila iiirlacc ii iindiilatiiiK
*nil plctiir .i|u*, HI I It
dniiitl over with many
fiim', I I'auilftil lakes. In
'' II liir are snrrral
. ' . "f hills, of which
llie (;o'-be-<|uli| [-kid] are
the most iiiii.oilant. On „ „.
the fiiii.t, the rapes, bays, and harbours arc niinirroiis Nn „n.. r
Nora Hnitla Is more than I ilrly mile, from tl,/, 7 7 V,.!. „i- ' "f
anil basin), ChieKnirto and VVrtJ ' In V-», '^^i' . "l'^' *1""" ''''""incl
'W llriinnwiik.
jrov.\ sroTrv ixci.iTm\n p.\pe brkton.
23
IITY or iU
ir»ll. TIIK .*I1T*I. or »OV* KOTl*. laoM DAaiMOlTU.
49. Bduoatior>. - ItosidpH the r.ill.
schooN mid iiciiilemioH ; lioxidos a ii,,iim,
80. Chief TownB.-lUMKix M...p.
NKNBi-Hii (i!,B00l, I'lcror (,i,0OOi li'i i
Vahmoith. Nvdnkv, Ui« caiiitiil ,,f ( ' i|„
01. Halifax, thn capital of Novii Sci
jliilihs *iih (h« other
J'rovlner- « the r NIales.
•ij*""!^ ■"'> "lllll'", ■'IWI.
49. Miinuitioturei In
doiiiewli,. artiiles, tu Wfll us
sliip-mijIilihK. an earned
oil luMiuieonlent
47. Commerce Is icroat-
l.\ pnimoliHl b, i.-.tHiiulJ,,,
III >w«-ii««t, ami alHiiit iH»
IHirtK i.r entry Annual
value of (upori . >7,i)oo 00(» ;
rev le IJMiOmK), i.iibll<>
dilil r..2i;00«0.
48. IiihabltanU. The
1 ''\'* '.'"■''.!'"* '"■'x'"»'lj "»♦-
lllll by KiiKh-li and Iri.h
iii-ur Iliilifiix, .Slots ill the
hiwtirn (■oiiiiii.- AiiiMi-
'•«u I iiihil-Kiiiplro 1,1, V-
ijli»l»» 111 Ilic UHHteni 111 4
.Mi'lliind C.iimij,- (j,,,.
iiiaiLiand HwiK, 111 Luneri-
iiitr«(oiinly,mii||.'ronihln
various other part*.
, there aro niiimrous public
mil a imidi'l mliiMil.
000), LivuKi'ooi. lifiOO) hv-
,V\iNi»,,ii A.N.N »i.iii.i«; „„a
iireton, i- ii floiirishinn lovm.
was IoiiiiiIihI in 17 ut by
,,— V™"' '!'."' ""I " '" 'lovii Sii, uL wn
tlon-niiir ( oriiwiillis, and named after tin- 'Karl of iniiiti;,'".!,:."" . "'
promoter of the settlement. Tlio nniina . " was (' vHi , ,' "'V^
Iiarlmur is the dnesf in America, iind it mr, . fw*" it. wn Ir ii iw''"
iHWell pn,te.ae<l h;- the citadel, which iro«i "^,01, ,,? f ,ii \'l """
ho decf.v.ty of wli^'h it is pleasantly Hiliialeil iL c itv is tw,, 1 '"' ""
by aliout a mile wide, and is well supplliMl wi |, - 1 r ami ll ■ ri"'"". '"'1*
cross each other at ri^ht am{l,«. aml'lVom t , . rtoiir tlm^.|.vV'l."'T'"
very striking apm.«r«nce, ^,e I'rovince bu 11, , .m other i.Wi'ir^'.'i'* "
aro p lun bm HiilMtaiilial slnn'tiir... Ti,/,,„ „. inci ouier piiiiiic edillces
sJcKcs, l.alifai"ii*{t''cb?;;So,?ftrU,rU, 1 N l^h^ te^lC 'l^f!
America, and a port of call for the Eniilish and 1 . I ri« ? ,. „ 1 .''■ '' ^'"^^
ll.T^ifl.P'^?'^' " " "™r" "f '■"iisiilenible trim 7r. miles souti -W^t of
Halifax It contains one fon« street and is well In. ■ - " • ""'""■""'"' "'
03. Lunenburg, capital of the county ofthul
stiinilK on a |«.iiinMila, and presents a flue api>eamii.
04. Piotou. not far from Northumberland Stm
i^Lm 8»t™n';o to the liaHHiur. It is the second 1
gova Scotiik and the rantre and seaport of the in-eni
iiii'"»rL commercial fa<ilities are very giMxl n,
tj>^;Jr^?J' * .'"""'''""•'' Pliw*". near the head of (
M wl'Ji'"' ^'^""l '^'" "'^''''''- I' contains „
on. Windsor, on the Avon estuary, is beantifnlli
extensive gypsum-quarrics. It has the oldest iinivcri;,,
M vli^^A'u " "" "i""'* "»f "''»nK0d to AllImpoli^
t.in„ ■„?^"™?""'' '!" ""> "o'lth-wost coast, owns a lui
ping, and i« cxtcnMvely engagoil in the carrying- trade
69. ClvU Diviaion».-There are fourteen countic
"■in^m.!" S"'"" "r'«n : fo' "hich, with their Stoi
ao. The ConBtitution is founded uiH.n Trc" ies O
™ffi' i""'T"'""' »"''. ''"I"'"''' »"J ci'IonialAiU N
mm A-civdie- was settled by the French, under 1 e Moni
to England in in,? ; colonized in 1748-9 ; a Constitution w«»
in 17fH it H
t, but the site IS rocky,
line, south of Halifax,
iroui the water.
in agreeably situated
-It iiiiiMirtnut town in
' K-ili»trictsofthe
' Its traile extensive.
quid Day. It is the
rmal school.
tuated, and is near
n Ur. N. America.
I 1B0.5, and named
.V ceded to (Jreat
licr Queen Anne.
' amount of sbip-
38 The ii»; «^ viZJi "''"^oy- Ml-re, (Jalmrus 1 roos' I, ar
rioniu,,!..?! I?' ■ f^^y, "oparato Nova 8iotia from S(e»
wide. It is renmrkabeTr its higriidl an^l fo'r'i.i'f'*' " ''i" .'" ™ "/,*'«"
•' ' Jaialto.-NoTa 8cotiVh«^^^l ?,''K ,"»".''>:,'"'J <i"'i?orouH coast.
Province is rich in coal.iron.
gold and gypaum. In Nova
1 *? t^*"" »" 8 principal
coal-fields, and in Cape Bre-
ton alwut the same. The
Wicultural productions of
^o™ Scotia are abundant.
At the head of the Bay of
Fundy, the alluvial deposits
'°'J**'',>'Pbythehigfitide8
and enclosed by dykes, ren-
"«[ 'no soil very productive.
*„ • ?^7«'"y«, ConolB,
go.-A railway rung ftx)m
H«l'f" to Truro, with a
branch t6 Windsor. The
, Shybenac'adie Canal con-
nects Halifax with Cobe-
-. ?H'L.%- The electric-
i ic:Gisi..pi, cuuuects every
yunty with HaUfax, and
K«,9^''^P°^S-:?^- Describe the — ^___^__^
sponsibiet,.
Canada) wn
iai8;«ndth.
were revised
tedinl8fil.(
taken liv Kiim
„ei. fndla
WhenHrstdls
Scotia was inli
Micmac (Algi
dians, called
[soo-re-kwah
1 Nova Scotia,
'. see map.
era in ( ouncil,
va Scotia, then
inlfiOl; ceded
ranted in 1768;
modified; Be-
iTnnient(asin
introiluced in
iiWic statutes
lid consolida-
I' Iireton was
lid in 1758.
Trlbes.-
^cred.Nova
ited by the
iquin) In-
Souriquois
by the
French. In 1761 they finally
submitted to the whites.
• Nohlcandmllsnt Lonlists
who perilled ■■HidrllvM'the"
Brnphy, Bnghind and her Col-
American Bewdutlon °in6-8»)*
^ETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
m.
bays arc well adapted for
commerce.
65. The Principal
Bivers arc the To-biquc
-bcek'J St, John, site
Croix (which takesitarisein
l»rand Lake, ai.d separates
a part of Maine from New
Urunswick), Na«h-waiik
Ites-ti-Kouohe r-goo»li' ,
Ken-ne-bec-a-sis, Wa-shacf-
a-mo-ak and Salmon (S
fributancs of the St. John)
Bichibucto, Mir-a-mi-clii
,-8hol, Se.v„M (three
'"^5iPH2.'')''""lNi-pis-i.ttuit
e6.The8tJohntako>
Its rise in the hiKhlands
which separateCnnad'i from
the State of Maine and from
iNew Urunswick. It is ^,11
miles long. For the first lull
miles of its course it i<
of the Wal-Ioosh-took (or
Long Kiver). The Grand
falls are 225 miles from the
Bay of Fundy (or half-wiiv
down the river), near the
north-east corner of the
State of Maine. They arc
80 feet high, and very pic-
tiiresque From the Gnind
falls to H oodstock the St
John flows in aS. direction.
Thence to the outlet of
Urand Lake it takes an
easterly direction, and from
that lake to the Atlantic
It flows almost due south,
ine St. John is a beautiful ,
river, and is navigable to
I'redericton, 81 miles from
the sea. From this point
small steamers ply as far
as Woodstock, «0 miles far-
l"^y, up; and sometimes uii
to the Grand Falls, 60 miles
above M oodstock.
. 87. The Bestigouohe
IS 2W miles long, and ex-
uands into the Bay of Cha-
leurs. It is a boundary,
"ver between the Provinces
n r,^^^ Brunswick and
J^anada. Restigouche means
flnger and thumb,"— the
branches of the river beinif
spread out like a hand
ee. The Mlramiohi is i
-!25 miles long, and nine '
miles wide at its mouth. It
is naviimble for 30 miles.
68. *he Principal
Iiakes are Grand Lake in
NEW BHTTN8WICK
(80 called from the German «.„t of the Eo.v,l House of BrunBWick in Europe.)
Sm; about the same »s Bavaria, or equal to a square of 166 mile,
hir;„^lrmo^nt^'a^n7?aU"t:t:L^:e^r"'''f Kr^-'''''^ "'--""^ -'"
::!i^:2^aed^n^^ ^JU forests are
the ?ayr^F»'i^ind'^S! B^f'^ndt'^S "Give'theX:'- fp^nt out. the various counties.
82. For wharis it not^ P OS. CAt r:^.f i?^ ^.Jf '.^1*^-?-.?'."™,^'?".''"'' "i?" Sf New Brunswick:
ueen s County, and Grand
ake (source of the Stc ■
Croix) between Maine and j
JNew Urunswick.
70. The Principal
Bays are Chaleurs, Mira- :
.*!5!i. ^&..
;:«^=^
6, ■ ' . - . .7 — • "".■" """ "ciimiiuii Hnu size ot r'^ew Jlrunswick
n"ij2jble for 30 miles.
69. IthePriaoipal
lakes are Grand Lafe in ,.
ueen s County, and Grand I
like (source of the Ste
row) between Maine and
ew Hrunswiek.
70. The Principal
ays are Chaleurs, Jlira-
michi, Shed-i-ac, Vcrt«,
Cumberland, Ch^po-dy,
Chi-eg-neo-to, Fundy, St.
John, and Pos-som-a-
quod-dy.
n. The Bay of Cha-
leurs is UO miles long, and
from 15 to 30 miles wide.
It has neither shoaJ, reef,
nor other impediment to
navigation. The bay is
celebrated for the variety
and abundance of its fish.
72. The Climate,
though subject to great
extremes of heat and cold,
is less severe than that of
Lower Canada, and is very
healthy. I'ogs come from
the Bay of Fundy, but
rarely extend any distance
mland. Autumn is a beau-
tiful season of the year.
78. The Chief Prod-
ticta are agricultural ; but
coal, iron, asphalt, lead,
NEW BRUN8WICK-THE TWO CANADA8.
25
^7fcK*'°'i°*V°'^-"~'^*'"''^? » "I'vorsity, there is a Madras Institution
with branch schools ; several aeadem es and grammar schools; X nume?-'
frotected by a battery on
. 'artridge Island. The tide
m the harbour rises from
30 to 40 feot. Poj). 37,000.
[Theengravingcommenio-
ratosthovinitof His Itojal
Highness the Prince of
n ales to St. John, in 18(10.]
78. Tho 14 Counties
and their chief towns are
given on the map.
80. The Civil Oov-
ernment is similar to
that of the other llritish
North-American Colonies.
81. Commerce.— The
fine rivers, bays, and ex-
tent of sea-coast give New
Brunswi(!k groat (commer-
cial facilities. There are
about 1.000 vessels, large
and sraall.engnged in trade,
fishing, &c. New Bruns-
wick has now, like Canada,
a decimal currency and a
silver coinage.
78. The OMef Towns are Fbedebicton, St. Joii.v St AsuRuwa
Woodstock, Sackvillk (containing the Allison acadei, ieJ), DoBaiES-
".fe'^"^''^''' Newcastle, Chatham, S^. STErHEN, and Monctov
mil; sT *?^h^''**"^' ^^° W'"^' 's.'«»''t'f''l!j' situated M miles up'fho
Un?v';^ity"'a^'''flSe''stonr" ""' ""'• ^he .Goj«™ment-House anS the
buildings. The otherpublio ~ '
buildings are the Province
Hall, the English Cathe-
dral, and the Roinan-Cath-
olio, Wesleyan, Prcsbyte-
nan, & Baptist Churches.
Population 7.000.
7a St. John, the chief
cpmmeroial city of New
Brunswick, is situated on
a fine bay at the mouth of
the St. John. It is well
built, and, as approached
from the water, has an im-
posing appearance. The
principal buildings, besides
the churches, are the ma-
rine hospital, the barracks,
court-house, prison, luna-
tic asylum, almshouse, and
the penitentiary. A hand-
some bridge spans the
nver. The harbour is capa-
cious, and free frt>m ice in
winter. The entrance is
oitT or iM^icToir, im capitai of raw wraiwics, raoK na bitib it. joinr.
'^' ^^^^^^'-^Me two canadas.
limo^-Jr?^ Principal Exports are timber. sKVnTnTsh iron ooal
M^^'iI^L^2""l' ^'V.^SK.OOO.OOO; revenue «835,500 debt $3 To 4?!'
Of A r*'''^*?.^ '"'.'"'"'' (1> f™'" St. John to Shediao. 115 milL* (2 Vmm
toNX'ToA"mi.«'''ifV'"n- T'•«f»l■<»vi"R»repro"ected^SlS
5l''?wi'i'"*'J^ from St John to Canada; another extendffrom the
M Th«'liS'±'',f"*'i ^'- ^°^"\ '". ^'o^* Scotia, Shediac, a, d R^s ig m„.ho
84. The Manufactures incliK e articles for domeati • use Almnt nii
'^ai Tnd'il^nS""?^^- ?''"'« "™ "'">"' «"« miUs for sawing timrr ''"
_86. Indlans.-When Europeans first visited New Brunswid!, three
^ '=-.*is" • Algonquin tribes or na-
^»i,4 '■ MJ^^HJ^sj^^. tions occupied Acadie, iii-
-r -:rr- - "■-'w— __ eluding Nova Scotia, New
5> Brunswick and Maine:
viz., the Micmacs (or Sou-
nquois), from Gaspe Bay
to the Eiver Ste. Croix;
the Ltch-e-mins (or Mal-
i-cites, " canoe - men " ),
from the Ste. Croix to the
Pe-nob-scot ; and the Ab-
e-na-quis (or Kannabis),
from the Penob.scot to the
Kennebec. These three
nations afterwards became
more closely united, and
were known to the French
under the name of " Les
Nations Abenaquises."
The Etchemins and the
Abcnaquis have a few
small settlements on the
St. John. They are now
known as Malicites. Their
number does not exceed
twelve hundred.
_ 1. Noted For.— Can'ada is chiefly noted for its great lakes,
its noble rivers, its extensive lines of railways and canals, its oil
springs, and its timber, mineral, and agricultural products.
2. Extent— t-anada extends in an easterly direction from
near the Red-River Settlement to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and
from the State of Michigan (in the United States) to New Bruns-
wick. It extends northward from the Canadian Lakes and the
River St. Lawrence to the high ridge of land which separates
the nvers of Canada from those of the Hudson-Bay Section of
the Hudson-Bay Territory. (See map of North America, page 15.)
riw^^hS^'fTl'J'.^V,"'^*^*? *''® °°^^ ^y *•»» Hudson-Bay Ter-
or^^^^^^M^^^^^je^ndrpper^
^T7l^irll-^'^^AlT'j^^7r^^^^^ 74 inhabita nts; 7». education ; 76. chief
S^manufi^turesP «.Indian.P Give derivaUon of Canad^T Forte";;'?t1.o.aP*''n°B^1SVt,^e',S.ga^^
-, «„ «-v™.i-« -uai nam is liumiing I "")
nl!.1i^*Sf f'lff 1*?" *5?'?'- "^^^ """l^,'" "f 'I""™ mi'M and miles square in-
eluded in these two dinsiona, are, with their population, as follows:
Square MUes. m.Fi'!?"" Population, aa per
. „ . Miles Square. Census of 1861.
LowerCanada 2io,(K)0 460 iiiniwu
Upper C.n«U m.m sss VZjlSt
BWj'ipK (^®"'-*lJ'^°'*f.?°^--^*"»d»> *he most Important of the
S-eLof NnrtrAS,oIl!/"\"^*?"''?i.°'^VPl«^ °°« °f the extensive river-
K«n,l thU luT?^ embracing the whole northern basin of the great
lakes and tho valley of the St. Lawrence River. It is rich in valuable tiiiibera
llV'™^!'^''^ important minerals. Its soil is fertile, and its clin rfgrSble
™nr»nri IS.Tf T '*''? "?,•' navigable rivers, and a continuou.s series of
canals and extensive lines of raUways connecting the Tpper Lakes with the
seaboard), its internal trade is admirably developed. It aVso posie,s"s ever?
fl' iM ^r** '™°«t-tr»de between the East and the West Should the
projected railway be constructed from tho head nf L»k» s,nv>ri«;"™ ..;.„
*iJ/Si.it",u'"'"'"""*' ^1 y^" *"' to the Pacilio Ocean, tliroughlTritish
Sa ^'Amon^th^Bwlifh r^'*}"'^- °^ ^"1^" •»" "^"^'y be oveSSti-
mawtt. Among the Bntiah dependencies on th s continent, it now occunias
f.lt'^i''™'^°*°'.S*""J'">;,"'>°"W » Confederation rf t&»e dependenSI!
take place, it woul5 naturally occupy » central and contSg in'jluence
p
I
'''^^^^^^^^^^^^^s:^^^^^v!^-^^^^^^
i*^*tpu^ir^'i;s;x^
hkwHMl
wnaMf
LOWER CANADA.
liOWEB CAM-ADA.
I^wer 0.«d. U .bou, m mile, from e«t to we.t. .„d 300 from north t<r«,uth.
«„i'J!!!^ »0'— Lower Canada is noted for the exploring
Se?r;af°a Ji^r r^"'^ i m po^^^ing
scenery, and noble rivers. K^^^'^ V." ^ - r vc-^^B^^^*?
2. Boundaries. — Lower
Canada is bounded on the
north by Labrador and the i^- '^ /.^^/^ -3?^^ ■'
Hudson-Bay Territory; on
the east by Labrador and
the Gulf of St. Lawrence ;
on the south by the Bay of
Chaleurs, New Brunswick,
and the State of Maine;
on the south-east by the
States of New Hampshire,
Vermont, and New York;
and on the S. W. by the
R. Ottawa & Upper Canada.
^,3. Phyncal Peaturea —
1 ii.-f:ii not a mountaiDous
v^>' ■«' • ry, the scenery of Lower
Gaaada is more picturesque
w^ in °.SiVi,""«„I? '•*■?' °l ^/P*u' ^^""^^ " -^'Je' in winter, and
Jf„?f i?' ■ "1°*?' the cold 18 generally steady ; and the atmosphere iaolMjr
n,;^ 1 * Chief Products include various kinds o? grain, timber ftirs
- i2!^ '• ^^i^ "^" "-^ ""P'^'' ■"'"«•' ■"* Ki»'''y prodSctive. In lffi9 the
■ ^i^]^:^^^i^:--r:,iS^r^f^Ou\{and River St. Uwrence
3^ '^*.«2i ,.?|1'« i^-^fii^^^* was 11,000,000.
*-r^!S^S^;^^5^s30tsi^ -\ " 1„14^^ The Inhabitants.-
CITT 0» QFEBBO IBOH POINT LBTI, SHOWIHO THl CIIADBL, AND UPPEB AND I.OWBB TOWN
thin that of Dpper Canada. Its rivers and mountain-ridees aM~Ii«o
gabl'S" The'r ^"K'f't'K'^ntly prevail in autSmn'on it VavU
ran«.^ vi. .h. A ^°^".^^- Lawrence i, enclosed by two mountain-
iZu„Vof;'nl?i''''l'"'''""''"° ""« 'ontt-cast, running along the pen-
G?lf^f q. nti „^ he Laurentian, oa the north, runAig from the
tending f„;i'fh.fT*'' ^/l' Tourment, near Quebec, and thence ei-
^ Hi ^nJ^lTv*^""""""'""" north-west of Lake Superior.
». llie rrmami Lakes are As-tur-a-gam-cook, Pa-Di-moBra-Mftii
F«^l1,'"r' ^•V,"^'"'i l^""-^' M»«-«-win, Mis-kou-is-kX, oSS^Tt'
St Law'renTtndV.'"'? «'""P''''"»«'80|f i «l8o the Iake.exp.nsTo7?of the
« Th^ pSZ.^1 itr°"'''' "^ ""^ ^'- ^'"'"'=« * Sai^enay' River,
Mauric. t!?^»^ ^'/"^ "■" »*■« S'" Lawrence, the Saguenay, the St
D 29 t'hl Riohlwrr*'"'."'/^""""'""' '•" P"' («" OTTAWAf'sec fo-
Ann. Vnd thi nh.^lL'*'?'l"*"L"^' "" St- Francis, the Batiscan' the Ste
« !r£» » T^^" [shOMle.alr']. For minor rivers & lakes.'see map
Lakessf l^n^^sfV"." '^'f "PP" Canada, expands into
ijaKes Ht. Francis and St. Louis. Pass ng the mouth of the RiehaliBii
It again pipands into Lake St. Peter. Thence it^duallV widens and
fnTth' ?n' ^^^ n"'"" ■"'"K'-'with those of thf Gulf, a'^then pass
l^.h. At''"':' Ocean. Area drained 666,000 sq. m. lu tribntiHes
tX Julil'r" °^ f""'*' <^""»'^''- (Soo »ecUon i^ pagers )
JdMUl^^?\°' °"'"" •"i"'"' S'- J"""' » 100 miles in length,
t^A 5 I ^ 'I"® S'- ^»wfence at Ta-dou-sac'. It has thirty tributaries
rubant".' ' *"«°e"",»«» 0' 27,000 squar* mil^. a many ^
.hiT.^ '" .P»'-P«n"l'<"'la'- rocks. It is navigable for 75 S • abovl
8. it' SLP'wrj'"'""""*- ''^ '•='"'"' " Ha-Ha fijy i°ve"y' grand
9t rl2? *■ . ??" ""* '" ^"''« Os-ke-la-nai-o, and falls into the
IndudZTwtdTn^r-^r'*'-^ <=*"<* ^™<" its' three-fold mouth
trihn. tl^f. Windings, It is nearly 400 miles in length. It has many
tributaries, and drains an area of 2i;ooo square miles In i s cou™ it
^Tfe^\Tn he?,hr-'i\''''''''- ^'"*«' ^"^ ^""'^ ?alls of Sha-w:n"gan
9 ThL wZni; • " "/"" '"""'^' "^ '"'""'' f"'" """i cascades
75'mC S1?^'st."Lawrr.''""' "'"""P"""' '■"* '""^' °-"'-"<*
Obamplain penetrated up this
river in 1609, and discovered the
lake since named after him.
10. The Frindpal Bays ai«
Chaleurs (in part), Mal-bai'«, ^
Gaip«, St. Uargaret, Lobster,
Trinity, English, Ou-tard'*, Grand
Metis, Uille Vaches [meel-vash'],
Ba-Ha, Murray, and St. Paul's.
'11 ThePrineinauiMidaare
the Magdalen and Mingan groups,
Anticosti, Bie. Or-Ieans. Mont.
i«-al [-awij, Jesus, and P'erro'*.
-3 ^* Ollmate of Lower thb victobia inBDi.AB bahwat bbi^wm sr lambeb^
-_. Inhabitants.—
The first settlers in Lower Can-
ada were chiefly from the cen-
tral parts of France; but in the
Eastern Townships, the inhabi-
tants are chiefly of British ori-
fi"t 't ''^'nt? descendants of
U. *.. /.oy Jtsts &, Amer. settlers.
16. Education is liberally
supported by the Legislature.
There are three universities ;
viz., McGill, Laval, and Len-
noxviUe. Besides the common
schools, the classical and com-
mercial colleges, academies, and
private schools are numerous,
and of a superior class.
le. Cities and Towns.—
There are four cities in Lower
Canada: viz., Que-bec', Momt-
BEAi, Thbek Rivers, and St.
HY-A-ciNTHe. The chief towns
was
The
1690 it Vi nnsuc^fu"rfy''b^s^g^'' bTsir William PhiJn". *'"t';
fenra-^ffi'^^T;ri>fc^^^^^^
tedTi*n^^S^rfe^„-dl!j5^w{i^^^^^^^
citadel, and adjofn^the pLTs of Abmham;- L^^e^* TlSTis'The'^^t'*'"
commerce. About 1,500 vessels clear annuSly from the t^ A^«!^'*u*
public buildings are the Markets, LaviunivSpMl^ffi^ P"?"* *''S
o^onVrTIt ft:^™^;hJ'!i°'"'*.'^™ afterwards changed to Kt uSrlt
manufactures are extensiva TlTero ar^ 66 Chu^hL, 2 S^nag^^ri'un^
"^^^^i^ ^"T- ^^ ohiefpublic buildings
-^^ ~ *.. Chnst-Churoh Cathedral, StAn-
^:2k ?'«w'»ChurohStPat7idSiChur^
*-"**. Umversity of koGUl College, EC
-* Theological College. sClll^i
College E. C. Female AoadSy!
Cabinet de Lecture, Meohanios-S:
stitute, Post-Or- " • • -
Si Sulpice, Mont
stitute, Post -Office, Swnimd^'da
Si Sulpice, MontiMl G««iuLm!
gt«l,andOn>hanaae:theCu^ H
House. Cnurf.H<»j~> l»«>r. --^-~» !
MsfkeLKxhibitjonBiiidingoflhe '
L. C. Board oT Arts and Minnfco-
ture8.theExoh.iige, the Banks, and
• _, ■•"-oiiujiB. — nr nat 18 me size, and 1. for what ia Twiwnr r^nmA^ «»«..j s n^fTT":^ 7~ — »ne various Insura nce Boildinn.
~ "^ ~^— — — — — — ^.— — ___ __„^__ -— w-m sat Mtmi
I
11
-^-■^^'"^ishs^-s^^^^
UPPER CANADA,
Estim'd pop. 1864 126,000.
The Victoria Railway-
Bridge over the St. Law-
rence ii nearly two miles in
length, and is the most re-
nuurkable structure of the
kind in the world. In Au-
gust 1860 it was inaugura-
ted by the Prince of Wales.
a8.TlieOi< f of Three
Biv«rB it situated at the
thre<3-rold mouth of the riv-
er St. Maurice. It is about
nhJway between Quebec
and Montreal, and is noted
for its iron-works. Popu-
lation MfM.
24. The St Haurloe
Country is well watered,
and the land along the
rivers is rich and fertile.
White-pine timber and
iron-ore are abundant. For ._ _ = ^
^^pSSSSaSsg^S
bv the WeBtern Indian-
Territories, Lakes Su-
perior, Huron, and St.
Clair, end the Rivers
St. Clair and De-troit.
3, Phydoal Fsaturei.
— ine surface is gently
undulating, rather than
mountainous, and is di-
versified by rivers and
lakes. The ridge of high
land which enters the
Province at the Falls of
Ni-ag-a-ra, extends to
Hamilton, and is contin-
ued to Owen Sound,
thence along the penin-
sula to Ca-bot Head and
through the Man i-tou-lln
Islands, Lake Huron. The
lT:nT T"S '"" Vr."' '"'"' "■"' Thousind IsllTs (ne^rKings!
Bav^'«n5 r i'^t""'"' "t,^"'"' ^™'""'' '■•""'-e l*"" coast of GeorgUn
Bay and Lake Huron. The water-sheds of Upper Canada are not in
general sharp ridges, but rather-level, and of?en marshy surfaces oS
which the streams Interlock. A main water-shed separates "he waters
lne%^^-r\J"'" """^°^ ""> St. Lawrence and ftsUkes ; alYno"
one divides the streams flowing into Lake Simcoe, Georgian Ba^ and
Lake Huron, from those flowing inio Lakes Srie and Or.tar1o ''
lUean
Depth in
Fiiet.
Names.
Superior
Huron, 4 Georgian Bay!
St. Clair
Erie _... .
Ontario ',,
Length
in
Miles.
38S
280
20
240
180
Greatest
Width in
Miles.
160
190
80
65
Area
in Eni.
8q. Mires.
S2,0flO
25,000
S60
9,S0O
0,000
Height
in Feet
above 8ea.
001
S78
671
sea
2»t
too
800
(0
100
BOO
OT T^.^!!""""* ™" ™"' ""^ " ™" "*»"»» TOWBsil^S: .
CHATBArOrAT [Ahft-to-gav'] Md
Voltiieura
a wwu aaaa a iree port, merchandiM entenng it is exempt from duty.
„ ^ tXPPEK CANADA.
fcA./!^ for..-UPPER Canada is noted for its great lakes-
o^SL"*?'''' P«t">l««ffl-»pmig8, and fertile soil. '
rfr"J^?"*^~^fP^' 9'"'^"' ^^"^ P'**"" *e appearance
Se'SS-^rSJ.' ^^^l*^ - ^''--th and thTeast b,
«d>e .uth^t-b/i^k^e-Sup^rbrX^^^^^
't^^:^J^^J^:^ie^jU^ 'Lawrence; anTon Swesi
Aux-Sables [o-sab'lj, in o Eie Hii«,^^hS I ?' i*"* Sau-geen and the
«ona&aH^t S/P^^^^
[kan-4^; and the«^.''ir£at*5^n£^^
StL?^retheTcS;?hr!)"rSi*XNi£Sf^^"r^^^ *J« United
''°^l^^<^° Upper a^SKr^^^dJI'thoO??^^ *•"» ^'- I*"""''*!
no®' ¥he F^ir^hieh*S'20"^u"^'f?S°T.*'{^^^ «»<> O"*-
mouth, are the most celebra^ in thn wnrirt"r,i^ ^^^ ""^ ^* ^o" >*•
are two suspension-bSs^er the XJr^ (we cut on page 31). There
longer h-om its souree, wTth the G^^lLatB^'S^n °- i^* "^ ">""
rapids in Upper Canada spr the Ga-lZ' aTd ^A^" ■"«''",•. r'^? <=•>'«'
in Lower Canada, the Co^teau r Wl *^a> r?S '"^i*"^ **"■* C-* ] ; and
Laehine [IS-shSl These are ov^Ja.J^AS'^ the Casoideii md the
is the bekutiftil exlendTliver-L^reTf tL*'^^"»"»''-^ NearKingrton
remainder of the river belong t^ T^l„,n % thousand Islands." The
10 Th« m7««l .^ ., '^^'^ *^*"'^'' '»« "ect'on 6, page 27).
area of 80,000 »«uare mUes iKti* f tX^SL^„Ti«'VT ^* ""'S"' «
t. PranoM JDistnotP K. Bmtl
hysioal flaatuiw ; 4 prinoiiid
-trace them aU on ^en^
m
iff I
30
U, The Frlnoipal
Bays are the Mi-chip-i-
co-ten (lake Superior)
Oeoraan, Nottr.wasaga,
BurlinBton (at Hamilton),
and Quintc (north of Pr.
Ed. County). (See map.)
la. The l>riiiolpal
iBlands in Upper Canada
are Grand Cal-u-met and
Allumet'<«, Ottawa Hirer;
Miehipicoten & Car-i-bou
I -boo J, Lake Superior;
Manitoulin, Cor*burn, St.
Joseph, and Fitzwilhani,
Lake^Uurons Point Polo,
and Ryerson's, Lake Krie ;
Navy, in the manara
5«'«r; Amherst, Tonti,
Wolfe, and Howe, at the
ea«t end of Lake Ontario ;
and part of the Thousand
Islands, lu the iipjier part
of the Rher St. Lairreni-e.
13. The Climate of
SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
CIIV OP TOHOSIO, ,B0M A CL.AUED 8PACJS OK TUli EbPlASABB. KEAB TUB -DOM BITBB.
wS!f ?.'»"'«Ja is agreeably tempered by the pn>a«itv of the Great I^.kM
i
OUT 0» OTTAWA. IHL ::APITA1 OP CAITADA, PEOM THE CUACDIEBB PALtS.
r.l?"j?^**"°'^r'^'i™"8'' *•»« liberaUtv of the Legislature TTDuer
Canada possesses abundant facilities for education. iiHhe amnion Jnd
grammar schools, the colleges, and universities Kiere are Sin the
17 0^,^HerTT?.l\T''"S''"-""'i^ acadeniies, seminaries? and^scUls
the man ^hi M^^ff^P*' ^""^''f '* ''""*'''' '"*» *2 countios, Vs shown on
the map. The chief towns in each county are also given on tie map.
18. The LegiBlative-
Counoil XSleotoral
Divisions of Upper
Canada are twenty-four.
19. The CiUea are /
Ottawa (the capital of '
United Canada), Kings- '
TON, TOBONTO, HaHIL-
TON.and London.
20. The City of Ot-
tawa is situated on the
Ottawa lliver, in the
Township of Nepean. It
is connected by railway
with Presoott (5,1 miles
distant), with Kingston
by the Bideau Canar(126
miles in length), and with
Montreal (100 miles dis-
tant ) by the Ottawa Eiver.
It is thus connected with
the Grand Trunk Eail-
way at three points, with
the lliver St. Lawrence at
two points, and with IjiIib
Ouuirio at.Kingston. The
chief trade of OtUw» ia
derived ftrom the tntna-
Ct of lumber to the Que-
«nd Knglish markets.
tlvhL (in Lower Canada),
opposite Ottawa, and con-
nected with it by a hand-
somesuspension bridge, was
llrst settled in 18U0. Ottawa
was called Bytowit until
ISM, when its name was
changed to the present one.
In 1S,'>7 it was selected by
the Queen as the aeut of
government; and in Sep-
tenitwr IStiO the Prince of
Wales laiil the corner-
stone of the Parliament
buildings. TheChaudidre
and Kideau Falls, in the
ncinhlmurhood, are very
pieturesquo. Pop. 14,764
ai.TheCityof Kings-
ton ( foruicrlv called Cata-
ivith' tV^' p"T"'-«??t«™ e'^t'f^'ity of Lake OntaSo,' SS'fc'.a'B^'
he w^t ^l^^:i S""?.' ^. t^^ *•«* ■""• thfl beautilil Bay of ^tdntn;
the west. A fort was built here in 1873 by Count de Fronienao. a IflwniSi
Governor, but tlie actual settlement of the p^ace dates ftrom ItS K?n.Sz
ton pos.ses..es a safe harlmur; the en ra3to whk^ U Sioi^ bVtS^
'St^V\mr-Jn{%^''r-^^r 'A "" Point'Hen?y,%'S2rite''^,rte
E\ 1 *y' ^"x™ Svdpnham, then Governor-General, (who is buried
here,) made Kingston the first capital of United CanadT the Town-SS
irifw^Ti "'*'"' "'? ""Vkot-house) is a handsome stonTstruotur^ TVw
tmI 1 ™"'"-Ti.^'?:' Q»een 8 ("''•> University power8)%nd Eeii-oi)JilS
99 ^S11'»';^'V* "'i'^n?'"""^ '" ""«"«<i near tfie city t^VulauS^SSl
Pii^'w*;?? h'*^ °*^ Toronto (formerly called York) isTitwitSl on idr-
Tm/i^L";^ ^''f """« .""'"O. and »"« founded by Govermir Siiooe & im
Mechanics' Institute, the LSnati7r?lum iL Xst^btehrEML^*
S^l Jr^,*'''' Ir"""""-" ^'^'^ anVrh'e City oVZSi and oS^?S
fhi n "■ J^ ". the permanent seat of the Superior Lw Sta/ind of
the iiepartment of Public Instruction, for UpiwV Canada ItiaV? imn«?
Kn .' withVortla^r^?'""'' ^ii'^^Vi^h^^^^^
n'7 1 ie Mow OnM 'n Maine, ami Sarniawith BiviAre du Loup [loo]
thoriuSnir ft f.^hlJ^-?^ wd Vonge tyun« Streete are the pAndMd
inorougniares it is the capital of Upper CanaAi, and. from 184B <» iMm
,tonp»! ^on," .1 ■! *™ extensive. There are numerous handsome viUtt-ra^
ClTlf OP HAmLTOH, SHOWIKO inB OOU OV WBO nun.
M 2
a£Jia;tn;
»teP 14. of the ohiei
FAIM OF MAOAIU. FEOM IHB CANADA ««B, (8I.OWIKO THE AJtBRrCAlT A»D aOEai":^^!^,:^
oriiinooln and Wellnnd,
and connects Lnkes Erie
and Ontario, surmount-
ing the diUicultiea of
naTigation oauaed by
the celebrated Falls of
Niagara.
So. The Fall* of
Niagara are one of the
great natural wonders of
the world. They are 105
foet in height, and are
divided by Uoat Island
into the American (U20
feet wide), and the Cana-
dian, or, from its shape,
Uone-Bhoe Fall (l,uoo
feet wide). (Seei)age2U.)
Sa. fhe CUy of
London standa upon
the Biver Thames, and is
80 miles west of Ham-
ilton, and 120 east of
Detroit; with both of
which it is connected by
raUwajr. It is surrounded on all sides by » rich agricultural countrv It i.
the chief oonameroial depot of the west of U. C. The pul li™hun in J^'inrl,
OT^raSl I*k^«™1:*^-''''^iu""-'''"T "'rurtures. P„,,ulati«n II 581
«J^«S^„TSr^ri,"'^"**^ 'S- Mining Section of the Province extends
fhim the mouth of the^ rench River, westward to the source of the Pi^„
' ' fw.«^»ww ii I r - r i i.. „ .,^ Kiver. Its
length is
410 miles,
breadth
100; area
'ie,000 sq.
miles; coast
•line 600m.
{180 on
liake Hu-
ron and the
Biver St.
Mary, and
420oiiLake
Superior).
The coast
is bold and
rocky, but
the har-
bours are
numerous
and safe.
Copper-ore
aud white-
fi.sh are the
— ^^^__^_^— _^_^___« » ^^^ ^^^ ^^ great com-
o?« fJ^r?^ 'v^^r' 'PT-2»'.f°«'"' 30). a f^ee port. Chk-1o.m-e-
OOVTISB3HKENT AOT) HESOURCES OP CANADA.
LoLFS**'*-!^?'^'^''"'? "*"' *•■* t'"' Provinces of Upper and
•ign, obedience to the laws,
and reverence for sacred
things, are felt to be duties en-
joined by the scriptural injunc-
tion to " HosotJB Ati M«fr, Lovi
181 Bbothibhuod, Fiae God,
HoHoim TM KaaJ'
SjjBxeoutlvo Oovenunent.
—The system of government is
monarohipal, in its most popular
lorm. The Executive consists
of a Governor-General (who rep-
W"*"!! the Qneen), and a Cabinet
vounral oomprising the heads of
?*l"™njBt«, who are appointed
0/ ine Qovemor. By oonstitu-
^oM UMfle,Uie members of this
_o8»«, njuat haTc scats in pariia-
ment (IntheU.8.8uohoouncil-
iors are excluded fh>m Congress.)
CANADA-INDIANS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.
31
mmwAT An. pabusoxb «u8Piir8ioii.BBii>o« ovim thb kaoaba btvbb.
8.TheIiee:ialature
consists of three branch-
es r 1. The Oiieen (repre-
sented by tlie (Jovernor-
Ocneral); 2. The Lmis-
ative Coun(^il ; and 8.
i lie liOgislntive Assem-
bly. The three branches
must give their consent
to every bill before it
can become law.
4. The Oovernor-
Oeneral is the chief
executive officer, and is
also commander-in-chief
of the militia. He as-
sembles, prorogues, and
dissolves Parliament,
and assents to all. Bills
not reserved for Her
Majestv's iilwisiire.
o. The Lwglslativo
Coimoil (elective since
18Sti) corresponds to the
n„K7n»^^rte^fei}S'/f,rteoSJ;*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
iJ^^ INDIANS or BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.'
nenI\d',l''?^;;'fuSf tfevfalTZr^'^ rVf"" «''«'« «">«-
ten distinct g^ups or familie^*^ FoSr of fc.'^'"* to.^'ong to eight or
North Amen«J^vLf-i{?fes,&tV^g^ir?hX'*^^^[intish
"nore in their manners, belief, and
■;-±i«t--:±^gg^ superstitious customs, resemble
the natives of Lapland and Qreen-
tef J^J^' Chip-e-w«y-an»
(not the Chippewas or Qjib-
vrays,whoareAlgonquins). IIL
mie Algonqmns. And IV. The
Huron-Iroquois. Each of these
groups speaks a distinct lan-
guage. The four groups are sub-
divided into various tribes each
speaking adialect of theirori^nia
tongue; yet among all the tribes
a remarkable similarity in cus-
toms and institutions prevail*.
In. colour, form, temperament
rehmpus belief, and pursuits, aU
are alike. ThemenenngniiTws^
iiuuiiug, and flshingl whiia'tfae
women perform other kinda of
labour. These tribes numbw
fWim 126,000 to 160,00a
.^^^^^^^^^i^^
m
lis
M-
ill
^ Xon^tude 71 Web fTom 60 - CrennricTi
Zaiiua^lgSdatAt^HSHraluk.
.«25S7a5£ti-.s^^steXte^!ffJsri^^^^^^^^^^^^
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA-NEW-ENGLAND OR EASTERN STATES.
33
THB UlTITED STATES OF AUEBIOA.
Blu, ibout the umo H Britiili North Ainorio*, or oqual to » aquaro of l.BOS mllef.
L Noted For.— Tho United States aro noted for their groat
aroiw of httbitablo territory, strutohini^ from the Northern At-
lantic to tho Paoifio, and including tho great central rivor-basin
of the MisBissippi; for tho cotton, rice, and tobacco of tho South,
and tho railways, commerce, and manufactures of tho North.
n. BoundarloB.- Tho United States are bounded on tho north
by British North Amorioa, on the east by tho Atlantic Ocean, on
the south by tho Gulf of Mexico and the Republic of Mexico, and
on tlio west by tho Pacific Ocean.
. ??•. ^''yjio*! Faatnrei.— The territory of the United States Is dl-
Tlded ioto throe groat natural reglong : 1. The Atlantic or AUoghany
slope I a. The Mississippi Valloy i and 3. Tho PaclBo or Rocky-Moun-
tain slope. The general character of the country is that of an immense
plain, traversed by two chain? of mountains, vis. tho AUoghnny (or
Appalachian) and tho Rocky Mountains, and drained by the groat Missis-
sippi KlTer and Its tributaries. (For Rocky Mountains, see see. 10, p. 14.)
!„^;^J!!^S**lPP W^®' **^<» "« "«> (M ">» out'** of Lako I-tas^)
p^ pi^® K?!'*'m''^u"''''*} !*),'"!'' •>•*■• '>'« '»««1 of' Wte Superior and the
^ '"™' "m^" ^■°'^' pn'l «"la into tho Gulf of liexioo 2,600 milos from
Its souroe. TMie pnnoipiJ tributary U (1) tho Missouri (or ''Mud Bivo™ )
mii'£. M!^f^'ifi»h^i,'°M'"'- ^^^y Mountains, and, after a oourso of 8,l(iii
Sir'.SJfi I J"¥. *■«> Mwsissippi opposite Alton, near St Louis, 1,860 niilos
teh taiS^it. il''*''**l*"5V,'*^«* "5/2) tho Otio (or " Beautlhil IUvot "),
fl„„°L^™**r~*"- the -lU^hany Mountains south of Lake Brie, ami
flowing 1,800 n^es, joins the Mississippi at Cairo [k«y-ro] : (8) the AVkan-
5Sj;!S!L^*'^*"°h,*^?""'? "^.S tho Uoekv'MountiJns, and, flowing
^^ oi^/Pifi^ii?*™"??? ' »' Napoloon. Aroa drained i,m.m »q. m
V. The Chief Mlnoral-pentpoa of the United States a^: California
for gold. PennsylTania for coal, and the Western States for ooppei , lead, iro^
VT. TheOIdOolonloB.— Thirtoonof thosoStotosworooriKinally Uriti«h
Colonies. Thoy dodlarixl thiiir iiidoiMjiidoiico in 17"«; and, aflor a sovuro
content, It was ookiiowiodijud by Oroat Urituin in 17H3.
VII. Inhabitants.— Tho L nitod Stutos wore at drat sottlod by omi(!rants
nrom (Jroiit llritaiii and Uollaiid. Tho population now conniKtM of (Uu-coiid-
ants of po<)plo from ovory country in EuroiM), bonidcs No.;<r()C8 uiid Indmns.
The population, by tho eighth decennial census of IWM), was 27,037,U77 froo,
andi0O3,00O slaTO (finally made free in 18fi6) ; total 81,ftH,l)77.
VIIL Oovemment.— Tho several States aro united under ono Ronoral
goTemmont, called a Kodorol Bopublio. Each Stoto huK a Kovornmoiit of
its own i but the general oonooms of the nation arc entrusted to tho oon-
tral Royommont. This govommont consists ,f three branches; via., tho
Logislativo, the Exeoutivo, and tho Judicial power. Tho LoKislotivo
power IS vested in a Conwoss, which oonsisU cf two branches; viz., tho
Senate and tho Hpuse^^of Beprosontativos. Tho Eiocutivo power in vcatod
T-ii!- Si i. ^'i ^""\,'^ < '" ouuiiHJii M) iiio aiaio ouprcnio ana otiior ( Hiirtii.
IJt. BtatlatlOB.— Yearly oximrts of the Unitod 8tat<w »,1CiO,000,000 ;
I2X",IIIS"!>^' the Federal Oovprniiioiit $200,000,000, of tho Hovoral .Stul(.«
!??!?M9j.>t?'.J"™"'"' »28(),000,000 : (lcl)t of tho FtHloml OovornnKiit
»l,2SO,Op0,00O, of tho sovcnd Stato.n fUO.OOO.OOO ; total debt Sl.tWO.OOO 000-
""l'^?^J5'i5'i'J' ^^'"^ t"*^'' '''"t «1,120,000,000 ; m. of telegraph ;tfl,000. 1.,tal
cost *k000,000 ; post-ofliccH .30,000, and yearly cost of iiiaii-sorvico $15,000 000
X. .Bxtent.--To the 13 original HUitOi*, 2S now ones have, since 1771),
boon added, making a total ot 80 States. Besides those, there aro U'li
lornt^jrios; and one District, vij. Columbia, which oontainsWAsaiNUTON,
tho oapitol of the Itopublic.
. 2U' SJtate Divisions.— Each State has ita own independent legislature,
judiciary, and exooutive government, consiBting of a Senate ond a Ilouso of
Kopre.»entativo8, a Governor, Judges, 4o.; who Imvo tho iwwcr to make,
judgo or and execute oil lawH i>ortiuning to tho State, oxecpt such as Iwloim
to the Oonoral G9Vommont. Tho chief olllccr of a SUto is styled Gover-
nor, bach State is for tho moat part divided into (Miiintiea, and the coun-
ties into townships, as in Cana<hi. In iM)pulation and wealth. Now York and
lennsylvania rank first: Massachusetts, Virginia, and Ohio rank next in
order. In many of the States there is a ftind for the support of schools : and
education is widely diffused. ospooiaUy m the Eastern and Northern States
NUU AID FBoimc-
0U.TI0>.
1. THE NEW-ENGLAND OB EASTERN STATES. WITH TREIB CAPITALS, ABE AS FOLLOWS:
kaU-Uit
Maiki...
[nuiM.]
NawHAiinHiBs
[nu-bamp'-shir.]
TUMOKT
[ver-mont'.J
HAssACHosam. . ......
[nus-sa-tshoo'-iets.]
Bhodi Islahd
[rods-t'-Und.]
OOlHIOTICirT
Ckon-n«t'-U.out.1
Derivation
or Slcnlfloatlon.
From Queen HenrietU's
Prenon Province.
From Gov. Hauon's birth
place In Bngland.
From iti Oreen Houn'
tains.
Indian fbr "Blue Uoun.
The Island being like the
IsleofBhodeir
Indian " Quonektaeut," or
" Ixm« Blver."
Date of
Settle.
ment.
I«S8
lOS
171M1
leio
USl
16»
By whom
Settled.
Admit'd,Aroa In
to the
Union.
The Bngliib...
The Bnglish..
From Hissaohu
•ett*.
The Purltens.
(Uiite III B. ■.•an.)
BoRer WllUami.
from Male.
IBM
1776
im
1776
1776
1776
Square
Milea.
81,776
»,0S6i
7,800
1,806
4.674
Free
Popula-
tion I860.
660,000
SM,076
811^000
1,881,100
174,610
460,150
Oapitai,
Ausnsta,,.,
Oonoord
Hontpelier ,
Boston
(■providence
INowport....
'Hartford
I
Where situated.
taiice flrom
Washington
Kennebec Siver
Herrlmao River
Winooski Biver
MHsaohusetts Bay..
Narrsganiet Day....
abode III., in Kay...
Connecticut Biver...
New Uaven | Near Long It) .Sound
685 HUss.
«r4 ■
584 •
488 *
SW •
408 '
885 •
810 •
Popula-
tlon
1860.
18.800
9.100
t,400
178,000
S0,700
10,000
8H.200
40,000
I tho nagw of mountMNl
a. IRoted For.— The Nsw-ENaLAND Statbs are noted for
the stirring incidents in their early colonial history, their educa-
tional pre-eminonoe. and their extensive manofaotares.
8. Position. — These States are bounded on the north by Can-
ada, east by New Brunswick and tho Atlantic Ocean, south by
the Atbntio Ocean, and west by the State of New York.
4. FhTdoal Peatnret.— With the exoepUon of Vermont, the whole
of the New-Kngland or Kastem States lie on the Atlantic sea-board,
and are hidented with
beaatlAil bays and har-
boars. The Appalachian
Moantaina, under Tarioui
names, ran in a 8.-We9tem
and Southern direction,
givhig a a and S.-Eastern
slope to the riven. In
Vermont they are called
the Oreen, and in New
Hampshire the White,
Moantaina. The princi-
pal rivert are the Pe-nob-
•oot and the Kennebec,
in Maine; the Herrimao,
in New Hampshire ; and
the Oonneeticat, separat-
ing New Hampshire from
Vermont, and running
throngh Vauiuihnaetta
and Oonneeticat.
6. oUmate and Prod-
lots.— Being the most
V ♦i?'2S"'"?"^r^''* thesise of the United SUtes. I. For what noted P II. Describe their boundaries; in nhysical {ea.1tiTeK- TV th^ \liZi7^.i^"
V. the Mineral Centres; ^.tte Old Colonics; VII inhabitants; VUL government ; IX. statistics ; X.litint;'^^ Sti^ST^i m A
e. a. For what are they noted? 8. Point out theSr position. 4 Desc^be their nhvsinal f^tlii- . iS^^i™iL *- . « Blr?^
northerly of the United States, the climate in tho Now-EngUnd is
generally oplder (especially in Maine) than in the other States; but it
is less so m Massaohusotts and Connecticut. Agriculture is the chief
pursuit in theNew-EngUnd States; but, owing to their maritime position,
early settlement, and abundance of wator-power (irom the numerous rivers
oonunerce, fisheries, and manubotures have acquired great importance. '
tJi-^J^^^F^*^^^-^? "» P'ft of the United States are those
fccihtiM developed in a higher degree than in New England. Kadiating
from B(Mt«n (the oommeroial capital), railroads diverge in ovory direction
Portland, in Maine forms tho eastern terminus of tho Grand Ituiik Rail-
*ay of Canada, and a win-
tor-outlet to the ooeon for
Canadian products.
7.. Inhabitants.— Tho
on^nal settlors wore chiefly
BntishoolonistSgWhonamed
their new homo '' Now Eng-
land." The principles of
oml and religious liberty
which they brought with
them from England, took
deep root in the new soil,
and have been developed in
their political institutions.
8. Haine lies west of
NewBmnswtck,andsoath-
eaat of Lower Canada. It
is well watered with namer-
ons lakes and rivers. The
valleys of the St. John,
Feaouacoi, and RonnaDeo
are fertile and productive.
Lumber and ships are the
chief artielea of commerce.
'j tT -t Vir' .^' "■»."<>"". .<»-i. uiyuMouB. 1. uive we paruonlars
4 Describe their physical features ; 6-7. olimate, 4o. ; & &ne, *o.
I
race
irassa^iSS^^^s^^sri^^^h^
\
p™*,»^.»«.^„_ '*'-««»ai.°»^^=;j=Sffi^^^g^^/
TM NORTHERN OR MIDDLE STATES.
B. Chief Oitlefc-AruriiTA.
theoapital,* in Hituit«d on tho Kon-
nebeo; JOaiitpout, kt tho otwt of
the Ntato, hu uxtuimive ouniiiioroo
with Now Urunnwick md Nova
HootU; l'oiiT(.4NU (pop. an,350),
on l-««» U»jr, au important ««»-
port, i» ooDneoted bjr nilwsy with
Un«l«; iJAIiopB (pop. lOfiOO), on
tbo I'enoDMwt, U ■ lumbor-dopot,
10. Ecw Hampihin ilea w. of
Maine. It ii niountainoua, except
at theaouth-uait ; and its icenerr,
eipecUlly in the White Moun-
taioi, ii oonxidered to be tho most
picturaaqtie in tho United States.
It hai but one harbour, and only
Iguileiofiea-coait. Ironiaabun-
dant, and tin haa been diacovered.
Tho preponderance of gmnlto haa
cauaed New Ilanipaliiro to be
called the " Granite State." • .
ia.^<'J m leparate. it from the But. of New York.
lU pre-emlnonce inth,.. reapecu harrc.'UraT.inSun.V'''''"'' ""*
• tor populaHona of Ih. State capital., ^ »h, momjmvbig toblea.
36
.<■ ' '-'TFi
IHl CITT 01 loaiOT, CAMTAL 01 lUtMOBITUTTi. IBOM m MUOCB
10. Chief Cltle*. - Dmton,
tho oomnioroiiU and literary oapital
or Now Knuland, ia aituatod on
Ma«iiKhuiii)tt« Hay. U hu a fluo
hiirlxjur, and an oitonaivo oom-
n>"r™„ The Old SUlo-Ilouao and
I'unouil Hitll arc noted in it« poli-
tKial hiHlory. I'op. I7H,(HH». Cam-
HBIDUK iliaino-l, ni«r iliwton, ia
tho aoat of a univomity foumlod
by tho Kov. John UarranL an Khk-
liahniaii, and fontcred by tho IxMia-
laturo of tho Colony. Hpbino-
KiRiD, on the Connofltimit, <x)n-
taiiw n U.S. araonal; andC'llABLM-
TOWN, onponito ll(i!(U)n, a U. H
navy-yard. lidW-Ki.L (|H)1i. S7,(I00)
I and LawbknCk, on thu Murriniao,
are oolol)ratcil fur cotton and otiier
manufiMituren. I>ynn,8ai,iim,Nbw
UBpFOBi) and Wobckhtbb | wooa-
tor ! are oho iniiHirtant towna.
Si;.VM^ ';'"°";ti'""Tlf'r° Oonni^li^^Sd^tau't'hTi'
?.YI,^ ff^.V'''?'?"'; n?^^'"» '•''•• "• """^ fr<"» » "nail laland
^h«p.d like the lal. of Rhode., In tho Mediterranean) in Nor-ra-gan-aet
SSi;™. ft '■"..' "? "nountaina ore inconaldorablo, but Iti numeron.
^ %,^#°ilV'"*^J"'" '*" manufacturing purpoaoa.
•Wrf M.-rVT^l- ' ifil ?;,'"."!*> "' '■'•P no*' of Narnumiiaot Uav
l£iJ?Wuffi>T. ?h«°1iJ''^''A '" ^K^^- l^vidon-M, (Trmod by
ttoger nuilama) ia the aoat of Brown Univorrtity. and in nn««l fn» li
XipIw tcTb «1h^1i'2?:l.«?'' "" •!•,"« harb-Z'Sd*- ."watori^gM
la nl ij^ cotton-null m Amerioa wm erected.
I.iIS'h bSS!!12'S1?* "•• »>e"'ee>> Rhode laland and New York. Lonir.
on. an^^u • "• ',"""'"'"' »""""'"?• It* baya and rirera are name?-
2nd ii LnnffT""" '?""7 Ploturcsqne. Ita minerala are raluabloj
la abMauZ"'^T^u,: particularly in hardware and clock, '
»ii n:5;^.^'*"?-«^'"'*'„'">™l'' I*'"'"*' f''" St»t« haa two cauitola-
Ka N^HJrtlwSlS?'""**'*"'"* "TO.Ilfty n.i!o« lh)m l^'ng-lVland
^^rttA'M^i^wS" wa«.ttn oak (blown down in 1860), oJlod the
yuarjor \mk, in whioh tho original ohartor of Kinit L'hnrlmi it waMhi,t
H^ven'Tui mU« frZ'thTL""'. "> ^T'' 4 "- °^'t '> "^^in T N^t
gav^rourinUoa from the Sound, la a boau ifui ('ity and tho sent of Yalo
Najo ard Pbobub-
OIATIOS.
vtt™v.»™™ .««'<i^iikTH;stfodLt^:;:infa«=^t7
1. THE NOBTHBBN O B MIDDLE 8TATE8. WITH THBIE CAPITALS. ABB AS F0lix>W8.
NbwTobc
rnu.york'.]
PinanTAiriA
[p«n4ll>Tanfl'-yt.]
NlWjlBaBT...........
_[nu-Jet'.io.]
DllAWABB.... ..
[del'-a-wer.-)
Berlratton
or Stgnlflaation.
After the Duke of York
and Albany.
After WilUam Penu, its
roander.
After Joraey lale, Gov. Sir
aOarterBt'sblrth-plaoo,
Where Lord De U Van)
died.
I>at« of
Settle.
ment.
1«0»
[imil
and
tiasi
i«n
By whom
Mtled.
to the
Union,
Tho Outoh
Tho Swedes ft &>■■
lisb I:
Dutch and 8w(,Je* .
(araMrfliUnlBMriq.)
Swedes and Hnna..,
2. Noted For— Nbw York is ohiefly noted for its oommer-
o.dpre.enunenoe, and for its railways an'd oanalsV VknnTlva
WABE, for Its fruit and grain. '
♦K» h! A »^'~''o'"* *''°'' ""»«• Canada is at tho north and
the South-Bastem States at the south. '
YoA^^J^. y«atll«».-Bicept PennaylTBDia and «Mtern Now
Th^^iJzL^^lS^f^ .,'-»*« »*hep Stetea. the oUmate hi wJ,^.
««itnH.i;Tn- PonMyWa,;ia th'e^^^ og'n.l^Lr'**'^ "» ""«"»» '^-
Area In
Bqnaro
Mllea.
m«
m«
ms
ms
4s,a«o
46,000
8,S10
l^UO
PopuU-
tlonlSM.
S.W0,?M Albwiy
l.>06,1M
<n,ioo
IIMK
Oapitai.
Barrlsburt..
Trenton
Dover
Where sltoitod.
TraracT
tanoofttHn
Washington
lludnn Eivor,
Susquehanna Blvsr,
Delaware £iver
Centre of State
S7« MUes.
Its "
178 "
Fopula-
troir
IBM.
«I,(IOO
1S,1I00
17,M«
5,(100
both&°^JS*.nrM*"'V^^*<' SJ? dovolopod in a high degree in
and Now York ; whilo nvors, canala, and railways intersect Ponnaylvi^^'
mJ^M»n7^r?if.nt Fn^U?h"a'nWDtt" ''^.Zl^^
oommorcial pnM)minonoo of thoao StatSs may be thu.liS»unted ^J?.*"""*^
„-?*-?*y T"l* .•■ * "'•"{f'ar State, with ita longest aide borderlnir
Zara^'th °^^'^% ?,'!'* *!"' ^'^ I'aw^noe. The Mohegan Mountain?
Jt^! /^.I'"' ?"'! "'"'"K '"'° ''"ko Ontario and the St. Lawrence from
In th. fii^' '.1.'°^'''"' Ohan-Plain and into the Hudaon RTToTf^°mdwar
In the State, these mountains, which form a curve toward the C^S,vn(
aoenery of Lake Ohamplain and the Hadson ia justly celobraud for It^
gi'prernta^?. ,'oTrk',"??it:r^ ^r -* "'" -'■"^
biXf ito i?tE^n'?KS population 8(K,760,) ia situated on fiS^
iSmd~ Tha'nitv irfoli^"""'?"'^."'* o^"*'" "* '''e IJarrowa at Htaten
^^^^^P^^^^T
h
QnE8Tios8.— Name and point out the boundaries of tho States which aro given on this map. Name and trace the principij mountain-ranges and rivers.
Wliat thief pbujcs do tho railways oonnoot P Mamo tho places near Vow Orleans. Point out and name the various capes, sounds, and boys, the gulf and oocau.
THM WWfHmi AW) •OCfH-BABTKBN STATES,
Cp>ti)n All luot. liroiiil-
Wkjr> wHh lU ihiipa uiil
viUiimIyu hoUila, in « flwli.
loiialilu |in>iii(iiiitilu: lint
Wkll Mtreol, with It* l»nk^
nu<t»ui-h<>UM, iukI ojl-
fihwiKii. li th» ohivf oontra
of tiiminflM. l'»rki uicl
•iluitnwiininiimnniiMj tnil
ill Ihu u|i|it'r iiiirt nf thu
mlj, tll« Iihvttn n«ii|<iiin««
ini iKMtly »ii(l Kliiuuiit.
lllllxllil.YN (|H>||. 2(WI,7(MI),
ii|i|KMitii Niiw Viirk, (ym-
Uinii » nitvy-yitrcl. linr-
rAM>(Hl,()il()),Atthn Rend
of IjAke Krii), It lli« nhinr
riirw»rlinK-|ilai3o fur Wtxt-
cni ixiiiiiiiiiruo t<i N. Vurk.
IliH'MKitTKU (ir*,2<NI) and
OawKOo, iin lAkn Ontii-
no, uiil Tkoy (IU.inmi),
on th« IIiKtmiii nni Honr-
inhinv ritivii. Nruictiti!,
7U niilM wiutli of (>iiw6uo,
la niitnl for iU MUt-wiirkH.
Now Vork, Tnty, (Jonovii,
uiil lt<MiheiiU)r aro tbe noaU
of univomiiioi ii«r..oii.. with nxMT mvi. a,u i.«o«.lt. to «,out,a»d uumo. ». amd jiuit cur lo lmwt
f}^' ??°.°*y,*7*'^*' * '•'«'- eonipact Bute, liei loiitli of New York.
Tboagh inland, it hat eai/ aceeii to the ocean by the Delaware RiTer
n,; ',".'.''*?k' o''- 7*" I"'"«'P»' b'Mchei of the Alleghany Moun-
Ulni dlTlde the State Into throe loolinns, waK-red by the Delaware.
8u.quehanna, and Alleghany lllTori. Coal ttnd iron, tba great lUpIs
prcHlucti, are found in " •"•i""
abunitanco. Then, with -
flour, Indian corn, and
butter, form the chief ar-
ticles of commerce. The
Htale la called after Wil-
liam fenn, an Engllih
Quaker, who made an
honourable treaty with
the Indiana for tfa« lite
of hit Mttlemeot.
„ 11. Chief Oitias. —
HABBH'iubU, tho (311)1-
tal, u lituatod on tho Hus-
quohauno. Puiladbl-
PlllA, 100 milea from tho
•CO, on the Delaware, ig tho
•eoond oomniorviol city in
87
the U. 8. (nop. 6fi«,l(H)).
During the Bovoliitinn, it
WM tho capital of tho Uni-
ted Colonies. It« publio
buildings aro oloKant, m-
POJialiy Giranl Collogo.
Iiitho01dNtat«-lIou8otlia m i iihimh i I im Hi — MU— MIW— ^i^^
Declaration of Indoiien- cur ot puiladmipuia (nkabju.otioi. ofiu.bchum wu. a.d».lawaui),ibomoi«a»doou,iob.
djino* WH adopted liy thu
< iiliinliil ('"iiKnwK. I'lTTK-
niKiK U» ■.till) lit tho jiinn-
tifin of tho Alloglmnv imd
MiiniingDhola Itivnra
Iwhiish horu form the Ohio
tivor), ill the I'oiitro of
a itiul-n-uion, in it plwo
»roit<iii«iv(i inin-nianuftkii-
turiw, and in tho iptlu nf
iioiiimonw friiiii uut to
wont of tho Nl»t.l. I,A1|.
<'»HTKtt (l7,;iH)), wont (if
rhiliulolphuL in n Imnd-
wiinotiiwn. KniKiHuwoll-
•Kiiiilivl purl MM liiiko Krio.
12, NewJerMyiiivp-
aratod from I'onnaylTa-
nia by the Delaware
Hirer, ond ll(>a between
that Htate and the ocean.
In rlvera are unimpor-
tant ; and, except the
northern Alleghany ridge
(the Hchooley), A the I'al-
iaadei (on the Iludaon),
It la not niDiintiiinoiia.
,. „ , , , Along the Atlontic coast
the aol! la landy, but near the Delaware RiYcr it la richer. The railway
route f>om Now York to tho South la through tlila HUto
13. Chlof dtlOB.-'^
dolphlo, ia the hood of iv,.„,
■MOM ars on tho l'a»-aa-io _. „ , „„.
WICK ,V Pbini'RTiin have
oach a (■olIoKo. ('AMUKNia
cmiHwito I'hilftiiclpliin, mid
■Tkkhkv (.'lTY(IM)p.2U,aiO)
oppoaitc Now York.
14. Delaware, which
gives its name to the river
and the flno frontier-bay,
occupies hr'«' the penin-
sula lying ',<tt\teon the
('hcaa|ieakei -d Delaware
liayg. It is the second
smallest btato In the
Union. All extensive cy-
press-swamp Ilea along Iti
south-eastern boundary,
and extends into Mary-
land. The soil is pro-
ductive.
16. Chief CltloiL-Do-
tbb, tho uapitol, is in the
controof tho Htiito: Wll-
MINOTON(21,22.'-.),thO(;hiof
Hoa-port, is on Iho llrniKly-
wine Kivor, and Nkw
Castle on tno Delaware.
to tno aoutb is through this SUte.
-Tbbnton, tho oapitiil, on tho Dclawnro, almvo Philv
lulond navigation. N kwabk (pop. 7a,(Hm) nml Pat-
so-io Uiver, the hitlor near its FiLlla. Nkw lliirNH-
Naiu Ann Pbobds-
OIATIOI.
L THE SOUTIIEBN AND SOUTH-EASTEBN STATES. WITH THEIR CAPITALS. ABB AS FOLLOWS:
ntain-rangosand riTcrn.
Ntys, tho gulf oud oooau.
Maitiabd ....,.„
.[■oay'-re-loiid.]
DisTBioT o» Coi,nKau.
rko.lumb'.jl]
WmiViaoijiu
VreoiaiA......
[vir-iln'-ytj.
AKTrucXT
„ [koiLtuck'-e.]
TMMasia
lien-et-teefj
NojLTH OABOII»A
„ CN. kar-o-line'-t.l
SOUTB OABOLIITA.
[». karKi-Uuu'-L]
UBOBOIA
„aor'-le.lL]
FioaiDA"...
tfloi'.elai.]
Alabama.,
„[»l-U-haii'.m».]
Mississippi
Iajoibuiia...,
[loo-o-ae-an'-dS.]
THXAstteks'-a.)..
Derivation
or HiKnincatton.
IMte or
Bettk).
mont.
After Charloa I'a Queon'i
mothor, Mary do M(,(llcia.
After Chrlatopher Uolum-
bus.
After Old VirKinia
After the Virgin Quoon
£lliab«thor Knclsua.
Indian for " dark and
l)l«»ly Kround."
Indiao name of tho river.
Alter Cniarles IX cf
Franco.
After Oharies IX of
Franco.
After Qoorgo II of Bug.
land.
Spanish for " flowers."
Diaoor. on I^lm-Sunday.
Indian for "horo we
rest."
Indian for "the great
wator.''
After Loula XIT of
France. [Ing."
npaniah for "tont-eover-
i7go
1B07
1807
1778
1768
ISM
loss
By whom
Settled.
Admlt'd
to the
Union,
Irish R. Catholloa
(tindar l.«r,l aalttoan.)
Variuua 8tatoa_.
Tho RnjrllKh
Tho Knullah „.
(Ua4ar UMIHU Wur)
Daniel lloono,
from Virginia.
Tho KugllBlu
The Bnglish-
jTho Huguenot!.. .
1738 GcM.Oglothorpc-.
1680 jThoSptuish
171S 'The French
1718 iTho French.,
1890 ItHo French
(l>lM.b|D«Boto[BlHI.]
Tlin Spanish.
1«R7
Area In
Hanaro
MSlea.
1778,
ISM
1778
17M
1708
1778
1778
1776
1840
1819
181?
181i
IIVM
9.8M
80
2.1,000
38,SAa
S7,8M
48.800
48,000
M.S00
88.000
89.868
60,788
4?a!6
48.341
8.17,.121
Popula-
tion 1860.
687.100
78,100
898300
1.801,400
1,166,700
1.110,000
998,700
703.800
1,087.300
140.600
084.800
TSLSfiS
708.000
6O1.S00
Capital.
Annapolis
WASnlHITOS..
Whoollng
Klohmond
Whore situated.
Mail-DlB-
tanoo fVom
Washington
Sovorn Illvcr, near
Cheiotpeako Ilay.
Potomno lUvor
Ohio River ...
James Blver .
Popula-
tion.
Frankfort
Naahvillo
Baleigh
Columbia
MiUedgovUlo. .
Tallaliaasoe....
Montgomery..,
JactsAr.
Baton Bouge...
Aust^..
Kentucky River
Cumberland Blver,
Neuse River (near).
Congaroo Blver
Ooonoo River
Oeklokoneo Blver..
Alabama River
Frari Eircr
Mississippi River..
Oolomdo River
4SMUca,
M
400 "
180 "
887 "
774 "
316 "
676 "
886 "
106 "
l.OH "
1.034 ~
1.407 "
l,S18
4,000
81.800
ao.noo
80,000
8.000
17,080
6,000
8,000
3,800
8,800
8.000
SJIM
4,409
.u,?jKa-saA"S;;vfi.-a^-sKi«v
u
i
2. Noted For.— Tho Socthern and South-eastern States
arc ehioflv noted for thoir products of cotton, tobacco, and aucar:
and for their largo Negro population. ^ '
»„H".f w"°°T7''''';' ^*^*^ "^'"^y "° "" th« Atlantic coaat,
l^h™tT^'''r ^"^ -"Alabama, by tho Alleghany Mountains
ni,.. *7 o 'J?' °°"*'' °f Pennsylvania, and is intersected bv
OhesapoalteBay. (See map of Northern States, 'page 34!) The" .^UHmao
a Z If .1^'' '" '""''^"° *'"'' '""'h-western bouSdSry. Brory pa^tTf"he
ft oW^ *<^*; ^'? ''°"'' "'"='"' '™"''"«» '='"'• "« i«« chief producU.
^^L?. Ti''"'^ contains tho room in which General deorxo WiwhinS
rpsimod hi8 commission in the army. Haltimoek rn 2l?Knni fl!» ISV.
7 in; iSSl ^"Sf ", "niOoUf niarket in tho United States.
8. Washington (p.61,400), the capital of the Republic, and Oiohqb.
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
IHB IfBW CiP!TA, V:,. WABHIirOTOir.
Toww, are the principal citieg. Washington contains the Capitol inwhVL
&?"•"''%""''?'' '"•^°""" '"""»»°""' P-blle buiidings*Sd°ng he
f^d tntwi-f n** <f?»°'l'='L»'y J*°""> Smithson,an'BnglUhm«n)!
oftt w.. 1 M ^"fK°T* °5 "ffi^ial residence of thi President. The
city was laid out by General Washington, who was the first President.
MarVui^F^D'''' '''?* English settlement in America, lies south of
Maryland-and Pennsylvania. A ridge of the AUeghaiies separates
the rivers flowing into the Atlantic
from ttose forming the tributaries of the
Ohio River. The Great Dismal-Swamp,
on Its south-eastern boundary, extends
into North Carolina. The chief products
are tobacco, iron, and salt. The Virginia
sulphur-springs are noted for their medi-
cinal properties. General Washington
was born in this State. '
or the State, is boautiAUly situated on the
James B"er, 160 miles from the sea. Its
oommer(.j is extensive. Nobfo«k, near
the ocean, is theprincipal seaport, and is a
naval station. WnfiEWNo, on tho Ohio,
IS a place of trade, and the capital of Wesf
Virginia. At Mount Vbbnon, on the
liotomao, General Washington is buried.
Habpbb's Fbbby is also on the Potomac.
(See mapof the Northern States, page 34.)
101. West Virginia. AStatelbrmed
out of Virginia in 1863.
TOBAOCCPLAITT IH iLowiiB. ,„ ^1 Kentuoky lies wcst of Virginia,
, r ., „ ^ . '■' *'•« valley of the Ohio River, which
river forms its N. boundary. It is highly fertile, and produces Indiin corn,
hemp, flai, and tohanco. Prom the celebrated Mammoth Cave, at the
south, nitre la obtained. More important minerals : iron, coal, and salt
^.'ii"!S?A';^':I}i'L!r^l ?S?: tAl,«2""!«'^1^8outh-Ea8tern States noted?
Lo^nsK fp"*7*o'o^,r";„''?h'"»o\il'''^^ '" "? *'r ^?'""''ky River.
>,I,tn■,^ M '"f®® "*' "'""' °^ Kentucky. The Cumberland fAlle-
ghany) Mountains run through its eastern part, giving a nioturelane
StaTa™co°tti'S \T''- The soil is good. ^hiSVoducUofT
lA ^L i ' *°''»''<'°' '•«™P> iron, coal, and salt.
is a tlno ritv £n,^?-~i^''*'I'''V''V;'''' •■'»P''»'' <"> the Cumberland River,
hlnir n? J^/'y' "?''.'"« a, largo trade, Mempuis (p. 22,700), situated on a hi«h
^thf ^^° MiS8i«sim)i 18 the southern outlet of the State Knoxvilui
at the ^toro part of tho State, is the seat of a univerrity. *-''°^'"''*'
10. Aorth Carolina lies south of Virginia. It has an nTtAnaiu.
TriWiirl-V?:'"*."' "^ "'?'"•"""' ''h'""Mhe co«t?s"danX"
The interior is hilly and mountainous. The Stite produces tar, turwn-
tine resin cotton, indigo, Indian corn, and gold. Rice is the itapl^
fhJ Hi„f ®w *'®''-~^'*''^"'" [ral'-lel, tho capital, is in the centre of
the State. Wilminoton p. 21,260), on Capo-Fear lliver at the south
east IS a commercial port oAmportance. B^ufobt hL a' MarC?"
. 17. Honth Carolina is triangular in form. The coast
IS low and swampy, but the interior is more diversified.
Its. chief products are rice, cotton. Indian corn, indigo,
gold, and u „er The islands on the coast produce the
celebrated long-fibred sea-island cotton.
18. Chief Oitle8.-CoLUMBiA, the capital is in the
Tn^. nf f*^ ^^*f- Chablestok (p. 40,600). on the cZt
fl„2"if °l}^^ °^®? commercial cities of t(\e South. It has a
£«n 1 ^^'""f• "".?*? ".P'""* °^ extensive trade. The city is
welllajdout,_and the streets are planted with handsome t^s
IV. Beorgia is separated from South Carolina by the Sa-
vannah River. It was the most southerly of the thirteen
original States. In its appearance and products It is
simi ar to South Carolina. An extensive swamp on its ■
southern boundary extends Into Florida. To the north "*'"• ^™ *
the State is mountainous and undulating. "hi'" "*""
fi,?2;,£*^®li°*M'°'-T?*."'l''*'^i?"''''"' the capital, is near the (^ntre of
the State, and in the midst of a noh cotton-country. WrsTA and Satan
NAH aire on tho Savannah Eiver. Savannah (p. 22,800)" neS^its mourhls
the chief commercial city. It has numerous public squies. '
2L Florida is a great peninsula south of Georgia. Though its coast-
line is extensive, it has but few good harbours. There are no moun-
teins, and but few rivers. A long range of hills extends through the
State. Near its southern point are the " Everglades," an extensive
marsh or shallow lake, studded with numerous islands. Along the
rivers the soil is fertile, and, being near the tropics, vegetation is luxu-
riant. The chief productions are cotton, sugar-cane, rice, tobacco
oranges, lemons, figs, 4c. On the southern coast, the navigation
among the Keys " or islands is dangerous, and wrecks are frequent.
28. Chief Catl«».—TAL-LA-HAS-8SE is in the centre of northern Florida.
t^N-8A-c<>i,A, at its north-western comer, is the principal seaport, and
a naval station. St. Au-ous-tinb [-teen'l, two miles from the Atlantic, on
an mlet IS the oldest city in the Umted States, having been founded by the
Spaniards in 1605. Key Wbst, on one of the Key islands near Florida
Htrait, IS a place of commercial importance, and exports salt and sponges.
23. Alabama lies west of Georgia. The
Alleghany Uonntains tannina|e in this State.
These mountains render the northern part of
the State somewhat ^liiurifsque. Towards
the Gulf of Uexico the surface is a dead-
level. Cotton is the chief product.
24. Chief CitieB.— MoNTOoiiBBT, tho
capital, is en the Alabama Eiver. Its cotton-
trade is extensive. Mo-Bir.B[-beorj, near the
sea, 18 the chief commercial port. In cotton-
export it nvals New Orieans[-Ieenz']. F'-OB«.
ENCB, at the north, and Tcscaloosa, near
the centre of the State, are important towns.
25. KiBOBOppi lies west of Alabama,
and takes its name ftom the Mississippi
River, which forms its western boundary
(and which also forms the eastern or the
western boundary of ten States, beginning
with Hin-ne-so-ta, near Lake Superior)
Prom the Gulf of Mexico inland the sur-
face is level, but toward the north it is
hilly. The soil is fertile. The products
are similar to those of Alabama.
26. Chief Citie8.--JACK80N, on Pearl
Rivor, in the centre of the St-J.-., is ths .-spits!
ViCKSBUBO and Natch-bz, each on a bluff of
the MisiBBipp i, have a largo cotton-trade.
COTTOH-PIAHT, TLOWBB
AND POU.
h±ishmi^sfss^,&^imsBi^^:M^^B^^
Vsioal features,
innessee? 16,16.
on the Kentucky Biver.
of extousivo oommerco
ity in the State,
le Cumberland (Alle-
t, giving a picturesqno
18 cliief products of the
Bait.
the Cumberland Biver,
2,7UO), situated on a high
he State. Knoxtillb,
rorsity.
It baa nn extensive
be coast ig dangerous,
s produces tar, tnrpen-
Rice is the staple.
ital, is in the centre of
r Biver, at the south-
BT has a good harbour,
'he coast
versified.
, indigo,
duce the
s in the
he coast,
It has a
10 city is
me trees.
7 the Sa-
thirteen
Its it is
> on Its
e north "'*"• '"" *
niFiiD.
I, is near the centi« of
AuocsTA and Savan-
100), near its mouth, is
quores.
a. Tfaongh its coast-
There are no moun-
extends through the
lades," an extensive
islands. Along the
9, vegetation is luxu-
•cane, rice, tobacco,
>a8t, the navigation
recks are frequent,
re of northern Florida.
)rincipal seaport, and
fh>m the Atlantic, on
! been founded by the
islands near Florida
ts salt and sponges.
f'nl
UmunoNa.'
out the prinoi|wl
^^S=«»5SSr'te^s^^^^^^^^S^!
;!■'■■
I
40
27. looisiana lios south-
west of Mississippi, and ia
the most important of tho
Soutliern States. It in-
cludes within its boundary
the delta, tho outlet, and
both sides of tho noble Mis-
sissippi Rirer for 260 miles
inlaud from its mouth. The
surface is level, but toward
the west there are a few
low hilly rapgoB. The great
delta is subject to inunda- .— -^, tx^a
tions in tho spring. Sugar, W'TljfKr'
cotton, rice, and tropical
fruits are the chief products.
The Mississippi Rirer was
explored in 1672 by Mar-
quot'te and Joliet'ie of Can-
ada ; and Louisiana was
settled in 1699 by Ib-er-
vil7c, a native of Montreal.
SKETCH OP GRNERAL GEOGRAPHY.
28. Chief CiUe8.—BA-T0N EouoR [rooahj, the capital, u two hun-
dred nulos inland, on tho Mississippi; but Nbw Oblkans, n hundred
milca from its mouth, is the Rrcat commercial capital of tho State, ns
well as of most of the Southern States. Its Icvoo or quay, four miles
long, forms tho ombanlcment to tho river, and is a phioo of uuoeasing
TUB CITY 0» HEW OBLBANS, LOUISIAHA SUOWINO ALOIIB8 AT THS LB»T SIUB.
activity. Tho public build-
ings are numerous and Irnnd-
surao i but, owin); to tho prov-
olenoo of yoUow-fovor in
summer, tho private resi-
jh donees of the wealthier in-
1:2 habitants are chiefly out of
- tho city. Population 170.000.
29. Texas, the largest
State in the Union and origi-
nally a separate repulblic,
lies west of Louisiana. The
RioOran.de separatesitf^om
Mexico. Ita chief rivers, the
Brazos and Colorado, rise in
the elevated table-land in the
interior. The soil is highly
productive. Except at the
north, where it is moun-
tainous, the climate is tro-
pical, and vegetation luxu-
rious. Cotton, sugar, iron,
silver, and lead are tho
staple produota. The prairies abound in buffaloes and wild horaes.
• ?^'j Chief Cities.— AtTS-TiN, the capital, on the Colorado, is 200 milos
inland. (Jalvkston, with its fine bays, Hopston, Mataoobda, and
CoBPUS Chbisti [kris'-tij are the chief commercial ports.
L THE SOUTn.WESTEBN STATES AND TEEEITOHIES, WITH THEIE CAWT.VLS, AEE AS FOLLOWS:
Namb aitd Pbonci-
CIATIOR.
Abeahbas
Car-kan'-su.j
Nhw-Mbxicotbobitobt.
[nu-moi'-o-ko.]
Arizona Tbbbitoby.
[ftr-ro-zo'-u4.]
Calicoumia
[k»l-o-for'-ne-».]
Nkvaba
[iio-v»h'-d&.]
Obboos,
VIor'-o-Kon.]
Af
ASnlSOTON Tbbbitobt.
[wash'.ing-ton.]
Utah Tbbbitobt
[u'-ti.]
Coi-o-ba'-do Tbbbitobt.
I-DA'-no Tbbbitobt
iHDiAir Tbbbitobt
[Ind'-yau.]
Kahbas
[kau'-wu,T
Nbbbabxa Tbrbitoby.....
[no-bnu'-k&.]
Dakotah Tbbbitobt
Cdt-ko'-td.]
Hohtaha Tbbbitobt
[mon-tah'-nt.]
HlHirBSOTA
[mln-nc-»o'-tt.i
Derivation
OrSigntfloation.
Itete ofl
Bottle.
mcnt.
Are (bow), (named by tho
Pronoh.) and KatuM.
After ■■ HoxitU." the Aitoo
god of war.
Spanish
Spanish..
Spanlib, "white," «Pom
Siorra Nevada.
Spanish for wild " sago."
After a«nond Washing.
ton.
Indian
trivor.'
Colorado, Spanish f&r " rod
Indian for ''star"
Territory remrved for the
Indians.
Indian for "good potato,
Indian for a broad and
"llat" or shallow river,
Indian for alliod or
"united" tribe*.
Indian for " sky-ooloured
water."
168S flhe French..
16M
18S8
1769
1888
1811
1848
18S8
18SS
1804
1854
1868
By whom
Settled.
Adniit'd
to tho
Union.
Tho Spanish.
Varioui State*..,
The Spanish.
Varioui State*..,
Various State*,.,
Various State*..,
The Mormon*,,,.
Various States....
Various States....
The IndUns
Various States..,.
Various States....
Various States....
Various States....
Various States,.,.
18S8
1860
1869
1861
1367
Aroa in
Square
Miles,
69,M0
184,600
130,800
189,000
83,600
96,274
71r100
109,600
10«,4tt
sMisn
71,1«
80,000
63,300
162,600
130,000
83,630
Popula-
tion 1860.
436,600
74,000
8,000
380,000
40,000
6i,^
1U00
(18&)
XN.IMIO
(1868)
70.0(10
(18GS)
100,000
107W
40.000
(1303)
8,000
20,000
174,000
Cafitax.
LiUle Uock
8anUP4
Preniott.
Sacramento (
Carson
Salem (
Olympla
Bait-Lake City..,.
(Joldon City
Lewlston
Fort WashiU
Topcka
Omaha
Tankton.
Virginia City.
St. Paul
Arkansas Biver
rata F« River)
(near) i
Bio Grande River.,,
Sacramento r By St,
Biver IBy N.
Carson Biver
Whero situated.
WillUmettefBySt,
River .... IByN.
Puget's Sound
JTordan Biver..
16 m, from Oonven.
Woshiia Biver
Kansas Biver „
His^uri Biver.
Missouri Biver,
Mississippi Biver,,,
Mail-Uls-
tanoo from
Washington
1,098 MUos.
Louls3,e70
Tork 6,912 '
Louis 4,470
York 6,470"
6,643'
1347'
Popula-
tfon.
4.000
6,600
} 28,000
SOO
1,000
1,000
'iiiioo
800
600
d. Noted For. — The South-Westbrn States and Tebbito-
BIKS arc noted for their noble rivers and prairies, and minerals.
8. Position. — These States and Territories extend from tho
Gulf of Mexico to Vancouver Island, and from the Gulf of Cali-
fornia to Lake Superior. Tho Rocky Mountains intersect thom.
4. Physical Features. — The centre of these States and Territoriea
forms the great water-shed for all the rivers flowinp eastward as tribu-
taries of the Mississippi, and westward into the Pacilio Ocean.
5. Arkansas lies north of Louisiana. It is nearly divided in two
by the Arkansas River. Its north-west corner la traversed by the
0-zark Mountains, Inland ttom the Mississippi the surface is highly
diversified ; but, except near the rivers, the soil is uot good. Cotton,
grain, iron, lead, and coal are the chief products.
.6. Chief CitieB.— Little Rock, tho capital, is on tho Arkansas
Bivor, It« hot-springs for invalids aro celebrated. Van Ucben, also on
the Arkansas, is tho commercial capital FoBT Smith, Caiidbn, and
Batbsvillb are thriving towns.
7. Hew-Kexico Territory Ilea between Texas and Arizona. The
Sierra Mad-re and other ritogea of the Rocky Houutaina travene ita
weatern part, and form the water-shed for the rivers flowinn into the
Gulf of Oaiifurnia and into the Guif of Mexico. Santa Ifb is the capital.
8. Ariiona Territory Ilea west of New Mexico. It la watered by
the Qila [goe-U] and Little Colorado Rivera. Variona kinds of miner-
ala are abundant, but the aoil is not very fertile. Capital, Tdsooh.
9. California ilea on the Pacific coast between Mexico and Oregon.
The Sierra-Nevada Mountains to the east and the Coast Uoontaina to
the west enclose the fertile valley of tho Sacramento and San-Joaquin
Rivera. Gold is found in abundance on the weatein alope of the Sierra
Nevada. Along the coast the climate is temperate, but in the interior
it is hot. Gold and quicksilver are the chief minerals. Cattle, wild
horses, and deer are numerous. The chief products are wheat and fknits.
A9- ^^f^ Clttes.-SACBAMENTo, the political capital, ia in the centre
of the State. San Fbancisco (p, 57,000), tho commercial capital, is on a
bay which is entered through the " Golden Gate," a passage only a mile wide.
7i ITerada lies cast of California, and oconpiea the great Pacific
Basin, between tho Sierra-Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. The Hum-
boUt and Pyramid Lakea have no viaible outlet. Capital, Oabmh.
12. Oregon lies between California and the Columbia River. Tho
Cascade and the Blue Mountains divide it into three ^arta. Tho coast-
valley of the WiUamet'f* River la fertile, but the Lewis-River valley
not so much so. Wheat and lumber are the chief exports.
13. fMef CitieB.— Salbm (the capital) and Pobtiand, on the Willa-
motV*. < OBVAltls.on the ~^t : A2TosiA,at ths mouth of the Oolr.fTmis.
14. Washington Territory llob between Oregon and British Oolum-
bla. The interior ia watered by the Clark and Columbia Rivers.
w™?.™ «f^ ~^rr^^'''* ■'" ^"'5 "L I^iisiana, md 28. its chief cities P 29, 80 Of To.xns ? 1. Give the particulars in tho table relating to the South-
Western States and T erruonos, . 2. For what me the^ not^P 8. What is said of their position P 4 physical features P 6. Of Arkanaa? and 6 itaohief
mties? 7,aNowMoxicoandAnaonaP 9, 10. CHOifbrnia and ita chief cities f 11. NovadaP 12, 18. Orogonand ita chief cities P 14 WaaWngton Territory P
ty. Tho public build-
TO numerous and hand-
i but. owiii); to tho prov-
> of ycUow-fovor in
ler, tho private rcsi-
B of the wealthier in-
inta arc chiefly out of
ty. Population 170,000.
Texas, the largest
in the Union and origi>
a separate republic,
est of Louisiana. The
ran.de separates itf^om
0. Its chief rivers, the
s and Oolorado, rise in
ivated table-land in the
3r. The soil is highly
ctive. Except at the
where it is monn-
19, the climate is tro-
and vegetation Inxu-
Ootton, sugar, iron,
, and lead are the
3 and wild horses,
e Colorado, is 200 miles
•ov, Mataoobda, and
1 ports.
>IiLOWS:
Hall-Uig.
tanoe from
Wuhington
Popula-
1,098 HU(&
4,000
}
B,SOO
1,^
Louis s,«ro"
TorkftjlM"
} 88.000
H.
N.
Louta4.470"
York6,«0"
} I
...
»JM"
soo
1,000
rt.
::::::
1,000
'wwo
800
800
• l,»i7"
MOO
iriouB kinds of miner-
Oapital, TusooH.
I Mexico and Oregon.
I Ooast Hoon tains to
into and San-Jooqnin
iln slope of the Sierra
e, but in the interior
Inerals. Cattle, wild
I are wheat and Ruits.
apital, is in the centre
aeToial capital, is on a
kssage only a mile wide
lies the great Pacific
[ountains. The Hum-
Capital, CABaOR.
Dlumbia River. The
ee ^arts. The eoast-
9 Lewis-Rirer valley
exports.
TtAND,on theWilla-
;r.ijth of th«s C-->1hit!Wr.
n and British Colnm- '
id Columbia Rivers.
elating to the South-
kansas, and 6. its chief
Washington Territory P
»SDr!rm>rrarE!TX2r. 03 CEAUUbntrsaL 91
67
"■"■"""■^
aSI^iAiy&iianbeEjj 83 jLCoITew-ffigk. 8L
Ul
1
'""'*^^"' «:sJ=»K^ftS^=«iiirtKE»s^i?^^^^^^
! 1 r
I I i
42
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
on the Jordan, is the capital.
The Mormons, a religiouB sect,
ruii cm- OF »i» PIUMCISCO. CALI»0KN1A, on IUK PALIFIU COAbT.
Olympia, at tiit head of Piiget Sound, is the capital. Victoria, the
capital of the Britisl. island of Vancouver, is near the Sound's entrance.
15. Utah Territory lies east of Nevada. Its rivers fall into lakes
which have no visiblo outlet; the piiiicipal of which are Great Salt-
Lake, to the north, and Niehoiet, south of it. Except alone the rivers,
the soil IS r.ot fertile. Great SnU-Lake is shallow, and abounds in
crystallized salt. Coal and iron arc foudd in abundance.
le. Chief Citle8.-SALT-LAKE City
riLLMOKK ia on a hriincli of the Niehoiet
have largely settled in the Territory.
17. Colorado Territory lies between Utah Territory and Kanzas. A
double chain of the Rocky Mountains traverses it. Capital, Qoldkn Citi.
171, Idaho Territory lies east of Washington Territory and Oregon.
18. The Indian Territory, which lies north of Texas, has been set
apart for the Indians who have been removed from various South-
western States. Tah-le-qcah is the capital.
19. Kansas lies west of Missouri. It ia an extensive plain, drained
by the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers, on which herds of buflalces fefd.
Along the rivers the soil is good, and the "'untry is being rapidly
settled. To-pk-ka, on the Kansas River, ia the capital.
20. Nebraska Territory lies north of Kansas, and is watered by
the Nebraska or Plat(e River. Om-a-ha is the capital.
21. DakOtah Territory lies west of Minnesota and north of Ne-
braska, and is chiefly inhabited by Indians. The Black Hills, running
from the Rocky Mountains to the Missouri, divide it. Capital, Yankton.
22. Montana Territory lies west of Dakotah. The Missouri River
takes its rise in this Territory, and runs through it in a westerly direction.
23. Minnesota lies between Iowa and the British Colony at Red
River. The noble Mississippi River has its source in I-tas-ca Lake, in
this State. The surface is chiefly undulating prairie, sloping to the
east. The lakes and rivers are numerous, and the water is singularly
pure. Timber is scarce, but coal and copper are abundant.
24. Chief Cities.— St. Pacl, nine miles below the Falls of St. An-
thony, on the Mississippi, is the capital. Pem'-bI-na, on the Bed Eiver
near the British frontier, is a trading-place
Namb A!»n Pbonuk-
CIATIOM.
J. Tfl;. WESTERN STATES, WITH THEIR CAPITALS, ABE AS FOLLOWS:
Dorivatioii
O- SijiilHoation.
^7"»-.,-v Indian lor "Beautiful
, I"--'- "^ lilver."
Indiana.. InUUn coimtrj-.
i;in-do.Rn'.a.j I
WMioniaAM lindiaBfor " Great LsVc.''
ralsli-e-Kan'.]
iscoMBiN Iiidan.
[wia-kon'-sin.i
Illinois
[il-li-noy'.]
MiSSODKI
rniis-soo'-re,]
Iowa
[i'-o-wg-i
Indiai. fcr ' Here we
men."
Indian for "MuJEiver."
Indian,
By whom
Settled.
New England..
jTho French
iThe French
{Various States..
iThe French
The French
Various states. .
Adiuii'd
to the
Union.
Area lu
uar
lies
1802
1816
1837
1848
1818
1821
1846
Square
39,864
il3,800
86,243
83,924
68,400
07,380
68,046
Popula-
tion 1800.
2,34U,000
1,360,600
780,000
776.000
1,712,000
1,182,000
076,000
Capital.
Columbus
IndinnapoHs..
Lansing
Madison
SpringBeld ...
JelTerson ...'..
Be» MoinM....
Where situated.
Mail-Dis-
tance from
Washington
Sc'^toBlver
West Br. White Elver
Orand River
Between Third aud )
Fourth Lakes (
Sangamon Biver
Missouri Eiver
2. Noted For — Thjs Westebx States are noted for their
extent, their prairies, und their agricultural and mineral products
3. Position and Physical Features — These States occupy the
great ncrtlitrn Kisin of the Pjli.ssissippi River. Five of them lie
between the Ohio and Missouri Kivers, and two border on the
great Canadian laxes. They are well watered bv numerous large
rivers. I'heir surface >s chiefly a vast undulating prairie; and
except at the houth of the State of Missouri, they have few eleva-
tions higher than hills.
4. Ohio lies south of Lake Erie. It is not mountainous : but an
elevated table-land divides the waters flowing into it from the numer-
ous tributaries of the Ohio River, which forms its southern boundary
Prairies abound to he north-west. The soil is generally fertile. Iron
coal, salt, wheat, Indian corn, wool, and pork are the chief exports. '
oJ^: O^^^ CitieB.-C0LCMBU8, the capital, is near the centre of the
SUto. Cincinnati (jwp. 1(30,000), on the Ohio, at the south-west corner,
g the great pork-market of the West. Clevk-land (43,600), on Lake
tne, 18 well laid out, and its harbour is the best on the lake. Sandusky is
also an important lake-port.
6. Lldiana lies west of Ohio, and is separated from Kentucky by the
Ohio River. It ia watered by tributaries of that river. The surface is
undulating, and diversified with prairies an* lowlands. The soil is
good. Agricultural products and domestic animals are the chief staples.
.i,'\5'i?'f*D^'**wr^?°''*'^*''°'''^' t''" ™Ii''a>' "" the west branch of
the White Kiver, is the diverging centre of numerous railroads. Mad-i-son
and JNBW ALBANY, both commercial towns, are ou the Ohio.
8. Miohiganlies north of Ohioand Indiana,and north-east of Wiscon-
sin. It IS divided into two parts by Lake Micliigan. It borders on Lakes
Huron, Michigan, and Superior, and is admirably situated for internal
trada. Except Florida, its coast-line ia longer than that of any other
of tb« SUtes. The southern peninsula slopes towards the east and the
Raccoon Rlvei.br'h')
of the Dps Mninni J
634 Miles.
725 "
819 "
1,092 "
1,024 "
1.119 "
1,820. "
Popula-
tion.
18,040
17,000
3,000
7,000
7,000
4,000
west, and is generally fertile ; but the northern is rocky, and abounds
with copper. The Pictured (sandstone) Rocks on the coast of Lake
Superior, worn by time, present the cppearance of old ruins. The
Strait of Mack'-i-nac [-naw], or Mich-il-i-mack-i-nac, forms the outlet
of Lake Michigan ; and the Sanlt [so] Ste. Ma-ne', that of Lake Superior.
8. Chief Cities.— Lansino, the capital, is on Grand River, in south-
ern Michigan. Detroit (pop. 46.880), on the River St. Clair, opposite
Windsor, is connected with Canada by the Grand IVnuk and Great Western
Railways. Mackinac, or Michilimackinac, was once noted in Canadian
hisiory as a military post. Port Hcbon, opposite Saniia, is also con-
nected with Canada by the above railways.
10. Wisconsin lies between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi. Its
surface is slightly undulating, and slopes gradually toward that river.
Toward the south there are extensive prairies and timber-lands. The
lead and copper mines of the Slate are highly productive.
11. Chief Cities.— Madison, the capital, is at the south, between
Third and fourth Lakes, a branch of the Bock River. Mil-wau-kib
(p. 46,350) and lU-ciNE [-seen'], on Lake Michigan, are commeicial ports.
12. Illinois lies south of Wisconsin. Opposite Alton, on its western
boundary, the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers takes
place ; and at Cairo, at its southern point, the junction of the Ohio
and Mississippi. The surface of the State is generally a vast undula-
ting prairie, sloping toward the south, and the soil is fertile. The
chief products are agricultural, but minerals are abundant.
13. Chief CitieB.--SpniNOFlKi,D, the capital, ii in about he centre of
the State. Chicago [she-kaw'-Ko] (p. 100,263), on Lake Micnigan, is the
chief place ol trade. Ga-i,e-na, near Wisconsin, is noted for its kad-mines.
14. Missouri is separated from Illinois by the Mississippi River, into
which the waters of the Missouri and its tributaries flow from the
westward, through the centre of the State. Prairies abound north of
t..j5 river, hut sent., o. :t, th** sjurft^ee is afokcn and monntainoUo.
At the south-eastern part of the State there is a mountain of almost pure
•Par^^^^^^J'nrKLK?^°L°HKi!^?^^^^J^^^TP^^''^'' boundaries, and 16. cities, of Utah; 17. The same of Colorado Territory • 18 of the Indian
, of Vi'isconsia
the boundaries, and 6. citie.-^
...... — -"-V •■">^'~ 1 u. ± "ii.t out on the map the position aud
"I Ohio ; 0, 7. Tlie same of Indiana ; 8, 9. of Slichigim ; 10, U.
ihysi.;al features of these States, i Point outaniTdescribe
12, 13. of lUinois. 14. Describe Missouri.
Muil-Uia-
taiico (rotn
Waahiiigton
Popula-
tion.
S3« Miles.
18,040
785 "
17,000
81» "
3,000
1,092 "
7,000
1,084 ••
7,000
1,119 "
4,000
1,880. ■'
4,500
THE UNITED STATES OF MEXICO.
i.«fi„ a^^i^°^ ""^^ T ^'l" »'»""1'»'>»- Indian corn, hemp, tobacco,
1 K '/? *' ^"' ""^ °*'^" "^'^^ products. '
16. Chief Cities.— Jefferson, on the .Missouri is the, cnnitjil • v.„t
St. Lou., (pop. m2,m),on the Mississippi l^l.rtheMissounMSn^ionil
the commeroal capital of the Western Stites bordering on thesfrive™' "
.i..i • D^ *'r °°"""i °^ Missouri, and between the Missouri and Mis-
sissippi Rivers, [ts .surface is chiefly a rolling prairie, Hratered by numer-
ous rirers the principal of «rhich is the De, Moin.«. Agricultural p"od-
w"ch?«f X • ""•'°;;'»°U *"" •«'"1. oo"". """d iron are abundan't
w*.'* Sv * Cities.— De8 Moines the capital, is on a branch of the Dps
Moines River. Dubuque du-book' , on the Mississippi hiTsextenivelelid
mines. Bublinoton, also on the Mississippi, h.i^ a ccnSmWe river-tS
THE EMPIRE OF MEXICO.
"ll°?,.'S,^'^y^ !""" ''(«'•«•«• the Mnrs, or Kod of war. of tlio Aztecs a trllw who
•re .uppmoU to t«vo migrated to Mexico from tlu, Mis^iJi,, li Vaii?^- ' * Dim
Sijo, about twice that of Canada, or equal to a s(|uaro of U25 miles
1. Noted For.— Mexico is noted for its ancient civilization
ita numerous volcanoes, and its rich silver-mines.
2. Position and Extent. — This empire lies south of the
United States, between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean
It oonsists of 22 Statas, 3 Territories, and a Federal District
thfqi?, ^I*"^ Features.-The Rocky Mountains, under the name of
the Sierra Mad-re, traverse the country in various ranges, terminatinir
in Yucatan, and produce great diversity of scenery and climate Vol-
canoes are numerous : the most important one is Pop-o-cat'-a-petl the
ciilinmating point of Mexico. The Rio Qran-de del Nor-te is the prin-
cipal river, and also forms the N. E. boundary. The interior between the
mountain-ranges consists of the high table-land of Anahuac [an-».wak'].
4. The Produote are varied, according to the chmate, and includa
Indian corn, tropical fruits, &o. l^he gold, silver, iron, 00™?° lead and
guicksilver mines are very nroduotive. Th« «Trw,rt^ n,- <^t*Oid^frVHt
iUnt".™?^"' '"'^'""i '"l"""' '^'*' *°- .^«^'<"' co'ntains numerou^ bSutifUl
and massive ancient ruins and pyramids, indicative of early civilisation.
6. Yearly Exports $30,000.00 1); revenue tlO.OOO.OOO; debt 1160 OOP OOP
THB PHtSCIPAL BUUABK OP VBRA CRU«.
principal seaport in the republic ^'' '*" '*"*'* •*"' Campbacht is the
^ —. — : .,---, — .--•■.v.i.... ..oaiwrnQ ine repuoiic,
^be lU position and extent; 3. phys. features. What is said of it« product, ffi^^Tp'otji. i^T^.'i'S^e^te ranKS'lTh^^rCSf
t
UH
if*!
if:
44
SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOORAPHY,
CEIfTRAIi AMEKICA.*
Slte^ Ilttio UfKer tlinii Imn Canmla. oi- . qubI to a xqiiare of 610 inllon.
1. Noted Fop.— Central Ameuica is noted for its im-
prtant_ gcographic.il position between North nnd South Amer-
ica, and tlie Atlantic and Piicitic Oceans; and for its dyewoods
and varied tropical products.
2. Political DiviBlons.— There are five republics in Cen-
tral America; viz.,G»ATEMA'LA,.SAN,SAL'vAi>on, lIoNDu'nAS,
iNic-A-RA-uuA [-rah'-gwft] (including JfosqijiTiA, or the Mos-
quito Coast), and Costa Ui-ca [ree'-kil] ; besides Ba-lize
[Iccz 1, or BniTi.sH Ho.npuras.
hk^hiVv?^.^^^'*' Highways.-0» the three principal commercial
highways between the two occanB, one (ibat of Teli. nnteicc) lies
Ti'n ro! " ■"I"'""'-^ "^ "."r"! ''"^ »"■""» (that of y^amg a)
Soutll^ Africa!"""'" "'"^ "" *"'"' ^"'"^ "' """"""> '"'^"^ ^°
in*thf,^'^','J^ Features.--The An.lo8 of Sontl, ..merica commence
h.v ... '■'■ • '^.'•"'"^•"■'B °fl «« '1'^)- "'" along either coaBt,
pZir Tk "","'" I",'," " "'""'" *•'""" "» ""J "-enel, ll.e Is.l.mns of
th.AZi' ^ ,'-'"''^'' ',? *?'' Gua.emnla continues the range to
the Anal UBC ,,laleau ot Mexioo, Volcanoes occur along the Pacific
t°^nL fTT^A^^l mountnin-ranpc-.-, a. ,d along the antral pla-
teau or tal.ie-land, there arc numerous fertile plains.
6. Froaucta, &o.--Tr()i)i«.ul pmiius grow in ureal iirofusion Inrliiro
Indian corn, n.a, and cattle are urlicles of domestic trade iteotilcs and
'■caut'f^llj'rdl abound in t'.e luxuriant forces ^ """
0. cnioJ fortn.— the principal commercial ports on tlie C'nrib-
7^"x.L"Lo\fi''!.M;"i^\ •?■;• -''^"*'' <H'« !«'«-''-?l '"w„ in A,neri'«) "ml
ABUxiLLo (fi.oiH)) in UonUunm: and San Ju-it;', cr Cukyvovvj
. '"*I°-;i""%"''«'«lonhiiw loNicaraKua. The uuW impoV",n! l^wn«
• on tlie Pacihc coast are Nin- CrtTFMtiA rooimii^ iJ. i' ,o ...-.i
•"4 Lkon (.■«.()«.) and GnJ,u.mm)%^i!&;n ^'^"'«'"'"'';
1. Q r V f °"<*^'"' * dependency of the Island of Jamaica,
Ilea 8. of Yucatan. Numerous islands lie along the coast, which is
swauipy. The interior is wooded, and the soil in the valleys fertile
The climate IS moist, but not unhealthy. The principal rivers are the
Balize, Rio Hondo, and Si-lioon'. The chief exports are mahogany
cocoa-nuts, cochineal, logwood, and sarsapanlln, vuliie $2,2i'i;uo(p '
revenue 4.160,000. Pop. 25,UQ0. The capilul is IJauzi!, or Wi-Mz a
Spanish corruption for Wallace,— the name o! a noted English pirate
who formerly frequented the principal river of Honduras. Pop. 7,000.
THE WEST -INDIA ISLANDS.
(So called by Columbus, who »nppo«ed that tliey lay on the route to the East ludies.)
Site, about that of Enulanrt and Ireland, or equal to a tiquarc of 300 miles.
1. Noted For — The West-India Islands are noted for their
tropical productions, fertility, and insular position, and for being
chiefly owned by Gt. Britain, France, and other European powers.
2. Position — These islands stretch in a curved line from the
mouth of the Orinoco River to the Peninsula of Florida, and
with that Peninsula, enclose the Mexican Gulf & the Caribbean Sea!
3. Divinons,— These islands are divided into two general classes:
VIZ., I. the Bahamas, which stretch 600 miles south-east of Florida-
and II. the Antilles [an-teelz'] (from anti-uUt, or isles opposite the main
land), reaching from Cuba to Trinidad. The Bahamas, also called ? i.
cayos [ lu - ky
soX''Ue"rr^± *]"'.?!';'''''"' ?'';^> "■* Win,l„n,d Islai.d., a. ,be
?C?„;.nl P V n" ^" '"".'"■"' "■* •^^•■"l" ""•< "'e Le.'.'.er Cayman
[ki -n»m], Cuba, Hayii, Jamaica fjlt-maj-ka], and Pono Rioo [ree -kol
4. The British Weat-India Islands are as follow:. :
THE
BCRMUDA
ISLANDS
nrruD m ioil.
ose] (from cayoi,
" keys "), form,
with Turk's
Island, on: divi-
sion; ft the An-
tilles,8ubdivided
into the Great-
er and the Les-
ser Antilles, an-
other. The Les-
ser Antilles in-
clude the follow-
ing groups: (1)
The Virgin Isl-
ands at the N. ;
(2) the Leeward
• 8«! HUtlstlCT relating to Central America in the table on nave 16.
Jlhetenn; Caribbean" la derived from " Carlba." the iVkme of thA orteln-1
Inhst,-i!=!it5 cr tnc wratinaia isianas j a r.iw of wl.„i,. ,n) found iu St. Vincent ftc
NAJIB(ll,)t«)pTip!l
ical Older).
BBKHrnAS
Rahavas
Jamaica i
TcRK's and Cai-J
cos Islakdk. ]
LbkwaruIslasdb
.\ntlMtiH
Uonilnica
8t. Chri8to|iher. ^
Angullla J
Muntsorrat
Nevia
Vtrnln Islands ...,
Barbuda.
WlK"WMlD ISLAJI
BaibluiOil. .
St. Vincent
Tobago
Grenada.,,,
St.liiicia ..
Tbinidad
"sttlcniciit .„.
Sflllpniput ,.,
Capbiilatiun.
.Mode of Acquiailioii
and DaU'.
..ICil
Ki;,;.
S<;tlUinnit 1631
Settlement Iffilg
Ced.;d by France . 17(18
Settlement, 18i.H, 1(150
gpttlement kkw
SettleniPiit Iftii
(•ettlement le*
Settlement KMKI
Capitulation Jtue
KB!
Settlement 7605
TedeU by France „)7fts
Oec^ei! by Prance ..1761
Cedi^lby Fr«iice..l7(«
Capitulation 1S(W
Ceded ifoi
.Area ill
Sni.an
.Mil(«,
47
*,.'Uli
a,4(Hi
4(111
IIW
Mil
7(1
34
M
<0
137
7»
18(1
ISA
8<l
IU
son
8,020
I'opida.'
tiitii I
I apital.
; )'• 111
lat
111 .
IIIMI,
l'.l>l'l
U.IHKillan lltnn,,.
a^.rjuNaMjii.. N. r '
W'.niMi >|miii>b Ti.wu . (Mill
,",ni:fl Grand Turk ji i.
.H7,l,WSt..li,hii IS 11,
aVMn EiwBU , I ,',1(1,
2l,0ll< BesM'li<m>„ 7 7(111
.3,(!B2 .MiKUllla Z"\ 3511
P.nod I'l.vmouth . moo
10,00(1 flmrl.<.iown I i.koo
«,iO(i|R<iadto\ni,Torlo la,« "l)(i
Barbuda .
I,73IJ
ISfl.nno Bridgetown
3(i,2iin Kiiiinitnvvn.
IV-lHi Scarboroiiiih
».1,(ieo St GeoriicTown
«fl,»fKl^a^tri.■»,.
80.IMKI ¥ivt of Spain
15(1
S.1.(HI(l
5,5110
3,0(1(1
4,111111
3.0(10
18,(1)0
.h?L^ .K^jry.f^^-'^*'""" °f oo'-'lllne islands, of every size and
te, ^1 B ■^ '""'i' O'',^'?- 600 miles from N. Carolina, w7re Samed
afterJuauBermudez,aSp8nishdiscoverer. Their scenery is very beautmil
I^l7„r "'r^' ?""°'"'d««J by coral-reefs, the only ones inOirCent «i
«. 1« ii"/ ^""^ ^hiefeiports are potatoes, tomatoes, arrow^root Ac value
$150,000 I revenue $80,000. Hakiltoh, the capital is on Long Island he
a E nf FI^^^L "^' trr-P °J f ° '''*'"'° " " "<■ Cuba and
7: —^ — . a. b. of Honda, between which and the Bahama Islands the Gulf
fennCanbhean. 7. Point out and describe British HonduSa Wtat U Sur^thl W^i Fnd^TMnl^V'''/ w ""^i"^*"'*",? fiebiefport^Rndofthe
their position ; 8. division. 4 Give the particulars of each ishind i^tUlSt^. t *l?lTott !i"nd"diSfhe ttudl^ an"d" .'^^e S"a^'a I'sli^t* ""'
Ilaii llton ] i',»w
N'it>sa>'. N. !■ ! «.,-,i.r
^imiiL^h Ti.wn .' »i,oo
3 rami Till l<
it. .lull
UwMI
JrSM'ttTTV
lOKUi'la..
J., ,.
LI. l»
7,70"
9S0
'b mouth
liarl. »lnwii
»<«(ltovvn,Torto
larlmd*
Iridiretnwn
liiimtmvn. ...
CKrboroiilch ....
t Gi'oi nc Town
a»tr)..s ..
urt of Spain
1,400
l.(iflo
la,t KiKi
ISO
M.mio
S,I100
S.IHIII
4.000
.s.mio
18,1'flO
s, of every size and
roiina, were named
erj- is very beautiful,
ones in tlie Central
row-root &c., value
(in Long Island, the
nd, is well fortified.
N. F. of Ctrba antJ
t Islands the Qulf
id mountains: 2. its
lief ports, and of the
o«»dP 2. Point out
ahoma Islands.
«w«t,o,..-N«no tho group, o. -lands on this map. Po.nt out those belonging to the various European Power.. What other countries ^ shown
li.
■■;«;]
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
NEW PROVIOCNCC
9lre»m flows in-
to the Atlftntio.
Tliey are chiefly
long, nnrrow,
and rocky. Tlie
,NCH«iw«fc snniibanks are
dangerous to na-
Tlgution. San-
Salvador Isl-
and in this
group Is sup-
"7 clme;f r^." r.""'' ''''"''"'' '^ Christo^pr Columbu';^
JAMAICA
DISCOVERED l4e4.BY
COLUMBUS.
•KTTLEDIM6.
14, Mont-»er-rat' is an oval-shapod lalunii. Two tlilr<l> ,.f il,o .
face are mountainous; the remain-lir is Se. Kxn . «,J '2
SC, an. Tttl. $120 000- roir «iflnnn /ii 1 V. "»l'"r<» . MIgar, rum,
ik W *'"'""•*'*'>'""'■ Chief town, I'lymjith (p. 1,401);
EtnnrtV. o '' " ''""'", "'""ntain, two miles south of St. Ohrl.ti.nhcr
Ifl TK 4?'' ?'";r'T^»- *"- »»• val. $"0,000 , revenue $32,'n!;"'
Rico Thev ^nv"^"^ "'■'' », «:•'"!' of ""• •««•' l»le« oast of Porto
Fiftvof thZ nf »T'i V""' "^ "'""" '"0 "I'"* 'onB- by 20 wide
bel'ng'iDrn'm rIa^Slnain""Ej'„ 1'" '='"'-'''' «^° ,'"""" I 'the oZ.,
19 B . ""'''^°'^''' '" TortQia, Is the capital of the Uritish islands. 1
18 ^^i; '?'■'""'-""""'• •'""l"'='"K«™'n. cotton, and tobacco '
18. The Windward Islands are as follows : ,
_. W.Bar.ba-dos
C-bay'-l (the (irst-
settled lirit. W. I.
Colony)isthemost
easterly, and the
chiefof the group.
It is nearly encir-
cled by coral-reefs.
BARBAO 9
*' SETTLED IN IOCS.
are annexed to JanMca. Yearly revenue $30,000 ; exports $??0,000
^i^sra^ii^^^^^
bufcrrxWa^!,^Tii'iL«i^^^^
10. The Leeward Islands, the most north-easterly of the
ANTIGUA
scTTuo III laai
ilfMomB.
dry. Exports
sugar, rum, and
molasse8,an.val.
$1,650,000; rev-
enue $300,000.
Chieftowns:ST.
John (the capi-
tal, pop. 16,500),
F.«LicoDTH, and
Parhau.
12. Oo-nun-i-
Oa is of volcanic
oriBinjandistbe
Lesser Antilles. Though mounteinons. the valleys afe fen'ile' Ex'
ports: sugar, rum, cocoa, Ac, annual value $450,000 ' revenue $72 Bo5'
»SteatafT°J.::i5'!?-
___ . --I- 1 .. nj-{,A 13 a licpcndcncr.
PATNt
•KI0CCTO-«'-
The surface Is highly picturesque. It is one of tlie
healthiest of the West-India Islands. Rains fall i„
November and December ; but violent thunder"
storms are not frequent. Of the 100,470 acres whicl
it contains, 100,000 are under out Ivation -140
with sugar-cane. The exports consist of s, gar, C
lasses, meal, flour, rum, tar, Ac, an. value $7 345 000
revenue $450000. BKlDoi'Towi (pop. 23,000) iith^
""P:**'- , I' is* goy, handsome city. 'Codringlon
— . I C°"e8e is on the east side of the island. *
80. St Vincent, discovered by Columhnii nn tha 11...1.. 1 « .
saint, is a hundred' lies west of Barbados A rid.ro ?f w n "^ ']'*!
hi Is runs north and outh. Souf-fri-ore, r;olcanic ?,ou„ta n "u sISo
St;^%;;iii:ndr^s.i^si^f ?:f^-rH)^^^-
h "?MgO, twenty-four miles north-oast of Trinidad \„ » m... „f
rocks, with small picturesque valleys between them Th« ililn^ Tu I'
unhealthy, is well watered! Exports ; sugar, mo?a"seI and ?m^' » * -
'"m &i°,' TT^ *'*«'"«°- OapilCsoABBo ro"„''('po;' 3" 00'^'
Th^;^;^.e^;:^t'lo7can°[cruT^,i-(,^^^^^
high), is rugged and picturesque In the centro" ' ""'
is a circular lake, 1,700 feet above sea-level, and
enclosed by lofty mountains. Streams are nu-
merous. Exports: sugar, rum, cocoa, &o.,
annual value $928,000; revenue $88,500. St
GicoROK Town (p. 4,000) is the capital.
>.?^.f\ 5."^ '' twenty-one miles north
by east of St. Vicoent, and twenty miles south
of the French island of Mar-ti-nique [-neek'l It
has a rugged and mountainous surface : many
of the heights are fantastic in appearance,
ine climate is insalubrious. The forests
are dense, but the valleys arc fertile and
well cultivated. Exports: sugar, cocoa, Ac.
annual value $475,000 ; revenue $68,500. The
chieftown3areCA8TBii8[ka8'-trceJ (the capital
pop. 3,000) and SoDrFniEBK. ^ ^ '
24. Trinidad, next to Jamaica, is the
most important of the British West-India
Islands. It lies between Tobago and the
N. B. coast of Ven-ez-ue-la [-wuv-l at the
mouth of the Gulf of Pa-ri-a, and:^oppo8ite
the northern luuutha of the Orinooo hiver,
OATBIBINO Sl;i>AB-CANI.
WUESTIONS. — W hat l\irther is said of thn Unhnmno o«j - <■.! • — ■ -. -..„ ...„„ duuxb-vadi;.
iS:
BKBIXa BDOAS-CANE.
ROAUEM
THK SPANiaH WEST-INDIA IS-....DS-HAYTI-SOTTTn AMERICA.
47
COCOi 8
'MAvno B,
'r calcola
„ 25. Physical
Featiire«.-Thi»
island is oblong,
with three long
ftngiilar projec-
tions. From the
north it ni>|>ears
like an immense
ridge of roclts ;
from the south,
the pi\nornma
of hill and val-
ley is magnifi-
cent. Themoun-
tainSjSome 3,000
feet high, run
east and west.
The rivers ore
large. In the
south-west of
A submarine volcano
I the island there are bubbling mud-volcanoes
I occurs on each side of the island : one discharges"pe°troreum""the"oaier
bitumen On the west side there is an asphaltiTm or pitch lake 11 miles
in circuit, and 80 feet above the sea. The climate is norunhJahhv
The soil is fertile, and timber abundant. The exports arrs!,ga™r
molasses, rum, ic, annual value $5,300,000 ; revenue $727 noo Port
West Indies. The harbours on the south and west coasts are good.
THE SPAmSH WEST-INUIA ISLANDS.
81». more than half that of the W. I. Archipelago, or equal to a square of 800 miles
26. Noted For.— Cuba is noted for being the largest of the
West-India Islands, and for its fertility. Pohto Rico ("rich
port ), a dependency of Cuba, is noted for its agriculture.
27. Rwition.— The island of Cuba, the most important of the
West-India group, lies south of Florida in the United States
It IS 70Q miles long. The island of Porto Rico Ues east of Hayti.
I.i??rt^???'?^ J*^^™*?I .*"•-:■* monntain-range runs along the
Jx ?.°^ ^u*"?' ^""'l'.°B i' into No'th and South Cuba. The Oauto
^«nl:l?h *'"tI"'*^'?I ""' !? ^h "''""^' "'""' '" ""o' f""n the Copper
Mounuins. The valleys and plains of th northern part are rich and fer-
tile, thief p\ jducts : tobacco, tropical fruits, and copper. P. 1,300 000 •
revenue$l9,o00,oao. The Isr.» or P.nbs, to the south, belongs to Cuba:
CITT OF HAVAHMA. OUflA, CAPITAL OF THK SPANISH VSnltimj^i!^^
WM?V^f*^*r;^^*'?*' *•'«««?'*»'. " admirably situated on the north-
hSl^Tt n.^^f^fi""? 'I "■ P'?"* "f 8™»i commercial importance. The
n»™?w „ "" u^J'"' '^''.'° Amenca. The entrance to U is through a
narrow passage half a nule long. A strongly-for'ifled castle guuSreithe?
(vl^rii. ?"^™"?«-„ <?!$»«"8raving.) Tho Catho<lral, the Governor
PoiT.h^ inn"ir '■^fii.''* P°"t;pmte, on.l tie Arsenal are the princiiml cdiHi-es.
<>("/' riIm.i,o^''/^- ^ ""'"i"^ oonncctK tho udjncent towns. 'I'i.e remains
01 Clirwtoplier Columbufl, who died in 150(1 at Vaadolid (Spain), wed 70
TtSIf T"!'?"^ '" lS»».f"'!» ««villo (Spain) to Sun Don.inio (iia^O in
(™n owm^y""""' "•"'' '1 ""."' *" " <^'"''<"«ry near that ,.ity Matanzas
P^fJrl^l •uuuw.'!"'"'^'"" V^^}- Santiago (26,000) and Pu-eb-to
«ft n '•'"i"*'*') "fs important towns.
,.M X^'lf.^n^ ''J' beautiful island, with a fine climate and fertile
sou. Pop. 650,000. San Juan (pop. 30,000) Is the capiul. The island
of CULIBBA [koo-Ioy'-bra], or Passaqi Island, belongs to Porto Rico.
HAYTI, OK SAN SOHINQO.
., . ,., (Usytl. from *<!*•«. "high land.")
Sli^about the same as New Brunswick, or equal lo a square of ITS miles.
r.Z: "fi . ' ^~V"'. '?'''"^ "f "*^^'> ■"■ S*" Do-'Koo, lies between
Cuba and Porto Rico. It is intersected by mountain-ranges and numer-
ous r^pid rivers. It has good harbours, and is highly fertile. The
chief products are mahogony, dyewoods, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and
""■'• A loadstone-mountain rises in the interior.
«:?;, '??^°"''~^'"'''^f '">'■ ""^ '"'"'"' '" divided into two parts, called
J.tJJ'r""'' 9,''»"-'»""'»- 1 OBT-Ar-PBlNrK dnm. 30,000), on the Iky ofGe^
Mr^Tm^' '" ^'i" ™Pital of the empire of Wti: and San Dom noo
{16,000), on tho south coast, tho capital of tho Dominican Kepublio.
THE FRENCH WEST-INDIA ISLANSa
__ __ . Sl«e, about a square of 41 miles.
rt« i„:. *"*"",qi«. «"« °f. the Caribbean Isles, is separated from Oua-
de-loupe [-loop'J by Dominica. Pop. 136,000. It is rocky, and has an
fertfle "ThT';"';- '^'"'. '"'"'"^ " well' wooded, and, wK level, U
Uil^Z u^,u i »'•• /■■""»; .(P- 30,000) is ihe principal place of trade.
<^ ft, i i*" '^ of Josephine, the first Queen of Napoleon I.
two i,^ . n'^ «' """^"^ ^''"«"*- '* " •>'"'''«'> by a strait into
two islands, called GaANDe T«;n'r« and Basss TirV*. Pop. 133,100.
f,?f.! fi '^''S,''"""^ \°^ contains the burning-mountain of Souf-
ftiere. Grande Terre is of coral formation, and is less fertile. Marii
I 1 ■'i"'fi°?;"'* S'-launt'], Desibam [deh-ze-rad'], and part of the
isl«ndofST.MART.N,totheN.,aredepTndencie8. Chiifexpor" sugar!
coffee, cocoa, spices, *c. Basse Tmbi (p. 6,000) is the capital. PofNt-
A-PiTH. [pwant-ft-peefr] (p. 12,000) is the ihief town in Grande Terre
THE DANISH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS.
OK mv » ^''*' "'""t a square of U uiiles.
SS" I^^^^^'" ^^''^^ •^■"'^' ^- ■^=•0"". and St. Joh«.
part is hm^S?ff,f • f '!"8cst of the Virgin Islands. The northern
c^fnl n^' "' "" '"Jl'^"' '° ""*• ^l;* chief products aro sugar and
V7 b* CHBisTiANSTAdr' (pop. 10,000) Is the capital of the group.
rr„, "J:. ^"O"^ «J"i St John are two islands to the north of Santo
Cruz. They are rocky and irregular. The capital of St. Thomas is a
free port, and a chief station of the British West-India mail-steamer,
SWEDISH WEST-INDIA I8I.AND.
__ _ Size, about a square of 6 miles.
38. Bt Bartholomew, the only Swedish colony in America, lies
ndTl? ^ tJ'"""."^'^ ^^'^'"^''- " '" """y- The exporfs are citton
and salt. The capiUl is Gdstavia ; population 10,000.
THE DUTCH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS
QO Ti. Ti , ^'•"••hout a square of 84 miles.
Iw.r„ ■<!« Ti,"^ = "•..'° **" ■?""'' """J »o"th parts of the Carib-
bean Sea. They are St. Martin (in part), Saba, St. Eusiatia BimM
An fflrw'Zj"'^' °""«'"' tku-ri-so'-i]; 0-j.u'Iba, 4^ '
Por!!; bL ■iSr'n^.'u **" °?'"'' """""K "■« Leeward Islands, east of
Porto Rico. The Dutch own the southern part. It is steep and rooky
The chief exports aregoats, hogs, poultry, sugar, and cottin ^"
co^ T^.trX^^^'^'.r^ ^^^ "" off 'he South-American
t^uiiSt^v" '•''"''' """Jf *''r ■"oun'^inous. The chief exports are
salt timber, hme-juice, cochineal, and fruit. WiLLUMsiArfT' (o 7 000^
is the capital of the group, and is' a place of considerable trade.*^' ' ^
THE VENEZUELAN ISLANDS.
42. Harearita, Tortaga, 4c. belong to Venezuela. AsocHoioM
Is the capital; pop. 1,800. Si^e of islands, about a 8qu«i, of H SmIm
SOUTH AMERICA.
ipnp and nowo nvers, it* valuable timbers, and the profusion of i a Thlpw- V^ Z" "' ""^ '^'" ""^ " Lrf^o],
■to tropical product ions; and its silver and diamond mines. | There^S tw^Stt ~SlSl ^"^ "" n fX"**'"' "^ ' «"»•* "'•"•
i
■ft— -^M^^gy^^^^^
'-'^'"'^^^-^S^tJ:S'iS;T^^^A^.;Zli.'S^ti^Z^^^^^^
^ y Ti c
y
iquJTOii
nhfia.
•Mtim,
10
f H
Jr
^I^A^)
n^o
Gw^^iy
isoj
■eat rivers. Name and
« bottom of the map,
NEW GRANADA— VENEZUELA.
40
•ad (J) the Rio da U PUt», st the South : Md three leuer oqm :
Til. (I) the Magdalen*, (1) the Orinoco, and (3) the Rio Para. The
mountaln-chalne are (J) the Andei, which run In parallel rldzea along
the entire PiiclBc coait, and (2) tho Brazilian MounUloi, which traTarie
the whole eaatern pari of the ooMntry. The Brailllan rangoa are the
Parlme [pl-ree'-mayj Monntalni, at the north, and the Sierra do Bipin-
haoo [ai-peen-7ah'-io], at the iouth-eait.
4. PhyslorU FeaturM of th« ICorth-
BMtOoMt.
■lU.
Bah.
Ghaniiiu
AlfD
Btbaiti.
laLiiCDa.
Oafii.
PliriRatr-
tAl.
CiiiiaiAV.
Da-rl-en.
Veiw)«.ue-la
C-w»y'.].
Par la.
Pinzon.
Trinidad.
Buen Ay. re.
Curafoa.
Dalllnaa.
Pt. Ilariina.
Oranicti.
HI. Iluquo
[Ht. rok«].
Paraguaua
pa-rt-
Kwali'-ii»J.
B. Phjraloal Features of the South-BMt OoMt
All Hainti.
Parsnatcua
(|>B-rtt-iiali'
Han MatlM.
Ht. (tworirw.
Mvnl'-lan.
Le Malm.
gwi].
Paftland.
Tinrra dni
Puoco.
Southueorgla
Prio.
Ht, Maria.
Corrl.nii.tea.
Blanco.
Hnrn.
Piitii«onla.
8. Fhyaloal Features of the Weat CoMt
Penal
[pan'.ya»].
(luayaqull.
Cho-co.
Pan-a-ma'.
Kegellan.
WolllDffton.
Ohl-lo-e.
Juan Fernan-
das.
Ht. Pelli.
Pillar.
At-u-Ja.
Blanco.
Ht. lA>rHnto,
8t. Pranclioa
Tree lloU'
tea.
7. Physical Features of the Interior.
H0U>TAI>
BAReia.
UiTiaa
wtovma
NOBTH.
RlVEBB
tLowmo
BO0TB.
RiVBBB
ILOWIRO
Babt.
Hi visa
»10WI«0
WlBT.
ItAcaa.
AHDia
eoait).
Hlfhrnlpeak.
<S,«IO Aet.
Mamlalena,
Cau-ca, eiio m.
Pu.ru>, 400 ni,
Madeira, i.00«
U.cay-a-)l,
1,000 m.
Mom.
Halado ir .
Plato),1.0uum.
m.
Orinoco (In
part). 1,M0
Am-a-ion and
trib. 4,000 m.
Colorado,
700 m.
mUea.
Haraov-
bo.
Tlt-l.ca.ca.
Aullama
[owNyjl.-.
Pabimi
(Atlantic
coaat).
Highest peak,
11,000 feet.
Orinoco (In
pt.),l.MOia.
Eiuequlbo
fea-H-kee'.
bo], 4M m.
Bio Netro,
8. B. (In
pt.),lM0ai.
Orinoco (In
part), 1,«)0
mUea.
BaPIKHAOO,
Highest peak.
Sjoofeet.
St. Franoiaoo
(In part).
tUo Para, 200.
XlnfU [tln-
)(Oo'],l,S00m,
Pa-ra'-na,
2.000 ni.
Paraguay,
1,600 m.
Hrugiuiy, 800.
St. Pranclaoo
PlaU and
trib. 1,140 m.
mUai.
Pat-oa.
Ul-rini.
/^^" Andes are » continuation of the great Eooky-Mountain chain
of North America. (See section 10, page 14) From the depivaaion or
breali m the chain at the Isthmuaof Pan-a.ma' (see aeotion 8. naoe 14) thev
extend the whole length of South America, for 4,seo mileaT ^« Anda^
rangeoonsists of 8 senea of lofty ridges running paraNel to each othec and
covering one sixth of South America, Oftho Anden (Span.onAi, a"iiten")
A-con-oa'-gua [-gw»J, the highest summiti 23,010 fret, u east ofValjiraiao!
9. The Amupn or Mar'-aft-on [-yon] is tho largest but not the longeat
^'I?I on the Globe. Its length la 1,000 miles; that of the Missisainm is
4,880. The Amaaon drama an area of 2,000,000 square miles ; the Miaaia-
sippi, 1,236,000 square miles. The Amazon takes its rise in the Andea in
Peru withm 80 railea of the Pacific Ocean, and flows in an easterly dii«o-
tion through South America to the South Atlantic Ocean ; ftom which it
"«!!?"* ,''" '^"'" '•*?' ■?"*' "I'an'J- It« northern and southern souioea are
IjJHlO miles apart- It has 200 tributaries; the principal of which are the
Madeira rm4-day-r»], 2,000 miles long ; the Wo Negro, 1,500; tho Ucayali
[u-ky-ahMeL and four others, 1,000 miles each. The ion, (tidal-waves at
the mouth of the Amaaon) occurs two days before and two days after fViU
Moon. Three or foor of these waves, 16 or 20 feet high, rush in succes-
sion with great force, and irresistibly destroy small craft: for this cause
the Indians have named the nver A-mas'-so-na, or "boat-destroyer."
10. The Rio de la Plata is an estuary 200 miles long, and 170 miles
wide at ita mouth, formed by the union of the Parana and U'-ru-guay
Rivers. The Paraguay, after a south-weat course of 1,600 miles, joins the
Parana above the town of Cor-n-en'-tea. The area drained by these rivers
is about one fourth of South America. •"="
^^: Tie Chief Products include almost all the European grains and
frmts. The indigenous plants are maixe and tobaooo ; the man'-i-oo and cacao
[kay'-ooj or cocoa trees of the tropics ; the cin-cho'-na, or Peruvian hark
and the potato, of the Andes ; the cow-tree of Uuiana: and the ivnrv.nalir/
vamUa, ui-iij,, auU uaulus piimia of Hexioo. Cotton, oodee, and augar are
among the staple commodities of Mexico. »» » -lo
18. AntlquitlM. - Like Mexico, the ancient .ivillxatlon of South
Alnerl(jl^ exiKKiiftiry of Peru, tmrnn to have atlaiiwl a very high itaiiilard.
The spleiiilid ruins and roiiiaius of iirt in Central Americ^a, anil the rwllno.
miint mill lu^niftiamdo of tho oolebriitud Iniiaa, or original rulers of Peru,
excited, tlireo ((iiiturics ago, tlio iu<t4)nisliuient of their EuMpean conquerors.
18. The PoUtloal Dlvlslona of South Amarioa an aa (bllowa :
NAJta AID PaoHca-
OIATIOB,
CoLmBIA (Cnnhd. Bcp.).
[ko-lunib'-j*.]
Vanaai'RLA (mpuhlto)
CvKii-n)'Way'-II.J
Biirisn OciAWA
„fll.Khi'-»h'.n».]
raaauii Uuiaia
DtTTOD OdIAVA
Biten
In Knic.
Hq. Mllw
BiAXit, (umpire) „
rhrk-smil'.]
HoCADOB (republic)
O^k'.wi'dore.J
Paair (n>nubllo)
fpfl-nx)'.]
Bolivia (ranubllo)
[Im-llv'-e-i.! ,
Omi.i (mpubllc)
[tshll'-le.l
La Plata (Armn.Oonred.)
ri«-plah'-tl.]
Paraovat (republic)
[pah'-ri-gway.]
UBtroiTAT (republio)
_ [u'-roo-gway.]
PATAaoRiA andTiBBBA^
cat PvBoo. (
[pat.».«hone'.y»,te-ar'- f
rik.del-ru.ee'-go.] .;
Faulaivd laLABOa (Br.).
[rkwk.'land.]
UI,«M
4««,;u
7^ooo
UjMO
38,900
S,MO.00O
9i9,00O
■03,000
374,900
141.000
i,iio,oflo
89,000
HOOV
SM,000
H900
Popula.
tlon,
J,900,(M0
l,9«4,4U
199,000
17,143
93,800
!),900,000
.OW.Wl
2,000.000
l,ii»i.oa«
1,000,000
1,710,000
1440,000
141,000
400,000
1,000
OAriTALa,
and where situated.
Iliirnta. on Ran Francisco.
n>„-Kii'.ta.j
Caracas, noar north coast
[kl-rah'-kas.r
(}4H>rK«town, on Daroerara.
rjorj'-town.l
Oayiinne, on IsVd off coaat,
[ka-yeii'.]
Paramaribo, on flurinam.
fpar-a-mar'-e-bn.]
Rto du Janoiro, K. noast...
[ry'-o.dr-ji-iiiH''-ro.]
Qiilto, on Ksmuraidss R...
[kuo'-to.l
Lima, on tho Rlinao River,
[liM.'.nit.J
Olrnqtilsara, n'r llloomayo.
[t'«lm-ko-iia)t'-kB.J
Santiago, im Msyi)ocha R.
[Haa-tn-ah'-go.J
Parana, on Parana River..,
[pft.rk-iiah'.i
Asunglun, on Paraguay It.
[X-Hoon'-Hho-owri.J
Moi)*to Vid'-u-o, on the
Rio de la Plata.
< Puu-taa A.re'-na«. un the
{ Strait of Magellan.
Port Loula, ou B. Falkland
Island
Popula-
tion.
49,000
98,000
19,900
9,000
M,000
300,000
76.000
72,000
13,000
80,000
10,000
19,000
} 40,000
MA
OONFBBHaATED RBFXTBIilO OF COLUMBIA,
OR imw GRANADA.
(" Columbia * from " Columbus " g " Oranada " from a city of that name In Spain.)
Sise, cue third larger than Canada, or equal to a square of 710 mllea.
14. Noted TOr.— Columbia is noted for its celebrated Igth-
mua of Panama (also called Darien), and for its emerald-mines.
16. Kztent.^The republic of the Columbian Confederation
(eight States) extends from Costa Hica to the River Amazon.
16. Phvnoal Featnres,— The three-fold range of the Andea which
■tretchea from the north, unites into one at the boundary of Ecuador,
forming the Knot of Pasco. Within these ranges, the Magdalona River
with its tributaries flows for 1,000 miles northward to the Caribbean
Sea. Along the eaatern range, the tributaries of the Orinoco River
take their rise ; and some of the tributaries of the Amazon water the
aztenaive plain at the aouth. The soil la fertile. On the grasa-plaina,
or llanoa, immense herds of wild cattle and horaea feed.
17. The Chief Exports are the usual tropioaJ produoto, medicinal
herba, Bold, ailver, iron, platinum, aalt, and emeralds.
18. The Isthmus of Panama forms the link between N. and 8
America, and ia now tho muaenger-route by railway between the Atlantic
and Paoiflo Oceana. The Qalafaoos Islbs, or " lalands of the Tortoises."
are a group in the Pacific Ocean near the Equator.
19. Cities.— BoooTA (p. 46,000), the capital, Uea on the fertile pUtcau
of the Eastern Andes, 8,863 feet above the sea, and ia well built. It is subject
to earthquakes. Near it are fiunoua emerald-mines, and a oataiMt on
the Bogota River 860 feet high. Cab-ta-ob'-na (p. 10,000) ia the prin-
cipal seaport Chao'-bes is a mail-station. As'-pin-wail and Faxama
are important ports, 40 miles apart ; the former on the Atlantic, the Utter
on the Ptt<'iflc, side of the Isthmus of Panama. They are connected by a
railway, which baa now become the chief route to the Pacific.
THSI REFXTBIiIC OF VjnSBZXJEIiA.
( FmsaiMbi, *■ Little Venice " ) Tespudua having found a villaae on Lake HaraeavlM*
built on piles.) ^^
Slae, more than one third Urger than (Canada, or equal to a aquare of 691 miles.
ao. Roted Por.-VEJtBZuiiLA is noted for its llanos (grass plains).
ai. Foaition.— This repubHo lies east of New Oranada.
88. Ph]riioaI Features, &0.— The Parime or Eastern Andea extend
along the aouth, and the Sierra-Pa-oa-rai-ma [-ry'-] Mountains along the
north, enoloaing the richly-fertile valley of the Orinoco River. The
sMansire llanos slope toward the mouth of this fine river. Salt. ooal.
HI M il copper src MDuuuMiit.
Q0B8TIONB.'
* I*ke Manwayho ta an inland extension of the Oulf of Veneaiiela.
8. Describe
■.k"*;"} ^m °' °*"' *"* i^X °?P **'^ physical features of the N. B. coaat ; 6. on the 8. B. coaat ; 6. on the W
.'™.^"^^i^°"S.'?'J?.'i * 'fet^^u""."' ?°f »"• ">? ?*'=• de Jf P'"*« Bi'e"- "-Mention the chief pwlduct* of si
<xmt ; and 7. of the interior.
13. Give the particularTinji^tetie:- Give ThTd^WVition and"ri« oTifeVownild^^^ ^^.SM^
17. chief export.. 18, 19. What i. «dd of the lathmlli of Panama, and ofThe^UiTof New GrnadlV SS-at'Whit if2d*of1he1l^{to J^f^UV
u
00
v*^«°} '::;,7h',, »;r,*M.' "•i,o<»;, .1.0 ...,.iui i- o„ ,h« ,h .Lt ; ;u.i
BHITIBH. FRENCH, AOT) DUTCH OUIANA.
"■'"""""■"■►"»'-'-«•. •natln.lnUUnlrllw.)
a« 1 ' ""^ '"' "" ''«'»»K"'K to thrco Kuro,^,, ,H,wfrH.
»U,rm». hut no Imrri 'ai . 4 vZ„ , .V^ '"■ ' '"""" "J? *"''<"'l thuiidor-
tamariml, „n'l '"tl ^ , m.J'^?^/ 'X " //^'VT'lV Tl.« ,.ir.e.«,,,.lo, ll.c
..r M?n KfanrXVV«sT°H^M\T r/lli^r'' ">o<'»Pit«l, nt th« n.outh
near the capital, U ,l,o residence' of tl,e Dutch o'erno'-o'cue;."''-"''''''
THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL.
'^"'"' *'•"--"■""-"»'>>« of the riHi-wood of tliBcoiiutrr.)
8l»^o..o fourth larger ,ha,. „rit„h N. A^eWca, or e.,ual to . .,u.™ of ,.«« .il„.
o«. rosition.— Jliis empire ombnices the whole of »),« ^»„.
eastern projeeton o,' .outh knterica from VeL^S t^'urugfaf
pire from Venezuela .ndhuianRTo "*"""'""" »*l'"«<e8 the em-
south, with numerous ranch s separates .h^/'-h' ."'• "'""•'"' "'^ "">
from those of the La I'lata T'e'rare v r • f w^h" T "'^ '''^^°'"''''
vast plains occur between Uie rivers Tnd d2,/^T ^'' ?«'>'"tains ; but
36. Soil, Climate. Produotl *'„ tf , '" '" "'" '"'"'•"•
e,t-ei.t at the Equator (norUroM l.e°C,„io„r ,'," "i'' ""'< fertile, and,
agreeable. The lu,xu riant n,rt"i^are mf«l win 111,, '^''''"''''''■ '" ""''' "'"i
gerous aniniaU, reptiles, and inse^.u a, d «^^ h . J, ™^^^^^ "f dan-
The extens ve plains are tlio ali^loi - .• ■ " '""!'* "^^ ^nlliant plumage
hor.es. Of treis, tho^alm-sVtol pre,,, "inref t'^^l '" '^•'' '»«""^J
shrubs are here mot wi h in al I ei?^ rinnn I ' , "owenug trees and
exjport.s ,,r.. s„«ar, ,.olH^, ,.o",on iVide/df^r k^'^,,'i''^.l"'*'y- '^'^^ -^hief
vafue»«0,000.()00i revenue iiimmdZmo^Si^ "her woods, annual
The city is .^iXtv^l: a^'n'obl"' aSu "t'^wr^^ "J '''«'''>' "i-tur^e
churches, char5l.d,Iei>,sli,u,ions, "ml otheVm^L
Ra-iia' (pop. M,000), C'o-ME-rr MMo\ n^,Pii. '" buildings nrenunu-rous.
8KKTCH OF OKNERAL GK()(Jlul'nY.
THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR.
(From ir,.af„r, , .„„.. of ,h„ „, m„, ....j,., „,., h,„.|„„,.,., „„,.,
HI... on, ,|.,h .,„„|,.„ „„„ ,,,„.,„ „^ ,„^,,_^| ,__ ^ ^^^^^^ _^^.^^ ^^^^^^
JB. PoBlt1on.-It l.e« WfHt of Unwil, „„ the I'aeilic eoant.
o-iax-l flHun Hi.* 'f ^,'. "'"',"'• '""""ted volcanic cone of Co-
'•"flcg.., and ,,liarilahlo Ms itmi^ are «no stru ."."roL" "'i.''^ ''" ••'"'"I'V.
are within sight of thn ,iiv U li,l I ill.r. 1 t''"*''" """w-IN-i'kH
fl'KN,A lkwen^k»,("000Oi Ui , ... ,^ w.^La^""''' ',''""' ''"rth.,uak,.«.
the Andes andUi' VrolT^w; Wi" t ih^"?'' "'' t''« "'"tern slope of
taut towns. ^ l««y-a-kfel j (IM.ooOi.on tlio ooa»t, are iuipor- ;
THE REPUBLIC OP PERU
81... ^rly on,, third larK-r than ,,•.„„,., ,„ .,„.„ ,„ . ..,„.„ „,„„ „,„,„
42. Noted IV.r.-1'ER,, iH noto,l for iu, silver and other mine,,
other half is sandy, witL,a v fi ,i V. h . l-nT"""'?'"'';,'' "■«'""' ""
4B nin«. I ,".""-'" "' "I'O", annual value $16,600,000.
It IS a regular and well-hui mty ' Wn,' paTbu , •i,X"".h '^ ""'!'"!
the Conveut of San t'runoisr,. the^^Ua,.e hS r„ 'ji'" '.'? L^**.,' ''H™'^
CONVIBT OS iiA> KHANCIBCO, IIJIA.
House. :n!^''-t'/«'''»to5J^,am^e^i„;^. P.,eo (p. t«,000,.
; — .„.,^. *..o oiix.,;iB rauiaie
,v . « ^^™ BBPUBLIO OP BOLIVIA.
:ar1f;y'oWeaTt^?r;o^Td";Ti,s:;r^^,srir^«^^^^^
--'-' Kio'4 Janeiro, areia®! of e^nridZhb."":^ *^ IV^^o '-'''O"'
?!£?ymnii iHir, ; tLTOingrmtaX',"^!:,/,^^!!:-^^^^^^^^^
^^^e2!°^L»^"«^
lb«M two rsnget »r« lh« cler«t«d IskM Tlt.|.c»'.c» •nj AulliiBa. Tin
sssr :„r..t:;;':'i iisvs, •"■';.•..■:" " "■• ■= »•
mln«.,«nd Co-cii v-B.iM-uV,100U0) I riA/iL^L ','"'"''* .'"'l ".: "''**"■-
hu » IsrKe «r»n«it-tnMl". *™'"""'- ''* » *« » "■««»'. "«" J-uku 'I'ltic^itt,
THB KBPUBLIO OP CHILI. OK OHIUil.
81«, . lltlU .m»ll.r Ih... U,.p«, C.n*U, or «,u.l to . «,u.ro of 37, ,„l|«
50. Wotod For.-CiiiLi in noted for iu narrow width and
eitonHive ooMt-lino. and for iu lofty niountuin-mmkH
51. PMltlon— It lies ouHt of La Plata, on tl.o Puoiflo cou«t
A^L ^^'^°,'^„ ^•»*"««' *0._N»tnero„, l.llly .,,ur, Jut out from th.
And., tow»r,l he co,,M forming doe,, ravine.. nd mLy flrZZ.
Ihn;. I . .t m '""w.^"'',"' *" ni'mero.u volcinoei. Tl,e riveri are
Ihorl, but the Bl -o-bl'-o I. 300 mile. long. The chief product. «r^
h'«7thr"''rc^i: '''?'■ >^l ""I-;,""'' «-•'-■ The cllirte" "r^rV
11:...^";^" '"'""'' "" 7'''*='' AlMander Selkirk wa. wrecked"and
" RrinJon^SroV'"""''' '" ^»"'" '''"^ "" -"-'"«'- '•" °'
0fj'.nidijo")(7V.<»),thoel,iBfHoV,rt. (-\)N0K .'ou n Lh«.own 1 (l .(ki.r
.ad 8ak Cablos on the inland of (3hiloo ItHhool'-o'-I.;) }2.(!l&n;LJit the s!
I.A PLATA, OR THE AKOENTINB REPUBLIC
(Prom gp»iii,h la pla'-ta. ".liver," and Utiii ar-gm'-tum. ".live,.")
■lu. one third that of Britl.h North Amerlc, or equal to a «,uare of l.flio mile.
64. Noted 1Pop._La Plata k noted for iu vast pjains or
pampaa, and for Hb herds of wild cattle and horsog
• "• ^Won-— Tho republic of the Argentine Confederation
including the territory of Buenos Ayrcs, extends from Chili to Pata^
gonia, and forms Uie great south-eastorn slope of South Anurion
ae. Phydoal Feature*, &o.-The interior 1. a ms the an ,|,
ern part of which U called the Pampas, and in It re I, au ei
Uuslre .aline de.ert. On the., pampas (or treelo« ,,(ay,») are immen«
fh. .'henhT'.","","" """J."""". which are cap,- 'l Z] "I U.To bJ
the .hepherd-lMint^rs. Ostriches also abound ,.„ (1,..^.. plain, Th«
chief exports are hides, horns, horse-tails, .,s.r,ol -father and wool
Buenos Ayres separated In 1853, bat rejoh^d u,e OonMeratiou in mo
THE REPUBLIC OP PARAOUAY.
8i«>. about three timej that of New ti:.,mwwk or equal to a square of IMO mile..
S?" ^.!^^'"''Z^'***°^'^^ is noted for being entirely inland.
B9. Positton.— This republic lies between La Plata and Brazil
he?-' ^^^°^ ^«ature. &c.-Paraguay.form. the high table-land
between the Parana and I araguay Rivera, and is the only inland
State in South America. The soil is fertile, and the ellmate temperate
U^h?l^''^^^°-li^^"'"'^'^^- '«"■'' .S?'"*""' the capital, and Concbpoion
iii^'' yS "i? "'« Pf™B"''y Kiyer. TJieir chief exports are the ieavoa of a
species of hoUy called i/crba ,mte or Paraguay-tea), Cidos, tobacco, su^^.Ao
R EPUBLIC OV CFIILI-CONTINKNT OF KlUdPK.
^
REPUBLIC OP UnuoOAY. or BANDA 0|lIJUn>AX..
MI«e,»lK,iil lialrihat .,r l..i*,.r ('»,„„|,,, „r,.(|iml l.. , „,,nr.. of ,1»l mile.
6a. Notod For — IlKDiiliAy In not.,! for l.uvin^r been the euatein
boundary (or hn,„L, orinitul) of the region* fornierly coinposinK
.Spanish America r- f,
ea. Po«itlon.--This republic lies cant of La Pluto.
Hrl^l f}T^'^,7''^}?"*'r*,°—^ ■'""'''• '•»''»<" "f "'""ntalns from
healthy, ««d the soil gene.ally good. The exi.orti are hide., 4c.
,.f?^ Citio8.-Mo.VTK VioKi) (|,„,,. ivOOO). tho capital, oii the north side
of the l^t-Plula e»tu,.ry, m «..|| H.rt'lled. It i. well and ro^ularly built.
PATAQONIA AND TIEHKA DEL PUEQO
(Protn the .SMaril.li ,,„/'.,,.„„„, "I»r«i. f,.„t." »,„! ih,-r., ,M /•«,,„, •• |»„u „f dr. "
Hill., nluHit w UrK>' »» r»n»,|,, „r ..qu.l to . «,|,iHri. of ills inlli's
ee. Noted For.— PATAdo.NiA and Tikrka dki, FiJKim are
noted lor bmng the southerti extremity of the Aiiierioan Continent.
67. Physical Features, &0,_ln the And..., whUh terminate In Pa-
tagonia are .eviTii v„l,.,i„„i..,. The interior is a vast plain, .nd I.
generally sterile. It is ovLrrun by Immen-e her f «lld „„ nml" of
various kinds. .Seals and other marine animal. rn.,|uent the coast.
Sovereignty over tlieso countries U claimed by the ailj.'iuiug states.
THE FALKLAND ISLANDS.
Hl.e about the wimi, », thi. Hnti.h \V,.,i l,„llo., or e,|»»l to „ „„„„, of m mile.
88. Noted For.— Fho Falkland Ihi.a.m.s .ire cliiefly noted
■"-VIL """ ""'''''' "'''PPi'V '» tl'« Hoi'tlifrn Ath.t.tio
89. Position — These {.slands are situated :tOO mil. east nf
Fatagonia. There are two lars^e and about 1 rx) Mmall,, islands.
iiAHT and Wkst tALKLA.Ni. are separated by a narrow sound.
70. Physical Features, Climate, &c.-The whole group ot island,
is much Indetfled with bays, sounds, and harbours. The cl ma?e il
equable and salubrious. There are no trees ; l.it sweet-scented flower,
abound The chief product, are cattle, hors, «ud vegetables. Yearly
l^llnnfTT ^i"'?," ■ T""""' **■''""''■ '"" «'°"i' "•" taken ?o.'!^
M.slon of by England for the protection of the soulhern whale-fishery
Port Louis is the capital. South O.ori.ia-Island, to the east, belong
to Oreat Britain, but the climate Is too cold for settlement. '
PITCAIRN ISLAND.
8o called from Its disn.von.r. Sizt. 2| mll.s loun, by t wide
71. Noted For.-PiTOAiRN Island i.s noted for having been
settled, m 1790, by the mutine.rs of His Majesty's ship Bounty
72. This Island,!,, tlie I'.liHo Ocean .itmut MHMl ni. from 8. Amorica.
was iliscovorod in |-r.7. The colony wms f..„i,dcd, in i;w), by John aS,!*
OM of he mutineers of the i nglish «m , si , , ., lt„u„(y, , ..f afoihw p^^Z'
The colony ha^ lieen -onioved to Noi^lk 1.4nd, Australia (see pagVtfl)!
THB ANTARCTIC REGIONS.
78. Those Regions, which lie dirpi^tly opposite to the Arctic or Northern
Regions ineludo ;. viwt area of ,„ ,irly 4,(S)0,(W0 square miles of almrSJ
inaoces»..I«,«,a>>,l water. On ihemap'of the' Western Hen^phereCe
SOI7TIIS , ,.«nr'Jr , P«>J«", b^ynid the Antarctic "circle "^e
SouTit SiiMLujD-Isn.Nus Iwing only 460 mi es from Tierra del PumJo
yl\ ^'f «^n" J^*"" '■^W,""'"-^ from the Emerald Isle.s, and th?nce to N?w
/oalind (S50 EndkbbVs Land (see map of the Kaster.i iemisDher^
18 about 1,500 miles from Africa, and Sabbina and Adbl V iVANDaffi
the same distance from' ismania. Victoria L.md was dismve e<nn l^W
bySrJamftsC iJoss. I, ,s very cold and mountainous. .Mount Erebuf is
a lofty yolcame p. .k liwsJ feet above the sea. To the west is the South
Ma«notic-I'ole, ul.o discovered by Sir James, in 1»». There are likeirisfl
various islands, oUietly volcanic , aut they are too inhospitable for hIbUUon
III. THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE.
8I«, shout one quarter targer tlun BritUh North America, or equal to a «,u.re of !,0OO mllet
J:^!'^^ Ff— ?V«"P?. *o«!.''> smallest in extent, is, in
regard to Christian civilization extensive commerce, and wlitical
influence, the most important division of the Globe
2. Boundaries.— Europe is bounded on the 'north by the
Arctic Ocean; on the east by th, Caspian Sea. the Ural River
M^«ZL'1,'Jm"l"a^°^' "j "'« ."""^ '"y the Mediterranean,'
Marmora, and Black Seas ; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean.
^i^ ^u^'J^i'"^"" Norway and Sweden; (2) Th. Alps, north of Italy
(3) The Pyr'-en-ees, between France and Spiin ; (4) The Car-ni-th^an'
north and east of Hungary; (6) The Ural, separating Northern ^fil
from Europe. Rusaiaoccnpie. the great plain to the east. All ^J
"Z''J^''~''Z'r "^ '^^~' *"* ■oaaaiainoas, w«;i waU .-ed, and iertile.
T7- . ?*•" S*I.?"-^'S*™» "» *•>« Petch'-o-ra, Mez-en rain'l Dwi,na. and
Vistula, in Northern Russia ; the Pral. Volgn,l)on, and &i^r r2te?p^].
Give the denva«on,'^L.&a'o*flA^iak^685i'"GWn'^^^^^ 61- Point out it. positipij on the map ; 52. physical features ; 53 chief cities kx-st
Ac of Pata«oni» and Tierra del Fuego^ra of Yhl Mkland" IsUnl^rT^TTof ^i^T, "!f ''5S' *^- "I Vn.«?iay. ««, 67. Give the deri^ioS
^.edenvationsandsizeofEurope. 1- ^ what is it^nLd^^j fe^pl^t^^L^iiS^^^
<4|)al iiiountain-
mountain-peaks
t «Mt and Muth
thira nto ditto.
i^fp"**"*™ Ku^a; the »an.ub& in Austria and Turkey ; the O-dcr Elb«
Italy : the lUone, Loire [Iwahrl, and Seine rBehn in Kmi ,.«• d/n p k.
EUROPE.
the Tay and Clyde, in Scotland.
, in Ireland; and
8. Fhyaioal Features of the North Coast.
Bias.
Vhiti (an
inlet or the
Arctic Oreaii).
Ovtn AicD
Bati.
Va-rang-er.
Cdakmbls
AKD
Btbaits.
laLAKDa.
Nova Zom-
bla {" new
fipitghpiVpn.
CArsa.
I Penixsu-
LAB.
North,
land ").
53
e. Fhyeioal Features of the North-West Coast.
Baltic
(between
Southern
Swedi-n and
Busaia).
Bothnia.
PInland.
Bi-CT.
Catiegat.
Bkag'er Bark.
Sound.
Great Belt.
Little Belt.
Aland,
Gothland.
Oe-Bel.
Zealand.
Laaland.
Fii-npn.
Naze.
Skaw.
Norway ft
Sweden.
Denmark.
7. Fhyaioal Features of the West Coast
NoBTB (be-
tween Brit-
ain and
Denmark).
iBltn (betw'n
Ireland and
England)
Mor-»y PrIth.'North.
KrithofForth.lBrlntol.
Wa.li. lBn«li«h.
Zuiderzee. JDover
Bi«cay. |8t.George'B.
Pa- roe.
Shetland.
Orkney.
Heb-rf-dei.
Great Britain.
Ireland.
Chnnnel.
Wrath.
Clear.
Land'a End.
Haffue.
Kn-ttter'r*.
Orteital.
St. Vincent.
8. Physical Featiues of the South Coast
Cornwall
(SW.cor-
nerofEng.)
BritUny
(N.W.oor-
ner of
Franae).
Oaspias.
A-zov.
Black.
Hak'-mo-ka.
Mbditbr-
JtAKBAN.
iE-OB'-AS.
lOMIAll.
AOBIATIC.
Sa-lo-ni'-ca.
l«-pan-to.
G-gi'-na.
Taraiito.
M-eat't.
Ven-ice.
Naplea.
Geu'-o>a.
Lyoua.
Teni-ka-leh.
BoaporuB,
DardaneKn.
0-tran-to.
Heaalna.
Boniracio
[bo-ne-fah'.
tahol.
Gibraltar
CJlb-rawl'-
I tarl.
Cyc-la>dea.
Spor-a-des.
Candia.
Ionian.
Sicily.
Ualta
[manl-tk].
Coralca.
Sardinia.
Bal.e-a-rio.
Hat-a-pan'.
Spartivento.
Pasaaro.
Te-u-la-da.
St. Martin.
Pa-loB
CpS-loce'].
Gata.
Tarira.
Cri-me-a.
Greece.
Italy.
Spain and
Portugal.
0. Fhysioal Features of the Interior.
hodhtain
Baicoeb.*
Ubal oro .
KAL.
Highrst peak
e.9»7reet.
^IVBEB
FLOWISa
NOBTH.
Petchora,
MOm
Meaen, 400m.
Dwtna, 7(10 m.
O-ne.g8,30iim.
Hi^^Jy"""' "® ^ ""'* '° '*''^''' "°^ ^°™ " semicircular belt around
^,}^.7^^ ^PM^" 'J?? ""I'f? '".*•'« «"">« direi-tion as the Pyrenees,
and culminate in Mont Blanc blom (in France). This mountain altaiifs
Z^tTv" "' '^'T. ^"f, "''«'■'' ""' '1.?-'«^«'- «'«' it« summit is the hii^hMt
point in iurope. The Alps separate Franco and Switzerland from Itdy
.» .Irl V^^ IVrenees, a double chain of mountains, 20 miles apart, except
wmt Thi'L.Tf^T'.'h *>"™ '^'°"' '^P" "- rl *»'«"'' 270 miles east and
west. I he peaks of the Pyrenees are »iot so lofty as those of the Alps.
18. The Volga is the greatest river in Europe. It (lows throuuh th«
greatEuMi»nplain,andemptiesitselfintotheCa8piSn8ea.Length2S50^^^^
18. mie DsAUbe, next to the Volga, is the largest river in Eiimnfl It
dmns the chief part of Southern Germany and o?Iuroplai TuTerand
after a course of 1 030 miles, falls into the black Sea by Sveral n3; It
toirr"' tfbutaries, and is the great comuiercial highway ol'S^uth-
Aastem Europe. Its basin is rich and fertile.
♦i^l'.;* S,^*j!?'~^u ''."^'^ "' '■''* "'"^•' \ ''"' »" th"« fourths of the Con-
tinent he within the temiHjrate zone, the climate of Central Eurono i»
invigorating, while toward the South it is mild and balmy. "^
irl^lilti^Srf hr?l?«'*!;?;r°^V«*''' f ""•"'• "»'' "■? ^'n*- """- ""O tobacco
.are cultivated m the South but apples, pears, peaches, and walnuts nm tho
pnncit»a European fruits. The trees arjfihe oi^Tbeech! Hr, ch<S miniiie
and «iiL^'°''''i°'^ '^?"\ «""" '«'"*''.'" I^"''""' ""d the middle of Nofwiy
?^„ ^Vt*"' I™" JfiMJ. copper, and tin are the principal mineral-produti
tions of Europe. Coal abounds chiefly in Great Britain and Belgium
19. The Population of Europe is estimated at 275,000 000 The mnm
densely-peopleifcountries, for their areas, are Belgium, KiTandUolfand
ao. KeUgipn-— The Chnstian religion, as professed by the Protestant
Eoman-C^olic, and Greek Churches, ?« established in every part of eSto™ •
except in Turkey, where Mohammedanism prevails. -Europe,
21. The PoUtioal Divisions of Europe amount to si : namely, 4
empires, 14 kingdoms, 1 ecclesiastical state, 6 grand-duchies, 7duch/e8
12 principalities, 4 republics, and 4 free to^ns.** The chief powers are?' '
aa. The Five Great Powers of ^Jyrope.
I Extent
Namk, AKD Form ov in Eng.
GovEBHMBliT. Square
Miles.
SCAHDIIIAVI.
(Norway,
Highest peak.
8,788 feet.
Balkan
(Turkey).
Hiaheat peak
»,6i8 bxt.
AH
ftc.)
BITBBB
ILOWIRQ
South.
Ural.l.lMm.
Volga,
Don, 8,000 m.
niep«r,l,]iuo
RiVBBB
ILOWIRS
East.
a,sso.
EivBBa
rLowmo
Wbbt.
Tomea, Go
230 m. Dahl,
Glommen,
Mum.
Cab«pa-thi.
AR.
Highest peak
»fit» feet.
VlHtula,628m
Oiler, SM TO.
Ellw (in pt.),
ilDOm.
Alps.
HighcBt peak
IMIO n.
Ap-br.rirbb
UJKhest peak,
»,Itii fuet.
Ha-rit-ia,
280 m.
Vardar,
170 m.
Elbe (in pt.),
atom.
Rhine, 78a m.
Seine, 430 m
tha,4nom.
an miles.
Umea, Utt m.
Danube (in
part),
1,880 m.
pS^
- — br-bbs.
Uigbestpeak,
11.868 Aet.
Ti-ber, 210 m
Rhone, e«0 m.
Adige
rad'.«.jay],
JiiOm.
Danube (In
part),
l,«90m.
Po (in part),
*sum.
Danube (in
part), 1,830.
Dniester, 600
[ueeatterj.
Ural (in part),
1,180 m
Lakbb.
i
, Ladoga.
Onega.
P«l-pou8.
Bi-en'ii«.
Wen-er.
Wetter.
Malar.
Obkat Britain A )
ViRBLARD. klngd.„;
Fbarce, empire...™..
RUBBIA IR EUBOFI, )
empire j
Ai;sTBiA, empire
Pbubbia, kingdom.....
ll»,9!4
211,882
2.043,400
238,311
107,300
Popula-
tion.
28.071,000
4^,800,000
87,000,000
3n,MO,000
18.800,000
Capital,
and name of river on
which It stands.
(London, on tho )
I Tham.'B..., j
Paris, on the Seine. ...
f St. Petersburg, on )
■ the Neva ...... j
lenna.OM theDanube
f Berlin, on the t
( Spree j
Popula-
tion.
Dit4t'nce
I from
London.
218
2,803,000
1,826,800
830,000 1,300
480,000 I 770
460,000 I 668
as. The Seoond-Rate Powers.
Och-ri-da.
Ja-nl-oa.
Po (in part),
480 JK
Ebro, 420 m.
milet.
Loire, 870 m.
Amo, 76 m.
Qaron'aa.NW
880 m.
Dou-ro, 4<Wm.
Ba-la-ton.
Swiss and
Sardinian
Lakea.
Italt, kingdom
Spain, kingdom ~
.N6BWAr AND SWB- >
_DBi, kingdom J
TURRBT IN El7- >
BOPB, empire i
PORIIIIOAL SlATBB.*
U8,I00
182,788
291,000
203,800
3,000
22,000,000
16,600,000
8,380,000
18,700,000
700,000
Florenoe, on the Po
( Madrid, on a Ta- )
I gus tributary... .j
f Stockholm, on )
t Lake Malar j
fCoiintaiitinople, )
i on the Boanorua J
Rome, on the Tiber...
118,000
478,800
111,700
880,000
184,600
874
800
834
1.800
890
a*. The Third-Bate Powers.
Holland, or Nbtb-
asLARDs, kingdom,
Bbloicm, kingdom..
POBTUOAL, kingdom..
H ASovxB, kingdom
Wcbtbmbbrs,
kingdom
..}
of lath*udB'lSh!i!l"th;!!;L'^^ Jl.^^il'"'^ generally He In the direction of the pwallels
01 lantuae, while those in America generally run north and south. (See pageUk)
10.TheT7ralKountaln«»reohieflyround8d,plateau-8haiiedel««tinn.
extending 1,600 mUes from the AioUo Ocean. ttehhT^tShwlM^^
thl^,„fcv 8««d^vlMi XountSna extend nOTthwartwb milet
through Norway. and Sweden. They are a aerie, nf Ult" .^J^^^!.
'^o ■■|VS"'^"""''*1!J?; Gkd-hop'-pi^pn, the faighMt peak, is in Nonrav^
la. The Carpathian Moiuitains, dividSTinto'thrBirt an^wL
Qdbstions.-
Batabia, kingdom ...
DBNIIARC,>ingdom..
Sazort, kingdom
bwitbrblard, re-)
publio }
aBEROR. kingdom-....!
(Ine. Ionian Isles).
D voniRt and leaser )
atrtea... )|
10,008
11313
36,810
14^830
7,600
14,800
8.777
18438
19,340
74,60*
3,448,000
4,900,000
3,888,000
1,880,000
1,780,000
^,600,000
1,606/100
2,226,000
2,836,000
1,3S0,00»
4,tM,«09
CAmsterdam, on
( theAmstel
r Brussels, on the
■j Sonne, a trih
C of the Scheldt.
(■Lisbon, on the }
I Tagus ;
(Hanover, on theS
< Leine, a tribu- >
I. taryoftheWeser)
Stutgard, near S
the Neckar, a V
. Rhine tributary J
{Munich, on theS
Iser. a tributary h
^ of the Danube.. J
Copenhageu, on )
L£ the Sound }
Dresden, on the Elbe.
( Berne, on the Aar.)
I k Rhine trlb.....j
f Athens, between ■>
the CepUsstu >
andthelUtms.J
'arknis
the)
rill. (
It.. J
i
248,000
800,800
180,000
82,000
81,700
138,000
140,000
118,000
34,000
48,000
100
194
1,000
430
44S
680
ser
470
1.740
Tarfoua. ITarious.
-JwiSfiih.'SIi.iilS*'' "yy".'*! •»»?'•«. oWMPythlanink by virtue of the gn«l
eeeMsiasttcal authority exercised by the Vnrw u ih> «,.,i.«.. ii«.i..« .i.. n-^Tr^
Oathollo Church throughout the World.
«; 12. Carpathh^louaWna: lTS«?W."p?S.!S^.'^t2l ',^5iS'!!?r;«»SL???*S?*»'» ^^ ?"?« Urjl Mounisln..; 11. _8^„di
k on the north-weat, 7. wertt tad
uote? 19.popul.uinP ».SSS?P M^SitU'y? ffllat^SZSU'tl^^™^^^ IT What is said of the cUmali, P la^rod-
'^ ^** "^** ^°'"* *•"* "" »"• "n*P ■"«> 81T0 the putiouUm of esch oountry of Europe in the three titles.
=f=
''J
THE PBINOIPAI, ANmA.8 ON THK OO^TIN^N^^^^
such 'as tphorst^^;;7^',,"'| "'f^f-'lanim "^ fo'wd in Europe-
N^rlj; an the wild animal have uZSne?^^^^ asg, and the reinS-!
cl am„„, the ibex, the wild-boaV tK'n^fi ,Vj'"^,¥^ "™ the deer, the
^?n^.r ""?'"> ™t »n'l tlie mouse SLiK-'''?''' ^"'^ ""« l>eil«ehog
Z «Vi^ f''B''«"8»>»' f'e th™,l,"and the hSw*iv''\l'* "umerou.s, espS
the Hwan. the bittern, the duck, tii^ phe™nt,1nd^he°owT """^ '"'"^ *^
we pass along the Hhores of thnv, v. "'*""«! "">. '*'™' of Gibraltar
Malta, celebrated for st Paul's vLlf''"""™,"*?"' *"<• ''^'"1 "' """*"*'•
to the Atlantic, through "he '^"" = '""* "'''°'=« *« «»"»«« our course
Htrait of Gibraltar, and, sailing "
along the western coast of AS
ncl^ touch at the
OAMBIA-UlvliB SETTLEJIKNTS
and at Siebba Lb-o-ne, on
the. African coart. From th^
Capp'coZ^ «!uth-ea8twnrd U>
i/APE-OOAST Castm, n Upper
G^mea; and then'oe soX
^s^?hnt?s.»an?
we come to ■^•'"ng n,
l^I„^''l''■^'■''^ (•"«» the first
Napoleon's place of exilBl
8outhwart,wecoSiefothe '•
Cape ofGood Hop« wd other
So'on'os m Southern Afrira
weS""'*^'''*'""*'"^;
^t^^'i'iT"!''*!-'^''-"''] (the key
to IncUs) and the Seychbiim'
[sajr^hefs'] Islandf.. N^ng
the entrance to the Bed Soa^
A ^« i?""!" »t the Peninsula of^
in^ir*"^*'"2»'"*>- Cross-
IuSa . i„H^"',°.>">, *« 'each
^it.'^V""'','"'? Cape Com-
o-nn,teuoh at the island of
IS
Il!L2L?[[«Alrp. (g) .OTAl . BXCHA.OH. A»n „> . ^ '
j rue uitieront animal. »„..._._^. ^ ; \ .. - — L-Ijr::.-"— ""c=e. lokdow.
(i^o,u«„e.o/th,A.U».,.i„thise„^vi»g.«es««,„^,
ABBAO?.\ SL""'*''""^ '^^ the Bay o. Ben-gal'. we oome-to
Tasmania (or Van ifiEsJ^s LA«n>'''V''"'''"i'''''' «'"'"• "^cime to
New i5EALAND. Whig his «e^»l*i ,?,^'"'««<lmg eastward, we visit
Vancouveb Island A?,DXmiHc"o?!,rprT^ "P l''^ Pa^ifioSt t^"
H^^OK^BATTEBBITOBTaSSXB^^^^^^^^^^
JeBiNcE - Edwabd Island
^°J^ Scotia, and the Islanj
of Newfoundland. From the
in\ ?f ^I'M^.Thenoecresi!-
'ug le Atlantic, we airain
reach the British tsIesfa^S
rr .?"?."« Coloniee. together
hfBri«J'^*''^-^"V^«t"te
tne Jfntish Empire. Their united
area amoiints fo about aaOAOOO
square miles, or equaJto a s^^re
of nearly 2,850 mil^s. Unit^pT
ulation, about 209,00o!o(l0. "^
. ™- The Britfah blea
include England, Wales, aift
Scotland, (called Great Brit-
ain,) Ireland, and the Channel
Islands, united under one
««vere.gn and legislatnw.
Great :Bntain is the laigest
island w Europe, and the
most important in the World
iJover,attheS.E..i8onlv2R
miieb frum Calais in Franoe."
r«i.
Empiref Poit ouTonTmpTf fhTworl/^.^tlJil'-*"'?: ''°*?>»^ enumerated ilTtltoTXi^TT^^^^^-^^ tJaiais in France.
■'■ ^■''"^■- ' "■"' i ii ' i ffliiT I Tli
mla, and
»t the island-city of
e Chinese Sea to
the
under the Equator.
ir Colonies in
south w» come to
Mtward, we visit
a long course across
e soon come to
le eastern and north
and land in
the
>st Cuba, we touch ui
P the Pacific coast to
which, vi& the
TBY, we reach
fBw Bbcnswick,
i-DWABD IstAND
riA, and the Islanii
7NDLAND. From the
r southward to the
LEs Thenoe cress-
itlantic, we again
Intish Isles; afters
)out 36,000 miles.
ColpnloB, together
i»h Isles, constitute
upire. Their united
to about 8,304,000
)r equal to a square
miles. United pop.
209,000,000.
British Isles
and, Wales, arik
Jled Great Brit-
and the Channel
ted under one
nd legislature,
a is the largest
iirope, and the !
It in the World.
8- E., is only 26
liais in Fianoe.
ent of the British
"weMoon. II. To-
1 the Continent I'
3SS5«5gSBS5£Sa^lS^^g
point
Itieg are connected by rtilwuy P
Wie Queen f VI. of StetistSo. P
EBrGIiAND AND -nr „ „
1. ]!i»ted Pop.— England is noted for her InteUieence and
Christian civilization, her great political freedom/anf her n^
emmenae u. commerce and manufactures. ' "^
i:^
QuBsm NB-Point out and m^ iiTTi^rZ: 1^ T" ■■■ ^■■B.^oaana waies.are: (l)T be Pennine Range, In the north ,Ta The
od on «n^ K Tf .f^^'^t-England and Wales are bound-
ed on the north by Scotland, on the south by the English Chan-
nel, on the east by the German Ocean, and on the wesTby the
Atlantio Ocean, St George's Channel, and the Irish sT their
greatest length is 420 miles, and thei^ greatest breadth 320.
3. Physioal Featnre».-The surface of England is chieflT nndn.
latmg, or consists of mountain »nrt nUin tu. ,f'!-° " -"^!*"?. "".'"'
i.. Hugland and Wales, are : (i) T he Pe nnine i^n;;;:in Z -^^Zrwrt
ties. Oive the size of
jflTI* gg RNVIRQW
inbgft&CoMYggk.. )
Wales are bound-,
the English Chan-
1 the west by the
Irish Sea. Their
}readth 320.
id is chiefly nndn-
' TriOtiBtiin-disiricta
Uhe north; (2) The
.y« connect ? Name
les. Oivethenzeof
hysioal featurea.
.ouTh-t"tWa"l ""/;,'" '■? """ /'> T*-" ''"<""«" ">"Ke, in the
4 The Col/Lil^^ """'''• """ """ '='""' '^ "'«"'? picturesque
«. Xne Coast-lme of EngUni a„d Wales is about 2,000 miles
g-Fh ysioal Featu rea of the East Coast.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
MoDKTAIirs.
CnBv.t.>T4PE»,
HiNKin piirt
(turning south'
ward).
Hl|the»t a.lW4 ft.
BiriRs,
Tyiia.
Ot. Oiiao [oose]
Trent. "'
Litt^ ./u«e.
Thmnoii ftH-ntl
Capes oa
Heads.
Flainborough.
Hnurn.
Tita .Naze.
North Foreland.
INIETB.
ISiintli Knrpiaml lTh«inr.«
Tynemouth.
Tees.
irumtier.
. The Wash.
Islauds.
Holy.
Sheppy.
Than-ct.
?««!»IHE.
CmnniAiT
(In Wales).
Higliest 3,971 ft.
Si^yaicalFeaturesof the West Coast.
67
IB. The Chief Industrial C entres, near the conl-nunes, are a., follows :
CUIBP INDCHBIAL
CK.STHKS,
Newcastle.
Lanmahlre A
Ydrkshiro.
StairorOsliiro.
SiTCAIKD
IN II/B
North-Ea«t.
Coal l^"'"'- West.
I I'ni.NCll'AL Ma.m-. Naturb o»
I FAciL-m.vi) Towns. Mahupaciikes, 4c.
Dar
South Wales
"J
Ula.
tricts
Middle.
I South- West.
Newcastle and
lini^toii.
M.inuhi'slor, Leeds.
and .tliudli'lil.
Uinnhiuhaiu and
Ittirsleiii.
8wftii-iea and Mer-
th.vr.l'vdvil.
Maohihery.ChomlcaU
ami Clutn.
Cotton anil Woollen
Goods, and Cutlery.
Hardware and Pot-
tery.
Smelting Copper and
Casting Iron
Sev.eru.
Wy..
Dee.
Mersey.
Ribblu.
Hart land.
Worms.
St. David's.
Holyhead.
Great Orrne*8.
St. Mei ■
Bristol Channel
Cardnjan.
Caernarvon,
Morsoy.
Moro-camie,
S ,hvay
An-gle-»i
Han.
7^ Phy sical Fe aturea of the SouUi Coast
DBTowiAjr (in lEi«.
Cornwall and Stour.
Devon). Lower A-von
Duii-gen-esa',
Beaeh.y.
Portland.
Lizard.
lyvid's End.
Southampton.
Portland.
Plyni'iutli.
Palm.ulh.
iMi'nil's B:»7.
Jeiliy.
iViglit.
Sc...,
Channel,
}pn®ffnnU;"^i;o-'ja^\TM,ui^s";;!!ie"'t^^^
bnclge (beneath whiiChii^of thilaZl; J*^^ «''s»o<l by a suspension-
(railway) tubular briXITan^^^^^^ aud by an iron
highly cuftvatcd ciiof 1, f .^"'^"t 'iJ, 'J'''''''' ■"'J >«
ants of thrASrrri?, n"'''''^»''^rP ? ''™.""? '^^-^'^''nd-
and im^4^Sfn?nl"'*f^ "^ ^."v.^'""'^ "f* "'o™ "'""^i^e
Thov : 1 J A"" ™°'* I'f any other country in the World
enTOi"'i"^^™"°"> ^"''"en.sflk. leather, nS,and saX
Weirirt "P""^ t? "cry inrt of I bo (;i,",e ^o
»>elsli manufactures are pruK ip illy „| av, iroo, ,„,! t n
HEB MAJESTY QIEBH VICTOSIA.
-a o ^ TT; ■ • • -f ^::!^ ^aaung iron.
18. Seats Of Commerce—LoNDON and Hcll, on the east coast- I .v
Tc^Tml?';' °" •"-?.,""' ' "■"> SouTHAMrroV oVthe so".',.' ""'•
men Kif^l'^i^^S''^'"^''?,''"''^!', ''"•'I''•''"■^>•'^'«'^'le'l»ea-
! J. A Vm'^''''*'*''A'^'* " sunilar military in.spital, is situated
an^ n!VrS"'V.''S;^ " half miles aUve tiimion ^^
^ JIU. (M the iVoWA-A'M<.— NEWCASTLE-UPON-TyNH and
^n,r»'"^''n'"^ "I"'" ;•'""'• have extensive numu^icturc
and a ..'oa - irade. Yoii k h notcl f«r Jmvinu been the rosidonoB
of several li.nnan &nperors. Its cathedral, or "MiMter " U
ii . rH''""K "^" !'f «»H'i« arcl,it>-ture in 'England Huii^
Alf^d M ""'^^'■»'«'«: . Oxford l^nivevsity wrioimdedty
in be Wor d^TtSfn"' .'r ",'? ""^* riS''lv-endowed nnTve?^i?J
m tiie world. It ha« 2 1 colleges and i.i s, and the ]iod-lei-nn
liibniry and a new Mnsen n. C^iii. bridge VCvSySS
21 colleges and halls, an<l a liorary and mo"emn. '^
a
I
:f
ill!
;( !
1
I::
f
naval itstiong. 8ouTHAipToS""?h™ .,??A„.?*l™''ET5 -'"« important
matio iioet of England. Bath and (^k WENnii rffiJT^.i'i *^* "fe
on j> v'j"'! ""Jir"'S 3 "t!C to t!i6 gl«ttl Duke of WeilinirtAn '
.^^^^^SSI^^^lM^s^^^
ovem and Avon
ea, eeo-channels,
ar Dublin P
SnEFKiELu, for cutlery; Not-
■riNOHAJt and Lkicesteu [leV-
torj, for liojuory oiid luco: Hiii-
MiNOHAM, for hardware and
BUBSLBM, Ac, for earthoimare
the eMt bank of the Itiver Mer-
sey, about 200 milcH fro.ii I^ondon.
mrneson an immeuie trade with
SlnJln"^!' "' "'» ''''»■'''• ^'""-t
23.000 ships enter the port aniiu-
ally. It has O miles of dorks, and
ranks next to London in coinnier-
eiiU importance. It oontuins
munv fine buildings; especially
St Georges Hall, „h,'„h includes
m town-hall, music-hall, and
biw-coi.rts. Near it ure Urown's
28. Chief Welsh Cities.—
UANoon, on Menai Strait, is a Wa-
tenng-place. Other towns, Mkb-
thvb-Ttdvil and Swan8ea.
IREIiAND.
8';rnr>yrflar,rn^';":Ha":t™r^
1 -W f ^ Bruuxwick. or equal to a sqimro of 181 mlloa.
IIS leruiity, and the greenness of its verdure.
2 lu !u l^hannel, the Irish Sea, and St. OeorL'e's Channel • and
len^riraoter'rr'' '^ "'^ .^"""*-' oeea„ s;ia£
lengtu IS dOb nailes, and its greatest breadth 180
ooast-uSfaLu^'Irm'iirJ-'"' '""'^'' '? """'"y "ndulating. The
tlful bays The mou'n?ai^, ^r'. J"^ 'n'^'""' ""'' ""<='"'" """'y beau-
numerous in the north and Z fplT T^ "*;","'' '='"'^'' """^ "™ ""«"■
uaty wioKlow. and of the Southern Coast, is highly picturesque.
4. Physical Features of the North Coast.
(1) ST. OIOESa'S HAII, WITH (8) LIMK-SISKBT BAiLWAr-SIATIOir. LtVEHPOOl.
JamesJ^lUJ.Ii^isthenativelang.iage^r^.'ii^JiS
59
that it is loss warm in summer
but inililpr III winter.
11. Soil and Products.— The
soil gciicrilly is very fertile. The
quantity of rain which falls
tnakes the grass grow abundantly •
Us greenness hiw given to Ireland
thcniiine of thoffrp«M/j/e. Uairy-
hushaiidry and cnttlc-renring nro
cxtoiisivoly followed. Flax is much
cultivated. Cliiet niincnils ; coal
cpjiper, iron, and marble. The
chief manufactures are linen and
poplin goods; which, with muslin-
sowing and lace-making, give em-
P'"Ji>ii:iil to great numbers.
12. Populatlon.~Tlie inhab-
itants nro cluelly of Oltic origin ;
but people of Anglo-Saxon de-
scent have settled all over the
island. In some parts of Ulster
the people are descendants o^
acottish colonists introduced by
AllTSIH.
MouBir«, 2,796 ft.
WlOKLOW.
. V>3» ft,
g-Phyglcal Features of the East Coast
La-gan, ss m.
lioyno, so m
t-ilfoy, 60 m.
Hnwth [lio'dth]
Wlcklow.
Ca-hore,
iSla-ney, 70 m. JCarnanm.
Ilolftst.
3traiiKford
Uuiida^lr.
Oulilin. Wexfo rd
Lanih^y.
Inilaiid's Eye.
ASCIENT a0U«U.IOWBH8 AND OEOSS AX oZS"«iI5S3i^.
ftP hysloal Feature - of the South Caaat..
GAtTBB r«niul'. Barrow, 114 m.
too]. [dow». Suir, 100 m.
KirooE-MEL-B- Loe.33m.
HBaoLB. iBIackwater. 100
Hook.
Mine.
Klnsale.
Cloar.
Wnterford.
Dungarvan.
Cork.
Kinsale.,
Cape Clear.
Hacoiliicud-
, DY Bbbks,
Highest 4,100 ft
Kbkfbr.
Gaiwat [gaul'-
Mayo. way].
Physical F eatures of tha -West Coaat.
leap*
Malgtw. IBq-Ius. iBantrv
Shannon, 8J4m.punmon^ KeSS™,
R?Xi m m ik?""- Dingle.
Brn». 60 m. 8I.viie. ShaSnon. _._
, Clow.
Valentia.
South Amui.
Clare.
Achll.
.ottMfchThe''cen't?e'a^1^^^^^^ J' ?/'T '^'^^^
M ml.« westwalinto tritUntic oTan '^C^ON^
_ 10. The OUma te u> similar to that of England : with the difference
Qt;E8TiON8.--a7. Describe Liverpool.
„„ Il°**™f *"'' «''*«"*• 8- Describe its
„.? u ^i '^"'* '• ^- °" *lie south coast ; 7.
or loughs p 10. climate P U. soU and products 1
JACEyiLasTKBET. WITH THE POST-OFtlC. AKB NBLSOn/rnxAB. DrSwi.
it. b?umUii« the derivation and si»e of Ireland. 1 For what isit not^ TTpTT-;
6. on the east coa,t;^6.__on the. southcoj^t; f ^n'tt w^"t'^t*r^^^^
ft'
M* 7
§^
;!:.!:
1
«inM2^cS^^^^ four province, (comprl-
uated on both sid« nf the i?^- v ?-?^'-W' *?!« "etrojiolifl of /re'land. rit.
r- -ne „..i..y, ,, .„„ „f ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^..^ .^^ Europe, and is
JESSaniBSS^
ttre'uSS"oa.uSte^
1693, the Qa^'sVni^e^u nLr:\^Bi' '^«'«'e^ > Q"«en Dliraheth in
andO«Iw»lJi ."i^.iJ"„™V?Jf''?.H'i"?'!e» ?/ "•'"'h «n> nt Bclfnst, Cork:
-T— ■ ..^, .j.Mcn 111 jiurope, ana is i
Pomtoutonthemapand narTh^M^^fi^ii^r ^aTAa"' '
is 'a rivourite'nF«:;« of i^':;ifV?J iff 'i!i'.»'_'»"'^ «'« ?*>llinfton Moiunient;
connected by ^ilw^/ra tte%raS^'it"ESK£* """""^^
lings. Uoontnins
i«en Elirabeth in
at Belfnst, Cork,
mix Park, which
ml Ho^pitfil, ths
Won Monument^
wreet (a proton-
Its fine quay and harbour and ,^ hli„S',. . i ^"' ! "'"'re i, is noted for
extent of country ('<)hk^'„ mi ?^,n> '"" ■" ''''"'^ "^ »"■'•»' '""'« f"r a lariio
is the chief commerdttl ty of tTe », mt h , • i^?, i " " ".'^ <<"f>enstown. ft
and provisions. It hi munuf^!^^?,?ei ..f l.hor^'^^ '"''«'''»' "."',""•'■' «"""
the seat of one of tlio Q ik""» c^^^^ n„puil?"i'''"™''' ""'^ FI""'- "'"J '"
has one of tho li.H^st^i^r 1 LrK i?t?ie world " Tl" "'"!'' '!«l'''t, "".d
fleations arc on S„ikc Island, ^^0" "4"tuullnncnt' I'l^,^ I'"""!>al I'orti-
harboiir is deletKfed by C^in/don .md AirH«l« f„, u /\ ^''«fi»'f"n<'eto tlio
oxtensfve nmnuf"ctureSflaot,.>df.i -.?.'''"''''"• '? '^'"" ''" «"» bridRes, its
princiiml «o..nort onTho west ioi^t fl, wl' v7"'lr''±':'"' "«• I' '"'he
of the Queen's Colleges';irfteSromS;ti'nrcu\io'„'w'rii;.^l!i'ir' "' '"'"'
,»_. , SCOTIiAUD.
lengtt 1. 287 milra. It. breadlh v.rl™ from 24 to 217 miles
i™r% ?r"^ f""'^''''' "" ""> l'""'=M"»l "vers (except the civd^^
r r^?^ t=^o^r'^n::e!^r^;::';jSH?'rr ■
4. Phyoloal Feature a of the E aat Coaat.
country, anU ™ni^.Td n U«';7s*;^;^'' I:, ,,™ ''*-,V'"-' '''f''»,hont the
entcrSrollund on the c «t a d «Tst <'ms 7^^^^^^ '"""! "'' ""'""J-
from tlio Frith of Fortli n« nr/^ 1,.,.^ 'iV'"'^" ^
tlio capital of the UiKl,la,;K '"vemry. They extend to Invernessl
cluing nme'^lt^alKr?''}'''^ "'%!™ considered a* tlirce-fold; in-
important centres in tl o coal./'iSt ^w^^^^^^ Tins bust (l,y f„r tHo most
pfst?i;itts&r,i.;;;lKs
IS not*, for itsC'a^no, for tho anli" L,;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
foritsi;nivorsity,pul,li,an.4til t . aM.i^^^^^^^^^
in({s a™ the Churlhos, wS ; C.„f ;^^^^^^^^^
ftted on tlie north
' MODHTAINS. RiTEBS.
NoBTH'N HiOH-Spey[8pay],100
L4ND9, .1.72(1 fl.lDee, W) 111.
UKAMPiiHB, in ITay, 140 m.
P»rt.. 4:!9il fr. I'l'wovtl, infl ni.
Duncansby.
Kinnairu's.
Fife.No.H*.
St, Al.li
5. Phyalcal Features ottni ^fieBi Co a.-.;
ftted , „.^„
bank of the Dec, ia
» large and haud-
soine city, and car-
ries on an extensive
exiiort-tnidc in ag-
ricultural iiroduets;
p.. 76,000. It con-
tains a university.
UALMORAt, 15 ni.
inland.on the Upper
Dee.isthoIIighland
residence of I lor
Majesty tho Queen.
JIon-tbose', a sea-
port on the penin-
sula between .Mon-
trose Uasin and the
North Sea. Dun-
PEE, an important
seaport on the north
bank of the Tay, ia
noted for its exten-
sive exports of hnen
and hp!'ipen uoods;
eonlains the
-•«^'fc?l^Si-^
is the tcre.it i:i
'''M t/Itt-'Tr"""' '=■ """«' "ere. - "— *
mtt 7o'r'X'"a!r^f,,[;i[S'J. -^tj"-' -t 'V^ ''f 'he Nith,
10 pc.ot Burns ia buried here ^"^'^'■^ °^ Southern Scotland;
fB?<. — Gr.is.f:nar '■ 1,,.! /.o .' .. ,« .. .
.VoHTB'ii High- Clyde, 100 m. I Wratli
f ■ D ,*^r?- .. ..?''''• )''''"*■ Ard-na-mur.
&BA«piA»9,and.\nn»n, }• Ihr chan f-kaiil
?fr7\"«;w' " i'"^'""' •' S""""- Mull orCmtWe.
part, 4,37s ft. I norsill.
iMiillnfOsllowav
e. Locha, or Iiakea, are nu-
merous in the middle and northern
parts of the countrv. Tlieprincipal
are Lochs Lo-mond ami Kat-rin«.
7. The Climate of the Low-
lands resembles that of England,
though it is more moist. In the
Uigblands it is much colder.
8. Soil and Froduote. — In
the Lowlands the soil is good and
well cultivated. The Highlands are
better adapted for the rearing of
sheen and cattle. Jlarley, wheat, ic
are the staple products. The prin-
cipal minerals are coal, iron, lead,
stone, and slate. The coast-fisher-
ies of Scotland are very valuable.
». The Inhabitants are made
up from two distinct races: viz
the Highlanders, who are of the
teltio raw; and the Lowiandars,
''no are a mixed people.
liroora.
Fln«.
I'lyde.
.«nlvvav.
H-u-.
Sky«,
Mull.
I.-l.y.
Jii-ia.
AfiTiii.
I'i-ilet.
f,. Near it 18
Edward II.
THE IONIAN ISLANDS.
( r„rf«. .Brt«,A /.«<«««» /Wm, ,814 ««„•/ 1864 )
si.eth°&^itsM;t:ri:r--!r^--
ITH-A-CA), P^x-o, and Cbr-i-oo.
Inited area, 1,041 square milea
or equa to a square of 33 m es'
Population 232,500. (See page 78)
I: I'liyBloal Features, bo.
-The surface of these iSrndfS
mountainous, diversified by ronie
fertile plains. The products are
wheat and other gmins, wh," dive?
ZA^fic*"- cEiofto'w>;;r6oB;r:
. ®*.Ck>vermnent— By the tnau
ty °f P™ in 1814, the Su^
a-nds were declared a free republic
H"i*'^ ths protection of ^Gr^t
IJntain. JThey continued so uXt
uigh- Commissioner, until 1864.
when they .vere ow^ed to Gr^
and Great Britain. Greece
Pi 'if
li'
! 'f
02
SKETCH OF OKNKRAL GEOailAPFlY.
BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE.
I. TilK ISLANDS OF .MAI,T.V, OOZO, AND (nr.M[\().
r^UnJ^' IV°!*' *?T''^^'' *'''""'' "" '" ">« M'-'literr«noan bawccn the
laland of Sicily /4i,(l the Oonliucnlof Africa. Arc. llBsq m. Pop. 148,000.
,.2- PhyBloaJ Features, Sia.~M.Kf.TK i- Mio iiriiipiiml i«liin(l It i»
IKK lied. Iho rtirlliou IS rocky, and han Uttle depth of noil, ('(.itoii
Uon«eeit'ml'm;hru,lf'"' ""'"• '■'."^ """'«'"'■ '""' ""^'« "™ i'lmnda I
uaingtontnil iii the Moditornineiui, it \* a )?roiit ooiiimorcial depot. Vai.kt-
- TAintheou-
liital. It hiM
lino dookn,
and iit well
f o r t i fl d.
I'opiilntion
ab't ;12,00<).
On.zo.nino
iiiiloH long
tiy four and
a half wide,
in nioro fer-
tile. ItAUi-
ant'H Tower
is . a chief
"a'HUt'n'Ji''" vlfl;'"?"-'"?] i' VT »""'" i"'-""!! popnlation'ii^l flOO "
3. History .--Miiltft u bukI to bo the Jlcl'-i-ta on which 8t Pniil wL
..oi 'llT'''""'i ^ ?""',"•' '?»'.""' l'l">"ii''i»>'« »i»l hold hy tlio n it niwHed «u?^
Sin^i*^ under the dimmiion of the Carth^is^inian.s lUman" SimS and
tt;[i^^l^:"an;; &bed t'o'E^lsT^"^ ^"'""-" ' *" '^»«' "^
A njv /*'• «I'"^ALTAIl, AND III. HELGOLAND.
.„?■ Q'O™*" («.;'*'-''- r<"^>fr, i.e. Mountain of Tarik, the Moor or Sar-
S?,ar''°H'r'^''\'l"^ '" ^"? K," '■'8'' '"'"^ ■*' "'« '<»"'• of And«Iu"«,7n
f,' T; 1 f"''"!'h'".''7."' "* Mediterranean. Ita fortress, of 1,000 guns,
is the most celebrated in the world. fJavPma and Kalleri-j for com-
munication and defence, have been cut ,n the solid rock Pop. 18 Oo"
lOWK 01 TALKITA, THB CAPITAL 0» MALTA.
_ CrMiNO rku-meo-no] is a very small island;
r.—Maltais said to bo the Mcl'-
THE KINODOM OP NORWAY AND SWEDEN.
(Norw^iH derived from ncn, "north." aud rigeotHke. a " klnirdnm "• and Sweden
trom Svmt,. '• Kingdom of tlio Svlar." oj Huith^iod. "Burnt Count^;'
Siie, more than a third larger tlian Lower Canada, or equal to a iiquare of Ml mile
1. Noted For.— Norway and Sweden, the ancient Scandi-
navia, are noted for having been the' seat of the ancient Goths
Who, in the early centuries of the Christian era, overran Europe '
2. Extent.— Norway and Sweden extend from the Arctic
Ucean to Denmark, and are about 1,190 miles in len-th; their
breadth varying from 230 to 490 miles. (For Lapland, see p. C3 )
4PrtSSjE?}ifi2:"^TH''",''^'!j*'«''.**°8'-«''-'X'.«oH».land,Oe-land.
K S{?°?P»?^ay8.-Chn3tianlm Drontheim [dron'-tim],We»tK-ord'
EOCK AMD TOWM u» UIBKALIAU, FkOM lUU KhUIKAl. UUUUMD.
8. The Towp, situated on the western declivity, is a sinule snaoious
street, paved and li|{hted. (Jibniltar is a free port, aid the B centre of
?M™r'ir-7f'^«d^\*''^'^'''"''J? """I'"*' I' *■" founded bv'Ta'rik
w^ ,? [• '•" '.Ini '^j!^- '" ^,'""" '" "'8 '""' century; and captured by the
a:LVurof i'oroi^TttnjTiiS"^*''' f'""-^-''^' *« --
IV THE ISLE OF MAN, AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS
T^:. ^^%, ?^ ^R '^ practiMlIy part of Great Britain itself. It lie
w„7.!^l^*?l'*^'"' •""'^ ^'?'^°'^- ^t"" *'"' '•"•' *« the 13th .century it
n„^f ^*H^ ^T'T"} "' ^."T^J • J"J -■■ 't was ceded to Alexander III,
iTf^'^.i ' ^°i-T^ ^' ''f<*"<le<l to the Duke of Athol, who, in irfifi, ceded
It to the British Crown for £72,000 sterling. Castiktown is the capital
T.^-Ji'^o?''*'^®^ Islands lie chiefly off the French coast They are
irfnf k^,^?^"''' Aldebnbt and Sebcq (or Sabk). They forW
?^t! 'S" ""''<«'o™ of Normandy, and were retained by England whra
the Duchy was relinquished. In 1108 they were formaily annexed by
HenO' I to the British Crown. (See map of the British IsleC p^e 55) ^
(NoTB.— In tbewi uamoa, a flnal Is pronounced like o iu stone.)
NORWAY.
11. Boundaries, &o.— Norway is bounded on the north and
the west by the Northern Ocean, on the south by the Skag'er Rack
and on the east by Sweden. It contains 121,807 square miles. '
inJi.^..^""** Features—The surface is mountainous, and abounds
m romantic sceqery. The coast is deeply indented by numerous fiords
or saltwater inlets The River Glommin is the Urgeft inThe kingdom:
dJS" it ^™m^;7 Ar*i'®i°'V;!'' *''* climate is sever*, but in the southern
F^ff.lL "^u ^^' y t^ months of protracted daylight occur in
the extreme north, white "> the «, ^^ the longest day is eigllt^n hoS«
tn^".,'^!?, * mT^®' "^"^y' oat«. and potatoes are the chief ngricul-
with n Tit Nor Sr"?' T' "",'*,!'''"" "' *•>« ""tire peninsula aWd
Mten8f™iv«l?„Tf!^^«'""'} '^•■'*"J ,'jo'"Tv.». '•P'Jl hutliardy breed, are
extensively exported to Sweden and Great Britain. The Drinciml snnroos
°^ir teete-Mg -!ite^;^^^g ^^^i^^Z
iss^^fb'apfrit^gtre^w^^^e^^rsaTd^o^^^^^^^^
Islands P Give the derivation and size of Norway and SwS. 1. Fo? what are thm, nnfiS 1%^ m .•* ^!'i? •"' ".*" ' * "T>»t " "aid of tfie Channel
^. ; 9. colony; 10. exports. U. Point out the bou^ndariesof Nor^ay^°^lteteyh'^iL''f^rr^?/3''1S ^^U-'f. f^r^}'!^'^:^:^
the head of C'l.risS llyUthod.rflLt ,'??"• ""'.'•''V*'«'i "'Umtcl «t
jtatiou. Near thon, is tliH '"ro '(" mTir«t^rn^^ "" V'""'' ""'""«-
millstone. ■ Uah'mkui-kst, "a tuTiXml • ,'^'"1"'''''' l4«»l»niinK
nurtherly town i„ Europe. " "' Quu'-lo-c,,, is iho uio»t
'-■"EUer; iHJ'hofwhichnrtioi.^ reLKsM^^^^^^^^ ■"'"*' "''""» »»J
ae. Inhabitants, OovernmentTn I „ ■ u !,•.
ooniposcd of rci)r«.se.itativo.H froi.rfm r dSct ol^ii *' "^ ^ f'^'^'B"* '»
tlie clergy, the citizeiw, and the iwimiifl I Mti,r~ ■ "^^ Y'"' "'<> nohility,
27. * he TravelUiig FSSur^ em,?, tnT'""' '? i'" *"^"« "^liK' n
«.!. Iition of eanuLs. The ,,mi„ "arnoar S 'ckl"^^^^^
lontj The Uotha Canal connects LakLTvener and W ««"«"'»/ "«ce|.
hajtta Canal overcomes the obstruit or« in ti?I ..^l »®"'""> "'"^ "'« Trol-
Uke Wener. m«u„l,„ats I.l/on ho ^riLeinaflZ'^ ,'','" "^ "'^ """"t "f
the river? ns are imvJK-ahic. A rulw. v ™nnp ^sSt^u L f ' ' »" fuch parts of
, 28. Manufactures and lixports -a^m mJ?^t.'^^^ "'"' Oottonburg
sive. The ..xports are chieMyliXr li^Un an d ?he '.rl'V™ """. ""' "^ton-
LobBters are exported in lar«o numfcr^s™ V„Kknd '''^ '^''^■
SWEDEN-LAPLAND-RUSSIA.
28 CiH«*r" "T' "-^"— * C*"IAX o, .WBI,K,.
Ki^^uSTn^IXct^it^Ttt^t^^
glands at the entrance of take Malar and^taThm!^^^ ^"'," <"> some small
It 18 the chief commercial emp^rfZ'ofSw^fnKrn'r^^^
extensive copper-mines in itsvieinitv rfi,.' „ - •* ''^li '* ""'e'l 'or the
■8 the naval arsenal of Sweden m!?' «a ?^'^"°^*' ^"^ ">« """th "oast!
m Denmark, is a strongl^fSed w^ SIh"^'^- "PP"''"* ^ CoiH-nhn«en
Gotha. W "fv'i?^5?l?5.i^°.mB''BUBo, at the me
H. 9?K8TiON8.-ia What is said of the n
mouth nf the GAt~
for its university.
'«nl> are not subccl to m,"N .„.'," T|!| "1',",""'/^' "'^' ''"'"'•'■
<J«r vary from 50 and 100 lu The ll ' '","'*'',""' '"''* "'■ r.^ln-
-U are migrator. In their babas/tl^ll^^-^rr^:;^.;;:-!:^:^.!:-'-'
THE EMPIBE OF HUS8IA.
(From Hot'ai, " Htrauuivit ■• ... nr ,
un^roK.nSi;,". ri:,:.;ri'ir .':,' r"""."^'"^-' -"^ "*
wealth; and tl.e oxk.n8ion nf ',^l5 i "."^ A"'«"-'«'' ; itn minorul
a. Extent, &a!!^r,rcli^r^"?*^''"'^'' '",*="''''P" '""» Amu.
tl.o GloK and etnbruco ono C' . i "'" """■*-' "i"" •"'"''VHy round
^or;h:;^lt!^Tt^rsl;,^?,^rt?J:,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "•<' i-- -y the
Ulvor (ur„/, "belt," "boundafy," Ac ? ami h. ■"''"'""• '''« ^'™'
""Uth 1,> the Black Sea, TurkU ami Anl » ^'1'""" ^'•'^i o" "-e
Austria, Prussia, the BaltcSevind Sweden rs?i """^ 7..""' ^«»' >•/
4. Phvsloftl P-Aftfiir-. „' ""■ <'^'-'«°"«l"'fEiiropc,p.52.)
Asia. The s'tep^s «r^d:;as," th"";::^;'! ™''«''^- ^J*''''"/'' fr"o"m
centre .s generally fertile, p'rom the V«r,l.rir', ,''''!■ ''"'■'•'''• >"" "-e
vided into four (treat basins whiM,. I 1"'. '.''"' ""^ country is di-
the l'e,ch'.o.ra\„d the D^il^ t'^oTln'ri::' tf ^''; '"•^".'""'"K'iver, :
No-v.. the l)u-na, and the N.e-^on, n"win^ h,tn ., "^^'^ ?""" ' ""
pnlcslur[nees-terJ,tlieBuir, the Duiei, rfr,. "^ , "'" ""'"<= Sea; the
Into the Black «,,d A-zov sL? L^ v ,'''"^' ^-"'^ '""^ ^o". «"^i"g
und the Ural, Howing into the Caspian Sea fh'e ,7'" ",' ,"i^"'«ri4
s very gradual. The largest lake are U-do' 1 n ''^ °^ """"' """»
f pay'-e-pooce]. Th6 Islands in the Bal tic ar" 'Ti^uTn'^''' ""^ ^^'l'"""
[ee-sel J ; and in the Northern Ocean, No-va yi" >< ' PS'?°' '""^ ^"^el
8. 01lmat8.-In the n.,rthem nart „f „ ""^ ^''""■''"8'-«--
more than two seasons, suuin^r „, ? winf«i'%?,'"P.!'* *'"'™ ""-e scarcely
soon folhnved by the rfost aXi^w ^f wb er^S'^L"'' ""'""'^^ '**"»
8 fchlBf ''^!i'i"V''"«,?,^ ""•! '""re varT<;d. ^" ""* °""^ temperate
ash,- and ?ur"S° ht~bun,bnce""' FJ?'il''>™'^ «""'<". Pitch pot-
uloiiB the Arctic 0,'ean. Corn "Afe and &"„"« ""'"^' »™ numeC
products. Flax and hemp are grown iS tlm w/w,"" !""',^"8 "'e prinS
ilie centre f nd the ,utB. Russia?, 11 f„^^''^- "'!'' wheat and fruits in
bu the eoa|.„r,ms „r. very lii^'S* The w^st'side'iJ^A,, ^'?^ !» »S»nt.
river.'?fT„^^,iforn.'*u'iM^ 'he seas, lakes, an.:
tion. A railway, m n„l . lo^, c mcct^T' T^t"^' *'" "^ in^malnay-,.
8. Manufluit ces an> f Exports -tIia,,, "'f'?''""'K "id Sloscow.
are leatlior, heu.p.u fabrics, i<lim and metal-JaZ 'X"^*'" ""•""facturek
n'Jgi. corn, iron, hump, fursfand ti ml«r • f ^^ii ' ^?° ovports are tallow
10. The Government is an S.t "f"*' ^"'"'' '" Jisoooowm'
established Cl.ur.h^lo it Hve six £ ' i.'"™''"' '?: '^'»' 'ireelil Z
(derived from "C,..,r"),orEmDomr i« Vf P'il'"'?''"" I'dong. Th. Czar
prinoinal , !, visions . ro .• 1. The Haft c- 2 Pr?„!.i'''";-f' "". i'J' Provinces The
Polatia; 4. Great llussia, or M osoovy !n th.wlT.? "*' "/. { '""and ; 3. lussiJn
^^^iitii?:;iteT;:?i«iH"'^«™^^^ '
islands. It h,;s many fine buildings and it? n^f,')' "l"^ "" "'« adj"o ning
fe™ «/''«n"ve. AHCH-ANOEL. oi the "vh u. sS^ W™", ?"? ™mme^
Ri ssia. Cbonbtadt, on a small islTm.i w ^ '£ ""e "'''est seaport of
well fbrtined. and commands"he fe«-"mm, h'f f^"" ■*" PetersbuiS is
FOBS the cap tal of Finland, is dcHdJ^b tL*f„w''fi '".'?"»'• Hifi.sTi "
fsvay'-».borgJ.. Rev-rl and Rr-o?^ aL wSllw*^?' "^ ^weaboM
have an extensive gran-trade Wifwi . i ^*".'/''r*«e<: seaport* and
P^ohief tow™ p 2LL^
■ote, 26. inhabitants, 4c.:
,A^?'',"'''tisitS6tedy
6.chiefj,.,„lu,,tss - j„l
i 13. tn the Dnieper lia<in.
ilk I
Ill
8KBT0H OP ORNERAL OEOORAPHY.
*t.i»\\iH (till BO I, Byi AUK, AN., iiih »i:.\.iii..iii)i'8g «r.
l'KTIU8lirillt
forliao.1 naval stulion. It w„« tMken.'i,, 1K6. 1,y tl,o f%u". ai.Vi-nihll,;
-.-a«'»i^'"- . "I1<'rii|jr ;,.iiKelrfyi<i,M.i«.
^vi- ' '» ^IM-Kicli (,'-i'ui,i«tli('i)r<'.i-
eiit Tiirtar tuiiitiil. Kf-
I'A-TU-HI-A llll.l Uai.-a-
Kr.A-VA, 1.11 llio WCSl (C.IUHl,
iiu'l Kakka iinTKl.iiKii,
111! tlio I'.xst, Imvu hoiMiiiio
iiiciiu.niMo «iiieo tho late
itiiHstiiii war.
16, //» f/w Don liann.—
Ta(1-an. 111,1.', ii(,t(M iVirits
Kniui-lniiliK.No-VDTillFK-
K\1K', llic O.wsilrkcnpillll;
KHAUKi)v'iiit!iui;'kriwii«.
16. 7,1 //„.■ (Ma Dii.iin —
0-liHL is It lilii, e ol' liiucli
trii.lo. Ka-li'-oa Hii.l
Tl'-LA liavo h\T\in uiiiim-
fiujturos. DoH-o-Di'-No.fu-
iiiiiii.s for u I'Veiich viotory.
Moscow, tho fori:ier oa]>i-
tul, a, somi-orientnl city, is
iioKil fur ImviiiK been sot
o.ii lire, in 1S12, by tlio llus-
i"^ill!l\"i"L''T'-T'''"?"°f"'!;°i'"'"«»'''',^^^
llip KniiiliM (
8BBA«T0P0L, »EOM TUB 8TAU.»0KT (ItOETB BIDE).
ing tlio winter liead-nuarters of tlio Frcii.
and lifts extuiisi< i triulu and niuuufiu lun »
acollefitionofiml- .
acesftnduhurdies,
i« a famous nr<>iip
of buildings. I'on
887^00.
17. On the roU
»o. — Twi:ii, be-
tween Moscow
and St. Peters-
burg, is a centr d
pineo for trade
Tlieannualfairof
Nish'-ne-i or
NlJMi [nizli'-
ne] Nov-oo-bod'
isattendodbyuiiil-
titud(>8 of people
from Europe and
Asia. Ka-zan',
a university-town,
isa(iontralnla<,'eof
ttoAa for SilH'ria
and Tartary. Sab-
A-TOV' is noted for
it» trade. A»tba-
khan' has exten-
sive fisheries, aud
manufactures of
leather. Its prin-
cipal trade is with
unl l(>rtri'.«s"j,
I'AKIB.SUOWI.VO (I) THE lUII.KKIFS. (2) TIIK LorVllE, (S) ^OTRE
Anio.
,„ -Q^SSTIONS.— 14 IJesiTibe tho Ku.ssian towns in tlio Crimea ; 15. in Don b
1&-21. position, Ac. Give denv. and size of France. 1. For what U it noted?
(■lltC.V.SSIA,
eri!!!l.!!!."'f"flI^,'^'"*^'Ai;'""' •■','"■"'"' ""'' ^"•' """I'l" th* north.
eori<,,.ertM llui coimir/. (Hce Uu«.ia in .\hia, p«iu si.) '*"""««'''
I'OLAM).
19. POJltlon.--!'oi,ANi) llc< Iwlwecn Uu«,4i« ami I'riusia It was
It ivij c m.,,K.rL..l, and ,lu idcd bawocn U„salii, Prussia, and Austria,
ri»^.?l-^i'^\"'^'F'°'','i!i^''''',' ''"'""'""""•■> '''V''l''""ntry. The prim i,., I
"a a ,'" I, "'.''■' "';; '■'.'"""" '^'.■"l:l■ '"" "»' "-il in very eW ' ,
t„r^,7.|Vr^T°"T*'~,^^'* !"""■."" II'" Vistula, was (be capital .,f lb,.
I rm, r l^,|^,b kinplnm, but it is now a Russian pirrlsoi, ily ' A( /.,• ' !
' I HK ,„ ur W ar»aw, a battle «as foimbl i„ \m\ belHein I mi.ci and Ilussia. !
THE EMPIRE OP niANCE.
! Kr .m y,- i„kn, " trm po.iDln." OiTmaii trih.'s who miic,iiim.il I'™,,,., m 9th oeulury.i
" »■: «l.. .lit 1 lio samo tt, I,„«,„r (;«,m,|ft, „r ,.q,ii.l I,. » iqunrn i.r MS inllf.ii.
1. Noted For.— li'ii.VNOK Ih noted for the niilitary ehuriicter, I
the •.'.iioty, and the imlitonoss ofttM ix^opl,. ; its cnnp.ict Hhapo; und ?
Its extonnivo nmiiufucturo of HJIka and fancy nrtifli'.s. '
a. Bxtont— This oinpiro oxtni.la fVmn t. • English Channel
Ui tlio Jluditerrarioan Soa, and from the wcsten. fniiitiers of Uir-
niany^ Switzorland, uiid Italy, to t!io Atlantic Ocean. .«!a-V(iv' i
and Nice [noocu], ceded by ,-iardinia, wore added in 18GU. '
3. Physical Feature«.-It la mountainous in the south-eastern and
.:""," ',"!''";'"' "'"^ ;i"''"l'n'"« '" ""-■ "'"'^ «'"' 'I'" ""rll-west iC
,.i il 1. f >',-"t'"''"' •\'""""'''"* separate l-'rance from Spain ; the Al|..s
nes t1,i '."!' ' ". ^,'. ""** ";" •'';•'" '■™'" ««i"«'l'»»'l- West of the Ju u
lies the Plain ol liiii({undy, from which the
Vosgos [vozhj ran.-,'i. extends north-east, and
the CiSvcnnea [say-vcn'] south-wist. To the
ni.r'h-wist of the .Middle Oijvcnnes lies the
Central Plain, Willi the Forcz [lo-ray'l and
Aiivorftno [o-vtrn'] .Mountains. Tho surface is
iliviikd into four river-basins. (I) The first
or m.illi-east basin is drained by the ItAine,
Moselle [mo-zel'], Mouse [miizo], and Scheldt
[skelt], and their tributaries. (2) The north-
west or Channel basin is drained by the Somme
and the Seine [sehnj, with their tributaries.
(3) The south-west or Atlantic basin is
drained by the Liire [Iwahr], tho Ohnrento
[sha-renf], the Oa-ronV, and the Adour tue oeape-vine.
l^n'ulii^^ ed'bytl^'Rt::"' ^"^ ""^ '°""'-'"'" °' M^""-'—
4. Climate ti
Products.—
France is a land
of corn, wine, and
oil. Wheat, lliix,
sugar-beet, ami
other hardy plants
Sourish at the
north; the more
tender grape-vine,
in central France;
and the oil-olive,
mull)erry, A vari-
ous troiii(.al plants
at the south. Hees
aniisilk-wcrmsare
extensively rejired
in the south. The
chief uiinerils are
irin, coal, ani salt,
8. The Inhab-
itants are a
mixed race of
Celts, Goths, and
Franks, in which
the Celtio prepon-
disrates. Near I he
Rhine, the people
are chiefly of Gcr-
DAHECATHFlmAl,(4)BBA.7I.ABTt PAIACB. (S) THE PANTnEOIf . S ?i"t't a n y ' " d^
o 111- "< M'"' ^y 1/-. f'l tho Vohja. 18, Describe Circa«sia. Give deriv of Polind
2. A\ halts said of its extent? 8. phys. feat, f 4 climate, AoP 6. inhabitant?
,i^
THE OBirii-VIRK.
at oc Mediterranean
_4. Climate tc
Products.—
Prance in a lunil
of corn, wine, mid
oil. Wlieat, (liii,
sumr-beet, and
■ otlier hardy plants
flonrish at tlie
nortli; the mure
tender Kratw-viiic,
in central Prance;
and the oiI-(jlive,
mulberry, 4. vnri-
mis trojucal plimtn
ut tliosoiitli. Uces
iiiid.silk-wcrniaaro
extensively renreJ
ill thoscmtli. Tlic
cliief mincnils ure
iMn, coal, anl suit.
8. The Inhab-
itants are a
mixed race of
Celts, Goths, and
Franks, in which
tlio Celtic prepon-
dcnitos. Near the
Rhine, the people
are chiefly of Ger-
iiianio slock,
ir. Brittany de-
Jive deriv. of Poliind.
Sto.i' 6. inhabitants?
k, oooiiple* Ih* north- I
I, aflrra limit itruffirli'
He8l.) "" ' '
unl Priniiia. It wna
»o of Iho Inst century,
imsln, and Austria,
•iiiintry. The priniiiud
soil in very ffrlile, iinil
iiiintitiHsari-cxporlpil
wn.i the capital i'( thi'
rnwiri ily. A( I'll.'.
L'l'ii I'ruuce and Uusxlii,
CB.
il I'ruiK. iiiDthoeutury.l
»iluiirMi,f4.iMiii||,.,,
inilitiiry chiiriictiT,
i-oinp.iotHhapo; und
ticl('.>i.
'■ KiiKliHli Clmniii'l
i; I'nnitiers of Ucr-
5 Ocean. S.\-vov'
ded in 1800,
ho south-eastern and
the north-west. The
roni Spain; the Alps
d. West of the Juru
E'«ttTro^TJ;;;^i}l^«:ilr,™«'-'«"t- 'J^'- inhabltantsoftho
and her national debt to »1,220 000 0(X) ruvonuo lo »JoO,000,U00 ;
2,'S:«*?7'."'n ""' .tt'"n2. "..noted for its oatbodml. M,,r" ritl:°±
■rvli'i;.nL^"'i"?f ""' ^OoOi'p, lifu, .;lolh-niai.ufaot,ure,s. ValencVbnnm
Kichard CoBur do Lion was bnnefl, has an extensive cotlon-tiude pii?.
Sthmlml wh»™fbiw"™^, t^^ oloth-mannfa^-turos and a flne Gothic
120» /i? X^?*^""',' ""S*^ "" 7?;!!''^ ""iJ consecrated. "
la. On the Atlantic Comt. -XinmT, L'Obibnt [lo-r e-on'-rBocBliyrmT
,4o.P
cout
(
66
[rogh-fort], and Eochbllk [ro-
ibeU j, are naval stationg and dock-
yards. On the Loire, NAMTeS,
jntn extensive ship-building and
foreign trade, celebrated for an
edict in favour of the Protes-
tants, issued by Henri IV in
1698, and revoked by louis XIV
in 1086; Ob'-lb-aK8, noted for its
oloth-manufiictures, and for its
siege, in 1428, by the English,
which was raised by Joan of Arc ; St.
Etibnnb [et-yen'], with coal-
nunes, a manufacturing centre.-
JVeor <*« PMnn'e, PoiTiBBS [pwil-
to-ay'], whera in 1866, the Black
iTinoe took King John of France
prisoner ; and LiuooES [le-mozh'],
with manufactures of iron and
porcelain. On the Garonne, BOB-
DBAUX nbor-do'], the second sea-
port of France, held by England
for 800 yws, is not«d for its export
of wine; I'oulousb [too-looz'j has
alargetransit-trade. OntheAdour,
Ba-tohn>, where the bayonet was
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY,
invented; and Pau [po],the birth-
\¥^2. JS. l^' o' *"» oBlebrated
Henri IV of France, and, in 1766, of
Ber-na-dottV, afterwards King of
Sweden.
IjB. Oh the MedUetraneam Coatt.
--TpnLON [too-lon«'] is the naval
station for the French Mediterra-
nean-fleet; and Mabseilles [mar-
syle], the greatest seaport in
France. WeH of the Mouth of the
Shone are Montpbliieb [mon-
Pel'-yay]; and Nimes [neem],
with many Bo) 'n remains. On
the Shone. Abi«, with great com-
meroe; Ationon [»-veen-yon«'].
for seventy years the residence of
the Popes; Ltoms, a populous
oity, with extensive maniuatstures,
—the birth-place of Maishal Vil-
IfTB, Jus-sleu [yoo-] the botuUsLand
JaoquL d the inventdt' of the toom
which bean his name. DijoKrde- ^g^^ggagggg^
ahon''] IS the centre of the Bnr- i'*—'*rA W f w T -m •B^ ii.i to :]
fundy wine-trade; BE8AN90N[beh-Ban-son«'],on the Doubs[doobz], noted
for Its clocks and watches; Gbbn-o'bw, o» the leire [e-sayV], coniains a
statue of theChe;val-icr [-yay'] Bayard'. The province of Nice has a fine
clunato for invahds. In Savoy are Chambebt [shamtWUree'l, the capi-
'*'v?'^J^*'^^' [shiUinoo-nee'], near Mont Blino. Cobsica, an isUnd
m the Mediterranean, chief town Ajaccio [H-yat'-tsho], belongs lo France.
l*.^ Ooumiei.— ALeiRiA, in the north of Africa (page 95) ; Sbw-
i-OAL and other settlements on the west; Bodebom [boor-bonn and
other Ulands on the east coast of Africa (page 97). PoynioagBRT and
UiUH-Dn-nA-aoBi', on the east coast of Hindostan' ; MAHi fmi-hay'l
and other stations on the west coast (page 86). Maetikiqiji, Qoadi-
lODPi, and other islands in the West Indies (page 47) ; Pbbnoh OniMA,
in the north of South America (page 60) ; St. Pibebb and Miqcilok
Bshing-steUoni off Newfoundland (page 17). In Oceania, the Mabqubsab
[mar-kaj^-saa] Islakds, settlements In Nbw Cahdonia and adjacent
isles, and the protectorate of Tahiti [t&-hee'.te], and other islands
(page 93). The united area of these French colonies is nearly 266,000
squarcmiles, containing 31 millions of people.
TBLB EIKODOM OP SPAIN.
'Sf*^'?*" <^*1"}' f*™™ tl'e PhoenlcUn taphan, a " rabbit "j also RMa (Gtreekl
tnm the name of a powerful tribe, IbM, or th;t of the ri-ei /Wri«. bow EtoS.)''
Sin, about the same aa Upper Canada, or equal to a square of 4ia miles. •
1. Koted IV>r.— Spain is noted for her former commercial
greatness, and extensive eflForte at colonisation. She is now chiefly
noted for her wine, raw silk, and merino-wool.
a. Position, fta — This kingdom occupies the westerly part of
the great southern peninsula of Europe. It contains 49 provinces,
hi ?-.'J}y»i"l features.— The interior is diversified, and consists of
high table-lands, separated by mountain-ranges and drained by sevi il
rivers. The principal ranges are the Pyrenees at the north, the moun-
tains of Castile [cas-Uel'], and the Si. rras (or saw-shaped langes) To-
le'-do, Mo-re'-na, and Ne-va'-da, in the interior. t J »-
4. Rivers.— The prineipal are the Dau-ro. Ta-nio. and flssdia'"-
2,TiIlf IS"'"^J'.?°5'V»*^ into the Atlantic; the G«a-dal-quiv'-ir, flowing
southward ; and the E-bro, flowing into the Mediterranean;
TmfeS?1w„ f ""Ir* ,"°¥ are Or'-te-gal, Fin-is-terr-e ("land's end") ;
IWa^gar, fempus for Nelson's victory in 1805: Tarifa [t*-ree'-nn fSom
which we derive our word "tarilf"), the souttemmMt part of I^uZ?
<^t^alo8 [pah'-loce]. Nun [noon J, and Crease. "^ '
2' 2^? Bays we those of Co-run-na, Ca-diz, and Valencia.
drv' h. thTifn.S^'i'^r'"",? ^!' '? Kene-^y fertile, and the oUmate
?i^'i,ii ® north, where the climate is temperate, the apple flourUhM
the hills are covered with oak and chestr ut, anSthe ^leVyleld rio hh«i
rh^^^f*ra,L~".V*''^^'8'l '*«»"« "fi^e J^ntre are destVteof t^ In
ntnf fnr 'th«*^v* "''i"*'* f 'IS™' ^^^ ^«' t^e oUve, the vine, theowtu"
tef-.L*i? «S«tineal-in8ect, the orange, and the sugar-oaie flourish
Fruits are abundant; al") coal, lead, iron, aid quicksilver. """""n.
B. InIiat>it«ntB,&<.. -The Spaniards are a mixture ofthe Celtic Oof b.n
i^r?Ct^6 6oo's«n?w J"}.' hf^°^ "^""J eXWs C&
110. is ^Dout 16,600,000, of which about 60,000 are Gypsies AnionltunL thl
cultivation of the grape, and the rearing of merinSsK fomthelSiiSI
""ft 'ii.'S' 2£,* ^^'^^"' "S? bull-flghto afoHl the chTef ^FyHnuJeS*
th?-nW*™^*''*J4n«PaoiUties are not numerou^ and mSeTftJS
ti fcnlJS^Sf "V"**^?* t'?°»Port. There were four nulwayfi™ K
annualva^ue $48,600,000 ; revenue 1120.000,000 ; natio^SI'ebtlsoSwO,^:
!>. , ':.?«>v™oo8.-Previous to 1888. Spain contained sixteen M«viu««
tt'(5ln1ry°°ll1:S^1C'»4':Ci'?' '""'"•>'"« '""> Bl».i?2S."S?.i
BBsports ; FEKaoL, a naval arsenal ; and CoBUKif A (noted fotltJ Wrinf
..-v,,,. ,.^„ ^.^t,,,^,., ^, inc kmgaoi,-.. SE-uo'-vi-A has an aquedurtbSTt by
the|ear,7d'tiItfX"^°" %Tw°h^^^s°^ Mp'S^^rtU'^'^t^^nr^^v " ^'^"-^-^^r "^'"thrZI'lT^^^
4 Trace ito rivers. 6. Point out ita oanw- aid 6 l«w. 7 n«^"r,^7L Jiii P„^^ ™fP l^ ^iij?° " ^ boundaries. 8. Describe ito^Ew^ fc«tiiiiL
10. maaufs^tures. expo.U. ^P n. Po'S^t'o»p^^4^."p^i^Munaron^hYSg^g^^
i,-iKmm0-imm.
PORTUGAL— SWITZERLANl).
the Soman emperor
Trajan. 8ai-a-man'-
CA haa a university.
ClCDAD EODBIOO
[the-oo'-dad - rod-ree'-
goj ia a fortified town.
14. In t\t Tagvt
Bonn. — To-IB'-Do,
another former capi-
tal, ia famous for its
sword - manu&cturea.
Ma-dbid'(p.476^),
the present capital, la
situated neartheMan-
M-na-res, a tributary
of the l^us. It 18
nearly 8 miles in cir-
cuit, and surrounded
by walls. The palace of
the Es-cu-ri-al <built
in honour of St. Lo-
renzo by Philip II),
24 miles N.W of the
city, contains a splen-
did mausoleum for the
Spanish dovereisng;
also a fine collection
of paintings, a large
hbmry, and a college.
16. In tht Oitadiana
.B(Mi».-BADAjo8[bad-
a-hoce'], a fortified
frontier - city ; Me.
del'-in birth-place of
Fernando Cortez, con-
queror of Mexico : and
TBUxitio, of Pizar-
ro, conqueror of Peru.
67
Iron-cre. bn&s^t^'^lnf^^}^^^^ '" the sou"th.
ailway. iSl^^a 75 mi^ RlfTfji^^." f.™ nooanala; and
The
MAKWO-TOWM 0» HB-MUPK oHtJBOH, BlBAaOBSA. -
Dcr-VA, a bmous city under the Moors On tij, Ti.i; n>™i _»»ii
^ia^.cTa^d*"vrKX^lih^-^^^
SSrrfA.r.*«\«' manufi«,turing town, n^Xli^Tfe'
an«"ti^th^ fciT^lwS^^/-^ ^floh^t^l for it. resist-
heroineiV3^,^"nKiW„i„7.^^^^^^
wh1?hi?U'^&,l<^1?^;L°th'^^^^^^^^ ^^^-0, from
|»"bXiL?''^;i^o^^^^^
North-west of LFa^„ ,„.. S7 ViMi7H\*°rv^"*'^''^r'PL«r™he<r
manif"uV*^S5 K a ftS^?? f^Jir -"*^^*5Lfl*«"« «<» "It-
.stheWrth.pUofthVnfViSaw''vl^t5l'^«°i *« <^««^»- ^i-NM
Go'^ SS'^^^rr'-^aJrifdr tT:; M'/a^?,«,,%«,«P« «'
lonial Dossesaionn am nn» .k. a "'j' ueia nrazii till 1825. Their CO- I
T^-OBVin MJ^aysia (p^'siT ^'^ "^' ""'^ '''°-"''' So-'o«. "d p.rt of
Ka»inItiir"p7M!trrr'wr If^"^ leaninK-tower Uke that of
n^Lll vfi"'S?'^'l?* "• •"* °^ Spain. They are Iviza
lir-e-e»J, MA-JOB-OA, Ml-SOB-OA, FOBMINTIBA an^ Hiumd.
^"""i'^ Minorca, is the capital. Ma-ho"" n Sinorca hw
ohSi;i rT*^"r"'«*'" '*'™*' numerous Spanish colonies
inHuf °i^- -*"•*"?• ""'"' P°"° R"">. «"d DoiiHioA, in the w'
THE KnraDOH op pobtxjoai..
1. noted For.— PoETUOAL was formerly noted for har nnn.
A fouaon.— This kingdom u bounded on two niilna Kw «»«.,•„
and on two by the Atlant^ Ocean. (See m^p of sS iLSr'
tugal, on the opposite page.) ^ ^ ^°'"
ggg aoncaiqaa [m<,u-,a«:ki]. The cape, are H^Ioirand'st!
the
ti
broBuin. „. „,„„„.«u
l.For whati.it noted?
CUT OP OPOBTO, «UB IHB MpUTH OP THE DOUBO 8.VBB.
1. Noted iivvr^ o"-*^''^ .'''*»"»'*<'»«»•»" of iMmilefc
ri^ to^'S;;;; aS^' 8S« . r t *'l^ ->«»>?• it« bo«nXi.
and Wui^.X".?aTd%X S'tat :/&ar"" '''^'"'^'
UU., val^r^te!~!r!re'ama"Tr'"'"-. ''^"'^ "-"'"«• "-«>»"-
nery is higl?y ^ct^^,'^ 'je."''Cm%L:'\';n?re^?|,';i'^ o^"* ^
the LspoNTmB and Pikninb AlpT «t»*„S '.^ ". ^T" <*»*-«AW>t
^^'^^^^IM^S^S^t^^^^
Its porition on the man x lwX,f?l _..'_?*• ."C-*?™"*' Give the d«»i»^„™-.S^I?!!"_!.*S> "»
2^:Sa^S«,i^^«^^^^^«^^^§i
?*u.u»is;;;-iS!l?i»ai^j-N™.E«^~^
J
e. Sou and CU-
jaato.— In the valleys
wie 89U is excellent.
The cbmato varies with
the elevation : it is
cold on the mountains,
temperate on the plains,
and hot in the valloys.
7. Products, &o.—
Flax and hemp are
extensively grown in
Switzerland, but it is
boat adapted for pastu-
rage. Fruit, grain,
ana the vino_grow in
the valloys. The ibex
(or roqk-Koat) imd the
chamois are numerous.
Of domestic animals,
the Alpine-spaniel (or
St. Bernard dog) is
much celebrated. Min-
eral-springs aro numer-
ous.
8. Natural Curi-
orities.-The Falls of
Sohaffhausen rshafl'-
how'-zon],intheEiiino,
and the Cataract of
Staubbach, near Borne,
are celebrated.
ftdvUDivlBlons.
—There aro 22 cantons,
8_of which are cauUdi-
10.
Celtic origin.
ThS;T"i^*r?' '"»l''"K.2S sopnrato republics, united for general purposes
'*T^&ntr&t%tts!!bita";.r''^''^^^^^^^^^
;ifi nriirin TI.^.. :- .1.. .j_ • _ __ 1
^rT,'„7 ™" • ".""* '.'""'"•^'",'^» arp chiefly of Teutonic and
J :?l nro indu.s_tnous jind i)atnotio. According to their
. V" 1' t"^J "1" iiiuu.Mrious inu pamoiic. Accorriim
fanS^"te» *n'fT. "•'''"' '^?- ^A tf Ger^Tor tfee-MTan
^Su^Cftflnff. w f ''^.•'"' I'opuhition are Protestant, and the remainder
1?^ '"tSii"- ^.'lucation is generally diffused.
JL^ IJle Travelling PaoilitieB are good. Roads have been made
sKboT-pfj-rn tif^s^pMr ^^-^ ■-» "^-'™°*^ ^" ^^^
Zn,S H?" "'"^ S?***'' silk-stuffs, and riljhons, are the principi exports
in^JnS^^i'Sa!?'^"''^ • national debt $,■! 000,000. """"P'" ^^Pona.
famnV^ nf J?fw ~^/^ ^or.-HAPsiiuEo, near its mouth, once the
+?i?T?: * . ■* S*"^ °f Austria. Bbbnk (p. 84000), the capital whore
m.n,«^^,f "'i^tl? *■>« ^* "t " "niversitv. l4*^arS«lcs'and foS SiTs a™
numerous Nbcciiatel; Iucebne; Sem'-pach: Buno-LEN the birth
fc^y^^t'^r ?.^' »nd A,T.oBF, where ho sh?t'tho nppfe ^If hK's
li' 7- ;?'''2i?* "i" *^?°* ^l" boii-'tiful lake, noted for its schools,
rihw ™o^f .'"* JSa^^-BASLB bahl] is note<l for its university, its
^te'SSp*"'"''''' ?",'' '^^^''« extensive trade mth France, German^, &o
16 ^T/l^^^""" »" '^""S'^ '"'"^- ^^- ^^^t' o>L«ALiEN, has'manufocli^
Tiv«nfli7^-^f^;?'"'"~P^''^7*' °" ^^^ JilJone, at the foot of the
iXh L^r"^"^ IS the most populous city in Switzerland. It is noted for
r*,i^« n?'"*n l^'' *''eol')g ans Calvin and Ueza resided here. At LArl
wi?™ '^'°-/M LEdward Gibbon, the English historian, wrote his celebrated
history of the "Dechne and Fall of the Koman Empire." '-"e"™i«a
THE ITALIAIT PEiniTSUIiA.
(Prom le-a-liu. a chief of tho OB-no-tri j fAllod Hetperia, " Western," by the Greeks.)
Size, nearly five times ih-.t 1 f Nova Scotia, or equal to a sqiiaro of 305 mllos.
1. Noted For.— Italy is noted for its ancient greatness; its
paintings and statuary ; and for its long being the residence of tho
i'ope, or Head of the R.-CathoHo Church throughout the World.
a. Boundaries — Italy (a boot-shaped peninsula) is bounded
on the north by France, Austria, and Switzerland ; east by tho
Adriatic Sea; and south and west by tho Mediterranean Sea.
tJ^'?^^'^'^ Features.— The mountains of Italy are the Alps and
!^!,k''*S-u'°?- '^'.'^ Bnow-capped Alps form a gigantic curve at tho
„/* vTa ■^I'^nn't'es. a chain running from north to south, form the
^K Ju- 1 "^ ^^f peninsula, and naturally divide It into two parts.
Ihe third natural division is the plain lying south of the Alps
Pott'pe!.i^r??nd<o-^"-^ ''''" "' ^"""""^ Spartivento.
Ta^ta's^f^'i*?'^ "S Tri-estV Venice [ven-is], Manfrodonia,
awiKi"^'J°''.S"*"'> Salomo. Nkplos, Ga-e'-to, and Gen'-o-a.
T<rS;i?^t!w^ *°?S°"*¥^"-~T''e volcano of Mount Vesuvius near
Naples, and that o f Mount Etna in Sicily, have long been famous
berry arc cu...
and corals are
10. Inhabitan.,
Germans, Gauls, ani
U. Travelling
7. Bivers and
Lakes.— Tho rivers of
the northern phiin are
the Ad'-i-go and the Po,
with the lakes Maggi-
ore [mad-jo'-ro], Lu'
ga-no, Co-mo, I-se'-o,
and Garda; and those
of the west slope of
tho Apennines are the
Amo.the Ti-ber, niid
the Voltumo, with the
lake Perugia.
8. Cliinate.— The
Oilear sky and aalnbri-
ous cliinate of Italy
arc justly celebrated:
the exceptions are at
the north, where it is
cold, and changes are
sudden. A miUaria
prevails at the north-
west coast, and a si-
rocco-wind from Africa
at the south.
9. Soil and Prod-
ucts.— The fertile
soil produces a great
variety of ihiits, as
well as wheat, rice,
cotton, olives, grapes,
&o. In the south, the
sugar-cane, the orange,
the fig, and the mul-
I'r^&s^^''^''^ ^-^ ™'^le ^•bord.^rpo'S? ;
the coasts of h.cily, and sulphur in the interior,
rlhe ltiilian.s are a mixed race, made up of Greeks
P""' who intruded on the original inhatitaito. '
CITY AlCD BAT 0» BAPLBS. WITH MOCKT VMUVirS. (Bee page Vo.)
THE ITAIiIAN ISLASmO.
Size, ono sixth smaller than Now Brumwick. or equal to a square of 166 mile.
13. These Islands are Sicily, the Lip'-a-ki Islands, Sardi-
nia, CoBsiOA, and Elba. They lie to the south and west of Itjdy.
r}S f^***^?-'^, *''? ''"■8*°' '''"'"' '" "^« Mediterranean Sea. It U sena-
f,l„nH '^^""/l-'y > "'« Strait of Messi'na. On the east side of th^
island 18 Mount Etna, a celebrated volcano, 10,874 feet high The
upper part is covered with scoria, and snow the middle, with forests
of pme, oak, &c. ; and the lower or lava region, ;ith towns aid vineyards
T(^^;=*?¥®*^F*!l®'vr^*'-''''?"'' *lie "ajltal of the island, has a universitv
TAN.^ 1'".;^' *'"' ^ormans in 1072. iJiessina is a com.n"c"d dty cY:
Pnri nth L^='"™T""'^'*'"'*^- «YBACi-8K [sir-.H-kuze], founded fcv the
Mae sa! T*'i» nnt'^i'f^^""'^ '^"""rJJ"- , «'«-o«n'-ti hak a sulphur-?rwle
JUAE-SA-iA IS noted for Its wines. Tba'-pa-ki i« a seaport.
Jtr'^^n'T- }^?^A "7*!: "' ^'""y- »" ^"l'""''«- The volcano
♦ L mT, ' '" ,*''%'»'«°d of that name, is called "the llght-hou.e of
the Mediterranean." T.m.m ni.««i!_. 1 .' .... » b. "-""u"' "«
7. Rivers and
Lakes.— The rivers of
ho northern plain are
ho Ad'-i-Bo und the Po,
vith the lakes Maggi-
ire [mad-jo'-re], lu-i
;a-no, Co-mo, I-so'-o,
nd Garda; and those
f the west slope of
ho Apennines aro the
Irno, the Ti-ber, and
ho Voltumo, with the
ike Perugia.
8. Climate.— The
Ipar sky and nalubri- '
us climate of Italy
ro justly celebrated:
le exceptions are at
le north, where it is
lid, and changes are
idden. A malaria
revails at the north-
est const, and a si-
)cco-wind from Africa
I the south.
9. Soil and Prod-
ots. — The fertile
II produces a great
iriety of flruits, as
Bll as wheat, rice,
itton, olives, grapes,
]. In the south, the
gar-oane, the orange,
fig, and the mul-
•ble abound. Sponges
ir in the interior,
made up of Greeks,
nol inhabitants.
md in Tuscany, the
m Italy. Mules are
asses; but theprin-
great staple; also
The chief exports
oral, and perfUmery.
(Beepige^O.)
luareoflUnUlea.
[SLANDS, SAEDI-
ind west of Itply.
a Sea. It it sepa-
I east side of the
1 feet high. The
ddle, with forests
rng and vineyards.
1, has a university,
amercinl city. Ca-
I, founded by the
« a sulphur-trade.
!)rt.
aic. The volcano
the light-house of
i>f pusiicc-stono.
. inhabitants, Ac. P
bone Basin. Give
's ; 6. natural ouri-
ures and exports?
ri Islands P
ITALY.
ZcnUBCn op SAKIO OIOVAHMt (81. JOHH),.TUKlB.
Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1800. On tie
(■pa.st IS the seaport of Cen'-o-a, birth-pliicc of
Columbus,and rornierl.vthocnpitiUofii leiiulili.'
Us Bilks and velvets are celebrated. Alii, an iii
t Lc 1 lain of Lonibard^', is a place of ^real tni'do.
its cathe<lral of white marble is celebrated
MONZA, cai)ital of the Ijon'-go-bard kings:
CoMo, on LakoConio: and Bkii'-oa-mo, with
large fairs At Pa-vi'-a, Francis I of l^rmw
was defeated, m 1525, by Charles' V of Spain-
liO-oi 18 memorable for the terrible passaae at
xu bridge in 17UC, by Napoleon I: Ubbscia
|jTOsh-e-4J, with manufactures of fire-arms •
CiiK-jio-NA, with silk-tnide. Montobklio'
Ma-oen-ta, and 8or,-FKB-i'-Ko, noted for
battles, m JS59, between the allied French and
■Sardinians against the Austrians.
23, Parma and Mod'-en-a, formerly gepa-
rate duchies, lie to the south of Lombardy
I arma 18 the capital of one, and AIodsna
of the other. Caiira'ka, famous foi its beau-
tiful marble, is in Modena.
24. TlMCany, formerly a Grand-Duehy,
lies south of Modena. The Arno, flowinir
through a beautiful valley, is the principal
Iho chief exports are silks, tuscau straw-hats, and olive-oil.
river.
/ ^,^V ^9?;*®^ Cities— Fioh'-knck. or Fi-o-bkn'-za. ("the flowerv"i
(p 115,000) was in the Kiddle Ages, tie head of a wpublio. Under itsSr'
rulersrtho Medici [mi-dee'-tshij, it became celebrated for its pSr^Mid
and rn^S^^ ll 162 m les long, by 66 broad. The coasts are bold
?hl r ^; *"*., tha. pterior mountainous. The plains are- noted for
Th.T^'""/^.,'""' ^""'"y! ^"t ^^^^^ »" several stony, sterile districts
Sab-X the'cKt"' ''T- ^^•'■;"'" [kal-yah^ref '(the eapiUl) a?d
ion • towns, have each a university.
18. Corsica belongs to France (see sec. 13, page 66). It is 110 milfii.
lay! wWlTthe'ert'oolt-' '?"""'"'t- .^''^ ^''" ciast has' n Jmrroi
Days, while the east coast is almost unbroken. A mountain-chain rich
n minerals, runs through the centre of the island. Ajaooio the ianhal
1°o ml' *^" birth-place, in 1769, of Napoleon I. ' ^ ''
I»i.. .• '"'\°''' ^li^ .«o«8t ot Tuscany. It is noted for the first Napo-
•an nollT' "'""' '" '*'*• "^^^ "'""'' i" *"«'«'y mountainous '^
il,r„,. , ^., f".'"'"'''"'' (') °^ the Kingdom of Italy, including
or vZ^L^JVa S'hf? fth" ""?' <'> *"" ^"'t^'"" Provincl'of vr-ioK
or V«-iii-tia [-.hil], at the north-east, and (3) the Pontifical States.
THE KINODOM O^ ITALY.
8l.e, about twice that of Newfoundland, c- equal to a square of 3*) mUes
JiL\ ^"°°' *«— This kingdom includes the Islands of Sar-
dinia and SwiLT, and the whole of tho Italian Peninsula
except Ven,tia and ti.e Pontifioai, Terbitobt T^^T^.
ment is a free constitutional monarchy. Tho town in the I'rinci-
pality of MoN'-A-oo^near Nice, is under the oroteotion nf T?X •
""l^^Tr^^l '^^ Ijiucipality was purchased by France in YseV.
TBM P1TT1-PALA0» MPBKPII AT BLOBBSM, THB CAPITAL Or MALT.
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
poets. Its galleries of
painting and sculpt-
ure are still fa-
, nious in Enroim. It
was the birth-place
of J)an-te the poet ;
Cimabuo [chem-H-
W-Ill the founder
I of modern painting;
ind Amcnous Ve§-
imcms, after whom
.uiieriea was named.
I'ls.i ■ pee-za ,birth-
place of Ga-lil'-e-o,
! IS noted for its lean-
ing-tower; Leo-
aous is an impor-
tant seaport; Abkz-
«J I&-rct'-soj was
•he birth-place of
Pe-trurch the poet,
I iind near it of Mi-
"haol An-se-lo the
painter, and archi-
tect of St. Peter's.
29. year theAiIri
it/ie Coast are Bo-
lo.v'-NA, a large city,
with a celebrated
university, founded
in ni9;PERBA'RA,
with numerous fine
buildings; Lo-bet-
To, famous for ' u
shnne; An-co-,<a,
pTrhrL^i^-STnplie?*^^^^^^
inventor of the barometer ' ■»r"»-pIaco of Torrioel'li, the
tho Nc-ra^_bothccleb ratcd for their G ccnory and cascades.
"" - ■'* "
■/an CATUKDSAt, A»I) A dlKSBT. J«II.Ajr.
but uahnporunt. The^Hjitetd^'jgLfc/.tsoTie^^anSrX
aa Chief cities.
—Naples, or Na'-po-
u. situated on the N.
side of the beautiftil
Bay of Naples, is the
most populous city in
f™/.. Its scenery is
magnificent. It is a
place of extensive trade.
Ten miles from the city
IS Vesuvius, a- vof-
canio mountain 3,SW0
feet high. In the year
79 A.p. it overwhelmed
the cities of Her-cu-Ia-
ne-um and Pom-pet'-i.
Near Naples are
A-VBr..-11'.NO ; Cap'-
n-A ; and the Elver
Voltumo, near which,
m 1800 Garibaldi de-
feated the Neapolitans.
On the coast, (Ia-b'-ta
a fortified town, which'
capitulated to the Sar-
dinians in 1861; Cas-
T2t-A-MA'-BB; and
Saleb'no. The other
towns are Beooio
[red'-jo], Ta-ban'-to,
~ .— ^-- O-TBAN'-TO, and Poa-
MABIKO-TOWKH, AHD PAHI 01 CATHBDEAI,:pI8A. <»'* Cod'-j&J.
THE PONTiriCAl OK BOMAN STATBa
81« no^y twlc th.t of Prince-EdwaM I.Uud. or e,u.I to a square of 6. miles,
o/\ -a^ -^1 . .» •" °w"~«'»"qu»re or BB miles.
oen1Si^r°r^^-?4F°rj--^ TKaHrxoHr_c«cupies the
: .M ••" -^^ ^i-irtjiicrraccan sea. Tiie prinoipai
„ "• '"BB-" 10«1,*1CAL CAXnEDEAl, AKD IHB VAI.CA», KOMB. •
who is tl^e ScvereignTf tSitP. S»,i "*''®'''',''i'^«?<=''<'ft'>el>ope;
KLoVarnt^^'^^i^^^^^^
4^ apartments and a celebratid librn^ and m^um"*ThZ ""•' ' **""?
fc!'^.re1eJtX^^?nt^\,t"^^^^^^^^^
THE EMPIRE OP AUSTMA.
P„t^n*-~^f' *" ^r'*' *•*'' ^ *-^^ '"^«t empire in
Europe. OnginaUy a small archduchy, it now inoludef, twen v
provinces ; but its only seaports are at the head of the AdriaSsoZ
friL.^^y""*^-^***"*"— "« P'''»<""Pa» river is the Dan-ubo and its
a!Z T,l ''''"'i T "-''•'"""* ^y "-• K'^"' mountain-ranX of the
fc^if Sh! ; ^^.- --!- isrdHS
r'^o|fr s^o'^thTrfsidl ^hTS^tnt te ^drfattcta^S
gary and Bohemia are both noarly enolosed by monnto Si, aid form
IfZ^n P'f"" »' P'"''*"- Tr'aasylvania aJd °he pro^Ce, /or™
of the AdriaUo are, however, very mountainous. (See iext pa»e )
^nulcs of railway;, conneotinp.the c^liital with Ihe ciZTr'^i^tJ!*^'
^^^^^^^aSSalv^^g^s
ATICAir, BOIIII.
a Ma„.^«,.„,es. Exports. &o.-The manufactures an, silk, „oo.
and cotton, BoliPiiiian
Rlass, flax, and piiper;
out agncultiinU pur-
suits and mininK aro
the chief occupations.
ihe annual value of
oxi)ort8i»»120,000,000:
revenue* »160,000,000:
debt $1,200,000,000.
_ 9..The Oennan
nonnces include
(1) BODKUIA, (2)
Moravia, and (3)
S I L 1 8 1 A, in the
north; (4, 6) the
Archduchies of tjp-
p«B and LowBR Aca-
TRiA, in the middle ;
and (6) Tyrol, (7)
Sttb-i-a, and (8) It-
lYR-i-A, in the south.
Bohemia is a fertile
plain, enclosed by
mouatains. It Is
much celebrated for
its glass-works, as
well as for various
branches of mining'
Industry. Tyrol is
picturesque and
mountainons. lUvr-
ia is also moantsln-
ons, and stormy.
iS^'Ca'e^j^al'oVXl'Sl'i^tW''^''"'^ '•""""-J -
Italy. Gbatz,
18 the chiei seaport of Austria. "•'"a, aim i bi-bst e, on the Adriatic,
o.^;'%■^2rr.?rt^i;;^%aa^^^^^ ^^ r-
, tt^in«di\r^.<t>,f--.,etr,fe i^pjo^^H^i';^?'^'?
borders of Turkev Hm,»„, i ^ i ^'.''''^T Frontier aloni the
' enclosed by miins^"aTia "ot'edtr" it's w'i;f ff *' "'^ ', ' ^"^
mines, and also for it^ horses, ho^,\S^' bLrcaUleT™^^ "",'■
' ik^cCS:^,^ I'r^P'' " its chie/^tateua.-""
KJr„S^fdett'lTn'^^frthe H iL^r^'""' "'? '"«'«'■"'-« '"''P t-l:
Bu-BA an(f PESTiT,divMedXtlfen>er forTrr"-."'^;/^ *''« Aust^ans
tal of Hunrary I^ErsAT? Tw .^^n'- "' °"?,"'^>'' *^ commercial capi-
with celebrated wines, and s/eo-f-din Ann?hi &* Ct'««]-To-KA^.
ZIN, ni miles east of Pesth KlAUSBiSnRn a "^ "ty " De-bbbc'I
18 the capital of Slavonia and Cro«tU^^ I^IMm^^^'l^'^T"^, . '^-<'»^»l
Za-ba, the capital; 8pa-la'-tbo, mortly b.iiH Zt nf f/^'**^^ *''''"^^
Eoman emperor I)i-o-ele-tian'« r rw". T ™i "*. "JL "'» ""'ns of the
the capital of a rcpuWk "^ ^"' '^ ^'^'^^' ""<• Ba-oo'-8a, former™
,3 J?A??"^..?»™'«?« include the kingdom of n.M... t.--
o7Buo;Z;,-KVuk^uTom''Turt:;'inm"7 'Vttle' °? ^'""'"'''^
chief product. '(For Po.ano, s^e^aS el? *""'" -•* «~"' «" »»"•
^^^^^^^^^^p^^i^
if
jSitH
-'^'"^»'"'^^^^»^ia^ES^ WH«».»roatthe^„dth.
. mo«nWn-«ng««, ind show thr^"u;U of the riv^^-^KEIZCSo th^lSliry/
oonneot t
I noted for its catliAHmi i„ ™i.:.i. ■■.. « ,. . 1 : \
the tor
^'
UK-ko,
IS.
attbi-
^,}m^o?^^r^X^^y^^^ city Vkn.icb, tho capital,
noctod by 880 bridge,. TS~*f,«-f, i^lu^*£?^ r/r^t^ .^
ir^^m Poii^b batt,ei,^=^ U.J'^:^?;?^ Tolt
OEAITD OABAl Alio DOOB-8 PAllOl, VBiriCB
tary .tafon; Tm-ti-so and U^^,VK°r^^nWl'tu",?SUL°°**^ "^"■
OBBMAHT. OH CBNTHAL BUHOPB
BaTa;ia,.ndWurteii;r^,TSd?weny!sevror,5»^'°°?^
electorate, one Undgravikte/iurf^i^T •""'*'' '«'^°"o''»: «««
their own laws, but united in oienfetnrrf^l?. ."***'' Bo^erned by
the integrity and independence oreach8tete^Tit*r'° " *? "«""
i« President of the Diet. The united «« J fuP"-?^™' of Austria
24*,643 square miles. Population in ,859 ah«!^'\„°r'^'^""'°" '"
State U described separately, m follows : 80,000,000. Bach
THE KmODOM OS- HANOVUH.
Hart. Mountains, at the s'St^'aTe a rce'^^JraUh t^trl"^"' !," *'"
THB KIWODOM OP SAXONY
8. Position.— This comuaot little kinaHnm ij.« ^jTTJT*
ana iioriii of Austria and Bavaria. "^ "' "^
73
the YitS^the sh^T wwW,-nUnhe'^U''s^ P«.ture-lands abound. On
dutnct. L„p^.a [,w-l^i rsi;air„ii2rt.Ta^'r„'re^r«^
THB KINOOOM OP BAVAKLA.
'iS^^r^n-^^^f.^es'^-e^te^^^^
MB EOTAI, PALACB. MCaiCH.
ixTussia,
is i£io"for°t?Su«^''o?™wi^r'^°''^iP-^^'*»)'t''« ""Pitel-onthol-ser
sity. BxoeptinK Se site nftei^"^*"""* sculpture, iU library and univer-
any dty iXro*,^'' A?<^'B?Hl"oitt'ri''},T, 'IT'S '^"'■''^^ than that "f
estant Confession of fStowMn^nted1?tLl°''J' ^'•e''"' '« 1530, the Prot-
Spe-teb, or SpiBEd nn tho TjSi„r u' *°'',""1 notod for clocks and toia •
given. inUao.^UVh'-o^^ro^rtedS.^rdL^^^^^^^
THE KOTODOM OP WmttTEMBEHO
(N«aed from a leading Count of that title in the nth centuly.)
no^ f^f^tf b?o"!r,i5f.Tts'1.1£Se^Ud'Si^'''^^^ °«" *»'« Neokar,
n.-vviK8tion on th« n.~£.. rrE*t?J!?l *°'?-"* • jpltR'^^t* *''* .''***. "^
QuBgTioir8.-16. Point out and daKnh. v.„.fi ^ : n.-vvigation on the Danuhi ;
of Bavaria. 12. For what is it noted t
temberg. 17. For what is it notedP
n^Kationon^heianu&rT^.7«Vo1.t^^^^^
I. oiUes. Give the derival
. ".Des^beiSSSTtliS'MPSh^^Jii ^/f>^y^'«^f^^Tio:v^uoi:.7i "StiST
THE KINQSOK OP PBTJSSIA.
(From i>r«c«i. name of a Gothic tribe settled between the Vistula and the NlemoA.)
BUe, about half that of Lower Caiuida, or equal to a square of 329 miles.
1. Noted Potv-Pbtosia [prush-yS] is noted for its rapid
^ ^""* ' *^ ^ ""^ °^*^^ '^"^'"g P°^«« of Europe.
a. POBition, &0.— This kingdom is divided into East and West
^TOBia (whiob lie about forty miles apart) by the kingdom of
Hanover, and the Electorates of Hes«e-Cassel and Darm'stadt.
vif S'!?. ^^°"-"S^*" ^o"""* '' ^''''^"^ '-Xo six provinces;
roMBAinA. WasT Prussia is divided into two provinces : viz., Wiai-
MAUA and Era-NisH PacssiA. '
ib^n^l'T"'^ Featureil-From the interior, tlie surface inclines to
the north, as shown by the direction of the rivers. Along the Baltic
infl "a^L" K«°«™ '/,«"»• Eastern Prussia is covered with forests
and dotted over with lakes. In the mountainous part of the south
K S<1!Z." picturesque. Rhenish Prussia lies in the Rhine valley.
are'tSr^,i^ ♦h.'nf "T^'jl;!''*' flowthrouKh Prussia to the nbrth
^but^I TK'»nl?!^"i the Elbe, and the Efiine, with somo of their
mouMneB. Ine Oder is almost entirely in Prussia.
n«5.u^.?"^ Cniniato.-Alone tho rivers the soU is fertile; in other
feh?n«lSifS"'^ri?°'','""i ^ promotive. The wine-district is in the rich
SrfnJ^'/'f *. ^ oUmate near tho Baltic U chanBeable and forey, but in
the i^or of the country it ig-warm and agreeable.
/. ±Trodupt8.~The chief products are grain, hemn flax honn t«.
te/Ku'i^irn^ "^^n Sheen hogs, anTb^ arex«e^°?S«^
iiS »« l!,,S^^°^£" "■* ''1°^' "'*•"« «"'*>«• Mines of copper, iron, and
B^ a!l,n»i?-'£i?** moMtainous parts of Eastern Prussil*^ ' '
— J' - ABiuiDitantB are chieflv f}Brni"ns' ^"* '" "»-*- -<• x"— i.,^ 1
ITUi^ii Vuoji are uf o lavonio origin.' Jews are numerous fn The oitiesand
^7"",. Most of the inhabitants are engage^^BrioulSiBTurmiitr
EducaUon is generally diUbsed, and there aSTiniTOjStiM in thj fiSgd^m
^JfilE^J^^^ ^»?lUtieB.-There were, in 18S8, 2,814 mUei of railway,
conneoting Berhn, the oapitd, with the princi^ oTtiea ot ConUnS
Europe There are a few canals, but tho rivers aSord commerotal Sties.
mini;»^S?.H^fpS!' ^^K"^' '^J-^^ '"""ns manuhoturee in tho
KSI tbi nW./S^^"*' PruMia.and SUeaia m Unen and woollen goods.
Among the chief exports are grain, w ne, timber, wool, and linen tho
Kiwfwo.m'''''''' " »»»"t»»»-<^.<»»i «v«nue>r«?flbo%ransJ
^h ?¥^'Si,*='^"T°ll^*?''-S?'-*»«» [ne«-].-MBM.Bi, with an extensivo
gram and timber trade ;Vd Timit, wheii in 18077 Uieintwview took
place, and a treaty wa. formed, between Nagleon limd SexS I.
THi taa't PAiAoa. muir,
^r ■ . ^p, m.iaau rAS ,AOm, BntUir.
DU CHIES-PRINCIPALITIES-ELEOTORATR-FREE C ITIES-DENMARK.
BUtLE [hal -lolij the birth-pluco of Handel tjio muaioil comnosor rtho
1* f^nir' , *"'/.'" 'J?'"' K"iUKT, whore Luther wa« onco a monk
of tha^n^ "^^""u' ""^ '** *';'/','•«'<• -Bbandknbubo, »o»t of the foundoM
?„ iSite'"?.! ^oi'Sfi^Hi S'"' "'« oountry.paJaoe of the king Ukblin
nifyU.nrii^Tt^-" '»'«,'J''o extensive manufaotureN. This hamWmo
»treet u divided into five avenues by four rows of trees and nn nit 1,0 r
wde aro the palaces and other nubUo buildiiigr BerKsuot^ fnr it^
roval library, and for iU university, founded in 1800 ^ ^" "'
^./'f. *" ,,"* '""«*•— i>ussKr, DOB p, the mart for cotton and «illr
manufapturenj Elbkbfkld (famous for its dye of Turkev mfl Pn
SlL^7JH^fc'T'^i'^"'''9"l"°'.»Agripnma^'a&ancln^^^
£^^ forftM'™ ?^ ^/"PP*""^ Nero-smother, who wj^born fhX"^
Sie birth nli^ ^iT'J.'"'^ water, and ?or its fine Gothic cathedral. Bonn
mouth nf*^^?S^ iw„H?P*''°''^"i'"» ■»"»'?"' composer. Cob-i.kntz, "t the
rJv «n hrifi' .♦?JT'i*' ""'' V'" 0PJl™'te castle of Ehbendbkitstein
m^v i^ r£^ ^"'SJ' '^"'■"' » strong double-fortross. Tbkves, the oldest
Ii^fbT S?'?"7^''<?* T"? ^""n antiquities. Alx-LA-CHAPELUt fsyz-
Phlteii;"?'?^'^?'""* hot-springs, wiU the residence of the EmS
Charlemagne [shar-le-mang']. Munstbb, and Mindki^ J^mperor
, _ , OKAND-DUCHIHa
fi 7^ ? [bah'-den] (from bad, German for " bath"), the orinclnal
Orand-Duchy in Germany, lies west of the Rhine, between Wurtem-
cities are OONSTANOE, on Lake Constance j H«i-D«L.aERo and PaVi-BCHO
each with a un.yerslty, Babrn-Baden, a watering-place ;OARW^„r^
[-hhne], a commercial city at the junction of the Neckar and the RhC
». itesie-PaniUtsdt [hes-darm'-stot] lies north of Baden. It.ia
separated into two
„_.- : :_ - parts by tl)e terri-
'■'■-■-.,• - ^ • tory of the free
city of Fraukfort-
on-the-Main. It is
a populous agri-
cultural country.
Darm'btadt is the
capital. Worms,
an ancient city, is
situated on the
River Rhine.
.nJ;h^^T^°^ "Tl"' "*■ ""• ''"''"«'l P"'"""' of territory lylnir
south of Hanover. It is noted for forests. Bbunswiok is the caplul *
,„?; n M° Dnohles are those of the Saxes; viz., Altimbdeo Co-
IZ; V »J'.'1i ""■?'""'-««, f ">/-!. * K'SSNAOU. Thiy lie between pJuUTan
Saxony and Bavaria. Ro'-se-nau [-now], in the Duchy of Saxi-Oo.cio°
GoiHA, was the paternal home of the 1. e Prince Albert of Bnglwd
3. OldenbnrgT)
south of the Oer-
tnan Ocean, nearly
divides Hanover
in two. Oldbn-
Btmo, the capital,
Is situated on the
river Hunte[hoon-
teh], a tributary
of the We-ser.
4. Heck' - len-
DBTg, Sohwe-rin,
and Strel-itz lie
south of the Baltic
Sea, between Prus-
sia and Denmark.
The surface is flat,
CATHTOmAl, An> PAM Of TBM KAJUUT-PLAOB, WORMS. •>"' 'be SOU is rich
R a... r ,<...«— ■ ""d fertile.
■ THE DUCHrta
_6. flawan Ues between the Hessian St...". gnil Hheofah Ha«i.)-
Wlgg-BAuMM Cyees'-j, the capital, Is a noted watertog-place"
THB DUCAI PAIACB. OOTUA, (PATBBlf AL HOMB OP THB LATO«HrC»MU)I«I).
«r?;.?*? i^->»lt DuohiM-viz., Dessait, Bernbdbo, and Ko-tm»-
«re situated on the Elbe, and are almost surrounded by Prussian S™St
L,/i f iT «"« v""' T'^ '■«'•"'« <><■ the States of fJermanyT and ««
noted for their fine breeds of cattle and sheep. •"'""/i »na "8
THE PBINCIPALITIEa
«f^?'~?; ^IPrPe-Detmold and Sohaumbure fshoum'-ho. , - »r^*
near Saxony and Bavaria. 4. The Two Soh^rora-bsSaJr 'L?^' r*
1 russian Saxony, and SrnWABznuHO-Eu'-DOL-gTAdT lies north nVsl,«'
EI.ECTOKATE AKD LAITDOBAVIATB
THE FREE CITIEa
_ —————— ———___ —-— — — «_^ I ^-r- ^' ^ -^ ^MM ^a^f mv A^auiBu Ajri:ui|K;iBg-Oj me Faroe islanc
de^K':iPhyof°B^^^ ,. PotatouuS
7..B_n.psw.ek,^a,^xonI)ucM«;9.A^^^^
utionandsueofDenmurk. l.rorv.v ,it:,ot» ? a pSStT'^titiSiti^Ti. 'dVS^^
m tSSS^? .J„'^??'5o°t"""?! '■ 4"'»>'t Duohies; 10. The
16. Holsteia. Ao. ; 17-19. Luxemburg, 4o. Give the derivation !
Itl^ SSh '^f ^^Ir'T'^^'i"? the Elbe, is an important commercial city
11 lies south of Denmark, and includes a territory of 161 sauare milM '"
exten-^^t'^n".^,"" ,">« fty« ft^hv], a few milL from thi^t^Si u,
extensive transit-trade. It has a territory of 142 sqirw . j,./ ' *°
THE OTHER OEBMAIf STATES.
IB A^SS?^'^?' P™°i-S"°hy ; for which see Houajto. next page
18. Auatrian States of Oermany,-«ee ArsTBu, page 71
18. Pruflfiian States of Oermany.-Soe Pbussia, ,5^ 74
THE KINODOM OP DENMABK.
(So called flrom *i«i». " down" or - low," and mart, • "oountiy ")
Size, a Uttle larger than Nova Sootla, or equal to a square of 1« ^dlm.
\' ^°!f>\^or^jyEn^AnK is not«d for its peninsular form
and for its having been the seat of the ancient warlike Danes
2. Position.— This kingdom Ues to the north of Hanorer 'and
between the German Ocean and the Baltic Sea.
S. Cml I}irIsioa3.-The kiujsaow of Denmark Inolndeg the P.nln
sula of Jutland, t he Danish Archipelago, the Faroe IslanS. ",d Io,iM d°)
1. Point out aod
'^'M
!)1(
•n. for eiport, Game and ulh a™ Z ?'"'•.""'' ^'"''»'' ••^I'l-
8. BzDorta *:n 4.;„ ' ; ^"i^ i^ommon roa< s are Kood
^ATo^ tl^''t'A±r1i'^^ part ofDenm^rV
w wood "A at the south w^ tho ho,„.Af!l''''i*'" (^""nan Ao/.
It u, noted forits univemUy and m^^in l^f/f*'""' ?J"^ A'-ma-ner.
•on m 1801, and again bimkrder m h(w '' v"**: ^"'«? ^^ > «'■
entrance to the Sound RoA-iri, ni i > ,''"*'.''-°''8 '« 'i* '• ■
capital. O-DEN-SE'.in Fu en wii, fn'^l^H/f?'''';;'' «"" thefo,/„,r
TO-NA, on the Elbe/near Ham'hu™ k nnf„V7 King Odin. A!,'-
»nd f,.r its MtronomieS^b8ervia«?'v if^lf ri"" 'n »j''P-l'"ildin!<.
and Flensiiobo are Manorf, nn Ji^' .u'' [""^'J. 8chles-wio
i4'£v"id:^-««'°-^»«^^'-^^^
the"F.^o^^°^he^,tSXnte'^•'»-'«"-(P•l^
ments on the coast of Gbmwa1%„ ,«^''''"*/'.'°°'« "«"'«-
S.«. CBCZ, S. THo..Sdr/oiS; in^^lier lllft-'/rr
81... about half that of N.w' nZ>^lT'"'"''"rf''"'^^<^'>un,r:n.)
embankme'nts, constru';*:^ cbi fly „' e " th' a?.' *>/ ""«'=''" ^yke, oi!
SKETCH OF aENK RAL_QE00RTm7^
, 6. Sou and Climate —%«.«;?„. jn^losed by chuns of IsIandT^ ^
'■-'■ brought
w. .■'•'u emu vyiuuate. — The soil of '1,;
rpad8ar«el8ewheVa^therfomanet.rJ° Holland Xt common
tnere were 182 miles of railway c^n^te^'' TV''^ '''■"'^'lom. I™S
». ExportB.-Linens, l^&° So^rlVH "jj'ef «"«» with the "nital
*it S'??**„*^"S»'— Amstebdam I, ojATJi; ".u"""*' debt $};i,260 000
aouth of the Zuider Zee, noted for its hH.^A' ^^ "^'P'H on the Arbstel
rants Botanical uursenee, and for tit.. St n „ ^ J>orth Sea, is facvius
Peter the Great was a sh I'p-carMntPr „nH w°" """K*"; S^aBDAMwiere
• '-TTJ.'^ JMSm.— Ley-dek riv'. 1 nnS^ Mme ol a kina of earthenware
■o.war-den;i, i.liich contains a
lilt town, wth a university,
tnktj, with r, ebrated caverns
immense for iioations, belongs
1 • ^3' "^'i '** A(>rM are Lebcwabdi't;
kin^s palace; and (i,, .y-rNo-B^f^^^^
tett ^^Le[-:;^-«^
- "-A.^L^.t^ ^r^ranl ^tt-rl "f. ^^'Z"'' "' «-
(pp. 89, 91); some ports on tile coas?nfVnrJ "'a,'^.'' '" 0'=««'"»
part . f QwAKA <r. S, h America r^Kn ^** '" ■*'^''''* <P- »'') ! a
West .uJleg (p. v.A •*"»«"'* (p. 6" ; and several U! iida in the
THli KHiraDOM OP BELOITTM.
(From £tlga, an ancient trt' ..>
Siio, not quite as large a Holland, or equal
1. Noted iV)p.-BELOi0M noted
oil-painting originated; and h.mn-
graphical position, the chief I > ieW
Holland. It ,s divided into niu. proTince*
HsquaidoriOfiinllei.
*he country in which
een, owing to its
Europe.
ie8 between France a
the principal of whii
t: ior^a^i:S.T^^\^f' ^'f M^use or dc
ndustry and skilTbeen rendpr^ ;! ."''i' not naturally fertUe, hig. bv
£?:22]?£t?^" Bram, hemp, ^ix^ hops^_and tob«»o. The
11. cS^"2°OT°o;^t?^?S^??^!^^^^^i^^ -^J:zrrr:r_!ilJ5f^l?l_£fmp^jaai, hops, and tobaooo The
&=■ _ — __ . ■ rivers, 6. sou, 4o.; 6. pruJuots.
.;-- Givr. !
• which contains a
tn H university.
"Jebrated caverna,
r( floBtions, belongs
iTA, part* of Sc-
ilands in Oceania
Africa (p. 97) j »
raliB.'i ;d8 in the
ofKWmflefc
intry in which ,
rfng to ita ^^0- (
'oen France and
incipalofwhici
TH BaA-BAN'.
1 ; being part of
France eastward
r-den'ne^, at the
The coast! are
ceep ont the sea.
>r Mass, &c.
y fertile, has, by
mte is cool and
1 tobacco. The
; 10. inhahiJ^r.-'^ .
jhat is it noted ?
fcities;15. oolo-
fcc.; 6. products.
at
!,'';.?■?•'»«'-'>« r-'l-h J and FoN-TB-
N/Y, noted (..r lU Brussels cariwtT.
IIKHOEN (>,r'.|„.„ unTh.. mIuw
;V" M..NS, for ,„, and ,r..„; aS
Cuiu-THA. [.tr»y'„ ,rlin.', 4e.
p. iM..m), the caiiiul, noted fi.r its
near tl .• /an,oii« l«ltle-llcl,l« of VVsLr-
>.j.r,,| Kam.il-li«,i WsruLiN (or'tn
for its lt.v ""^■"•'"™' ""'^ ^ "•"«<»
Ma-mib aro notei for their m«(al
iM';c:^nL;::''''=»"'j"-"-''«''Xr
KINODOM OP OHBECB.
Niri'iixT'''"""^'""" ""«'"«•'"'-•"-.)
.'i^ialto ,. ,qu,r„ of Hi, mil,.,"*' "'
1. Noted For. — Orkbce ig
noU,(] for itH ancient groutne^,
2. Position. -This ItinKdou.
henmuth of Turkey in Europe^.
8. piviBion8._Grttioo is di-
VKodintolOprefootures: but ita
natural diviBionH are IIeliab
north of the Gulf of\o pan'-to I
thoMo^RE'-A, south of it; the
Ionian Islands, and the islands of
the Archipelago.
h,.tJ^, ,^?»yn<»l Features are
Ix'autiful, heing dlversilied will, hill
no't,:?'"^- '^'''\°'"'"'tains, though
not lofty .ro celebrated. The coasts
are even . l,ere indented ,. ill, b«vs
mid studded with lands. The T'
ers are noted only i„r their classical
association,. I,,. a>ountalns, of W
stone formation, are almost destitute
of metals, but furnish the (Inest
marl,., for building and sculpture
.8. The Cliiimte is agreeable (ho
n^lptoW^r^----^.
.e^'"^"'«V-prf
mv) vp,s . j^holdinK liquids.
sJi'.i , ■" V'Vf^Wtants are the de-
SL^""P"' 81avi,nic nations. A 1^2
proport mil are shepherds. *^"
o. The Travelling PooilitlB.
are not nun; rous^TheTuTti ?
ous canals. Thefe IT^^fnlmsu^^^ 'T'l""^ roadsf^ ,d numer-
lanufecturos, jSportsf'llr "rhi "'^ ""''J*'' « ">« kingdom
to t IB nn, U^.Tr W^ «a— The manufacti>«.» „~> .*..?' ■
fl.. tM the Sofc. .. — AfT-wpuD^avi, J -1'" diiiper- inen i.^ ti!inrr>H
paintings iu fortilications. a.! " r' fe .if^'","'.^™*,*"'^'^ and fS „h
painters Teniers.ridVandvk L^\ u* ''"■*••-»•»«» of the enrineiit
place of Charles '. an,! n? j^t'.. ... 'i?-''.^'>"'"i ou.twenty-six i,Undl™?iS"'
—-ii-' °°"^ ''"' '<* European tw!!;..
1 Vandyk.
nd of Xjk
PlemUh."ft-o^ltoVofd " Flanders"
•»m o> w»T«iti.oo.
::£SB^!»fte^^&^«K4asrtt
3. What is si^oftheinhabir
it", i*m. .-ja,
lim*te. to.
■'!*
1
1,-s:
78
SKETCH OP OENERAL OBOORAPRT.
riiMuflMturM u« ohicflr
, awl (Iriad fruit*. Anniul
0. ManuaMturai, Bxp ru, fto. I'lio
doinfliiliii; tlio oxniirU uni Knui, lionay, ilniKt
n»T(<iiiio|»,*)«HHN), unlhiiiil .l«bt»ll,aAO,(IO(».
10. Ohl-il'Oltles.-ATii.KVi (p B,0(H)), tli.i .Miiitiil near tha Oulf of
r»-iji -im, wmiiiiiiirtho miMt ikmoiuof i»nuinm lulum, TU<m«li iinwahieHy
iiKMliirii, It , oritiiinn uuraunmH rflinaimgrantiimity : .irwhioli tlio nuxit oele-
bmtoU liru ilio A-<ir()j)-ii.|im,rnitinlel ; uiUtliu I'lir'-lliu-non.or Tnmiilii of
Mliiijrv.i, iioitr w1ii«Ii-ih th(i Ar-0(ii)'-i»-«ii«, or MurV Hill, so notoil tnnn St.
t mil « vinit. At li.Mi . I ' I ho birth-pliuw of muny illiiiithoiin men, ftiiionu whom
wiir« S<(o-r»-to», l'lu-l.o, imi l)o-in(w'-th«-iiiH. Tho othor lowiiii -vL., I,k.
FAN-TO, l\. rB\*i, Niv-t-iir-No ami Ntn'-iM.i-i -am mmuorU. At Mm-
SO-LOH-om .^hi I Lord Dyron died in 1821. (Swi A.ncibntQbBIC*, p.W.)
11. The Prindpal Iilandi off tha m ^t are Hio-go-i-oKT, Htdba,
the Oto-la-uii, «nd the Iomiak Kroup. (Hie lonuii I^lakdi, p. tJl.)
THB BMPIRll OP TUttKBY (fiUaOPEAW).
(fouiiiM frnui Ma Minor liy k hrnnoh of the k^ »' Toor-kw^ niinlly of Otmtr»l A«l> :
kUuotlUolOlliimiin Kinpirt.troiu ulhmn»,» iiotHil li<ailur.)
Hlw, allltlt) l«H thui Luwor (;»ii»<l»,or Mti4»l tokKfiureof^'UI lulloi.
1. Notod For. — EdttopKAN Titrkeit U notod fur itd anoion
hi«t*)ry, cliiofly m Mabu.ionia and Thrnoo.
a. Position. — SoTlli and utmtli, it lius !)oh> >,m Austria and
Groooo; and oust iind woat, botwcoii thu Black, jmd Adriatio Soua.
3. Divisions, &;c. Tho empire is naturally divided into tlirm.
parta ; vii., (1 ) Turlcey in Europ.-, (2) Turkey in Asia (p. 81 ), and
(3) TurkJHh Africa (pp. O.'S, Of.;. Together they focm the OTTO-
MAN Kmpiri, Thn total area of the whole empire is about
1,332,51)0 square miles ; its population 40,600,000.
4. Phydoal FoaturM of European Turkey.— Tho Balkan and
Carpathian MuuatJuns, forming a aomi-dlrclo, enclose tho eastern
baitn of the Dnniibe from the " Iron fi" «," in tho(;iirpathiani)(\Vallaohla)
where they converge. The Dl-nar-i, Alps and the Plndua Mountalne
run north and south. Tho other piirla of Turkey are chioHy undulating.
Tho Danube Is tho principal river : It Is described on page B3, seo. 16.
B. The 8oU i» «enorally fertile, but in little nultivatod ; tho rearing of
cattio au<l sheep l>ein« tho ohiof oo<;iipation of tho iwoplo.
e. The Climate i» cold and changeable at tho north; ■n) being shol-
teredjt in more imroeablo at tho wo»t and tho south.
7. Froduots, «c.— TobiKico, llux, and homp aro cultiTatcd at the north :
noe, coltfm, and barley, in tlio central dislrictn; ci|iium, rhubarb, graiies
flgs, oUvoii, oranges, and other fruitn, in the south. South of the Balkan
range, roses are abundant ; from these tho oolebratod attar (or otto) of n >sc6
(,i«ats.
U (tistlllad. Plah alstiind In tha rirars, and UmIms In Uw aunbN.
be»r«|Wolv««, and jaoknU are vory numorcnis.
8. The Inhabitant! ro Turks, driwkii, Armeniarin, ami .lews.
8. Travelling Faollltl«».-tloii«r»lly, the rowli un. «uitable only for
liormw or muloH. Tlioro iini iioithor naualu nor railMiwIn. The Danube in
tli« groat liinhw »y of commonio at tho north, tlia .Ma-rit sa and lliu Vardar
"'•irt"™,!.'*''!"" "'" N"-'"""-''''. I'm', and Vo-jut-»aat tho W6»t.
10. Th» M afluitur»« and Bxporta of the anipirn are chiefly car-
SS. A„"„''Jj"i '" ' '"■• ''■■"(?"• ""' •■'•uil.-ttnniiiU value $«2,M(1«,000 : n.ionno
fWOOO 000 ; 11.11 /iiiiiil .li.I.t J 10,000,000.
11. phlef Oltios. ( ■NKrANTiNoi'l,l!(p.(5flO,000),th«oapltaloftho.,mpire,
«taiiiK liKo Itonio, mi «ivi.n hills, and on a tongue of land projoiaing into
tho llo^poriia, whic^li l'orni.>. an inlet known au th« "Ooldou Horn." Tlio city
sluddujl with towors and iuiimr«t«, sppoan! oxoeodingly twaiitihil an iieeii
Iroin the water; but it oouHintH of a iitimlH^r "f narrow uimling. ntoep and
ijirty Htrooln. Iho houww ur«(diiollyof wimhI, and »roli«iile Ifhim interior
ooiirtH. Tho principal buildings are lh« He.ni,/l'-io | -yo j, „r Imlwrial I'alace
*?'!," i;'"',"'"""?;,'"" "i""|UO [monkj whloh wa* formerly tlie groat ohurcli
of Ml. Sophia. Tho citv ij< named after (Joiwtantino the Great, who mado
It tho capital of the llomaa Umpire. At the soiith-woiit aro llo-noa-TO
and (iAL-Lip'-iv-Li. fortillod »oaiK)rt». ADBUN<ii>r,t on tho Maritja.
wad the former Turkish capital. In Um-oilonia in tho aoaiMirt of SaT-
o-Ni -cA, the ii.iiaont Thiw-sii-lri-iii'-ca; and Skr-ks, near tho Htry-mon, and
aiM) the ruins of I'hi-lip'-i.i, wlioro tho Apostle l-aul planted the first
chumh in Kuroin. In A/'i<i»ia, Ja-ni-na and HcrxAHi I skoo-ti-rel are
large towns. la H,>mia, IJosNA-SKB-Ar; and liKL-OEADli', Wiiidih
lti's-T( iii!K , and Mr.fsTMiA ate fortified towns on the Danube. In J»«/.
norm aro SopniA and SiiiiMtA. Vab«a. a s««iK>rt on the Black Sea.
13. Tlie lalanda of Turkey aro the beautiful Oasri ; JUoois, famed
for It mercantile law of "general arerage," and for Its Colossus; Soto
fbrlts licaiityj PAT»io<,whlthi!i St. John was banished; Tha-«oi, Ao
IV.
TEIBUTASy PE0VINCE8.
18. Montenegro is a mountainous country nortU-west of Albanis.
It is pooplfxl hv wild mnunt*liirt.hi.
14. Bervla lius south of tho Danube and the Savo. Area lifiM so. nules •
^'s'ooo ''""*'*'**• *'"' '"■" employed in agriculture. CapitJ ii«ui»ADB,'
„„!i°" •^?"?f.*'^ a narm* strip 1,000 nules square, oast of tho Pruth
ifl « ' '" "'" .""""K <>e<le<l t>y Russia in 1850. Chief town Kil-i-a
IV. Boumania, a principality fornovi by the Union in 1861 of Mol-
davia and Wallaehia. Wal-la-ohi-a L-lah'-ke-l], ar extensive plain
lying north of the Danulxi, with a population of 2,600,000. Bc-cnA-REsi-'
IS the oanitaJ.— Moldavia lies botweon the Jtivcr Pruth and the Car-
pathian Mountains and ha^ a ixipiilation of 1 ,600,000. Jamt la the oapital
Iho invasion of Moldavia and W allactiia, by Itutwia, led to the war of 186-1-6
between Uussia.imd tho allied iH)wer8 of £uropu.
THE CONTINENT ^F ASU ^
4.1.1. 1 ........ „ »_ . . (■^'■'"'^sooalledfromthofablodnyniphA.la.daughterofOooanusandTethys.)
Asuaabout 5.600 nine, fr^n east to,..., «.d ..000 .on. north to .™tU.t.^U^^^^^^^^^^^
1. Extent— Asia, the laigest division of tho Globe, oxtiuds
from the Ural Mountains to Bchring Strait, and from the Medi-
terranean 8ea to Japan. It touohos Europe and AiWoa, and is
only forty-five miles from America. ^
a. Koted For. — Asia it noted for being tlio first abode of man,
the seat of his first empire, and the soene of most of the events
recorded in Scripture. It contains nearly one half of the human race.
3. Boundaries. — It is bounded on tho north by the Arctic
Ocean, on the east by the Pacific, on tho south by the Indian
Ooean^and on tho west by the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea,
Black Sea, Caucasian Mountains, Caspian Sea, Und Biver, and
Ural Mountains. The Isthmus of Suea joins A^ja to Africa, and
the Caucasian and Ural Mountains connect it with Europe.
4. Fhysioal Features of the North Ooaat*
FaiRCIPAJ,
8SA8.
Ka-SA
(ArctleOefan)
oui.fs aid
Bays.
(>*e,or
0^P<
Gbaxbku
AVD
Stbaits.
SeUring.
Pbihoipal
Iblasdb.
Ko-tel-noi'
(NewBlberia).
Fbihcipal
OAras.
8e-vo.ro.
But Cape.
I.AI.
Tohuk.
(ehl.
fi. Fhysioal Features of the Bast Coast.*
Kam-tchai".
KA.
O-KHOTSi'.
Ja-pah'.
YBltOW.
CniHBss (In
A-na-dir'.
Tartaiy.t
Tonquln.
8i-am'
(In part).
part).
Tartary.t
I*.pe-n)UM.t
Co-nf-t.f
For-mo-n.
Ku-rile.
Sa-gh»-v
Japan.
Ohu-i aii
Furniowt.
Hal-nan'.
liO-pat-ka.
A.nl-va.t
To.4a.t
Oam-bo-di-a
(tapart).
Romania.
tehatka.
Oona.
A-nani'.
Ma-lao-ca
(In i>art).
* Not Inohidlny <)o«mta. Those physloal_riMturea ean be much better learned
6. PhysloaJ Features of the South Coast.*
Pbixoipal
SlAS.
Chihksb
(In part).
Arauiah.
Bbd.
Odlvi abd
Bati.
8Uun.
(In part).
Mar-ta-bau'.
Uennl'.
PerdsD.
0-taaii'.
Coabbbl*
ABD
Btbaits.
Malacoa.
Valk»(N.of
< vlon).
Bh« ot.niau-
dob. [Penaa.,,
Or.mua (8. of
PbibApai.
Islands.
Vlc-o-bar.
t'oylon.
MaUdivAS.
Lac-ca-divos
(8. W. of
In
India).
Pbiboital
Oapbi.
Cambodia
(In part).
Sln-n-poni'.
Dundra Hd.
Oom-o-rin.
Keg.ral..
MonsTAiB
Baxobs.
Ubal, nigh-
ost peak 6,41X1.
Obo, or Obl,t
<,SWin.
.\i-T4i and
YA.>iix)-iroi'
DA.T7-BI-A.
KHIB-aAB (K
of Mongolia),
11,000 ft.
YirHLino i
Pb-uho (en-
closing C!
na Proper).
7. Phys lotJ Features of th^ Interior.*
ktlVBKS
Pbbibiu.
Malacca
(in part).
itan'.
Arabia.
PLOwixa
Nobth.
Vral.t 1,160 m
Obi,t 8,680 m.
Ir-tlih.t 1,700 m.
Yen-l-KUl,9afl m.
Le-na,t 1,400 m.
Amoor.t 2,300 m.
HlH-A-LaT'A,
Thiar'.Shak
HlITDOO-
t'oosn,
10,000 n.
Bl'-bubz,
CAu'-OA.atra.
Aa'-A-BAT.
Yang-tse-kl-
Mnom.
do-ang-ho",!
l,«00m.
ttjmn,
8ir.Da-rt-a.
900 m.
Oxus4 l,so»
RlVBBS
PLowna
80UTH.
To-bol, II m.
acg'.t Yang.
Brah-ma-poo-
1,500 m.
Indus.t 1,850.
Oambodta t
Irrawaddy,
18,M6n.
IM^AOSft,
iTAUKna.
Ti-gri«,l,150m
IKn.nlii.K'.t.
RivBBa
ii.owiBe
East.
Amoor.t
1,300 m.
Obt.tUMm.
IrtiihTwOO.
Lena,} MOO.
tM-kl-ang^
S.SOO m.
Uo-ang-ho,!
l,MOm.
tra,t Brah
OauKc ("I'ke
rivor"), l,«80.
Kasbgar.
l,MOm.
Kur, or Kour,
tlivBas
viiOwiBa
WnT.
(}a.plau
Ta.*
h: ; 1,660.
Sir , .aria,
900 m.
Oius, 1,900 m.
Bat-kal.
Diai-sang.
TmgTing',
Po-yaog'.
1,600 m.
Aral.
Van.
» T.**^'"*"'?;^' Y5?*'?'*'^?"'?*"l"""'*"*''^*<^°'^'**~''10- «''•'««'' "-"lands? Give deriv. and suajif Bur. Turkey 1 For what i« it noted P
2. Describe position ; 8. divisions : 4 phys. feat. ; 5. soUt 6. olunate ; 7-9. produoto, iahabltants. Ac : 10 manX)«fc*r 1 1 nitl« • is irf«A, . « jTT),
provmc«. 6tvederlv.,si«sandLexteutofA . 2.iv>rwh,.tis'itnofedP «.lWtabSS<bri4s."4TpCaPoW.,i^^
■w*
'^
llf.4nv<ai.^
aihePh
mountains an
among Its rlvi
Globe.' Thee
those on any o
a sterile gran
which is so coi
the world, U 1
named after U
9. Tha Tktl
nent. They a
TAlb-et and tbi
10. The Ja
north ; (2) the
(3) the SyrU
ttaf-nei, In the
Peninsula; an
11 The Qn
phra'tes ; (2) t
Ganges ; (4) tli
QUBSTIONS
table. 18. What
=3
I, and Jewit. '
II «uiUfale only for
In. The [htniibe In
•M soil lliu V»ri|»r
thii wont.
lirn ar« (^hielty car-
2,HIM,00Oi re Mill uu
kpiUl or till' >>mpir«,
mil pnijmtfinn iiil<i
u lliirn." I'liocily,
f iMwiitiriil mt ami]
'vindiiin, utocp, mill
tile I fhim iiiUirjiir
.irliiipfritti I'aliiii",
y tli« Brunt ohunh
1 Ureal, who ramlu
wt are Ro-doh-to
(III tlin Maritza,
iietti«irt of N*i,-
tlio Ntry-iiiofi, nml
IiIhiiUhI the II rut
1 i »koi>-ti-r<) 1 11/(1
huaDK', Wuiimw,
Uanube, In J9ii^
lUe Ulaok Sea.
i; RAoDU, famed
I Coloiiui ; Soio,
:; TaA-«oi, Ao.
i-we«t of Albania.
oa 13,(100 «q. miloii ;
apital 4>LaBiUB,
OMt of the Pruth
f town KiL-i-A.
I in 1861 of Mol-
eztenaive pliiin
9. BD-CnA-BEHT'
ruth and the Ciir-
lht in the capital.
I the war of 1851-0
Id South Amerloa,
airt;.*
0tP4L
vm.
idia
lart).
■poro*.
alld.
•rin.
lU.
Paaiain-
Malacca
(In part).
Hin-do.
•tan'.
Arabia.
''BBS
tlT.
T.AKa.
Oaapiau
JMm.
Bai-kal.
Dni'Ung.
w^-
.Tic
ria,
u
,S0Om.
Aral.
Van.
what is it noted?
andf : IS 1 ttib.
i,Midof mtsrior
8. The Phyiioal Frntnret of A«ia are all on a erand scale In lln
ZZ^^^ T '° ^ '■<"""' •'"°« »'■ "'" '"f"""' A'kfta the World, and
SZ*' Th Tt.n'Hl.T*, V"" Jl'^^'i """ "»•' important on' ;
♦h„..A„ ^''^"'•"•''e lowlands and broad tablo-landa are nnequalled ly
those on any other continent ; while the deserU and forest-junglo. ",hibU
thichls.fe'om^cf'". ^''8''"'?.-'=^°' """"" Poc-H-Vt,; a' ^^^tin.-n
wmch is 50 compact, and so vast in size. The highest point in Asia and in
the world, is Mt. Kverest (HlmUlay'as "abode of snow") in V.nanl
named after Mr, Kverest, a former krveyor-Qen. | itsLlihUs^^ooo'?:
n.;; ^ T»We-landB of Asia occupy two fifth! of the whole conti-
™LtIS7.if"y ^'^ '5" ^'"""•'' P'*'««". including the tTble-lands c^f
TAlb^t and the desert of Oo-bi ; and (2) th^ WestwAlateau of pSnd.
north- mtinlf?^- '">/ (1) *•"> '"«« SibeHm lowland at the
?»■> .i.^ I • '*7T' '''"« bo'^'een "le Aral and Caspian Soas
(3) the i>,fln and Jlrabian, at the s,n,th-we«tt7« the H^"^
?etr^'il^ti"f6'?"the''?l^'''''' ^">""' ""'■^*^.in\he''Ma"V;t^
reninsula , and (6) the CAmeie, occupy. the area of China Proi4r
U. Thj ftraof !>{».» n : .».._.. "^ ■
phra'te. ; (iTthe rndu7.;rnrt.rbutari;sT(3)^ Vhe'lra"^^^^^^^^^ Td"
Q«Utei (4)the Irrawaddy, Mar-ta^ban-, Mel-nam, anrOambod ". '"g) I
. I -tJitP^wJ iiigi*-!] «<ii l>i(TliX1
1 8. OomitriM.— Asia contains the following countries !
Ttom
BrsaiAtirABU
TcBKBr m As..
Abasia
Pbbsia
TtTBIBBTAir
A»(JHASISTA» .
BBLOOCmSTAS
HiBDOfTAlf
BlBHAH
Sum
AlfAM
Laos
MALACOA.io....
CniBBSKKMrJ
S.WM.OM
m*,(m
1,1M,M0
B87,0(M
TIS.IMO
unjm
183.0(10
l,47«,ono
aos,()oo
IBS.OOO
isofim
ISII.IXIO
ao.iKM
i,aflii,oi/0
iijMo.ooo
16,100,000
a,oeo,oo«
is.sto.ooo
a,MO,ooo
«/)«e,oo*
186,000,000
7,000.000
6,80(1,000
6,000,000
9,00(1,006
SOO.OOO
Tobolsk, on thu Tiihol Elver
Smyrna, ArcWpiiliui,, lOMt..
near tho E«<l Sea...,
-.-n, 8. of tho CaspUii,
— ihara
Oabool near mndo,>Co;i.h;
K<^at, In the intkHor
Calcutta, on the Okogea „
Monchobo, n m. N. o? Ava...
Bangkok, on Metnam River..
Hue, on the eoast
OJiamr-mai, ontho Mrfniui.
,60,000 'sioooo m;SvS^.mmS^^ui
>i,o(tl
160,060
60,000
100,000
160,00(1
60,000
1S,000
600,000
6,000
180,000
flO.OOO
28,060
67,060
1 gilAAftfl
r-r-* Hvw, BiiQ J 1,1 , H , M^iimr , muai atm
iJO. yitiiKin lahnd . ....1.11,600.0061
1,660
1,600
6,000
(,706
S,1M
>M0
Who
6.00O
Q,T i..T,n»„ „ wu T rr-T-zm: — ■ v-^ i poopfed oount nea are HinSostan and China. ^ ""** dwwdy-
?il
20
-'■^'*"i^°"'""°m' "*"" *"""" 4tt o««;«'ic^
oapM.
*^"=2iSS£SH=^:^
\fniinta
diwotion of the mountains,
'■""~™'-rH.i*'w3^ssi^^^»i^s
-. M-wtii-iw ri ■ „ i" y.,, , ,
RUSSIAJN ASIA-TURKKY IN ASIA.
81
PRINOIPAL ANIMALS ON THK CONTINENT ov Am a"" ,l. ' *a"L|'l**!!^"U^^^«6g^^Qp^^^^™^ if
''^*''*' "*^ '^'^'A' ('■''■•"»»"'» of ">o Animal. l„4hU engraving, see swtion 14.)
RUSSIA IN ASIA.
8i«. nearly t,rice that of Brlti-h North Americ... or equal to a .,«.,« of MM mile,.
1. Noted For.-l;ussiA in Asia is noted for its vast extent
and vaned ohmate ,u -uineral wealti, and it. Siberian pl"a mine"
„or^Lf"**°°.^v.'*^''*^''*-^'''« ^"'*^'y occupiefthe whole
northern part of the conunent, and extends from the Ural Moun!
t m*^'.^"-''''"''! ^^'1° ^*'«''"- I' •« divided into two parts
',' ^f^ ^.''^"''' """^ (2) the Trans-Cauoasian Provinces. '
3. Siberia lies in the groat northern slope of Asia : the Al-tai' (•• ,mld "^
ing northward, from those flow- . • — =^ '
ing southward. It is divided
into two parts; vit., Eastibk and
Wbst«bi» SiBKiiu. Its surface is
one vaat-firain or a succession
of steppes, sloping to the Arctic ^ '
Ocean. The climate is severe, ''
and the soil generally barren ;
but its value consists in the
abundance of its metals and furt.
It has long been a place of ban-
ishment for Russian offenders,
who are condemned to work tn
the mines. To-bolsk' is the capl-
tal'of Western, and Ya-koutsk',
on the Lena, of Eastern Siberia.
.4. TheTrans-Canoa«ianFro-
Vinoeslie south of the Caucasian
Kfnnnttktna anrl ko*.— ..._ *l. - pi . •
and Oaspian Seas. Thasurfaceis
TIFMS, CAPUAL ur HU..UN IHAa.-CAUl.A,.*. ,H0» THK KIVBB lUi..
diversified, and the soil generally fertile. Tir-Lis the can!t«l in
Georgia, on the Kur, and Eh-vak^ ou the A-ras', are tl>e chief'lowns
TURKEY TN ASIA.
Si.e, mor« than three time, that of Lower Canada, or equal to a square of 880 miles.
♦k!".^**^*!- ^o";— T^key in Asia is noted for having been
the scene of nearly all the events recorded in the Holy Scriptures.
2. Position and Extent— The Asiatic part of Turkey reaches from
Conetantmop e to the Persian Gulf, and includes Asif Mfaor SvrS
(including Palestine), Armenia, Kourdistan or Assyria, Mesopotamia; Ac
M.?"-.^* Minor forms the peninsula lying between the Black and
lltl^'^T'"' ^^tf • ^'^ '"'''■'•=° " "ountainous. The chief pe'k is'he
celebrated one of Jtfount Ar'-a-rat. Tau-rus at th« am/.h 1..!, •
Itn^r sea^ir'l'rb""^/''' '"4"''"-' «°-
The iLnrt 'fp"""'' »^« "«"«?» »■■« f"ti'e, but the interior is steHle
a?eTu'u"^lS-S,Tobfcctr ''■''''' "'"'"• '"^ <=»'*' "-''•-'
place where the, Niceue Creed was adopU, "^ dSi'e of tl m Tri„l»!
settled, and the time for observing Easter de^idiJd Cn"at the fi JZn-
^''"•^- - -'- ^■g»tj-™T-=re-— -„-^ era! Council, held a.d. 325 ; Anoo-
X M (80.000). famous for its silky.
sj^^ /Alll^l^T ' ■ ^L'?>.p« (10,000)
^--i (tho attack on which, in 1858, Wiw
theoomraen.ximenl of tho Bussian
war), and Ku-ta-ya (60.000), are
all in Anatolia; Tatisus (7,000)
in Adaaa, tho birth-place of the
apostle Paul ; Koniah (or Konveh i
mm), in koniah (oV KoS%h)
and Sivas (80.000), in Soom.
6. Syria lies sonlh-east of
Asia Minor, and includes the
sacred land of Palestine (p. 90).
The surface is mountainous : the
chief ranges a.-e Leb-a-non (Lib-
a-nus) and Anti-Lebanon, which
nin southward toward Palestine.
The rivers aro the 0-ron'-te«, the
i.c-oa-t«o, aud tun Jordan. The
soil is generally fertile. Grain
*nd fruits are tho chief producti.
J^^?^^fiHSI«MSS3i^SP
SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
BBTBI.BirBlt.OATl!, AHB C4SILB OP DATID. JEBBBAIBM.
near ita base the
east branch of the
River Euphrates
fu-fray'-tez] takes
its rise. To the S.
is LaljB Van [vaun].
^8. Chief Cities.
Ehz-boum [-room']
(p. 100,000), the capi-
tal; Kabs (12,000)
fdefeiided by Gen.
Williams (the "hero
of Kars") in 1866] :
TnEB-I-ZOND'
(,30,000), in a fertile
liLstrict; Van (40,-
000), a fortified place.
;9. Kour-dia-tan'
[from kourd, "ro-
bust" (robustfribe),
and itan, a " coun-
try "], or Assyria,
lies south of Arme-
nia, including the
eastern valley of the
Ti-gris River.
10. Chief CltT.-
Mo8UL(pop.(i5,000),
capital, opposite the
nuns of NiNKVEH.
11. Mesopotamia
(or Jer-i-ra) ("be-
»— or IcUiIitni. Skctt ■./ Sloul Ubuoa.
BTEIAHB 1» THEIB HATITB COSIUMS
Wouu or Nu«r«(L
tween the rivers") is separated from Kourdistan by the Tigris River
ia ?.?./ ^"".'^ on its western boundary. It is a level country
■,' ,'^'"~ Cities.— Di-tab'-bekb, or IH-ab'-bek-ib, (pop. f,0 000 ) the
canital; and Orfah (13,000) (Ur of the Chaldees), Abraham's'birthvSlacc
,if; • "*?***<» > extends to the Persian Gulf, and embraces ancient Bab-
nXh;i.n"°:t''n^'""'v"'^'*'<'°)' "'" «»P'tal, H.LtAH (10,000), on ruins
of Babylon, and Bas-so'-bah (60,000), on the Tigris, are the chief towns!
ABABIA.
(From Ar'-a-ha, » " level waste," or Jf.6«r, a " wanderer.")
Sizf . about a third that of Br. North America, or equal to a square of 1,050 n,a«,
14. Noted For.— Arabia is noted for its sandy deserts, and
lor having been the scene of Mohammed's career (s^w pace 11)
i-^-£**"*°?-— ^' !■«« l^tween the Red Sea and the Persian Gull
nlain wTtWe fn?*)^"'' *"-'''"' '"J"'"'' '" " ™ountaino«8 desert-
plain, with here and there. an oasis. Between the coast-li ne and the
PALACB 0» IBB IMAOM. OR PBIKSI-BIILBB. 0» lEMEW. BAHA.
Mo-cH*fT k&^r "(i'on'oh^^n-r, ^■'"■»,'''''' ^^P""' "^ J '»•-"•' "t the south;
^00?) a 8trnn,lh?'W'«'''^*S* •'?'■,''' ^nf^e-exports, near which ia A-den
Jlfn„v . 'o?;^ tS?,?^!''^^''""'-."."'^'' ■'"''"' stiition, with I'orim, Id., a depen-
dency; and Mus-CAT', capital of 0,m», at the south-east, a fortifiol plluje
PERSIA.
Size, more than one third larger than Canada, or equal to a square of 723 miles
18. Noted Por.-PEH8iA [per'-shl-ft], or Iban, is noted for its
ancient greatness ; and for its cutlery, silt-manufactures, and pearls.
1 .20- ^'Mtion-— The country of Persia is an extensive table-land
lying between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
2L Physical Features.— The interior consists of sa'lt-deserta and
marshy tracts. Urumiah, or Or-oo-mi-ah, to the no° h-wesf silaree
salt-lake, destitute of fish. Between the Elbur. Mountains and the cfs!
^TJ^' "i''''"'R ">« t"b"tarie8 of the Tigris, the soil is productive.
♦nmn^Sf?." ?;~^ u^ "•''f exports are silk, carpets, attar (or otto) of roses
Is^PA-W ^w^inm^Z^f^l"'-^^-'-'^'' (pop. 100,000 , the capita), and
uuBiiiBE L-slieer J, (20,000), a seaport on the Persian Gulf.
AFGHANISTAN AND BELOOCHISTAN
mart in Persian means •• land " j as Afishanistan, •• Land of the Afghans ")
fize, less than half that of Persia, or equal to a square of 47* mUe,
24. Noted Pot.-Af-g;1an-is-tan' and Bel-oo-chis-tan' are
noted for their mountain-passes, and for their warlike inhabitants.
25. Position.- These two countries form the en.steru part of
Persia. The Hindoo-Coosh Mountains at ihe north, and (he
bol-cy-man range to the east, separate them from Tartary and India
.K t .r^?^ reature»._From Afghanistan to India the outlet is
through tEe Khy-ber Pass ; and from Beloochistan, through the Bo-l„i'
Tf .h. ?r'"'^r.t" °J Afghanistan are: the Cab-ool', a tributary
of the Indus i and the Hel-mund', which falls into the saltlake l£
moon', which is lost ia the morass of Zurrah. Beloochis an has no
rivers of any note. The_vaney, are fertile, and the climate "variable
Mtal, Jel-
«. -.yloochistan,
British heroism.
THE EAST INDIES.
1. Position and Extent— The East Indies, or India is
Z.t^T, ^"^ P Asia and stretches from the Indus River' at
the rest to the Cambodia Riyer (m Farther India) attheea.st;
«nd from he Him-a-lay-S [.li'-] and Hindoo-Coosh Mountains ai
tiie north to the Indian Ocean at the south.
Tho celebrated Mounts
!a, between the Gulfs of
ny importunce. Hedjat
irta are either governed
ledouin tribea.
spices, and fruits. The
s.
,(pop. C0,000), the eojiital,
-NA, containing MoLain-
F YEHEir, BAHA.
Yein-en, at the south;
, near which is A-den
ith Porim, Id., a depen-
.h-east, a fortified place.
ing "cltar, bright." Cilled
■ran], by the inhabitants.)
'o a square of 723 milos.
RAN, is noted for its
iifactures, and pearls,
extensive table-land
n Gulf.
tH of salt-deserts and
noi th-wcst, is a large
ountains and the Cus-
the soil is productive,
attar (or otto) of roses,
B *10,000,000.
1,000), the capital, and
Aj'emi: Ualfkush,
sian Kourdiatan: and
1 Gulf.
HISTAIT.
nd of the Afghans.")
are of 47* miles.
:l-oo-chi8-tan' are
'arlike inhabitants,
the ea,<iteru part of
he north, and the
1 Tartary and India,
India the outlet is
through the Bo-lnn'
3ab-ool', a tributary
;o the Balt-Iake Ila-
Beloochislan has no
e climate is variable.
01, the capital, Jel-
and of Beloochiston,
ry of British heroism.
MK8, or India, is
le Indus Kiver at
[ndia) at the east ;
)OBh .Mountains at
leriv.&sizoof Anihia.
20. Desci-i be position;
positicjB, &o. of Imliu.
EAST mPIES-HINDOSTAN. OR BRITISH LVDIA
r ?• .?**'i**''^V¥,^«OM-— The East Indies are politically divided 1
Into the five British Prcsideni Jes of Ben-iral' Pun-ia.vb' aJ™ H ,™ h •
and Ma-dras', (each of which includesseve a mino^'^roVjo^^iw '&
Dependent States | and HI. Into Independent and ForergS Stites
I. HIND0ST.1N, OB BRITISH INDIA,
(Prom tho Ponrian Hindi
aiid<^(r», a
'• " ''I'"'';;" (fie natives being darker than tho Porsiana 1
country ''i or ft-oui the rlvor Indui and »"««.) -*"*""''
8i«,, nearly half that of DritiKh North Amerie^ or equal U, a square ofl.iso mile,.
8. Noted For.—niN-po-STAN' is noted for bein^ the most yaiu-
able depondency of BritHin, and for iti-.
"•• "•'"■mt.'jrrC'is.i p:
4. Position and Extant-It extends from the River Indus k»
Birma^, and from the Htmalaya Mountains to the Indian Ocean.
5. The Phydeal Features of this vaat peninsula are on a atu
pendouB scale Tho Himalaya ("abode of ,,now ") Mountaia" are'l«
highest range in the vjrorld ; while the Uiver Ganges, wi?h itrnwrn^rct
tnbutanes is ou a scale no less K-and and noble. %.'mA^nii^^n^Zyl
and Hmdoo-Cnosh .Mountain'? at the .ucrlb. the Enstern and W«» T^
Ohants [jawtsL following the co«.n-line,, caclose the somhernn.r.Tf
the peninsu ■ of Hindostan ; while another central range .cnarste, tio
waters of the (Janijes and of other rive.-, fln»!n2 hiio the ."I-"?h1 _?
aaacts. , gm u thuiB of tiie uumeroua r ivers llowing intoThc JndiM Ocean.
\m
f!
-ndU8, Sut-kKc and I 'i-.?h Ly 1 " '''"' ""''?" "' ''"> "ouf'fs of the
Himafayai^'lTC" in nn eS;Clv'';i!r£S*''« Thibet Hide of the
larpe tributaries; the moriZ rtant of^,'!!!!,' ""'1,^™ ves eleven
miFes long), and the Gog-ra/noo n,?lL) T ?"".,"''' "'"'""" '*''*''
miles lonifl from Thibet inin»fl.»f"„'' ^"V Urahmnpootra (I,50O
or 8"nderi,uu<^"4 SSs 2(M) mZ^^^^^^ its mouth, The ielta,
forHhipsisby tfie iCgir ^^G^nKL iH^^^mli^'''"''f "P'.""?««
an area of 432,000 «q,,,,re m o» E w.iT.?'.''** '"?,»' ""' '•"'■>»
SuTie^fritt/'f;; -,t JSl'il^e'fl^'i^ "ftS Himalayas, near it«
derived from "sT^dhlTASS^-'^.jfmea^tlle^l.-^'''^"'" ^
o. I'nyMoal Feature8._The rivers m,,! .1,=
naturally divide India into fnl T ! "'* mountain-ranges
valley of the cLip.^i- ^'''^'" "*=*'' a^ follows; (1) the
Coosh'LuntaJs a^dfominl^^^l'/i"^^ <■'"■" "'« "'-^OO"
central niount«"ndT8?rict sinning f,'"''' ^"^""^"^y "f I'"ii«; (3) the
drained by theA.rft^/r;. ^"' hf Z' '^^V*?,''.'' 'n"' ""^ ^^■"^'^' «""
(■' itainivrr-):'' :'r eriiisVe^t-'crsu"^^^ ''^ '-^ ^--'^
ngreealKu^a?d"ireShirb<;;!,r.{,'i? ""r** is .temperate and
but two seasons, the wc' amltl^ dnTvS hv ?{!'' "m-o^^'^o. There are
10 PnliHnol ™«-. J ™ ^' ^ ""* penodical monsoons.
divided'^ foiw?^'^*"^-^''^ ^-" I-^-«B, or I«nu, is politically
SKETCH OF GENERA L QEOGRAPHy'
BbitishPrksi.
DBKCIX8, ic.
Principal Divi.
eiona.
(1) Besoai, r HeiDpiI.io,,
including '
Br. Burmahj 1
and i
.straits Settl\ I.
.\8kani,Ao.
Arracaii, 1 "
HwtH.and j ••
Tena»»ertm ...
Walacia, Ac .
Pimjaub. 4c.
IJcllii
ludc,
.Vi.rH.4c
•iiiiide, 4c. .,,
oiic;il
Ivliuiiilci.-h, 4c
aitiootaiia, ...
.Viznni's Uuiiiiii.
\l.vsort'
IVavancore,
k Outch
INDEPENDEKT. .Vcpaul, Bhouil
Circam,
l2) PlNJAPB,
(8) .\qKa, ..
1+) Bu.uBiV..
I'ursciPAi,
Dbvkndknt
NaiiveBi's.
Maoeab.. i
w
CEYLOlf .
French
Portuguese.
Malabar,
Caniatic, 40....!
^ Provinces,.,..
Pondlcherry,4o.
Goa,4o.
OniEP CiiT
Calcutta,. .
iiowhatty, .
Aracan,
llimKt)on
Muulniein,..
Singapore,. ..
Lahohk, . .
Uelhi
Luckiioff,.,,
AOMA,
Hyiiiraliad, .
liOMBAT, .,
Surst,
Jcyporc,.
Hyderabad,, .
MyHore, ....
Trivandruni,!
IthimJ
Kliatuiaiici^
M.<uulipatani,
Calicut
Madras
Colombo
Pondicburrv.
'Ooa, ■'■
Popu-
latiou.
eoo.ooo
10,(100
Se,(MH)
1S.(KI0
.tO.llOU
l'J(l,(IIIO
l.'i:!,iiuii
3MI,0<I0
li!S,(i(HI
•i.i,lK)li
StK!,(IIHI
l.V>,Ott()
40,(1011
200,1(10
15,0(10
12.000
30,000
60,000
2S,0(IU
2I!,(MI0
716,000
.ta.OlH)
30,000
6,0IW
AnolBoialreturniuliSf^SI^iii^rS;;;^^;;!;^-^^
'^"'^ HTllTrsH PRESIDENCIES OP INDIA
Ganeet^ndttaSteranT-ll ''f -""^'-^ the Lower
fherlndia; and the Ma- ' "" "'""'^'' ^'"""=^ '*'"'»'^''. '" "^ar-
laooa - Strait Settle-
ments, farther south. It
has a more extensive
coast-line than any of the
other Presidencies.
12. The Chief Prod-
uotB and Sxporte are
noe, siiEar, tea, spices, in-
digo, tobacco, silk, cotton,
flax, hemp, 4o.
18.Cai{efCmea.-(;Ar,-
CUTT.* (n, 600,000). thn ca-
pital of Brilish India, and,
next toCan-ton'.the great-
est emporium Ic tj» Ka*!,
is situated on tl»e llooitly
Hiver. one of tlie outlets
of the Gttiises. The public
buildings are handsome,
and the Mt erary and geien-
MOIUUMEUAN M08(JUK, LICKNOW .
sl?L'^d"^X"crtv°ir:]??endtd"i;l"l(,r't''^vSr' '•^!? "'i'«»- •» partly con-"*
India., Patna P 2M \«1x?e'„slf ,™i'e'SoME Km '"''[T '"
GOON' (20,(N)0) in Pegu (iiritish liurt, ahhGESlor Town ^Ln'i''„?T^
14. The Puiyaub Presidency, separated from Beniral in ISfiO R^ „
in^lof-'etStttelit'^^^
mutinies, it is proposed to transfer the'capital frl' A^ira^tTo Allalbad'!
J'-!-'^"'"'*!!^!^'"'"'' "'»*»^'BJ. *»I> SBPLA^ADE, CALCVnZ
MOHAMMEDAN MOSI)UE, CAWNPorE
crod city of the Hindoos; CawLpmf' f Am^lhi' ""* ""'JSM. i* a sa-
of Kuropeans in 1358; Biv-A-BF/(lWifl(S); .hi' ir*^ f*"* "' " massacre
the former Mo-gul' oapitaf,'l*d B^'i^f '"dS'llet n^'S;^?" 'tf,'^' ^«ha,
liammedau capital, on tho .Jumna; Litk-now (-iMffl''; H!"?''','' '^1«-
"'' S'-lNDf, lying i„ ,J„.
Boutl,erni.aIleyoflhcI«-
diia ; and, farther south,
parts of Guz-e-hat' and
Kb/.ndkish fkan'-dayshj,
liiBAB, AUHtJUGAEAl/, B«E-
Japoor', and the Pi^rc
ofOoH-ANfkong'-kaui
„2],- "The Chief Pro(!.
Uota are votton, r:-o
(»coa-nuts, pepper, teak'
™igo, wotd, and silk.
fM.tan'pftrn (or noor) nl
e^--'^' "''-'«« of tl,' ,
W .\'''i'-!'*-P<"e."Cltyoftl,.- '
i^l-i <'"««» mean. «"Bi»r- |!
krt.gl«oe", gharri, "moim.
CWn !««/)«». M«.7^j_, <(_,;j._j.„ II
Pu..a«.A^«aB.mbayS.iae.l^irV^l-attC^:!?1S'S.i!5^^^^
■"<5*;nbe tho engraviD(».
„ w ; '' •'"'"'WW. »»" «hief oitii
". viaha, " (trcjit." '
M ThS^M'.S^.^i^S-*-"'''* (IW.OOO). north of t'am-Imy'. ' ""''
Indu" »,^ :n ?T^.F'*"^®''°y ''""•''°' "'^ Bouthern part of British
M„ 1 . ' ^ o' "" P™^"";*^ of Northern Cm-OARn', the CAnNAT'.o
Mai,-a-bab', and Oam-a-ra. fhe climate is very hot, aiid the soil ^ene'
"ol '»?.'" !» Productive as in other parts of India '^
is Phf«f r.?fL^°v.^°'* are sugar, sillc, cotton, t«..k, iron, and salt.
a/. KAUwaya, &c. -Railways, about 3,000 miles; canals, I'iiu miles
00 n . ' BRITISH ISLANDS OF INDIA.
^8. teylon lies off the aouth-east coast of Madras. It is comnact
a., has few coast-indentalions. The interior is moun a inous '^bnt
the, are many beautiful and fertile valleys. It is ~ ""HJa'-la
oy the natives.
Uudrf-Aism is the
prevailing reli-
gion.
28. The Chief
Prodiiota are
rice, coffee, cocoa-
nuts, and cinna-
mon. Its pearl-
lishery, off the
north-we.st coast,
is very extensive.
. 30. Chief Cit-
ies.— Co-LOM-BO,
thocapital; Point
DE GAi/e, a forti-
fied packet station;
Tbin-co-ma-lee'
(yop, 30,000); and
Kandy.
31. The lilal'-
dives ( " Thou-
sand Isles"), a
series of circular
groups r coral-
island.9, i 9 south
or India. They
are jiomii. i\ de-
pendencies, if Cey-
loikChibfe- ports:
cocoa-nut and
oowria-shelis,
EAST INDIES— CHINA.
85
(30,000), the former capital, is on the Irrawaddv fiver 400 mil.. f,„™
minerals are abundant. Bano-kok' (p IsHoi) he ca Zi l'""'''
ToS.r^toSfe'f' .lo^rSi Cnltr l-S ^^-11!"'^'-
t is fertile and vrell watered. Hue fhway] (^60 OOo?i, ,h s'V
Kksh.0 (100,000) is a seaport on the N.K. | sIi-ooh' 080 ooi^ » .Jl'h" «'
, 41. The Laos [lah'-oce] Country lies north nVihL.ii^' *' '''^^•
ast named; It is mountainous, and Vriclf i " minemls mid J^,,Si "I""'
her.. Its nvers are the Me-kon^ and tlie Me nam So.no ofV ,,iL''"'-
tolfeT^ih^t^Urr^rniJu^-ra^^
zy^SeSrri;arfc.i^!s:£%j-ii£SS^^^
on tfie peninsula at Malacca, Wei.i,k8Let, 8?n-oa poef' fth..'^i','-,"r'''
Singapore Island, p. 67,000), and Pulo Pe-n.vno', or f ? of WafeHd ' °"
■^^'>-''^-
BtTDDHlBT FBIE8T
OBTI,0!T.
NO attbndaii- ....„„
Malabar cooKt and the ' v-o.-nnv' oTi *trw, islinds, off the
MalaysUn P^)u„s„,a!'Vhe And^i^-^n-lrVa'SX'? ''"""'' ''^''"'
9A w. J J^ • PEPiiNDiiNT STATES.
85" C^^ r.^""'":'^''' '°°" ""P°-""" "' '"o'" state, arc :
sCoil.n'' ^''"""»''«. in,Centrarindia, including t. ..'•-; "f^I
0...... i^iisiii™;SaiMy'i»i"lv"^^^^^^^ '
.»iiu.uive3,
Ooautry ;
BA»Q«OI (01. THB HKINA M), THB CAPITAL OP 8IAM. WITH A BtJrDHIST IBMrLB
,-,> -n ^^^ EMPIRE OF CHINA.
n rS^f? Fo*"-— China is noted for its vast population, its
o xi^ ' '** *«»-pl'»'t> and its porcelain or "cLina"
2. Extent— This empire ercbracf" China Proper, the adja-
cent provinces of TAib-bt, Chinese Tautart (including Tcrk-
Tr^J''''''°A\t''^^^ Mantchooria), the tributary kingdom
of Co-KE -a, and the islands of Formosa an4 Hai-nan'
.hi!' Jfy"**! Features—The rivers and the mountain-ran«9 of
hs extensive empire naturally divide it into five great areas^vif
(l)CA,««P,.o/.«r, situated in the valley of the,Ho-ang-lio'and YanJtLe'
k.-»ng Rivers, and enclosed by the Wling-Ni-shan Mountains ?2Uhe
mountainous region of Mantchooria, south of the Amnor «„'/ i ■
lying between the Altai Mountains and China Proper 4) thVlriat
/J«fr<, lying between the Shan and Ku-en-lun'Mountkins south of ff^f
golia; and (5) Thibel lying north of the Himr.laras ''' ranXe-ki"
ang- mcatis "son of the ocean"; aui "Ho-ang-ho," "yellow rWer"
bv^hf^»t^?^r (18 province.)!, Isolated Lm'the rest of thremplro
by the Groat Wall at the north and the mountains at '.be west Two
t^iTJ'V'"'^' f mouutaina run from east to west, ,c,,rAt„fr tie
fenilo van.y. WHtered by the two great River. Jlo-ang-hc and Yana-
ts«-k. ang, ,nd the Hong-ki-sng' River. The country ia densely nopSl
, Xmoet hes to the east of India. ftM hRtw«.«», thT jji^ > ^
KnenLu^Iouiitains^It^oc^^ ^^^.^l^tZ'^.
.h,«rci,,i«.*„2aDo«^;be^jon^a_j™.,.^
'^l
LjJjM
'!^:M'lJr
«•"
CHINA-TURKESTAN-JAPAN.
vinos and vulleyg,
lakes and Hvcra.
The Indus, Sut-
lege, and Hruhmo-
pootraKivorshere
take thoirrlse. The
climate is cold,
and pasturage Is
the chief pursuit.
The domoslio ani-
malsaretlieThibet
goat (from whose
lino hair the cele-
brated Cashmere-
shawls are made),
the yak or buffulo,
the musk-deer, the
sheep, Ac. Thibet
is noted as the
seat of the Grand-
Lama- or high-
priest of the Budd-
hist worsliip. LlT-
TLK Thibkt, to the
west, is tributary
_ to Cashmere.
Ti;« ^^ l^^^iy "*' ^«'''«<='> Thibet, China Proper, and Siberia.
Ri^J uT,^°:"'^''u^ " ""^ A""' Mo'in'^lna and the great AnZr
tI?,,;./' '""','1'' "'^ "tensive provinces of Mongolia !nd Chinm,
1 .n ; '""".'' V^l ■""'"' "' chiefly desert, and Mantohooru'
on the west coast, which is mountainous and well watered """"'"*•
Prorer Th!f ?„',"/.l^';!"'"'"'V'!'"'"''°"' ''«"^""' J«P»° «»'' China
rroper. The interior ii mountainous and well timbered. The ch ef
products are rice, hemp, tobacco, and ginseng. *
9. Ifttendf.— FomiosA (Portuguese for "^beautiful") lies P«.t .„^
government. Tien-tsin (or -sing) on tlmT«Tn i. ni H'' "I ".',* ."PPenal
Chinese treaty of 1868. Nan-kinTd 600 OMi ,;i J^M'^"'' "f "^f'"'' «•»<*
neseporto^n^^S S-«K«±*oTttl^u^^^^^^
87
.—C'i*'-'- ■—
oanrssE HAnDAiiiir, his wipf, child, ahd bervaitt.
■.:..',-\.r.^4aii#«».-.^>-.'^r.
.HANOnAI. O, XB. KAST COA.T.'bba; m, MOUTH OP Tu/ TA^O-TSB-K.-ANO
Of crirn"ir„' :h 'i'i'„,rn^^s .lr.rj "> "i" *•"•'"'•• ^ >-'
Kong, was ieded to ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^'Zt^^^
sevynty^'re'strjj'irf '^nr Ti^aTaVr:^^^ » "-"""'
and is well fortiKed. Pop. 52 000 tL KmL/ I"«'"re8que town,
the I'oHugue«e,inreturnSor,Cr\s^UlancrZ-".'''^''' '" '^8«- *»
cos, the Portuguese poet, ^^r:'ZroXr,ZTZT^,.,^T-
"«i*??»|;ti«j
WHAKPOA, WITH ITS PAOODA. FBOK DAITB'S ISLATO.
ofaddiUonal ports have lleto^nt^'I^B^t^/a'Jr^.^lSL^^^
11 ir„«^T/°iJ^i^^ POSSESSIONS IN CHINA.
Oow-.S?^f^Sf'ct;;e^ta'^.!"L' ^S^mif H°T^''"<^i ""P"'""
c^mpose^onofVbar^^
TURKESTAK, OR INDEPENDENT TAKTAHY
si rnTVs°?;*^^J''f^^^"E^rr ;"e?n^rs"at"f,^^ '"^ ^-O'"
River. It is chiefly an immense sandy olainslL^ '"' """i'"' ""'
Aral ("island") Sea, into which h^l&riyll?ZT'''^f^ X" ""'
and the Sir-Da'-ri-a or Jaxartes finx-ar' t««i ' ^® ^-moo' or Oi-us,
sea is saltish, has no apparent outlet andls i;«T''r '^"'^'"^os- Thii
climate is variable, and extremes of heat l^l" ?.'^''"''"'"8- ^he
but the river-dietriits are ferti^ Silk cnttn„ * '^"'''."* "P^icnced ;
2. Civil Dlvl«lon8.-T0BKFaT!N nf ?' ,"• "" '■'* chief products
stat^, billed kAan-atTCiz, uTkh" h^ThI-v?^?, "^"^ ?? ""P^"''™'
("infidel land" , and kuNDOz, e^h KovernpH hv „i ^'''''^ (^^"'''stan'
the country of Baber, who founded the MogifEmpirtMra."*"''**'*'^ ^
,„ .. „ ^^™ EMPIKE OP JAPAN
(From the Chinese word ./i.p,«'.„ao ,j»nif„.„„ „., , " ^
Bize, about the same u Lowor p«n.rf. «. . .
1 Noted For T?^ T^ , '^'"' "> »«!>'»"' of 510 mile,.
ii'-AN Island, three southern KjR,L»rki''.1,w''^^
Y.880, and tlJe Loo-Choo Is" No^fa "diprndenlie:"'""'' "■" """"' "'
4a5o"^;ifo:^L«,*^Xe'm'en^"*''"^' ^ ^--"^ ['""-'J San-gar',
m|-lg;?o%ln!'li?„?a;7;fjfe^^^^^ ^"'-'-'' «-"-•«/. No-to. It-sou-
4r5fd'';:fd*^'.fc?ire^,. t'^u'iS'^irr^- -pper. iron. «»,
silk. Porcdain, japanued-ware and «Hlc f»htl "°™n, tea, tobacco, and
—•.industry: hi the intermk'the ^'l'^l''"'I„T„!.";i;"^f?".t "«cle« of
*_^».""*"" north ; no». souths (MHO. <«.«» ..„rf
ri-iTT! HTtrr; s.i.ia, r.iGUiiUiii I hmi, taii.
-■••■aiiy'
residence of rheJlino^^r'eccSiiSSZv^^'^^^^ ■^P'K--
..^.^,^^rs;in^
. 1. Point out and de.H. .. , ^.^^i^^^-^^^ '^^^ ^^^^^^Z^^^l^^^^^^ S^
neinal «t,r»it»s « „»:„.,:_.,"'' "■„•'«?»". 1. J^or what 18 it noted ?
'- *- 'achiefoitien?
tan ^,"p".-" ■ '■ "■""«■ vjuij una aesnnne I
QPESTIOKS.— Wlmi ' imtinents lin fn fh» ..--fi. -^ ._ - _ .
Auatraliap Wlut impstuil i
AtLiAjc i J 4^^i,j -j^^lkJM '-.i.' uw i^ /^ ,_^a, ^vJ T3
Gueva-Upa,, or ■' Valley of DeMh" „.. n*.'"'' '" '''8'''' <■"'"«■ In the
table life can exisCSto the' »«-'«"?•"►."' ?'""'r '""°''' """"K*^
■ulphuretted hydrogen,-fnd„o?fr?m „,'''?."''' "''''='' " Poi'oned^
Buppoaed. Staple products rice coC *?<?"?.*? l*"" ^P-^-'fee, ao wai
4. Celebes lies e^t nf p ' i Capital, Batatia; p. 130,300.
its scenerflT p ctu?e,„ue Cm ' V ^^ " ^"' ""■B"'" "h.pe, and
valuable tree,, amo"gThich i/trfl""" ^ """""-^ ''"'' "«h and
8. The MoinooM or anil tIi T"' *"''""' "^ ""caa^r-oil tree,
a valuable and S«oT„"?„l?^'^' ' " """' °' Celebes, and ar^
^ a The other Duteh itt ar?R "'"'""'"'P'"'"' '" abundance.
Crah; Sctkbawa; and plrt^fBor.^/'l*' ,'»'"''»'' ^^ "» tin-n.lne« ;
more ], Nkw Gt;tN,'A,"t.C/e sa^Tsi^H ^ ""' P"*' ?'>' T.-oa [L'.
population of the Da'tch BMt-CuArfhinoW *r' £'«" V^"^ "^ •"> '°'»I
«i-inaia Archipelago is about 1 7,000,000.
I o««n<» «. — "-x^, ^xi lajfi ISLAND- C
and Pacific Oceans : viz . (I) Malat«^!'"vT/, ^''^''^ *•>« Indian
eluding Melanabu; & III) PoLYNKsti „ ? :^™^^^^^"^' '"-
n. Noted IV)r.-bceania i« nntl^ / •'* "'"'^'"8 Micronesia.
di8«)veryand «ettleme~ EVrlaof and rrSl^^^'^ ''^«°*
the Equatr7hey*;^^,7a^:i°^;t!f,ll°*' °' 'i"'"^'"' ''" -^'"
Vegetoble.and animal life is eiuberanraM '^'^'"' ^'" '>'8'''y ft'tile.
valuable. The islands of AustraCia bei'n.? i» ""''*™'', abundant and
character of the adjacent contin«n?n„r'^. "'«*• ?"'»''« more of the
the other islands. ThoLlanS o?Po vnt?""' ""J ' a""" P"">uction8 than
and many of tl-um are volcanic ThJ? * V^ "^'^^^ °' <=°"' formation:
^^rv. The Anlmall-There • bT„,* ""' °^ "">?' "^ *''«°» " »"? fertile
the {treat IcangarST^h a pouch for ,«^ """"*" °/ "i« '?'°»«"m senus, fh>m
oamos her young on her back Thr. n„f „ ^""?»' 5" '"^^ kmgaro<rr8t wWoh
(or wingle^ bira), blS gwan hir,^^f ^''"^•'"'''"«''-b'iledotter)r8Dter?x
*»0<>f'ni.. TheoVeVMrdrar"'thec^,?;^^^^^
the gum-tree, the gLs-t^ge°m'ySlf*t t-^S,, t, fyTuo^l^'
I. MALAYSIA.
Namb op Pbiitci.
pal islahd.^
Area in
Sq. Miles.
SOMAtEA
Java and HADrsA
ClUBBS
MOIIICOAS..„
Bakoa
BORXBO
TlMOB.LOMBOtic!
Pntr.TimtWB
140,000
S8,0flO
75,000
38,000
7,600
800,000
30,000
By whom and
when dUcovered.
The Dutch, 1600 ,...
The Portu^-se, 1811
The Portug'se, ma
The g)Vtu;^w. iBiii
The Portuguese...
ll:??r»!l',?'<».,lB71
Capital.
jPoputo-
tion.
j:~ ™. "l"»mJ»ruil. 1071
82 iThe Ennliah. liua
♦,600,000
n,6M,iOO
3,100,000
700,000
60,000
8,600,000
800.000
6,000,000
8,600
P»dann . .
Batavia ..
Macassar.
Amboyna
g'"*"*- I 1,000
S"™ 80,000
Ooomng.. B^OOO
Vlotoria. I i,iv>«p
, 88,000
1180,300
80,000
9,000
1,000 P
high), but it. easurn sidei "ear?y let I tL c'Sr ""•". "^"^ ''^''^ ^
gold-dust, snlphur, gutta-percha and o.J?. •='"«f P/o^ucts are pepper,
*l''^ii^-r'^ p.'^v.t.xrot;^ .s?n:t»..^?i?L°'
"'"''"'"- "■" ''™""'*- " -"^^ settled by the Portuguese,'
7. The Spa-
nish Islands
are the Philip-
pine, Marianas,
Oarolinas, 4c.
Pop. 2,860,000.
The Philipinc,
aneitensive tri-
angiHar group,
lie south-east of
China Proper.
They consist of
three principal
and about 1,200
■mailer islands.
They are moun-
tainous, ft their
vegetation is
rich. Their mi-
neral products
are abundant.
UAj(ii,LA,on Lu-
zon', the princi-
pal island, Is fhp
eeatofSpanJah
goremment <t
chief centre of
iraao. Sn-LAH-
— — _---•• -..■.. .1, waa seuieg by the Po rtui
flf:[:^,inMind.na'o,rsaS'c"Di1I?*7ir"- % '°'"'>-
~ — . — ' '"■"ve c apital, fcthe residence of the Sultan
them out on the man. Ifp^T^CrTTT;;— -: wtueBnitan.
l^ ^^}1^- ;i^ fme^trarm^^SZ^nrrSSIT^^^
live the part.ouh.rs in the table.*^ w"1&hi,'^.L«J^\?..t''e e??«vin«. ", vriVa.i^the priUcipa^l Vrr""," p"^ V '"v,"«<=nbe it.
the 3.oiuc<«, ; 0. th-e othi'r^te iaiu^T .ll^tiS'
'^^^'^^^^s^^&^^jif^;SEi^^A^^^^-^^j^^
I couraes of the
>f NovZealui4.
PORTU^SEJgUMM-^RNEO, ^..-AUSTRALA^aI
a ^. ^ PCBTUOUB8B iBLAmm.
which >ro gol.i dl« ,wiZ nian ,m ;i„ °'.?'' ""•bondanl , »mong
belong to lh« Duu li : Po»m"«lunA«ri.7''° ""'.^'."^ ""' '"•"'I
Bhd-mi (San.crit for " Ian "l •")";C«„ ""^'V^' 'heir chief towni.
Borneo), a BrUi.h co.on,, Jfe'r s'i? S'^bS"' C^'i.^rv^^JoV.i';
II. AUdTHALA8TA, INCLITDINO MELANASIA
l._Aia^»h«ia, or Southern A^ia, includes ihe following island. :
■Al.-TRALIA.
A-.?^«1<»»1 TWuraa of tha North OoMt
tMU,
.''«u«.
' HTIAITI,
Cirii.
CvpenUrtk,
iner
._- Tomi.
Anthem.
VuDlMiMn't.lC
Oembrtdfe. Quaeti'i:
'Klnfigound,
Pl>Iirici.A»
Kndearotir,
Jmrmtt.
) '!>■ TorkorFlln.
jAr lem. (|„r'« Und.
Point I>»l». Coboupg.
UmUoBderrjr. j N. AiutrslU
9. Phyloal Je a tufM of tha Bwt C iMt.
lUAnw.
Oo«)l('f.
W«lle,l,.,
Oroote.
Melrilla.
Huttiunt,
NamioiIiund,
AUSIBAUA...
TAallAUIA
NlWZllAI.AIID..
NBwOirmgA...
other I»lmnd«....
Area In
iiq. MUCH.
3.100,000
i7,000
110.0(10
2S0.00U
.W.OIMI
Uy whom and
when lettlod.
TheEnglUli,i78S..
," 18(1.1..
Tho Dutch (p«rt)".'
fhi' NatlTM. Ac
tloii
18WH».
UAriTAL
CHIBf TOWl
Sydney
Hobert Town
Auckbmd
:fuuul»-
tion
IMINW.
100.000
U.OOO
18.000
iMelrllle.
flattery.
iSeiidy. Byron,
flamr-liotr.
IHove.
8«ndy.»nd r».
rloi'inmtllar
leUnd*.
j>aturwi of the Bouf h Oout.
Wilnon Prom
Benioullll
Hpenrer.
|C>tMtropnf.
Victorf*.
rol,«n_.
Aiutrelia.
Eyre Land.
W.Au
Of A
HANI
^^, ^rn3H POSSESSIONS IN AUSTRAI^SIA
! ^.^^r-iir.'A^^i'rcr^
(or Vah.D.,k,«', Lakd), NoaroLK I,la»d, and nIw&I'o"'
THE ISLAND-CONTINENT OP i4T7STEAHA
sue. .bout tliAt of Britl.h North Amorlia. or equal to a «,u«« of 1.73> nill„
wand n tho World ; for it* compactness, its vast plains its"^t
mineral wealth, and its flock, of 4eop and herds of cattlo! ^
4. Extent— Australia is 2,:m miles long, by 1,900 broad
6. Bo«iidarie».--Australia is bounded on he N by the Timor
8 bvliT'•f*?^ f > '^A ^""^ S*" ""<> «>« Pacific Omn
8. by Bass Strait & the Indian Ocean, and W. by the Indian Ocean
8. PhynOttl Features.— The south and east ooaatnarp mnnnf.in '
lakf, extends northwarS froJa' Spen^eT iu^ G;e«I^a1;e''lf.''iV^?'
noirth, and Lake Bianch farther^ast. Lake Q«rdrn?r Hes betwel .\"
Q.^' er am: .he Stuart ranges of mountains, in aiastJal a TheTnl oJ
witSSraJ.'e^&'ar'"''"'''''^''''*''"''"-^"-*^
Most of the water in the • -
interior is absorbed in
salt-marshes and swamps.
With the eiception of the
Gnlf of Carpentaria, at
the north, the coast has
few large indentations.
For its great size, Austra-
lia has few good harbours,
and the coast-reefs render
navigation difficult.
.7. Kivers.-'rtie Murray
Biver, at the south-east,
with its tributaries (the
DarlinsL Ac), is 2,000 miles
long. The other rivers are
the Victoria, South Alli-
gator, Roper, and Albert, at
the north; the Brisbane,
Biohmoud, Clarence, Mao-
lery, Hastings, Manning,
Hunter, Hawkesbury. Ac.,
at the east ; the Mitchell,
Lyned, Mackenzie, Fitz-
rny. "nftara/^w WarriLvn. and
iiurnott, at the north^t •
11. Pharaloal Featurea of he West Co at.
I.«euwln.
Fumeaui.
Tumania.
Kluft-..
Kangaroo.
Pllndors.
Bimouth.
Leeuwin.
Hamelin,
Natarallat'g.
N. Went.
IMrk-HartOff.
or
lpela(0.
Ouipler
Anshii
Kum-tree, the .!a««o«rary-tr^s^Cr"wZl « ntt i'.?^'""^ leatbery-leafed
bes.'°v'sri»Si|^^^^^^^
s»-;^,;li-S:ftasi«SS^
Naki of
COLOST.
Nnr 8. Wamb.
QUIIHSLAHD...
VIOTOBIA
8.AUSTBA1IA..,
WlSTlMAUST.
TASltAHU
NlW Z»AtAWD,
Area in
Bouare
Miles.
47».00O
678,000
87,000
811.000
7i.000
181,630
110.000
1788
1889
1881
1884
18M
1808
1840
Popu-
lation
18W-6S
Oavitak.
388.000 Sydnoy. near Botany Bar
,S'JSJ £'',"'»'"'• "■• Moreton Biy' .
B«n.«0« Melhourno. on Yarra-varrm
188.(10(1 Adelaldo. nea- O.SU^fnSnt
19.000 Perth, on Swan Rlvor
M.OKii Hobart Totm. at the aouih'
J«,(H»fAuoUamynjforth Vlttm^
100.000
B,SO0
126,000
118,000
8,000
118,000
18.000
crrr ot itpwt. nn cawiai o» i«w socth waus.
16. H«W 8(luth.Wale..-Thi, l, the oldest colony in AusTalia,
^i^'j ^,^^:^Li^:/^^rV^ ^ ^^^.- ■: :: . ^^^ ftrmerly included
Queensland and Victoria :
it now lies between them!
The coast, for some dis-
tance inland, is rugged
and mountainous, giving
a south-eastern slope to
the country. The prin-
cipal ranges are the Liv-
erpool and the Blue Moun-
tains at the east, with nu-
merous small ones in the
Interior. TheRivorDariing
(and its tributaries), which
Ukes its rise in the monn-
tains, flows into the Sulf
of St. Vincent at Adelaide.
17. Chief Citles.-STD-
IS wen situated, A preS>nt(;
a striking appoaran(!e from
the water. It is a handsome
p'ty. and containa m^nv Siiii
amomg
-----..- .„, ^ „. ^„™^ a. jro^TwulllJS^'.^?^' 10.ofl*buan!
featuw. of the north, owt. southi^lS^t (SaSta 'l^l'ii'cSS^
ouauiiig,. amoing whioh
are the ohurohes, th^ eov-
emn ient house, ai; the
• yH**"°'™-8J''l>«t'»»aidof thePort
sions there. ^Otve the nse of AustraUa. 8. For what isTt''''i^?"A'TLL^hLZ^S", ' i. oi Atjstralasia in the Ubie? 2. Nn
1. of Atjstralasia in the UbIe? 2. Najie the Britiah ^-:~
5. boundariea: d nliv»in.l &.♦,,«. . ».2_r_ "?¥?*> f°««-
IMAGE EVALUATION
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92
wiNMoJ; Nw'^LTf.*"r "." "^ P*«?A1IATT*. MVKHPOOI,, BlTIIlMT,
niNMOB, AfcWCiSTLl, (ioULBIBN, CaMPBEILTOWN, and IkUlTLASD.
SouTh W^T?''^ '.'"' y"""*'!" Of "'e colonics, liea north of New
The .nu-nl -if ".''"' °>'"'"«»'"'""' ''"' contain, many fertile IracU.
ine toil and climate are peculiarly adapted for the growth of cotton.
and M;l,Z!^„^"''II*f '."■""^" "T "'• •'*•''• K^Polllion, Queen.lanJ,
•nd Macpherton. Briibane, the principal rher, falli Into Moreton Bay.
i« the SSJuU *?.*r.^"i?.'?''\'"'"" ^t"^^'" "»>-'" »" "Bricu'tural re«ioD,
an viM^ '■ '**'""'*''ii,CLicvKLiNi),AlM\ncH!
oc^JnleTt'K.l'""™.''"' "",*^ ''''" Pa'""."-"! Aistbilu Fbui)
l«5s bv Mr v.. "T":", I'"'"'"' "^ A"«"-«li«. It w«« Mettled only in
onlM tI: """»"! but it i. now one of the mom important of theie col-
Aln.e,t.„,1 ,«''''^-'"'"«' "f» »"y ''ch and productive. The Auitrallan
ffiveanoHh. *,'""""*"■""" •lirection, parallel to the coait-llne, and
Au..«m! - ? ''"'•^ '" "'* country. Victoria is the most fertile pirt of
wou d h. «,, *"■* ' T ^1' "'* '"" *'»•*' <■""" •he interior, the climate
would be Tery agreeable. Much attention is paid to education.
ai. Chief CltlM.-MBLBouBNE, a f!ouri.h.n« city, on the Yami-y»mi
SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
from Storm Bav. U contains ■ college and many handsome public biiUdingt
Other towns: Ui-kcestok [kns'-lonj (p. 10,0«OJ, Ueoboutowm, 4o. '
CITT 0» MBLBOUUB, IBB CATITAL 01 TICTOBIA. AVWBAtU
SMU, S. ^h'i^JU-SnS; LtfflnJ.' '¥hro?,:e''r^»;jta"?l
• hicf looahliee in lb-> gold-diggingx, at the north *''*
8n!!?i;S^^"*^u"" '*"'*'"' ^«""n Australia and New
?h. .;^' "'m ^u?"*/^ f,"" ^o"'' •"" •'""« "'« b-nk. of the Murrar.
m.rirT'! >»''/*■■"'•• Northward from Torren. Lake it becomei
de« and fJinf ""'•"n °«»"'«f'°-™"g«"' "« <!>« Stuart, G.wler, Fill-
& I. "'<""="• ?"PP". '«"!. tin. "nd iron are abundant. The
Burra-burra copper-mines (00 miles from AdeUide) are very rich.
88. Ohiat 01tl«B.— Adelaide ip 26.000), the capital is aitimtofi nn .»
„: A ™°*' « '"'"• ""* Torrens flows throuvh it Other town> • M VrT
"S" »"L^°°-"r-''*' **"•"""' «^'^""' <5"otwA74 poBi LiK^i^:
.-!Ir.^ iTT'^a^''!?'^ (originally Swam Rivib, from ita black
•w«M) ii lituated on the looth-west coast. Though largest in extent it
^, . :.i?# i" ."^~^"H!f^' Pk»th, p. ,%000. Other towns : Fbbbmam-
fi.,ur«''"'W "<>°n«c» Melbourne with the Mount- Alexander aofi-
fieldi, Murray fiiver. Geelong, Ac; and Adelaide with Oaiien "wn,&c
TASMANIA, OE VAN-DIEMEN'S LAND.
(Nuwd Van Diemeu after th. Governor of aitovia, by lUdUeoveier, Tasman.)
Blia, nearly the same as New Bnuiawlok, or equal to a square of in milea.
a?. XVMition — Thi» ialand lies 120 miles gouth of ViotoriB.
■8. njniotl FeatOIW.— The north-eatt and weat ihorei are bold
The Interior i. mounuinou. and rugpid, and the pe'.k. nume^M'
Along the eoHt opposite Brunt Uland the sienery is ve^ line. The"^
•nd the Derwent. There are several beautiful lakes in the Interior.
89. Chief Town*.— (Capitol, HobabtToWn [bob'-er-tonl fn BRnnn^
pietureaquely Mtuated on SulUvan Cove, at the mouth oflhel]| ,i;^ntM2l'
,^QDBrrioifB.— 18. I)esaribe Queenehind
Ciri or UOBABT Town, IHl CAPITAL Of TASHABIA.
thfI?".iS*"?1^.*"i^ ?*^.\!'*^T'''''f "'""•^ " colder and more humid
than that of Australia, but the natural product* are nearly the same. The
chief exporta tn wool, wheal, flour, aunfemus quarts, and timber.
NOKFOLK ISLAND.
..2ii::?l^n^^'V '".V"^ ""!«* •*"' "' Australia, and was until Utely
attached to Tksniania. It is a l)eaulit\il iHlaiid of aliout U.OOO acrea. Tlie
inffi. ".'"'f'V.'"'"'*".'"?'- . '^^"''' '»'«'> 1 '' *»» » pen*! colony. The
inhabiUnU of Pitcaim Island are now settled on it (seepage 61).
THE ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND.
(Named after Zealand Island, Oonmark, by Taimaii, the discoverer. In lau.)
Blse, nearly the naine as Upper Canada, or pqual to a S(|Uare of SM mika.
82. Boeition.— This ((roup lies I.IOC uilea uast of Tamnania,
and con8iKt8 of three priiicipBl islaiids; viE., New Ulstek, New
MuNSTKB (the centre nn<! largest island), and New Leinster.
The length throuzh their cuntres is 1,200 miles.
M. PllTlinl Fertnwi.— These islands are divided Into seven dis-
tricts or provinces. They are mountainous and volcanic, especially In
New Ulster, Mounts Edgecum&e and Kgmont are the principal iwaks.
the rivers are numerous, but none of iliem are large. Ferns of almost
•very variety and liie, and flax, grow luxuriantly.
, --fi-r ..^ -.- . -~{_~. v;* ■^««^"»M»iiu j 19. it« (^hief ritiM ■ on Vi**-
CITT or AtrCELABD, T«» CAPITAL Of >BW BBAIABD.
84. Produotji, Aw.— Copper, sulphur, iron, gold, Ac. are abundant
agreeably ana the soil (brtile.
86. Hiatonr.— These isUnds were
disoovered by Taaman in 104% and the
«>ast was circumnaviKated by Cant
Cook m 1770. They were first aettled
in 181S, erected into a oolony in ISMi and
a constitution granted ti tbem in ISta.
87. Chief Oitlee^-Capital, AccE-
r >xo(p. 15,000), wgU situated fortradeon
the ettuary of the Thames. OUier towns:
WBLLuroToir (p. 6JK0), with an exoel-
lent harbour: Nbuok, N«w Pitm-
ocTH,CBmiaT's CmrEca, Dombdih, 4c.
to the Malay Ikmily. Many ot them
tattoo their akin in a stnguhr and tkn-
eiAU manner (See engraving.) a tatoobd itBw.«BALA»r ciBf.
88. Anttpodee Mend U oao miles 8. E. of Ne w Zealand (pp. « and 18).
^i-?^' .. -ifli"" -'"»'•.«»" , S5. iU oilier uiiiea, H. Vt-
>i?iiSu'^?,??5'*H?? ".'J'' M«e of TaamanU. J7. Pdaiout its
40 ^^^^ °^ '™ PAPUAN IBLANDa
eaat, is luoun-
taiooui. Val-
uable wooda
'•re abundant ;
and here U the
home of the
beautiful bird-
of-paradiie.
The natirei
tattoo 4 oth<
crwiae adorn
themaelrei.
They are lub-
j«ct to the ill-
and of Tcr-
nate, but the
Dutchexcrciae
Buthoritjr at
.«D.»««„ 0, ,B. K.x.r„ 0, „,,- .c.„.. '" 4r'oT.P
I«ri«2ADR rioo-e-M-ad'l Irieh Ha »...ti, „/ v r, ■ '•l»nda.-The
MOK or Solomon IsLi vn« nAw?^.""^, J'F*'"'- '" *''» "wt ; the Salo-
bjr the French). "liMfer t^ Uif tm.^'i ^''xA '","' ' '«""">' «""<^
mountainoua, and man* of ihBii t~ ^V'"*"{-, **'"^ "' "'""o '"'""'I'* "ro
The iaha,itai.. t^t^X ^JXe X„^a&.'N"e«j;::i.»'« ^^''"'*
POLYNESIA-CONTINENT OP AFRICA.
NiiiKor I'Biiiu.
TAL laUMM.
Am In I
H<|. Mlln.'
M<HI
am
t,<iua
<I,WMI
tAW
I, SIX)
S.CIIHI
Jly tilioin aiii]
whi'iiM'tllirU.
Thi'XaUvc.. .,
The Frfiiih, IH41I
llif Kri'mh, lata.
1li.'N«tin«, 4c
Thi.Kiiiill«li,4e
'I Ik- MiiaiilarUa
ClPITAl,
Honolulu I t,M|0
■■apiete, Tahiti.
Bl.Iltiuila. ,,,
.ofh^T^',??^^^«;;;S':(;j"r'^r'-''»f'^i'»'"l-x«endi:;t^
47. The 8and\^oh lalftnr T ^ "" chleOy of coral formation
»''i<^»sZ^^^ttJo^t«Zu: ""»» '"P^'tant of the Poly-
Kxport. : ,h«l..i,„; and oil ioffee J^iuuZ"'" '' "" "^ "','•' "«"-^'''''«- I
UoNOLiLu, on the ialand of .hn (»Jt." 1 '"P''-"'""'"' value $350,000.
tanta are idvancedn civilisation 7„V1'°"^" '" ""' i?""'- T^e Inbabl-
-_„ _^ nu.aiiveu in CIV
.??:..7?^f«*«>»-«-«-Y«^"u,r;fp;;;5rL.i;;rd:ir^
tor, and midway Iwtween '.
.s^J!^^^^^^^^' INCLUDING MICRONESIA
l^r^eJrr""'""^' '''••'^■"•"""''•••»'' •'•-•«"'"'«'<«•")
Oc"n.'K?e.iatctnde';".bltirr'r'''' "'•■"" '" •'"' !'-"'<=
vl«., the Bnrnten'l Ladr^l'I' "r P' ■*™''P' "'"■*'' <"' ">» Equator,
*o. and the SoutS 'l,und° vl« '"'.'""'• " Sandwich I?|.„da
Narigator'., Priendi;rF'e- « or fIu'*.''*,*',"'''''''"!' '"''"'•2- Cook'a
4«» Til- »rf.-i i « ^ ' ^ ' *" ' '^'''« "»""■ *>' the Equator.
4a The Prindpri Oronp. of Idand. in Polyneala are a. follow, ,
(AfHc..a.„pp,«d.<.b.deH,ed,™m^.,.«....«.J5: J:15.f^?^^N^NT OF AFRICA
m^..„«t 5.000 »ll.. ,.„^ .„a ♦,«• Wide, or eiual to a a,u«e # ,.4M n.,1.,.
toiiiouH, but piclurowiiie an(i fertile" "fi.«v"«»«.".'"""''i i'"'K'i"> "»<»"•
Mendoai, Vi.-oroy of i'eru k),,2,,iL,i,1 ^ T"' """"^ »"«"■ Marquia de
liAil and fortile Tahiti unTO*-1?,,.rfril '.'.''*' *'»"iue«w. The beau-
;!I.«I i.l.nd, and U railed tl „ ^om uni^vic^'-^n%±^' ^' ",'.'"' "i"""
8«?JDi£KUnd". Th?,*^,i"i;r'i"'r' <"• '.«"">»'•''»«, 4c.) lie 8. W. of the
81. l-he Navliatort '^^''^SLT".'"'""""" '"'"' volcanic. Pm, Som
Wanda. «ndTiS?n oxtend^l^TiSTMr"!'."" »««•>-"<»' "f K'
tauioua but fertile. The WfrSfttr^'h'rl'" *.**'• They .re moun-
A?.'to^fa-f.t°S S of
!« Theae iaiauda. olJiX'ta'iJ.'rt^^S.'r.l'&^i
::::orz!i?«5^r-----'-.p.--(-.n,ne..._..,.
THl PRIMOIPAL ASisj A i!s n- A—' ^J
^«*i«*i«l Olf ArsiOA. (Rw
Ulnili' lolWut A-om to Crwi ii iV o
1 r^
, St
m
It !
fi - '' '
<J«WM*-P«fat«t «,:««„ the ««UBtriM in Afric y«ne«ndt,.cth>principririTWMMlmoanW,.n,,M. P dXutotSircl^
^■I' -Ji
lOM.
.».. j" , ""• o'l'brated RiTer Niln i.i, ". . ""* •■"*" '« bold and
rewntly been dln-ovcrcd in the ceni,.'^ , '^'"* "'"• *»<' l«ke» hare
, • broad Ubie-land extend. tL i J "'«''"' "» •'" 'outh, down wl^Jh
Z.»b..l, high up inU; fnien^or I'l* "'r/* '"='""'' ''•"• "c^r^oV h.
ortbe >>^, cUdda. and I'^^l TT^ldT^irte^S'tS;- Itr"^"
•ua.
Bat*. '
Cban.ibu
.W«AiT<.
J ■ 1 "TMAir^
liUVDI.
C*'« OB
UlADI.
ioptrtel.
lioD.
fliMM n . . ; "'
Hxiriifii;.
(Tu.nli.
Moaocco. ""
Aiotau..."
Tcai
Iw«>u. .„.,••••
EoTfT .
. <>eiT*i,.
. •"a •!»«*• ulualed
W«O..W(i Tunl., > the
».J«.«M Tripofl. J«»«t,
-~, , 4aM'iS! J?™!'"'"'' «n Nile,..
M o«3 ^Ss'Sa Ji""«». on the c««|
HV.OOO
u.ww
IIIO,(lll»
tl>,(l«0
UO.UM
79,ll«»
SJOO
l«.Me
U.IIM
M.MM
M.onii
•.(KM
«J«tt
r. Miriafa !*»«»_. r —
'■'MTIT.
I'Siiei.
IPomaaa.'
Lpelagca.
rfr ^ * "^tUTM of th e South Ooart.'
_^isr-
iTabla.
Walvlaoh.
Slephant,
OuineL.
Bi^-ra.
IBe-nIn,
]Dlitoy«i7or8«ttla.
' menl.
wThe Dutch, lut
SSS £»»«"'. »SL'
Cahiai. ('
ftrnandJ-ptt. iwSJj^
Sahara.
tleneitam.
piaaiid
i'Pper
■inea.
QMMTown
The P«irtiwii«!ri«;'<: rnY*''?'*"'«burg,
Mio^The rttrtiSSIi!' iZHi,'^ ^'"'»
Wff
M.oao
a/iw
■(.aoo
io,soo
a«,wiu
awi
17W
I8M
IMS
l«>7
iMa
laa
isu
I8U
iai5
Ills
Oul
■oDVTArv
Kaiou.
I ATLAa, high. liul.wee.tA.
Chadda.
I AanaiiiAa,
Mooii.io .owf.
HtX-M-CA.
Nl^ier.t
Vo'ff-'-
Kirna
Bast.
Rivias
riowiKo
Wk3t.
|8helllir.t~
' UOm.
Njlj^tCMO.
Blow, (.too r.
Oo-an.io, or
Quo4ii.ra,
«00m.
Webi«.
JulM,urJu
oen-e-«al,t«00Bi.
Char''
Ti»-3S.
Tchad.
'nt-tro.
yjctoria-
"y-an-ia..
N-rt'-ml.
I Earth. The Zli iriL'i,i ? '^1'*' ooourring when »i,^ «.. " '««»n8, »«.
15 W ^™ ^^^ BABBAHY^ii^ ~
branching out toward tho aea : b«TJ!;„ Ju, I''"' *">"». »ith "pun
I *«tered by numerou, .treama. ' The .?„„.r^''''' •" '^""« "Hey"
leather, hide,, carpeU, wool, indigo, .auTu.'nl' ,°"?-"'' -o"''^
16. Chief Oitiea.— MnD<w^ , ' ' '"'^ '«eche».
IS noted for ita leather. — — *^
P.-tinch cofony lying if.
Si.?/ ^•""'ow. on the
Mediterranean. It ii in.
teraected by the Atlaa
Mounuina, with branch-
es encloeing valleya alo-
ping toward the «ea
Minerala aae abundant.
eapeolally iron, lead, anci
copper. Other eipirts!
coral,gponge8,wax,.kin,,
* oatrich-feathers. Al-
ouaa (p. 56,000), the cap.
"tal, and CoN-gTAN-Tixi'
l-!??''JiJfethechiefcltiea.
18. Tn-Bii, a nominal
dependency of Turkey
govarnedbyaBeyfbayi!
''"«^«'>' Algeria «Vd
?^"'y 'outh of the
ialand of Sardinia. It i,
a long aarrow atrip, with
• coaat-Hne running
ontthtl
■m
i
fci
U"
BiUA, • depcndenejr to tha tut, and Fu-iak', * tribul.rr to th« tonth,
«r« Included in the |>«chnllc. T:ie coirtry hu n cnaat-ltne of » thou'
land mllM, and ll» aurface ii dircraiHeu by dtiert, mountain, and fertile
Talley. The chief producti are daiea, ullrei, anil, aheei., and cattle.
Tarrou (p. 20 OOO), the capital, la l., the weat on the coaat ; Mora-iora',
in Ktiian, la the great ttoiiping-plarv for cari>r«na going aouth and eaat.
■OYPT, mmiA, AWD KOBBOFAir.
Blae. one fburth laner than Canada, or equal to a aquare of aao mllea.
o.'°" Jff^ Jtor.— EoTPT iii noted for ita anticiuity, itA famous
of r!!!l '** P""*'7'""""fi«'»"'w. »nd it* oelnbrated pyraniidg.
V^^° — '^^^'* fiimoiia land oocupioa the n<>rtli-«a«it«rn
corner ot Africa, throuji;li which flown the oulfbrated lliver Nile.
-.i^.?'''™'?l!.'"**'''"''r''''"' """' '•'":lo«''d by a double range of
which fir'/rt"u' '"'!'? ""^ Mediterranean by two principal ..ream,
which form • delu or triangle. It draina 600,000 tquare milei. The
— — II I " — '-
SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
romiT-rtoAT o« tiia aiLa, iotpt.
Lu'i!I?J''' •"'' """" "■"»■'" of •nclent art which are found in Egjpt,
with the numeroui grorea of palm-treea, give » |«,culiaritT to the acencfy
The annual inundation of the Nile ndda great fertility to the loil. ''
^88. The Chief
Frodttots aro
KrainMlatea, melona,
Ac. The lotua and
P»-pj''-rus plants
(fVoni the latter of
whioh the AncicntN
made a matcrinl for
writing, and ivhcnre
i« derived our word
"paper") are atill
found in the Nile.
Crocodile* abound
in the river.
84. Chief Oitlee.
Cairo Tky'-roj, Ii5
ni. (Vom Ilea, ia the
capital; p. 2SU,000.
The other oitioa are
Alrxanobia, Ro-
HRTTA, and Dam-
iRTTA, on the
coHot, and SrsK, at
tliehciKl nftlie Re<l
Son. K|i}'pt^hnugh
trilmt«rytoTurlcey,
i» Kovemed hy an
herwlitary pacha
rp&-Hhaw'].
80. Vnbia, in-
cluding KoRDCrAN',
lieaS. of Egypt, of
which they are da-
pendenciea. Along
the Nile and iti
lontheru tributary
the aoil ia fertile,
but the interior la
rocky and deaert.
The products are
dbourra, coft^e, in
arun liadiso to a MoaQi;i, caibo,
ture f..r pilgrim- to .Mc^^ K;!Hr:;:N':l:riu'..Vr;?'.i;io';;rt:; n':!",';
ai„ .^ABYSSrWIA, OBHABMH.
olT a'i^"! "*" "■•" •**" ^'""^"^ "' "^'»' ^' • ""•«" «' «» ""'I"*
V:. .^J**"^ ""* ""'"' "' ""'''» ■■"« ">e Red Sea. The Hlue Vll^
and ita trrbularic. lake their riae here among the mountaina and rJiji""
c„ffr''"':f '"K"'^fr"'«- The chief producta are teffand o'thcrg"ain.
coffee, col on, and fruita. Iloraei, cattle, and wild animala are «>!'
meroua. The country i. divided into varioui petty kingdom. « f'now.
(3) 8110A, chief city A*.«o-.A»'; (4) Samaba. The Uallaa tr bea h.v«
The French have acquired a trading-place in Abyaaiola on the Red 8e,
-- _, BASTHBM AnUCA.
I Ji :, » T'.A**'*. <'»»«nd» fWim the Oulf of Aden, at the north i..
1 w*" "•""■• *'""•' »"' Kubiect to the Hultan of Muwat in Aml,i„
Snr,.fh"'S"'"".'"- tl? «'''J'»'!° of ?«"in'«l»r '« very 1 .t, ho . ", "rj K
under the bquator. The principal lakw. are Tamnyta NynWa I \m. *
and the nvora are the Luflii and the /Aiml«.r^"'|,„ Wlu.r^f tl^o l,Z^^^^^
»',""*" »™duHlly inward, both eaut and w«(.|, forming a '
-„ -. v:ii<t inliind I)mi.jii.
alao <><in|)<>r, gold, and oilier
I lio priiioiiial pro<iiiclH arc tho fropiial plant*
minerak The chief citjc* aro iiRRBKKA.on ine '
lU great fair; IIiaHlH, in the interior a plwc
l'® .",.!"';.':'.'."* ■"!■. »?«.B'!.«*.on the (iuiofXdin, noted" n,r
I jRrade for the Uailaa
uiVii".;'. '«1' »~".".."i"u'r" '"" "'TL'" '" "">"'«r,QriLOA, Moxambioi'
yi'lLLl-MA-NE, and H ofALA, on the coaiit,-plaoe. of conaiderable tnlde.
-- „ , CEMTBAL AIiaCA.
. H ■ .9*"*'«,A'"9*.embraoea the whole of the interior from Xorth»m
S'.S':"*'""^,.^'"""- . '» 'nclude«,8ou.DAK', ETHiopu.Vnd thS Dmbbt ^
Saiiaba. Theae vaiit tracla are little known ; but the tribea which inhtthiJ
oatnch fwtheni, ebcm.v, |miiii-oi|, Kold-diml, Ac. The chief townVin sl.?'
dan are 8bgo and TiiiBUt^Too, on the N'iger: Kouba on iSte TchiS'
in Bortiou ; and Waba, weat o^ imrAir. From itf oirabique andfteiithJS.'
Zanguebar, tho inter or haa recently been explow" S^The" nUuent u
Lower <^uineij.-aii.l the dim^ivenw aro note.1 on tlTniap The ,SLt
aurtice I. varied. Tho loflv Mountoin- of the Moon eXd dowSThe
co«t-line aome dwUi.™ iuUd,-iu»t«»d of from cmUo wZ^aa hUhertn
erroncoiwly believed. An extenaive lake, the Victoria NyanS S^ow «^r"
taine.1 to U the aour,» of the Nile, ha^'becn 'liJverej'yiM un'eTfhe
Equator I*ke Shirwa, near the 8h!r<i (or Cliir.4) BiveTandTn a cotton*
growing country, baa alao b een diac overed, lying to the wuth^t
80UTHEBN AFRICA.
so. Bouthorn AMoa includea Zoo-ioo', or Zir-LD'.the BoanrAwia
and Hottentot Coii»tbi««, and the Britiih Coloniea of Nat!? K^t
FBABIA, and the CaPB. Zulu ilea aouth of SofiUa; the JtoihuinM Counti^"
ti. the WMt, in the centre; and the Hottentot ciunti^n the" eit .Zt'
•^ BBmBH OULQNIEB IN SOUTHEaN AFRICA.
„; 81. Tba Ope Colony.— This Colony is bounded on the south-
""luu ^* ^"** •'y!!'" AtUntii. and Indian Oooans, and on the
north by the Orange River and ito tributaries.
88. PhyiiMl Pfttture*_The eoMt is not bold, hot conslati of
J. J J . . . anourra, conee, in'
digo, senna, and date and e bony treea. Trop ical animala are nume^ns
I. «T;fT"urf';jSiuctMoWitt P « ^?'n"^^^^^ Peacribe ito nhya. feat «8. What
Afri«P «K of Southen. ^«' J»:Z»'»i-t - tKiTt^Mn^^^^^^^
OUINKA-l£B^^
jre the two grwt n«tive il^Ii^ 'rilrl^""'"'? »»''•'« 'ntclliKoiit Kiffln
lo deep bodi. Of thei« rlTers Ihe K.n. ?i i '°"""'<'. ""> '•'"« run
corn, mllLt (. kind of grain )a„d w.tl .Im '"^"- "*'"■ <" '"dlan
M. »»taL-Thi. rnlnn. II . "•'e'-WBlon-, Are the chief producU.
The chief prSduoU .re cotton In Ji.?"'^''' '' ^i."'"''- »■"• ""' "" ftr'He.
-.«../„(p.,iTtCp^!r.te:fKMX^t^,r!:;.^^^^^
88 to n W)WBR OUIMXA.
th.Portu«uo«tr^f„S;,„^-M,-,«^^^^^^^^^
THE BBmSH OOUVOOAOT SBTTLBMENTS.
"echljJftr^W „„*!??"•?•"*"••'" ""• O"''' Co..t, In Hpper Oulne..
t«l), An-
NAMABOO,
DlXOOTI,
•nd Ao-
CBA. The
• zporti
are gold-
du8t,palin
oil, iTory,
maUe,*c.
Annual
▼alue of
export!
$380,000;
an Dual
revenue
$66,000.
OT
AK m^ w. 8KNBOAMB1A,
hi. Ri^irffl^.,;;' KS^i;!l;rnttrr"a^nS%'''' p-
uBheaui,, rSer hi'a m'..r:'r.t/Ze;Y:„;:rLiS..«r,?„"
THE ISLANDS OF AFRICA
I. * "oS*bre7rIl'!t.f:'':„ V'.r„ ?•! "!"".••" •" M«^'.f"c.r. It
o«.. The chl./,^"a2 ':^'',r.,"Vr:.bln7.°L".I!T'! "2 ""'"''•""-
OAri.ooA.T oiaru. oawtai, ot Buim ooumx>a«, ,!,««,„
the African co„t. rt. .oi. I, gSd^lS^f X.T^'Jil'^l'.thT*''^"' »''
THB BBmSH COLONY OF fOHBRA I^ira.
oil, ground-nut., *c., .nnuiU T.lu. 8i 4So non «l' "^•^fo'ton, p.ln)-
AA wf ^™ 0AMB1A4OVHB snTxaHmniB.
riw. Th.oih».toVhS.rthr K,^"J^"i "r'!^.*^ "" »*•
MIT LOriS. TBI CAWnAL Of ■ArmiTiim.
-uar?S|5?ttrio\?/n'c:i"h^rJ.^ir^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ II '"
four groupi. In 1814 thuT ».«. .--.. j . .. , ."*' *" '''»'<J*d Into
49 8t W«t"«l I. ^ . A"'"!-'.) group are near the fleyohell...
i. "j ^.rS?gT/;l^l'*''i?t. ^ >'r f "'^r » '^■- *«"«. •»«•
in ihape. It. eout. .Zl , , ' " »2|«">'o "rifla, and ii prram'ldal
the chlJf mounSilr "TlL" Z -i h*^'* ''JT. "" I-ot'Vwlft 2^^
from haring b.eT?h^SiLui „f .il'^i. l** •.«"*•«• '«• <="•' cel.bri^
revenue ,^.000. jSTtowS^ fttS-; r^^o""" •"'"•"'^'
i. 8 milKj^iW 'uiZ^" north-WMlf Bi. H.l«,a, «,d
QpyTiOM»-8S. What i. .ail^ the ohirf nmH.». T-77r-^ 1 ■> ( n. or P*i«c m»ULAi,D,oktit»amt otlA
FOBTuovan isla1i]ml
FCMCHAL [fcon-ihal'] i. tbe an^S: •"•'*'»•* ••« ••'•w*!. fcr inTaUdi.
"' """" ' SSrti* iS'^nHSih.' ??• '^«'*»-' W- Point out oD tte
SKETCH OP GENERAL OBOGRAPHY.
M>
aoUufiiLiU»iiaM,<iQiamt. UOForro MO
UO
>0
101
lOR
^migitn.l» MJWiat- aiw^VTHiai
sx
■WMIIl" I I III! II II IJI I
MttfrtATg
sc^i^SiasssssSb
1; The Owden of Bden w«b the first portion of the Earth's
surface occupied bjr man. It is supposed that this garden was in
Ohaldea, somewhere between the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris in
Asia, trorn this central spot (GoD having confounded the lang-
uage of men when they vainly attempted to build the Tower of
Babel up to Heaven) the whole Earth has been peopled.
Greeks believed tlw(
Muses in Oreeoe. wat .
untU the time of PUto, 8B0 B. c. The fiieenibian* a c«a
rh^°,53^*L«"^i*.5'5«-».w.retheZ?tnxplo»
BRIEF SKETCH OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY.
'Sl""''?'''^^* » eonoPl' or curtain, over it The
Mount Parnassus, the sMUof ApoUo and the
the oentie of thejsrth. ThU beUef oontinued is
°' rR.^ "• "'* Pbcmioiana, a MaAuina people
Muses in Oreeoe,
until the time of _ ^^
^ k^M^^i^^J^*^* Sr- ¥«* tocommunisate their ■eo^.j.hi:
SI .fc^SfS? ^ ^.J^'tf'^ This knowledM was afterwards «3>
by the Ofedis and th« Bnmu.^ >» tk. nJiSS. rS^TrTST^^'
•saAoing people
ots the shores of
'^±^:-n^j^!^^.^^js^^^
borders of China at the east, to Soaadinavia attbe north! ttd
andAbrisiniaatthesouth. -"ti. ■• ■« wmo, ana
4 tht Anritt lupin began
bavtag lasted tin jsi;n.*It eztandi
1 n* IKmr On^ Btaj^ of antiquity wsre as foUowi ;
_^ ITTO i. 0., and endsd 63* i. e.,
Capital, BABTton, on the Bnphratss. ^^ K^«—cmma»f.
.#&i.i —
QUBSnova.— Point nnt tm th* Ki^w aft ♦■.» 4.M^ ^Aui.
Puiuioui and name eaoh ooeiln, sea (<iMi-r*). m^lditKi
is sBWoftheQasdMofBdMil'^ iofawiSii-^^
map the Assnia. Smti^ .mI rSie PiLSJiriC
, giTc th* mottorn nuiie.
utiiB-nacea. l.Wlut
J. 4 Point out on th*
pMUDmliH, rimn, *«.
OBLEBHATED OOUITFBIBB OF AKTZQITrFT
jlcwnojii.-^ 7. p-=-' '■ ~ - — — -^
diTWoni ofHeDai; Mid
In
W"i
lOO
8K1T0B OP OINBBAL OBOGIUPHT.
I*«ini», Ar* go-ll«, AnwIU, Curinlhw. »n<l Hii-jroni*. iM'tmla »m lh« mcwt
powiTftil aUU- Ma i-apiUU »» Uackdmuuh, ot MpaIT*.
. .i *V^ Antl'qua, or AnoUint lUUjr, tii«lud«<l tliat uwrt o' luly
in lb» Tiolnily of Koom.
*ft ^^^'S'f" *•? "'" IKx.pli'd \>f Ciinun. |)i« Min of iUm. »nd lnv to tb«
•outh of HyrU and iil th'< .u.l »ii,| of tlic MMlilrmiiMiii Nm Anir il<
ooiiuUMt bjr Jtmhuii. il wu, l,y ih« coniuwixl (if UoD, diviiM aniimH the
twelvetrib" of Urwl Mfullow. T» iMxhrnr, /*bulun, A.h.T. Nii|iiiUll.
Sd til* half-tnbii iif Duu, wm MaiiiiiiMl Ihn couiiiry pilvudiiiii from llw
ouiiM wmel MiiRe, on lb« wi-«t nido of tb« Junbu, lo IMiwiiii^w and »yri» :
to KpbnJn, Uonjimiu, ind (lii< baif-lnbM of Uu Mid Muiaawb, tb*
f
"»|i"Jfr UtoMiai turn the Jordan to tho Mount < «'i,
ami t4. H4,ul»n «J«1, »nd lh« balMrilw .,t Mauuwb
t»lwo,.n llic.|»rUn and tho .VinniiMi In the tiinaof "
.nnia;laJudah
aallorWdSMi
rounin Ijrlna
(Motnmonr
•on), t.n of III.. Mm, rev..ll«J .iid r.,rii,,«l ll,« kinSomTi.nir thi
r«>mainin|ilwolrilw.fonii«||hi.kJnKd..m.,rJiid«l. "**"""""»•' '"•
CanLfl^*!,'!!.' "r'.h''^*^'"'' '""'"';"> "'«« P^ "f tha land of
uanaan iymi waal of the Jonlan, wm, hi lite I in.. ..four HaTiuur .lirldad
?h. VL^ f.i. '*r*l";"" 'jy'M""'!. '" "t the «wl M», of tbe Jordan. In
ibe tima of tbe Cru«il«., AtcaClue nicalTad the name of tbe Holy Und
MIECELLANEOUS.
A1.PIIADETICAL LIST
of Tni
OBOW OOMMXBOIAL PBQDUORI OT THI lABTH,
AND Tlil OOVNTKtU WIIIUIN THIT AU PftODVCID.
Auapicsr Jaaialoa. . Atilo»mHjtofJtLTri|ioll. Barbarr. hjOii. Portunal. Au>aa
Aaaow.&Nrr-gaaiirABOTioa. faa« and Woal IndlM. loitlk.|aa ^land*. ^
" — *T-C«ilra) eoanlriaa In HuniMi and AiiKMwaw let. Mo and M° , Britiali
.1 Auklialla. RauD-racir-ToiynMlarb*! and WMlIndlaa.
»-Bart and Wail Indkik iCiiaarai'n-Siiatu, Italjr. l^onlna, Turkn.
oa-Ovk>a,0oahtn-Chliia. CiTBoaa-MadnIra, Pot|rw«ia. Cum — "^
Buure-CnlniieoanlriM In lluniM and Aria. M«
AiMrlaai Aukitalla., gaaiD^racir-pgijr^birRatl
piaaAMoa-UaylMi. OooUn-CMi«. CiTBoaa-MadxIra. l>M|rw«ia. CLoVw-iio.
liHm Uaoda. OoAL-Billaln. BaMuni, tJnItni Matn, Nma imtta, AuMralla.
Cocoa-Nvn-Oajrlon, Maldtva lilaoda. Hlam. BraaU, BamairPobiiMU. AMoa.
gorrn-AnMa. Jwa, Wait IndUa. BnuU. Waurillw. Coma-StarthAi^Jirte!^
Ooaa-rraiwa, Ipatn, l\iKunl,
I ; AfMca, Trupteal Anarln, VulM
gfta^'l^i^'iWta^AJabiM^ri^ India.
i»o»»-Maur{|l«», Hadiwaaear, Oajloo. BnaaALoa-Pani,
riolh-TurtM Orjeca, rranry, gaaln, ltal>. NuKh AMea. pLil-Ruaiia, Rtopt,
Inriaod,^ NaUwrlaada, AuatraUa. Pcaa-SrttUi aiid Buaalan AmerioaTViiltM
Britain, Chili, Mvadan. mbaria, l>«nia, Jaiian. i
Ital/, Bariary. Corroa— Southani larta of AiU ;
Matia. CoaaAaT* Ionian lahuula and Oneea.
OAHBoaa-Man. Oaanbodta. OoLD-Callfornla, RritUh CbluaMa, Nora BooltiL
Layw Canada. Au|«ndhslndla. Buma. AlHm, Hunaary, gaiony. Bciador. ^
Hj«^-Bnarin,7tdirHilIlpaiia laland.. BnaU. Kllaln, Biojrt. North Anmloa.
Iraua Cou-SMMAiaa. laDiao-Kaat and Wwl InitSTOulnaa. IrccAcu-
AaiA— loaUi At r lea. Uo>— Moal eountrlaa, partlmlarly Britain. Hwedan.
BriUdiABMrifa. United Matt*. IroaT-AMoaTKaiVlndlM. oweom.
LsAP-BHtaln, Unltwl State*, Britlih America, Qermanv, Spain. Laaoaa-
ania, IVnte. Qreeea. Itahr, ipaln, Portiwal. Aiore*. W^t IndU.
„''*c»-*>rt and Weal judlea. MABooAax-Wail Indlaa, Ci-ntrmI America.
••*i»«.o« lanua Ooaii-Aaieriea turn Canada to La PtataTSouth Burope. Cen-
tral Afrioa, Aii*raltaL liArLa-SDOAB-Caiiada, United Statea. MAaaui-iihletty
In Italy, araeee, Biypt, aiberia, Britain. Praeoa. Plaaderi. Canada, United Htateik
MaaCDlT. oa QcicuiLTaa-apaln, Auatrto, CalUbmla, Peru. China. MiLurr—
tiennany, Pohuid, India, Africa. MoLAeeia— Weat IndWe, Mauritlua, UxUatana.
MoBOOCO-LaATBiB-Iievant, Barhary, Bualn. PUadan. Mi'LaauT-Taaa a«o
laa aiLK-Woill— Hoik h Burope, South Aala.
NOTMBoa— Molueoa i»lBndLBumatr% Panaqc, Borneo.
OA T a S ai a e a* Baklst. OLiTia— Syria, Oreeoe, Africa, S^aln, Italy,
Ionian ,*«d. "'"iJi^SXIiJSil'lnd^"""'^'^
jeuM-btu^tftarn AHeMTeraaiifa^ BimII, UlJHloatan.
ParrsB— laaland
—Southern Pranoec
QuioiaiLvia— See Mitccar.
BAiaiaa-Aiia Minor. Spain, Italy. Eica— IndU^ Clilna, Weat Indlea, United
Btatae, Italy, AMoa. BvaiBa-Ara, South America, Siberia, Buypt. Bra— The
BrMd-grain of Oermany and Butaia.
BAOo-Baat Indtea. SArraiaxa-AnL Bobnaia. Sanmy, Praaee. Siivaa—
Meilco, Peru, Hungary, Baiony, Aaiatlc Buuia. Bpoaoaa— Pound upon the rooka
of tlie Hedllmaneau and Bad Sean. BoaAa-OABB-^Trapioal Amurtca, Beat and
Weat Indie>.8lolly, Canary liUuid*. Polyneala, Africa, Braall, Loulriaiu. Bcoab
laoM Baar-BOOT-Pranoo, Belgium, Oenaany. Pnuda, Riiteia.
. ''lJ!'i*'!?*~S!i f"i ^"tL'^iSi luOt^ Kaypt. Cuba, BmaU. Tamooa-
BouthAinerica,WeatIndleB. TaA-CUna, Japan. Aiaam. Tia-OonnralL Oavon,
Oalid^ Bre-a^rae Mountalna In Saiony i Bohemia, Mahvria. Ohhia, lataud o(
Banea in Baet Indiaa. ToBACCO-Troploar America, United Btatea, Tiokaar, Aala.
S™?*^ S™"^ *''"'nfe. ''<»»/t«S»-?outh Amtrioa. IndiaTlDvOiberia,
Meileo. TuWiVonB— NWnpore tai Petaia. -wi-^ -«
Tiaa (Taal-Sottth Bufcpa, Canary Iihuida, AMca, N. America to lat. 4<°. BrailL
WaiAT— Almoat eeaf nwt of the temperate tone*. Wiaaa— Harpaadb .- Prom
a prortaea in Pmiu» or that naaie. Oape: South AMoa. C9taaiiMfiw: Prom a
Dnnrlnea In Prauee of ttat name. CJar«« .- Bordeaui in Pranoa. MaiMra i Prom
the Madeira Iiiacda. Jrataaap.' DItia Jfareala: Blclly. An-t: Prom a province
V 8b! I'^ZflT'iir'lSSliriiR^ Slurry. Xema, near Oadii, In Spain. Ikmir^:
YAaa— AMea,nouth America, Polyneaia, Auitralla.
OBIom at THB FBTO OPAL SLAOTB.
Ani— la tnm Brarpt. Barltt waa found In the Hhnaluan Mountalna. .Baoit-
«aA«a( oamaoriainiaiyjnmm Siberia and 1teta«y.11ieO»iTii«lahomBumipe and Aala.
(Mera orlciidBdln Germany. The caemr, Phm. OUee, and .dlaHWd ai« rtom
Aaia Minor. The Chmtmmt game from Italy. CMmrt la a erlid plant in Germany.
The OMfMHi la IhMB Media. Tbe Curitfader grow* aiMnear the Mediterranean. The
ltr.l!*S":?"*''*T2"»./'f •■»•. tffo—iJ* *wJ«l I., ItoujKraBuSpe.'rta
IheRaet. The Ooarrf I, probably an Baatem plant. «m«M« «wl 0«." SinatlMS
i .-..jgr;^!y g:yn'*a^. l*. * . "*»»>? pr.idu<l iMpin, ■» rr«m the Lerut.
Uft^lw2r^wiKSr!!*rS*r""»-l"''i? "."' Aby-lnla. TheJfaMer^
«toSL3B^JfcA{Ei'*ftS'/2?~ISL The NHIU I* a nali«. of BuBtpeT^w!
f T'^STt '" ^iS"''^'"**^ TbeOa^oaorlirtnatedinBiiypt. fara/ee waa lint known
gS?!?.y.?.?ygy iy ° .. T»« ^' •»« AptU ■>* f»om Runpe. The PopSm
il'P'P' , STr * 'S *°'' ^ "" W** ]>"** **" In SIctly and W«iilea, JUeeiaanatlnaf
wa* bmudit from Bgypt. The JtwU a«d.Plax i how. lu origin by luVutme.
oHiMr ncpoBn or vabioub ootmrRiBB.
NORTH AMBBIOA AND WEST INDIBS.
l?m'J!"^A''"?;*ii!L"/*;""'"" i«i*»i>-aoid. ntn. coal.
MaViSSZsiuCr S2hiS.A^ •'**^ •^''- """'t^J^' p™"r'™'- 1»« ••"• i«««i
5;;'si;t'i?sj^ar timb.,. de-.. ,h Jtr.te '^' '-^""'- -^"-^
NiwroDlDLAaD— Oodbh.
NoTA Soom-Tlirber, coal, plaatM' of Pari*, gold, flih, potalota.
PaiBOa-BDWABD ULA»n-Agrioultuml product*, B.h. ■"""*
UaiTBP Statu i ^
g*M^*a-Oolirqu|ck.ll»er.
Kli£.f*!i*V"!!J^i^.'v'*f' ' -""' f""" Virginia and Maryland, tokano.
AroHaeni fCal«— Timber, Oah, beef, pork, not and aearl a*h«* ^^ ~™«»o.
Houlktm «ta/«e-Ootton. tobam, rinsMnr;
w«Sr w^.f!!^;;:;:,*'^"""'' "^ ""JVeon, IndUtn com.
*"C_L'"""~*"''"'Lr"''*?' ."*■• " wl a m i. cotton, pimento, aingar locwood. ma.
bogany, cocoa, cochineal, dgar*. traftcaltrulta. ^^ 'ogwooo, ma-
SOUTH AMBBIOA.
i!rp!i;f2SSArxivriS!ii*£?^t^^ ""*• «»"• '""»?»<^ ""-•
CaiLi-Gold, rilnr, copper, wheat, hemp
VaauoiLA— Ooooa, coihe, Indigo, tobaoco.
BUBOPB.
DaaxABK-nosa, rape^enl. lUh, ftiather*.
nlil^ is?' TV^- If"^ »Uk^glwre*, nerhimery, trinket*, ftincy article*.
GiaaAinr-Wheat, hemp, llai, wooL hark, amber, Bhenlih wine*, bop*, toy^
OaSAT BBlTAia A>D UaLAKi>-&al, Iron, auuhlnery, *hlp*, mac^ture* lu
Oaraca-BMr aUk. dried nruita.
Hou.A>D AVO Baioica-Cheeeo, fin, i Mlip*. madder, hop*, lace, linen, dock*.
iTAti-tow and raMulkotured elli*. fruiu, ofc»e<ll, eltmiKjialt. oheeei, nuSu«iil
nrmieelll,aulphur,pumice-*tone.marbhi, paper! rag*. "»«',">«>»roni,
NOBWAT ARD BwaDBa-Tlmber, Iron, pitch, turpentine, oak-bark, flih.
rOBTDOAi.— Wine, nuit*. cork,
B»AIB— Win^ fhiit*, oilve-oil, cork. wool.
TcBZBT— Leather, raw allk, Ag*.
ASIA.
AsABlA-^JoAte, aloe*, gum*, myrrh, hankhiaenae, perftame*. drug*.
A*iATio ItLAn>*--Clniiaoia«, etorea, nutmeg*, pepper, ginger, aago, oamphor.
BiBMA» BBMBB-Teak-tlmber, rioe. Ii«U«mwiw Sru^ pHii-75irVaSi.«tnl*h.
Chira-Tml, •Ilk, cotton-good*, poroelalnniuqttered-wan. gum*, fipit. drlgT^
HiHDoaTAa-SUk, mignr, coBbe, pepper, indigo, rioe, Uc-<fre. ■Utpeln, dUmond*.
itlii^^-r^S;:!^ JSr- '•"'^' P*™"-". J^P"""*—^ nee. o«Ur.
Pbbbia— BUk*. canwta, ahawl*. nigar. rioe, dried fruiU, leather, drug*, tobaooo.
SiBBBiA— Pur*, mineral*.
TvBKBT IB AaiA-OoOiM!, carpet*. *ilka, fruito, drug*, opium.
APBICA.
ALOtaaa ABD TBirou-Oatrich-ibathera, date*, wax, wool.
?AVA!S2jr,"ti;^s?'.siii»ii^^iii:-'-'^^^^
BoTrr-Cotton, tadlao, drunTArult*. rioe.
Madbiba lULABDa— Win*e,lruUa.
Qoamo»—U. Point out the noailioii of AncimitlttUy. 18. Deaoribe Canaan, and ahow how it waa diTidad. 18. Point out and deaoriba FtOaatine.
QiT« the prinoiiMl itema in the hat of chief oommeroial produota. Give tbe origin of tlai prindptU plant*. Mention the chief ezporte of Tirioua countries.
*■■ ■■».
, twltliMtorllndRMi
[(iixiwh, 111* •■oiintn Iflnc
inm>r RakdkiMii (MoliMtion •
llm kinidom uf iinal: th*
iidali
that Mrt i,( tha Uiid of
linm iifoiir H«»imir, iliiridad
• ill th« iiiiilillr. mill JudM
wit Miln, of tli« Jonlau. In
B luuiic uf tha Ilol)r I«od.
p». Tlw Dffi't.ir—d la paau-
nnl III NouUieni ■umw. Th*
riUn.Cn— la from Horiii aiiil
'Imum ami Clottn an naUfaa
tlw Kaal tndln. Tb* IToala a
th« raaptan Hoa. Tha ifon:
•me tVoid Iho aottlh of Ruropa,
M|riM an from Iha Lrrant.
a iiatW* or A marlOL Uw WWo*
uid Abjrialnlik. ThaJTaMarry
(MlaanatlvaorHur^Bi. 0»U
WPf. I^ralaiiwaaflnt known
'a of AraM*. ^ha J>m la aup-
ara (torn Kuropa. Tha Poppm
I naljra of Hani and MailS.
<<<«* U a natin of China and
mdNaplaa. JUoalaanaUTaor
ftmaeh waa flrM cvlllntwl In
ianwio MatlTaoTTotaviaand
iiMijr aiw tha MedltarrannHi.
'» cam» rrooi Kanls. ir»M(
Ita ori^ii b/ lla iiama.
rsoounTBata
r iNDin.
, Aui, ooal.
maal, pmlalona, pot and pawl
ran, palrolaum, wvlallle oica.
1!
•h, poUloaa.
in.
ilnia and Maryland, tobacM.
d puarl aahea.
Itan com.
pimento, gincar, logwood, ma>
<a, gold, diamonda, kidea,
avnna-pepper.
■7 triiiketa, ftiucjr artlelea.
inlih wliiea, bopi, tojra.
lerjr, ihipa, maculhoturea In
r, hopi, lace, linen, clocka.
ainw.plait, oheeae, maoaroiil ,
nga.
Ine, oak-taurk, flah.
I, leather, pitch, wu.
ftmea, dnatra.
r, ginger, eaco, oamphor.
uga, palm-augar, allk,ramlab.
rare, guma, paper, drugi.
M!-d3re,i*ltpetrK, diamonda.
Japanned-ware, rim, wdar.
a, leather, druga, tobaooo.
opium.
wool.
rooda.oatriob-ltatlyn, Itott.
out and dcaoribe FkUttine.
:porti of Tsrioiu oountriei.