n^ Sir IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 1.1 150 |3j2 116 1 4.0 1.25 mu 12.2 12.0 1.8 1.6 150mm o 7 /4PPLIED ^ IIVU4GE . Ine ^as 1653 East Main Street ■^= '- Rochester, NY 14609 USA ^^^S Phone: 716/'te2-0300 .^?:^= Fax: 716/288-5989 1993. Applied Image. Inc . All Rights Reserved % 4^ r\ r5\^ <^ ^^\i. ^""^^ "^cr ^^> r o ■■ "'A l((ier« ■"'■'/'.i, l'riiii.«ia, • Jiom/,„u I,„|,.,_ ' • tv •'"'•'O, JjllHIll, . • • -i/.//Ai(j,i,„i,i„f, • • . . J '■(■III, C'liiiiu, ■ ■ • • ■nuw, lliil.v, ■ • • . 17 I M a II U £5 U -H) 7 37 I' 2U it 21 6 21 rm a (I u «) •) m i) u • I «8 ai It* as 12 3.^ 77 40 13 W l» 6lt III 10 110 3,1 io 80 o.) 14 31 •w CS IM fi8 11 34 2 20 III! 28 12 .'lO 80 10 isF , 4S .' >m P c ^ HAVi ii^ P UK GLOBE; "•Wo longitude i, wquiml ANV PLACE, O''l«ige0,j """"* OP Utitudb. m ow many mw^rnDhio fftttfitrrn m" -r :. t . Ilea n A LON VICTORIA . V BOMBAY 'TTA ,SX!itLtJL_!'_iJ«^ IMUDA PJKBURCH PKEFATOHY NOTICE. TbK Wnrk li '" " " • ■■■■■ - prejudice the ingenuous pupil air^n^hl' "' '^""'"' •» »«)froquontlv Ukon «.l^ i • ' * '""" " •« "vcrlooked. u to prejudice their young mind« ^.inst ti/t ^'.^ P^?« '««t-book8 iu the h«nd« of our Xtdln" r ""■"•' '■"*''"« "'■ P"'""^ to tfive promin«„o. .wwment, to prejudice the ingenuous pupil «li„^7i, '^ A ' "' «»««<»» w too froquonti v Uk..n U.l^ i • ' * '""''* " •« overlooked, u to prejudice their young mind« ^.inst ti/t ^'.^ P^?« '««t-book8 in the h«nd« of our Xtdln" r ""■"•' '■"*''"« "'■ P"'""^ Briti.!." ^""^f'N'Nr None, o, EAcrBwTiSr/w"'"'**.*'*^'''^'' »»■<»«', and ofTho.^^ i«ntiah and Amernnn «,..!,. .u. .*:" ?«JT'8h Colony.—As fho« n„i.-_.' ,'" '''® ••'J»««'>t interior, hwi «!«, h^.. : . . faou « could be JZ) but . '^""'^ "J.'^"'""" "^ "-cb quarterrf Z OlT"^'"''/" •»•« B"'i»h '»• Ab8Bnc« OF PoLiTifii A.. '""''*n'«ttinKiiiore than fh«,,J 1 • ^ '**" •"n'ni«p y treaf • Hiatoricd faou of generS.^'; ht T2"rn",ti''^''"1!i^^'«"-«" b^ Xrr t^'^, "-/""o ^ JbTJ 4. Pbondnciation or Namm nJ P.? •»■'«"<»«, been given: but thev ««,„„. i? . •"j"""' '""• beon cpeoial owefiUljr given from the Z^iZTCZ '^i;^^^'^ ^J-'^'^'^'^'^iion^^^^^^^ wa. ~n««aeredj*liable. _ '"'"'"^- T''" 'l««v«t.on of the namea of^coun JiTh^l IiHJ"';^.?!?."."''^ '» 'be text h«i C wa. oon«.aered reliable. '"'"'"^- T''" 'l««v«t.on of the namea of^coun JiTh^ ilJ'";^ ■"" -"""^ '» '»«' ««' b«i C been maerted on the map. 7 hSe countrirl"' "T"f"' '" ^"^^ralia, aaXthl o/d i"''- """^ '^ P^^P*' »« "t-C^al K ietor, Mr. John Lovill riliih I'roviiKHn. ' •reimontlvbocntttioMto mo School. The difficultr P«ru have been treated by ittixt-bookaforEuropeai jntrien, at the oji|)ci,ge of her hand, in their anxiety le inoonipatiblo with their "• sliould it bo overlooked turioal alluidoD and direct «• Loy«lty to* Sovereign ban a feeJiug of patriotio iwilive toMdcnoy of which >^S»cj of our forelkthera. »l>Me introductory paj*. ' •««> boon introduced in Jftons in various parte of I'nK such brief hwtoricaJ >r, haa ulao been inaerted ""«)"ly treated, «th in due to them. »on eepeoi»llv guarded. " or intended to offend ned in tie text has been » in moat oasea where it P« hw been constructed, with some details not ■oper to sute, that the ' others in Africa, have «t reliable information, lIuHtrations are highly in?e original print* and 'Oikill- eawBoiaUythe John, New Brunswick. been compared with tutorial Uand-Book of he 'American Almanac .soarocly twoofthem Jve will be received in ■ iwseption m another J. 0. H. -"»"J or the pupil the iS^teiSKrf""' *"**"' well to direct an expeH BA This adds interwt le memorr of the pupil '■fMonaamalleriair '•••on.— oloameM and M are simply designed nvjriational questions, JWlej™, rradsi oount^ ><* were but an aore- — — " vT tat uiuru uiiQ. nviogs which appear ?.''l»">toriesft)ri8M. DM labours. LOVELL'S GEPJERAL GEOGRAPHY. INTEODUCTOEY ClIAFIER. " IN X..K »HO,««.»o. 000 C...TED THK Uk.vk.s. .»n XU. K..TH."-0.n..U 1. 1. ir!;k^o'irS"~'^H. •■■■"' i^'^';''''^ " ^""^"^ fr""" •«" iroek words (gr, " ourtb, and gr(>j,l..r, " writing •), a„J „i.,„i. BS a description of the Earth. ' ^ ' » v, ""u "ifeni 2. Division«.-Geoprn,,hy is divided intoil.rct. branchos- vii a. Matbeinatioal (or Agirononiicl) aeocriiipliv noints out irifcri'.s''S'„'''''^n''^"" '." ""^ ""'' '^'-^r"^!" ^ow lines whTf. »"'»?""«J«!' ""J •"»«"'■"•; H"d explains the riou» lines which, for scientiho purposes and convenient refer- mditK?^. "*:?''"'f,''y J^'."*" "»' »•'« no*"^"'. divisions and editions oJ the Earth's suriaco (pago 7). Under the head of ZV :"''?"g»««» '»>« Mructuro of the Earth's crust 11) nder the head oT Afeteoroloy;,, it explains the Je^™| ar tL if limatc and atmosphere (p. 9); and under the hc^onw^,^ to which the habitable parte of the World aro divided, and Zms •t thoir extent, popufation, commorec, government reCn inguage, and civilixation. Under the heid of IlUlon it S .0 earfy settlement of countries, thoir forms of Sernmcnt and le progress of geogrnphical discovery. ^ trnmcnt, and e. Single UltuitrBtiona of each of these three branches mav , thus given: (1 That the Sun is 600 times larger than^lH^e 5lS f " f"''"':f }i '^'r^""''"* ^y "^"^ l-ke, and mountib is a & A •• V^ ^^> ''"'**•'« fi"oProvinoe» included in British ^orth Amenc. form part of the British Empire, is a p^lUi^lZt. I. MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 7. The Earth's Appearanoe—Tho Earth aj>pear, to us, as ^';;^iW/^ variati<.ns, in the Northern and Southern Henii.phere.. The east and wos are the pkees rcH,H|c.tively at which the Sun appears to rise and to^t on the '0th ol March and 23rd of September: on other days it ri^" and sets near them. The North, .Smth, East, and West are, th^ lore, called the cardinal or chief pointe of the compass. Intermediate pointe of the compass aro named according to their nearness to any of these car- dinal points. A person turning to the Sun at noon, faces the south: his back IS to the north; his right hand IS to the west, and his loft to the east. Maps are also drawn on a po- \va projection, representing both the _ JNortherii and Southern Hemispherea. Flu. 2.-Tn« niwsxa'i compam ^f^ illustrations of these four projeo- „ _ . tions on pages 12 and 13.) fmf* .^'"8nation.--The Earth is called a planet (" wanderer") from the revolving character of itj nvotion (see section 16 naa* 7^ • a WORLD, from ite being part of a cre«/erf system : and a ball OLOBE, or sPnEBE, from ite being rounded in form. ' lO. In Shape the Earth has the appearance of an oranse and « called an oblate spheroid; tV.t is, a rounded body whS^ hw been slightly flattened at thr . aid bottom, o^tL opLito poles, owing to the rapidity ot a spinning motion. TtelS diameter (through the «,uator) i. 7,92G miles, and ite shoS (f om U,e north to the south pole) 7,899,_diflbrenco 26 .SileT dip of about eight inches in s mile mu.t be »1 owed In ordef to mLi'» rn'the mT ',"""," "'':""' ('> "" 'hadow which the BaththrSl; upon the Moon during a lunar oc pae is slwavi circular • nrn,- ST i«.lwar. .PPa^iy risiug and .etting orVom.Su i/l'^'^^^i;,^ ual form ? & How u thBK;wi; ir2S!^i'.'?l' „«^9."'? . 'M™* ^*fP*IISNT ntTH or 2 Hf. S.-«SI.ATIVB PO.mo5. o» THI SASIH. .P». A,n »„„.. ^ «d the ray. .r iiiiSwK^wa»te^?iih'!i'SS!?.5**' " branoL .._. -ualfor..- a-HTwIslhrE^rt-h^pXW »• W^afS-^&MS;? iSw ^'^^^ "^^^^ ".jMsn^jer H. rrete that it is round. Explain the Olustntiona. _ ---- -—™"-aiwiaa i,n»o«n,J o'n/"ott'bS"7" ^?Sg'?^Lfi!i?.e^L «:0f Jrh?t doeslhT^SS • Barth; is?» 6 MATHEMATICAL GEOORAl'HY. ■arface, but on no two plscei, which ar* dua tati and wtti of Mch oth«r, kt tba Mme moment ; (A) in going north or louth, ntw conitcUntioni •pp«ar tu rlio abore, or to ««t b«lnw, the liorlion ; (U) irarelleri rontlnu- Ing th«lr Journey due eut or wo«l, due north or louth, or to »ny Inter- medlktc point of the compnu, from a given place, will reach the ianie place again If they continue to keep on In a direct courte. The tint rojaga round the World waa made by Magellan's Kx|K-illlion, which Mlled fVom Bpain in September 1510, and returned In September IS'i'J. la. Biae and Motion.— Tho Earth in nearly 25,0UU niilcH in eircuinrbreiicc, and (7,920, or May) H,000 in 'Hainetcr. It in about 9fi,000,000 luilos from tho Sun. and 287,1)00 from thu Moon. It •&■ huM3 motions: vix., (1) through apace 08 part of tho Hoiar System ; (2) daily on itH uxin, in 24 ifllan Holur hourH, c<|unl to a aidorcal day (moasureKreo In thli senile, If tho cirrumfcreiico be Wi miles, thim • degree of that circle will bo ono mi7«)ong; if the circle be !MW InchfB in circumfrreiice, thon a donreo will Ik* oni inch kc. Tho circumftwroe of tlio Earth in ai,«fl« fcoo- l^raphical niilee, of 60 to a dcurt'O, or iJI.OOO EiiRlinh miles, of W.07 to a degree. The equator connsta of MO deareea ormaeoffraphical miles ewh. Parallels of latitude, Mina smaller circles, havt* each degrre, 1. e. tho arc of each ■Bi- m ».«.»>«. .«... dearee, prwportionatoly shortor, according to tho site of rtc. 7.— DBOUIS, ITC. t,,g pj„(p ,^1,8 divisions of tho circumfi'n'nco of the otrele into SM equal parts took its origin from the length of the year, which wis supnoaed to consist of MO days, or \i months of SO daya each.) f The term minute is ttom the Latin mia-«-f«m,asmall part. The term eeeondt Is an abbreviated expression for lecond minutes, or miuute* of the teeond order. AttroHomieai Table i m Ramnds (") make a Minute ('). ao Minutes make a Degree r). t» Degraea make a Circle (OX .. M Degrees make a 8ign of the Zodiac a Btnu, or to Decrees, make a Ouad- rmni (or oiio-Tuurtti) of tiiu'Zodiac. U Signs, or 4 Laadrants, or S60 Deg., oomplete the circ'c of the Zodiac. (outb, and aitandlng from pola to pola. A/rhlcally, the Earth Is divided by the equator Into the nortli- ern and southern Heminpherit, or half-glubes, and, by a meridian-line, into the western and eastern licnilB|iherea. (See pages 11, 12, and IS.) (7.) Ijititude is the dls- *5SliCu'tr<'a lunca of a place north or ""■ south of tho equator, and is called either north lalltude or .A^RkC P^-^V'yfUl VT&v'*' south latitude. Latitude Is ■narked in degrccii nt the sides of a mnp. I'uriilleli^ lati- tude are sinullor circles paral- lel to the equator. (Sec Fig. 8, and illustration on page 12.) Thosewholiveon the same par- allels of latitude have an equal length of day and night. In all countries, latitude is reckoned from the equator. (8.) Longitude Is tho dis- tance of a place east or west of a first meridian. It Is ex- pressed in degrees at the top and bottom of a map, ami is """"■ called either east longitude or ng.s.-caiasTiAtspnuaii UfAOiwAaTtiatt west longitude. (Figs 84 13.) i'»aw» .oi-»D a .mall laa.a otoaa. (9.) Tlioarc(icondon/urcfif,orM/ar,fn>volvinKlMHl- IM form our Molar NvkU'iii (Kig. II.) lic^oiid thU Milnr i>)'iit«iiiarotlioKixi' "'■ thrpran'etV.riVr.^;ntu°n^''r "''""'•^ '•"'^"' niS^-MofhTHi.?',.' '"' ""'"",'*' ll'«"e'- »•"• the one ni^rto th?lil??,^„"V"'°'" '•W?» fr""> 'he S"n. i, ellit?"(thit U SSS^hrSTiirr'*^ hy « «oo.or «t- ion.vi,...n,„nthV^SiS&^'«n^^^ hen between the8unMdM«;n,iSL«^iKi»CJJ'«J!»''i ">e Earth. Tned •tt™etionofthe8nnaSdiSSlM.^fc2"''**''*^*Moon. The com- pliw dlacovered tram time Pi«. lJ.-k.L4Ti»i PRoPoaiioM or i.i»n akd WAi.i orini olou I ttlt*M VA.iAt.I- M a_ L The II*rth'a Borfhoe ia divided into land and water, aa follow. MrnVlV"'""';'''''^ Und,Wlli?Und water S?mm Houtheru Uemijohern.^. land_13£00,00o; and water SSS Dtrltlona America.. Riirope .. Ocnmla.. Africa. Ar«aa7ii '*"f''' KoF'I'h In". '^'''■•"'1 in- . .. Hurfaoc RatlmatMl "'p«J»»loii t<> one Population - "> ""' afCuut IS.W.OOO I s,;(ii,i]ao ! ir.ooo.oon I 4,noo,on() I ll,4*fi,(IOO i S7,am i7,ieo 80,00U la.noo 431 ais n: I 79,000,000 Mo.ono.nno 700,(00,000 83,000,000 80.000,000 8q. Mile. 6 76 44 W 7 Mean Itelf ht In real above the 8m. \.A.,748,8.A..1'II. 671 1.1U WI'TUNI .oMPABAim Biiia or TBI n.AiiBn. ••i. »■ }*^f;i'7r* "*»«' one-fourth of the Earth', mr/ai^^ >l»notur,.lU,v,„o,a are cl„u,!Jied a. follow, : (8e« Fi^. 14 p 8^ (1 ) A Continent («Vom the Latin con, " U^iheT,"mdtl;^ ; %t An wJd "^^Z '"".f '^."'"'"'"K several 'oountri:,' r4\^ *° ^ «»^."» "portion of land enlirelj, surrounded by water .. ■ <(^) A Peninsula fVom tho Latin pe^, "almost " and L^S fa ""'j"-!") »» portion of land a/mo/sun^und. -1 bV wate ' f s'^ An Isthmus is a nock of land uniting t« ., laiver portions I (S.) A Capo is a point of land projecting into an S^^ a 2" I L'!^;- •"■ ■! '•'^ "^'«'- A cape is^alsi call^, in sonHDuntr^' A rf,/ ,s a steep or overhanging rock by a river, a lake.or °^ (6.) A Coast, or Shore, is the margin ofland bordering on an ocean, a sea, a lake, or a river. ""g on an • ^ V j^ M°"?t**n 's a lofty elevation of land. Its hiahest imin« Lt S? %rV'"'^''''"^«»f '»»^'* » reckon^ T^rany called Its bn„. Mountain. tK«„r singly, and in chains, orS^^? lAnd.Diviatona.-Thc five great divisions of the Earth aie • PHTHOAL OIOORAPHY. .;,;ini7'<;;^._ y».) A n»ln !n a portion of Unci oounlrv. An I'xtnn.ir.. „i„ V.M or ,.pl.n.l ,J«i„ U oall..,l *^/.,„,„ or Zl.ZrIZll «ro Und. ,n wh.oh there an, fow con.picuou. mountain. (II.) A Pj»irte [prny'rlj (h an extoiiMivv tract of count rv mostly level, dctitule of trocH, and covered with Ull c^ar^S' riq ■^ A ^!f '»» barton and sandj or rocky tract of country. CM.) An Oaaia [o'.|1.»ib] ih « fortilo upot in a dewrt 4. Wttar «rn^ three./o„rth» of the Earth', *urfnct and Unnatural diouion, art cl^^^M a. /olhw, : (ScJ! Fi^ '14 ) (ll t°i2rr '" ■ T ^I "'>" ""**"■' '*P"™""8 continent.. )o( f ■** '* » «"»'»"<"• body of water than an ocean. rll f° ^"^*P*"««° [«k-J ] ia a Ka dotted with iaianda. inland. In aou.e oountr.ea « Halt-wat^r inlet i« called a/W ffoc f «l. I t 1 '1* ' ^y "'' "»'*"■ """^ondod by land. Some Mlt lake., when large, are called ir,„. A lake ia houcS fonncd by the expanaion of a river in it» cour^ it^ ^^0^ and Scotland, reapectivcly, lake ia called /««<,/; and loeh «,f„;„^ '^^'*^^, ^r*^ or Bog ia a low, wet. apon^r tract of 7hiS 'Z.""^^' " •' ""T'.? *'""* interaperXi^ patched C?.; A strait la a narrow pamagc connectinsf two lanror bodip. JuTTrt "^^ ^*"''' ^'^ ^"^ '*'"■ """h of NewfuuXnli (».; A Channel m a wider pa«wigo than a strait. rt',!s\^^^ '" ' P**^ *"* ""y ^ fathomed by a sl.ip'a lead i. t^l il^^Jf"*"*^ ^i""^.^^" ^^''"" «'"-"'■". " t« ''Oil or foam •) w the enlarged mouth of a river, or the entrance to a bay or inlet waUr.ChthM;''* "'''' ?' •''" "*"' °[ ♦" ">« "•^''' '" 'ooau- the rf. ri J. • ,**"',?"r '" '»''««''» to boil and foam. The mouth n^T.^ **""^ '° """''- •"''' '^''•"' "'» these two pointa ia the ci,ur,e. A Ate (from the Greek letter A) is . triangular-ahaH island or SmiS.-'^f P"^"'**^ ^^ "?• ''•^tion of mud, and causing *°° P" w tne hollow naaaaire rwith Unk. «„ «:.v— -rj-v :_ whioh Um Tint fluwi, and I llio /nkin ia tho nyion ii iu name ii nnlK-d a hninrh, Irihutiirif, or 'ijDiurnt A tnrrrnt [n a atroam running rapidly over broken ntinuou* diwcont and abmpi ; and /nlU or a mimdf, by lit dowwnt. Tho fall* of > iil„nirt. In Br. N. America, wj, and a chute [ahoot]. I) callixl from Mount AHm, in II flri.t naviKitlol by Mn«<.||«n, in li> walProhlmiM'oan urv " witnwiii, (Icniiity, t«in|>oii ggumdomj Bii th« oppMltc H ide. I «) clmwifled f Deflne Ooenn,! me of thcdo diviriona on tlw iirrentiand the Gulf Stream fl 1 u'?oSr^h«'fel!!l*l!r».?"f,;Yhl*TM^";jfv'?';''i '" •""'""• '" ""'-rt till p«ur .•..„ of N.«u-w-.n'Y,:te::.;I';;;,';li.;;r,,'::f'i?;;;.':j """ "» •io'il/d* '?'"»' "•'"'•J. P«>enoa,3n, which an, ob*,rv.blo are wnda, cloud.. I,«l.,,„„,, ,h.„„|,„, ,,i ^„i„b. ,„„»,;*.il ic^ Im'W, kI*- !•«" tKla*!.], avalanchoa. f,.^, duw wator.noi^ .o«.o..n^ ,u.,ra.bor...lia, volo»„ix», oarth.,ua'2oa. alld tTdt "^ ^• .v.ul.ii "/"'li'iffrniii'Tn' {h.";:'";:i„:;;r;':.rir ';'"•'"-.• »"" •"• ""ledv the |.krtli I. .urr..iii.di«l to . . Tt™f »7« ,' , VT "■"""I'h*'"- *"h wliu.fc Th, ri,.h of eol I :irT.'^'p''';t'',^li'7"''n/ '•><'''•'. ►J*".!, upwinl" """"" "•• ' — ■ (.f. » hlr,,"'^'..'..'.":."'.!::,!*' *""''• '■•>» h'«h, 'MlYSrOAL OBOOHAPHY. •frnmlt; tlMdlraethniof (•iHflll'fcJI. )5»ft vu»l(»iU»tor(n (llnihnrV.',7„;;' "' ""•■"'""*■. (Kill ..u.n.,«i.v......„„.v^H-.n"^Jvte:r;;;'''ter;^-i^ (1) »•■« H;n;«v:;:,i'iu;;r;.r'rt:i;;'::r'i?::: Th« i;pv«'.;;i;;:^ Afn«: VI) tli« ll«r-iii.ui«.. -i.T.i; .1 "'''''"""". *lii'-li Mow rr„in to Ih. i|««,ru of AfriiVi^ irtli^ ; I iT"'";'"'-. *.'.""'' " "«"''»'• Indian CVran: (4) the i',n.t«ni Tr»?„' ii- i P*"'"''""' .Mon«o..n of thx toward II... E,.u»i..r. (.W lir inihiT..l C llil""'"''',"?'':' »'"' """t'-'*-! every »„M, miA bl.m » lt«r i"l<.K ^ uht . * '•"*«•'• *l'l-ti «"<'iir on »liM..it r.p^:"!?."^;',:.:,':;;^';::'^-''''"''''""'"' -.«-».»», noatm* i„ th. higher (I) Thunder i. a IoudT,u"d n" 1 .'^"bl iu.VH',A" V' '"'"' ""• *""' thmll^l, thn Htni<»phur« nHimwi hy electricity in paHiim rapidly opiM-it,, l„ II,., Hnn; rndT. ,.»uiHl l\Yl''i^A^^^^^ i:r!^;;Xil:^:lr.::t»\;;S S™'-^ ...oimuin,, at an <>^^^»^^'nTut fu,milmuT^^^^^^^ '"kI. h«uhl i>f a p|,«v nhovfl lb.. «., „„| ,1. ,|„, "•"•>•' h.i« .did by iHH, , ,n,d wu M,ul' » h"v ':r*"'f>' • r*""' »'•«*., >lr.,l,jM and ,*,tr.,l,jM Tl * f..mi»r »« .71? '"■";''^"j', -lividwl ,„i„ ' -ton..-, an.l ,h..l«., w,tl, Hjr,dTn"«lir„,r I, V'l"' "*?''"'""''"■ I'"'»- or innny iiiiI.m, ,ir.. ..n^iii di.li.rlwd.nd h«.l^'i.T " '"*" * •"'«' "'''kn..., Mi.rk..l by .h..|' .M.nJ- b.,,i,-^.^r L ' "'" """''** Tl... b»l. are rh«.,r.«.k«»n.«„n„,„„^,,,,^, by U ,'I^| T' " '' "• •",'' """«l' "*• Id dep,«il,, ,„d ..hIi^i ,„^Z ni^.kV™ I, ,^';'" ■',"'';'''•'';'•"' '«l"»trHti- lava. YhMe lire .HpiK..„d hy nrnnv i , i, .i^Jl ", ' '""'''''^O. trap, md inatu.r of the «Jl..lJi.' Wh. f I "^ ,,||«i J,Tl, ' '""", "." """"'"I l"-«l form vidi.,i..«. ^ ,„,. , , i/;;; - .'•;;||«1 ^-k; .^o U, th« ...rlW*. th.y TIIK UKOcmAI'IIICAI, DWTttlnrTIO.N,,; .MKTiW ar^\.^i5T^.;,:!i:i.ri:!:rvi[.:tX!i;i t:\: ••"!"■'- '^ «• aiif ti;;r;;:;,dii.,. „;,',:; 'ilnir^r-tt liirrJCi"- T % I. -J i I fft> W.I1 1 t;^""' "" '" """ '" "« >""««»»T «.»a.. into iSXri^^J,'"" fr<"» • '"«"orand warmer atmoaphere and froaen (w,I <^mte«'l,T(y1^K'••Til^^r„„"er|•;:',^"^' •ri'"" »"'' ""•'ii"' hm. cooler than the air "'"""*™ "' '"• "'f oondensod by contact with bodiea are hj«utirul «trcak?of^'Sh;^iU\" ^'^ " I'^J'^.f^^k"^ ?' ^'''^'l'''^ '''^ht'. "a i%'i tote ''h- ifci Jla^n."*' •" """^"-"'- 0' "•« - ' thirty**io!J?roJti%h"";ti» v:±L-!:i»^^^^ of the thirty aoncs or belta with whiiilTihn '* "•"''!• yT"? /'"mnallv one acopMmg to tho obliquity of tl^e Suu' coirL'* n""^ ''■""'^?'' '*"' "'•>'» atateof tTieatmoaphore iLi roirarts temwm.^« i' """ »"«'"flea a Keneral are vaned chiefly by an unMu.ldi.ti K?/^' "'^®',*J?''' »"'' 'noiature, which Earth a «ur(lK!e.'Tte h«t iTirSiteit n t 1 p" . * ""* ?"" ' .™£" "P"" tho »lly becoinea cooler aa wo annW»!Ihii,rM?n.° '"'"""''•' "^ "t; 't KnAa- «>quenoeof the 8un",a« fiS&ore oWnl,?'' ^'T"' •'"''»• '»^n- !^e«oed^^itherway iW^^'f.^'l^to'J.^^'.^'rl.U^lil ^Z WghVniS^'TZi^RliJ*riii^lS!L'H^*'""LPhenomen.:?"lr^^ ,^ ^ , •■ ^ Voi.»SM'2;ViiS."±7-»»,-»"i'r'-re it r»'i.. nui.:?X,^*'o^;^'i:,„n;S!SicTe'F 1 present meaninir nt ('li.Hf.tx. a ?> ' lK™,dr„Clnji;r.,,Vn;,;;irr,rwioi'iMi.";L''""-''''''^ 'rh«e"-;;,;r: arraiiKod inn, ,,; f,i, o. .„d" ..Hm ' "'""' '"" """■^"f m .p«.A — iv«| vi. UyKon. hyVn^Lri, „'.';; i Jr ".i ""ni";;; r";;,"'"'",""'"^ "«: ;| Mii.^ou"'- In ,1,., IniiVil .S," ".. " hon a'.; r«i'";^;.ld":"' '""'>".'" 111.. M' p." l»--lii-»n !.Uhi- iiid III. ('„i?. .'*.'""■'''"''»; VI., ;.. i-m.'r r,.,„Mi.., liriiui^V lb %•„",::. tr'i i" I" !l'"" '■•"""' lia. Mexiiii, (>.olral Aniorii^ lir.n . , V' '".'',""'l '^"V »'-o- Aiide,. -' inflammaM.' ^22f^ mitu.^at^lfg'lnite'^ia'toTndt'Nt/SISir S*' «-t»«^t^ Ntu- foundland, the S^HaSwan-RWeiVS?:; feS*^?™""?'"*: New- Tonco a-cr liii u.1, tj.e Uuiie,! suites. Kngfand. and"^h^roinn?rt^'*'*^'' Bo'',;^".:'!; vSraS';;Vii?i"'"7'^"°""»"^ "''"^'irfaiu n"* r'cSiSUJ' oT'?"*'' i>L *!.'• * ""t"'""'!?,''''* "o*'- f""'"' '1 Yorksl.ire and some other r« > B,.i«K„1I""" "*?" '^"■' Mourning-oraamentg, such as necklaces, ic. ^«™i;..r.W.^''!."'"^V'';''''S''''"'''"''''''"°e'"' burn-stone from its great combustibility, is found chiefly in Sicily. * ^Jil'l ^'**^8n io wmietiiiies found in a fluid state, when it is called petroleum ; in lU solid state it is called aaplialtum. In the United SUtes }'L*nl^:,"'^° '^* • "'r' of ""'bxlos (West Indies), in the vidni^ of iS nf^RZ.hS^f wi l"i "rT?,- *''*?* are,pet.oleum..iprings. In the Island /c^ A ^ *"* Indies) there is a lake or pond of semi-fluid bitumen. iJ^2i7hiia' *.'*«'"•'"» '"'w'*';™ ""^cn ™»Je into ornaments, is ob- tained chiefly on the shores of the Ualtic in Prussiii. THE GEOGRAPHICAL BISTBIUUTION OF PLANTS. ,.i,l?fi.''^' Oeographloal Distribution of Plants is dependent cliiefly on climate, and on the moisture or dryness of the atmraphere. VoKotntion of some kind exists in almost every part of the Globe: either Z „C^„ ■'' i*'''iir *■'"' ."*'•*'■' ,"* «e«-wee "-o '•e<'"ti »"'l the maple. *^ ' ,nl;?;?,^f F^?'*.°f J^^^^^^^onsS'-There are few trees in these zones except stunted birch, beech, alder, pines, &c. Heaths^w slowly and moss-plants and lichens are found on rScks ind on d^ecfwood. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.: 17. The Oeographical Distribution of Animals is confined to the same areas as the plonts. The animals wliich inhabit the iiarth are naturally divided into three principal divisions; vin. the torrid (or tropical), the temperate, and the frigid. The fiercest animals are found in the torrid, the most useful' in the temperate and the most prolific in the Arctic nones. The caHribe (tiger' panther, &c.) degenerates as it recedes from the tropics, while such animals as the bear and the whale improve in size &o i^^A^^^.i^^^ °f *^« Torrid Zone are chiefly of immense size moluding the e cphant, the rti-noc-e-ros [-nos-], and "L hippwotWus* S,ir iH ^•"' t''l«"n-el. the gi-rafl^e (or oa-mil'-o-pard), thrbulfalo the th?"Li^f.''°?i.*''*.V,«^'"' ',''» puma, and the hyena; the vul ur«'and thf condor; the rattle-snake and t^e boa-constrictor. The sloth the fh«'^i!iW*''?..''°°^°''^?"<' th« humming-bird are Peculiar to Amerila^ ^l^l^^Au^^'^"' ""'* *'i'' hippopotrmius, to Africa; the dingo the iS^B A«h£io'W,! or duck-f,illed otter, to Australia. ^ ' ^* / V**A°^*1^ of the Temperate Zones are chiefly herhiv'ni- SU'/hlh.rffl"*''*',."*'^''"'* ""ff"! toman; such as the bote, The .Sth^ ox, the buflalo, the deer, and the sheep. The beasts of prev are the wnlf ^O^^l ^^A^'lx^f JS'' *|£.°ilsC Singing-birds a'i-eLmereus"^ .u • u* Animals of the Prigid Zones present few varieties^" hnf the number in each spec es is very large especial thrhrrf/ni f 1,1 a'. ." regions and the flsh^ the coastj ofTewfgSnd, HSn1liJ''G.^'^? lh^^'»i°„'*^^''*'''l?^^- The principal animals are the White-W-, tjfe nS the rein-deer, the musk-ox, tfie white-fox, the poIar-harTand th^tem' ^i SlKib, whales, walruses, and innumerable me-du-Vi§ inhabit the di^™,p?treis"&o.^' ""' "'*°"°° ^*'^'^' '^«"' g-U-I^^omnte! 21. Cl»t!"" «" ">y particular { MeduMB,»mnusof(ce»Hnou«-rmHI»tnrt.-i~.tL, jr~:. „... sometlmn eallod ta-%»tatt. 22. The Wild Animals. &o. most useful ',o man are the following : MAMHiriiBa (MltK-BEiHlltCO. Sant: Product: Tlij Onwiilaiitl Wlialc.Oil and »h»lilMiiii . ThoSpcnii Whale, Oilandspuriuacfti. The \\ alrua. Oil, Tho 8fal, Oil and skin. Tho PurpoUe, Oil and IcalhBr. I'hii KIcphaiit, Ivory aiiU food. The llpaver, SItrt<>n,1 .Mink, Muakmt, Otter, Seal, Sahl... ! „.„ Ermine, Poi, (Iniy )•'«'• Kfiuirrei, Chinclill. la, and OiMissniii, J Tho Hcccary, K»ii."l lit BIPTlUi. Name: Product: Tho Turtle, In-ua-l- . iia, BiiU Frog, J ""><>• The Alligator, Leatlier. IIIH. Food and itlnglasa. Food and cou>livor garoo, Uelndrar, KIk (or Moose), Antelope, Cha- mois [shfl-moi'l, Bison, and Bur- falo, ' Food and leather. BIBDI. The Ostrich, and Bl-)„ .. der-Uuck, j Feathers. The Swan, Gocae, ~) I'uck, Ftannigan I [tar'-mc-gan], S-Food. enliie, PailriUgo, Quail, »o., J on,ner-\ d..Ma4k. (p„ . furlmt, f^<»<'- The Sturgeon ffttur-junj, Tho Cod, The Salman, Her-' ring,Shad..Ma4'li orcI, Turliot, ic. IRSBCTt. The Silk-worm, Silk. The Cochineal [kobih'. l-iieen Insect, Cochineal. Tlie Lac Insect, Lae. The Oall Insect, Gall. The Hob, Money k wax. SpanUh Fly, Medicinal. MOLLCBXa, XTC. Tho Pearl-Oyster, Pearl. TjiB Ecd-Coral Builder, Ued coral. Iho Common Oyster, ■) Tre-paiig, lobster, VFood. Crab, Ac, J THE GE0GRAPHIC.il DISTRIBUTION OF MAN. "Ood . . . hath made "'one blood allj.ation, of men to dwell ou all the face of me eartn . . . "— Acts xvii. 24, 26. 28. Mankind.— Man-descended from Adam and Eve, who were originally placed in Eden (in some part of A8ia)-is now adanfl^"^ *If7 T'"" °^ ^^^ ^^°^' ^a has been enabled to adapt himself to almost every variety of soil and climate; which llf l""!i*"'"'**'^ "1*" ^'^ P^'y"""' constitution, si, as to produce the different varieties which now exist. Some naturalista have arranged mankind into five clacses. according to the form r„l • ' r"; *?.^ ^"ngolum, the A'egro orEtMopic, the taucasiun or Indo-Europtan, the Malayan, and„the American. ^ouaot,^^ M-An wy^ia^^^^L-^ Fig. 17.— BFBCIHEirS 01 TH» JIVS CLASSES Ol HAilEISO. Modern ethnologists arrange them into three classes, after the three 'Zl'fm^K^^-f'r^Zf^'' Mongolian (yellow), Ham's or the Negro (black) and Japheth's or the Caucasian (white). Another mode of class ifying mankind is by the affinity of lanirna««. species, of Plants a?e"there?"'VwcR t^eS'imMrtont'?'"id' W^ the Geographical Distribution of Plants dependent? 18 How m^ .^b^. ID ure the fullowiug : IIPTILII. ProdHct$, --jPood. Iieather. Ilia. Food and falnrlaai. Fowl ttitd coU'livur er--) oil Food NBECTi, Silk. [Jiotah'- »!t. Cochineal. ■ Lac. ■; Gall. Honey k wax. Medicinal. LCail, ITC. tr, Pearl. Builder, Ued coral. Oyster, ■) Lmer, >Food. J OF MAN. rell on all the fkce of am and Eve, who of Asia) — is now 8 been enabled to iid climate ; which ititution, BO as to Some naturalists •ding to the form or Ethiopie, the idcthe Americun. is, after the three »), Ham's or the 'hite). Another langnageg, ' f 18. How many rate Zones P 16. of i» are aniranlB cIbb- >in the illustration. 24. ClaMifloation.-The followins is an approxinmte numerical clas8ifacat.on of the principal divisiouH of mankind "'""""""""•^ SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY DiTiaiONS .North America «'..«t luiliiw .. SHilli.liuerica I'>in>pu .t.'.ia .vrrica Uoeania. Tutala in. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY and lci„gdo.„,, fhe for.;, of ,orr;.„o"t"iXS ^^1^^^ who is generally chosen'fofa stated S y d^" at^ SS" *' ., u™,,., a„ U.O., ,ta wk,,, i„ MotaS;^ "Ere ; n,. it-iu»ii 0, ,o„n„ „, ,„„„ „ ,„ „,„„„ „„„„, Ar.ftr„£g'.raa.a aa wzsKts- DirisioHs. North America West Indies ... . **nth .\inerioa Enn)i>e , .*ii« .. ., Afiioa ... Oceania.. Jews. Hohamme- daua. IdoUten. 280,000 ■■■ 70.000 4.000.000 i.liOO.flUO 3110.000 ao.ouo 11.000.000 160.000 W 15,000.000 3,000,000 188,000,000" 8,000.000 3,6eb;ooo 684.006.000 64.000,000 78,1)00.000 7,070,000 «82,6IS0,000' SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. , ™- ™_ ^' ™^ WORLD DIVIDED INTO HEMISPHFRF«? •on 8 of the Introductory Chanter 1" 5 7 r/u"»i/^^'^ -5^^ into the Northern and So/thern fcsK^ (li F.f 13, p! 70 water, surface than tLEXr^SLherTru 111 ''fJ'''?'' *"'' " ^-^te^ and South America, and 0«e"i"ir,mrt ita^i^"'' '''T'"" "" '"'"'■"' two of its great rivers (the .Miss K,i,m », rt H.„ ^""" ™»""t?'.n-ran(i;c9, and run in a 'Lur.l.erly d r"!^ 0^^® th^l tri'f.TxY"'^'' "^^''''^^^^^ Amoriua,and twoothergrcatrive« the Am4mr.;n i flH':!J°^'''* '" *™"' m an e.i3terly dirootion. At BeVrii^i S.m . }? i 1 i"l"'®-^'-,^''""'-'"'«>i f"" forty.flve miles of eaoh otiwr The mifteTv rf.^n ''«"»«Pl'?n'.s are ivi'thin 4, Th^e%fero?tfe,eMA'^>yj'":^i^^^^ of our bKXftrS^a'^y'tS^^ru^rtro?^^^^^ run in an easterly di?eiLn The shStmS iiVZ''^^^ ern coast of Asia, with the rivers Indsun,rRM"„'S'"r?.°«!* fl"?"* .'k?"*- southerly direction; while the ^^1 Luntainrand thi rii/"°T'° « connects the Continents TAsia and AfS) fa now^^^^^^^^ are given on the map (which see) -esiMc'iinv Jt.1 i„ ' .Other routes North America via VinTO.iver Sand ^^r»n J i ""J? P"Se?'«<> •cross tions in each comerof The man of thi pLfS™ SJ?"*^'"!! °'*''« *"«"»»- ««« I"'ipd.^t.,ry Chapterl'U'kfn a' p^f r**™ ilemuiphere. onpnga ij. .on of L.mdo„. and conSs tTo third 0^fXuS?d?8"u^PteC&l?**- mtreof the habitable parts of the Ea 5. The Southern Hemisphere only large portions of land in ifbeinu^,.,,,™,,. .nn ~.- „,»-_x.. .^j_^ and mid-auminer in January. "eimspnere it is mid-winter fat June, QeESTiOMs — •>!. Give ti "^"Tl -..„ „.„,„. , agg miu-auminer in January . "^ fV- -;?-w-7. V-'-T. frcBoiH* {^,|i0ilteIMBk Caod (<^_^ ■"^'-^'^'-a^si^ii^asssisss OOMOIftMUDlhip iiiiii^i^«^e^as;:-tetesi^« lUiDi^ and riTera; also the »'W^oirolei,»iKl«M,^. 't_?0'">t»'n«. and rivsn; the 14 SKETCH OF GENERAL OEOORAPIIY. II. THE CONTINENT OF AMERICA. (y.racd fro,,, Amerio,,, Ve,p„ciu,, . Florontino «.tr.„.oraer who »ocon.p.„lo„hll,l,„^ .n .^ . . 1. The CJontinent of America stretches from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean, lu east side faces Europe and Africa, from which it is separated by the Atlantic Ocean; its west side is btunded by the Pacific Ocean, separating it from Asia and Oce- ania. It is divided into North and South America, t.^, ^I^yslcal OutUneB,-The American Continent con«i»t« of two large tnai (iiih,r-sli!ii.ey the IsthniGs ol luiiainiu These iiorl ions of land are rcsinjctivcly called Norlh and South Aiiimca. llotli are liroadcHt at the north, and both taper almost to a lH.iiit at the soutli. An iiniiioiise raiixe of mountains strctidies from In iir i' 1'' v''^'.'," " ^'.'"■"'.de' KueKO,-tt .li^tante of nearly lO.OOU miles, in liritish iNorth Americu these mountanl^ ■ sometimes called the Cliin- |ie»ayan JIo-.n,tains ; ni the United Stat( they are called the llocky Mountains, in ile^'co the Cordilleras, and in South America the Andes ,ij' ■' L'w^l- ,"'" '^V'''' "f,""' k;*"' mouulain-chaiii arc from 500 to nearly it.iKK) Icet above the surface of the Ocean. At the Isthmus of Panama a uuirJV" '.? ^^° chiun, and the laml-elevatiou there is not more than m ect above the surface of the Ocean. The chief rivers on the American Continent are also of animmense lenKth (as will he seen in the account of each countrj through which thoy flow). Recent arctic research has proved that water suriounds the entire American Continent (see pane 17). It IS the only one of the four great continents which U washed by the four great oceans, m. the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Southern, and tha Pacifio. S. DUoovery.-Tho Nortlimc,, from Norway vi-itwl r.rwnlaad ii, Mfl. Columbus llthOt't. im^i S,r J.l)»h..t roaiihed N'owroaiullauil h, HOT i In I41« Colmnhin ,Ms<:o (™iled after him), in l^s5 oiv " dKeove^Kl DawS Stmit , i„ iiKH. Jufti, de F.i.-a disoo.ered Jua„ de Fuca .■strait , i„ l(i,i il,rdson dis- oivered llud-o,, lUver. a,id. In 1811. Hudson Baj'; l„ Mil! BaHli, lismveTOl iiiffl,,'. I ay, i„ Iii7i .Marouetu. Hn.1 Johctle colored tfie Mi,Hi8..inpi E v,t; i,n7»l Be," ring dl»eov,.re>l B,1,ri„g 8tra,t , In ,777 Oook made several dJioverieH'o,, the Piu',no OMti ill i,»i Vai,(«i,ver reached Vancouver Isuid: in ISII Sir J C ^a» dl» covered the South .Maguetic Pole (we 31J. (For " Arc-tic DlKovwy." i^ Swe H.) NORTH AMERICA. Size, twice that of Europe. Lent th, 4,600 miles i average bre»dth,3,000 , square, 8.900. 4. Extent and Boundaries.— North America stretches from the Arctic regions to the tropics, and is bounded on the north by the Arctic, Ocean, east ' y the North Atlantic, south by the Gulf of Mexico and Pubifio Ocean, and west by the Pacifio. g. Phyaioal Featiires of the North Coast 7. Physioal Featurea of the South and West Coaata. Bias Ol-LFS AND Bays. Meilco. Nlcoya. Calirornia. San Francis- co. Hui„l)oIdt. iriria. CUA.NKKU, SrRAITS, 8oi;iiDs, Ac. Juan de Fu- ca. Queo -Char, lotte'n 8d. I'rinci.Wil- bain's Sd. C'Klk's Inlet. P|I1IICI1>AL ISLAHDS. Vancouver. QtiiH?,, Char- lotte's. Prilieo of Wales. .Sllka. Pr>m,,iPAL Capes. Cor-ri-oh-t«s, St. Lncaa. -^t. Lauro. Mendocino. llla,ico. Flattery. PXXIN- ■DLAS. l,ower Cali- fornia. RuHsian America (lu part). nP V ^?^a'°' ?'^y«'°?l Features.— The chief physical features ot JNorth America consist of its mountains and rivers. The most ; important ranges are the Rocky Mountains, near the Pacific I ZTl ^n 1 '''^ -^"^'!>«"y or Appalachian Mountains, whjcl. ' run p:.falel to the Atlantic coast. These two principal range,, enclose the valleys of the Misai,,sippi, at the South; the Great, Lakes and their tribut^ies, in ftio Middle; the Arctic Sea' and Hudson Bay vfith their tributaries, at the North. The i rivers maybe more minutely grouped as follows : (1) the Arctici group of rivers, (2) the Hudson-B^ty group, (3) the St. Law- rence group, (4) the Atlantic group, (5.) the Mississippi group, and (b) the Northern, Middle, and Southern Pacific groups! ' Ihey may be further classified according to the mountains in i which they take their rise, thus ; 0. Fhya ieal Features of the Iq^pior of North America. Pbi.ncipal Mountain Ranobs. KlVBHg pi-owiiio NORTHWARU Ahotic. Cqppciinlnii. Uighi'st iieak N.K. i.-,i, ,i l.iOOfi'Ct. Great Fish. RlVKHS PI.OW.'NO SOITU-VAUI) RocKT Colvillo, (parallel tii;.Mnekenzle.\ the I'millc W., i,im ni coast). Hii.'lii..stpcak 17,8(10 ft Seas. POLAK (lyiiijf norti of bmiai America). Gulfs AND Days. Coronation. Boot I Ha, Kamn'a. Melville. ni.«ro. Uuimva. Hudson, James. CUANNELS, StKAITS, Sounds, 4c. Behrlng Sir. Banks' Sir. Melville Sd. V»'ollingtouC Barrow Sir, Lancaster Sd Davis str. Cumbcrl'dSt, FrobisherStr. Fox Ch. Hudson Str. Principal Islands. Kllesmcre. Parry. Melville. rornwallis Hanks. Viet.AAIlwrt. King William. Houtlila. OiM'Abnrn. Cumberland. Disco. Principal Capes. l-r. of Wales. I.lsburne. Icy. Barrow. Demarcation Point. Batburst. Parry, baud's End. alley. L'udlelyb. 6. Phyaioal Features of the East Coast. Pexin- BIL.IS. Uussia,, America (i,, part). Onenland (in part). I.ac-ken. Ked. 700tn.> Tns[-shan]st. Lawrence (N. of St. " " - Law'i^aiid r.t. Lks.) Hittliest |>eak 4,UII0 ft. . Vji. K., from :ni-a. Ontario, Tim in.; in- eludnii; the lakes, 2,li00 Caribdeam St. Lawrence. iBel/e Isle Str (l.viiiK »ooth|l''und.v. JL'Klslund Sd. ' e. Bulla oftlieWest liidta ■nds) Isl Chesapeake. auia I b. Mexico. jl' lorida Sir. Campeachy. | Yucatan Ch. Hondu,-as. Wiudicardps Guatemala. Uoua Pass, (the last fourj onS.E.coast.) Newfound- land. Cape Breton Pr. Kdward. A,itU!Osti. Long. Bermuda. Bahamas, ' Cuba, Hsyti, Jamaica, Windward, . (W. Indian Brewster. Farewell, Charles. R.Hce, Bretoifll. Sable. IS- mtteras. Catoche. Oraclas-a- Dioa ( gras- e-ass-ft-dee*- Grecnland (In part). Labrador. .Vpva.Scotia. Florida. Yueauu. oco.T Allbohany (parallil to the Atlan- tic coast). HUhest peak 6,428 ft. long. Prasor.SWsis, Cilorado.s.W, l,Mom.-" Mississippi. a.ioom. ^ IVRBS FI.OWINO Eaitwahd. RiVBBS FLOWINO Westward. :700 m. Oolnmbia, 8. W., l,iuu m Pbihcipai I Lak^s. i. Great Bear, j Slave. „, LPIowing S.E.U £io Oran-de, l,soo m, Missouri, $,1IH) m. Arkansaa, i!,tiOU m. Meth-ye. Athabasca. Wollaston, Doer. Winnipeg. Salt. Ot-ta-wa,4IiOm. St. Slau-riee, .100 ni. Sa*Be-iiay, UJO m. St. John, {N. t.'onnectlcnt, Hudson, 310 Susquehanna, Ohio, S. W., Mo-bile', 1,000 B.),S,>Om. tlum. m. 430 m. 1,400 m, n,. Ea- L 'ain, Tennessee, N W.,l,2(Mm. Wood*. Superior. MIchifnw. Huron. Kriff. Ontario. Simeoe. Champlain. \}H:JF^^^^^, ''^ountaina extend from the Arctic Sea to South I Amenca. From jftexico, the Sierra (or "saw-shaped" rangeTde fW« ofp^t'siZtesiei^^M "S"'^*' r-'i"" Pr"V"8^^^^^^^^ nL, 521 ° ^i*r? Ma.-dre, extend nortliword to the South Paii<^ extoud uortb'S,tt''in*»''d*''?r"1 ^^''- "r^*- ^KV Mountains then extoua uortu-west in a double chain, containing Mount Hooker nud Mount Brown. From California northward are tTio Sie?ra NOTadL t! e Cp^cade Range, with Mount Hood, and the Sea Alps In t^e noHh of t e 11 ferA°""F*'''12*''>"''°'^*'°"°'Elias,%latterl7,860nig^ MjSnl^^,^i?i?lLnal35aS^'^teW^^^^^ Q^l'f *of St"*!^ ''> the Laurentian. whioh extend thmugh C^TtrZ Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior; and (8) the Aretio HiihlanVu extend ng novfh-west from Hudson Bay to the .^tloO^n "'"^'•'■ 12. Inhabitants.— The aborigines or early inhabltanU of North America are called Indians. Those in Mexico and Per" were former j cirilize.1, and bad large towns and fiied Kovernments. ™™e"? 12. What u 8,.id of the InhabitauUP '>*.=:»*• i-^.'iSBa-j; It of i voyime to the New World.) k aquari' of 3,9»7 iiillej. nth and West Coaata. ICIFAL AN08. liver. 1 Char- 1 of Pr.ii«v,iPAi, C'APEa. Cor-ri-on-tes. St. Liicaa. St. Laxaro, Mi'iidooliio. Itlanco. FlaltiTjr. PK!»IK- Bl'LAS. I^wor Cali- fornia. RuHsian Aiiii>r1ra (ill part). riio chief physical features ! ^iins and rivers. The most luntuins, near the Pacitic ! luchiun Mountains, whjcli rhese two principal ranges , at the South; the Groat j Middle; the .\rctic Sea] ries, at the North. The as follows : (1) the Arctic j group, (3) the St. Law- (5.) the Mississippi group, i Soutliern I'acitio groups, ' ling to the mountains in or of North America. isa INO rAHO, BlVIHS FLowmo WSSTWABD. Pkikcipai LaS^8. fircat Bear Slave. II .• 7«)m. Meth-ve. II Columbia. B. Athabaaca. ■li., . W, 1,2U« m. Wollutoii. 4<»i ,; Ucer. num. Winnipeg. m. n. m. . n. Kii-L 'iiin, Wooda. ni. *;:■ . ■, Sulieriop. m. Michigan. Huron. Kri«. Ontario. Simioo. a. Tennesspfl, N. w.,i.a»iD. Cliamplaiii. m the Arctic Sea to South i-»h|iped" range) de Sonoral Mrallel ranges, the Cordillera | rthward to the South Pb^hA Hie Rocky Mountains then aining Mount Hooker and I are the Sierra Nevnda, tliel a Alrm. In the north of the I lins, the latter 17,860 ft. high, f ^palachian or Alleghany I e State of Alabama in the I nd through Canada flrom the! (S) the Arctic Highlands,! ' AKjtio Ocean. I irly inhabitants of Northl :o and Peru were formerljl if America. How is America I Its boundaries on the map. I B the East Coast; 7. on the! ut, Uivers and the direction I s,.id of the Inhabitants F a\x« ST. 8ra8Tio»8.-Point oulri . the Principal countries on this map the oceans, ^ guli^ bay., uhtads. p,^,,^ capes, mountains, riws, to. TH« PEINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OF AMKEIOA. the brown bear, the buffalo /nrm^l *f"^' ""* '^"*' ""6 »nd the moose-deer ,' «d 'hf :\'JiToro7tre7rah?;,'''\^o''s""i' '^ " "-. .nd the hu„™inK-b.d. 'setnT://i l^fi:-; J^^^^^^^^^^^^ (For nwie. of the Animal. i„ thi. eng^rtnR we action W.) 1J im. '» ■"■ "»o are uumf ^*vThePolltical Divisions of North America are a, follow, : Namb or CODBTBY. RCS8I4IC Ahkrica UaHISH AMIglCAI Greenland loeland PBBrrcH N. AiiiicA British N. Amkkica Area in 17,600 880.000 10,000 120 61,000 10 OOvi Ooodhope ». w oout 64,600 aeikJAvnT. 8 Wc^l • Sitka Iiland . 8. W. ooait '■0'" 8t.Plert«I.Und H^U.on.B^ Ter | L ^^ J . KB.OOoW Factory Have, Elver 18.2d IS.OOOVlQtoria ■ S'SY.ST-- i«S9 6-,00d 122,888 St. Johni S R pln .'?;,V ^■'>^ uiii. vuiuinnia,et< Vancouver Island Newfoundland . ninoe. Bdw. Iiland Nova Scotia 4 0. B. New Brunawick .. Lower Canada. . . Upper Oanada. .... URITBDSTATBa Mexico, ClKTRAL AMBBicA: Ouateinala .. San Salvador..'..'" Honduras . . " Britiah Honduras Nicaragua. .,„ , Costa KIca WMT-IlCDIAlaL'M: I ?:i'i?Ji'«'»s*' WM 80O 1,200 800 Rediia. 4.000 180,000 1.8!M,0«1 8,2)0.00081,641,977 1,089,600 7,786,000 2»i,fei»'-.::^ 69,000; 1,100,000 7 600; 660,000 w..i,i„,JV ''»«e«ntarlo ,. Washington Elver Potomac M'*'™ LakeTeKoioo • [tes-koo'-kc] New Ouatemaia mn'mS'?*" ^*''"^'"'- 26,000, Baliie ffl6,000.!rtnagua.. 127,000 8»« .",«.... Spaniah H»y'i }.... Doulnioaj ... French Islands Danish " Swedish - ■ Dutch " Venetuelan " 62:;m:2,Mttn\''"'''--' .. « m. fr. Padfto, ..iAm.fr. coast... Midw.bet.coaiit8 .Ballse Elver • iSi* Managua.. . Uidw,bet.coasts . Jamaica , Cuba BajpfOonaives South coast Hartiniaue St. Croix ....::::;: St Bartholomew Gurafoa MarKarita.....'.'i;j 6,706 26,000 7,000 62,140 44,426 61,400 170,000 60,000 10,000 18,600 7,000 12,000 81,000 6,000 166.000 80,000 16,000 80,000 10,000 10,000 7,000 _.. - - I 1,600 QUB8TI0 America, thi J Oive the shMfBussian RUSBIAK AICEBIOA. 81... a little lan^ than Ca„«ia. or|^ to a square of 680 mil... America; aZ fo^ thrioftv fnU^P'""''*"''?") ^•'**««" ^«» "d AD. jTosmon and Fhvaioal FeaturAtL tki. _ • i pies the extreme north-WMt ntt* „p a ^~ ^ peninsula ooou- , ooast-line extendirto Bri i«h n«f r"''";?^*' *^ ^'«' "''^^ • Kwiolcpaok «,.d its trfbatarW ^^' ^'*^ "'*" «« ">« l^-b^l^t^^^tf^^^'i!JSP\<'''A *« olimat, severe; but fish and „X8. Inhabitanta^ «M.-Th2 nhahuw!,'''''"'*,'^^ "''"'•ee are founA Eskimo) and IndS^lSd »r^ 8ub&ta^«.a"p "'*■'*"' Esquimaux (or lished.t«rfing.p«,ta on the c^alt^EwABrBA"^?!^*' '''?>?». «"<»>>- ,J?»!S^''e'»P'Wwid chief factnrv of P^.taif^^*""?'^ "" *he Inland of 19. mie Aieutiai iBles Sst of ^^iS? ■*">«"<»; .PopulaUon lOM Peninsula of Aliaska and th^A 'atio Co^f^.^T'^^^J^'"' between^ volcamo The inhabitants (ai^ut9,(K»)aS^SZ?.L^'i3'''^™P'''y and North-Amenoan Indiana. Their'SlXn U fil"g Wn?4!?^"^ JDADISH AMEHICA. 22. Foaition and Fhysioal X^tiima tj,:. • i ^ j,rr— — ■■ -"-'""g me ooaai ™;;^"r '&°.i^^/S i!.'i>l «F"«'on 01 tVe-i,piti;-S;v;^nt";.'.f°^?f ?1?^ ;i!''5:»i«li. 'totu^res. >: What'u' Mid'oTlte^iTsSlr '^'^'' t t 110 noil IH IlTirivtn nn.l tl ll._..- . . 1^ ••ivyii. the wutliorn p,rt. Whahi y,'^m*e, liwtl,]. ""'''""b oh «ro phhIiuh!,! in M«; an. «„»|,, with tiroiiToMS .m„X th "'."i"'' "I "'» ""'•r"U.i.liuu .n, ol.,th,n». Tho inlmbiUn "are eliie ' iijn'im „""*'-; J"''''" ""!' M ,. „ .. ICELAND. <»hlch are Hoc-la ana ai^„,ar L k .""''t^'' °" """ '''»"''■ ""o chief of able for it, m.raero", rujTd s^ w Lw '*' "'"'"- ."'"<=>' i« romnrk- dented with fiords or S Thriu ".'' T"""'"'"'- '» •'""I'ly ""- .torn., .re frequent The lonlt ncrb^nf' "*.';'*'"''■ ""'' ^'•'"'■" summer, and of darkness in wSi. P"'°'', «/.'"'""""'"" dayllRht in borealisis here seen irr,X;'bH?l1::'o;.'" ■"""' "'""'• ^'"' --- fl.h is abundant, ^p'ri^^^XtXTCtZ'^CiS^X.^^lT' "^ -ute t<, her E«.t.TndirpSi.^T;„fri?:"n";:;uTir;'^/c"c-!l',;;\;^^ UMpiilcheU niirceiMivu oxi>editinna i^> tha ..^^>i ' "■" ■''■i'""i >furtln FroblHlier, lj;a < »|it. IMvln, iiwj. < Hl.t llinry lIurtMH, IBio, Sir Thomiii Button, 1«|«. < «|it. Ulllhu! Ilaltlii. miii t-:'i.^"v."^;t'v„^rr^?,"i:"''-"«»- l.liMit. K(.t„j|,u,, igij. Sir Jolin Rom auu Oapt. P»rry. 1918. Capt. ftiohanand sir J. Pr«nVlln.l81l>-»». I r edwanl I'urrv A Cunt. Lvnn issi-iS Wr Edw.rcl Parry, hy „.», mVu. Capt Buoliaii, by wa, in-M-n. l-apt. Bark, by «.», 1^1-37. 81 JjJhn »™" f ,?'"'l>»"". by boat, ISSe-M. ther hlm»..'." '*^''* «»»"y oaptv Moore 4 Mmtnlre, by wa, t84S-5i Capt. KdlHtt hy »ea, 184S-5I. l^ininanclor Saunders, by wa ISM-vi (-apt. AnHtln, by sea. is.w ji. ^' Mr. Magulre, by aea, mi-n. ?iL?,'rn' "'ll-'ber. by sea, I8aj-j«. Ueut. Pullsu, by «.«, |8,',j-34. toinmaniler In^lenuid, hy «.», igjj. i;arit. Ki'inipilv. hy Hoa 183) l.oninmii(lpr Tmiloix., by sei, 18M. Or Aaiin (AiiMrican), by ««, 18i»-S6. Commanclnr luuk.dold, by sea. 18M-»i M«wr. Anilonwu 4 StewirVby tand, 18M L«nt. IUrt,t,.„„ (AmerlcamriSS. JT:!f*l-/''{i;^v"'i»"''«'"iindr«;J? ord of Franklin's dwth.aiid disoov. ered trace, of his lost eipSlmSi!"* _ -■™ "">-<;• "1 Ills lost eipeUltlon. ~?^^:?H^^^^^5?I^?l£5^£5^^ follows: IAMB AND PRHMnM. nian^.,.. . „ _ I.. ■ the south-west ooa^t. It MmtansaSn^^r^f .'*'*"''(,"' » """»" totn 5n hbrw. Population 1,200. "Sja?ik"Z«±i' V"^^' »"'' « '"Wio the Geyser, or bomngUpringsTtCioimT" (S^ln^Jra^^l^":,^"-- '^'" rKBMTCH NORTH AKERICA, 99 «»f..l «». „'"'• *'""'' *^ ' ">"»" "f •» miles. M H:' ^^"^"^^^^^^^^^ '"""'' '" "' '""'" ""' islands''S?Ml*D«o»HS^l'S'fnHnH'''''',^ "' ""• »»«" "'hing- BRITISH NORTH AMERIOA ^at extent., its nu^e^r rak^lTn^eTiL' ^tu", ft '^.^-''^ feTrat^^r^eft-a^f^^^^^^ B»"ISIt,CotDMBI*. [B.ko-lumb'.vi.l Bbd Bivib ■■ „[red riv'^r.] HaDaoN-BAT Tll_ [hud'.snii H. p.] NBWFOO.vnLAND Oil U"';-'b''nd'-laiid.J Called P«I!«ci.Kd. Island ~ [P.ed'.wardl.J Nova ScoTtA Sir A. Haokentle, 17M Caoad. eiplorersi! 1«10 rovA acoTtA .. ■> [no.y».«ko'.»h».i / APiBiBToir . f CO. brel'.on.] ) Capi ..CO. brBi-.on. I NlW BtCKSWIOK . [nii-bruns'.irtk.j 1"\«*».*di^ r- °""<"- •«»■ Uppbb Canada ichamplaln. 1«15 . H. Ifuison and 17»t. Sir J. Cabot, U97 «d " Prima Vist,V Sob n Oaliot, Ha». Seb'n Oabot, 1498 Seb'n Cabot, IW8, Jao. Cartier, l»M Vancouver's visit, 17N. Settled 18t8 Treaty. 179.1 U>rd Selkirk's let- llsnsent, 1811 r Charter to Hudson- ( Bay Co,, 1849. Act of Parliament, I8M. orown Colony, isft-. Utrecht Tr.l7i;i. Treaty, 17*1 J,';'«*j;5,l?l9»l?«l|ch.neri%„*d'S„i^ Utrocht t;'V^,.;' "^ ''b»'-l"»l.lMlT8C uiTOLht Tr. 17i:i arato Oovom't. 1788. ^parAteOovcrn't, 1771. Sep.Go».,174g.^p„,^ Sep. Got., 1781 i '*••• Separate OoTernt, 1784. Freneh, 1«08| Cabot's visit A 1 Capitulation, 1758 Treaty, 17«J Capitulation, 17S9 Cession, 1^ . Bii5ibih","l7«4. |8«p. Govt., 179! } Unit- ed IMO. ^ HXXDSON-BAT TEBRla'ORT ^ eruor and Council • and thft of th- • '^"'".'atered by • chief Got- .nd . ch.ef-.r.t'r;.-M^^i^„rer;;VX^^^^^ - — ..--«... i,v. ui p«no I ». The Bzporta are ohinflv tha 1 tn rm v_.^ . .. ' 9 UaOhi^rin '"* """awnioal mstitr.tioiiB fc, ■,~:i"VP^J'*?«™Sogion)j!ire: RriU.hn,.! !„•= •" a I ^ "• ^aB jaxpoptB are ohieflv tho f..~ .„j .!.;_. .•._., '--"•"''"''• " * E-^whS\^r. #f>*l>«tioolm» riainbshitMiti. (C.n«,h .K ,^'^"'''"*OR-PENINSULA SECTION ually rises a« It r^wl^ "^^"r^l, ,k ' '^^ ■^"";';""'- ^ho oountry^ad- 13. The Prln:; nil nZl" ^ .^T ." '^''»«-»'«d «" »•■« Hverf 13. The Principal Wver. „ n, T." T"**'""*"^ ''•" *''« "^«"- uuuu..,, taken. 'i''-'«..;i-'i^rhMiV;^wr;.;'ksr^^^^^ JPEB.T r.ixrn /.»,.. 20. The Kivers .lowing into Uul „ , " "'^ """■• great rivers of llritisl. North Au.PrW iP"^ ""' «;i>i»rat6(l from the other er^\i;^^.?,,^.'-a^;t^TeTb,it& "■« Ne'-, the 8ev- eastvvard l?ou. tho°&' M^ mountain-spurs which run U^r (the .uthern outfet^ratoiVLZ.'Xllfs ttoX5 otLfr-i^k^e?ii!^:X?.S!ir(s^'2L?°„^^,''*^''""'^^ Kiv^r, secii,,,, ;w, on ihi» page.) * """ '"' "«*' ^m. and '•Saskatchewan^ « culledJiiiiies'a Hay; from which il,n?i;:."'. ,1"* wuHiem pw oimation The .r^jtot width f/ UuK "^ay i w5 m"™The^P"'"« ^?>.'^ hmTZ. 86. The Principal Lakes arn th^V-i *«• """*' " *"» > & roclty L^dej. and others which empl^ in%estWA""\^Ut3 MACKENZIE AND GREAT man nrxr^^^ ("MaokeD.ie"m)m8irA M«ko„.^.h . , BIVEBS SECTION. ioteriof^^.*?-lJ^V^-^^^^^^^^ I'-f t^^A'ctic Ocean .„the It IS joined by the Peace S»hnh^.l" ?' 4{'"''«*<»^I^o, whe^ within 317 yards of thTlrSer itS fW !? "'« I^ocky MountafM Ldk© It IS known as the S™e Jl.ver ij^ ■*"" '"^^ '^ ^^^eat Slave- extremity of this Iake,it takS the nkm» ,Ti§"'¥ "' '■'>« south-wStern northwMd to latitude sV/where it .S?»if ^"f^^n^'e Bivcr, and flows Lake; thence to the Arct o (SS. wK7 .'n? """.'«" '>*' "^at-K Its other tributaries are the rimTrrrv „„Hi m ®"'*'^ ^> several mouths flows through a anely-w«,dedMdferUle^„rnin ^"r"-'^'"'- The MSn^ie from Its mouth. It drai.isTn am o f ifc'.'''''' " navmablo for 1,200 S »"v NoBMAN, and Good HopETre it^'i^ "^"'^"i ""f***- *'"Bm Simp \7,^£°PP«r'^e..ri'^er'tiktrrPn^^^^^^ "rNo^rs^^Nrv?^^^ branch of the 8a.k«ld'"wan itiveri ' '^•'"'»««'«- "'"1 northern from "the l^k^M^~^~it™f,"':V. ""'•^••■•d ■twtohe. ewtward Cle.r-W.,er Kivers ToTZ^ZZnl^V'" "S "" A«'>«'»«oa and .urfac. I. great,, diver.ifled wiurrive7hr;,.'i'r;,«r?r:lrt''"'- ^'" RED RIVEE, SWAN. AND SASKATCHEWAN RIVEKSSECTION 8ive tract of countrv. dUerslfiVd llv M^l S^katchewan is an exten- The Red. River Cou',;,?;T ttr''d w7;hHch7rYr'''' «■'•''«"«'". ' From the Lake of the Woods, rriih anVfc . ' "j!" " '"'' ""« '"kcs. westward to the Rocky Mountain, "* ■*•" "' '""» "tendi ' Uj^athesouth. AtFortGi^l;;teSS-H-n^^^^^^ -oJ^a^^JfjJto^l^S^^yN^h rises m Ottertail Ljke. State of Minne- wliioli are within the Unite» ^o^eri^ne Moun- 1^9 found by Sir L. McClfn!i ck oTMontrml Vs?. ' r'^^i}'"" ^^^ in and Little or Lesser Slava^^thn 'iVLT""" "^ *">« Great-Bear, the Great the constellation of the S^^B^ w^it Great-Bear Lake 'lies "X Sril*°'*i'^«"'"'''''« « AmericT'ltll^b^./'^Sf; P '? *'«' «»«' "orthl rt®' •"".iv'''' northern shores axe nreo^nl'f^,?. ^^""'os long and about as liake IS 800 miles long, by BOwiZ ^ f«^„ t ""i'SKB®**. Great Slav^ bv th«.r „,„«. ^„.,;,«; Z =«?.'".-11. WhatissaiIofLabradori>T°> -^^-^^^^^^^^^^^^ • enes and _oommeroe ? 10. What iimS^^J • ^^- '.? Positio n f 13. rivers? 14. l.k.»» .- ■■ . -^^11^ "°""'"'^ *°d feed on the vasTpwiriL •'" 'iive the fiitaQf of '.hn \f--° ■ ^' ■ ' "moe-ItuiMrt, r^nH » on SP /, ^*- 'akes ? lo. ohmateand nivmnnfcs •« :_..... — -r "™"" '_ ; aa. Describe the N.' wlndlL^nTSif ^"ou ; . :^. of the MaoTenzi.i^as P^IL^^' •'"'' ChurohiU' r 2a"the NelilJn ?"94"H,f.i^'' ""'""'"ents f la fish- ied-Ri«,r Country. •8atbe'rhrSii?^i»te<»'«;^^h^^^^^ ■ - ^'^P^IS^F' »n« '»^^Ksh Bi™« .' MoV.r"?" i?V '' »• ">e Ukea P :f^^22^^fSS-*wS ll> q'-"»>'« '.^'*»i^-^ ->.- il ^t i ^i. ,!« w,* — -Oj !•• f!«..ndcd Ou tht! north by the moridian; east by the main chain of the Rooky Mountains- south by the Un.^.St«tes boundary (49° northl«titude)7^d ^ by tie Gulf of Georgia, Paoifio Ocean. Without QuIT T/r'!:;' n"';'''-*""'"'*'" """«' »'°"8 ">e eastern boundZ two other parallel ranges naturally divide the country into tbr«' ..T tions; nt., (1) the Pacific slSpe, (2) the Praser-River ha.ln !^ (3) the valley of the apper Ooluratli. ^ The parallel ranisfnB^ifuh Columb,««retheBlue4theOascade.Hounta[n8. The pXcipal „eakS ?rrfln".T ^'°r """» H"°ker; the former 16,000 ft'^Td the UtteJ 15,690, above the sea-level. Between these two peaks then, i.. ?3o'o ft ^h "'«A">''t'asca Port-age, the summit of w'Sich is el^v^U 7,300 a above the sea. To the south is the Kootain.e Pass, 3,000 ft s.r^«ro".:?eVt'r?ffiia'^^iH^^^^^^^^^ The northern branch ?fX^lMluirV& Lk^SlJiS"''"'- Mounts Brown and Hooker, rdna dmSibI to tli? wiT. ^- ™® °^ Wned by Rat-Bow Piver at the uSSMtrtJh^ui^'li?^*'*."''' *» runs, -xna anni J.4I11.. ..r..„u —.j ^."-v fr^.. ir™'^-: umer, and / New Weatminatki mouth of FraserBiTer. ~ the "• S^i?d=- :^na'Mn" . ^»Wof«o'irei'^rtidi/iSoirmowOML ^i+hi;^***;*^" ?^*^ " IS mifiZSth. garthery ■ are Forti Lahqlbt, Hope, and fui . For what is it noted ? '" Describe climate ; 49. «i Point outito extent. 48rWhrt"i»";23'SfitaI^ew va lue of experts go oni ital. and ft>i«« on ^S' K?S^' I//* 20 "«?«■--, »W5TCII^Pj)KNERAL OKOOIIAPIIY. ; A 'Our Kttit^ VANOOUVBK ISLAND. U«orgia and Queen-Charlotte's Sound; and from Waehini^tnn T«, 53^ kUt?"l^*1 ^'^'^^ *y "•« Strait ofTuan'Te'^ J^" and vegetatiop begins in February mie summer is hot, the autumn dn, J J}"® '"".'«■' »t»™y ; fogs prevafl «*abUitie8 of the islanl are venr Si?r- ^he principal products, in "gj*'"" •" " "ofthe soil, are Airi obtamed t>om the b^ver; tK raoooon, t^u laud-otter, and the sea- £• J • v"'°j °' *•>« most valuable Kind abound on the coast. Gold has been discovered, and coalis found in large quantities. Bbitmh CotUMBU were in 1868, oy Act of Imperial Parliament erected into a British C olon{^Tnd" r era. are abund^t. Tui ^^'^^&p:i^X!l^^- do|r,and.tL long curjv-haired NewJounlinttro,"'"^-'''^"'* ^"rador iPles.— The cod is tlin stinJn «»i. .,'.. j ' i : JUiSTio*(» -Point out the cap i^at noted for P 52. its extent f^ ST, JOHXB. THK r*»rT** n- *- -^ ft. I'^heriM _Tf„V""S™ i^cwKmndiund species. ' '".»uur banVsl^liX^^^^^^^ ta"e»^c;£.„\';^^.~^K"e!ji;1'^^ in the Colonia fi» icrics The nnm Jl [ti^ i u""^ ^"t" are engaged which tliey catch is «Mit &0«) and tlm !»h.„°^ ?".,'''"'''' •""•^^ Amenam catch, including tic hSunfy"sMch nti.ff".^ ""^ French 'and The^entranee (or " the Narrows 'TS d'etfi b^se'jrra'f^bllt't'e.ir'&e - _ - - . t issituttted on an acchyfty and f.rsw.red\^r'S .•hurchcs,theG«verm. e^houw {he u2te"' 'tIII^'T- "Jd theTuna- g3";e.7^;;;&'^rwXI' Amenoan Continent. pSwo * aet\fers'^e??*c*S^j5?l^^« I-Xd"" ftom the islands 'in the BrS Channel, from France, &c ) 300 eipm^"/'*"°?-"-T'""'e «« "bout '/ '.'IS *'?'"e"ta.'y si-liools and a nnrmS '^rakdeS*" '"■'^'"" ''«»i°^'» 61.Wli8tnotedforPS2"iteM3?"ir„^y'' f *,'»'**■ ^arbSiliirSidlS^dr^^Thr;;;; n? _____Mdj^mie8: ° " """""'» one govprnnient. VirToaii fnnn unnnt » »i. ."~ •eat of goverumont and "h/of t.m?i. '**'' •* "" •»"«'> «' »»>• W«>d, i. th. NB WPOUNDLAITD. can 8ca«, and lie, nt .he cn.riu.co toT fil if s/ T '^"'""- |ba?..?dWo,.r!nrr,7fi'e",,rc';''r "j-vr"-' -^ ««. rivers, hikes, mo.sy roa si es and bar ,^ , b"''^';'' ''^ '"'">"<•"• hi"., I the western coast. ""'"'"■'• '""" "-""n '"'^''y rijge,, especially along (4"?.:,^ra?K^„f^?i:,:^ I>^^ n«y 0^^ (east of B„,hur,t) 8 ThrO?"'";'^ 'V'?.!'""' of "■"' ilnd "•"*' "'""« "'« """»". Fresh' '"a ^3">^" ''-"•'-■'"?'"*' '" *'""""*' "" """•"• '"o «•""•». Kogo,^r?he^.t?Ci ^'f^tZ ^n;;!•'.,„«'';i•:,'''^^- lyorld and Iho south. North llelU-Mo, whi.l l" , (1 '«'li°,'V*h^'"''''''!i« '" Fmncj). »t I-..wr^m.c, lii; ,*oi?^l^fl^aJ.''H 'of* Z^fV^'T V""^". '"''i" «ulf of St Wlii.ile.- long, and 12 wide Th«r'„^'^"""'"»!"' "'"I Labrador It iil NYreyUaii^'tt^^dfn*^^^ , Islands, and^t George's, on the weswast 'and ll«rTi ''"""Iv * Jo'-ns Pla-ccn-tw r-shU 1, on the south coast Uermitago, Fortune, tnd the«te;«;-|\-,I-Vrar- on the east coast, four on I {a.er-tl^^1n°&i^'&!,-rro*t' jfe "l^^f^n t^'"'*' '' "tomiy, and andJiKMning arc rZ" >lie tt^tHfThVi'l^.l^,'!!!!'..'? !'-'<'•• TlilinZ ■oulh of th* Uliad, ii th« ' World l,y sir John Cibol.) tltoxquaraorMtmllet. ;tc eiiHt P()n«t ; H« Jolins srmitago. Fortune, and the east coant, four on iii the extreme end of een by Cabot in HU7. flcli nlonH the eastern 'fflanne elevatione, (KIO Vinter is stormy, and le ground. Sjiring is IP, denw fogs prevail » to health. Thunder lilts IS roninrknble. iron, and other min- ' "ire also abundant, wiry-haired Labrador lunds on the adjacent p-e-Ian. The number 18 26,000; and the 'Of the Jrench and "'6 same. Annual out 1800,000. the island. They are d. (See map.) noflt easterly seaport larbpur is excellent, feral batteries. The on an an ro'k, ejwy of tillatfe m and n-jlder tliun that of the hraring. Fo^, are rare; and • ' ..Huiar character ;n i.< tjeautifiil. '■ sb.A'idiau- •rrn*) ^ 1, 1 I^noh^ngSh tnd'^&H'r' "''desoenrt'J.tH otHMi north ofTlllrotelay^' lS"h^,£f '*"? *»'^»"d. i, rituate-i three rniles The city is well buift anTWiJ fn.^*"'. '! •'""' »' the best in the 1? which croM each other »t^J?™'^™'«*' "> ISSS- Its nrinciDal^fmlf. four public Ws ; V*oSl''of''afef,T .'.22 '^' in wf'Hh 'rh'e'rare' C oloniaf o r Parliament buijjfnii^r!",' ~ l'*^, '*"' Q"«>n Sni - , consists of a r,ipiit .«,:„•„—'"_ "l!'<" ijntisli North- American T axeoiltlve Counni. (nf a „ Pmvin?e;^°con"t of^S'^G^v*^,:^^;" "«•''' '^ „..?A-_?*»« Commerce of the islim.Xr." "?!*??. "lAHfoiiibly (o^ ao). "»lk qi ' 2,If *7^.VV"™ "' •""'oiiiDiy (of jo). AnT Pr^"T'"'»''<'^«hips!a^?wrfor IWt'lKh'''' fT'"'"''"' "' '»» -BH- , . pn^eoutea with oonsiderab'.oTat»''":,^rfl&^ ^e^^fe ••Br«tou ' -V„KtbVSL'i*'eV.!;",„r.&'teff.^ijSo^B'X'„'"'J "'"'W.- SlEe, ono ftjurth lew than New n^,„.^ v ■>"»«"• or Brittany, in Pjinoe.) 33. Noted wT VnJ! a :""•"' *°""''»"»' '«•»"«. and othS^ne^I-^te fl^^eri™ "^/•.'"'**^ ''*'' •*« ««J. i™». gold. S?m. the Queen Sounre' ."kX I 34. Po,i«nn ^i^^x-lSi'^ • Hi^^ '*? "'ooBive line of sea^t! „ ^PMTioN8.-^rWi^irSiP>^^^^ i eludes the Peninsula'"Qf"N)X»'T".^-'"' ^.''''0''""« "f Nova Scotia io- 29. Describe Oharlmietown nTwhJ^" ""??"'';* ."' SSi^^^Ed^^iirfTsliiidT^rTr^^^^^^ island of Cape Breton hoohiorpiiblioediflceg. ntisli North-Amerionn ivo Couiioil (of 8 mem- Viwcilllily (of SO). 3 cxoliiin(?e of its agri- nu Amencan produotg 'onua about 1150,000. louse. Ship-building mm ore very valuable.. •B BHETON. icntland and Brittau — r Brittany, In ftuSST; 1 square of I40 mllei. r ita ooal, iron, gold, ive line of 8ea-ooa«t of Nova Hootia in- >°dof Cape Breton, countiM? 28.towaBP ova Scotia and Cape channels, islands, &c. wliivh ll« lo tlitt Niuth- I'lisl iif Ni'W liruiiMwii'k iinil J'rinni. Kilwiiril Uliiml, mill nrn iinilcil iiiKJiT iiiiii ^ovitrnuicnt iiikI lli.'un'. 35.Phyii<»17MtiirM. — Tb» I'l'nlnsula of Nov* HiMTiA la iiiniDWhat i; i antiiilitr In shajit, •ij m ciMinrclfiJ with New HriMuwIrk ' i aiiori iiihmiK III III. I In '• ,ilib. Ila iiirlacc ii iindiilatiiiK *nil plctiir .i|u*, HI I It dniiitl over with many fiim', I I'auilftil lakes. In '' II liir are snrrral . ' . "f hills, of which llie (;o'-be-<|uli| [-kid] are the most iiiii.oilant. On „ „. the fiiii.t, the rapes, bays, and harbours arc niinirroiis Nn „n.. r Nora Hnitla Is more than I ilrly mile, from tl,/, 7 7 V,.!. „i- ' "f anil basin), ChieKnirto and VVrtJ ' In V-», '^^i' . "l'^' *1""" ''''""incl 'W llriinnwiik. jrov.\ sroTrv ixci.iTm\n p.\pe brkton. 23 IITY or iU ir»ll. TIIK .*I1T*I. or »OV* KOTl*. laoM DAaiMOlTU. 49. Bduoatior>. - ItosidpH the r.ill. schooN mid iiciiilemioH ; lioxidos a ii,,iim, 80. Chief TownB.-lUMKix M...p. NKNBi-Hii (i!,B00l, I'lcror (,i,0OOi li'i i Vahmoith. Nvdnkv, Ui« caiiitiil ,,f ( ' i|„ 01. Halifax, thn capital of Novii Sci jliilihs *iih (h« other J'rovlner- « the r NIales. •ij*""!^ ■"'> "lllll'", ■'IWI. 49. Miinuitioturei In doiiiewli,. artiiles, tu Wfll us sliip-mijIilihK. an earned oil luMiuieonlent 47. Commerce Is icroat- l.\ pnimoliHl b, i.-.tHiiulJ,,, III >w«-ii««t, ami alHiiit iH» IHirtK i.r entry Annual value of (upori . >7,i)oo 00(» ; rev le IJMiOmK), i.iibll<> dilil r..2i;00«0. 48. IiihabltanU. The 1 ''\'* '.'"■''.!'"* '"■'x'"»'lj "»♦- lllll by KiiKh-li and Iri.h iii-ur Iliilifiix, .Slots ill the hiwtirn (■oiiiiii.- AiiiMi- '•«u I iiihil-Kiiiplro 1,1, V- ijli»l»» 111 Ilic UHHteni 111 4 .Mi'lliind C.iimij,- (j,,,. iiiaiLiand HwiK, 111 Luneri- iiitr«(oiinly,mii||.'ronihln various other part*. , there aro niiimrous public mil a imidi'l mliiMil. 000), LivuKi'ooi. lifiOO) hv- ,V\iNi»,,ii A.N.N »i.iii.i«; „„a iireton, i- ii floiirishinn lovm. was IoiiiiiIihI in 17 ut by ,,— V™"' '!'."' ""I " '" 'lovii Sii, uL wn tlon-niiir ( oriiwiillis, and named after tin- 'Karl of iniiiti;,'".!,:."" . "' promoter of the settlement. Tlio nniina . " was (' vHi , ,' "'V^ Iiarlmur is the dnesf in America, iind it mr, . fw*" it. wn Ir ii iw''" iHWell pn,te.aeeamii. 04. Piotou. not far from Northumberland Stm i^Lm 8»t™n';o to the liaHHiur. It is the second 1 gova Scotiik and the rantre and seaport of the in-eni iiii'"»rL commercial fa^;Jr^?J' * .'"""'''""•'' Pliw*". near the head of ( M wl'Ji'"' ^'^""l '^'" "'^''''''- I' contains „ on. Windsor, on the Avon estuary, is beantifnlli extensive gypsum-quarrics. It has the oldest iinivcri;,, M vli^^A'u " "" "i""'* "»f "''»nK0d to AllImpoli^ t.in„ ■„?^"™?""'' '!" ""> "o'lth-wost coast, owns a lui ping, and i« cxtcnMvely engagoil in the carrying- trade 69. ClvU Diviaion».-There are fourteen countic "■in^m.!" S"'"" "r'«n : fo' "hich, with their Stoi ao. The ConBtitution is founded uiH.n Trc" ies O ™ffi' i""'T"'""' »"''. ''"I"'"''' »"J ci'IonialAiU N mm A-civdie- was settled by the French, under 1 e Moni to England in in,? ; colonized in 1748-9 ; a Constitution w«» in 17fH it H t, but the site IS rocky, line, south of Halifax, iroui the water. in agreeably situated -It iiiiiMirtnut town in ' K-ili»trictsofthe ' Its traile extensive. quid Day. It is the rmal school. tuated, and is near n Ur. N. America. I 1B0.5, and named .V ceded to (Jreat licr Queen Anne. ' amount of sbip- 38 The ii»; «^ viZJi "''"^oy- Ml-re, (Jalmrus 1 roos' I, ar rioniu,,!..?! I?' ■ f^^y, "oparato Nova 8iotia from S(e» wide. It is renmrkabeTr its higriidl an^l fo'r'i.i'f'*' " ''i" .'" ™ "/,*'«" •' ' Jaialto.-NoTa 8cotiVh«^^^l ?,''K ,"»".''>:,'"'J 'Pbythehigfitide8 and enclosed by dykes, ren- "«[ 'no soil very productive. *„ • ?^7«'"y«, ConolB, go.-A railway rung ftx)m H«l'f" to Truro, with a branch t6 Windsor. The , Shybenac'adie Canal con- nects Halifax with Cobe- -. ?H'L.%- The electric- i ic:Gisi..pi, cuuuects every yunty with HaUfax, and K«,9^''^P°^S-:?^- Describe the — ^___^__^ sponsibiet,. Canada) wn iai8;«ndth. were revised tedinl8fil.( taken liv Kiim „ei. fndla WhenHrstdls Scotia was inli Micmac (Algi dians, called [soo-re-kwah 1 Nova Scotia, '. see map. era in ( ouncil, va Scotia, then inlfiOl; ceded ranted in 1768; modified; Be- iTnnient(asin introiluced in iiWic statutes lid consolida- I' Iireton was lid in 1758. Trlbes.- ^cred.Nova ited by the iquin) In- Souriquois by the French. In 1761 they finally submitted to the whites. • Nohlcandmllsnt Lonlists who perilled ■■HidrllvM'the" Brnphy, Bnghind and her Col- American Bewdutlon °in6-8»)* ^ETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. m. bays arc well adapted for commerce. 65. The Principal Bivers arc the To-biquc -bcek'J St, John, site Croix (which takesitarisein l»rand Lake, ai.d separates a part of Maine from New Urunswick), Na«h-waiik Ites-ti-Kouohe r-goo»li' , Ken-ne-bec-a-sis, Wa-shacf- a-mo-ak and Salmon (S fributancs of the St. John) Bichibucto, Mir-a-mi-clii ,-8hol, Se.v„M (three '"^5iPH2.'')''""lNi-pis-i.ttuit e6.The8tJohntako> Its rise in the hiKhlands which separateCnnad'i from the State of Maine and from iNew Urunswick. It is ^,11 miles long. For the first lull miles of its course it i< of the Wal-Ioosh-took (or Long Kiver). The Grand falls are 225 miles from the Bay of Fundy (or half-wiiv down the river), near the north-east corner of the State of Maine. They arc 80 feet high, and very pic- tiiresque From the Gnind falls to H oodstock the St John flows in aS. direction. Thence to the outlet of Urand Lake it takes an easterly direction, and from that lake to the Atlantic It flows almost due south, ine St. John is a beautiful , river, and is navigable to I'redericton, 81 miles from the sea. From this point small steamers ply as far as Woodstock, «0 miles far- l"^y, up; and sometimes uii to the Grand Falls, 60 miles above M oodstock. . 87. The Bestigouohe IS 2W miles long, and ex- uands into the Bay of Cha- leurs. It is a boundary, "ver between the Provinces n r,^^^ Brunswick and J^anada. Restigouche means flnger and thumb,"— the branches of the river beinif spread out like a hand ee. The Mlramiohi is i -!25 miles long, and nine ' miles wide at its mouth. It is naviimble for 30 miles. 68. *he Principal Iiakes are Grand Lake in NEW BHTTN8WICK (80 called from the German «.„t of the Eo.v,l House of BrunBWick in Europe.) Sm; about the same »s Bavaria, or equal to a square of 166 mile, hir;„^lrmo^nt^'a^n7?aU"t:t:L^:e^r"'''f Kr^-'''''^ "'--""^ -'" ::!i^:2^aed^n^^ ^JU forests are the ?ayr^F»'i^ind'^S! B^f'^ndt'^S "Give'theX:'- fp^nt out. the various counties. 82. For wharis it not^ P OS. CAt r:^.f i?^ ^.Jf '.^1*^-?-.?'."™,^'?".''"'' "i?" Sf New Brunswick: ueen s County, and Grand ake (source of the Stc ■ Croix) between Maine and j JNew Urunswick. 70. The Principal Bays are Chaleurs, Mira- : .*!5!i. ^&.. ;:«^=^ 6, ■ ' . - . .7 — • "".■" """ "ciimiiuii Hnu size ot r'^ew Jlrunswick n"ij2jble for 30 miles. 69. IthePriaoipal lakes are Grand Lafe in ,. ueen s County, and Grand I like (source of the Ste row) between Maine and ew Hrunswiek. 70. The Principal ays are Chaleurs, Jlira- michi, Shed-i-ac, Vcrt«, Cumberland, Ch^po-dy, Chi-eg-neo-to, Fundy, St. John, and Pos-som-a- quod-dy. n. The Bay of Cha- leurs is UO miles long, and from 15 to 30 miles wide. It has neither shoaJ, reef, nor other impediment to navigation. The bay is celebrated for the variety and abundance of its fish. 72. The Climate, though subject to great extremes of heat and cold, is less severe than that of Lower Canada, and is very healthy. I'ogs come from the Bay of Fundy, but rarely extend any distance mland. Autumn is a beau- tiful season of the year. 78. The Chief Prod- ticta are agricultural ; but coal, iron, asphalt, lead, NEW BRUN8WICK-THE TWO CANADA8. 25 ^7fcK*'°'i°*V°'^-"~'^*'"''^? » "I'vorsity, there is a Madras Institution with branch schools ; several aeadem es and grammar schools; X nume?-' frotected by a battery on . 'artridge Island. The tide m the harbour rises from 30 to 40 feot. Poj). 37,000. [Theengravingcommenio- ratosthovinitof His Itojal Highness the Prince of n ales to St. John, in 18(10.] 78. Tho 14 Counties and their chief towns are given on the map. 80. The Civil Oov- ernment is similar to that of the other llritish North-American Colonies. 81. Commerce.— The fine rivers, bays, and ex- tent of sea-coast give New Brunswi(!k groat (commer- cial facilities. There are about 1.000 vessels, large and sraall.engnged in trade, fishing, &c. New Bruns- wick has now, like Canada, a decimal currency and a silver coinage. 78. The OMef Towns are Fbedebicton, St. Joii.v St AsuRuwa Woodstock, Sackvillk (containing the Allison acadei, ieJ), DoBaiES- ".fe'^"^''^''' Newcastle, Chatham, S^. STErHEN, and Monctov mil; sT *?^h^''**"^' ^^° W'"^' 's.'«»''t'f''l!j' situated M miles up'fho Un?v';^ity"'a^'''flSe''stonr" ""' ""'• ^he .Goj«™ment-House anS the buildings. The otherpublio ~ ' buildings are the Province Hall, the English Cathe- dral, and the Roinan-Cath- olio, Wesleyan, Prcsbyte- nan, & Baptist Churches. Population 7.000. 7a St. John, the chief cpmmeroial city of New Brunswick, is situated on a fine bay at the mouth of the St. John. It is well built, and, as approached from the water, has an im- posing appearance. The principal buildings, besides the churches, are the ma- rine hospital, the barracks, court-house, prison, luna- tic asylum, almshouse, and the penitentiary. A hand- some bridge spans the nver. The harbour is capa- cious, and free frt>m ice in winter. The entrance is oitT or iM^icToir, im capitai of raw wraiwics, raoK na bitib it. joinr. '^' ^^^^^^'-^Me two canadas. limo^-Jr?^ Principal Exports are timber. sKVnTnTsh iron ooal M^^'iI^L^2""l' ^'V.^SK.OOO.OOO; revenue «835,500 debt $3 To 4?!' Of A r*'''^*?.^ '"'.'"'"'' (1> f™'" St. John to Shediao. 115 milL* (2 Vmm toNX'ToA"mi.«'''ifV'"n- T'•«f»l■<»vi"R»repro"ected^SlS 5l''?wi'i'"*'J^ from St John to Canada; another extendffrom the M Th«'liS'±'',f"*'i ^'- ^°^"\ '". ^'o^* Scotia, Shediac, a, d R^s ig m„.ho 84. The Manufactures incliK e articles for domeati • use Almnt nii '^ai Tnd'il^nS""?^^- ?''"'« "™ "'">"' «"« miUs for sawing timrr ''" _86. Indlans.-When Europeans first visited New Brunswid!, three ^ '=-.*is" • Algonquin tribes or na- ^»i,4 '■ MJ^^HJ^sj^^. tions occupied Acadie, iii- -r -:rr- - "■-'w— __ eluding Nova Scotia, New 5> Brunswick and Maine: viz., the Micmacs (or Sou- nquois), from Gaspe Bay to the Eiver Ste. Croix; the Ltch-e-mins (or Mal- i-cites, " canoe - men " ), from the Ste. Croix to the Pe-nob-scot ; and the Ab- e-na-quis (or Kannabis), from the Penob.scot to the Kennebec. These three nations afterwards became more closely united, and were known to the French under the name of " Les Nations Abenaquises." The Etchemins and the Abcnaquis have a few small settlements on the St. John. They are now known as Malicites. Their number does not exceed twelve hundred. _ 1. Noted For.— Can'ada is chiefly noted for its great lakes, its noble rivers, its extensive lines of railways and canals, its oil springs, and its timber, mineral, and agricultural products. 2. Extent— t-anada extends in an easterly direction from near the Red-River Settlement to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and from the State of Michigan (in the United States) to New Bruns- wick. It extends northward from the Canadian Lakes and the River St. Lawrence to the high ridge of land which separates the nvers of Canada from those of the Hudson-Bay Section of the Hudson-Bay Territory. (See map of North America, page 15.) riw^^hS^'fTl'J'.^V,"'^*^*? *''® °°^^ ^y *•»» Hudson-Bay Ter- or^^^^^^M^^^^^je^ndrpper^ ^T7l^irll-^'^^AlT'j^^7r^^^^^ 74 inhabita nts; 7». education ; 76. chief S^manufi^turesP «.Indian.P Give derivaUon of Canad^T Forte";;'?t1.o.aP*''n°B^1SVt,^e',S.ga^^ -, «„ «-v™.i-« -uai nam is liumiing I "") nl!.1i^*Sf f'lff 1*?" *5?'?'- "^^^ """l^,'" "f 'I""™ mi'M and miles square in- eluded in these two dinsiona, are, with their population, as follows: Square MUes. m.Fi'!?"" Population, aa per . „ . Miles Square. Census of 1861. LowerCanada 2io,(K)0 460 iiiniwu Upper C.n«U m.m sss VZjlSt BWj'ipK (^®"'-*lJ'^°'*f.?°^--^*"»d»> *he most Important of the S-eLof NnrtrAS,oIl!/"\"^*?"''?i.°'^VPl«^ °°« °f the extensive river- K«n,l thU luT?^ embracing the whole northern basin of the great lakes and tho valley of the St. Lawrence River. It is rich in valuable tiiiibera llV'™^!'^''^ important minerals. Its soil is fertile, and its clin rfgrSble ™nr»nri IS.Tf T '*''? "?,•' navigable rivers, and a continuou.s series of canals and extensive lines of raUways connecting the Tpper Lakes with the seaboard), its internal trade is admirably developed. It aVso posie,s"s ever? fl' iM ^r** '™°«t-tr»de between the East and the West Should the projected railway be constructed from tho head nf L»k» s,nv>ri«;"™ ..;.„ *iJ/Si.it",u'"'"'"""*' ^1 y^" *"' to the Pacilio Ocean, tliroughlTritish Sa ^'Amon^th^Bwlifh r^'*}"'^- °^ ^"1^" •»" "^"^'y be oveSSti- mawtt. Among the Bntiah dependencies on th s continent, it now occunias f.lt'^i''™'^°*°'.S*""J'">;,"'>°"W » Confederation rf t&»e dependenSI! take place, it woul5 naturally occupy » central and contSg in'jluence p I '''^^^^^^^^^^^^^s:^^^^^v!^-^^^^^^ i*^*tpu^ir^'i;s;x^ hkwHMl wnaMf LOWER CANADA. liOWEB CAM-ADA. I^wer 0.«d. U .bou, m mile, from e«t to we.t. .„d 300 from north t' ■«' • ry, the scenery of Lower Gaaada is more picturesque w^ in °.SiVi,""«„I? '•*■?' °l ^/P*u' ^^""^^ " -^'Je' in winter, and Jf„?f i?' ■ "1°*?' the cold 18 generally steady ; and the atmosphere iaolMjr n,;^ 1 * Chief Products include various kinds o? grain, timber ftirs - i2!^ '• ^^i^ "^" "-^ ""P'^'' ■"'"«•' ■"* Ki»'''y prodSctive. In lffi9 the ■ ^i^]^:^^^i^:--r:,iS^r^f^Ou\{and River St. Uwrence 3^ '^*.«2i ,.?|1'« i^-^fii^^^* was 11,000,000. *-r^!S^S^;^^5^s30tsi^ -\ " 1„14^^ The Inhabitants.- CITT 0» QFEBBO IBOH POINT LBTI, SHOWIHO THl CIIADBL, AND UPPEB AND I.OWBB TOWN thin that of Dpper Canada. Its rivers and mountain-ridees aM~Ii«o gabl'S" The'r ^"K'f't'K'^ntly prevail in autSmn'on it VavU ran«.^ vi. .h. A ^°^".^^- Lawrence i, enclosed by two mountain- iZu„Vof;'nl?i''''l'"'''""''"° ""« 'ontt-cast, running along the pen- G?lf^f q. nti „^ he Laurentian, oa the north, runAig from the tending f„;i'fh.fT*'' ^/l' Tourment, near Quebec, and thence ei- ^ Hi ^nJ^lTv*^""""""'""" north-west of Lake Superior. ». llie rrmami Lakes are As-tur-a-gam-cook, Pa-Di-moBra-Mftii F«^l1,'"r' ^•V,"^'"'i l^""-^' M»«-«-win, Mis-kou-is-kX, oSS^Tt' St Law'renTtndV.'"'? «'""P''''"»«'80|f i «l8o the Iake.exp.nsTo7?of the « Th^ pSZ.^1 itr°"'''' "^ ""^ ^'- ^'"'"'=« * Sai^enay' River, Mauric. t!?^»^ ^'/"^ "■" »*■« S'" Lawrence, the Saguenay, the St D 29 t'hl Riohlwrr*'"'."'/^""""'""' '•" P"' («" OTTAWAf'sec fo- Ann. Vnd thi nh.^lL'*'?'l"*"L"^' "" St- Francis, the Batiscan' the Ste « !r£» » T^^" [shOMle.alr']. For minor rivers & lakes.'see map Lakessf l^n^^sfV"." '^'f "PP" Canada, expands into ijaKes Ht. Francis and St. Louis. Pass ng the mouth of the RiehaliBii It again pipands into Lake St. Peter. Thence it^duallV widens and fnTth' ?n' ^^^ n"'"" ■"'"K'-'with those of thf Gulf, a'^then pass l^.h. At''"':' Ocean. Area drained 666,000 sq. m. lu tribntiHes tX Julil'r" °^ f""'*' <^""»'^''- (Soo »ecUon i^ pagers ) JdMUl^^?\°' °"'"" •"i"'"' S'- J"""' » 100 miles in length, t^A 5 I ^ 'I"® S'- ^»wfence at Ta-dou-sac'. It has thirty tributaries rubant".' ' *"«°e"",»«» 0' 27,000 squar* mil^. a many ^ .hiT.^ '" .P»'-P«n"l'<"'la'- rocks. It is navigable for 75 S • abovl 8. it' SLP'wrj'"'""""*- ''^ '•='"'"' " Ha-Ha fijy i°ve"y' grand 9t rl2? *■ . ??" ""* '" ^"''« Os-ke-la-nai-o, and falls into the IndudZTwtdTn^r-^r'*'-^ <=*"<* ^™<" its' three-fold mouth trihn. tl^f. Windings, It is nearly 400 miles in length. It has many tributaries, and drains an area of 2i;ooo square miles In i s cou™ it ^Tfe^\Tn he?,hr-'i\''''''''- ^'"*«' ^"^ ^""'^ ?alls of Sha-w:n"gan 9 ThL wZni; • " "/"" '"""'^' "^ '"'""'' f"'" """i cascades 75'mC S1?^'st."Lawrr.''""' "'"""P"""' '■"* '""^' °-"'-"<* Obamplain penetrated up this river in 1609, and discovered the lake since named after him. 10. The Frindpal Bays ai« Chaleurs (in part), Mal-bai'«, ^ Gaip«, St. Uargaret, Lobster, Trinity, English, Ou-tard'*, Grand Metis, Uille Vaches [meel-vash'], Ba-Ha, Murray, and St. Paul's. '11 ThePrineinauiMidaare the Magdalen and Mingan groups, Anticosti, Bie. Or-Ieans. Mont. i«-al [-awij, Jesus, and P'erro'*. -3 ^* Ollmate of Lower thb victobia inBDi.AB bahwat bbi^wm sr lambeb^ -_. Inhabitants.— The first settlers in Lower Can- ada were chiefly from the cen- tral parts of France; but in the Eastern Townships, the inhabi- tants are chiefly of British ori- fi"t 't ''^'nt? descendants of U. *.. /.oy Jtsts &, Amer. settlers. 16. Education is liberally supported by the Legislature. There are three universities ; viz., McGill, Laval, and Len- noxviUe. Besides the common schools, the classical and com- mercial colleges, academies, and private schools are numerous, and of a superior class. le. Cities and Towns.— There are four cities in Lower Canada: viz., Que-bec', Momt- BEAi, Thbek Rivers, and St. HY-A-ciNTHe. The chief towns was The 1690 it Vi nnsuc^fu"rfy''b^s^g^'' bTsir William PhiJn". *'"t'; fenra-^ffi'^^T;ri>fc^^^^^^ tedTi*n^^S^rfe^„-dl!j5^w{i^^^^^^^ citadel, and adjofn^the pLTs of Abmham;- L^^e^* TlSTis'The'^^t'*'" commerce. About 1,500 vessels clear annuSly from the t^ A^«!^'*u* public buildings are the Markets, LaviunivSpMl^ffi^ P"?"* *''S o^onVrTIt ft:^™^;hJ'!i°'"'*.'^™ afterwards changed to Kt uSrlt manufactures are extensiva TlTero ar^ 66 Chu^hL, 2 S^nag^^ri'un^ "^^^^i^ ^"T- ^^ ohiefpublic buildings -^^ ~ *.. Chnst-Churoh Cathedral, StAn- ^:2k ?'«w'»ChurohStPat7idSiChur^ *-"**. Umversity of koGUl College, EC -* Theological College. sClll^i College E. C. Female AoadSy! Cabinet de Lecture, Meohanios-S: stitute, Post-Or- " • • - Si Sulpice, Mont stitute, Post -Office, Swnimd^'da Si Sulpice, MontiMl G««iuLm! gt«l,andOn>hanaae:theCu^ H House. Cnurf.H<»j~> l»«>r. --^-~» ! MsfkeLKxhibitjonBiiidingoflhe ' L. C. Board oT Arts and Minnfco- ture8.theExoh.iige, the Banks, and • _, ■•"-oiiujiB. — nr nat 18 me size, and 1. for what ia Twiwnr r^nmA^ «»«..j s n^fTT":^ 7~ — »ne various Insura nce Boildinn. ~ "^ ~^— — — — — — ^.— — ___ __„^__ -— w-m sat Mtmi I 11 -^-■^^'"^ishs^-s^^^^ UPPER CANADA, Estim'd pop. 1864 126,000. The Victoria Railway- Bridge over the St. Law- rence ii nearly two miles in length, and is the most re- nuurkable structure of the kind in the world. In Au- gust 1860 it was inaugura- ted by the Prince of Wales. a8.TlieOi< f of Three Biv«rB it situated at the thre<3-rold mouth of the riv- er St. Maurice. It is about nhJway between Quebec and Montreal, and is noted for its iron-works. Popu- lation MfM. 24. The St Haurloe Country is well watered, and the land along the rivers is rich and fertile. White-pine timber and iron-ore are abundant. For ._ _ = ^ ^^pSSSSaSsg^S bv the WeBtern Indian- Territories, Lakes Su- perior, Huron, and St. Clair, end the Rivers St. Clair and De-troit. 3, Phydoal Fsaturei. — ine surface is gently undulating, rather than mountainous, and is di- versified by rivers and lakes. The ridge of high land which enters the Province at the Falls of Ni-ag-a-ra, extends to Hamilton, and is contin- ued to Owen Sound, thence along the penin- sula to Ca-bot Head and through the Man i-tou-lln Islands, Lake Huron. The lT:nT T"S '"" Vr."' '"'"' "■"' Thousind IsllTs (ne^rKings! Bav^'«n5 r i'^t""'"' "t,^"'"' ^™'""'' '■•""'-e l*"" coast of GeorgUn Bay and Lake Huron. The water-sheds of Upper Canada are not in general sharp ridges, but rather-level, and of?en marshy surfaces oS which the streams Interlock. A main water-shed separates "he waters lne%^^-r\J"'" """^°^ ""> St. Lawrence and ftsUkes ; alYno" one divides the streams flowing into Lake Simcoe, Georgian Ba^ and Lake Huron, from those flowing inio Lakes Srie and Or.tar1o '' lUean Depth in Fiiet. Names. Superior Huron, 4 Georgian Bay! St. Clair Erie _... . Ontario ',, Length in Miles. 38S 280 20 240 180 Greatest Width in Miles. 160 190 80 65 Area in Eni. 8q. Mires. S2,0flO 25,000 S60 9,S0O 0,000 Height in Feet above 8ea. 001 S78 671 sea 2»t too 800 (0 100 BOO OT T^.^!!""""* ™" ™"' ""^ " ™" "*»"»» TOWBsil^S: . CHATBArOrAT [Ahft-to-gav'] Md Voltiieura a wwu aaaa a iree port, merchandiM entenng it is exempt from duty. „ ^ tXPPEK CANADA. fcA./!^ for..-UPPER Canada is noted for its great lakes- o^SL"*?'''' P«t">l««ffl-»pmig8, and fertile soil. ' rfr"J^?"*^~^fP^' 9'"'^"' ^^"^ P'**"" *e appearance Se'SS-^rSJ.' ^^^l*^ - ^''--th and thTeast b, «d>e .uth^t-b/i^k^e-Sup^rbrX^^^^^ 't^^:^J^^J^:^ie^jU^ 'Lawrence; anTon Swesi Aux-Sables [o-sab'lj, in o Eie Hii«,^^hS I ?' i*"* Sau-geen and the «ona&aH^t S/P^^^^ [kan-4^; and the«^.''ir£at*5^n£^^ StL?^retheTcS;?hr!)"rSi*XNi£Sf^^"r^^^ *J« United ''°^l^^<^° Upper a^SKr^^^dJI'thoO??^^ *•"» ^'- I*"""''*! no®' ¥he F^ir^hieh*S'20"^u"^'f?S°T.*'{^^^ «»<> O"*- mouth, are the most celebra^ in thn wnrirt"r,i^ ^^^ ""^ ^* ^o" >*• are two suspension-bSs^er the XJr^ (we cut on page 31). There longer h-om its souree, wTth the G^^lLatB^'S^n °- i^* "^ ">"" rapids in Upper Canada spr the Ga-lZ' aTd ^A^" ■"«''",•. r'^? <=•>'«' in Lower Canada, the Co^teau r Wl *^a> r?S '"^i*"^ **"■* C-* ] ; and Laehine [IS-shSl These are ov^Ja.J^AS'^ the Casoideii md the is the bekutiftil exlendTliver-L^reTf tL*'^^"»"»''-^ NearKingrton remainder of the river belong t^ T^l„,n % thousand Islands." The 10 Th« m7««l .^ ., '^^'^ *^*"'^'' '»« "ect'on 6, page 27). area of 80,000 »«uare mUes iKti* f tX^SL^„Ti«'VT ^* ""'S"' « t. PranoM JDistnotP K. Bmtl hysioal flaatuiw ; 4 prinoiiid -trace them aU on ^en^ m iff I 30 U, The Frlnoipal Bays are the Mi-chip-i- co-ten (lake Superior) Oeoraan, Nottr.wasaga, BurlinBton (at Hamilton), and Quintc (north of Pr. Ed. County). (See map.) la. The l>riiiolpal iBlands in Upper Canada are Grand Cal-u-met and Allumet'<«, Ottawa Hirer; Miehipicoten & Car-i-bou I -boo J, Lake Superior; Manitoulin, Cor*burn, St. Joseph, and Fitzwilhani, Lake^Uurons Point Polo, and Ryerson's, Lake Krie ; Navy, in the manara 5«'«r; Amherst, Tonti, Wolfe, and Howe, at the ea«t end of Lake Ontario ; and part of the Thousand Islands, lu the iipjier part of the Rher St. Lairreni-e. 13. The Climate of SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. CIIV OP TOHOSIO, ,B0M A CL.AUED 8PACJS OK TUli EbPlASABB. KEAB TUB -DOM BITBB. wS!f ?.'»"'«Ja is agreeably tempered by the pn>a«itv of the Great I^.kM i OUT 0» OTTAWA. IHL ::APITA1 OP CAITADA, PEOM THE CUACDIEBB PALtS. r.l?"j?^**"°'^r'^'i™"8'' *•»« liberaUtv of the Legislature TTDuer Canada possesses abundant facilities for education. iiHhe amnion Jnd grammar schools, the colleges, and universities Kiere are Sin the 17 0^,^HerTT?.l\T''"S''"-""'i^ acadeniies, seminaries? and^scUls the man ^hi M^^ff^P*' ^""^''f '* ''""*'''' '"*» *2 countios, Vs shown on the map. The chief towns in each county are also given on tie map. 18. The LegiBlative- Counoil XSleotoral Divisions of Upper Canada are twenty-four. 19. The CiUea are / Ottawa (the capital of ' United Canada), Kings- ' TON, TOBONTO, HaHIL- TON.and London. 20. The City of Ot- tawa is situated on the Ottawa lliver, in the Township of Nepean. It is connected by railway with Presoott (5,1 miles distant), with Kingston by the Bideau Canar(126 miles in length), and with Montreal (100 miles dis- tant ) by the Ottawa Eiver. It is thus connected with the Grand Trunk Eail- way at three points, with the lliver St. Lawrence at two points, and with IjiIib Ouuirio at.Kingston. The chief trade of OtUw» ia derived ftrom the tntna- Ct of lumber to the Que- «nd Knglish markets. tlvhL (in Lower Canada), opposite Ottawa, and con- nected with it by a hand- somesuspension bridge, was llrst settled in 18U0. Ottawa was called Bytowit until ISM, when its name was changed to the present one. In 1S,'>7 it was selected by the Queen as the aeut of government; and in Sep- tenitwr IStiO the Prince of Wales laiil the corner- stone of the Parliament buildings. TheChaudidre and Kideau Falls, in the ncinhlmurhood, are very pieturesquo. Pop. 14,764 ai.TheCityof Kings- ton ( foruicrlv called Cata- ivith' tV^' p"T"'-«??t«™ e'^t'f^'ity of Lake OntaSo,' SS'fc'.a'B^' he w^t ^l^^:i S""?.' ^. t^^ *•«* ■""• thfl beautilil Bay of ^tdntn; the west. A fort was built here in 1873 by Count de Fronienao. a IflwniSi Governor, but tlie actual settlement of the p^ace dates ftrom ItS K?n.Sz ton pos.ses..es a safe harlmur; the en ra3to whk^ U Sioi^ bVtS^ 'St^V\mr-Jn{%^''r-^^r 'A "" Point'Hen?y,%'S2rite''^,rte E\ 1 *y' ^"x™ Svdpnham, then Governor-General, (who is buried here,) made Kingston the first capital of United CanadT the Town-SS irifw^Ti "'*'"' "'? ""Vkot-house) is a handsome stonTstruotur^ TVw tmI 1 ™"'"-Ti.^'?:' Q»een 8 ("''•> University power8)%nd Eeii-oi)JilS 99 ^S11'»';^'V* "'i'^n?'"""^ '" ""«"«m Congress.) CANADA-INDIANS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 31 mmwAT An. pabusoxb «u8Piir8ioii.BBii>o« ovim thb kaoaba btvbb. 8.TheIiee:ialature consists of three branch- es r 1. The Oiieen (repre- sented by tlie (Jovernor- Ocneral); 2. The Lmis- ative Coun(^il ; and 8. i lie liOgislntive Assem- bly. The three branches must give their consent to every bill before it can become law. 4. The Oovernor- Oeneral is the chief executive officer, and is also commander-in-chief of the militia. He as- sembles, prorogues, and dissolves Parliament, and assents to all. Bills not reserved for Her Majestv's iilwisiire. o. The Lwglslativo Coimoil (elective since 18Sti) corresponds to the n„K7n»^^rte^fei}S'/f,rteoSJ;*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ iJ^^ INDIANS or BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.' nenI\d',l''?^;;'fuSf tfevfalTZr^'^ rVf"" «''«'« «">«- ten distinct g^ups or familie^*^ FoSr of fc.'^'"* to.^'ong to eight or North Amen«J^vLf-i{?fes,&tV^g^ir?hX'*^^^[intish "nore in their manners, belief, and ■;-±i«t--:±^gg^ superstitious customs, resemble the natives of Lapland and Qreen- tef J^J^' Chip-e-w«y-an» (not the Chippewas or Qjib- vrays,whoareAlgonquins). IIL mie Algonqmns. And IV. The Huron-Iroquois. Each of these groups speaks a distinct lan- guage. The four groups are sub- divided into various tribes each speaking adialect of theirori^nia tongue; yet among all the tribes a remarkable similarity in cus- toms and institutions prevail*. In. colour, form, temperament rehmpus belief, and pursuits, aU are alike. ThemenenngniiTws^ iiuuiiug, and flshingl whiia'tfae women perform other kinda of labour. These tribes numbw fWim 126,000 to 160,00a .^^^^^^^^^i^^ m lis M- ill ^ Xon^tude 71 Web fTom 60 - CrennricTi Zaiiua^lgSdatAt^HSHraluk. .«25S7a5£ti-.s^^steXte^!ffJsri^^^^^^^^^^^^ UNITED STATES OP AMERICA-NEW-ENGLAND OR EASTERN STATES. 33 THB UlTITED STATES OF AUEBIOA. Blu, ibout the umo H Britiili North Ainorio*, or oqual to » aquaro of l.BOS mllef. L Noted For.— Tho United States aro noted for their groat aroiw of httbitablo territory, strutohini^ from the Northern At- lantic to tho Paoifio, and including tho great central rivor-basin of the MisBissippi; for tho cotton, rice, and tobacco of tho South, and tho railways, commerce, and manufactures of tho North. n. BoundarloB.- Tho United States are bounded on tho north by British North Amorioa, on the east by tho Atlantic Ocean, on the south by tho Gulf of Mexico and the Republic of Mexico, and on tlio west by tho Pacific Ocean. . ??•. ^''yjio*! Faatnrei.— The territory of the United States Is dl- Tlded ioto throe groat natural reglong : 1. The Atlantic or AUoghany slope I a. The Mississippi Valloy i and 3. Tho PaclBo or Rocky-Moun- tain slope. The general character of the country is that of an immense plain, traversed by two chain? of mountains, vis. tho AUoghnny (or Appalachian) and tho Rocky Mountains, and drained by the groat Missis- sippi KlTer and Its tributaries. (For Rocky Mountains, see see. 10, p. 14.) !„^;^J!!^S**lPP W^®' **^<» "« "«> (M ">» out'** of Lako I-tas^) p^ pi^® K?!'*'m''^u"''''*} !*),'"!'' •>•*■• '>'« '»««1 of' Wte Superior and the ^ '"™' "m^" ^■°'^' pn'l «"la into tho Gulf of liexioo 2,600 milos from Its souroe. TMie pnnoipiJ tributary U (1) tho Missouri (or ''Mud Bivo™ ) mii'£. M!^f^'ifi»h^i,'°M'"'- ^^^y Mountains, and, after a oourso of 8,l(iii Sir'.SJfi I J"¥. *■«> Mwsissippi opposite Alton, near St Louis, 1,860 niilos teh taiS^it. il''*''**l*"5V,'*^«* "5/2) tho Otio (or " Beautlhil IUvot "), fl„„°L^™**r~*"- the -lU^hany Mountains south of Lake Brie, ami flowing 1,800 n^es, joins the Mississippi at Cairo [k«y-ro] : (8) the AVkan- 5Sj;!S!L^*'^*"°h,*^?""'? "^.S tho Uoekv'MountiJns, and, flowing ^^ oi^/Pifi^ii?*™"??? ' »' Napoloon. Aroa drained i,m.m »q. m V. The Chief Mlnoral-pentpoa of the United States a^: California for gold. PennsylTania for coal, and the Western States for ooppei , lead, iro^ VT. TheOIdOolonloB.— Thirtoonof thosoStotosworooriKinally Uriti«h Colonies. Thoy dodlarixl thiiir iiidoiMjiidoiico in 17"«; and, aflor a sovuro content, It was ookiiowiodijud by Oroat Urituin in 17H3. VII. Inhabitants.— Tho L nitod Stutos wore at drat sottlod by omi(!rants nrom (Jroiit llritaiii and Uollaiid. Tho population now conniKtM of (Uu-coiid- ants of po<)plo from ovory country in EuroiM), bonidcs No.;^' the Federal Oovprniiioiit $200,000,000, of tho Hovoral .Stul(.« !??!?M9j.>t?'.J"™"'"' »28(),000,000 : (lcl)t of tho FtHloml OovornnKiit »l,2SO,Op0,00O, of tho sovcnd Stato.n fUO.OOO.OOO ; total debt Sl.tWO.OOO 000- ""l'^?^J5'i5'i'J' ^^'"^ t"*^'' '''"t «1,120,000,000 ; m. of telegraph ;tfl,000. 1.,tal cost *k000,000 ; post-ofliccH .30,000, and yearly cost of iiiaii-sorvico $15,000 000 X. .Bxtent.--To the 13 original HUitOi*, 2S now ones have, since 1771), boon added, making a total ot 80 States. Besides those, there aro U'li lornt^jrios; and one District, vij. Columbia, which oontainsWAsaiNUTON, tho oapitol of the Itopublic. . 2U' SJtate Divisions.— Each State has ita own independent legislature, judiciary, and exooutive government, consiBting of a Senate ond a Ilouso of Kopre.»entativo8, a Governor, Judges, 4o.; who Imvo tho iwwcr to make, judgo or and execute oil lawH i>ortiuning to tho State, oxecpt such as Iwloim to the Oonoral G9Vommont. Tho chief olllccr of a SUto is styled Gover- nor, bach State is for tho moat part divided into (Miiintiea, and the coun- ties into townships, as in Cana. 1. THE NEW-ENGLAND OB EASTERN STATES. WITH TREIB CAPITALS, ABE AS FOLLOWS: kaU-Uit Maiki... [nuiM.] NawHAiinHiBs [nu-bamp'-shir.] TUMOKT [ver-mont'.J HAssACHosam. . ...... [nus-sa-tshoo'-iets.] Bhodi Islahd [rods-t'-Und.] OOlHIOTICirT Ckon-n«t'-U.out.1 Derivation or Slcnlfloatlon. From Queen HenrietU's Prenon Province. From Gov. Hauon's birth place In Bngland. From iti Oreen Houn' tains. Indian fbr "Blue Uoun. The Island being like the IsleofBhodeir Indian " Quonektaeut," or " Ixm« Blver." Date of Settle. ment. I«S8 lOS 171M1 leio USl 16» By whom Settled. Admit'd,Aroa In to the Union. The Bngliib... The Bnglish.. From Hissaohu •ett*. The Purltens. (Uiite III B. ■.•an.) BoRer WllUami. from Male. IBM 1776 im 1776 1776 1776 Square Milea. 81,776 »,0S6i 7,800 1,806 4.674 Free Popula- tion I860. 660,000 SM,076 811^000 1,881,100 174,610 460,150 Oapitai, Ausnsta,,., Oonoord Hontpelier , Boston (■providence INowport.... 'Hartford I Where situated. taiice flrom Washington Kennebec Siver Herrlmao River Winooski Biver MHsaohusetts Bay.. Narrsganiet Day.... abode III., in Kay... Connecticut Biver... New Uaven | Near Long It) .Sound 685 HUss. «r4 ■ 584 • 488 * SW • 408 ' 885 • 810 • Popula- tlon 1860. 18.800 9.100 t,400 178,000 S0,700 10,000 8H.200 40,000 I tho nagw of mountMNl a. IRoted For.— The Nsw-ENaLAND Statbs are noted for the stirring incidents in their early colonial history, their educa- tional pre-eminonoe. and their extensive manofaotares. 8. Position. — These States are bounded on the north by Can- ada, east by New Brunswick and tho Atlantic Ocean, south by the Atbntio Ocean, and west by the State of New York. 4. FhTdoal Peatnret.— With the exoepUon of Vermont, the whole of the New-Kngland or Kastem States lie on the Atlantic sea-board, and are hidented with beaatlAil bays and har- boars. The Appalachian Moantaina, under Tarioui names, ran in a 8.-We9tem and Southern direction, givhig a a and S.-Eastern slope to the riven. In Vermont they are called the Oreen, and in New Hampshire the White, Moantaina. The princi- pal rivert are the Pe-nob- •oot and the Kennebec, in Maine; the Herrimao, in New Hampshire ; and the Oonneeticat, separat- ing New Hampshire from Vermont, and running throngh Vauiuihnaetta and Oonneeticat. 6. oUmate and Prod- lots.— Being the most V ♦i?'2S"'"?"^r^''* thesise of the United SUtes. I. For what noted P II. Describe their boundaries; in nhysical {ea.1tiTeK- TV th^ \liZi7^.i^" V. the Mineral Centres; ^.tte Old Colonics; VII inhabitants; VUL government ; IX. statistics ; X.litint;'^^ Sti^ST^i m A e. a. For what are they noted? 8. Point out theSr position. 4 Desc^be their nhvsinal f^tlii- . iS^^i™iL *- . « Blr?^ northerly of the United States, the climate in tho Now-EngUnd is generally oplder (especially in Maine) than in the other States; but it is less so m Massaohusotts and Connecticut. Agriculture is the chief pursuit in theNew-EngUnd States; but, owing to their maritime position, early settlement, and abundance of wator-power (irom the numerous rivers oonunerce, fisheries, and manubotures have acquired great importance. ' tJi-^J^^^F^*^^^-^? "» P'ft of the United States are those fccihtiM developed in a higher degree than in New England. Kadiating from B(Mt«n (the oommeroial capital), railroads diverge in ovory direction Portland, in Maine forms tho eastern terminus of tho Grand Ituiik Rail- *ay of Canada, and a win- tor-outlet to the ooeon for Canadian products. 7.. Inhabitants.— Tho on^nal settlors wore chiefly BntishoolonistSgWhonamed their new homo '' Now Eng- land." The principles of oml and religious liberty which they brought with them from England, took deep root in the new soil, and have been developed in their political institutions. 8. Haine lies west of NewBmnswtck,andsoath- eaat of Lower Canada. It is well watered with namer- ons lakes and rivers. The valleys of the St. John, Feaouacoi, and RonnaDeo are fertile and productive. Lumber and ships are the chief artielea of commerce. 'j tT -t Vir' .^' "■»."<>"". .<»-i. uiyuMouB. 1. uive we paruonlars 4 Describe their physical features ; 6-7. olimate, 4o. ; & &ne, *o. I race irassa^iSS^^^s^^sri^^^h^ \ p™*,»^.»«.^„_ '*'-««»ai.°»^^=;j=Sffi^^^g^^/ TM NORTHERN OR MIDDLE STATES. B. Chief Oitlefc-AruriiTA. theoapital,* in Hituit«d on tho Kon- nebeo; JOaiitpout, kt tho otwt of the Ntato, hu uxtuimive ouniiiioroo with Now Urunnwick md Nova HootU; l'oiiT(.4NU (pop. an,350), on l-««» U»jr, au important ««»- port, i» ooDneoted bjr nilwsy with Un«l«; iJAIiopB (pop. lOfiOO), on tbo I'enoDMwt, U ■ lumbor-dopot, 10. Ecw Hampihin ilea w. of Maine. It ii niountainoua, except at theaouth-uait ; and its icenerr, eipecUlly in the White Moun- taioi, ii oonxidered to be tho most picturaaqtie in tho United States. It hai but one harbour, and only Iguileiofiea-coait. Ironiaabun- dant, and tin haa been diacovered. Tho preponderance of gmnlto haa cauaed New Ilanipaliiro to be called the " Granite State." • . ia.^<'J m leparate. it from the But. of New York. lU pre-emlnonce inth,.. reapecu harrc.'UraT.inSun.V'''''"'' ""* • tor populaHona of Ih. State capital., ^ »h, momjmvbig toblea. 36 .<■ ' '-'TFi IHl CITT 01 loaiOT, CAMTAL 01 lUtMOBITUTTi. IBOM m MUOCB 10. Chief Cltle*. - Dmton, tho oomnioroiiU and literary oapital or Now Knuland, ia aituatod on Ma«iiKhuiii)tt« Hay. U hu a fluo hiirlxjur, and an oitonaivo oom- n>"r™„ The Old SUlo-Ilouao and I'unouil Hitll arc noted in it« poli- tKial hiHlory. I'op. I7H,(HH». Cam- HBIDUK iliaino-l, ni«r iliwton, ia tho aoat of a univomity foumlod by tho Kov. John UarranL an Khk- liahniaii, and fontcred by tho IxMia- laturo of tho Colony. Hpbino- KiRiD, on the Connofltimit, ynn,8ai,iim,Nbw UBpFOBi) and Wobckhtbb | wooa- tor ! are oho iniiHirtant towna. Si;.VM^ ';'"°";ti'""Tlf'r° Oonni^li^^Sd^tau't'hTi' ?.YI,^ ff^.V'''?'?"'; n?^^'"» '•''•• "• """^ fr<"» » "nail laland ^h«p.d like the lal. of Rhode., In tho Mediterranean) in Nor-ra-gan-aet SSi;™. ft '■"..' "? "nountaina ore inconaldorablo, but Iti numeron. ^ %,^#°ilV'"*^J"'" '*" manufacturing purpoaoa. •Wrf M.-rVT^l- ' ifil ?;,'"."!*> "' '■'•P no*' of Narnumiiaot Uav l£iJ?Wuffi>T. ?h«°1iJ''^''A '" ^K^^- l^vidon-M, (Trmod by ttoger nuilama) ia the aoat of Brown Univorrtity. and in nn««l fn» li XipIw tcTb «1h^1i'2?:l.«?'' "" •!•,"« harb-Z'Sd*- ."watori^gM la nl ij^ cotton-null m Amerioa wm erected. I.iIS'h bSS!!12'S1?* "•• »>e"'ee>> Rhode laland and New York. Lonir. on. an^^u • "• ',"""'"'"' »""""'"?• It* baya and rirera are name?- 2nd ii LnnffT""" '?""7 Ploturcsqne. Ita minerala are raluabloj la abMauZ"'^T^u,: particularly in hardware and clock, ' »ii n:5;^.^'*"?-«^'"'*'„'">™l'' I*'"'"*' f''" St»t« haa two cauitola- Ka N^HJrtlwSlS?'""**'*"'"* "TO.Ilfty n.i!o« lh)m l^'ng-lVland ^^rttA'M^i^wS" wa«.ttn oak (blown down in 1860), oJlod the yuarjor \mk, in whioh tho original ohartor of Kinit L'hnrlmi it waMhi,t H^ven'Tui mU« frZ'thTL""'. "> ^T'' 4 "- °^'t '> "^^in T N^t gav^rourinUoa from the Sound, la a boau ifui ('ity and tho sent of Yalo Najo ard Pbobub- OIATIOS. vtt™v.»™™ .««'W8. NbwTobc rnu.york'.] PinanTAiriA [p«n4ll>Tanfl'-yt.] NlWjlBaBT........... _[nu-Jet'.io.] DllAWABB.... .. [del'-a-wer.-) Berlratton or Stgnlflaation. After the Duke of York and Albany. After WilUam Penu, its roander. After Joraey lale, Gov. Sir aOarterBt'sblrth-plaoo, Where Lord De U Van) died. I>at« of Settle. ment. 1«0» [imil and tiasi i«n By whom Mtled. to the Union, Tho Outoh Tho Swedes ft &>■■ lisb I: Dutch and 8w(,Je* . (araMrfliUnlBMriq.) Swedes and Hnna.., 2. Noted For— Nbw York is ohiefly noted for its oommer- o.dpre.enunenoe, and for its railways an'd oanalsV VknnTlva WABE, for Its fruit and grain. ' ♦K» h! A »^'~''o'"* *''°'' ""»«• Canada is at tho north and the South-Bastem States at the south. ' YoA^^J^. y«atll«».-Bicept PennaylTBDia and «Mtern Now Th^^iJzL^^lS^f^ .,'-»*« »*hep Stetea. the oUmate hi wJ,^. ««itnH.i;Tn- PonMyWa,;ia th'e^^^ og'n.l^Lr'**'^ "» ""«"»» '^- Area In Bqnaro Mllea. m« m« ms ms 4s,a«o 46,000 8,S10 l^UO PopuU- tlonlSM. S.W0,?M Albwiy l.>06,1M ti)n All luot. liroiiil- Wkjr> wHh lU ihiipa uiil viUiimIyu hoUila, in « flwli. loiialilu |in>iii(iiiitilu: lint Wkll Mtreol, with It* l»nk^ nuUM, iukI ojl- fihwiKii. li th» ohivf oontra of tiiminflM. l'»rki uicl •iluitnwiininiimnniiMj tnil ill Ihu u|i|it'r iiiirt nf thu mlj, tll« Iihvttn n«ii|||. 2(WI,7(MI), ii|i|KMitii Niiw Viirk, (ym- Uinii » nitvy-yitrcl. linr- rAM>(Hl,()il()),Atthn Rend of IjAke Krii), It lli« nhinr riirw»rlinK-|ilai3o fur Wtxt- cni ixiiiiiiiiiruo tiiw6uo, la niitnl for iU MUt-wiirkH. Now Vork, Tnty, (Jonovii, uiil lta between that Htate and the ocean. In rlvera are unimpor- tant ; and, except the northern Alleghany ridge (the Hchooley), A the I'al- iaadei (on the Iludaon), It la not niDiintiiinoiia. ,. „ , , , Along the Atlontic coast the aol! la landy, but near the Delaware RiYcr it la richer. The railway route f>om Now York to tho South la through tlila HUto 13. Chlof dtlOB.-'^ dolphlo, ia the hood of iv,.„, ■MOM ars on tho l'a»-aa-io _. „ , „„. WICK ,V Pbini'RTiin have oach a (■olIoKo. ('AMUKNia cmiHwito I'hilftiiclpliin, mid ■Tkkhkv (.'lTY(IM)p.2U,aiO) oppoaitc Now York. 14. Delaware, which gives its name to the river and the flno frontier-bay, occupies hr'«' the penin- sula lying ',lM.b|D«Boto[BlHI.] Tlin Spanish. 1«R7 Area In Hanaro MSlea. 1778, ISM 1778 17M 1708 1778 1778 1776 1840 1819 181? 181i IIVM 9.8M 80 2.1,000 38,SAa S7,8M 48.800 48,000 M.S00 88.000 89.868 60,788 4?a!6 48.341 8.17,.121 Popula- tion 1860. 687.100 78,100 898300 1.801,400 1,166,700 1.110,000 998,700 703.800 1,087.300 140.600 084.800 TSLSfiS 708.000 6O1.S00 Capital. Annapolis WASnlHITOS.. Whoollng Klohmond Whore situated. Mail-DlB- tanoo fVom Washington Sovorn Illvcr, near Cheiotpeako Ilay. Potomno lUvor Ohio River ... James Blver . Popula- tion. Frankfort Naahvillo Baleigh Columbia MiUedgovUlo. . Tallaliaasoe.... Montgomery.., JactsAr. Baton Bouge... Aust^.. Kentucky River Cumberland Blver, Neuse River (near). Congaroo Blver Ooonoo River Oeklokoneo Blver.. Alabama River Frari Eircr Mississippi River.. Oolomdo River 4SMUca, M 400 " 180 " 887 " 774 " 316 " 676 " 886 " 106 " l.OH " 1.034 ~ 1.407 " l,S18 4,000 81.800 ao.noo 80,000 8.000 17,080 6,000 8,000 3,800 8,800 8.000 SJIM 4,409 .u,?jKa-saA"S;;vfi.-a^-sKi«v u i 2. Noted For.— Tho Socthern and South-eastern States arc ehioflv noted for thoir products of cotton, tobacco, and aucar: and for their largo Negro population. ^ ' »„H".f w"°°T7''''';' ^*^*^ "^'"^y "° "" th« Atlantic coaat, l^h™tT^'''r ^"^ -"Alabama, by tho Alleghany Mountains ni,.. *7 o 'J?' °°"*'' °f Pennsylvania, and is intersected bv OhesapoalteBay. (See map of Northern States, 'page 34!) The" .^UHmao a Z If .1^'' '" '""''^"° *'"'' '""'h-western bouSdSry. Brory pa^tTf"he ft oW^ *<^*; ^'? ''°"'' "'"='"' '™"''"«» '='"'• "« i«« chief producU. ^^L?. Ti''"'^ contains tho room in which General deorxo WiwhinS rpsimod hi8 commission in the army. Haltimoek rn 2l?Knni fl!» ISV. 7 in; iSSl ^"Sf ", "niOoUf niarket in tho United States. 8. Washington (p.61,400), the capital of the Republic, and Oiohqb. SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. IHB IfBW CiP!TA, V:,. WABHIirOTOir. Toww, are the principal citieg. Washington contains the Capitol inwhVL &?"•"''%""''?'' '"•^°""" '"""»»°""' P-blle buiidings*Sd°ng he f^d tntwi-f n** Smithson,an'BnglUhm«n)! oftt w.. 1 M ^"fK°T* °5 "ffi^ial residence of thi President. The city was laid out by General Washington, who was the first President. MarVui^F^D'''' '''?* English settlement in America, lies south of Maryland-and Pennsylvania. A ridge of the AUeghaiies separates the rivers flowing into the Atlantic from ttose forming the tributaries of the Ohio River. The Great Dismal-Swamp, on Its south-eastern boundary, extends into North Carolina. The chief products are tobacco, iron, and salt. The Virginia sulphur-springs are noted for their medi- cinal properties. General Washington was born in this State. ' or the State, is boautiAUly situated on the James B"er, 160 miles from the sea. Its oommer(.j is extensive. Nobfo«k, near the ocean, is theprincipal seaport, and is a naval station. WnfiEWNo, on tho Ohio, IS a place of trade, and the capital of Wesf Virginia. At Mount Vbbnon, on the liotomao, General Washington is buried. Habpbb's Fbbby is also on the Potomac. (See mapof the Northern States, page 34.) 101. West Virginia. AStatelbrmed out of Virginia in 1863. TOBAOCCPLAITT IH iLowiiB. ,„ ^1 Kentuoky lies wcst of Virginia, , r ., „ ^ . '■' *'•« valley of the Ohio River, which river forms its N. boundary. It is highly fertile, and produces Indiin corn, hemp, flai, and tohanco. Prom the celebrated Mammoth Cave, at the south, nitre la obtained. More important minerals : iron, coal, and salt ^.'ii"!S?A';^':I}i'L!r^l ?S?: tAl,«2""!«'^1^8outh-Ea8tern States noted? Lo^nsK fp"*7*o'o^,r";„''?h'"»o\il'''^^ '" "? *'r ^?'""''ky River. >,I,tn■,^ M '"f®® "*' "'""' °^ Kentucky. The Cumberland fAlle- ghany) Mountains run through its eastern part, giving a nioturelane StaTa™co°tti'S \T''- The soil is good. ^hiSVoducUofT lA ^L i ' *°''»''<'°' '•«™P> iron, coal, and salt. is a tlno ritv £n,^?-~i^''*'I'''V''V;'''' •■'»P''»'' <"> the Cumberland River, hlnir n? J^/'y' "?''.'"« a, largo trade, Mempuis (p. 22,700), situated on a hi«h ^thf ^^° MiS8i«sim)i 18 the southern outlet of the State Knoxvilui at the ^toro part of tho State, is the seat of a univerrity. *-''°^'"''*' 10. Aorth Carolina lies south of Virginia. It has an nTtAnaiu. TriWiirl-V?:'"*."' "^ "'?'"•"""' ''h'""Mhe co«t?s"danX" The interior is hilly and mountainous. The Stite produces tar, turwn- tine resin cotton, indigo, Indian corn, and gold. Rice is the itapl^ fhJ Hi„f ®w *'®''-~^'*''^"'" [ral'-lel, tho capital, is in the centre of the State. Wilminoton p. 21,260), on Capo-Fear lliver at the south east IS a commercial port oAmportance. B^ufobt hL a' MarC?" . 17. Honth Carolina is triangular in form. The coast IS low and swampy, but the interior is more diversified. Its. chief products are rice, cotton. Indian corn, indigo, gold, and u „er The islands on the coast produce the celebrated long-fibred sea-island cotton. 18. Chief Oitle8.-CoLUMBiA, the capital is in the Tn^. nf f*^ ^^*f- Chablestok (p. 40,600). on the cZt fl„2"if °l}^^ °^®? commercial cities of t(\e South. It has a £«n 1 ^^'""f• "".?*? ".P'""* °^ extensive trade. The city is welllajdout,_and the streets are planted with handsome t^s IV. Beorgia is separated from South Carolina by the Sa- vannah River. It was the most southerly of the thirteen original States. In its appearance and products It is simi ar to South Carolina. An extensive swamp on its ■ southern boundary extends Into Florida. To the north "*'"• ^™ * the State is mountainous and undulating. "hi'" "*"" fi,?2;,£*^®li°*M'°'-T?*."'l''*'^i?"''''"' the capital, is near the (^ntre of the State, and in the midst of a noh cotton-country. WrsTA and Satan NAH aire on tho Savannah Eiver. Savannah (p. 22,800)" neS^its mourhls the chief commercial city. It has numerous public squies. ' 2L Florida is a great peninsula south of Georgia. Though its coast- line is extensive, it has but few good harbours. There are no moun- teins, and but few rivers. A long range of hills extends through the State. Near its southern point are the " Everglades," an extensive marsh or shallow lake, studded with numerous islands. Along the rivers the soil is fertile, and, being near the tropics, vegetation is luxu- riant. The chief productions are cotton, sugar-cane, rice, tobacco oranges, lemons, figs, 4c. On the southern coast, the navigation among the Keys " or islands is dangerous, and wrecks are frequent. 28. Chief Catl«».—TAL-LA-HAS-8SE is in the centre of northern Florida. t^N-8A-c<>i,A, at its north-western comer, is the principal seaport, and a naval station. St. Au-ous-tinb [-teen'l, two miles from the Atlantic, on an mlet IS the oldest city in the Umted States, having been founded by the Spaniards in 1605. Key Wbst, on one of the Key islands near Florida Htrait, IS a place of commercial importance, and exports salt and sponges. 23. Alabama lies west of Georgia. The Alleghany Uonntains tannina|e in this State. These mountains render the northern part of the State somewhat ^liiurifsque. Towards the Gulf of Uexico the surface is a dead- level. Cotton is the chief product. 24. Chief CitieB.— MoNTOoiiBBT, tho capital, is en the Alabama Eiver. Its cotton- trade is extensive. Mo-Bir.B[-beorj, near the sea, 18 the chief commercial port. In cotton- export it nvals New Orieans[-Ieenz']. F'-OB«. ENCB, at the north, and Tcscaloosa, near the centre of the State, are important towns. 25. KiBOBOppi lies west of Alabama, and takes its name ftom the Mississippi River, which forms its western boundary (and which also forms the eastern or the western boundary of ten States, beginning with Hin-ne-so-ta, near Lake Superior) Prom the Gulf of Mexico inland the sur- face is level, but toward the north it is hilly. The soil is fertile. The products are similar to those of Alabama. 26. Chief Citie8.--JACK80N, on Pearl Rivor, in the centre of the St-J.-., is ths .-spits! ViCKSBUBO and Natch-bz, each on a bluff of the MisiBBipp i, have a largo cotton-trade. COTTOH-PIAHT, TLOWBB AND POU. h±ishmi^sfss^,&^imsBi^^:M^^B^^ Vsioal features, innessee? 16,16. on the Kentucky Biver. of extousivo oommerco ity in the State, le Cumberland (Alle- t, giving a picturesqno 18 cliief products of the Bait. the Cumberland Biver, 2,7UO), situated on a high he State. Knoxtillb, rorsity. It baa nn extensive be coast ig dangerous, s produces tar, tnrpen- Rice is the staple. ital, is in the centre of r Biver, at the south- BT has a good harbour, 'he coast versified. , indigo, duce the s in the he coast, It has a 10 city is me trees. 7 the Sa- thirteen Its it is > on Its e north "'*"• '"" * niFiiD. I, is near the centi« of AuocsTA and Savan- 100), near its mouth, is quores. a. Tfaongh its coast- There are no moun- extends through the lades," an extensive islands. Along the 9, vegetation is luxu- •cane, rice, tobacco, >a8t, the navigation recks are frequent, re of northern Florida. )rincipal seaport, and fh>m the Atlantic, on ! been founded by the islands near Florida ts salt and sponges. f'nl UmunoNa.' out the prinoi|wl ^^S=«»5SSr'te^s^^^^^^^^S^! ;!■'■■ I 40 27. looisiana lios south- west of Mississippi, and ia the most important of tho Soutliern States. It in- cludes within its boundary the delta, tho outlet, and both sides of tho noble Mis- sissippi Rirer for 260 miles inlaud from its mouth. The surface is level, but toward the west there are a few low hilly rapgoB. The great delta is subject to inunda- .— -^, tx^a tions in tho spring. Sugar, W'TljfKr' cotton, rice, and tropical fruits are the chief products. The Mississippi Rirer was explored in 1672 by Mar- quot'te and Joliet'ie of Can- ada ; and Louisiana was settled in 1699 by Ib-er- vil7c, a native of Montreal. SKETCH OP GRNERAL GEOGRAPHY. 28. Chief CiUe8.—BA-T0N EouoR [rooahj, the capital, u two hun- dred nulos inland, on tho Mississippi; but Nbw Oblkans, n hundred milca from its mouth, is the Rrcat commercial capital of tho State, ns well as of most of the Southern States. Its Icvoo or quay, four miles long, forms tho ombanlcment to tho river, and is a phioo of uuoeasing TUB CITY 0» HEW OBLBANS, LOUISIAHA SUOWINO ALOIIB8 AT THS LB»T SIUB. activity. Tho public build- ings are numerous and Irnnd- surao i but, owin); to tho prov- olenoo of yoUow-fovor in summer, tho private resi- jh donees of the wealthier in- 1:2 habitants are chiefly out of - tho city. Population 170.000. 29. Texas, the largest State in the Union and origi- nally a separate repulblic, lies west of Louisiana. The RioOran.de separatesitf^om Mexico. Ita chief rivers, the Brazos and Colorado, rise in the elevated table-land in the interior. The soil is highly productive. Except at the north, where it is moun- tainous, the climate is tro- pical, and vegetation luxu- rious. Cotton, sugar, iron, silver, and lead are tho staple produota. The prairies abound in buffaloes and wild horaes. • ?^'j Chief Cities.— AtTS-TiN, the capital, on the Colorado, is 200 milos inland. (Jalvkston, with its fine bays, Hopston, Mataoobda, and CoBPUS Chbisti [kris'-tij are the chief commercial ports. L THE SOUTn.WESTEBN STATES AND TEEEITOHIES, WITH THEIE CAWT.VLS, AEE AS FOLLOWS: Namb aitd Pbonci- CIATIOR. Abeahbas Car-kan'-su.j Nhw-Mbxicotbobitobt. [nu-moi'-o-ko.] Arizona Tbbbitoby. [ftr-ro-zo'-u4.] Calicoumia [k»l-o-for'-ne-».] Nkvaba [iio-v»h'-d&.] Obboos, VIor'-o-Kon.] Af ASnlSOTON Tbbbitobt. [wash'.ing-ton.] Utah Tbbbitobt [u'-ti.] Coi-o-ba'-do Tbbbitobt. I-DA'-no Tbbbitobt iHDiAir Tbbbitobt [Ind'-yau.] Kahbas [kau'-wu,T Nbbbabxa Tbrbitoby..... [no-bnu'-k&.] Dakotah Tbbbitobt Cdt-ko'-td.] Hohtaha Tbbbitobt [mon-tah'-nt.] HlHirBSOTA [mln-nc-»o'-tt.i Derivation OrSigntfloation. Itete ofl Bottle. mcnt. Are (bow), (named by tho Pronoh.) and KatuM. After ■■ HoxitU." the Aitoo god of war. Spanish Spanish.. Spanlib, "white," «Pom Siorra Nevada. Spanish for wild " sago." After a«nond Washing. ton. Indian trivor.' Colorado, Spanish f&r " rod Indian for ''star" Territory remrved for the Indians. Indian for "good potato, Indian for a broad and "llat" or shallow river, Indian for alliod or "united" tribe*. Indian for " sky-ooloured water." 168S flhe French.. 16M 18S8 1769 1888 1811 1848 18S8 18SS 1804 1854 1868 By whom Settled. Adniit'd to tho Union. Tho Spanish. Varioui State*.., The Spanish. Varioui State*.., Various State*,., Various State*.., The Mormon*,,,. Various States.... Various States.... The IndUns Various States..,. Various States.... Various States.... Various States.... Various States,.,. 18S8 1860 1869 1861 1367 Aroa in Square Miles, 69,M0 184,600 130,800 189,000 83,600 96,274 71r100 109,600 10«,4tt sMisn 71,1« 80,000 63,300 162,600 130,000 83,630 Popula- tion 1860. 436,600 74,000 8,000 380,000 40,000 6i,^ 1U00 (18&) XN.IMIO (1868) 70.0(10 (18GS) 100,000 107W 40.000 (1303) 8,000 20,000 174,000 Cafitax. LiUle Uock 8anUP4 Preniott. Sacramento ( Carson Salem ( Olympla Bait-Lake City..,. (Joldon City Lewlston Fort WashiU Topcka Omaha Tankton. Virginia City. St. Paul Arkansas Biver rata F« River) (near) i Bio Grande River.,, Sacramento r By St, Biver IBy N. Carson Biver Whero situated. WillUmettefBySt, River .... IByN. Puget's Sound JTordan Biver.. 16 m, from Oonven. Woshiia Biver Kansas Biver „ His^uri Biver. Missouri Biver, Mississippi Biver,,, Mail-Uls- tanoo from Washington 1,098 MUos. Louls3,e70 Tork 6,912 ' Louis 4,470 York 6,470" 6,643' 1347' Popula- tfon. 4.000 6,600 } 28,000 SOO 1,000 1,000 'iiiioo 800 600 d. Noted For. — The South-Westbrn States and Tebbito- BIKS arc noted for their noble rivers and prairies, and minerals. 8. Position. — These States and Territories extend from tho Gulf of Mexico to Vancouver Island, and from the Gulf of Cali- fornia to Lake Superior. Tho Rocky Mountains intersect thom. 4. Physical Features. — The centre of these States and Territoriea forms the great water-shed for all the rivers flowinp eastward as tribu- taries of the Mississippi, and westward into the Pacilio Ocean. 5. Arkansas lies north of Louisiana. It is nearly divided in two by the Arkansas River. Its north-west corner la traversed by the 0-zark Mountains, Inland ttom the Mississippi the surface is highly diversified ; but, except near the rivers, the soil is uot good. Cotton, grain, iron, lead, and coal are the chief products. .6. Chief CitieB.— Little Rock, tho capital, is on tho Arkansas Bivor, It« hot-springs for invalids aro celebrated. Van Ucben, also on the Arkansas, is tho commercial capital FoBT Smith, Caiidbn, and Batbsvillb are thriving towns. 7. Hew-Kexico Territory Ilea between Texas and Arizona. The Sierra Mad-re and other ritogea of the Rocky Houutaina travene ita weatern part, and form the water-shed for the rivers flowinn into the Gulf of Oaiifurnia and into the Guif of Mexico. Santa Ifb is the capital. 8. Ariiona Territory Ilea west of New Mexico. It la watered by the Qila [goe-U] and Little Colorado Rivera. Variona kinds of miner- ala are abundant, but the aoil is not very fertile. Capital, Tdsooh. 9. California ilea on the Pacific coast between Mexico and Oregon. The Sierra-Nevada Mountains to the east and the Coast Uoontaina to the west enclose the fertile valley of tho Sacramento and San-Joaquin Rivera. Gold is found in abundance on the weatein alope of the Sierra Nevada. Along the coast the climate is temperate, but in the interior it is hot. Gold and quicksilver are the chief minerals. Cattle, wild horses, and deer are numerous. The chief products are wheat and fknits. A9- ^^f^ Clttes.-SACBAMENTo, the political capital, ia in the centre of the State. San Fbancisco (p, 57,000), tho commercial capital, is on a bay which is entered through the " Golden Gate," a passage only a mile wide. 7i ITerada lies cast of California, and oconpiea the great Pacific Basin, between tho Sierra-Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. The Hum- boUt and Pyramid Lakea have no viaible outlet. Capital, Oabmh. 12. Oregon lies between California and the Columbia River. Tho Cascade and the Blue Mountains divide it into three ^arta. Tho coast- valley of the WiUamet'f* River la fertile, but the Lewis-River valley not so much so. Wheat and lumber are the chief exports. 13. fMef CitieB.— Salbm (the capital) and Pobtiand, on the Willa- motV*. < OBVAltls.on the ~^t : A2TosiA,at ths mouth of the Oolr.fTmis. 14. Washington Territory llob between Oregon and British Oolum- bla. The interior ia watered by the Clark and Columbia Rivers. w™?.™ «f^ ~^rr^^'''* ■'" ^"'5 "L I^iisiana, md 28. its chief cities P 29, 80 Of To.xns ? 1. Give the particulars in tho table relating to the South- Western States and T erruonos, . 2. For what me the^ not^P 8. What is said of their position P 4 physical features P 6. Of Arkanaa? and 6 itaohief mties? 7,aNowMoxicoandAnaonaP 9, 10. CHOifbrnia and ita chief cities f 11. NovadaP 12, 18. Orogonand ita chief cities P 14 WaaWngton Territory P ty. Tho public build- TO numerous and hand- i but. owiii); to tho prov- > of ycUow-fovor in ler, tho private rcsi- B of the wealthier in- inta arc chiefly out of ty. Population 170,000. Texas, the largest in the Union and origi> a separate republic, est of Louisiana. The ran.de separates itf^om 0. Its chief rivers, the s and Oolorado, rise in ivated table-land in the 3r. The soil is highly ctive. Except at the where it is monn- 19, the climate is tro- and vegetation Inxu- Ootton, sugar, iron, , and lead are the 3 and wild horses, e Colorado, is 200 miles •ov, Mataoobda, and 1 ports. >IiLOWS: Hall-Uig. tanoe from Wuhington Popula- 1,098 HU(& 4,000 } B,SOO 1,^ Louis s,«ro" TorkftjlM" } 88.000 H. N. Louta4.470" York6,«0" } I ... »JM" soo 1,000 rt. :::::: 1,000 'wwo 800 800 • l,»i7" MOO iriouB kinds of miner- Oapital, TusooH. I Mexico and Oregon. I Ooast Hoon tains to into and San-Jooqnin iln slope of the Sierra e, but in the interior Inerals. Cattle, wild I are wheat and Ruits. apital, is in the centre aeToial capital, is on a kssage only a mile wide lies the great Pacific [ountains. The Hum- Capital, CABaOR. Dlumbia River. The ee ^arts. The eoast- 9 Lewis-Rirer valley exports. TtAND,on theWilla- ;r.ijth of th«s C-->1hit!Wr. n and British Colnm- ' id Columbia Rivers. elating to the South- kansas, and 6. its chief Washington Territory P »SDr!rm>rrarE!TX2r. 03 CEAUUbntrsaL 91 67 "■"■"""■^ aSI^iAiy&iianbeEjj 83 jLCoITew-ffigk. 8L Ul 1 '""'*^^"' «:sJ=»K^ftS^=«iiirtKE»s^i?^^^^^^ ! 1 r I I i 42 SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. on the Jordan, is the capital. The Mormons, a religiouB sect, ruii cm- OF »i» PIUMCISCO. CALI»0KN1A, on IUK PALIFIU COAbT. Olympia, at tiit head of Piiget Sound, is the capital. Victoria, the capital of the Britisl. island of Vancouver, is near the Sound's entrance. 15. Utah Territory lies east of Nevada. Its rivers fall into lakes which have no visiblo outlet; the piiiicipal of which are Great Salt- Lake, to the north, and Niehoiet, south of it. Except alone the rivers, the soil IS r.ot fertile. Great SnU-Lake is shallow, and abounds in crystallized salt. Coal and iron arc foudd in abundance. le. Chief Citle8.-SALT-LAKE City riLLMOKK ia on a hriincli of the Niehoiet have largely settled in the Territory. 17. Colorado Territory lies between Utah Territory and Kanzas. A double chain of the Rocky Mountains traverses it. Capital, Qoldkn Citi. 171, Idaho Territory lies east of Washington Territory and Oregon. 18. The Indian Territory, which lies north of Texas, has been set apart for the Indians who have been removed from various South- western States. Tah-le-qcah is the capital. 19. Kansas lies west of Missouri. It ia an extensive plain, drained by the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers, on which herds of buflalces fefd. Along the rivers the soil is good, and the "'untry is being rapidly settled. To-pk-ka, on the Kansas River, ia the capital. 20. Nebraska Territory lies north of Kansas, and is watered by the Nebraska or Plat(e River. Om-a-ha is the capital. 21. DakOtah Territory lies west of Minnesota and north of Ne- braska, and is chiefly inhabited by Indians. The Black Hills, running from the Rocky Mountains to the Missouri, divide it. Capital, Yankton. 22. Montana Territory lies west of Dakotah. The Missouri River takes its rise in this Territory, and runs through it in a westerly direction. 23. Minnesota lies between Iowa and the British Colony at Red River. The noble Mississippi River has its source in I-tas-ca Lake, in this State. The surface is chiefly undulating prairie, sloping to the east. The lakes and rivers are numerous, and the water is singularly pure. Timber is scarce, but coal and copper are abundant. 24. Chief Cities.— St. Pacl, nine miles below the Falls of St. An- thony, on the Mississippi, is the capital. Pem'-bI-na, on the Bed Eiver near the British frontier, is a trading-place Namb A!»n Pbonuk- CIATIOM. J. Tfl;. WESTERN STATES, WITH THEIR CAPITALS, ABE AS FOLLOWS: Dorivatioii O- SijiilHoation. ^7"»-.,-v Indian lor "Beautiful , I"--'- "^ lilver." Indiana.. InUUn coimtrj-. i;in-do.Rn'.a.j I WMioniaAM lindiaBfor " Great LsVc.'' ralsli-e-Kan'.] iscoMBiN Iiidan. [wia-kon'-sin.i Illinois [il-li-noy'.] MiSSODKI rniis-soo'-re,] Iowa [i'-o-wg-i Indiai. fcr ' Here we men." Indian for "MuJEiver." Indian, By whom Settled. New England.. jTho French iThe French {Various States.. iThe French The French Various states. . Adiuii'd to the Union. Area lu uar lies 1802 1816 1837 1848 1818 1821 1846 Square 39,864 il3,800 86,243 83,924 68,400 07,380 68,046 Popula- tion 1800. 2,34U,000 1,360,600 780,000 776.000 1,712,000 1,182,000 076,000 Capital. Columbus IndinnapoHs.. Lansing Madison SpringBeld ... JelTerson ...'.. Be» MoinM.... Where situated. Mail-Dis- tance from Washington Sc'^toBlver West Br. White Elver Orand River Between Third aud ) Fourth Lakes ( Sangamon Biver Missouri Eiver 2. Noted For — Thjs Westebx States are noted for their extent, their prairies, und their agricultural and mineral products 3. Position and Physical Features — These States occupy the great ncrtlitrn Kisin of the Pjli.ssissippi River. Five of them lie between the Ohio and Missouri Kivers, and two border on the great Canadian laxes. They are well watered bv numerous large rivers. I'heir surface >s chiefly a vast undulating prairie; and except at the houth of the State of Missouri, they have few eleva- tions higher than hills. 4. Ohio lies south of Lake Erie. It is not mountainous : but an elevated table-land divides the waters flowing into it from the numer- ous tributaries of the Ohio River, which forms its southern boundary Prairies abound to he north-west. The soil is generally fertile. Iron coal, salt, wheat, Indian corn, wool, and pork are the chief exports. ' oJ^: O^^^ CitieB.-C0LCMBU8, the capital, is near the centre of the SUto. Cincinnati (jwp. 1(30,000), on the Ohio, at the south-west corner, g the great pork-market of the West. Clevk-land (43,600), on Lake tne, 18 well laid out, and its harbour is the best on the lake. Sandusky is also an important lake-port. 6. Lldiana lies west of Ohio, and is separated from Kentucky by the Ohio River. It ia watered by tributaries of that river. The surface is undulating, and diversified with prairies an* lowlands. The soil is good. Agricultural products and domestic animals are the chief staples. .i,'\5'i?'f*D^'**wr^?°''*'^*''°'''^' t''" ™Ii''a>' "" the west branch of the White Kiver, is the diverging centre of numerous railroads. Mad-i-son and JNBW ALBANY, both commercial towns, are ou the Ohio. 8. Miohiganlies north of Ohioand Indiana,and north-east of Wiscon- sin. It IS divided into two parts by Lake Micliigan. It borders on Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, and is admirably situated for internal trada. Except Florida, its coast-line ia longer than that of any other of tb« SUtes. The southern peninsula slopes towards the east and the Raccoon Rlvei.br'h') of the Dps Mninni J 634 Miles. 725 " 819 " 1,092 " 1,024 " 1.119 " 1,820. " Popula- tion. 18,040 17,000 3,000 7,000 7,000 4,000 west, and is generally fertile ; but the northern is rocky, and abounds with copper. The Pictured (sandstone) Rocks on the coast of Lake Superior, worn by time, present the cppearance of old ruins. The Strait of Mack'-i-nac [-naw], or Mich-il-i-mack-i-nac, forms the outlet of Lake Michigan ; and the Sanlt [so] Ste. Ma-ne', that of Lake Superior. 8. Chief Cities.— Lansino, the capital, is on Grand River, in south- ern Michigan. Detroit (pop. 46.880), on the River St. Clair, opposite Windsor, is connected with Canada by the Grand IVnuk and Great Western Railways. Mackinac, or Michilimackinac, was once noted in Canadian hisiory as a military post. Port Hcbon, opposite Saniia, is also con- nected with Canada by the above railways. 10. Wisconsin lies between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi. Its surface is slightly undulating, and slopes gradually toward that river. Toward the south there are extensive prairies and timber-lands. The lead and copper mines of the Slate are highly productive. 11. Chief Cities.— Madison, the capital, is at the south, between Third and fourth Lakes, a branch of the Bock River. Mil-wau-kib (p. 46,350) and lU-ciNE [-seen'], on Lake Michigan, are commeicial ports. 12. Illinois lies south of Wisconsin. Opposite Alton, on its western boundary, the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers takes place ; and at Cairo, at its southern point, the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi. The surface of the State is generally a vast undula- ting prairie, sloping toward the south, and the soil is fertile. The chief products are agricultural, but minerals are abundant. 13. Chief CitieB.--SpniNOFlKi,D, the capital, ii in about he centre of the State. Chicago [she-kaw'-Ko] (p. 100,263), on Lake Micnigan, is the chief place ol trade. Ga-i,e-na, near Wisconsin, is noted for its kad-mines. 14. Missouri is separated from Illinois by the Mississippi River, into which the waters of the Missouri and its tributaries flow from the westward, through the centre of the State. Prairies abound north of t..j5 river, hut sent., o. :t, th** sjurft^ee is afokcn and monntainoUo. At the south-eastern part of the State there is a mountain of almost pure •Par^^^^^^J'nrKLK?^°L°HKi!^?^^^^J^^^TP^^''^'' boundaries, and 16. cities, of Utah; 17. The same of Colorado Territory • 18 of the Indian , of Vi'isconsia the boundaries, and 6. citie.-^ ...... — -"-V •■">^'~ 1 u. ± "ii.t out on the map the position aud "I Ohio ; 0, 7. Tlie same of Indiana ; 8, 9. of Slichigim ; 10, U. ihysi.;al features of these States, i Point outaniTdescribe 12, 13. of lUinois. 14. Describe Missouri. Muil-Uia- taiico (rotn Waahiiigton Popula- tion. S3« Miles. 18,040 785 " 17,000 81» " 3,000 1,092 " 7,000 1,084 •• 7,000 1,119 " 4,000 1,880. ■' 4,500 THE UNITED STATES OF MEXICO. i.«fi„ a^^i^°^ ""^^ T ^'l" »'»""1'»'>»- Indian corn, hemp, tobacco, 1 K '/? *' ^"' ""^ °*'^" "^'^^ products. ' 16. Chief Cities.— Jefferson, on the .Missouri is the, cnnitjil • v.„t St. Lou., (pop. m2,m),on the Mississippi l^l.rtheMissounMSn^ionil the commeroal capital of the Western Stites bordering on thesfrive™' " .i..i • D^ *'r °°"""i °^ Missouri, and between the Missouri and Mis- sissippi Rivers, [ts .surface is chiefly a rolling prairie, Hratered by numer- ous rirers the principal of «rhich is the De, Moin.«. Agricultural p"od- w"ch?«f X • ""•'°;;'»°U *"" •«'"1. oo"". """d iron are abundan't w*.'* Sv * Cities.— De8 Moines the capital, is on a branch of the Dps Moines River. Dubuque du-book' , on the Mississippi hiTsextenivelelid mines. Bublinoton, also on the Mississippi, h.i^ a ccnSmWe river-tS THE EMPIRE OF MEXICO. "ll°?,.'S,^'^y^ !""" ''(«'•«•«• the Mnrs, or Kod of war. of tlio Aztecs a trllw who •re .uppmoU to t«vo migrated to Mexico from tlu, Mis^iJi,, li Vaii?^- ' * Dim Sijo, about twice that of Canada, or equal to a s(|uaro of U25 miles 1. Noted For.— Mexico is noted for its ancient civilization ita numerous volcanoes, and its rich silver-mines. 2. Position and Extent. — This empire lies south of the United States, between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean It oonsists of 22 Statas, 3 Territories, and a Federal District thfqi?, ^I*"^ Features.-The Rocky Mountains, under the name of the Sierra Mad-re, traverse the country in various ranges, terminatinir in Yucatan, and produce great diversity of scenery and climate Vol- canoes are numerous : the most important one is Pop-o-cat'-a-petl the ciilinmating point of Mexico. The Rio Qran-de del Nor-te is the prin- cipal river, and also forms the N. E. boundary. The interior between the mountain-ranges consists of the high table-land of Anahuac [an-».wak']. 4. The Produote are varied, according to the chmate, and includa Indian corn, tropical fruits, &o. l^he gold, silver, iron, 00™?° lead and guicksilver mines are very nroduotive. Th« «Trw,rt^ n,- <^t*Oid^frVHt iUnt".™?^"' '"'^'""i '"l"""' '^'*' *°- .^«^'<"' co'ntains numerou^ bSutifUl and massive ancient ruins and pyramids, indicative of early civilisation. 6. Yearly Exports $30,000.00 1); revenue tlO.OOO.OOO; debt 1160 OOP OOP THB PHtSCIPAL BUUABK OP VBRA CRU«. principal seaport in the republic ^'' '*" '*"*'* •*"' Campbacht is the ^ —. — : .,---, — .--•■.v.i.... ..oaiwrnQ ine repuoiic, ^be lU position and extent; 3. phys. features. What is said of it« product, ffi^^Tp'otji. i^T^.'i'S^e^te ranKS'lTh^^rCSf t UH if*! if: 44 SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOORAPHY, CEIfTRAIi AMEKICA.* Slte^ Ilttio UfKer tlinii Imn Canmla. oi- . qubI to a xqiiare of 610 inllon. 1. Noted Fop.— Central Ameuica is noted for its im- prtant_ gcographic.il position between North nnd South Amer- ica, and tlie Atlantic and Piicitic Oceans; and for its dyewoods and varied tropical products. 2. Political DiviBlons.— There are five republics in Cen- tral America; viz.,G»ATEMA'LA,.SAN,SAL'vAi>on, lIoNDu'nAS, iNic-A-RA-uuA [-rah'-gwft] (including JfosqijiTiA, or the Mos- quito Coast), and Costa Ui-ca [ree'-kil] ; besides Ba-lize [Iccz 1, or BniTi.sH Ho.npuras. hk^hiVv?^.^^^'*' Highways.-0» the three principal commercial highways between the two occanB, one (ibat of Teli. nnteicc) lies Ti'n ro! " ■"I"'""'-^ "^ "."r"! ''"^ »"■""» (that of y^amg a) Soutll^ Africa!"""'" "'"^ "" *"'"' ^"'"^ "' """"""> '"'^"^ ^° in*thf,^'^','J^ Features.--The An.lo8 of Sontl, ..merica commence h.v ... '■'■ • '^.'•"'"^•"■'B °fl «« '1'^)- "'" along either coaBt, pZir Tk "","'" I",'," " "'""'" *•'""" "» ""J "-enel, ll.e Is.l.mns of th.AZi' ^ ,'-'"''^'' ',? *?'' Gua.emnla continues the range to the Anal UBC ,,laleau ot Mexioo, Volcanoes occur along the Pacific t°^nL fTT^A^^l mountnin-ranpc-.-, a. ,d along the antral pla- teau or tal.ie-land, there arc numerous fertile plains. 6. Froaucta, &o.--Tr()i)i«.ul pmiius grow in ureal iirofusion Inrliiro Indian corn, n.a, and cattle are urlicles of domestic trade iteotilcs and '■caut'f^llj'rdl abound in t'.e luxuriant forces ^ """ 0. cnioJ fortn.— the principal commercial ports on tlie C'nrib- 7^"x.L"Lo\fi''!.M;"i^\ •?■;• -''^"*'' "■* Win,l„n,d Islai.d., a. ,be ?C?„;.nl P V n" ^" '"".'"■"' "■* •^^•■"l" ""•< "'e Le.'.'.er Cayman [ki -n»m], Cuba, Hayii, Jamaica fjlt-maj-ka], and Pono Rioo [ree -kol 4. The British Weat-India Islands are as follow:. : THE BCRMUDA ISLANDS nrruD m ioil. ose] (from cayoi, " keys "), form, with Turk's Island, on: divi- sion; ft the An- tilles,8ubdivided into the Great- er and the Les- ser Antilles, an- other. The Les- ser Antilles in- clude the follow- ing groups: (1) The Virgin Isl- ands at the N. ; (2) the Leeward • 8«! HUtlstlCT relating to Central America in the table on nave 16. Jlhetenn; Caribbean" la derived from " Carlba." the iVkme of thA orteln-1 Inhst,-i!=!it5 cr tnc wratinaia isianas j a r.iw of wl.„i,. ,n) found iu St. Vincent ftc NAJIB(ll,)t«)pTip!l ical Older). BBKHrnAS Rahavas Jamaica i TcRK's and Cai-J cos Islakdk. ] LbkwaruIslasdb .\ntlMtiH Uonilnica 8t. Chri8to|iher. ^ Angullla J Muntsorrat Nevia Vtrnln Islands ..., Barbuda. WlK"WMlD ISLAJI BaibluiOil. . St. Vincent Tobago Grenada.,,, St.liiicia .. Tbinidad "sttlcniciit .„. Sflllpniput ,., Capbiilatiun. .Mode of Acquiailioii and DaU'. ..ICil Ki;,;. S<;tlUinnit 1631 Settlement Iffilg Ced.;d by France . 17(18 Settlement, 18i.H, 1(150 gpttlement kkw SettleniPiit Iftii (•ettlement le* Settlement KMKI Capitulation Jtue KB! Settlement 7605 TedeU by France „)7fts Oec^ei! by Prance ..1761 Cedi^lby Fr«iice..l7(« Capitulation 1S(W Ceded ifoi .Area ill Sni.an .Mil(«, 47 *,.'Uli a,4(Hi 4(111 IIW Mil 7(1 34 M <0 137 7» 18(1 ISA 8l'l U.IHKillan lltnn,,. a^.rjuNaMjii.. N. r ' W'.niMi >|miii>b Ti.wu . (Mill ,",ni:fl Grand Turk ji i. .H7,l,WSt..li,hii IS 11, aVMn EiwBU , I ,',1(1, 2l,0ll< BesM'li„ 7 7(111 .3,(!B2 .MiKUllla Z"\ 3511 P.nod I'l.vmouth . moo 10,00(1 flmrl.<.iown I i.koo «,iO(i|Rsa>'. N. !■ ! «.,-,i.r ^imiiL^h Ti.wn .' »i,oo 3 rami Till l< it. .lull UwMI JrSM'ttTTV lOKUi'la.. J., ,. LI. l» 7,70" 9S0 'b mouth liarl. »lnwii »<«(ltovvn,Torto larlmd* Iridiretnwn liiimtmvn. ... CKrboroiilch .... t Gi'oi nc Town a»tr)..s .. urt of Spain 1,400 l.(iflo la,t KiKi ISO M.mio S,I100 S.IHIII 4.000 .s.mio 18,1'flO s, of every size and roiina, were named erj- is very beautiful, ones in tlie Central row-root &c., value (in Long Island, the nd, is well fortified. N. F. of Ctrba antJ t Islands the Qulf id mountains: 2. its lief ports, and of the o«»dP 2. Point out ahoma Islands. «w«t,o,..-N«no tho group, o. -lands on this map. Po.nt out those belonging to the various European Power.. What other countries ^ shown li. ■■;«;] SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. NEW PROVIOCNCC 9lre»m flows in- to the Atlftntio. Tliey are chiefly long, nnrrow, and rocky. Tlie ,NCH«iw«fc snniibanks are dangerous to na- Tlgution. San- Salvador Isl- and in this group Is sup- "7 clme;f r^." r.""'' ''''"''"'' '^ Christo^pr Columbu';^ JAMAICA DISCOVERED l4e4.BY COLUMBUS. •KTTLEDIM6. 14, Mont-»er-rat' is an oval-shapod lalunii. Two tlilr ,.f il,o . face are mountainous; the remain-lir is Se. Kxn . «,J '2 SC, an. Tttl. $120 000- roir «iflnnn /ii 1 V. "»l'"r<» . MIgar, rum, ik W *'"'""•*'*'>'""'■ Chief town, I'lymjith (p. 1,401); EtnnrtV. o '' " ''""'", "'""ntain, two miles south of St. Ohrl.ti.nhcr Ifl TK 4?'' ?'";r'T^»- *"- »»• val. $"0,000 , revenue $32,'n!;"' Rico Thev ^nv"^"^ "'■'' », «:•'"!' of ""• •««•' l»le« oast of Porto Fiftvof thZ nf »T'i V""' "^ "'""" '"0 "I'"* 'onB- by 20 wide bel'ng'iDrn'm rIa^Slnain""Ej'„ 1'" '='"'-'''' «^° ,'"""" I 'the oZ., 19 B . ""'''^°'^''' '" TortQia, Is the capital of the Uritish islands. 1 18 ^^i; '?'■'""'-""""'• •'""l"'='"K«™'n. cotton, and tobacco ' 18. The Windward Islands are as follows : , _. W.Bar.ba-dos C-bay'-l (the (irst- settled lirit. W. I. Colony)isthemost easterly, and the chiefof the group. It is nearly encir- cled by coral-reefs. BARBAO 9 *' SETTLED IN IOCS. are annexed to JanMca. Yearly revenue $30,000 ; exports $??0,000 ^i^sra^ii^^^^^ bufcrrxWa^!,^Tii'iL«i^^^^ 10. The Leeward Islands, the most north-easterly of the ANTIGUA scTTuo III laai ilfMomB. dry. Exports sugar, rum, and molasse8,an.val. $1,650,000; rev- enue $300,000. Chieftowns:ST. John (the capi- tal, pop. 16,500), F.«LicoDTH, and Parhau. 12. Oo-nun-i- Oa is of volcanic oriBinjandistbe Lesser Antilles. Though mounteinons. the valleys afe fen'ile' Ex' ports: sugar, rum, cocoa, Ac, annual value $450,000 ' revenue $72 Bo5' »SteatafT°J.::i5'!?- ___ . --I- 1 .. nj-{,A 13 a licpcndcncr. PATNt •KI0CCTO-«'- The surface Is highly picturesque. It is one of tlie healthiest of the West-India Islands. Rains fall i„ November and December ; but violent thunder" storms are not frequent. Of the 100,470 acres whicl it contains, 100,000 are under out Ivation -140 with sugar-cane. The exports consist of s, gar, C lasses, meal, flour, rum, tar, Ac, an. value $7 345 000 revenue $450000. BKlDoi'Towi (pop. 23,000) iith^ ""P:**'- , I' is* goy, handsome city. 'Codringlon — . I C°"e8e is on the east side of the island. * 80. St Vincent, discovered by Columhnii nn tha 11...1.. 1 « . saint, is a hundred' lies west of Barbados A rid.ro ?f w n "^ ']'*! hi Is runs north and outh. Souf-fri-ore, r;olcanic ?,ou„ta n "u sISo St;^%;;iii:ndr^s.i^si^f ?:f^-rH)^^^- h "?MgO, twenty-four miles north-oast of Trinidad \„ » m... „f rocks, with small picturesque valleys between them Th« ililn^ Tu I' unhealthy, is well watered! Exports ; sugar, mo?a"seI and ?m^' » * - '"m &i°,' TT^ *'*«'"«°- OapilCsoABBo ro"„''('po;' 3" 00'^' Th^;^;^.e^;:^t'lo7can°[cruT^,i-(,^^^^^ high), is rugged and picturesque In the centro" ' ""' is a circular lake, 1,700 feet above sea-level, and enclosed by lofty mountains. Streams are nu- merous. Exports: sugar, rum, cocoa, &o., annual value $928,000; revenue $88,500. St GicoROK Town (p. 4,000) is the capital. >.?^.f\ 5."^ '' twenty-one miles north by east of St. Vicoent, and twenty miles south of the French island of Mar-ti-nique [-neek'l It has a rugged and mountainous surface : many of the heights are fantastic in appearance, ine climate is insalubrious. The forests are dense, but the valleys arc fertile and well cultivated. Exports: sugar, cocoa, Ac. annual value $475,000 ; revenue $68,500. The chieftown3areCA8TBii8[ka8'-trceJ (the capital pop. 3,000) and SoDrFniEBK. ^ ^ ' 24. Trinidad, next to Jamaica, is the most important of the British West-India Islands. It lies between Tobago and the N. B. coast of Ven-ez-ue-la [-wuv-l at the mouth of the Gulf of Pa-ri-a, and:^oppo8ite the northern luuutha of the Orinooo hiver, OATBIBINO Sl;i>AB-CANI. WUESTIONS. — W hat l\irther is said of thn Unhnmno o«j - <■.! • — ■ -. -..„ ...„„ duuxb-vadi;. iS: BKBIXa BDOAS-CANE. ROAUEM THK SPANiaH WEST-INDIA IS-....DS-HAYTI-SOTTTn AMERICA. 47 COCOi 8 'MAvno B, 'r calcola „ 25. Physical Featiire«.-Thi» island is oblong, with three long ftngiilar projec- tions. From the north it ni>|>ears like an immense ridge of roclts ; from the south, the pi\nornma of hill and val- ley is magnifi- cent. Themoun- tainSjSome 3,000 feet high, run east and west. The rivers ore large. In the south-west of A submarine volcano I the island there are bubbling mud-volcanoes I occurs on each side of the island : one discharges"pe°troreum""the"oaier bitumen On the west side there is an asphaltiTm or pitch lake 11 miles in circuit, and 80 feet above the sea. The climate is norunhJahhv The soil is fertile, and timber abundant. The exports arrs!,ga™r molasses, rum, ic, annual value $5,300,000 ; revenue $727 noo Port West Indies. The harbours on the south and west coasts are good. THE SPAmSH WEST-INUIA ISLANDS. 81». more than half that of the W. I. Archipelago, or equal to a square of 800 miles 26. Noted For.— Cuba is noted for being the largest of the West-India Islands, and for its fertility. Pohto Rico ("rich port ), a dependency of Cuba, is noted for its agriculture. 27. Rwition.— The island of Cuba, the most important of the West-India group, lies south of Florida in the United States It IS 70Q miles long. The island of Porto Rico Ues east of Hayti. I.i??rt^???'?^ J*^^™*?I .*"•-:■* monntain-range runs along the Jx ?.°^ ^u*"?' ^""'l'.°B i' into No'th and South Cuba. The Oauto ^«nl:l?h *'"tI"'*^'?I ""' !? ^h "''""^' "'""' '" ""o' f""n the Copper Mounuins. The valleys and plains of th northern part are rich and fer- tile, thief p\ jducts : tobacco, tropical fruits, and copper. P. 1,300 000 • revenue$l9,o00,oao. The Isr.» or P.nbs, to the south, belongs to Cuba: CITT OF HAVAHMA. OUflA, CAPITAL OF THK SPANISH VSnltimj^i!^^ WM?V^f*^*r;^^*'?*' *•'«««?'*»'. " admirably situated on the north- hSl^Tt n.^^f^fi""? 'I "■ P'?"* "f 8™»i commercial importance. The n»™?w „ "" u^J'"' '^''.'° Amenca. The entrance to U is through a narrow passage half a nule long. A strongly-for'ifled castle guuSreithe? (vl^rii. ?"^™"?«-„ ("/' riIm.i,o^''/^- ^ ""'"i"^ oonncctK tho udjncent towns. 'I'i.e remains 01 Clirwtoplier Columbufl, who died in 150(1 at Vaadolid (Spain), wed 70 TtSIf T"!'?"^ '" lS»».f"'!» ««villo (Spain) to Sun Don.inio (iia^O in (™n owm^y""""' "•"'' '1 ""."' *" " <^'"''<"«ry near that ,.ity Matanzas P^fJrl^l •uuuw.'!"'"'^'"" V^^}- Santiago (26,000) and Pu-eb-to «ft n '•'"i"*'*') "fs important towns. ,.M X^'lf.^n^ ''J' beautiful island, with a fine climate and fertile sou. Pop. 650,000. San Juan (pop. 30,000) Is the capiul. The island of CULIBBA [koo-Ioy'-bra], or Passaqi Island, belongs to Porto Rico. HAYTI, OK SAN SOHINQO. ., . ,., (Usytl. from * ■"■ S*" Do-'Koo, lies between Cuba and Porto Rico. It is intersected by mountain-ranges and numer- ous r^pid rivers. It has good harbours, and is highly fertile. The chief products are mahogony, dyewoods, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and ""■'• A loadstone-mountain rises in the interior. «:?;, '??^°"''~^'"'''^f '">'■ ""^ '"'"'"' '" divided into two parts, called J.tJJ'r""'' 9,''»"-'»""'»- 1 OBT-Ar-PBlNrK dnm. 30,000), on the Iky ofGe^ Mr^Tm^' '" ^'i" ™Pital of the empire of Wti: and San Dom noo {16,000), on tho south coast, tho capital of tho Dominican Kepublio. THE FRENCH WEST-INDIA ISLANSa __ __ . Sl«e, about a square of 41 miles. rt« i„:. *"*"",qi«. «"« °f. the Caribbean Isles, is separated from Oua- de-loupe [-loop'J by Dominica. Pop. 136,000. It is rocky, and has an fertfle "ThT';"';- '^'"'. '"'"'"^ " well' wooded, and, wK level, U Uil^Z u^,u i »'•• /■■""»; .(P- 30,000) is ihe principal place of trade. <^ ft, i i*" '^ of Josephine, the first Queen of Napoleon I. two i,^ . n'^ «' """^"^ ^''"«"*- '* " •>'"'''«'> by a strait into two islands, called GaANDe T«;n'r« and Basss TirV*. Pop. 133,100. f,?f.! fi '^''S,''"""^ \°^ contains the burning-mountain of Souf- ftiere. Grande Terre is of coral formation, and is less fertile. Marii I 1 ■'i"'fi°?;"'* S'-launt'], Desibam [deh-ze-rad'], and part of the isl«ndofST.MART.N,totheN.,aredepTndencie8. Chiifexpor" sugar! coffee, cocoa, spices, *c. Basse Tmbi (p. 6,000) is the capital. PofNt- A-PiTH. [pwant-ft-peefr] (p. 12,000) is the ihief town in Grande Terre THE DANISH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS. OK mv » ^''*' "'""t a square of U uiiles. SS" I^^^^^'" ^^''^^ •^■"'^' ^- ■^=•0"". and St. Joh«. part is hm^S?ff,f • f '!"8cst of the Virgin Islands. The northern c^fnl n^' "' "" '"Jl'^"' '° ""*• ^l;* chief products aro sugar and V7 b* CHBisTiANSTAdr' (pop. 10,000) Is the capital of the group. rr„, "J:. ^"O"^ «J"i St John are two islands to the north of Santo Cruz. They are rocky and irregular. The capital of St. Thomas is a free port, and a chief station of the British West-India mail-steamer, SWEDISH WEST-INDIA I8I.AND. __ _ Size, about a square of 6 miles. 38. Bt Bartholomew, the only Swedish colony in America, lies ndTl? ^ tJ'"""."^'^ ^^'^'"^''- " '" """y- The exporfs are citton and salt. The capiUl is Gdstavia ; population 10,000. THE DUTCH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS QO Ti. Ti , ^'•"••hout a square of 84 miles. Iw.r„ ■B-rtt-iiali' Han MatlM. Ht. (tworirw. Mvnl'-lan. Le Malm. gwi]. Paftland. Tinrra dni Puoco. Southueorgla Prio. Ht, Maria. Corrl.nii.tea. Blanco. Hnrn. Piitii«onla. 8. Fhyaloal Features of the Weat CoMt Penal [pan'.ya»]. (luayaqull. Cho-co. Pan-a-ma'. Kegellan. WolllDffton. Ohl-lo-e. Juan Fernan- das. Ht. Pelli. Pillar. At-u-Ja. Blanco. Ht. lA>rHnto, 8t. Pranclioa Tree lloU' tea. 7. Physical Features of the Interior. H0U>TAI> BAReia. UiTiaa wtovma NOBTH. RlVEBB tLowmo BO0TB. RiVBBB ILOWIRO Babt. Hi visa »10WI«0 WlBT. ItAcaa. AHDia eoait). Hlfhrnlpeak. , 400 ni, Madeira, i.00« U.cay-a-)l, 1,000 m. Mom. Halado ir . Plato),1.0uum. m. Orinoco (In part). 1,M0 Am-a-ion and trib. 4,000 m. Colorado, 700 m. mUea. Haraov- bo. Tlt-l.ca.ca. Aullama [owNyjl.-. Pabimi (Atlantic coaat). Highest peak, 11,000 feet. Orinoco (In pt.),l.MOia. Eiuequlbo fea-H-kee'. bo], 4M m. Bio Netro, 8. B. (In pt.),lM0ai. Orinoco (In part), 1,«)0 mUea. BaPIKHAOO, Highest peak. Sjoofeet. St. Franoiaoo (In part). tUo Para, 200. XlnfU [tln- )(Oo'],l,S00m, Pa-ra'-na, 2.000 ni. Paraguay, 1,600 m. Hrugiuiy, 800. St. Pranclaoo PlaU and trib. 1,140 m. mUai. Pat-oa. Ul-rini. /^^" Andes are » continuation of the great Eooky-Mountain chain of North America. (See section 10, page 14) From the depivaaion or breali m the chain at the Isthmuaof Pan-a.ma' (see aeotion 8. naoe 14) thev extend the whole length of South America, for 4,seo mileaT ^« Anda^ rangeoonsists of 8 senea of lofty ridges running paraNel to each othec and covering one sixth of South America, Oftho Anden (Span.onAi, a"iiten") A-con-oa'-gua [-gw»J, the highest summiti 23,010 fret, u east ofValjiraiao! 9. The Amupn or Mar'-aft-on [-yon] is tho largest but not the longeat ^'I?I on the Globe. Its length la 1,000 miles; that of the Missisainm is 4,880. The Amaaon drama an area of 2,000,000 square miles ; the Miaaia- sippi, 1,236,000 square miles. The Amazon takes its rise in the Andea in Peru withm 80 railea of the Pacific Ocean, and flows in an easterly dii«o- tion through South America to the South Atlantic Ocean ; ftom which it "«!!?"* ,''" '^"'" '•*?' ■?"*' "I'an'J- It« northern and southern souioea are IjJHlO miles apart- It has 200 tributaries; the principal of which are the Madeira rm4-day-r»], 2,000 miles long ; the Wo Negro, 1,500; tho Ucayali [u-ky-ahMeL and four others, 1,000 miles each. The ion, (tidal-waves at the mouth of the Amaaon) occurs two days before and two days after fViU Moon. Three or foor of these waves, 16 or 20 feet high, rush in succes- sion with great force, and irresistibly destroy small craft: for this cause the Indians have named the nver A-mas'-so-na, or "boat-destroyer." 10. The Rio de la Plata is an estuary 200 miles long, and 170 miles wide at ita mouth, formed by the union of the Parana and U'-ru-guay Rivers. The Paraguay, after a south-weat course of 1,600 miles, joins the Parana above the town of Cor-n-en'-tea. The area drained by these rivers is about one fourth of South America. •"=" ^^: Tie Chief Products include almost all the European grains and frmts. The indigenous plants are maixe and tobaooo ; the man'-i-oo and cacao [kay'-ooj or cocoa trees of the tropics ; the cin-cho'-na, or Peruvian hark and the potato, of the Andes ; the cow-tree of Uuiana: and the ivnrv.nalir/ vamUa, ui-iij,, auU uaulus piimia of Hexioo. Cotton, oodee, and augar are among the staple commodities of Mexico. »» » -lo 18. AntlquitlM. - Like Mexico, the ancient .ivillxatlon of South Alnerl(jl^ exiKKiiftiry of Peru, tmrnn to have atlaiiwl a very high itaiiilard. The spleiiilid ruins and roiiiaius of iirt in Central Americ^a, anil the rwllno. miint mill lu^niftiamdo of tho oolebriitud Iniiaa, or original rulers of Peru, excited, tlireo ((iiiturics ago, tlio iunubllo) fpfl-nx)'.] Bolivia (ranubllo) [Im-llv'-e-i.! , Omi.i (mpubllc) [tshll'-le.l La Plata (Armn.Oonred.) ri«-plah'-tl.] Paraovat (republic) [pah'-ri-gway.] UBtroiTAT (republio) _ [u'-roo-gway.] PATAaoRiA andTiBBBA^ cat PvBoo. ( [pat.».«hone'.y»,te-ar'- f rik.del-ru.ee'-go.] .; Faulaivd laLABOa (Br.). [rkwk.'land.] UI,«M 4««,;u 7^ooo UjMO 38,900 S,MO.00O 9i9,00O ■03,000 374,900 141.000 i,iio,oflo 89,000 HOOV SM,000 H900 Popula. tlon, J,900,(M0 l,9«4,4U 199,000 17,143 93,800 !),900,000 .OW.Wl 2,000.000 l,ii»i.oa« 1,000,000 1,710,000 1440,000 141,000 400,000 1,000 OAriTALa, and where situated. Iliirnta. on Ran Francisco. n>„-Kii'.ta.j Caracas, noar north coast [kl-rah'-kas.r (}4H>rK«town, on Daroerara. rjorj'-town.l Oayiinne, on IsVd off coaat, [ka-yeii'.] Paramaribo, on flurinam. fpar-a-mar'-e-bn.] Rto du Janoiro, K. noast... [ry'-o.dr-ji-iiiH''-ro.] Qiilto, on Ksmuraidss R... [kuo'-to.l Lima, on tho Rlinao River, [liM.'.nit.J Olrnqtilsara, n'r llloomayo. [t'«lm-ko-iia)t'-kB.J Santiago, im Msyi)ocha R. [Haa-tn-ah'-go.J Parana, on Parana River.., [pft.rk-iiah'.i Asunglun, on Paraguay It. [X-Hoon'-Hho-owri.J Moi)*to Vid'-u-o, on the Rio de la Plata. < Puu-taa A.re'-na«. un the { Strait of Magellan. Port Loula, ou B. Falkland Island Popula- tion. 49,000 98,000 19,900 9,000 M,000 300,000 76.000 72,000 13,000 80,000 10,000 19,000 } 40,000 MA OONFBBHaATED RBFXTBIilO OF COLUMBIA, OR imw GRANADA. (" Columbia * from " Columbus " g " Oranada " from a city of that name In Spain.) Sise, cue third larger than Canada, or equal to a square of 710 mllea. 14. Noted TOr.— Columbia is noted for its celebrated Igth- mua of Panama (also called Darien), and for its emerald-mines. 16. Kztent.^The republic of the Columbian Confederation (eight States) extends from Costa Hica to the River Amazon. 16. Phvnoal Featnres,— The three-fold range of the Andea which ■tretchea from the north, unites into one at the boundary of Ecuador, forming the Knot of Pasco. Within these ranges, the Magdalona River with its tributaries flows for 1,000 miles northward to the Caribbean Sea. Along the eaatern range, the tributaries of the Orinoco River take their rise ; and some of the tributaries of the Amazon water the aztenaive plain at the aouth. The soil la fertile. On the grasa-plaina, or llanoa, immense herds of wild cattle and horaea feed. 17. The Chief Exports are the usual tropioaJ produoto, medicinal herba, Bold, ailver, iron, platinum, aalt, and emeralds. 18. The Isthmus of Panama forms the link between N. and 8 America, and ia now tho muaenger-route by railway between the Atlantic and Paoiflo Oceana. The Qalafaoos Islbs, or " lalands of the Tortoises." are a group in the Pacific Ocean near the Equator. 19. Cities.— BoooTA (p. 46,000), the capital, Uea on the fertile pUtcau of the Eastern Andes, 8,863 feet above the sea, and ia well built. It is subject to earthquakes. Near it are fiunoua emerald-mines, and a oataiMt on the Bogota River 860 feet high. Cab-ta-ob'-na (p. 10,000) ia the prin- cipal seaport Chao'-bes is a mail-station. As'-pin-wail and Faxama are important ports, 40 miles apart ; the former on the Atlantic, the Utter on the Ptt<'iflc, side of the Isthmus of Panama. They are connected by a railway, which baa now become the chief route to the Pacific. THSI REFXTBIiIC OF VjnSBZXJEIiA. ( FmsaiMbi, *■ Little Venice " ) Tespudua having found a villaae on Lake HaraeavlM* built on piles.) ^^ Slae, more than one third Urger than (Canada, or equal to a aquare of 691 miles. ao. Roted Por.-VEJtBZuiiLA is noted for its llanos (grass plains). ai. Foaition.— This repubHo lies east of New Oranada. 88. Ph]riioaI Features, &0.— The Parime or Eastern Andea extend along the aouth, and the Sierra-Pa-oa-rai-ma [-ry'-] Mountains along the north, enoloaing the richly-fertile valley of the Orinoco River. The sMansire llanos slope toward the mouth of this fine river. Salt. ooal. HI M il copper src MDuuuMiit. Q0B8TIONB.' * I*ke Manwayho ta an inland extension of the Oulf of Veneaiiela. 8. Describe ■.k"*;"} ^m °' °*"' *"* i^X °?P **'^ physical features of the N. B. coaat ; 6. on the 8. B. coaat ; 6. on the W .'™.^"^^i^°"S.'?'J?.'i * 'fet^^u""."' ?°f »"• ">? ?*'=• de Jf P'"*« Bi'e"- "-Mention the chief pwlduct* of si o<'»Pit«l, nt th« n.outh near the capital, U ,l,o residence' of tl,e Dutch o'erno'-o'cue;."''-"'''''' THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL. '^"'"' *'•"--"■""-"»'>>« of the riHi-wood of tliBcoiiutrr.) 8l»^o..o fourth larger ,ha,. „rit„h N. A^eWca, or e.,ual to . .,u.™ of ,.«« .il„. o«. rosition.— Jliis empire ombnices the whole of »),« ^»„. eastern projeeton o,' .outh knterica from VeL^S t^'urugfaf pire from Venezuela .ndhuianRTo "*"""'""" »*l'"« from those of the La I'lata T'e'rare v r • f w^h" T "'^ '''^^°'"'''' vast plains occur between Uie rivers Tnd d2,/^T ^'' ?«'>'"tains ; but 36. Soil, Climate. Produotl *'„ tf , '" '" "'" '"'"'•"• e,t-ei.t at the Equator (norUroM l.e°C,„io„r ,'," "i'' ""'< fertile, and, agreeable. The lu,xu riant n,rt"i^are mf«l win 111,, '^''''"''''''■ '" ""''' "'"i gerous aniniaU, reptiles, and inse^.u a, d «^^ h . J, ™^^^^^ "f dan- The extens ve plains are tlio ali^loi - .• ■ " '""!'* "^^ ^nlliant plumage hor.es. Of treis, tho^alm-sVtol pre,,, "inref t'^^l '" '^•'' '»«""^J shrubs are here mot wi h in al I ei?^ rinnn I ' , "owenug trees and exjport.s ,,r.. s„«ar, ,.olH^, ,.o",on iVide/df^r k^'^,,'i''^.l"'*'y- '^'^^ -^hief vafue»«0,000.()00i revenue iiimmdZmo^Si^ "her woods, annual The city is .^iXtv^l: a^'n'obl"' aSu "t'^wr^^ "J '''«'''>' "i-tur^e churches, char5l.d,Iei>,sli,u,ions, "ml otheVm^L Ra-iia' (pop. M,000), C'o-ME-rr MMo\ n^,Pii. '" buildings nrenunu-rous. 8KKTCH OF OKNERAL GK()(Jlul'nY. THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR. (From ir,.af„r, , .„„.. of ,h„ „, m„, ....j,., „,., h,„.|„„,.,., „„,., HI... on, ,|.,h .,„„|,.„ „„„ ,,,„.,„ „^ ,„^,,_^| ,__ ^ ^^^^^^ _^^.^^ ^^^^^^ JB. PoBlt1on.-It l.e« WfHt of Unwil, „„ the I'aeilic eoant. o-iax-l flHun Hi.* 'f ^,'. "'"',"'• '""""ted volcanic cone of Co- '•"flcg.., and ,,liarilahlo Ms itmi^ are «no stru ."."roL" "'i.''^ ''" ••'"'"I'V. are within sight of thn ,iiv U li,l I ill.r. 1 t''"*''" """w-IN-i'kH fl'KN,A lkwen^k»,("000Oi Ui , ... ,^ w.^La^""''' ',''""' ''"rth.,uak,.«. the Andes andUi' VrolT^w; Wi" t ih^"?'' "'' t''« "'"tern slope of taut towns. ^ l««y-a-kfel j (IM.ooOi.on tlio ooa»t, are iuipor- ; THE REPUBLIC OP PERU 81... ^rly on,, third larK-r than ,,•.„„,., ,„ .,„.„ ,„ . ..,„.„ „,„„ „,„,„ 42. Noted IV.r.-1'ER,, iH noto,l for iu, silver and other mine,, other half is sandy, witL,a v fi ,i V. h . l-nT"""'?'"'';,'' "■«'""' "" 4B nin«. I ,".""-'" "' "I'O", annual value $16,600,000. It IS a regular and well-hui mty ' Wn,' paTbu , •i,X"".h '^ ""'!'"! the Conveut of San t'runoisr,. the^^Ua,.e hS r„ 'ji'" '.'? L^**.,' ''H™'^ CONVIBT OS iiA> KHANCIBCO, IIJIA. House. :n!^''-t'/«'''»to5J^,am^e^i„;^. P.,eo (p. t«,000,. ; — .„.,^. *..o oiix.,;iB rauiaie ,v . « ^^™ BBPUBLIO OP BOLIVIA. :ar1f;y'oWeaTt^?r;o^Td";Ti,s:;r^^,srir^«^^^^^ --'-' Kio'4 Janeiro, areia®! of e^nridZhb."":^ *^ IV^^o '-'''O"' ?!£?ymnii iHir, ; tLTOingrmtaX',"^!:,/,^^!!:-^^^^^^^^^ ^^^e2!°^L»^"«^ lb«M two rsnget »r« lh« cler«t«d IskM Tlt.|.c»'.c» •nj AulliiBa. Tin sssr :„r..t:;;':'i iisvs, •"■';.•..■:" " "■• ■= »• mln«.,«nd Co-cii v-B.iM-uV,100U0) I riA/iL^L ','"'"''* .'"'l ".: "''**"■- hu » IsrKe «r»n«it-tnMl". *™'"""'- ''* » *« » "■««»'. "«" J-uku 'I'ltic^itt, THB KBPUBLIO OP CHILI. OK OHIUil. 81«, . lltlU .m»ll.r Ih... U,.p«, C.n*U, or «,u.l to . «,u.ro of 37, ,„l|« 50. Wotod For.-CiiiLi in noted for iu narrow width and eitonHive ooMt-lino. and for iu lofty niountuin-mmkH 51. PMltlon— It lies ouHt of La Plata, on tl.o Puoiflo cou«t A^L ^^'^°,'^„ ^•»*"««' *0._N»tnero„, l.llly .,,ur, Jut out from th. And., tow»r,l he co,,M forming doe,, ravine.. nd mLy flrZZ. Ihn;. I . .t m '""w.^"'',"' *" ni'mero.u volcinoei. Tl,e riveri are Ihorl, but the Bl -o-bl'-o I. 300 mile. long. The chief product. «r^ h'«7thr"''rc^i: '''?'■ >^l ""I-;,""'' «-•'-■ The cllirte" "r^rV 11:...^";^" '"'""'' "" 7'''*='' AlMander Selkirk wa. wrecked"and " RrinJon^SroV'"""''' '" ^»"'" '''"^ "" -"-'"«'- '•" °' 0fj'.nidijo")(7V.<»),thoel,iBfHoV,rt. (-\)N0K .'ou n Lh«.own 1 (l .(ki.r .ad 8ak Cablos on the inland of (3hiloo ItHhool'-o'-I.;) }2.(!l&n;LJit the s! I.A PLATA, OR THE AKOENTINB REPUBLIC (Prom gp»iii,h la pla'-ta. ".liver," and Utiii ar-gm'-tum. ".live,.") ■lu. one third that of Britl.h North Amerlc, or equal to a «,uare of l.flio mile. 64. Noted 1Pop._La Plata k noted for iu vast pjains or pampaa, and for Hb herds of wild cattle and horsog • "• ^Won-— Tho republic of the Argentine Confederation including the territory of Buenos Ayrcs, extends from Chili to Pata^ gonia, and forms Uie great south-eastorn slope of South Anurion ae. Phydoal Feature*, &o.-The interior 1. a ms the an ,|, ern part of which U called the Pampas, and in It re I, au ei Uuslre .aline de.ert. On the., pampas (or treelo« ,,(ay,») are immen« fh. .'henhT'.","","" """J."""". which are cap,- 'l Z] "I U.To bJ the .hepherd-lMint^rs. Ostriches also abound ,.„ (1,..^.. plain, Th« chief exports are hides, horns, horse-tails, .,s.r,ol -father and wool Buenos Ayres separated In 1853, bat rejoh^d u,e OonMeratiou in mo THE REPUBLIC OP PARAOUAY. 8i«>. about three timej that of New ti:.,mwwk or equal to a square of IMO mile.. S?" ^.!^^'"''Z^'***°^'^^ is noted for being entirely inland. B9. Positton.— This republic lies between La Plata and Brazil he?-' ^^^°^ ^«ature. &c.-Paraguay.form. the high table-land between the Parana and I araguay Rivera, and is the only inland State in South America. The soil is fertile, and the ellmate temperate U^h?l^''^^^°-li^^"'"'^'^^- '«"■'' .S?'"*""' the capital, and Concbpoion iii^'' yS "i? "'« Pf™B"''y Kiyer. TJieir chief exports are the ieavoa of a species of hoUy called i/crba ,mte or Paraguay-tea), Cidos, tobacco, su^^.Ao R EPUBLIC OV CFIILI-CONTINKNT OF KlUdPK. ^ REPUBLIC OP UnuoOAY. or BANDA 0|lIJUn>AX.. MI«e,»lK,iil lialrihat .,r l..i*,.r ('»,„„|,,, „r,.(|iml l.. , „,,nr.. of ,1»l mile. 6a. Notod For — IlKDiiliAy In not.,! for l.uvin^r been the euatein boundary (or hn,„L, orinitul) of the region* fornierly coinposinK .Spanish America r- f, ea. Po«itlon.--This republic lies cant of La Pluto. Hrl^l f}T^'^,7''^}?"*'r*,°—^ ■'""'''• '•»''»<" "f "'""ntalns from healthy, ««d the soil gene.ally good. The exi.orti are hide., 4c. ,.f?^ Citio8.-Mo.VTK VioKi) (|,„,,. ivOOO). tho capital, oii the north side of the l^t-Plula e»tu,.ry, m «..|| H.rt'lled. It i. well and ro^ularly built. PATAQONIA AND TIEHKA DEL PUEQO (Protn the .SMaril.li ,,„/'.,,.„„„, "I»r«i. f,.„t." »,„! ih,-r., ,M /•«,,„, •• |»„u „f dr. " Hill., nluHit w UrK>' »» r»n»,|,, „r ..qu.l to . «,|,iHri. of ills inlli's ee. Noted For.— PATAdo.NiA and Tikrka dki, FiJKim are noted lor bmng the southerti extremity of the Aiiierioan Continent. 67. Physical Features, &0,_ln the And..., whUh terminate In Pa- tagonia are .eviTii v„l,.,i„„i..,. The interior is a vast plain, .nd I. generally sterile. It is ovLrrun by Immen-e her f «lld „„ nml" of various kinds. .Seals and other marine animal. rn.,|uent the coast. Sovereignty over tlieso countries U claimed by the ailj.'iuiug states. THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. Hl.e about the wimi, », thi. Hnti.h \V,.,i l,„llo., or e,|»»l to „ „„„„, of m mile. 88. Noted For.— Fho Falkland Ihi.a.m.s .ire cliiefly noted ■"-VIL """ ""'''''' "'''PPi'V '» tl'« Hoi'tlifrn Ath.t.tio 89. Position — These {.slands are situated :tOO mil. east nf Fatagonia. There are two lars^e and about 1 rx) Mmall,, islands. iiAHT and Wkst tALKLA.Ni. are separated by a narrow sound. 70. Physical Features, Climate, &c.-The whole group ot island, is much Indetfled with bays, sounds, and harbours. The cl ma?e il equable and salubrious. There are no trees ; l.it sweet-scented flower, abound The chief product, are cattle, hors, «ud vegetables. Yearly l^llnnfTT ^i"'?," ■ T""""' **■''""''■ '"" «'°"i' "•" taken ?o.'!^ M.slon of by England for the protection of the soulhern whale-fishery Port Louis is the capital. South O.ori.ia-Island, to the east, belong to Oreat Britain, but the climate Is too cold for settlement. ' PITCAIRN ISLAND. 8o called from Its disn.von.r. Sizt. 2| mll.s loun, by t wide 71. Noted For.-PiTOAiRN Island i.s noted for having been settled, m 1790, by the mutine.rs of His Majesty's ship Bounty 72. This Island,!,, tlie I'.liHo Ocean .itmut MHMl ni. from 8. Amorica. was iliscovorod in |-r.7. The colony wms f..„i,dcd, in i;w), by John aS,!* OM of he mutineers of the i nglish «m , si , , ., lt„u„(y, , ..f afoihw p^^Z' The colony ha^ lieen -onioved to Noi^lk 1.4nd, Australia (see pagVtfl)! THB ANTARCTIC REGIONS. 78. Those Regions, which lie dirpi^tly opposite to the Arctic or Northern Regions ineludo ;. viwt area of ,„ ,irly 4,(S)0,(W0 square miles of almrSJ inaoces»..I«,«,a>>,l water. On ihemap'of the' Western Hen^phereCe SOI7TIIS , ,.«nr'Jr , P«>J«", b^ynid the Antarctic "circle "^e SouTit SiiMLujD-Isn.Nus Iwing only 460 mi es from Tierra del PumJo yl\ ^'f «^n" J^*"" '■^W,""'"-^ from the Emerald Isle.s, and th?nce to N?w /oalind (S50 EndkbbVs Land (see map of the Kaster.i iemisDher^ 18 about 1,500 miles from Africa, and Sabbina and Adbl V iVANDaffi the same distance from' ismania. Victoria L.md was dismve e smallest in extent, is, in regard to Christian civilization extensive commerce, and wlitical influence, the most important division of the Globe 2. Boundaries.— Europe is bounded on the 'north by the Arctic Ocean; on the east by th, Caspian Sea. the Ural River M^«ZL'1,'Jm"l"a^°^' "j "'« ."""^ '"y the Mediterranean,' Marmora, and Black Seas ; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. ^i^ ^u^'J^i'"^"" Norway and Sweden; (2) Th. Alps, north of Italy (3) The Pyr'-en-ees, between France and Spiin ; (4) The Car-ni-th^an' north and east of Hungary; (6) The Ural, separating Northern ^fil from Europe. Rusaiaoccnpie. the great plain to the east. All ^J "Z''J^''~''Z'r "^ '^^~' *"* ■oaaaiainoas, w«;i waU .-ed, and iertile. T7- . ?*•" S*I.?"-^'S*™» "» *•>« Petch'-o-ra, Mez-en rain'l Dwi,na. and Vistula, in Northern Russia ; the Pral. Volgn,l)on, and &i^r r2te?p^]. Give the denva«on,'^L.&a'o*flA^iak^685i'"GWn'^^^^^ 61- Point out it. positipij on the map ; 52. physical features ; 53 chief cities kx-st Ac of Pata«oni» and Tierra del Fuego^ra of Yhl Mkland" IsUnl^rT^TTof ^i^T, "!f ''5S' *^- "I Vn.«?iay. ««, 67. Give the deri^ioS ^.edenvationsandsizeofEurope. 1- ^ what is it^nLd^^j fe^pl^t^^L^iiS^^^ <4|)al iiiountain- mountain-peaks t «Mt and Muth thira nto ditto. i^fp"**"*™ Ku^a; the »an.ub& in Austria and Turkey ; the O-dcr Elb« Italy : the lUone, Loire [Iwahrl, and Seine rBehn in Kmi ,.«• d/n p k. EUROPE. the Tay and Clyde, in Scotland. , in Ireland; and 8. Fhyaioal Features of the North Coast. Bias. Vhiti (an inlet or the Arctic Oreaii). Ovtn AicD Bati. Va-rang-er. Cdakmbls AKD Btbaits. laLAKDa. Nova Zom- bla {" new fipitghpiVpn. CArsa. I Penixsu- LAB. North, land "). 53 e. Fhyeioal Features of the North-West Coast. Baltic (between Southern Swedi-n and Busaia). Bothnia. PInland. Bi-CT. Catiegat. Bkag'er Bark. Sound. Great Belt. Little Belt. Aland, Gothland. Oe-Bel. Zealand. Laaland. Fii-npn. Naze. Skaw. Norway ft Sweden. Denmark. 7. Fhyaioal Features of the West Coast NoBTB (be- tween Brit- ain and Denmark). iBltn (betw'n Ireland and England) Mor-»y PrIth.'North. KrithofForth.lBrlntol. Wa.li. lBn«li«h. Zuiderzee. JDover Bi«cay. |8t.George'B. Pa- roe. Shetland. Orkney. Heb-rf-dei. Great Britain. Ireland. Chnnnel. Wrath. Clear. Land'a End. Haffue. Kn-ttter'r*. Orteital. St. Vincent. 8. Physical Featiues of the South Coast Cornwall (SW.cor- nerofEng.) BritUny (N.W.oor- ner of Franae). Oaspias. A-zov. Black. Hak'-mo-ka. Mbditbr- JtAKBAN. iE-OB'-AS. lOMIAll. AOBIATIC. Sa-lo-ni'-ca. l«-pan-to. G-gi'-na. Taraiito. M-eat't. Ven-ice. Naplea. Geu'-o>a. Lyoua. Teni-ka-leh. BoaporuB, DardaneKn. 0-tran-to. Heaalna. Boniracio [bo-ne-fah'. tahol. Gibraltar CJlb-rawl'- I tarl. Cyc-la>dea. Spor-a-des. Candia. Ionian. Sicily. Ualta [manl-tk]. Coralca. Sardinia. Bal.e-a-rio. Hat-a-pan'. Spartivento. Pasaaro. Te-u-la-da. St. Martin. Pa-loB CpS-loce']. Gata. Tarira. Cri-me-a. Greece. Italy. Spain and Portugal. 0. Fhysioal Features of the Interior. hodhtain Baicoeb.* Ubal oro . KAL. Highrst peak e.9»7reet. ^IVBEB FLOWISa NOBTH. Petchora, MOm Meaen, 400m. Dwtna, 7(10 m. O-ne.g8,30iim. Hi^^Jy"""' "® ^ ""'* '° '*''^''' "°^ ^°™ " semicircular belt around ^,}^.7^^ ^PM^" 'J?? ""I'f? '".*•'« «"">« direi-tion as the Pyrenees, and culminate in Mont Blanc blom (in France). This mountain altaiifs Z^tTv" "' '^'T. ^"f, "''«'■'' ""' '1.?-'«^«'- «'«' it« summit is the hii^hMt point in iurope. The Alps separate Franco and Switzerland from Itdy .» .Irl V^^ IVrenees, a double chain of mountains, 20 miles apart, except wmt Thi'L.Tf^T'.'h *>"™ '^'°"' '^P" "- rl *»'«"'' 270 miles east and west. I he peaks of the Pyrenees are »iot so lofty as those of the Alps. 18. The Volga is the greatest river in Europe. It (lows throuuh th« greatEuMi»nplain,andemptiesitselfintotheCa8piSn8ea.Length2S50^^^^ 18. mie DsAUbe, next to the Volga, is the largest river in Eiimnfl It dmns the chief part of Southern Germany and o?Iuroplai TuTerand after a course of 1 030 miles, falls into the black Sea by Sveral n3; It toirr"' tfbutaries, and is the great comuiercial highway ol'S^uth- Aastem Europe. Its basin is rich and fertile. ♦i^l'.;* S,^*j!?'~^u ''."^'^ "' '■''* "'"^•' \ ''"' »" th"« fourths of the Con- tinent he within the temiHjrate zone, the climate of Central Eurono i» invigorating, while toward the South it is mild and balmy. "^ irl^lilti^Srf hr?l?«'*!;?;r°^V«*''' f ""•"'• "»'' "■? ^'n*- """- ""O tobacco .are cultivated m the South but apples, pears, peaches, and walnuts nm tho pnncit»a European fruits. The trees arjfihe oi^Tbeech! Hr, ch _DBi, kingdom J TURRBT IN El7- > BOPB, empire i PORIIIIOAL SlATBB.* U8,I00 182,788 291,000 203,800 3,000 22,000,000 16,600,000 8,380,000 18,700,000 700,000 Florenoe, on the Po ( Madrid, on a Ta- ) I gus tributary... .j f Stockholm, on ) t Lake Malar j fCoiintaiitinople, ) i on the Boanorua J Rome, on the Tiber... 118,000 478,800 111,700 880,000 184,600 874 800 834 1.800 890 a*. The Third-Bate Powers. Holland, or Nbtb- asLARDs, kingdom, Bbloicm, kingdom.. POBTUOAL, kingdom.. H ASovxB, kingdom Wcbtbmbbrs, kingdom ..} of lath*udB'lSh!i!l"th;!!;L'^^ Jl.^^il'"'^ generally He In the direction of the pwallels 01 lantuae, while those in America generally run north and south. (See pageUk) 10.TheT7ralKountaln«»reohieflyround8d,plateau-8haiiedel««tinn. extending 1,600 mUes from the AioUo Ocean. ttehhT^tShwlM^^ thl^,„fcv 8««d^vlMi XountSna extend nOTthwartwb milet through Norway. and Sweden. They are a aerie, nf Ult" .^J^^^!. '^o ■■|VS"'^"""''*1!J?; Gkd-hop'-pi^pn, the faighMt peak, is in Nonrav^ la. The Carpathian Moiuitains, dividSTinto'thrBirt an^wL Qdbstions.- Batabia, kingdom ... DBNIIARC,>ingdom.. Sazort, kingdom bwitbrblard, re-) publio } aBEROR. kingdom-....! (Ine. Ionian Isles). D voniRt and leaser ) atrtea... )| 10,008 11313 36,810 14^830 7,600 14,800 8.777 18438 19,340 74,60* 3,448,000 4,900,000 3,888,000 1,880,000 1,780,000 ^,600,000 1,606/100 2,226,000 2,836,000 1,3S0,00» 4,tM,«09 CAmsterdam, on ( theAmstel r Brussels, on the ■j Sonne, a trih C of the Scheldt. (■Lisbon, on the } I Tagus ; (Hanover, on theS < Leine, a tribu- > I. taryoftheWeser) Stutgard, near S the Neckar, a V . Rhine tributary J {Munich, on theS Iser. a tributary h ^ of the Danube.. J Copenhageu, on ) L£ the Sound } Dresden, on the Elbe. ( Berne, on the Aar.) I k Rhine trlb.....j f Athens, between ■> the CepUsstu > andthelUtms.J 'arknis the) rill. ( It.. J i 248,000 800,800 180,000 82,000 81,700 138,000 140,000 118,000 34,000 48,000 100 194 1,000 430 44S 680 ser 470 1.740 Tarfoua. ITarious. -JwiSfiih.'SIi.iilS*'' "yy".'*! •»»?'•«. oWMPythlanink by virtue of the gn«l eeeMsiasttcal authority exercised by the Vnrw u ih> «,.,i.«.. ii«.i..« .i.. n-^Tr^ Oathollo Church throughout the World. «; 12. Carpathh^louaWna: lTS«?W."p?S.!S^.'^t2l ',^5iS'!!?r;«»SL???*S?*»'» ^^ ?"?« Urjl Mounisln..; 11. _8^„di k on the north-weat, 7. wertt tad uote? 19.popul.uinP ».SSS?P M^SitU'y? ffllat^SZSU'tl^^™^^^ IT What is said of the cUmali, P la^rod- '^ ^** "^** ^°'"* *•"* "" »"• "n*P ■"«> 81T0 the putiouUm of esch oountry of Europe in the three titles. =f= ''J THE PBINOIPAI, ANmA.8 ON THK OO^TIN^N^^^^ such 'as tphorst^^;;7^',,"'| "'f^f-'lanim "^ fo'wd in Europe- N^rlj; an the wild animal have uZSne?^^^^ asg, and the reinS-! cl am„„, the ibex, the wild-boaV tK'n^fi ,Vj'"^,¥^ "™ the deer, the ^?n^.r ""?'"> ™t »n'l tlie mouse SLiK-'''?''' ^"'^ ""« l>eil«ehog Z «Vi^ f''B''«"8»>»' f'e th™,l,"and the hSw*iv''\l'* "umerou.s, espS the Hwan. the bittern, the duck, tii^ phe™nt,1nd^he°owT """^ '"'"^ *^ we pass along the Hhores of thnv, v. "'*""«! "">. '*'™' of Gibraltar Malta, celebrated for st Paul's vLlf''"""™,"*?"' *"<• ''^'"1 "' """*"*'• to the Atlantic, through "he '^"" = '""* "'''°'=« *« «»"»«« our course Htrait of Gibraltar, and, sailing " along the western coast of AS ncl^ touch at the OAMBIA-UlvliB SETTLEJIKNTS and at Siebba Lb-o-ne, on the. African coart. From th^ Capp'coZ^ «!uth-ea8twnrd U> i/APE-OOAST Castm, n Upper G^mea; and then'oe soX ^s^?hnt?s.»an? we come to ■^•'"ng n, l^I„^''l''■^'■''^ (•"«» the first Napoleon's place of exilBl 8outhwart,wecoSiefothe '• Cape ofGood Hop« wd other So'on'os m Southern Afrira weS""'*^'''*'""*'"^; ^t^^'i'iT"!''*!-'^''-"''] (the key to IncUs) and the Seychbiim' [sajr^hefs'] Islandf.. N^ng the entrance to the Bed Soa^ A ^« i?""!" »t the Peninsula of^ in^ir*"^*'"2»'"*>- Cross- IuSa . i„H^"',°.>">, *« 'each ^it.'^V""'','"'? Cape Com- o-nn,teuoh at the island of IS Il!L2L?[[«Alrp. (g) .OTAl . BXCHA.OH. A»n „> . ^ ' j rue uitieront animal. »„..._._^. ^ ; \ .. - — L-Ijr::.-"— ""c=e. lokdow. (i^o,u«„e.o/th,A.U».,.i„thise„^vi»g.«es««,„^, ABBAO?.\ SL""'*''""^ '^^ the Bay o. Ben-gal'. we oome-to Tasmania (or Van ifiEsJ^s LA«n>'''V''"'''"i'''''' «'"'"• "^cime to New i5EALAND. Whig his «e^»l*i ,?,^'"'««»^ enumerated ilTtltoTXi^TT^^^^^-^^ tJaiais in France. ■'■ ^■''"^■- ' "■"' i ii ' i ffliiT I Tli mla, and »t the island-city of e Chinese Sea to the under the Equator. ir Colonies in south w» come to Mtward, we visit a long course across e soon come to le eastern and north and land in the >st Cuba, we touch ui P the Pacific coast to which, vi& the TBY, we reach fBw Bbcnswick, i-DWABD IstAND riA, and the Islanii 7NDLAND. From the r southward to the LEs Thenoe cress- itlantic, we again Intish Isles; afters )out 36,000 miles. ColpnloB, together i»h Isles, constitute upire. Their united to about 8,304,000 )r equal to a square miles. United pop. 209,000,000. British Isles and, Wales, arik Jled Great Brit- and the Channel ted under one nd legislature, a is the largest iirope, and the ! It in the World. 8- E., is only 26 liais in Fianoe. ent of the British "weMoon. II. To- 1 the Continent I' 3SS5«5gSBS5£Sa^lS^^g point Itieg are connected by rtilwuy P Wie Queen f VI. of StetistSo. P EBrGIiAND AND -nr „ „ 1. ]!i»ted Pop.— England is noted for her InteUieence and Christian civilization, her great political freedom/anf her n^ emmenae u. commerce and manufactures. ' "^ i:^ QuBsm NB-Point out and m^ iiTTi^rZ: 1^ T" ■■■ ^■■B.^oaana waies.are: (l)T be Pennine Range, In the north ,Ta The od on «n^ K Tf .f^^'^t-England and Wales are bound- ed on the north by Scotland, on the south by the English Chan- nel, on the east by the German Ocean, and on the wesTby the Atlantio Ocean, St George's Channel, and the Irish sT their greatest length is 420 miles, and thei^ greatest breadth 320. 3. Physioal Featnre».-The surface of England is chieflT nndn. latmg, or consists of mountain »nrt nUin tu. ,f'!-° " -"^!*"?. "".'"' i.. Hugland and Wales, are : (i) T he Pe nnine i^n;;;:in Z -^^Zrwrt ties. Oive the size of jflTI* gg RNVIRQW inbgft&CoMYggk.. ) Wales are bound-, the English Chan- 1 the west by the Irish Sea. Their }readth 320. id is chiefly nndn- ' TriOtiBtiin-disiricta Uhe north; (2) The .y« connect ? Name les. Oivethenzeof hysioal featurea. .ouTh-t"tWa"l ""/;,'" '■? """ /'> T*-" ''"<""«" ">"Ke, in the 4 The Col/Lil^^ """'''• """ """ '='""' '^ "'«"'? picturesque «. Xne Coast-lme of EngUni a„d Wales is about 2,000 miles g-Fh ysioal Featu rea of the East Coast. ENGLAND AND WALES. MoDKTAIirs. CnBv.t.>T4PE», HiNKin piirt (turning south' ward). Hl|the»t a.lW4 ft. BiriRs, Tyiia. Ot. Oiiao [oose] Trent. "' Litt^ ./u«e. Thmnoii ftH-ntl Capes oa Heads. Flainborough. Hnurn. Tita .Naze. North Foreland. INIETB. ISiintli Knrpiaml lTh«inr.« Tynemouth. Tees. irumtier. . The Wash. Islauds. Holy. Sheppy. Than-ct. ?««!»IHE. CmnniAiT (In Wales). Higliest 3,971 ft. Si^yaicalFeaturesof the West Coast. 67 IB. The Chief Industrial C entres, near the conl-nunes, are a., follows : CUIBP INDCHBIAL CK.STHKS, Newcastle. Lanmahlre A Ydrkshiro. StairorOsliiro. SiTCAIKD IN II/B North-Ea«t. Coal l^"'"'- West. I I'ni.NCll'AL Ma.m-. Naturb o» I FAciL-m.vi) Towns. Mahupaciikes, 4c. Dar South Wales "J Ula. tricts Middle. I South- West. Newcastle and lini^toii. M.inuhi'slor, Leeds. and .tliudli'lil. Uinnhiuhaiu and Ittirsleiii. 8wftii-iea and Mer- th.vr.l'vdvil. Maohihery.ChomlcaU ami Clutn. Cotton anil Woollen Goods, and Cutlery. Hardware and Pot- tery. Smelting Copper and Casting Iron Sev.eru. Wy.. Dee. Mersey. Ribblu. Hart land. Worms. St. David's. Holyhead. Great Orrne*8. St. Mei ■ Bristol Channel Cardnjan. Caernarvon, Morsoy. Moro-camie, S ,hvay An-gle-»i Han. 7^ Phy sical Fe aturea of the SouUi Coast DBTowiAjr (in lEi«. Cornwall and Stour. Devon). Lower A-von Duii-gen-esa', Beaeh.y. Portland. Lizard. lyvid's End. Southampton. Portland. Plyni'iutli. Palm.ulh. iMi'nil's B:»7. Jeiliy. iViglit. Sc..., Channel, }pn®ffnnU;"^i;o-'ja^\TM,ui^s";;!!ie"'t^^^ bnclge (beneath whiiChii^of thilaZl; J*^^ «''s»o« ants of thrASrrri?, n"'''''^»''^rP ? ''™.""? '^^-^'^''nd- and im^4^Sfn?nl"'*f^ "^ ^."v.^'""'^ "f* "'o™ "'""^i^e Thov : 1 J A"" ™°'* I'f any other country in the World enTOi"'i"^^™"°"> ^"''"en.sflk. leather, nS,and saX Weirirt "P""^ t? "cry inrt of I bo (;i,",e ^o »>elsli manufactures are pruK ip illy „| av, iroo, ,„,! t n HEB MAJESTY QIEBH VICTOSIA. -a o ^ TT; ■ • • -f ^::!^ ^aaung iron. 18. Seats Of Commerce—LoNDON and Hcll, on the east coast- I .v Tc^Tml?';' °" •"-?.,""' ' "■"> SouTHAMrroV oVthe so".',.' ""'• men Kif^l'^i^^S''^'"^''?,''"''^!', ''"•'I''•''"■^>•'^'«'^'le'l»ea- ! J. A Vm'^''''*'*''A'^'* " sunilar military in.spital, is situated an^ n!VrS"'V.''S;^ " half miles aUve tiimion ^^ ^ JIU. (M the iVoWA-A'M<.— NEWCASTLE-UPON-TyNH and ^n,r»'"^''n'"^ "I"'" ;•'""'• have extensive numu^icturc and a ..'oa - irade. Yoii k h notcl f«r Jmvinu been the rosidonoB of several li.nnan &nperors. Its cathedral, or "MiMter " U ii . rH''""K "^" !'f «»H'i« arcl,it>-ture in 'England Huii^ Alf^d M ""'^^'■»'«'«: . Oxford l^nivevsity wrioimdedty in be Wor d^TtSfn"' .'r ",'? ""^* riS''lv-endowed nnTve?^i?J m tiie world. It ha« 2 1 colleges and i.i s, and the ]iod-lei-nn liibniry and a new Mnsen n. C^iii. bridge VCvSySS 21 colleges and halls, an v'j"'! ""Jir"'S 3 "t!C to t!i6 gl«ttl Duke of WeilinirtAn ' .^^^^^SSI^^^lM^s^^^ ovem and Avon ea, eeo-channels, ar Dublin P SnEFKiELu, for cutlery; Not- ■riNOHAJt and Lkicesteu [leV- torj, for liojuory oiid luco: Hiii- MiNOHAM, for hardware and BUBSLBM, Ac, for earthoimare the eMt bank of the Itiver Mer- sey, about 200 milcH fro.ii I^ondon. mrneson an immeuie trade with SlnJln"^!' "' "'» ''''»■'''• ^'""-t 23.000 ships enter the port aniiu- ally. It has O miles of dorks, and ranks next to London in coinnier- eiiU importance. It oontuins munv fine buildings; especially St Georges Hall, „h,'„h includes m town-hall, music-hall, and biw-coi.rts. Near it ure Urown's 28. Chief Welsh Cities.— UANoon, on Menai Strait, is a Wa- tenng-place. Other towns, Mkb- thvb-Ttdvil and Swan8ea. IREIiAND. 8';rnr>yrflar,rn^';":Ha":t™r^ 1 -W f ^ Bruuxwick. or equal to a sqimro of 181 mlloa. IIS leruiity, and the greenness of its verdure. 2 lu !u l^hannel, the Irish Sea, and St. OeorL'e's Channel • and len^riraoter'rr'' '^ "'^ .^"""*-' oeea„ s;ia£ lengtu IS dOb nailes, and its greatest breadth 180 ooast-uSfaLu^'Irm'iirJ-'"' '""'^'' '? """'"y "ndulating. The tlful bays The mou'n?ai^, ^r'. J"^ 'n'^'""' ""'' ""<='"'" """'y beau- numerous in the north and Z fplT T^ "*;","'' '='"'^'' """^ "™ ""«"■ uaty wioKlow. and of the Southern Coast, is highly picturesque. 4. Physical Features of the North Coast. (1) ST. OIOESa'S HAII, WITH (8) LIMK-SISKBT BAiLWAr-SIATIOir. LtVEHPOOl. JamesJ^lUJ.Ii^isthenativelang.iage^r^.'ii^JiS 59 that it is loss warm in summer but inililpr III winter. 11. Soil and Products.— The soil gciicrilly is very fertile. The quantity of rain which falls tnakes the grass grow abundantly • Us greenness hiw given to Ireland thcniiine of thoffrp«M/j/e. Uairy- hushaiidry and cnttlc-renring nro cxtoiisivoly followed. Flax is much cultivated. Cliiet niincnils ; coal cpjiper, iron, and marble. The chief manufactures are linen and poplin goods; which, with muslin- sowing and lace-making, give em- P'"Ji>ii:iil to great numbers. 12. Populatlon.~Tlie inhab- itants nro cluelly of Oltic origin ; but people of Anglo-Saxon de- scent have settled all over the island. In some parts of Ulster the people are descendants o^ acottish colonists introduced by AllTSIH. MouBir«, 2,796 ft. WlOKLOW. . V>3» ft, g-Phyglcal Features of the East Coast La-gan, ss m. lioyno, so m t-ilfoy, 60 m. Hnwth [lio'dth] Wlcklow. Ca-hore, iSla-ney, 70 m. JCarnanm. Ilolftst. 3traiiKford Uuiida^lr. Oulilin. Wexfo rd Lanih^y. Inilaiid's Eye. ASCIENT a0U«U.IOWBH8 AND OEOSS AX oZS"«iI5S3i^. ftP hysloal Feature - of the South Caaat.. GAtTBB r«niul'. Barrow, 114 m. too]. [dow». Suir, 100 m. KirooE-MEL-B- Loe.33m. HBaoLB. iBIackwater. 100 Hook. Mine. Klnsale. Cloar. Wnterford. Dungarvan. Cork. Kinsale., Cape Clear. Hacoiliicud- , DY Bbbks, Highest 4,100 ft Kbkfbr. Gaiwat [gaul'- Mayo. way]. Physical F eatures of tha -West Coaat. leap* Malgtw. IBq-Ius. iBantrv Shannon, 8J4m.punmon^ KeSS™, R?Xi m m ik?""- Dingle. Brn». 60 m. 8I.viie. ShaSnon. _._ , Clow. Valentia. South Amui. Clare. Achll. .ottMfchThe''cen't?e'a^1^^^^^^ J' ?/'T '^'^^^ M ml.« westwalinto tritUntic oTan '^C^ON^ _ 10. The OUma te u> similar to that of England : with the difference Qt;E8TiON8.--a7. Describe Liverpool. „„ Il°**™f *"'' «''*«"*• 8- Describe its „.? u ^i '^"'* '• ^- °" *lie south coast ; 7. or loughs p 10. climate P U. soU and products 1 JACEyiLasTKBET. WITH THE POST-OFtlC. AKB NBLSOn/rnxAB. DrSwi. it. b?umUii« the derivation and si»e of Ireland. 1 For what isit not^ TTpTT-; 6. on the east coa,t;^6.__on the. southcoj^t; f ^n'tt w^"t'^t*r^^^^ ft' M* 7 §^ ;!:.!: 1 «inM2^cS^^^^ four province, (comprl- uated on both sid« nf the i?^- v ?-?^'-W' *?!« "etrojiolifl of /re'land. rit. r- -ne „..i..y, ,, .„„ „f ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^..^ .^^ Europe, and is JESSaniBSS^ ttre'uSS"oa.uSte^ 1693, the Qa^'sVni^e^u nLr:\^Bi' '^«'«'e^ > Q"«en Dliraheth in andO«Iw»lJi ."i^.iJ"„™V?Jf''?.H'i"?'!e» ?/ "•'"'h «n> nt Bclfnst, Cork: -T— ■ ..^, .j.Mcn 111 jiurope, ana is i Pomtoutonthemapand narTh^M^^fi^ii^r ^aTAa"' ' is 'a rivourite'nF«:;« of i^':;ifV?J iff 'i!i'.»'_'»"'^ «'« ?*>llinfton Moiunient; connected by ^ilw^/ra tte%raS^'it"ESK£* """""^^ lings. Uoontnins i«en Elirabeth in at Belfnst, Cork, mix Park, which ml Ho^pitfil, ths Won Monument^ wreet (a proton- Its fine quay and harbour and ,^ hli„S',. . i ^"' ! "'"'re i, is noted for extent of country ('<)hk^'„ mi ?^,n> '"" ■" ''''"'^ "^ »"■'•»' '""'« f"r a lariio is the chief commerdttl ty of tTe », mt h , • i^?, i " " ".'^ <<"f>enstown. ft and provisions. It hi munuf^!^^?,?ei ..f l.hor^'^^ '"''«'''»' "."',""•'■' «""" the seat of one of tlio Q ik""» c^^^^ n„puil?"i'''"™''' ""'^ FI""'- "'"J '" has one of tho li.H^st^i^r 1 LrK i?t?ie world " Tl" "'"!'' '!«l'''t, "".d fleations arc on S„ikc Island, ^^0" "4"tuullnncnt' I'l^,^ I'"""!>al I'orti- harboiir is deletKfed by C^in/don .md AirH«l« f„, u /\ ^''«fi»'f"n<'eto tlio oxtensfve nmnuf"ctureSflaot,.>df.i -.?.'''"''''"• '? '^'"" ''" «"» bridRes, its princiiml «o..nort onTho west ioi^t fl, wl' v7"'lr''±':'"' "«• I' '"'he of the Queen's Colleges';irfteSromS;ti'nrcu\io'„'w'rii;.^l!i'ir' "' '"'"' ,»_. , SCOTIiAUD. lengtt 1. 287 milra. It. breadlh v.rl™ from 24 to 217 miles i™r% ?r"^ f""'^''''' "" ""> l'""'=M"»l "vers (except the civd^^ r r^?^ t=^o^r'^n::e!^r^;::';jSH?'rr ■ 4. Phyoloal Feature a of the E aat Coaat. country, anU ™ni^.Td n U«';7s*;^;^'' I:, ,,™ ''*-,V'"-' '''f''»,hont the entcrSrollund on the c «t a d «Tst <'ms 7^^^^^^ '"""! "'' ""'""J- from tlio Frith of Fortli n« nr/^ 1,.,.^ 'iV'"'^" ^ tlio capital of the UiKl,la,;K '"vemry. They extend to Invernessl cluing nme'^lt^alKr?''}'''^ "'%!™ considered a* tlirce-fold; in- important centres in tl o coal./'iSt ^w^^^^^^ Tins bust (l,y f„r tHo most pfst?i;itts&r,i.;;;lKs IS not*, for itsC'a^no, for tho anli" L,;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ foritsi;nivorsity,pul,li,an.4til t . aM.i^^^^^^^^^ in({s a™ the Churlhos, wS ; C.„f ;^^^^^^^^^ ftted on tlie north ' MODHTAINS. RiTEBS. NoBTH'N HiOH-Spey[8pay],100 L4ND9, .1.72(1 fl.lDee, W) 111. UKAMPiiHB, in ITay, 140 m. P»rt.. 4:!9il fr. I'l'wovtl, infl ni. Duncansby. Kinnairu's. Fife.No.H*. St, Al.li 5. Phyalcal Features ottni ^fieBi Co a.-.; ftted , „.^„ bank of the Dec, ia » large and haud- soine city, and car- ries on an extensive exiiort-tnidc in ag- ricultural iiroduets; p.. 76,000. It con- tains a university. UALMORAt, 15 ni. inland.on the Upper Dee.isthoIIighland residence of I lor Majesty tho Queen. JIon-tbose', a sea- port on the penin- sula between .Mon- trose Uasin and the North Sea. Dun- PEE, an important seaport on the north bank of the Tay, ia noted for its exten- sive exports of hnen and hp!'ipen uoods; eonlains the -•«^'fc?l^Si-^ is the tcre.it i:i '''M t/Itt-'Tr"""' '=■ """«' "ere. - "— * mtt 7o'r'X'"a!r^f,,[;i[S'J. -^tj"-' -t 'V^ ''f 'he Nith, 10 pc.ot Burns ia buried here ^"^'^'■^ °^ Southern Scotland; fB?<. — Gr.is.f:nar '■ 1,,.! /.o .' .. ,« .. . .VoHTB'ii High- Clyde, 100 m. I Wratli f ■ D ,*^r?- .. ..?''''• )''''"*■ Ard-na-mur. &BA«piA»9,and.\nn»n, }• Ihr chan f-kaiil ?fr7\"«;w' " i'"^'""' •' S""""- Mull orCmtWe. part, 4,37s ft. I norsill. iMiillnfOsllowav e. Locha, or Iiakea, are nu- merous in the middle and northern parts of the countrv. Tlieprincipal are Lochs Lo-mond ami Kat-rin«. 7. The Climate of the Low- lands resembles that of England, though it is more moist. In the Uigblands it is much colder. 8. Soil and Froduote. — In the Lowlands the soil is good and well cultivated. The Highlands are better adapted for the rearing of sheen and cattle. Jlarley, wheat, ic are the staple products. The prin- cipal minerals are coal, iron, lead, stone, and slate. The coast-fisher- ies of Scotland are very valuable. ». The Inhabitants are made up from two distinct races: viz the Highlanders, who are of the teltio raw; and the Lowiandars, ''no are a mixed people. liroora. Fln«. I'lyde. .«nlvvav. H-u-. Sky«, Mull. I.-l.y. Jii-ia. AfiTiii. I'i-ilet. f,. Near it 18 Edward II. THE IONIAN ISLANDS. ( r„rf«. .Brt«,A /.«<«««» /Wm, ,814 ««„•/ 1864 ) si.eth°&^itsM;t:ri:r--!r^-- ITH-A-CA), P^x-o, and Cbr-i-oo. Inited area, 1,041 square milea or equa to a square of 33 m es' Population 232,500. (See page 78) I: I'liyBloal Features, bo. -The surface of these iSrndfS mountainous, diversified by ronie fertile plains. The products are wheat and other gmins, wh," dive? ZA^fic*"- cEiofto'w>;;r6oB;r: . ®*.Ck>vermnent— By the tnau ty °f P™ in 1814, the Su^ a-nds were declared a free republic H"i*'^ ths protection of ^Gr^t IJntain. JThey continued so uXt uigh- Commissioner, until 1864. when they .vere ow^ed to Gr^ and Great Britain. Greece Pi 'if li' ! 'f 02 SKETCH OF OKNKRAL GEOailAPFlY. BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE. I. TilK ISLANDS OF .MAI,T.V, OOZO, AND (nr.M[\(). r^UnJ^' IV°!*' *?T''^^'' *'''""'' "" '" ">« M'-'literr«noan bawccn the laland of Sicily /4i,(l the Oonliucnlof Africa. Arc. llBsq m. Pop. 148,000. ,.2- PhyBloaJ Features, Sia.~M.Kf.TK i- Mio iiriiipiiml i«liin(l It i» IKK lied. Iho rtirlliou IS rocky, and han Uttle depth of noil, ('(.itoii Uon«eeit'ml'm;hru,lf'"' ""'"• '■'."^ """'«'"'■ '""' ""^'« "™ i'lmnda I uaingtontnil iii the Moditornineiui, it \* a )?roiit ooiiimorcial depot. Vai.kt- - TAintheou- liital. It hiM lino dookn, and iit well f o r t i fl d. I'opiilntion ab't ;12,00<). On.zo.nino iiiiloH long tiy four and a half wide, in nioro fer- tile. ItAUi- ant'H Tower is . a chief "a'HUt'n'Ji''" vlfl;'"?"-'"?] i' VT »""'" i"'-""!! popnlation'ii^l flOO " 3. History .--Miiltft u bukI to bo the Jlcl'-i-ta on which 8t Pniil wL ..oi 'llT'''""'i ^ ?""',"•' '?»'.""' l'l">"ii''i»>'« »i»l hold hy tlio n it niwHed «u?^ Sin^i*^ under the dimmiion of the Carth^is^inian.s lUman" SimS and tt;[i^^l^:"an;; &bed t'o'E^lsT^"^ ^"'""-" ' *" '^»«' "^ A njv /*'• «I'"^ALTAIl, AND III. HELGOLAND. .„?■ Q'O™*" («.;'*'-''- r<"^>fr, i.e. Mountain of Tarik, the Moor or Sar- S?,ar''°H'r'^''\'l"^ '" ^"? K," '■'8'' '"'"^ ■*' "'« '<»"'• of And«Iu"«,7n f,' T; 1 f"''"!'h'".''7."' "* Mediterranean. Ita fortress, of 1,000 guns, is the most celebrated in the world. fJavPma and Kalleri-j for com- munication and defence, have been cut ,n the solid rock Pop. 18 Oo" lOWK 01 TALKITA, THB CAPITAL 0» MALTA. _ CrMiNO rku-meo-no] is a very small island; r.—Maltais said to bo the Mcl'- THE KINODOM OP NORWAY AND SWEDEN. (Norw^iH derived from ncn, "north." aud rigeotHke. a " klnirdnm "• and Sweden trom Svmt,. '• Kingdom of tlio Svlar." oj Huith^iod. "Burnt Count^;' Siie, more than a third larger tlian Lower Canada, or equal to a iiquare of Ml mile 1. Noted For.— Norway and Sweden, the ancient Scandi- navia, are noted for having been the' seat of the ancient Goths Who, in the early centuries of the Christian era, overran Europe ' 2. Extent.— Norway and Sweden extend from the Arctic Ucean to Denmark, and are about 1,190 miles in len-th; their breadth varying from 230 to 490 miles. (For Lapland, see p. C3 ) 4PrtSSjE?}ifi2:"^TH''",''^'!j*'«''.**°8'-«''-'X'.«oH».land,Oe-land. K S{?°?P»?^ay8.-Chn3tianlm Drontheim [dron'-tim],We»tK-ord' EOCK AMD TOWM u» UIBKALIAU, FkOM lUU KhUIKAl. UUUUMD. 8. The Towp, situated on the western declivity, is a sinule snaoious street, paved and li|{hted. (Jibniltar is a free port, aid the B centre of ?M™r'ir-7f'^«d^\*''^'^'''"''J? """I'"*' I' *■" founded bv'Ta'rik w^ ,? [• '•" '.Ini '^j!^- '" ^,'""" '" "'8 '""' century; and captured by the a:LVurof i'oroi^TttnjTiiS"^*''' f'""-^-''^' *« -- IV THE ISLE OF MAN, AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS T^:. ^^%, ?^ ^R '^ practiMlIy part of Great Britain itself. It lie w„7.!^l^*?l'*^'"' •""'^ ^'?'^°'^- ^t"" *'"' '•"•' *« the 13th .century it n„^f ^*H^ ^T'T"} "' ^."T^J • J"J -■■ 't was ceded to Alexander III, iTf^'^.i ' ^°i-T^ ^' ''f<*" the «, ^^ the longest day is eigllt^n hoS« tn^".,'^!?, * mT^®' "^"^y' oat«. and potatoes are the chief ngricul- with n Tit Nor Sr"?' T' "",'*,!'''"" "' *•>« ""tire peninsula aWd Mten8f™iv«l?„Tf!^^«'""'} '^•■'*"J ,'jo'"Tv.». '•P'Jl hutliardy breed, are extensively exported to Sweden and Great Britain. The Drinciml snnroos °^ir teete-Mg -!ite^;^^^g ^^^i^^Z iss^^fb'apfrit^gtre^w^^^e^^rsaTd^o^^^^^^^^ Islands P Give the derivation and size of Norway and SwS. 1. Fo? what are thm, nnfiS 1%^ m .•* ^!'i? •"' ".*" ' * "T>»t " "aid of tfie Channel ^. ; 9. colony; 10. exports. U. Point out the bou^ndariesof Nor^ay^°^lteteyh'^iL''f^rr^?/3''1S ^^U-'f. f^r^}'!^'^:^:^ the head of C'l.risS llyUthod.rflLt ,'??"• ""'.'•''V*'«'i "'Umtcl «t jtatiou. Near thon, is tliH '"ro '(" mTir«t^rn^^ "" V'""'' ""'""«- millstone. ■ Uah'mkui-kst, "a tuTiXml • ,'^'"1"'''''' l4«»l»niinK nurtherly town i„ Europe. " "' Quu'-lo-c,,, is iho uio»t '-■"EUer; iHJ'hofwhichnrtioi.^ reLKsM^^^^^^^^ ■"'"*' "''""» »»J ae. Inhabitants, OovernmentTn I „ ■ u !,•. ooniposcd of rci)r«.se.itativo.H froi.rfm r dSct ol^ii *' "^ ^ f'^'^'B"* '» tlie clergy, the citizeiw, and the iwimiifl I Mti,r~ ■ "^^ Y'"' "'<> nohility, 27. * he TravelUiig FSSur^ em,?, tnT'""' '? i'" *"^"« "^liK' n «.!. Iition of eanuLs. The ,,mi„ "arnoar S 'ckl"^^^^^ lontj The Uotha Canal connects LakLTvener and W ««"«"'»/ "«ce|. hajtta Canal overcomes the obstruit or« in ti?I ..^l »®"'""> "'"^ "'« Trol- Uke Wener. m«u„l,„ats I.l/on ho ^riLeinaflZ'^ ,'','" "^ "'^ """"t "f the river? ns are imvJK-ahic. A rulw. v ™nnp ^sSt^u L f ' ' »" fuch parts of , 28. Manufactures and lixports -a^m mJ?^t.'^^^ "'"' Oottonburg sive. The ..xports are chieMyliXr li^Un an d ?he '.rl'V™ """. ""' "^ton- LobBters are exported in lar«o numfcr^s™ V„Kknd '''^ '^''^■ SWEDEN-LAPLAND-RUSSIA. 28 CiH«*r" "T' "-^"— * C*"IAX o, .WBI,K,. Ki^^uSTn^IXct^it^Ttt^t^^ glands at the entrance of take Malar and^taThm!^^^ ^"'," <"> some small It 18 the chief commercial emp^rfZ'ofSw^fnKrn'r^^^ extensive copper-mines in itsvieinitv rfi,.' „ - •* ''^li '* ""'e'l 'or the ■8 the naval arsenal of Sweden m!?' «a ?^'^"°^*' ^"^ ">« """th "oast! m Denmark, is a strongl^fSed w^ SIh"^'^- "PP"''"* ^ CoiH-nhn«en Gotha. W "fv'i?^5?l?5.i^°.mB''BUBo, at the me H. 9?K8TiON8.-ia What is said of the n mouth nf the GAt~ for its university. '«nl> are not subccl to m,"N .„.'," T|!| "1',",""'/^' "'^' ''"'"'•'■ the Black Sea, TurkU ami Anl » ^'1'""" ^'•'^i o" "-e Austria, Prussia, the BaltcSevind Sweden rs?i """^ 7..""' ^«»' >•/ 4. Phvsloftl P-Aftfiir-. „' ""■ <'^'-'«°"«l"'fEiiropc,p.52.) Asia. The s'tep^s «r^d:;as," th"";::^;'! ™''«''^- ^J*''''"/'' fr"o"m centre .s generally fertile, p'rom the V«r,l.rir', ,''''!■ ''"'■'•'''• >"" "-e vided into four (treat basins whiM,. I 1"'. '.''"' ""^ country is di- the l'e,ch'.o.ra\„d the D^il^ t'^oTln'ri::' tf ^''; '"•^".'""'"K'iver, : No-v.. the l)u-na, and the N.e-^on, n"win^ h,tn ., "^^'^ ?""" ' "" pnlcslur[nees-terJ,tlieBuir, the Duiei, rfr,. "^ , "'" ""'"<= Sea; the Into the Black «,,d A-zov sL? L^ v ,'''"^' ^-"'^ '""^ ^o". «"^i"g und the Ural, Howing into the Caspian Sea fh'e ,7'" ",' ,"i^"'«ri4 s very gradual. The largest lake are U-do' 1 n ''^ °^ """"' """» f pay'-e-pooce]. Th6 Islands in the Bal tic ar" 'Ti^uTn'^''' ""^ ^^'l'""" [ee-sel J ; and in the Northern Ocean, No-va yi" >< ' PS'?°' '""^ ^"^el 8. 01lmat8.-In the n.,rthem nart „f „ ""^ ^''""■''"8'-«-- more than two seasons, suuin^r „, ? winf«i'%?,'"P.!'* *'"'™ ""-e scarcely soon folhnved by the rfost aXi^w ^f wb er^S'^L"'' ""'""'^^ '**"» 8 fchlBf ''^!i'i"V''"«,?,^ ""•! '""re varT<;d. ^" ""* °""^ temperate ash,- and ?ur"S° ht~bun,bnce""' FJ?'il''>™'^ «""'<". Pitch pot- uloiiB the Arctic 0,'ean. Corn "Afe and &"„"« ""'"^' »™ numeC products. Flax and hemp are grown iS tlm w/w,"" !""',^"8 "'e prinS ilie centre f nd the ,utB. Russia?, 11 f„^^''^- "'!'' wheat and fruits in bu the eoa|.„r,ms „r. very lii^'S* The w^st'side'iJ^A,, ^'?^ !» »S»nt. river.'?fT„^^,iforn.'*u'iM^ 'he seas, lakes, an.: tion. A railway, m n„l . lo^, c mcct^T' T^t"^' *'" "^ in^malnay-,. 8. Manufluit ces an> f Exports -tIia,,, "'f'?''""'K "id Sloscow. are leatlior, heu.p.u fabrics, ii- tul, a, somi-orientnl city, is iioKil fur ImviiiK been sot o.ii lire, in 1S12, by tlio llus- i"^ill!l\"i"L''T'-T'''"?"°f"'!;°i'"'"«»'''',^^^ llip KniiiliM ( 8BBA«T0P0L, »EOM TUB 8TAU.»0KT (ItOETB BIDE). ing tlio winter liead-nuarters of tlio Frcii. and lifts extuiisi< i triulu and niuuufiu lun » acollefitionofiml- . acesftnduhurdies, i« a famous nr<>iip of buildings. I'on 887^00. 17. On the roU »o. — Twi:ii, be- tween Moscow and St. Peters- burg, is a centr d pineo for trade Tlieannualfairof Nish'-ne-i or NlJMi [nizli'- ne] Nov-oo-bod' isattendodbyuiiil- titud(>8 of people from Europe and Asia. Ka-zan', a university-town, isa(iontralnla<,'eof ttoAa for SilH'ria and Tartary. Sab- A-TOV' is noted for it» trade. A»tba- khan' has exten- sive fisheries, aud manufactures of leather. Its prin- cipal trade is with unl l(>rtri'.«s"j, I'AKIB.SUOWI.VO (I) THE lUII.KKIFS. (2) TIIK LorVllE, (S) ^OTRE Anio. ,„ -Q^SSTIONS.— 14 IJesiTibe tho Ku.ssian towns in tlio Crimea ; 15. in Don b 1&-21. position, Ac. Give denv. and size of France. 1. For what U it noted? (■lltC.V.SSIA, eri!!!l.!!!."'f"flI^,'^'"*^'Ai;'""' •■','"■"'"' ""'' ^"•' """I'l" th* north. eori<,,.ertM llui coimir/. (Hce Uu«.ia in .\hia, p«iu si.) '*"""««''' I'OLAM). 19. POJltlon.--!'oi,ANi) llc< Iwlwecn Uu«,4i« ami I'riusia It was It ivij c m.,,K.rL..l, and ,lu idcd bawocn U„salii, Prussia, and Austria, ri»^.?l-^i'^\"'^'F'°'','i!i^''''',' ''"'""'""""•■> '''V''l''""ntry. The prim i,., I "a a ,'" I, "'.''■' "';; '■'.'"""" '^'.■"l:l■ '"" "»' "-il in very eW ' , t„r^,7.|Vr^T°"T*'~,^^'* !"""■."" II'" Vistula, was (be capital .,f lb,. I rm, r l^,|^,b kinplnm, but it is now a Russian pirrlsoi, ily ' A( /.,• ' ! ' I HK ,„ ur W ar»aw, a battle «as foimbl i„ \m\ belHein I mi.ci and Ilussia. ! THE EMPIRE OP niANCE. ! Kr .m y,- i„kn, " trm po.iDln." OiTmaii trih.'s who miic,iiim.il I'™,,,., m 9th oeulury.i " »■: «l.. .lit 1 lio samo tt, I,„«,„r (;«,m,|ft, „r ,.q,ii.l I,. » iqunrn i.r MS inllf.ii. 1. Noted For.— li'ii.VNOK Ih noted for the niilitary ehuriicter, I the •.'.iioty, and the imlitonoss ofttM ix^opl,. ; its cnnp.ict Hhapo; und ? Its extonnivo nmiiufucturo of HJIka and fancy nrtifli'.s. ' a. Bxtont— This oinpiro oxtni.la fVmn t. • English Channel Ui tlio Jluditerrarioan Soa, and from the wcsten. fniiitiers of Uir- niany^ Switzorland, uiid Italy, to t!io Atlantic Ocean. .«!a-V(iv' i and Nice [noocu], ceded by ,-iardinia, wore added in 18GU. ' 3. Physical Feature«.-It la mountainous in the south-eastern and .:""," ',"!''";'"' "'"^ ;i"''"l'n'"« '" ""-■ "'"'^ «'"' 'I'" ""rll-west iC ,.i il 1. f >',-"t'"''"' •\'""""'''"* separate l-'rance from Spain ; the Al|..s nes t1,i '."!' ' ". ^,'. ""** ";" •'';•'" '■™'" ««i"«'l'»»'l- West of the Ju u lies the Plain ol liiii({undy, from which the Vosgos [vozhj ran.-,'i. extends north-east, and the CiSvcnnea [say-vcn'] south-wist. To the ni.r'h-wist of the .Middle Oijvcnnes lies the Central Plain, Willi the Forcz [lo-ray'l and Aiivorftno [o-vtrn'] .Mountains. Tho surface is iliviikd into four river-basins. (I) The first or m.illi-east basin is drained by the ItAine, Moselle [mo-zel'], Mouse [miizo], and Scheldt [skelt], and their tributaries. (2) The north- west or Channel basin is drained by the Somme and the Seine [sehnj, with their tributaries. (3) The south-west or Atlantic basin is drained by the Liire [Iwahr], tho Ohnrento [sha-renf], the Oa-ronV, and the Adour tue oeape-vine. l^n'ulii^^ ed'bytl^'Rt::"' ^"^ ""^ '°""'-'"'" °' M^""-'— 4. Climate ti Products.— France is a land of corn, wine, and oil. Wheat, lliix, sugar-beet, ami other hardy plants Sourish at the north; the more tender grape-vine, in central France; and the oil-olive, mull)erry, A vari- ous troiii(.al plants at the south. Hees aniisilk-wcrmsare extensively rejired in the south. The chief uiinerils are irin, coal, ani salt, 8. The Inhab- itants are a mixed race of Celts, Goths, and Franks, in which the Celtio prepon- disrates. Near I he Rhine, the people are chiefly of Gcr- DAHECATHFlmAl,(4)BBA.7I.ABTt PAIACB. (S) THE PANTnEOIf . S ?i"t't a n y ' " d^ o 111- "< M'"' ^y 1/-. f'l tho Vohja. 18, Describe Circa«sia. Give deriv of Polind 2. A\ halts said of its extent? 8. phys. feat, f 4 climate, AoP 6. inhabitant? ,i^ THE OBirii-VIRK. at oc Mediterranean _4. Climate tc Products.— Prance in a lunil of corn, wine, mid oil. Wlieat, (liii, sumr-beet, and ■ otlier hardy plants flonrish at tlie nortli; the mure tender Kratw-viiic, in central Prance; and the oiI-(jlive, mulberry, 4. vnri- mis trojucal plimtn ut tliosoiitli. Uces iiiid.silk-wcrniaaro extensively renreJ ill thoscmtli. Tlic cliief mincnils ure iMn, coal, anl suit. 8. The Inhab- itants are a mixed race of Celts, Goths, and Franks, in which tlio Celtic prepon- dcnitos. Near the Rhine, the people are chiefly of Ger- iiianio slock, ir. Brittany de- Jive deriv. of Poliind. Sto.i' 6. inhabitants? k, oooiiple* Ih* north- I I, aflrra limit itruffirli' He8l.) "" ' ' unl Priniiia. It wna »o of Iho Inst century, imsln, and Austria, •iiiintry. The priniiiud soil in very ffrlile, iinil iiiintitiHsari-cxporlpil wn.i the capital i'( thi' rnwiri ily. A( I'll.'. L'l'ii I'ruuce and Uusxlii, CB. il I'ruiK. iiiDthoeutury.l »iluiirMi,f4.iMiii||,.,, inilitiiry chiiriictiT, i-oinp.iotHhapo; und ticl('.>i. '■ KiiKliHli Clmniii'l i; I'nnitiers of Ucr- 5 Ocean. S.\-vov' ded in 1800, ho south-eastern and the north-west. The roni Spain; the Alps d. West of the Juru E'«ttTro^TJ;;;^i}l^«:ilr,™«'-'«"t- 'J^'- inhabltantsoftho and her national debt to »1,220 000 0(X) ruvonuo lo »JoO,000,U00 ; 2,'S:«*?7'."'n ""' .tt'"n2. "..noted for its oatbodml. M,,r" ritl:°± ■rvli'i;.nL^"'i"?f ""' ^OoOi'p, lifu, .;lolh-niai.ufaot,ure,s. ValencVbnnm Kichard CoBur do Lion was bnnefl, has an extensive cotlon-tiude pii?. Sthmlml wh»™fbiw"™^, t^^ oloth-mannfa^-turos and a flne Gothic 120» /i? X^?*^""',' ""S*^ "" 7?;!!''^ ""iJ consecrated. " la. On the Atlantic Comt. -XinmT, L'Obibnt [lo-r e-on'-rBocBliyrmT ,4o.P cout ( 66 [rogh-fort], and Eochbllk [ro- ibeU j, are naval stationg and dock- yards. On the Loire, NAMTeS, jntn extensive ship-building and foreign trade, celebrated for an edict in favour of the Protes- tants, issued by Henri IV in 1698, and revoked by louis XIV in 1086; Ob'-lb-aK8, noted for its oloth-manufiictures, and for its siege, in 1428, by the English, which was raised by Joan of Arc ; St. Etibnnb [et-yen'], with coal- nunes, a manufacturing centre.- JVeor <*« PMnn'e, PoiTiBBS [pwil- to-ay'], whera in 1866, the Black iTinoe took King John of France prisoner ; and LiuooES [le-mozh'], with manufactures of iron and porcelain. On the Garonne, BOB- DBAUX nbor-do'], the second sea- port of France, held by England for 800 yws, is not«d for its export of wine; I'oulousb [too-looz'j has alargetransit-trade. OntheAdour, Ba-tohn>, where the bayonet was SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY, invented; and Pau [po],the birth- \¥^2. JS. l^' o' *"» oBlebrated Henri IV of France, and, in 1766, of Ber-na-dottV, afterwards King of Sweden. IjB. Oh the MedUetraneam Coatt. --TpnLON [too-lon«'] is the naval station for the French Mediterra- nean-fleet; and Mabseilles [mar- syle], the greatest seaport in France. WeH of the Mouth of the Shone are Montpbliieb [mon- Pel'-yay]; and Nimes [neem], with many Bo) 'n remains. On the Shone. Abi«, with great com- meroe; Ationon [»-veen-yon«']. for seventy years the residence of the Popes; Ltoms, a populous oity, with extensive maniuatstures, —the birth-place of Maishal Vil- IfTB, Jus-sleu [yoo-] the botuUsLand JaoquL d the inventdt' of the toom which bean his name. DijoKrde- ^g^^ggagggg^ ahon''] IS the centre of the Bnr- i'*—'*rA W f w T -m •B^ ii.i to :] fundy wine-trade; BE8AN90N[beh-Ban-son«'],on the Doubs[doobz], noted for Its clocks and watches; Gbbn-o'bw, o» the leire [e-sayV], coniains a statue of theChe;val-icr [-yay'] Bayard'. The province of Nice has a fine clunato for invahds. In Savoy are Chambebt [shamtWUree'l, the capi- '*'v?'^J^*'^^' [shiUinoo-nee'], near Mont Blino. Cobsica, an isUnd m the Mediterranean, chief town Ajaccio [H-yat'-tsho], belongs lo France. l*.^ Ooumiei.— ALeiRiA, in the north of Africa (page 95) ; Sbw- i-OAL and other settlements on the west; Bodebom [boor-bonn and other Ulands on the east coast of Africa (page 97). PoynioagBRT and UiUH-Dn-nA-aoBi', on the east coast of Hindostan' ; MAHi fmi-hay'l and other stations on the west coast (page 86). Maetikiqiji, Qoadi- lODPi, and other islands in the West Indies (page 47) ; Pbbnoh OniMA, in the north of South America (page 60) ; St. Pibebb and Miqcilok Bshing-steUoni off Newfoundland (page 17). In Oceania, the Mabqubsab [mar-kaj^-saa] Islakds, settlements In Nbw Cahdonia and adjacent isles, and the protectorate of Tahiti [t&-hee'.te], and other islands (page 93). The united area of these French colonies is nearly 266,000 squarcmiles, containing 31 millions of people. TBLB EIKODOM OP SPAIN. 'Sf*^'?*" <^*1"}' f*™™ tl'e PhoenlcUn taphan, a " rabbit "j also RMa (Gtreekl tnm the name of a powerful tribe, IbM, or th;t of the ri-ei /Wri«. bow EtoS.)'' Sin, about the same aa Upper Canada, or equal to a square of 4ia miles. • 1. Koted IV>r.— Spain is noted for her former commercial greatness, and extensive eflForte at colonisation. She is now chiefly noted for her wine, raw silk, and merino-wool. a. Position, fta — This kingdom occupies the westerly part of the great southern peninsula of Europe. It contains 49 provinces, hi ?-.'J}y»i"l features.— The interior is diversified, and consists of high table-lands, separated by mountain-ranges and drained by sevi il rivers. The principal ranges are the Pyrenees at the north, the moun- tains of Castile [cas-Uel'], and the Si. rras (or saw-shaped langes) To- le'-do, Mo-re'-na, and Ne-va'-da, in the interior. t J »- 4. Rivers.— The prineipal are the Dau-ro. Ta-nio. and flssdia'"- 2,TiIlf IS"'"^J'.?°5'V»*^ into the Atlantic; the G«a-dal-quiv'-ir, flowing southward ; and the E-bro, flowing into the Mediterranean; TmfeS?1w„ f ""Ir* ,"°¥ are Or'-te-gal, Fin-is-terr-e ("land's end") ; IWa^gar, fempus for Nelson's victory in 1805: Tarifa [t*-ree'-nn fSom which we derive our word "tarilf"), the souttemmMt part of I^uZ? <^t^alo8 [pah'-loce]. Nun [noon J, and Crease. "^ ' 2' 2^? Bays we those of Co-run-na, Ca-diz, and Valencia. drv' h. thTifn.S^'i'^r'"",? ^!' '? Kene-^y fertile, and the oUmate ?i^'i,ii ® north, where the climate is temperate, the apple flourUhM the hills are covered with oak and chestr ut, anSthe ^leVyleld rio hh«i rh^^^f*ra,L~".V*''^^'8'l '*«»"« "fi^e J^ntre are destVteof t^ In ntnf fnr 'th«*^v* "''i"*'* f 'IS™' ^^^ ^«' t^e oUve, the vine, theowtu" tef-.L*i? «S«tineal-in8ect, the orange, and the sugar-oaie flourish Fruits are abundant; al") coal, lead, iron, aid quicksilver. """""n. B. InIiat>it«ntB,&<.. -The Spaniards are a mixture ofthe Celtic Oof b.n i^r?Ct^6 6oo's«n?w J"}.' hf^°^ "^""J eXWs C& 110. is ^Dout 16,600,000, of which about 60,000 are Gypsies AnionltunL thl cultivation of the grape, and the rearing of merinSsK fomthelSiiSI ""ft 'ii.'S' 2£,* ^^'^^"' "S? bull-flghto afoHl the chTef ^FyHnuJeS* th?-nW*™^*''*J4n«PaoiUties are not numerou^ and mSeTftJS ti fcnlJS^Sf "V"**^?* t'?°»Port. There were four nulwayfi™ K annualva^ue $48,600,000 ; revenue 1120.000,000 ; natio^SI'ebtlsoSwO,^: !>. , ':.?«>v™oo8.-Previous to 1888. Spain contained sixteen M«viu«« tt'(5ln1ry°°ll1:S^1C'»4':Ci'?' '""'"•>'"« '""> Bl».i?2S."S?.i BBsports ; FEKaoL, a naval arsenal ; and CoBUKif A (noted fotltJ Wrinf ..-v,,,. ,.^„ ^.^t,,,^,., ^, inc kmgaoi,-.. SE-uo'-vi-A has an aquedurtbSTt by the|ear,7d'tiItfX"^°" %Tw°h^^^s°^ Mp'S^^rtU'^'^t^^nr^^v " ^'^"-^-^^r "^'"thrZI'lT^^^ 4 Trace ito rivers. 6. Point out ita oanw- aid 6 l«w. 7 n«^"r,^7L Jiii P„^^ ™fP l^ ^iij?° " ^ boundaries. 8. Describe ito^Ew^ fc«tiiiiL 10. maaufs^tures. expo.U. ^P n. Po'S^t'o»p^^4^."p^i^Munaron^hYSg^g^^ i,-iKmm0-imm. PORTUGAL— SWITZERLANl). the Soman emperor Trajan. 8ai-a-man'- CA haa a university. ClCDAD EODBIOO [the-oo'-dad - rod-ree'- goj ia a fortified town. 14. In t\t Tagvt Bonn. — To-IB'-Do, another former capi- tal, ia famous for its sword - manu&cturea. Ma-dbid'(p.476^), the present capital, la situated neartheMan- M-na-res, a tributary of the l^us. It 18 nearly 8 miles in cir- cuit, and surrounded by walls. The palace of the Es-cu-ri-al ™i _»»ii ^ia^.cTa^d*"vrKX^lih^-^^^ SSrrfA.r.*«\«' manufi«,turing town, n^Xli^Tfe' an«"ti^th^ fciT^lwS^^/-^ ^floh^t^l for it. resist- heroineiV3^,^"nKiW„i„7.^^^^^^ wh1?hi?U'^&,l<^1?^;L°th'^^^^^^^^ ^^^-0, from |»"bXiL?''^;i^o^^^^^ North-west of LFa^„ ,„.. S7 ViMi7H\*°rv^"*'^''^r'PL«r™he. «"d DoiiHioA, in the w' THE KnraDOH op pobtxjoai.. 1. noted For.— PoETUOAL was formerly noted for har nnn. A fouaon.— This kingdom u bounded on two niilna Kw «»«.,•„ and on two by the Atlant^ Ocean. (See m^p of sS iLSr' tugal, on the opposite page.) ^ ^ ^°'" ggg aoncaiqaa [m<,u-,a«:ki]. The cape, are H^Ioirand'st! the ti broBuin. „. „,„„„.«u l.For whati.it noted? CUT OP OPOBTO, «UB IHB MpUTH OP THE DOUBO 8.VBB. 1. Noted iivvr^ o"-*^''^ .'''*»"»'*<'»«»•»" of iMmilefc ri^ to^'S;;;; aS^' 8S« . r t *'l^ ->«»>?• it« bo«nXi. and Wui^.X".?aTd%X S'tat :/&ar"" '''^'"'^' UU., val^r^te!~!r!re'ama"Tr'"'"-. ''^"'^ "-"'"«• "-«>»"- nery is higl?y ^ct^^,'^ 'je."''Cm%L:'\';n?re^?|,';i'^ o^"* ^ the LspoNTmB and Pikninb AlpT «t»*„S '.^ ". ^T" <*»*-«AW>t ^^'^^^^IM^S^S^t^^^^ Its porition on the man x lwX,f?l _..'_?*• ."C-*?™"*' Give the d«»i»^„™-.S^I?!!"_!.*S> "» 2^:Sa^S«,i^^«^^^^^«^^^§i ?*u.u»is;;;-iS!l?i»ai^j-N™.E«^~^ J e. Sou and CU- jaato.— In the valleys wie 89U is excellent. The cbmato varies with the elevation : it is cold on the mountains, temperate on the plains, and hot in the valloys. 7. Products, &o.— Flax and hemp are extensively grown in Switzerland, but it is boat adapted for pastu- rage. Fruit, grain, ana the vino_grow in the valloys. The ibex (or roqk-Koat) imd the chamois are numerous. Of domestic animals, the Alpine-spaniel (or St. Bernard dog) is much celebrated. Min- eral-springs aro numer- ous. 8. Natural Curi- orities.-The Falls of Sohaffhausen rshafl'- how'-zon],intheEiiino, and the Cataract of Staubbach, near Borne, are celebrated. ftdvUDivlBlons. —There aro 22 cantons, 8_of which are cauUdi- 10. Celtic origin. ThS;T"i^*r?' '"»l''"K.2S sopnrato republics, united for general purposes '*T^&ntr&t%tts!!bita";.r''^''^^^^^^^^^ ;ifi nriirin TI.^.. :- .1.. .j_ • _ __ 1 ^rT,'„7 ™" • ".""* '.'""'"•^'",'^» arp chiefly of Teutonic and J :?l nro indu.s_tnous jind i)atnotio. According to their . V" 1' t"^J "1" iiiuu.Mrious inu pamoiic. Accorriim fanS^"te» *n'fT. "•'''"' '^?- ^A tf Ger^Tor tfee-MTan ^Su^Cftflnff. w f ''^.•'"' I'opuhition are Protestant, and the remainder 1?^ '"tSii"- ^.'lucation is generally diffused. JL^ IJle Travelling PaoilitieB are good. Roads have been made sKboT-pfj-rn tif^s^pMr ^^-^ ■-» "^-'™°*^ ^" ^^^ Zn,S H?" "'"^ S?***'' silk-stuffs, and riljhons, are the principi exports in^JnS^^i'Sa!?'^"''^ • national debt $,■! 000,000. """"P'" ^^Pona. famnV^ nf J?fw ~^/^ ^or.-HAPsiiuEo, near its mouth, once the +?i?T?: * . ■* S*"^ °f Austria. Bbbnk (p. 84000), the capital whore m.n,«^^,f "'i^tl? *■>« ^* "t " "niversitv. l4*^arS«lcs'and foS SiTs a™ numerous Nbcciiatel; Iucebne; Sem'-pach: Buno-LEN the birth fc^y^^t'^r ?.^' »nd A,T.oBF, where ho sh?t'tho nppfe ^If hK's li' 7- ;?'''2i?* "i" *^?°* ^l" boii-'tiful lake, noted for its schools, rihw ™o^f .'"* JSa^^-BASLB bahl] is noteL«ALiEN, has'manufocli^ Tiv«nfli7^-^f^;?'"'"~P^''^7*' °" ^^^ JilJone, at the foot of the iXh L^r"^"^ IS the most populous city in Switzerland. It is noted for r*,i^« n?'"*n l^'' *''eol')g ans Calvin and Ueza resided here. At LArl wi?™ '^'°-/M LEdward Gibbon, the English historian, wrote his celebrated history of the "Dechne and Fall of the Koman Empire." '-"e"™i«a THE ITALIAIT PEiniTSUIiA. (Prom le-a-liu. a chief of tho OB-no-tri j fAllod Hetperia, " Western," by the Greeks.) Size, nearly five times ih-.t 1 f Nova Scotia, or equal to a sqiiaro of 305 mllos. 1. Noted For.— Italy is noted for its ancient greatness; its paintings and statuary ; and for its long being the residence of tho i'ope, or Head of the R.-CathoHo Church throughout the World. a. Boundaries — Italy (a boot-shaped peninsula) is bounded on the north by France, Austria, and Switzerland ; east by tho Adriatic Sea; and south and west by tho Mediterranean Sea. tJ^'?^^'^'^ Features.— The mountains of Italy are the Alps and !^!,k''*S-u'°?- '^'.'^ Bnow-capped Alps form a gigantic curve at tho „/* vTa ■^I'^nn't'es. a chain running from north to south, form the ^K Ju- 1 "^ ^^f peninsula, and naturally divide It into two parts. Ihe third natural division is the plain lying south of the Alps Pott'pe!.i^r??nd<o-^"-^ ''''" "' ^"""""^ Spartivento. Ta^ta's^f^'i*?'^ "S Tri-estV Venice [ven-is], Manfrodonia, awiKi"^'J°''.S"*"'> Salomo. Nkplos, Ga-e'-to, and Gen'-o-a. T "'« Strait of Messi'na. On the east side of th^ island 18 Mount Etna, a celebrated volcano, 10,874 feet high The upper part is covered with scoria, and snow the middle, with forests of pme, oak, &c. ; and the lower or lava region, ;ith towns aid vineyards T(^^;=*?¥®*^F*!l®'vr^*'-''''?"'' *lie "ajltal of the island, has a universitv TAN.^ 1'".;^' *'"' ^ormans in 1072. iJiessina is a com.n"c"d dty cY: Pnri nth L^='"™T""'^'*'"'*^- «YBACi-8K [sir-.H-kuze], founded fcv the Mae sa! T*'i» nnt'^i'f^^""'^ '^"""rJJ"- , «'«-o«n'-ti hak a sulphur-?rwle JUAE-SA-iA IS noted for Its wines. Tba'-pa-ki i« a seaport. Jtr'^^n'T- }^?^A "7*!: "' ^'""y- »" ^"l'""''«- The volcano ♦ L mT, ' '" ,*''%'»'«°d of that name, is called "the llght-hou.e of the Mediterranean." T.m.m ni.««i!_. 1 .' .... » b. "-""u"' "« 7. Rivers and Lakes.— The rivers of ho northern plain are ho Ad'-i-Bo und the Po, vith the lakes Maggi- ire [mad-jo'-re], lu-i ;a-no, Co-mo, I-so'-o, nd Garda; and those f the west slope of ho Apennines aro the Irno, the Ti-ber, and ho Voltumo, with the ike Perugia. 8. Climate.— The Ipar sky and nalubri- ' us climate of Italy ro justly celebrated: le exceptions are at le north, where it is lid, and changes are idden. A malaria revails at the north- est const, and a si- )cco-wind from Africa I the south. 9. Soil and Prod- ots. — The fertile II produces a great iriety of flruits, as Bll as wheat, rice, itton, olives, grapes, ]. In the south, the gar-oane, the orange, fig, and the mul- •ble abound. Sponges ir in the interior, made up of Greeks, nol inhabitants. md in Tuscany, the m Italy. Mules are asses; but theprin- great staple; also The chief exports oral, and perfUmery. (Beepige^O.) luareoflUnUlea. [SLANDS, SAEDI- ind west of Itply. a Sea. It it sepa- I east side of the 1 feet high. The ddle, with forests rng and vineyards. 1, has a university, amercinl city. Ca- I, founded by the « a sulphur-trade. !)rt. aic. The volcano the light-house of i>f pusiicc-stono. . inhabitants, Ac. P bone Basin. Give 's ; 6. natural ouri- ures and exports? ri Islands P ITALY. ZcnUBCn op SAKIO OIOVAHMt (81. JOHH),.TUKlB. Napoleon defeated the Austrians in 1800. On tie (■pa.st IS the seaport of Cen'-o-a, birth-pliicc of Columbus,and rornierl.vthocnpitiUofii leiiulili.' Us Bilks and velvets are celebrated. Alii, an iii t Lc 1 lain of Lonibard^', is a place of ^real tni'do. its cathe *"" ^"'t^'"" Provincl'of vr-ioK or V«-iii-tia [-.hil], at the north-east, and (3) the Pontifical States. THE KINODOM O^ ITALY. 8l.e, about twice that of Newfoundland, c- equal to a square of 3*) mUes JiL\ ^"°°' *«— This kingdom includes the Islands of Sar- dinia and SwiLT, and the whole of tho Italian Peninsula except Ven,tia and ti.e Pontifioai, Terbitobt T^^T^. ment is a free constitutional monarchy. Tho town in the I'rinci- pality of MoN'-A-oo^near Nice, is under the oroteotion nf T?X • ""l^^Tr^^l '^^ Ijiucipality was purchased by France in YseV. TBM P1TT1-PALA0» MPBKPII AT BLOBBSM, THB CAPITAL Or MALT. SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. poets. Its galleries of painting and sculpt- ure are still fa- , nious in Enroim. It was the birth-place of J)an-te the poet ; Cimabuo [chem-H- W-Ill the founder I of modern painting; ind Amcnous Ve§- imcms, after whom .uiieriea was named. I'ls.i ■ pee-za ,birth- place of Ga-lil'-e-o, ! IS noted for its lean- ing-tower; Leo- aous is an impor- tant seaport; Abkz- «J I&-rct'-soj was •he birth-place of Pe-trurch the poet, I iind near it of Mi- "haol An-se-lo the painter, and archi- tect of St. Peter's. 29. year theAiIri it/ie Coast are Bo- lo.v'-NA, a large city, with a celebrated university, founded in ni9;PERBA'RA, with numerous fine buildings; Lo-bet- To, famous for ' u shnne; An-co-,el>ope; KLoVarnt^^'^^i^^^^^^ 4^ apartments and a celebratid librn^ and m^um"*ThZ ""•' ' **""? fc!'^.re1eJtX^^?nt^\,t"^^^^^^^^^ THE EMPIRE OP AUSTMA. P„t^n*-~^f' *" ^r'*' *•*'' ^ *-^^ '"^«t empire in Europe. OnginaUy a small archduchy, it now inoludef, twen v provinces ; but its only seaports are at the head of the AdriaSsoZ friL.^^y""*^-^***"*"— "« P'''»<""Pa» river is the Dan-ubo and its a!Z T,l ''''"'i T "-''•'"""* ^y "-• K'^"' mountain-ranX of the fc^if Sh! ; ^^.- --!- isrdHS r'^o|fr s^o'^thTrfsidl ^hTS^tnt te ^drfattcta^S gary and Bohemia are both noarly enolosed by monnto Si, aid form IfZ^n P'f"" »' P'"''*"- Tr'aasylvania aJd °he pro^Ce, /or™ of the AdriaUo are, however, very mountainous. (See iext pa»e ) ^nulcs of railway;, conneotinp.the c^liital with Ihe ciZTr'^i^tJ!*^' ^^^^^^^aSSalv^^g^s ATICAir, BOIIII. a Ma„.^«,.„,es. Exports. &o.-The manufactures an, silk, „oo. and cotton, BoliPiiiian Rlass, flax, and piiper; out agncultiinU pur- suits and mininK aro the chief occupations. ihe annual value of oxi)ort8i»»120,000,000: revenue* »160,000,000: debt $1,200,000,000. _ 9..The Oennan nonnces include (1) BODKUIA, (2) Moravia, and (3) S I L 1 8 1 A, in the north; (4, 6) the Archduchies of tjp- p«B and LowBR Aca- TRiA, in the middle ; and (6) Tyrol, (7) Sttb-i-a, and (8) It- lYR-i-A, in the south. Bohemia is a fertile plain, enclosed by mouatains. It Is much celebrated for its glass-works, as well as for various branches of mining' Industry. Tyrol is picturesque and mountainons. lUvr- ia is also moantsln- ons, and stormy. iS^'Ca'e^j^al'oVXl'Sl'i^tW''^''"'^ '•""""-J - Italy. Gbatz, 18 the chiei seaport of Austria. "•'"a, aim i bi-bst e, on the Adriatic, o.^;'%■^2rr.?rt^i;;^%aa^^^^^ ^^ r- , tt^in«di\r^.,f--.,etr,fe i^pjo^^H^i';^?'^'? borders of Turkev Hm,»„, i ^ i ^'.''''^T Frontier aloni the ' enclosed by miins^"aTia "ot'edtr" it's w'i;f ff *' "'^ ', ' ^"^ mines, and also for it^ horses, ho^,\S^' bLrcaUleT™^^ "",'■ ' ik^cCS:^,^ I'r^P'' " its chie/^tateua.-"" KJr„S^fdett'lTn'^^frthe H iL^r^'""' "'? '"«'«'■"'-« '"''P t-l: Bu-BA an(f PESTiT,divMedXtlfen>er forTrr"-."'^;/^ *''« Aust^ans tal of Hunrary I^ErsAT? Tw .^^n'- "' °"?,"'^>'' *^ commercial capi- with celebrated wines, and s/eo-f-din Ann?hi &* Ct'««]-To-KA^. ZIN, ni miles east of Pesth KlAUSBiSnRn a "^ "ty " De-bbbc'I 18 the capital of Slavonia and Cro«tU^^ I^IMm^^^'l^'^T"^, . '^-<'»^»l Za-ba, the capital; 8pa-la'-tbo, mortly b.iiH Zt nf f/^'**^^ *''''"^^ Eoman emperor I)i-o-ele-tian'« r rw". T ™i "*. "JL "'» ""'ns of the the capital of a rcpuWk "^ ^"' '^ ^'^'^^' ""<• Ba-oo'-8a, former™ ,3 J?A??"^..?»™'«?« include the kingdom of n.M... t.-- o7Buo;Z;,-KVuk^uTom''Turt:;'inm"7 'Vttle' °? ^'""'"'''^ chief product. '(For Po.ano, s^e^aS el? *""'" -•* «~"' «" »»"• ^^^^^^^^^^p^^i^ if jSitH -'^'"^»'"'^^^^»^ia^ES^ WH«».»roatthe^„dth. . mo«nWn-«ng««, ind show thr^"u;U of the riv^^-^KEIZCSo th^lSliry/ oonneot t I noted for its catliAHmi i„ ™i.:.i. ■■.. « ,. . 1 : \ the tor ^' UK-ko, IS. attbi- ^,}m^o?^^r^X^^y^^^ city Vkn.icb, tho capital, noctod by 880 bridge,. TS~*f,«-f, i^lu^*£?^ r/r^t^ .^ ir^^m Poii^b batt,ei,^=^ U.J'^:^?;?^ Tolt OEAITD OABAl Alio DOOB-8 PAllOl, VBiriCB tary .tafon; Tm-ti-so and U^^,VK°r^^nWl'tu",?SUL°°**^ "^"■ OBBMAHT. OH CBNTHAL BUHOPB BaTa;ia,.ndWurteii;r^,TSd?weny!sevror,5»^'°°?^ electorate, one Undgravikte/iurf^i^T •""'*'' '«'^°"o''»: ««« their own laws, but united in oienfetnrrf^l?. ."***'' Bo^erned by the integrity and independence oreach8tete^Tit*r'° " *? "«"" i« President of the Diet. The united «« J fuP"-?^™' of Austria 24*,643 square miles. Population in ,859 ah«!^'\„°r'^'^""'°" '" State U described separately, m follows : 80,000,000. Bach THE KmODOM OS- HANOVUH. Hart. Mountains, at the s'St^'aTe a rce'^^JraUh t^trl"^"' !," *'" THB KIWODOM OP SAXONY 8. Position.— This comuaot little kinaHnm ij.« ^jTTJT* ana iioriii of Austria and Bavaria. "^ "' "^ 73 the YitS^the sh^T wwW,-nUnhe'^U''s^ P«.ture-lands abound. On dutnct. L„p^.a [,w-l^i rsi;air„ii2rt.Ta^'r„'re^r«^ THB KINOOOM OP BAVAKLA. 'iS^^r^n-^^^f.^es'^-e^te^^^^ MB EOTAI, PALACB. MCaiCH. ixTussia, is i£io"for°t?Su«^''o?™wi^r'^°''^iP-^^'*»)'t''« ""Pitel-onthol-ser sity. BxoeptinK Se site nftei^"^*"""* sculpture, iU library and univer- any dty iXro*,^'' A?<^'B?Hl"oitt'ri''},T, 'IT'S '^"'■''^^ than that "f estant Confession of fStowMn^nted1?tLl°''J' ^'•e''"' '« 1530, the Prot- Spe-teb, or SpiBEd nn tho TjSi„r u' *°'',""1 notod for clocks and toia • given. inUao.^UVh'-o^^ro^rtedS.^rdL^^^^^^^ THE KOTODOM OP WmttTEMBEHO (N«aed from a leading Count of that title in the nth centuly.) no^ f^f^tf b?o"!r,i5f.Tts'1.1£Se^Ud'Si^'''^^^ °«" *»'« Neokar, n.-vviK8tion on th« n.~£.. rrE*t?J!?l *°'?-"* • jpltR'^^t* *''* .''***. "^ QuBgTioir8.-16. Point out and daKnh. v.„.fi ^ : n.-vvigation on the Danuhi ; of Bavaria. 12. For what is it noted t temberg. 17. For what is it notedP n^Kationon^heianu&rT^.7«Vo1.t^^^^^ I. oiUes. Give the derival . ".Des^beiSSSTtliS'MPSh^^Jii ^/f>^y^'«^f^^Tio:v^uoi:.7i "StiST THE KINQSOK OP PBTJSSIA. (From i>r«c«i. name of a Gothic tribe settled between the Vistula and the NlemoA.) BUe, about half that of Lower Caiuida, or equal to a square of 329 miles. 1. Noted Potv-Pbtosia [prush-yS] is noted for its rapid ^ ^""* ' *^ ^ ""^ °^*^^ '^"^'"g P°^«« of Europe. a. POBition, &0.— This kingdom is divided into East and West ^TOBia (whiob lie about forty miles apart) by the kingdom of Hanover, and the Electorates of Hes«e-Cassel and Darm'stadt. vif S'!?. ^^°"-"S^*" ^o"""* '' ^''''^"^ '-Xo six provinces; roMBAinA. WasT Prussia is divided into two provinces : viz., Wiai- MAUA and Era-NisH PacssiA. ' ib^n^l'T"'^ Featureil-From the interior, tlie surface inclines to the north, as shown by the direction of the rivers. Along the Baltic infl "a^L" K«°«™ '/,«"»• Eastern Prussia is covered with forests and dotted over with lakes. In the mountainous part of the south K S<1!Z." picturesque. Rhenish Prussia lies in the Rhine valley. are'tSr^,i^ ♦h.'nf "T^'jl;!''*' flowthrouKh Prussia to the nbrth ^but^I TK'»nl?!^"i the Elbe, and the Efiine, with somo of their mouMneB. Ine Oder is almost entirely in Prussia. n«5.u^.?"^ Cniniato.-Alone tho rivers the soU is fertile; in other feh?n«lSifS"'^ri?°'','""i ^ promotive. The wine-district is in the rich SrfnJ^'/'f *. ^ oUmate near tho Baltic U chanBeable and forey, but in the i^or of the country it ig-warm and agreeable. /. ±Trodupt8.~The chief products are grain, hemn flax honn t«. te/Ku'i^irn^ "^^n Sheen hogs, anTb^ arex«e^°?S«^ iiS »« l!,,S^^°^£" "■* ''1°^' "'*•"« «"'*>«• Mines of copper, iron, and B^ a!l,n»i?-'£i?** moMtainous parts of Eastern Prussil*^ ' ' — J' - ABiuiDitantB are chieflv f}Brni"ns' ^"* '" "»-*- -<• x"— i.,^ 1 ITUi^ii Vuoji are uf o lavonio origin.' Jews are numerous fn The oitiesand ^7"",. Most of the inhabitants are engage^^BrioulSiBTurmiitr EducaUon is generally diUbsed, and there aSTiniTOjStiM in thj fiSgd^m ^JfilE^J^^^ ^»?lUtieB.-There were, in 18S8, 2,814 mUei of railway, conneoting Berhn, the oapitd, with the princi^ oTtiea ot ConUnS Europe There are a few canals, but tho rivers aSord commerotal Sties. mini;»^S?.H^fpS!' ^^K"^' '^J-^^ '"""ns manuhoturee in tho KSI tbi nW./S^^"*' PruMia.and SUeaia m Unen and woollen goods. Among the chief exports are grain, w ne, timber, wool, and linen tho Kiwfwo.m'''''''' " »»»"t»»»-<^.<»»i «v«nue>r«?flbo%ransJ ^h ?¥^'Si,*='^"T°ll^*?''-S?'-*»«» [ne«-].-MBM.Bi, with an extensivo gram and timber trade ;Vd Timit, wheii in 18077 Uieintwview took place, and a treaty wa. formed, between Nagleon limd SexS I. THi taa't PAiAoa. muir, ^r ■ . ^p, m.iaau rAS ,AOm, BntUir. DU CHIES-PRINCIPALITIES-ELEOTORATR-FREE C ITIES-DENMARK. BUtLE [hal -lolij the birth-pluco of Handel tjio muaioil comnosor rtho 1* f^nir' , *"'/.'" 'J?'"' K"iUKT, whore Luther wa« onco a monk of tha^n^ "^^""u' ""^ '** *';'/','•«'<• -Bbandknbubo, »o»t of the foundoM ?„ iSite'"?.! ^oi'Sfi^Hi S'"' "'« oountry.paJaoe of the king Ukblin nifyU.nrii^Tt^-" '»'«,'J''o extensive manufaotureN. This hamWmo »treet u divided into five avenues by four rows of trees and nn nit 1,0 r wde aro the palaces and other nubUo buildiiigr BerKsuot^ fnr it^ roval library, and for iU university, founded in 1800 ^ ^" "' ^./'f. *" ,,"* '""«*•— i>ussKr, DOB p, the mart for cotton and «illr manufapturenj Elbkbfkld (famous for its dye of Turkev mfl Pn SlL^7JH^fc'T'^i'^"'''9"l"°'.»Agripnma^'a&ancln^^^ £^^ forftM'™ ?^ ^/"PP*""^ Nero-smother, who wj^born fhX"^ Sie birth nli^ ^iT'J.'"'^ water, and ?or its fine Gothic cathedral. Bonn mouth nf*^^?S^ iw„H?P*''°''^"i'"» ■»"»'?"' composer. Cob-i.kntz, "t the rJv «n hrifi' .♦?JT'i*' ""'' V'" 0PJl™'te castle of Ehbendbkitstein m^v i^ r£^ ^"'SJ' '^"'■"' » strong double-fortross. Tbkves, the oldest Ii^fbT S?'?"7^''/-!. * K'SSNAOU. Thiy lie between pJuUTan Saxony and Bavaria. Ro'-se-nau [-now], in the Duchy of Saxi-Oo.cio° GoiHA, was the paternal home of the 1. e Prince Albert of Bnglwd 3. OldenbnrgT) south of the Oer- tnan Ocean, nearly divides Hanover in two. Oldbn- Btmo, the capital, Is situated on the river Hunte[hoon- teh], a tributary of the We-ser. 4. Heck' - len- DBTg, Sohwe-rin, and Strel-itz lie south of the Baltic Sea, between Prus- sia and Denmark. The surface is flat, CATHTOmAl, An> PAM Of TBM KAJUUT-PLAOB, WORMS. •>"' 'be SOU is rich R a... r ,<...«— ■ ""d fertile. ■ THE DUCHrta _6. flawan Ues between the Hessian St...". gnil Hheofah Ha«i.)- Wlgg-BAuMM Cyees'-j, the capital, Is a noted watertog-place" THB DUCAI PAIACB. OOTUA, (PATBBlf AL HOMB OP THB LATO«HrC»MU)I«I). «r?;.?*? i^->»lt DuohiM-viz., Dessait, Bernbdbo, and Ko-tm»- «re situated on the Elbe, and are almost surrounded by Prussian S™St L,/i f iT «"« v""' T'^ '■«'•"'« <><■ the States of fJermanyT and «« noted for their fine breeds of cattle and sheep. •"'""/i »na "8 THE PBINCIPALITIEa «f^?'~?; ^IPrPe-Detmold and Sohaumbure fshoum'-ho. , - »r^* near Saxony and Bavaria. 4. The Two Soh^rora-bsSaJr 'L?^' r* 1 russian Saxony, and SrnWABznuHO-Eu'-DOL-gTAdT lies north nVsl,«' EI.ECTOKATE AKD LAITDOBAVIATB THE FREE CITIEa _ —————— ———___ —-— — — «_^ I ^-r- ^' ^ -^ ^MM ^a^f mv A^auiBu Ajri:ui|K;iBg-Oj me Faroe islanc de^K':iPhyof°B^^^ ,. PotatouuS 7..B_n.psw.ek,^a,^xonI)ucM«;9.A^^^^ utionandsueofDenmurk. l.rorv.v ,it:,ot» ? a pSStT'^titiSiti^Ti. 'dVS^^ m tSSS^? .J„'^??'5o°t"""?! '■ 4"'»>'t Duohies; 10. The 16. Holsteia. Ao. ; 17-19. Luxemburg, 4o. Give the derivation ! Itl^ SSh '^f ^^Ir'T'^^'i"? the Elbe, is an important commercial city 11 lies south of Denmark, and includes a territory of 161 sauare milM '" exten-^^t'^n".^,"" ,">« fty« ft^hv], a few milL from thi^t^Si u, extensive transit-trade. It has a territory of 142 sqirw . j,./ ' *° THE OTHER OEBMAIf STATES. IB A^SS?^'^?' P™°i-S"°hy ; for which see Houajto. next page 18. Auatrian States of Oermany,-«ee ArsTBu, page 71 18. Pruflfiian States of Oermany.-Soe Pbussia, ,5^ 74 THE KINODOM OP DENMABK. (So called flrom *i«i». " down" or - low," and mart, • "oountiy ") Size, a Uttle larger than Nova Sootla, or equal to a square of 1« ^dlm. \' ^°!f>\^or^jyEn^AnK is not«d for its peninsular form and for its having been the seat of the ancient warlike Danes 2. Position.— This kingdom Ues to the north of Hanorer 'and between the German Ocean and the Baltic Sea. S. Cml I}irIsioa3.-The kiujsaow of Denmark Inolndeg the P.nln sula of Jutland, t he Danish Archipelago, the Faroe IslanS. ",d Io,iM d°) 1. Point out aod '^'M !)1( •n. for eiport, Game and ulh a™ Z ?'"'•.""'' ^'"''»'' ••^I'l- 8. BzDorta *:n 4.;„ ' ; ^"i^ i^ommon roa< s are Kood ^ATo^ tl^''t'A±r1i'^^ part ofDenm^rV w wood "A at the south w^ tho ho,„.Af!l''''i*'" (^""nan Ao/. It u, noted forits univemUy and m^^in l^f/f*'""' ?J"^ A'-ma-ner. •on m 1801, and again bimkrder m h(w '' v"**: ^"'«? ^^ > «'■ entrance to the Sound RoA-iri, ni i > ,''"*'.''-°''8 '« 'i* '• ■ capital. O-DEN-SE'.in Fu en wii, fn'^l^H/f?'''';;'' «"" thefo,/„,r TO-NA, on the Elbe/near Ham'hu™ k nnf„V7 King Odin. A!,'- »nd f,.r its MtronomieS^b8ervia«?'v if^lf ri"" 'n »j''P-l'"ildin!<. and Flensiiobo are Manorf, nn Ji^' .u'' [""^'J. 8chles-wio i4'£v"id:^-««'°-^»«^^'-^^^ the"F.^o^^°^he^,tSXnte'^•'»-'«"-(P•l^ ments on the coast of Gbmwa1%„ ,«^''''"*/'.'°°'« "«"'«- S.«. CBCZ, S. THo..Sdr/oiS; in^^lier lllft-'/rr 81... about half that of N.w' nZ>^lT'"'"''"rf''"'^^<^'>un,r:n.) embankme'nts, constru';*:^ cbi fly „' e " th' a?.' *>/ ""«'=''" ^yke, oi! SKETCH OF aENK RAL_QE00RTm7^ , 6. Sou and Climate —%«.«;?„. jn^losed by chuns of IsIandT^ ^ '■-'■ brought w. .■'•'u emu vyiuuate. — The soil of '1,; rpad8ar«el8ewheVa^therfomanet.rJ° Holland Xt common tnere were 182 miles of railway c^n^te^'' TV''^ '''■"'^'lom. I™S ». ExportB.-Linens, l^&° So^rlVH "jj'ef «"«» with the "nital *it S'??**„*^"S»'— Amstebdam I, ojATJi; ".u"""*' debt $};i,260 000 aouth of the Zuider Zee, noted for its hH.^A' ^^ "^'P'H on the Arbstel rants Botanical uursenee, and for tit.. St n „ ^ J>orth Sea, is facvius Peter the Great was a sh I'p-carMntPr „nH w°" """K*"; S^aBDAMwiere • '-TTJ.'^ JMSm.— Ley-dek riv'. 1 nnS^ Mme ol a kina of earthenware ■o.war-den;i, i.liich contains a lilt town, wth a university, tnktj, with r, ebrated caverns immense for iioations, belongs 1 • ^3' "^'i '** A(>rM are Lebcwabdi't; kin^s palace; and (i,, .y-rNo-B^f^^^^ tett ^^Le[-:;^-«^ - "-A.^L^.t^ ^r^ranl ^tt-rl "f. ^^'Z"'' "' «- (pp. 89, 91); some ports on tile coas?nfVnrJ "'a,'^.'' '" 0'=««'"» part . f QwAKA Siio, not quite as large a Holland, or equal 1. Noted iV)p.-BELOi0M noted oil-painting originated; and h.mn- graphical position, the chief I > ieW Holland. It ,s divided into niu. proTince* HsquaidoriOfiinllei. *he country in which een, owing to its Europe. ie8 between France a the principal of whii t: ior^a^i:S.T^^\^f' ^'f M^use or dc ndustry and skilTbeen rendpr^ ;! ."''i' not naturally fertUe, hig. bv £?:22]?£t?^" Bram, hemp, ^ix^ hops^_and tob«»o. The 11. cS^"2°OT°o;^t?^?S^??^!^^^^^i^^ -^J:zrrr:r_!ilJ5f^l?l_£fmp^jaai, hops, and tobaooo The &=■ _ — __ . ■ rivers, 6. sou, 4o.; 6. pruJuots. .;-- Givr. ! • which contains a tn H university. "Jebrated caverna, r( floBtions, belongs iTA, part* of Sc- ilands in Oceania Africa (p. 97) j » raliB.'i ;d8 in the ofKWmflefc intry in which , rfng to ita ^^0- ( 'oen France and incipalofwhici TH BaA-BAN'. 1 ; being part of France eastward r-den'ne^, at the The coast! are ceep ont the sea. >r Mass, &c. y fertile, has, by mte is cool and 1 tobacco. The ; 10. inhahiJ^r.-'^ . jhat is it noted ? fcities;15. oolo- fcc.; 6. products. at !,'';.?■?•'»«'-'>« r-'l-h J and FoN-TB- N/Y, noted (..r lU Brussels cariwtT. IIKHOEN (>,r'.|„.„ unTh.. mIuw ;V" M..NS, for ,„, and ,r..„; aS Cuiu-THA. [.tr»y'„ ,rlin.', 4e. p. iM..m), the caiiiul, noted fi.r its near tl .• /an,oii« l«ltle-llcl,l« of VVsLr- >.j.r,,| Kam.il-li«,i WsruLiN (or'tn for its lt.v ""^■"•'"™' ""'^ ^ "•"«<» Ma-mib aro notei for their m«(al iM';c:^nL;::''''=»"'j"-"-''«''Xr KINODOM OP OHBECB. Niri'iixT'''"""^'""" ""«'"«•'"'-•"-.) .'i^ialto ,. ,qu,r„ of Hi, mil,.,"*' "' 1. Noted For. — Orkbce ig noU,(] for itH ancient groutne^, 2. Position. -This ItinKdou. henmuth of Turkey in Europe^. 8. piviBion8._Grttioo is di- VKodintolOprefootures: but ita natural diviBionH are IIeliab north of the Gulf of\o pan'-to I thoMo^RE'-A, south of it; the Ionian Islands, and the islands of the Archipelago. h,.tJ^, ,^?»yn<»l Features are Ix'autiful, heing dlversilied will, hill no't,:?'"^- '^'''\°'"'"'tains, though not lofty .ro celebrated. The coasts are even . l,ere indented ,. ill, b«vs mid studded with lands. The T' ers are noted only i„r their classical association,. I,,. a>ountalns, of W stone formation, are almost destitute of metals, but furnish the (Inest marl,., for building and sculpture .8. The Cliiimte is agreeable (ho n^lptoW^r^----^. .e^'"^"'«V-prf mv) vp,s . j^holdinK liquids. sJi'.i , ■" V'Vf^Wtants are the de- SL^""P"' 81avi,nic nations. A 1^2 proport mil are shepherds. *^" o. The Travelling PooilitlB. are not nun; rous^TheTuTti ? ous canals. Thefe IT^^fnlmsu^^^ 'T'l""^ roadsf^ ,d numer- lanufecturos, jSportsf'llr "rhi "'^ ""''J*'' « ">« kingdom to t IB nn, U^.Tr W^ «a— The manufacti>«.» „~> .*..?' ■ fl.. tM the Sofc. .. — AfT-wpuD^avi, J -1'" diiiper- inen i.^ ti!inrr>H paintings iu fortilications. a.! " r' fe .if^'","'.^™*,*"'^'^ and fS „h painters Teniers.ridVandvk L^\ u* ''"■*••-»•»«» of the enrineiit place of Charles '. an,! n? j^t'.. ... 'i?-''.^'>"'"i ou.twenty-six i,Undl™?iS"' —-ii-' °°"^ ''"' '<* European tw!!;.. 1 Vandyk. nd of Xjk PlemUh."ft-o^ltoVofd " Flanders" •»m o> w»T«iti.oo. ::£SB^!»fte^^&^«K4asrtt 3. What is si^oftheinhabir it", i*m. .-ja, lim*te. to. ■'!* 1 1,-s: 78 SKETCH OP OENERAL OBOORAPRT. riiMuflMturM u« ohicflr , awl (Iriad fruit*. Anniul 0. ManuaMturai, Bxp ru, fto. I'lio doinfliiliii; tlio oxniirU uni Knui, lionay, ilniKt n»T( : kUuotlUolOlliimiin Kinpirt.troiu ulhmn»,» iiotHil li >,m Austria and Groooo; and oust iind woat, botwcoii thu Black, jmd Adriatio Soua. 3. Divisions, &;c. Tho empire is naturally divided into tlirm. parta ; vii., (1 ) Turlcey in Europ.-, (2) Turkey in Asia (p. 81 ), and (3) TurkJHh Africa (pp. O.'S, Of.;. Together they focm the OTTO- MAN Kmpiri, Thn total area of the whole empire is about 1,332,51)0 square miles ; its population 40,600,000. 4. Phydoal FoaturM of European Turkey.— Tho Balkan and Carpathian MuuatJuns, forming a aomi-dlrclo, enclose tho eastern baitn of the Dnniibe from the " Iron fi" «," in tho(;iirpathiani)(\Vallaohla) where they converge. The Dl-nar-i, Alps and the Plndua Mountalne run north and south. Tho other piirla of Turkey are chioHy undulating. Tho Danube Is tho principal river : It Is described on page B3, seo. 16. B. The 8oU i» «enorally fertile, but in little nultivatod ; tho rearing of cattio auein« tho ohiof oo<;iipation of tho iwoplo. e. The Climate i» cold and changeable at tho north; ■n) being shol- teredjt in more imroeablo at tho wo»t and tho south. 7. Froduots, «c.— TobiKico, llux, and homp aro cultiTatcd at the north : noe, coltfm, and barley, in tlio central dislrictn; ci|iium, rhubarb, graiies flgs, oUvoii, oranges, and other fruitn, in the south. South of the Balkan range, roses are abundant ; from these tho oolebratod attar (or otto) of n >sc6 (,i«ats. U (tistlllad. Plah alstiind In tha rirars, and UmIms In Uw aunbN. be»r«|Wolv««, and jaoknU are vory numorcnis. 8. The Inhabitant! ro Turks, driwkii, Armeniarin, ami .lews. 8. Travelling Faollltl«».-tloii«r»lly, the rowli un. «uitable only for liormw or muloH. Tlioro iini iioithor naualu nor railMiwIn. The Danube in tli« groat liinhw »y of commonio at tho north, tlia .Ma-rit sa and lliu Vardar "'•irt"™,!.'*''!"" "'" N"-'"""-''''. I'm', and Vo-jut-»aat tho W6»t. 10. Th» M afluitur»« and Bxporta of the anipirn are chiefly car- SS. A„"„''Jj"i '" ' '"■• ''■■"(?"• ""' •■'•uil.-ttnniiiU value $«2,M(1«,000 : n.ionno fWOOO 000 ; 11.11 /iiiiiil .li.I.t J 10,000,000. 11. phlef Oltios. ( ■NKrANTiNoi'l,l!(p.(5flO,000),th«oapltaloftho.,mpire, «taiiiK liKo Itonio, mi «ivi.n hills, and on a tongue of land projoiaing into tho llo^poriia, whic^li l'orni.>. an inlet known au th« "Ooldou Horn." Tlio city sluddujl with towors and iuiimr«t«, sppoan! oxoeodingly twaiitihil an iieeii Iroin the water; but it oouHintH of a iitimlH^r "f narrow uimling. ntoep and ijirty Htrooln. Iho houww ur«(diiollyof wimhI, and »roli«iile Ifhim interior ooiirtH. Tho principal buildings are lh« He.ni,/l'-io | -yo j, „r Imlwrial I'alace *?'!," i;'"',"'"""?;,'"" "i""|UO [monkj whloh wa* formerly tlie groat ohurcli of Ml. Sophia. Tho citv ij< named after (Joiwtantino the Great, who mado It tho capital of the llomaa Umpire. At the soiith-woiit aro llo-noa-TO and (iAL-Lip'-iv-Li. fortillod »oaiK)rt». ADBUNr,t on tho Maritja. wad the former Turkish capital. In Um-oilonia in tho aoaiMirt of SaT- o-Ni -cA, the ii.iiaont Thiw-sii-lri-iii'-ca; and Skr-ks, near tho Htry-mon, and aiM) the ruins of I'hi-lip'-i.i, wlioro tho Apostle l-aul planted the first chumh in Kuroin. In A/'imia, IJosNA-SKB-Ar; and liKL-OEADli', Wiiidih lti's-T( iii!K , and Mr.fsTMiA ate fortified towns on the Danube. In J»«/. norm aro SopniA and SiiiiMtA. Vab«a. a s««iK>rt on the Black Sea. 13. Tlie lalanda of Turkey aro the beautiful Oasri ; JUoois, famed for It mercantile law of "general arerage," and for Its Colossus; Soto fbrlts licaiityj PAT»io<,whlthi!i St. John was banished; Tha-«oi, Ao IV. TEIBUTASy PE0VINCE8. 18. Montenegro is a mountainous country nortU-west of Albanis. It is pooplfxl hv wild mnunt*liirt.hi. 14. Bervla lius south of tho Danube and the Savo. Area lifiM so. nules • ^'s'ooo ''""*'*'**• *'"' '"■" employed in agriculture. CapitJ ii«ui»ADB,' „„!i°" •^?"?f.*'^ a narm* strip 1,000 nules square, oast of tho Pruth ifl « ' '" "'" .""""K <>ey Russia in 1850. Chief town Kil-i-a IV. Boumania, a principality fornovi by the Union in 1861 of Mol- davia and Wallaehia. Wal-la-ohi-a L-lah'-ke-l], ar extensive plain lying north of the Danulxi, with a population of 2,600,000. Bc-cnA-REsi-' IS the oanitaJ.— Moldavia lies botweon the Jtivcr Pruth and the Car- pathian Mountains and ha^ a ixipiilation of 1 ,600,000. Jamt la the oapital Iho invasion of Moldavia and W allactiia, by Itutwia, led to the war of 186-1-6 between Uussia.imd tho allied iH)wer8 of £uropu. THE CONTINENT ^F ASU ^ 4.1.1. 1 ........ „ »_ . . (■^'■'"'^sooalledfromthofablodnyniphA.la.daughterofOooanusandTethys.) Asuaabout 5.600 nine, fr^n east to,..., «.d ..000 .on. north to .™tU.t.^U^^^^^^^^^^^ 1. Extent— Asia, the laigest division of tho Globe, oxtiuds from the Ural Mountains to Bchring Strait, and from the Medi- terranean 8ea to Japan. It touohos Europe and AiWoa, and is only forty-five miles from America. ^ a. Koted For. — Asia it noted for being tlio first abode of man, the seat of his first empire, and the soene of most of the events recorded in Scripture. It contains nearly one half of the human race. 3. Boundaries. — It is bounded on tho north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the Pacific, on tho south by the Indian Ooean^and on tho west by the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caucasian Mountains, Caspian Sea, Und Biver, and Ural Mountains. The Isthmus of Suea joins A^ja to Africa, and the Caucasian and Ural Mountains connect it with Europe. 4. Fhysioal Features of the North Ooaat* FaiRCIPAJ, 8SA8. Ka-SA (ArctleOefan) oui.fs aid Bays. (>*e,or 0^P< Gbaxbku AVD Stbaits. SeUring. Pbihoipal Iblasdb. Ko-tel-noi' (NewBlberia). Fbihcipal OAras. 8e-vo.ro. But Cape. I.AI. Tohuk. (ehl. fi. Fhysioal Features of the Bast Coast.* Kam-tchai". KA. O-KHOTSi'. Ja-pah'. YBltOW. CniHBss (In A-na-dir'. Tartaiy.t Tonquln. 8i-am' (In part). part). Tartary.t I*.pe-n)UM.t Co-nf-t.f For-mo-n. Ku-rile. Sa-gh»-v Japan. Ohu-i aii Furniowt. Hal-nan'. liO-pat-ka. A.nl-va.t To.4a.t Oam-bo-di-a (tapart). Romania. tehatka. Oona. A-nani'. Ma-lao-ca (In i>art). * Not Inohidlny <)o«mta. Those physloal_riMturea ean be much better learned 6. PhysloaJ Features of the South Coast.* Pbixoipal SlAS. Chihksb (In part). Arauiah. Bbd. Odlvi abd Bati. 8Uun. (In part). Mar-ta-bau'. Uennl'. PerdsD. 0-taaii'. Coabbbl* ABD Btbaits. Malacoa. Valk»(N.of < vlon). Bh« ot.niau- dob. [Penaa.,, Or.mua (8. of PbibApai. Islands. Vlc-o-bar. t'oylon. MaUdivAS. Lac-ca-divos (8. W. of In India). Pbiboital Oapbi. Cambodia (In part). Sln-n-poni'. Dundra Hd. Oom-o-rin. Keg.ral.. MonsTAiB Baxobs. Ubal, nigh- ost peak 6,41X1. Obo, or Obl,t <,SWin. .\i-T4i and YA.>iix)-iroi' DA.T7-BI-A. KHIB-aAB (K of Mongolia), 11,000 ft. YirHLino i Pb-uho (en- closing C! na Proper). 7. Phys lotJ Features of th^ Interior.* ktlVBKS Pbbibiu. Malacca (in part). itan'. Arabia. PLOwixa Nobth. Vral.t 1,160 m Obi,t 8,680 m. Ir-tlih.t 1,700 m. Yen-l-KUl,9afl m. Le-na,t 1,400 m. Amoor.t 2,300 m. HlH-A-LaT'A, Thiar'.Shak HlITDOO- t'oosn, 10,000 n. Bl'-bubz, CAu'-OA.atra. Aa'-A-BAT. Yang-tse-kl- Mnom. do-ang-ho",! l,«00m. ttjmn, 8ir.Da-rt-a. 900 m. Oxus4 l,so» RlVBBS PLowna 80UTH. To-bol, II m. acg'.t Yang. Brah-ma-poo- 1,500 m. Indus.t 1,850. Oambodta t Irrawaddy, 18,M6n. IM^AOSft, iTAUKna. Ti-gri«,l,150m IKn.nlii.K'.t. RivBBa ii.owiBe East. Amoor.t 1,300 m. Obt.tUMm. IrtiihTwOO. Lena,} MOO. tM-kl-ang^ S.SOO m. Uo-ang-ho,! l,MOm. tra,t Brah OauKc ("I'ke rivor"), l,«80. Kasbgar. l,MOm. Kur, or Kour, tlivBas viiOwiBa WnT. (}a.plau Ta.* h: ; 1,660. Sir , .aria, 900 m. Oius, 1,900 m. Bat-kal. Diai-sang. TmgTing', Po-yaog'. 1,600 m. Aral. Van. » T.**^'"*"'?;^' Y5?*'?'*'^?"'?*"l"""'*"*''^*<^°'^'**~''10- «''•'««'' "-"lands? Give deriv. and suajif Bur. Turkey 1 For what i« it noted P 2. Describe position ; 8. divisions : 4 phys. feat. ; 5. soUt 6. olunate ; 7-9. produoto, iahabltants. Ac : 10 manX)«fc*r 1 1 nitl« • is irf«A, . « jTT), provmc«. 6tvederlv.,si«sandLexteutofA . 2.iv>rwh,.tis'itnofedP «.lWtabSS>mpir«, mil pnijmtfinn iiil-ti-r<) 1 11/(1 huaDK', Wuiimw, Uanube, In J9ii^ lUe Ulaok Sea. i; RAoDU, famed I Coloiiui ; Soio, :; TaA-«oi, Ao. i-we«t of Albania. oa 13,(100 «q. miloii ; apital 4>LaBiUB, OMt of the Pruth f town KiL-i-A. I in 1861 of Mol- eztenaive pliiin 9. BD-CnA-BEHT' ruth and the Ciir- lht in the capital. I the war of 1851-0 Id South Amerloa, airt;.* 0tP4L vm. idia lart). ■poro*. alld. •rin. lU. Paaiain- Malacca (In part). Hin-do. •tan'. Arabia. ''BBS tlT. T.AKa. Oaapiau JMm. Bai-kal. Dni'Ung. w^- .Tic ria, u ,S0Om. Aral. Van. what is it noted? andf : IS 1 ttib. i,Midof mtsrior 8. The Phyiioal Frntnret of A«ia are all on a erand scale In lln ZZ^^^ T '° ^ '■<"""' •'"°« »'■ "'" '"f"""' A'kfta the World, and SZ*' Th Tt.n'Hl.T*, V"" Jl'^^'i """ "»•' important on' ; ♦h„..A„ ^''^"'•"•''e lowlands and broad tablo-landa are nnequalled ly those on any other continent ; while the deserU and forest-junglo. ",hibU thichls.fe'om^cf'". ^''8''"'?.-'=^°' """"" Poc-H-Vt,; a' ^^^tin.-n wmch is 50 compact, and so vast in size. The highest point in Asia and in the world, is Mt. Kverest (HlmUlay'as "abode of snow") in V.nanl named after Mr, Kverest, a former krveyor-Qen. | itsLlihUs^^ooo'?: n.;; ^ T»We-landB of Asia occupy two fifth! of the whole conti- ™LtIS7.if"y ^'^ '5" ^'"""•'' P'*'««". including the tTble-lands c^f TAlb^t and the desert of Oo-bi ; and (2) th^ WestwAlateau of pSnd. north- mtinlf?^- '">/ (1) *•"> '"«« SibeHm lowland at the ?»■> .i.^ I • '*7T' '''"« bo'^'een "le Aral and Caspian Soas (3) the i>,fln and Jlrabian, at the s,n,th-we«tt7« the H^"^ ?etr^'il^ti"f6'?"the''?l^'''''' ^">""' ""'■^*^.in\he''Ma"V;t^ reninsula , and (6) the CAmeie, occupy. the area of China Proi4r U. Thj ftraof !>{».» n : .».._.. "^ ■ phra'te. ; (iTthe rndu7.;rnrt.rbutari;sT(3)^ Vhe'lra"^^^^^^^^^ Td" Q«Utei (4)the Irrawaddy, Mar-ta^ban-, Mel-nam, anrOambod ". '"g) I . I -tJitP^wJ iiigi*-!] «i(TliX1 1 8. OomitriM.— Asia contains the following countries ! Ttom BrsaiAtirABU TcBKBr m As.. Abasia Pbbsia TtTBIBBTAir A»(JHASISTA» . BBLOOCmSTAS HiBDOfTAlf BlBHAH Sum AlfAM Laos MALACOA.io.... CniBBSKKMrJ S.WM.OM m*,(m 1,1M,M0 B87,0(M TIS.IMO unjm 183.0(10 l,47«,ono aos,()oo IBS.OOO isofim ISII.IXIO ao.iKM i,aflii,oi/0 iijMo.ooo 16,100,000 a,oeo,oo« is.sto.ooo a,MO,ooo «/)«e,oo* 186,000,000 7,000.000 6,80(1,000 6,000,000 9,00(1,006 SOO.OOO Tobolsk, on thu Tiihol Elver Smyrna, ArcWpiiliui,, lOMt.. near tho E«Co;i.h; K<^at, In the intkHor Calcutta, on the Okogea „ Monchobo, n m. N. o? Ava... Bangkok, on Metnam River.. Hue, on the eoast OJiamr-mai, ontho Mrfniui. ,60,000 'sioooo m;SvS^.mmS^^ui >i,o(tl 160,060 60,000 100,000 160,00(1 60,000 1S,000 600,000 6,000 180,000 flO.OOO 28,060 67,060 1 gilAAftfl r-r-* Hvw, BiiQ J 1,1 , H , M^iimr , muai atm iJO. yitiiKin lahnd . ....1.11,600.0061 1,660 1,600 6,000 (,706 S,1M >M0 Who 6.00O Q,T i..T,n»„ „ wu T rr-T-zm: — ■ v-^ i poopfed oount nea are HinSostan and China. ^ ""** dwwdy- ?il 20 -'■^'*"i^°"'""°m' "*"" *"""" 4tt o««;«'ic^ oapM. *^"=2iSS£SH=^:^ \fniinta diwotion of the mountains, '■""~™'-rH.i*'w3^ssi^^^»i^s -. M-wtii-iw ri ■ „ i" y.,, , , RUSSIAJN ASIA-TURKKY IN ASIA. 81 PRINOIPAL ANIMALS ON THK CONTINENT ov Am a"" ,l. ' *a"L|'l**!!^"U^^^«6g^^Qp^^^^™^ if ''^*''*' "*^ '^'^'A' ('■''■•"»»"'» of ">o Animal. l„4hU engraving, see swtion 14.) RUSSIA IN ASIA. 8i«. nearly t,rice that of Brlti-h North Americ... or equal to a .,«.,« of MM mile,. 1. Noted For.-l;ussiA in Asia is noted for its vast extent and vaned ohmate ,u -uineral wealti, and it. Siberian pl"a mine" „or^Lf"**°°.^v.'*^''*^''*-^'''« ^"'*^'y occupiefthe whole northern part of the conunent, and extends from the Ural Moun! t m*^'.^"-''''"''! ^^'1° ^*'«''"- I' •« divided into two parts ',' ^f^ ^.''^"''' """^ (2) the Trans-Cauoasian Provinces. ' 3. Siberia lies in the groat northern slope of Asia : the Al-tai' (•• ,mld "^ ing northward, from those flow- . • — =^ ' ing southward. It is divided into two parts; vit., Eastibk and Wbst«bi» SiBKiiu. Its surface is one vaat-firain or a succession of steppes, sloping to the Arctic ^ ' Ocean. The climate is severe, '' and the soil generally barren ; but its value consists in the abundance of its metals and furt. It has long been a place of ban- ishment for Russian offenders, who are condemned to work tn the mines. To-bolsk' is the capl- tal'of Western, and Ya-koutsk', on the Lena, of Eastern Siberia. .4. TheTrans-Canoa«ianFro- Vinoeslie south of the Caucasian Kfnnnttktna anrl ko*.— ..._ *l. - pi . • and Oaspian Seas. Thasurfaceis TIFMS, CAPUAL ur HU..UN IHAa.-CAUl.A,.*. ,H0» THK KIVBB lUi.. diversified, and the soil generally fertile. Tir-Lis the can!t«l in Georgia, on the Kur, and Eh-vak^ ou the A-ras', are tl>e chief'lowns TURKEY TN ASIA. Si.e, mor« than three time, that of Lower Canada, or equal to a square of 880 miles. ♦k!".^**^*!- ^o";— T^key in Asia is noted for having been the scene of nearly all the events recorded in the Holy Scriptures. 2. Position and Extent— The Asiatic part of Turkey reaches from Conetantmop e to the Persian Gulf, and includes Asif Mfaor SvrS (including Palestine), Armenia, Kourdistan or Assyria, Mesopotamia; Ac M.?"-.^* Minor forms the peninsula lying between the Black and lltl^'^T'"' ^^tf • ^'^ '"'''■'•=° " "ountainous. The chief pe'k is'he celebrated one of Jtfount Ar'-a-rat. Tau-rus at th« am/.h 1..!, • Itn^r sea^ir'l'rb""^/''' '"4"''"-' «°- The iLnrt 'fp"""'' »^« "«"«?» »■■« f"ti'e, but the interior is steHle a?eTu'u"^lS-S,Tobfcctr ''■''''' "'"'"• '"^ <=»'*' "-''•-' place where the, Niceue Creed was adopU, "^ dSi'e of tl m Tri„l»! settled, and the time for observing Easter de^idiJd Cn"at the fi JZn- ^''"•^- - -'- ^■g»tj-™T-=re-— -„-^ era! Council, held a.d. 325 ; Anoo- X M (80.000). famous for its silky. sj^^ /Alll^l^T ' ■ ^L'?>.p« (10,000) ^--i (tho attack on which, in 1858, Wiw theoomraen.ximenl of tho Bussian war), and Ku-ta-ya (60.000), are all in Anatolia; Tatisus (7,000) in Adaaa, tho birth-place of the apostle Paul ; Koniah (or Konveh i mm), in koniah (oV KoS%h) and Sivas (80.000), in Soom. 6. Syria lies sonlh-east of Asia Minor, and includes the sacred land of Palestine (p. 90). The surface is mountainous : the chief ranges a.-e Leb-a-non (Lib- a-nus) and Anti-Lebanon, which nin southward toward Palestine. The rivers aro the 0-ron'-te«, the i.c-oa-t«o, aud tun Jordan. The soil is generally fertile. Grain *nd fruits are tho chief producti. J^^?^^fiHSI«MSS3i^SP SKETCH OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. BBTBI.BirBlt.OATl!, AHB C4SILB OP DATID. JEBBBAIBM. near ita base the east branch of the River Euphrates fu-fray'-tez] takes its rise. To the S. is LaljB Van [vaun]. ^8. Chief Cities. Ehz-boum [-room'] (p. 100,000), the capi- tal; Kabs (12,000) fdefeiided by Gen. Williams (the "hero of Kars") in 1866] : TnEB-I-ZOND' (,30,000), in a fertile liLstrict; Van (40,- 000), a fortified place. ;9. Kour-dia-tan' [from kourd, "ro- bust" (robustfribe), and itan, a " coun- try "], or Assyria, lies south of Arme- nia, including the eastern valley of the Ti-gris River. 10. Chief CltT.- Mo8UL(pop.(i5,000), capital, opposite the nuns of NiNKVEH. 11. Mesopotamia (or Jer-i-ra) ("be- »— or IcUiIitni. Skctt ■./ Sloul Ubuoa. BTEIAHB 1» THEIB HATITB COSIUMS Wouu or Nu«r«(L tween the rivers") is separated from Kourdistan by the Tigris River ia ?.?./ ^"".'^ on its western boundary. It is a level country ■,' ,'^'"~ Cities.— Di-tab'-bekb, or IH-ab'-bek-ib, (pop. f,0 000 ) the canital; and Orfah (13,000) (Ur of the Chaldees), Abraham's'birthvSlacc ,if; • "*?***<» > extends to the Persian Gulf, and embraces ancient Bab- nXh;i.n"°:t''n^'""'v"'^'*'<'°)' "'" «»P'tal, H.LtAH (10,000), on ruins of Babylon, and Bas-so'-bah (60,000), on the Tigris, are the chief towns! ABABIA. (From Ar'-a-ha, » " level waste," or Jf.6«r, a " wanderer.") Sizf . about a third that of Br. North America, or equal to a square of 1,050 n,a«, 14. Noted For.— Arabia is noted for its sandy deserts, and lor having been the scene of Mohammed's career (s^w pace 11) i-^-£**"*°?-— ^' !■«« l^tween the Red Sea and the Persian Gull nlain wTtWe fn?*)^"'' *"-'''"' '"J"'"'' '" " ™ountaino«8 desert- plain, with here and there. an oasis. Between the coast-li ne and the PALACB 0» IBB IMAOM. OR PBIKSI-BIILBB. 0» lEMEW. BAHA. Mo-cH*fT k&^r "(i'on'oh^^n-r, ^■'"■»,'''''' ^^P""' "^ J '»•-"•' "t the south; ^00?) a 8trnn,lh?'W'«'''^*S* •'?'■,''' ^nf^e-exports, near which ia A-den Jlfn„v . 'o?;^ tS?,?^!''^^''""'-."."'^'' ■'"''"' stiition, with I'orim, Id., a depen- dency; and Mus-CAT', capital of 0,m», at the south-east, a fortifiol plluje PERSIA. Size, more than one third larger than Canada, or equal to a square of 723 miles 18. Noted Por.-PEH8iA [per'-shl-ft], or Iban, is noted for its ancient greatness ; and for its cutlery, silt-manufactures, and pearls. 1 .20- ^'Mtion-— The country of Persia is an extensive table-land lying between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. 2L Physical Features.— The interior consists of sa'lt-deserta and marshy tracts. Urumiah, or Or-oo-mi-ah, to the no° h-wesf silaree salt-lake, destitute of fish. Between the Elbur. Mountains and the cfs! ^TJ^' "i''''"'R ">« t"b"tarie8 of the Tigris, the soil is productive. ♦nmn^Sf?." ?;~^ u^ "•''f exports are silk, carpets, attar (or otto) of roses Is^PA-W ^w^inm^Z^f^l"'-^^-'-'^'' (pop. 100,000 , the capita), and uuBiiiBE L-slieer J, (20,000), a seaport on the Persian Gulf. AFGHANISTAN AND BELOOCHISTAN mart in Persian means •• land " j as Afishanistan, •• Land of the Afghans ") fize, less than half that of Persia, or equal to a square of 47* mUe, 24. Noted Pot.-Af-g;1an-is-tan' and Bel-oo-chis-tan' are noted for their mountain-passes, and for their warlike inhabitants. 25. Position.- These two countries form the en.steru part of Persia. The Hindoo-Coosh Mountains at ihe north, and (he bol-cy-man range to the east, separate them from Tartary and India .K t .r^?^ reature»._From Afghanistan to India the outlet is through tEe Khy-ber Pass ; and from Beloochistan, through the Bo-l„i' Tf .h. ?r'"'^r.t" °J Afghanistan are: the Cab-ool', a tributary of the Indus i and the Hel-mund', which falls into the saltlake l£ moon', which is lost ia the morass of Zurrah. Beloochis an has no rivers of any note. The_vaney, are fertile, and the climate "variable Mtal, Jel- «. -.yloochistan, British heroism. THE EAST INDIES. 1. Position and Extent— The East Indies, or India is Z.t^T, ^"^ P Asia and stretches from the Indus River' at the rest to the Cambodia Riyer (m Farther India) attheea.st; «nd from he Him-a-lay-S [.li'-] and Hindoo-Coosh Mountains ai tiie north to the Indian Ocean at the south. Tho celebrated Mounts !a, between the Gulfs of ny importunce. Hedjat irta are either governed ledouin tribea. spices, and fruits. The s. ,(pop. C0,000), the eojiital, -NA, containing MoLain- F YEHEir, BAHA. Yein-en, at the south; , near which is A-den ith Porim, Id., a depen- .h-east, a fortified place. ing "cltar, bright." Cilled ■ran], by the inhabitants.) 'o a square of 723 milos. RAN, is noted for its iifactures, and pearls, extensive table-land n Gulf. tH of salt-deserts and noi th-wcst, is a large ountains and the Cus- the soil is productive, attar (or otto) of roses, B *10,000,000. 1,000), the capital, and Aj'emi: Ualfkush, sian Kourdiatan: and 1 Gulf. HISTAIT. nd of the Afghans.") are of 47* miles. :l-oo-chi8-tan' are 'arlike inhabitants, the ea, "ouf'fs of the Himafayai^'lTC" in nn eS;Clv'';i!r£S*''« Thibet Hide of the larpe tributaries; the moriZ rtant of^,'!!!!,' ""'1,^™ ves eleven miFes long), and the Gog-ra/noo n,?lL) T ?"".,"''' "'"'""" '*''*'' miles lonifl from Thibet inin»fl.»f"„'' ^"V Urahmnpootra (I,50O or 8"nderi,uu<^"4 SSs 2(M) mZ^^^^^^ its mouth, The ielta, forHhipsisby tfie iCgir ^^G^nKL iH^^^mli^'''"''f "P'.""?«« an area of 432,000 «q,,,,re m o» E w.iT.?'.''** '"?,»' ""' '•"'■>» SuTie^fritt/'f;; -,t JSl'il^e'fl^'i^ "ftS Himalayas, near it« derived from "sT^dhlTASS^-'^.jfmea^tlle^l.-^'''^"'" ^ o. I'nyMoal Feature8._The rivers m,,! .1,= naturally divide India into fnl T ! "'* mountain-ranges valley of the cLip.^i- ^'''^'" "*=*'' a^ follows; (1) the Coosh'LuntaJs a^dfominl^^^l'/i"^^ <■'"■" "'« "'-^OO" central niount«"ndT8?rict sinning f,'"''' ^"^""^"^y "f I'"ii«; (3) the drained by theA.rft^/r;. ^"' hf Z' '^^V*?,''.'' 'n"' ""^ ^^■"^'^' «"" (■' itainivrr-):'' :'r eriiisVe^t-'crsu"^^^ ''^ '-^ ^--'^ ngreealKu^a?d"ireShirb<;;!,r.{,'i? ""r** is .temperate and but two seasons, the wc' amltl^ dnTvS hv ?{!'' "m-o^^'^o. There are 10 PnliHnol ™«-. J ™ ^' ^ ""* penodical monsoons. divided'^ foiw?^'^*"^-^''^ ^-" I-^-«B, or I«nu, is politically SKETCH OF GENERA L QEOGRAPHy' BbitishPrksi. DBKCIX8, ic. Principal Divi. eiona. (1) Besoai, r HeiDpiI.io,, including ' Br. Burmahj 1 and i .straits Settl\ I. .\8kani,Ao. Arracaii, 1 " HwtH.and j •• Tena»»ertm ... Walacia, Ac . Pimjaub. 4c. IJcllii ludc, .Vi.rH.4c •iiiiide, 4c. .,, oiic;il Ivliuiiilci.-h, 4c aitiootaiia, ... .Viznni's Uuiiiiii. \l.vsort' IVavancore, k Outch INDEPENDEKT. .Vcpaul, Bhouil Circam, l2) PlNJAPB, (8) .\qKa, .. 1+) Bu.uBiV.. I'ursciPAi, Dbvkndknt NaiiveBi's. Maoeab.. i w CEYLOlf . French Portuguese. Malabar, Caniatic, 40....! ^ Provinces,.,.. Pondlcherry,4o. Goa,4o. OniEP CiiT Calcutta,. . iiowhatty, . Aracan, llimKt)on Muulniein,.. Singapore,. .. Lahohk, . . Uelhi Luckiioff,.,, AOMA, Hyiiiraliad, . liOMBAT, ., Surst, Jcyporc,. Hyderabad,, . MyHore, .... Trivandruni,! IthimJ Kliatuiaiici^ M.,Ott() 40,(1011 200,1(10 15,0(10 12.000 30,000 60,000 2S,0(IU 2I!,(MI0 716,000 .ta.OlH) 30,000 6,0IW AnolBoialreturniuliSf^SI^iii^rS;;;^^;;!;^-^^ '^"'^ HTllTrsH PRESIDENCIES OP INDIA Ganeet^ndttaSteranT-ll ''f -""^'-^ the Lower fherlndia; and the Ma- ' "" "'""'^'' ^'"""=^ '*'"'»'^''. '" "^ar- laooa - Strait Settle- ments, farther south. It has a more extensive coast-line than any of the other Presidencies. 12. The Chief Prod- uotB and Sxporte are noe, siiEar, tea, spices, in- digo, tobacco, silk, cotton, flax, hemp, 4o. 18.Cai{efCmea.-(;Ar,- CUTT.* (n, 600,000). thn ca- pital of Brilish India, and, next toCan-ton'.the great- est emporium Ic tj» Ka*!, is situated on tl»e llooitly Hiver. one of tlie outlets of the Gttiises. The public buildings are handsome, and the Mt erary and geien- MOIUUMEUAN M08(JUK, LICKNOW . sl?L'^d"^X"crtv°ir:]??endtd"i;l"l(,r't''^vSr' '•^!? "'i'«»- •» partly con-"* India., Patna P 2M \«1x?e'„slf ,™i'e'SoME Km '"''[T '" GOON' (20,(N)0) in Pegu (iiritish liurt, ahhGESlor Town ^Ln'i''„?T^ 14. The Puiyaub Presidency, separated from Beniral in ISfiO R^ „ in^lof-'etStttelit'^^^ mutinies, it is proposed to transfer the'capital frl' A^ira^tTo Allalbad'! J'-!-'^"'"'*!!^!^'"'"'' "'»*»^'BJ. *»I> SBPLA^ADE, CALCVnZ MOHAMMEDAN MOSI)UE, CAWNPorE crod city of the Hindoos; CawLpmf' f Am^lhi' ""* ""'JSM. i* a sa- of Kuropeans in 1358; Biv-A-BF/(lWifl(S); .hi' ir*^ f*"* "' " massacre the former Mo-gul' oapitaf,'l*d B^'i^f '"dS'llet n^'S;^?" 'tf,'^' ^«ha, liammedau capital, on tho .Jumna; Litk-now (-iMffl''; H!"?''','' '^1«- "'' S'-lNDf, lying i„ ,J„. Boutl,erni.aIleyoflhcI«- diia ; and, farther south, parts of Guz-e-hat' and Kb/.ndkish fkan'-dayshj, liiBAB, AUHtJUGAEAl/, B«E- Japoor', and the Pi^rc ofOoH-ANfkong'-kaui „2],- "The Chief Pro(!. Uota are votton, r:-o (»coa-nuts, pepper, teak' ™igo, wotd, and silk. fM.tan'pftrn (or noor) nl e^--'^' "''-'«« of tl,' , W .\'''i'-!'*-P<"e."Cltyoftl,.- ' i^l-i <'"««» mean. «"Bi»r- |! krt.gl«oe", gharri, "moim. CWn !««/)«». M«.7^j_, <(_,;j._j.„ II Pu..a«.A^«aB.mbayS.iae.l^irV^l-attC^:!?1S'S.i!5^^^^ ■"<5*;nbe tho engraviD(». „ w ; '' •'"'"'WW. »»" «hief oitii ". viaha, " (trcjit." ' M ThS^M'.S^.^i^S-*-"'''* (IW.OOO). north of t'am-Imy'. ' ""'' Indu" »,^ :n ?T^.F'*"^®''°y ''""•''°' "'^ Bouthern part of British M„ 1 . ' ^ o' "" P™^"";*^ of Northern Cm-OARn', the CAnNAT'.o Mai,-a-bab', and Oam-a-ra. fhe climate is very hot, aiid the soil ^ene' "ol '»?.'" !» Productive as in other parts of India '^ is Phf«f r.?fL^°v.^°'* are sugar, sillc, cotton, t«..k, iron, and salt. a/. KAUwaya, &c. -Railways, about 3,000 miles; canals, I'iiu miles 00 n . ' BRITISH ISLANDS OF INDIA. ^8. teylon lies off the aouth-east coast of Madras. It is comnact a., has few coast-indentalions. The interior is moun a inous '^bnt the, are many beautiful and fertile valleys. It is ~ ""HJa'-la oy the natives. Uudrf-Aism is the prevailing reli- gion. 28. The Chief Prodiiota are rice, coffee, cocoa- nuts, and cinna- mon. Its pearl- lishery, off the north-we.st coast, is very extensive. . 30. Chief Cit- ies.— Co-LOM-BO, thocapital; Point DE GAi/e, a forti- fied packet station; Tbin-co-ma-lee' (yop, 30,000); and Kandy. 31. The lilal'- dives ( " Thou- sand Isles"), a series of circular groups r coral- island.9, i 9 south or India. They are jiomii. i\ de- pendencies, if Cey- loikChibfe- ports: cocoa-nut and oowria-shelis, EAST INDIES— CHINA. 85 (30,000), the former capital, is on the Irrawaddv fiver 400 mil.. f,„™ minerals are abundant. Bano-kok' (p IsHoi) he ca Zi l'""''' ToS.r^toSfe'f' .lo^rSi Cnltr l-S ^^-11!"'^'- t is fertile and vrell watered. Hue fhway] (^60 OOo?i, ,h s'V Kksh.0 (100,000) is a seaport on the N.K. | sIi-ooh' 080 ooi^ » .Jl'h" «' , 41. The Laos [lah'-oce] Country lies north nVihL.ii^' *' '''^^• ast named; It is mountainous, and Vriclf i " minemls mid J^,,Si "I""' her.. Its nvers are the Me-kon^ and tlie Me nam So.no ofV ,,iL''"'- tolfeT^ih^t^Urr^rniJu^-ra^^ zy^SeSrri;arfc.i^!s:£%j-ii£SS^^^ on tfie peninsula at Malacca, Wei.i,k8Let, 8?n-oa poef' fth..'^i','-,"r''' Singapore Island, p. 67,000), and Pulo Pe-n.vno', or f ? of WafeHd ' °" ■^^'>-''^- BtTDDHlBT FBIE8T OBTI,0!T. NO attbndaii- ....„„ Malabar cooKt and the ' v-o.-nnv' oTi *trw, islinds, off the MalaysUn P^)u„s„,a!'Vhe And^i^-^n-lrVa'SX'? ''"""'' ''^''"' 9A w. J J^ • PEPiiNDiiNT STATES. 85" C^^ r.^""'":'^''' '°°" ""P°-""" "' '"o'" state, arc : sCoil.n'' ^''"""»''«. in,Centrarindia, including t. ..'•-; "f^I 0...... i^iisiii™;SaiMy'i»i"lv"^^^^^^^ ' .»iiu.uive3, Ooautry ; BA»Q«OI (01. THB HKINA M), THB CAPITAL OP 8IAM. WITH A BtJrDHIST IBMrLB ,-,> -n ^^^ EMPIRE OF CHINA. n rS^f? Fo*"-— China is noted for its vast population, its o xi^ ' '** *«»-pl'»'t> and its porcelain or "cLina" 2. Extent— This empire ercbracf" China Proper, the adja- cent provinces of TAib-bt, Chinese Tautart (including Tcrk- Tr^J''''''°A\t''^^^ Mantchooria), the tributary kingdom of Co-KE -a, and the islands of Formosa an4 Hai-nan' .hi!' Jfy"**! Features—The rivers and the mountain-ran«9 of hs extensive empire naturally divide it into five great areas^vif (l)CA,««P,.o/.«r, situated in the valley of the,Ho-ang-lio'and YanJtLe' k.-»ng Rivers, and enclosed by the Wling-Ni-shan Mountains ?2Uhe mountainous region of Mantchooria, south of the Amnor «„'/ i ■ lying between the Altai Mountains and China Proper 4) thVlriat /J«fr<, lying between the Shan and Ku-en-lun'Mountkins south of ff^f golia; and (5) Thibel lying north of the Himr.laras ''' ranXe-ki" ang- mcatis "son of the ocean"; aui "Ho-ang-ho," "yellow rWer" bv^hf^»t^?^r (18 province.)!, Isolated Lm'the rest of thremplro by the Groat Wall at the north and the mountains at '.be west Two t^iTJ'V'"'^' f mouutaina run from east to west, ,c,,rAt„fr tie fenilo van.y. WHtered by the two great River. Jlo-ang-hc and Yana- ts«-k. ang, ,nd the Hong-ki-sng' River. The country ia densely nopSl , Xmoet hes to the east of India. ftM hRtw«.«», thT jji^ > ^ KnenLu^Iouiitains^It^oc^^ ^^^.^l^tZ'^. .h,«rci,,i«.*„2aDo«^;be^jon^a_j™.,.^ '^l LjJjM '!^:M'lJr «•" CHINA-TURKESTAN-JAPAN. vinos and vulleyg, lakes and Hvcra. The Indus, Sut- lege, and Hruhmo- pootraKivorshere take thoirrlse. The climate is cold, and pasturage Is the chief pursuit. The domoslio ani- malsaretlieThibet goat (from whose lino hair the cele- brated Cashmere- shawls are made), the yak or buffulo, the musk-deer, the sheep, Ac. Thibet is noted as the seat of the Grand- Lama- or high- priest of the Budd- hist worsliip. LlT- TLK Thibkt, to the west, is tributary _ to Cashmere. Ti;« ^^ l^^^iy "*' ^«'''«<='> Thibet, China Proper, and Siberia. Ri^J uT,^°:"'^''u^ " ""^ A""' Mo'in'^lna and the great AnZr tI?,,;./' '""','1'' "'^ "tensive provinces of Mongolia !nd Chinm, 1 .n ; '""".'' V^l ■""'"' "' chiefly desert, and Mantohooru' on the west coast, which is mountainous and well watered """"'"*• Prorer Th!f ?„',"/.l^';!"'"'"'V'!'"'"''°"' ''«"^""' J«P»° «»'' China rroper. The interior ii mountainous and well timbered. The ch ef products are rice, hemp, tobacco, and ginseng. * 9. Ifttendf.— FomiosA (Portuguese for "^beautiful") lies P«.t .„^ government. Tien-tsin (or -sing) on tlmT«Tn i. ni H'' "I ".',* ."PPenal Chinese treaty of 1868. Nan-kinTd 600 OMi ,;i J^M'^"'' "f "^f'"'' «•»<* neseporto^n^^S S-«K«±*oTttl^u^^^^^^ 87 .—C'i*'-'- ■— oanrssE HAnDAiiiir, his wipf, child, ahd bervaitt. ■.:..',-\.r.^4aii#«».-.^>-.'^r. .HANOnAI. O, XB. KAST COA.T.'bba; m, MOUTH OP Tu/ TA^O-TSB-K.-ANO Of crirn"ir„' :h 'i'i'„,rn^^s .lr.rj "> "i" *•"•'"'•• ^ >-' Kong, was ieded to ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^'Zt^^^ sevynty^'re'strjj'irf '^nr Ti^aTaVr:^^^ » "-"""' and is well fortiKed. Pop. 52 000 tL KmL/ I"«'"re8que town, the I'oHugue«e,inreturnSor,Cr\s^UlancrZ-".'''^''' '" '^8«- *» cos, the Portuguese poet, ^^r:'ZroXr,ZTZT^,.,^T- "«i*??»|;ti«j WHAKPOA, WITH ITS PAOODA. FBOK DAITB'S ISLATO. ofaddiUonal ports have lleto^nt^'I^B^t^/a'Jr^.^lSL^^^ 11 ir„«^T/°iJ^i^^ POSSESSIONS IN CHINA. Oow-.S?^f^Sf'ct;;e^ta'^.!"L' ^S^mif H°T^''"<^i ""P"'"" c^mpose^onofVbar^^ TURKESTAK, OR INDEPENDENT TAKTAHY si rnTVs°?;*^^J''f^^^"E^rr ;"e?n^rs"at"f,^^ '"^ ^-O'" River. It is chiefly an immense sandy olainslL^ '"' """i'"' ""' Aral ("island") Sea, into which h^l&riyll?ZT'''^f^ X" ""' and the Sir-Da'-ri-a or Jaxartes finx-ar' t««i ' ^® ^-moo' or Oi-us, sea is saltish, has no apparent outlet andls i;«T''r '^"'^'"^os- Thii climate is variable, and extremes of heat l^l" ?.'^''"''"'"8- ^he but the river-dietriits are ferti^ Silk cnttn„ * '^"'''."* "P^icnced ; 2. Civil Dlvl«lon8.-T0BKFaT!N nf ?' ,"• "" '■'* chief products stat^, billed kAan-atTCiz, uTkh" h^ThI-v?^?, "^"^ ?? ""P^"''™' ("infidel land" , and kuNDOz, e^h KovernpH hv „i ^'''''^ (^^"'''stan' the country of Baber, who founded the MogifEmpirtMra."*"''**'*'^ ^ ,„ .. „ ^^™ EMPIKE OP JAPAN (From the Chinese word ./i.p,«'.„ao ,j»nif„.„„ „., , " ^ Bize, about the same u Lowor p«n.rf. «. . . 1 Noted For T?^ T^ , '^'"' "> »«!>'»"' of 510 mile,. ii'-AN Island, three southern KjR,L»rki''.1,w''^^ Y.880, and tlJe Loo-Choo Is" No^fa "diprndenlie:"'""'' "■" """"' "' 4a5o"^;ifo:^L«,*^Xe'm'en^"*''"^' ^ ^--"^ ['""-'J San-gar', m|-lg;?o%ln!'li?„?a;7;fjfe^^^^^ ^"'-'-'' «-"-•«/. No-to. It-sou- 4r5fd'';:fd*^'.fc?ire^,. t'^u'iS'^irr^- -pper. iron. «», silk. Porcdain, japanued-ware and «Hlc f»htl "°™n, tea, tobacco, and —•.industry: hi the intermk'the ^'l'^l''"'I„T„!.";i;"^f?".t "«cle« of *_^».""*"" north ; no». souths (MHO. <«.«» ..„rf ri-iTT! HTtrr; s.i.ia, r.iGUiiUiii I hmi, taii. -■••■aiiy' residence of rheJlino^^r'eccSiiSSZv^^'^^^^ ■^P'K-- ..^.^,^^rs;in^ . 1. Point out and de.H. .. , ^.^^i^^^-^^^ '^^^ ^^^^^^Z^^^l^^^^^^ S^ neinal «t,r»it»s « „»:„.,:_.,"'' "■„•'«?»". 1. J^or what 18 it noted ? '- *- 'achiefoitien? tan ^,"p".-" ■ '■ "■""«■ vjuij una aesnnne I QPESTIOKS.— Wlmi ' imtinents lin fn fh» ..--fi. -^ ._ - _ . Auatraliap Wlut impstuil i AtLiAjc i J 4^^i,j -j^^lkJM '-.i.' uw i^ /^ ,_^a, ^vJ T3 Gueva-Upa,, or ■' Valley of DeMh" „.. n*.'"'' '" '''8'''' <■"'"«■ In the table life can exisCSto the' »«-'«"?•"►."' ?'""'r '""°''' """"K*^ ■ulphuretted hydrogen,-fnd„o?fr?m „,'''?."''' "''''='' " Poi'oned^ Buppoaed. Staple products rice coC *?' T.-oa [L'. population of the Da'tch BMt-CuArfhinoW *r' £'«" V^"^ "^ •"> '°'»I «i-inaia Archipelago is about 1 7,000,000. I o««n<» «. — "-x^, ^xi lajfi ISLAND- C and Pacific Oceans : viz . (I) Malat«^!'"vT/, ^''^''^ *•>« Indian eluding Melanabu; & III) PoLYNKsti „ ? :^™^^^^^"^' '"- n. Noted IV)r.-bceania i« nntl^ / •'* "'"'^'"8 Micronesia. di8«)veryand «ettleme~ EVrlaof and rrSl^^^'^ ''^«°* the Equatr7hey*;^^,7a^:i°^;t!f,ll°*' °' 'i"'"^'"' ''" -^'" Vegetoble.and animal life is eiuberanraM '^'^'"' ^'" '>'8'''y ft'tile. valuable. The islands of AustraCia bei'n.? i» ""''*™'', abundant and character of the adjacent contin«n?n„r'^. "'«*• ?"'»''« more of the the other islands. ThoLlanS o?Po vnt?""' ""J ' a""" P"">uction8 than and many of tl-um are volcanic ThJ? * V^ "^'^^^ °' <=°"' formation: ^^rv. The Anlmall-There • bT„,* ""' °^ "">?' "^ *''«°» " »"? fertile the {treat IcangarST^h a pouch for ,«^ """"*" °/ "i« '?'°»«"m senus, fh>m oamos her young on her back Thr. n„f „ ^""?»' 5" '"^^ kmgarof'ni.. TheoVeVMrdrar"'thec^,?;^^^^^ the gum-tree, the gLs-t^ge°m'ySlf*t t-^S,, t, fyTuo^l^' I. MALAYSIA. Namb op Pbiitci. pal islahd.^ Area in Sq. Miles. SOMAtEA Java and HADrsA ClUBBS MOIIICOAS..„ Bakoa BORXBO TlMOB.LOMBOtic! Pntr.TimtWB 140,000 S8,0flO 75,000 38,000 7,600 800,000 30,000 By whom and when dUcovered. The Dutch, 1600 ,... The Portu^-se, 1811 The Portug'se, ma The g)Vtu;^w. iBiii The Portuguese... ll:??r»!l',?'<».,lB71 Capital. jPoputo- tion. j:~ ™. "l"»mJ»ruil. 1071 82 iThe Ennliah. liua ♦,600,000 n,6M,iOO 3,100,000 700,000 60,000 8,600,000 800.000 6,000,000 8,600 P»dann . . Batavia .. Macassar. Amboyna g'"*"*- I 1,000 S"™ 80,000 Ooomng.. B^OOO Vlotoria. I i,iv>«p , 88,000 1180,300 80,000 9,000 1,000 P high), but it. easurn sidei "ear?y let I tL c'Sr ""•". "^"^ ''^''^ ^ gold-dust, snlphur, gutta-percha and o.J?. •='"«f P/o^ucts are pepper, *l''^ii^-r'^ p.'^v.t.xrot;^ .s?n:t»..^?i?L°' "'"''"'"- "■" ''™""'*- " -"^^ settled by the Portuguese,' 7. The Spa- nish Islands are the Philip- pine, Marianas, Oarolinas, 4c. Pop. 2,860,000. The Philipinc, aneitensive tri- angiHar group, lie south-east of China Proper. They consist of three principal and about 1,200 ■mailer islands. They are moun- tainous, ft their vegetation is rich. Their mi- neral products are abundant. UAj(ii,LA,on Lu- zon', the princi- pal island, Is fhp eeatofSpanJah goremment - ~ — . — ' '"■"ve c apital, fcthe residence of the Sultan them out on the man. Ifp^T^CrTTT;;— -: wtueBnitan. l^ ^^}1^- ;i^ fme^trarm^^SZ^nrrSSIT^^^ live the part.ouh.rs in the table.*^ w"1&hi,'^.L«J^\?..t''e e??«vin«. ", vriVa.i^the priUcipa^l Vrr""," p"^ V '"v,"«<=nbe it. the 3.oiuc<«, ; 0. th-e othi'r^te iaiu^T .ll^tiS' '^^^'^^^^s^^&^^jif^;SEi^^A^^^^-^^j^^ I couraes of the >f NovZealui4. PORTU^SEJgUMM-^RNEO, ^..-AUSTRALA^aI a ^. ^ PCBTUOUB8B iBLAmm. which >ro gol.i dl« ,wiZ nian ,m ;i„ °'.?'' ""•bondanl , »mong belong to lh« Duu li : Po»m"«lunA«ri.7''° ""'.^'."^ ""' '"•"'I Bhd-mi (San.crit for " Ian "l •")";C«„ ""^'V^' 'heir chief towni. Borneo), a BrUi.h co.on,, Jfe'r s'i? S'^bS"' C^'i.^rv^^JoV.i'; II. AUdTHALA8TA, INCLITDINO MELANASIA l._Aia^»h«ia, or Southern A^ia, includes ihe following island. : ■Al.-TRALIA. A-.?^«1<»»1 TWuraa of tha North OoMt tMU, .''«u«. ' HTIAITI, Cirii. CvpenUrtk, iner ._- Tomi. Anthem. VuDlMiMn't.lC Oembrtdfe. Quaeti'i: 'Klnfigound, Pl>Iirici.A» Kndearotir, Jmrmtt. ) '!>■ TorkorFlln. jAr lem. (|„r'« Und. Point I>»l». Coboupg. UmUoBderrjr. j N. AiutrslU 9. Phyloal Je a tufM of tha Bwt C iMt. lUAnw. Oo«)l('f. W«lle,l,., Oroote. Melrilla. Huttiunt, NamioiIiund, AUSIBAUA... TAallAUIA NlWZllAI.AIID.. NBwOirmgA... other I»lmnd«.... Area In iiq. MUCH. 3.100,000 i7,000 110.0(10 2S0.00U .W.OIMI Uy whom and when lettlod. TheEnglUli,i78S.. ," 18(1.1.. Tho Dutch (p«rt)".' fhi' NatlTM. Ac tloii 18WH». UAriTAL CHIBf TOWl Sydney Hobert Town Auckbmd :fuuul»- tion IMINW. 100.000 U.OOO 18.000 iMelrllle. flattery. iSeiidy. Byron, flamr-liotr. IHove. 8«ndy.»nd r». rloi'inmtllar leUnd*. j>aturwi of the Bouf h Oout. Wilnon Prom Benioullll Hpenrer. |C>tMtropnf. Victorf*. rol,«n_. Aiutrelia. Eyre Land. W.Au Of A HANI ^^, ^rn3H POSSESSIONS IN AUSTRAI^SIA ! ^.^^r-iir.'A^^i'rcr^ (or Vah.D.,k,«', Lakd), NoaroLK I,la»d, and nIw&I'o"' THE ISLAND-CONTINENT OP i4T7STEAHA sue. .bout tliAt of Britl.h North Amorlia. or equal to a «,u«« of 1.73> nill„ wand n tho World ; for it* compactness, its vast plains its"^t mineral wealth, and its flock, of 4eop and herds of cattlo! ^ 4. Extent— Australia is 2,:m miles long, by 1,900 broad 6. Bo«iidarie».--Australia is bounded on he N by the Timor 8 bvliT'•f*?^ f > '^A ^""^ S*" ""<> «>« Pacific Omn 8. by Bass Strait & the Indian Ocean, and W. by the Indian Ocean 8. PhynOttl Features.— The south and east ooaatnarp mnnnf.in ' lakf, extends northwarS froJa' Spen^eT iu^ G;e«I^a1;e''lf.''iV^?' noirth, and Lake Bianch farther^ast. Lake Q«rdrn?r Hes betwel .\" Q.^' er am: .he Stuart ranges of mountains, in aiastJal a TheTnl oJ witSSraJ.'e^&'ar'"''"'''''^''''*''"''"-^"-*^ Most of the water in the • - interior is absorbed in salt-marshes and swamps. With the eiception of the Gnlf of Carpentaria, at the north, the coast has few large indentations. For its great size, Austra- lia has few good harbours, and the coast-reefs render navigation difficult. .7. Kivers.-'rtie Murray Biver, at the south-east, with its tributaries (the DarlinsL Ac), is 2,000 miles long. The other rivers are the Victoria, South Alli- gator, Roper, and Albert, at the north; the Brisbane, Biohmoud, Clarence, Mao- lery, Hastings, Manning, Hunter, Hawkesbury. Ac., at the east ; the Mitchell, Lyned, Mackenzie, Fitz- rny. "nftara/^w WarriLvn. and iiurnott, at the north^t • 11. Pharaloal Featurea of he West Co at. I.«euwln. Fumeaui. Tumania. Kluft-.. Kangaroo. Pllndors. Bimouth. Leeuwin. Hamelin, Natarallat'g. N. Went. IMrk-HartOff. or lpela(0. Ouipler Anshii Kum-tree, the .!a««o«rary-tr^s^Cr"wZl « ntt i'.?^'""^ leatbery-leafed bes.'°v'sri»Si|^^^^^^^ s»-;^,;li-S:ftasi«SS^ Naki of COLOST. Nnr 8. Wamb. QUIIHSLAHD... VIOTOBIA 8.AUSTBA1IA.., WlSTlMAUST. TASltAHU NlW Z»AtAWD, Area in Bouare Miles. 47».00O 678,000 87,000 811.000 7i.000 181,630 110.000 1788 1889 1881 1884 18M 1808 1840 Popu- lation 18W-6S Oavitak. 388.000 Sydnoy. near Botany Bar ,S'JSJ £'',"'»'"'• "■• Moreton Biy' . B«n.«0« Melhourno. on Yarra-varrm 188.(10(1 Adelaldo. nea- O.SU^fnSnt 19.000 Perth, on Swan Rlvor M.OKii Hobart Totm. at the aouih' J«,(H»fAuoUamynjforth Vlttm^ 100.000 B,SO0 126,000 118,000 8,000 118,000 18.000 crrr ot itpwt. nn cawiai o» i«w socth waus. 16. H«W 8(luth.Wale..-Thi, l, the oldest colony in AusTalia, ^i^'j ^,^^:^Li^:/^^rV^ ^ ^^^.- ■: :: . ^^^ ftrmerly included Queensland and Victoria : it now lies between them! The coast, for some dis- tance inland, is rugged and mountainous, giving a south-eastern slope to the country. The prin- cipal ranges are the Liv- erpool and the Blue Moun- tains at the east, with nu- merous small ones in the Interior. TheRivorDariing (and its tributaries), which Ukes its rise in the monn- tains, flows into the Sulf of St. Vincent at Adelaide. 17. Chief Citles.-STD- IS wen situated, A preS>nt(; a striking appoaran(!e from the water. It is a handsome p'ty. and containa m^nv Siiii amomg -----..- .„, ^ „. ^„™^ a. jro^TwulllJS^'.^?^' 10.ofl*buan! featuw. of the north, owt. southi^lS^t (SaSta 'l^l'ii'cSS^ ouauiiig,. amoing whioh are the ohurohes, th^ eov- emn ient house, ai; the • yH**"°'™-8J''l>«t'»»aidof thePort sions there. ^Otve the nse of AustraUa. 8. For what isTt''''i^?"A'TLL^hLZ^S", ' i. oi Atjstralasia in the Ubie? 2. Nn 1. of Atjstralasia in the UbIe? 2. Najie the Britiah ^-:~ 5. boundariea: d nliv»in.l &.♦,,«. . ».2_r_ "?¥?*> f°««- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /;5^v<;^ it 4^ ^S' v 1.0 1.1 1.25 y£ lit lii lit 123 ■ 22 » 1 2.0 11.8 U 11.6 150mm V <5>> ^; /flPPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc .Jar 1653 East Main Street .aay - Rochester, NY 14609 USA jJ^g*^ Phone: 716/482-0300 .^=S-.SBB Fax: 716/288-5989 © 1993, Applied Image, inc.. All Rights Reseived ^ ^ ^^ ^ IS <\ ;\ ^'^ m r 92 wiNMoJ; Nw'^LTf.*"r "." "^ P*«?A1IATT*. MVKHPOOI,, BlTIIlMT, niNMOB, AfcWCiSTLl, (ioULBIBN, CaMPBEILTOWN, and IkUlTLASD. SouTh W^T?''^ '.'"' y"""*'!" Of "'e colonics, liea north of New The .nu-nl -if ".''"' °>'"'"«»'"'""' ''"' contain, many fertile IracU. ine toil and climate are peculiarly adapted for the growth of cotton. and M;l,Z!^„^"''II*f '."■""^" "T "'• •'*•''• K^Polllion, Queen.lanJ, •nd Macpherton. Briibane, the principal rher, falli Into Moreton Bay. i« the SSJuU *?.*r.^"i?.'?''\'"'"" ^t"^^'" "»>-'" »" "Bricu'tural re«ioD, an viM^ '■ '**'""'*''ii,CLicvKLiNi),AlM\ncH! oc^JnleTt'K.l'""™.''"' "",*^ ''''" Pa'""."-"! Aistbilu Fbui) l«5s bv Mr v.. "T":", I'"'"'"' "^ A"«"-«li«. It w«« Mettled only in onlM tI: """»"! but it i. now one of the mom important of theie col- Aln.e,t.„,1 ,«''''^-'"'"«' "f» »"y ''ch and productive. The Auitrallan ffiveanoHh. *,'""""*"■""" •lirection, parallel to the coait-llne, and Au..«m! - ? ''"'•^ '" "'* country. Victoria is the most fertile pirt of wou d h. «,, *"■* ' T ^1' "'* '"" *'»•*' <■""" •he interior, the climate would be Tery agreeable. Much attention is paid to education. ai. Chief CltlM.-MBLBouBNE, a f!ouri.h.n« city, on the Yami-y»mi SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. from Storm Bav. U contains ■ college and many handsome public biiUdingt Other towns: Ui-kcestok [kns'-lonj (p. 10,0«OJ, Ueoboutowm, 4o. ' CITT 0» MBLBOUUB, IBB CATITAL 01 TICTOBIA. AVWBAtU SMU, S. ^h'i^JU-SnS; LtfflnJ.' '¥hro?,:e''r^»;jta"?l • hicf looahliee in lb-> gold-diggingx, at the north *''* 8n!!?i;S^^"*^u"" '*"'*'"' ^«""n Australia and New ?h. .;^' "'m ^u?"*/^ f,"" ^o"'' •"" •'""« "'« b-nk. of the Murrar. m.rirT'! >»''/*■■"'•• Northward from Torren. Lake it becomei de« and fJinf ""'•"n °«»"'«f'°-™"g«"' "« « Stuart, G.wler, Fill- & I. "'<""="• ?"PP". '«"!. tin. "nd iron are abundant. The Burra-burra copper-mines (00 miles from AdeUide) are very rich. 88. Ohiat 01tl«B.— Adelaide ip 26.000), the capital is aitimtofi nn .» „: A ™°*' « '"'"• ""* Torrens flows throuvh it Other town> • M VrT "S" »"L^°°-"r-''*' **"•"""' «^'^""' <5"otwA74 poBi LiK^i^: .-!Ir.^ iTT'^a^''!?'^ (originally Swam Rivib, from ita black •w«M) ii lituated on the looth-west coast. Though largest in extent it ^, . :.i?# i" ."^~^"H!f^' Pk»th, p. ,%000. Other towns : Fbbbmam- fi.,ur«''"'W "<>°n«c» Melbourne with the Mount- Alexander aofi- fieldi, Murray fiiver. Geelong, Ac; and Adelaide with Oaiien "wn,&c TASMANIA, OE VAN-DIEMEN'S LAND. (Nuwd Van Diemeu after th. Governor of aitovia, by lUdUeoveier, Tasman.) Blia, nearly the same as New Bnuiawlok, or equal to a square of in milea. a?. XVMition — Thi» ialand lies 120 miles gouth of ViotoriB. ■8. njniotl FeatOIW.— The north-eatt and weat ihorei are bold The Interior i. mounuinou. and rugpid, and the pe'.k. nume^M' Along the eoHt opposite Brunt Uland the sienery is ve^ line. The"^ •nd the Derwent. There are several beautiful lakes in the Interior. 89. Chief Town*.— (Capitol, HobabtToWn [bob'-er-tonl fn BRnnn^ pietureaquely Mtuated on SulUvan Cove, at the mouth oflhel]| ,i;^ntM2l' ,^QDBrrioifB.— 18. I)esaribe Queenehind Ciri or UOBABT Town, IHl CAPITAL Of TASHABIA. thfI?".iS*"?1^.*"i^ ?*^.\!'*^T'''''f "'""•^ " colder and more humid than that of Australia, but the natural product* are nearly the same. The chief exporta tn wool, wheal, flour, aunfemus quarts, and timber. NOKFOLK ISLAND. ..2ii::?l^n^^'V '".V"^ ""!«* •*"' "' Australia, and was until Utely attached to Tksniania. It is a l)eaulit\il iHlaiid of aliout U.OOO acrea. Tlie inffi. ".'"'f'V.'"'"'*".'"?'- . '^^"''' '»'«'> 1 '' *»» » pen*! colony. The inhabiUnU of Pitcaim Island are now settled on it (seepage 61). THE ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. (Named after Zealand Island, Oonmark, by Taimaii, the discoverer. In lau.) Blse, nearly the naine as Upper Canada, or pqual to a S(|Uare of SM mika. 82. Boeition.— This ((roup lies I.IOC uilea uast of Tamnania, and con8iKt8 of three priiicipBl islaiids; viE., New Ulstek, New MuNSTKB (the centre nnBW BBAIABD. 84. Produotji, Aw.— Copper, sulphur, iron, gold, Ac. are abundant agreeably ana the soil (brtile. 86. Hiatonr.— These isUnds were disoovered by Taaman in 104% and the «>ast was circumnaviKated by Cant Cook m 1770. They were first aettled in 181S, erected into a oolony in ISMi and a constitution granted ti tbem in ISta. 87. Chief Oitlee^-Capital, AccE- r >xo(p. 15,000), wgU situated fortradeon the ettuary of the Thames. OUier towns: WBLLuroToir (p. 6JK0), with an exoel- lent harbour: Nbuok, N«w Pitm- ocTH,CBmiaT's CmrEca, Dombdih, 4c. to the Malay Ikmily. Many ot them tattoo their akin in a stnguhr and tkn- eiAU manner (See engraving.) a tatoobd itBw.«BALA»r ciBf. 88. Anttpodee Mend U oao miles 8. E. of Ne w Zealand (pp. « and 18). ^i-?^' .. -ifli"" -'"»'•.«»" , S5. iU oilier uiiiea, H. Vt- >i?iiSu'^?,??5'*H?? ".'J'' M«e of TaamanU. J7. Pdaiout its 40 ^^^^ °^ '™ PAPUAN IBLANDa eaat, is luoun- taiooui. Val- uable wooda '•re abundant ; and here U the home of the beautiful bird- of-paradiie. The natirei tattoo 4 oth< crwiae adorn themaelrei. They are lub- j«ct to the ill- and of Tcr- nate, but the Dutchexcrciae Buthoritjr at .«D.»««„ 0, ,B. K.x.r„ 0, „,,- .c.„.. '" 4r'oT.P I«ri«2ADR rioo-e-M-ad'l Irieh Ha »...ti, „/ v r, ■ '•l»nda.-The MOK or Solomon IsLi vn« nAw?^.""^, J'F*'"'- '" *''» "wt ; the Salo- bjr the French). "liMfer t^ Uif tm.^'i ^''xA '","' ' '«""">' «""<^ mountainoua, and man* of ihBii t~ ^V'"*"{-, **'"^ "' "'""o '"'""'I'* "ro The iaha,itai.. t^t^X ^JXe X„^a&.'N"e«j;::i.»'« ^^''"'* POLYNESIA-CONTINENT OP AFRICA. NiiiKor I'Biiiu. TAL laUMM. Am In I H<|. Mlln.' M»-«-«-Y«^"u,r;fp;;;5rL.i;;rd:ir^ tor, and midway Iwtween '. .s^J!^^^^^^^^' INCLUDING MICRONESIA l^r^eJrr""'""^' '''••'^■"•"""''•••»'' •'•-•«"'"'«'<«•") Oc"n.'K?e.iatctnde';".bltirr'r'''' "'•■"" '" •'"' !'-"'<= vl«., the Bnrnten'l Ladr^l'I' "r P' ■*™''P' "'"■*'' <"' ">» Equator, *o. and the SoutS 'l,und° vl« '"'.'""'• " Sandwich I?|.„da Narigator'., Priendi;rF'e- « or fIu'*.''*,*',"'''''''"!' '"''"'•2- Cook'a 4«» Til- »rf.-i i « ^ ' ^ ' *" ' '^'''« "»""■ *>' the Equator. 4a The Prindpri Oronp. of Idand. in Polyneala are a. follow, , (AfHc..a.„pp,«d.<.b.deH,ed,™m^.,.«....«.J5: J:15.f^?^^N^NT OF AFRICA m^..„«t 5.000 »ll.. ,.„^ .„a ♦,«• Wide, or eiual to a a,u«e # ,.4M n.,1.,. toiiiouH, but piclurowiiie an(i fertile" "fi.«v"«»«.".'"""''i i'"'K'i"> "»<»"• Mendoai, Vi.-oroy of i'eru k),,2,,iL,i,1 ^ T"' """"^ »"«"■ Marquia de liAil and fortile Tahiti unTO*-1?,,.rfril '.'.''*' *'»"iue«w. The beau- ;!I.«I i.l.nd, and U railed tl „ ^om uni^vic^'-^n%±^' ^' ",'.'"' "i""" 8«?JDi£KUnd". Th?,*^,i"i;r'i"'r' <"• '.«"">»'•''»«, 4c.) lie 8. W. of the 81. l-he Navliatort '^^''^SLT".'"'""""" '"'"' volcanic. Pm, Som Wanda. «ndTiS?n oxtend^l^TiSTMr"!'."" »««•>-"<»' "f K' tauioua but fertile. The WfrSfttr^'h'rl'" *.**'• They .re moun- A?.'to^fa-f.t°S S of !« Theae iaiauda. olJiX'ta'iJ.'rt^^S.'r.l'&^i ::::orz!i?«5^r-----'-.p.--(-.n,ne..._..,. THl PRIMOIPAL ASisj A i!s n- A—' ^J ^«*i«*i«l Olf ArsiOA. (Rw Ulnili' lolWut A-om to Crwi ii iV o 1 r^ , St m It ! fi - '' ' principririTWMMlmoanW,.n,,M. P dXutotSircl^ ^■I' -Ji lOM. .».. j" , ""• o'l'brated RiTer Niln i.i, ". . ""* •■"*" '« bold and rewntly been dln-ovcrcd in the ceni,.'^ , '^'"* "'"• *»<' l«ke» hare , • broad Ubie-land extend. tL i J "'«''"' "» •'" 'outh, down wl^Jh Z.»b..l, high up inU; fnien^or I'l* "'r/* '"='""'' ''•"• "c^r^oV h. ortbe >>^, cUdda. and I'^^l TT^ldT^irte^S'tS;- Itr"^" •ua. Bat*. ' Cban.ibu .W«AiT<. J ■ 1 "TMAir^ liUVDI. C*'« OB UlADI. ioptrtel. lioD. fliMM n . . ; "' Hxiriifii;. (Tu.nli. Moaocco. "" Aiotau..." Tcai Iw«>u. .„.,•••• EoTfT . . <>eiT*i,. . •"a •!»«*• ulualed W«O..W(i Tunl., > the ».J«.«M Tripofl. J«»«t, -~, , 4aM'iS! J?™!'"'"'' «n Nile,.. M o«3 ^Ss'Sa Ji""«». on the c««| HV.OOO u.ww IIIO,(lll» tl>,(l«0 UO.UM 79,ll«» SJOO l«.Me U.IIM M.MM M.onii •.(KM «J«tt r. Miriafa !*»«»_. r — '■'MTIT. I'Siiei. IPomaaa.' Lpelagca. rfr ^ * "^tUTM of th e South Ooart.' _^isr- iTabla. Walvlaoh. Slephant, OuineL. Bi^-ra. IBe-nIn, ]Dlitoy«i7or8«ttla. ' menl. wThe Dutch, lut SSS £»»«"'. »SL' Cahiai. (' ftrnandJ-ptt. iwSJj^ Sahara. tleneitam. piaaiid i'Pper ■inea. QMMTown The P«irtiwii«!ri«;'<: rnY*''?'*"'«burg, Mio^The rttrtiSSIi!' iZHi,'^ ^'"'» Wff M.oao a/iw ■(.aoo io,soo a«,wiu awi 17W I8M IMS l«>7 iMa laa isu I8U iai5 Ills Oul ■oDVTArv Kaiou. I ATLAa, high. liul.wee.tA. Chadda. I AanaiiiAa, Mooii.io .owf. HtX-M-CA. Nl^ier.t Vo'ff-'- Kirna Bast. Rivias riowiKo Wk3t. |8helllir.t~ ' UOm. Njlj^tCMO. Blow, (.too r. Oo-an.io, or Quo4ii.ra, «00m. Webi«. JulM,urJu oen-e-«al,t«00Bi. Char'' Ti»-3S. Tchad. 'nt-tro. yjctoria- "y-an-ia.. N-rt'-ml. I Earth. The Zli iriL'i,i ? '^1'*' ooourring when »i,^ «.. " '««»n8, »«. 15 W ^™ ^^^ BABBAHY^ii^ ~ branching out toward tho aea : b«TJ!;„ Ju, I''"' *">"». »ith "pun I *«tered by numerou, .treama. ' The .?„„.r^''''' •" '^""« "Hey" leather, hide,, carpeU, wool, indigo, .auTu.'nl' ,°"?-"'' -o"''^ 16. Chief Oitiea.— MnD' Algeria «Vd ?^"'y 'outh of the ialand of Sardinia. It i, a long aarrow atrip, with • coaat-Hne running ontthtl ■m i fci U" BiUA, • depcndenejr to tha tut, and Fu-iak', * tribul.rr to th« tonth, «r« Included in the |>«chnllc. T:ie coirtry hu n cnaat-ltne of » thou' land mllM, and ll» aurface ii dircraiHeu by dtiert, mountain, and fertile Talley. The chief producti are daiea, ullrei, anil, aheei., and cattle. Tarrou (p. 20 OOO), the capital, la l., the weat on the coaat ; Mora-iora', in Ktiian, la the great ttoiiping-plarv for cari>r«na going aouth and eaat. ■OYPT, mmiA, AWD KOBBOFAir. Blae. one fburth laner than Canada, or equal to a aquare of aao mllea. o.'°" Jff^ Jtor.— EoTPT iii noted for ita anticiuity, itA famous of r!!!l '** P""*'7'""""fi«'»"'w. »nd it* oelnbrated pyraniidg. V^^° — '^^^'* fiimoiia land oocupioa the n<>rtli-«a«it«rn corner ot Africa, throuji;li which flown the oulfbrated lliver Nile. -.i^.?'''™'?l!.'"**'''"''r''''"' """' '•'":lo«''d by a double range of which fir'/rt"u' '"'!'? ""^ Mediterranean by two principal ..ream, which form • delu or triangle. It draina 600,000 tquare milei. The — — II I " — '- SKETCH OP GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. romiT-rtoAT o« tiia aiLa, iotpt. Lu'i!I?J''' •"'' """" "■"»■'" of •nclent art which are found in Egjpt, with the numeroui grorea of palm-treea, give » |«,culiaritT to the acencfy The annual inundation of the Nile ndda great fertility to the loil. '' ^88. The Chief Frodttots aro KrainMlatea, melona, Ac. The lotua and P»-pj''-rus plants (fVoni the latter of whioh the AncicntN made a matcrinl for writing, and ivhcnre i« derived our word "paper") are atill found in the Nile. Crocodile* abound in the river. 84. Chief Oitlee. Cairo Tky'-roj, Ii5 ni. (Vom Ilea, ia the capital; p. 2SU,000. The other oitioa are Alrxanobia, Ro- HRTTA, and Dam- iRTTA, on the coHot, and SrsK, at tliehciKl nftlie Ree Red Sea. The Hlue Vll^ and ita trrbularic. lake their riae here among the mountaina and rJiji"" c„ffr''"':f '"K"'^fr"'«- The chief producta are teffand o'thcrg"ain. coffee, col on, and fruita. Iloraei, cattle, and wild animala are «>!' meroua. The country i. divided into varioui petty kingdom. « f'now. (3) 8110A, chief city A*.«o-.A»'; (4) Samaba. The Uallaa tr bea h.v« The French have acquired a trading-place in Abyaaiola on the Red 8e, -- _, BASTHBM AnUCA. I Ji :, » T'.A**'*. <'»»«nd» fWim the Oulf of Aden, at the north i.. 1 w*" "•""■• *'""•' »"' Kubiect to the Hultan of Muwat in Aml,i„ Snr,.fh"'S"'"".'"- tl? «'''J'»'!° of ?«"in'«l»r '« very 1 .t, ho . ", "rj K under the bquator. The principal lakw. are Tamnyta NynWa I \m. * and the nvora are the Luflii and the /Aiml«.r^"'|,„ Wlu.r^f tl^o l,Z^^^^^ »',""*" »™duHlly inward, both eaut and w«(.|, forming a ' -„ -. v:iir, gold, and oilier I lio priiioiiial pro"'«r,QriLOA, Moxambioi' yi'lLLl-MA-NE, and H ofALA, on the coaiit,-plaoe. of conaiderable tnlde. -- „ , CEMTBAL AIiaCA. . H ■ .9*"*'«,A'"9*.embraoea the whole of the interior from Xorth»m S'.S':"*'""^,.^'"""- . '» 'nclude«,8ou.DAK', ETHiopu.Vnd thS Dmbbt ^ Saiiaba. Theae vaiit tracla are little known ; but the tribea which inhtthiJ oatnch fwtheni, ebcm.v, |miiii-oi|, Kold-diml, Ac. The chief townVin sl.?' dan are 8bgo and TiiiBUt^Too, on the N'iger: Kouba on iSte TchiS' in Bortiou ; and Waba, weat o^ imrAir. From itf oirabique andfteiithJS.' Zanguebar, tho inter or haa recently been explow" S^The" nUuent u Lower <^uineij.-aii.l the dim^ivenw aro note.1 on tlTniap The ,SLt aurtice I. varied. Tho loflv Mountoin- of the Moon eXd dowSThe co«t-line aome dwUi.™ iuUd,-iu»t«»d of from cmUo wZ^aa hUhertn erroncoiwly believed. An extenaive lake, the Victoria NyanS S^ow «^r" taine.1 to U the aour,» of the Nile, ha^'becn 'liJverej'yiM un'eTfhe Equator I*ke Shirwa, near the 8h!r '•'"« run corn, mllLt (. kind of grain )a„d w.tl .Im '"^"- "*'"■ <" '"dlan M. »»taL-Thi. rnlnn. II . "•'e'-WBlon-, Are the chief producU. The chief prSduoU .re cotton In Ji.?"'^''' '' ^i."'"''- »■"• ""' "" ftr'He. -.«../„(p.,iTtCp^!r.te:fKMX^t^,r!:;.^^^^^ 88 to n W)WBR OUIMXA. th.Portu«uo«tr^f„S;,„^-M,-,«^^^^^^^^^ THE BBmSH OOUVOOAOT SBTTLBMENTS. "echljJftr^W „„*!??"•?•"*"••'" ""• O"''' Co..t, In Hpper Oulne.. t«l), An- NAMABOO, DlXOOTI, •nd Ao- CBA. The • zporti are gold- du8t,palin oil, iTory, maUe,*c. Annual ▼alue of export! $380,000; an Dual revenue $66,000. OT AK m^ w. 8KNBOAMB1A, hi. Ri^irffl^.,;;' KS^i;!l;rnttrr"a^nS%'''' p- uBheaui,, rSer hi'a m'..r:'r.t/Ze;Y:„;:rLiS..«r,?„" THE ISLANDS OF AFRICA I. * "oS*bre7rIl'!t.f:'':„ V'.r„ ?•! "!"".••" •" M«^'.f"c.r. It o«.. The chl./,^"a2 ':^'',r.,"Vr:.bln7.°L".I!T'! "2 ""'"''•""- OAri.ooA.T oiaru. oawtai, ot Buim ooumx>a«, ,!,««,„ the African co„t. rt. .oi. I, gSd^lS^f X.T^'Jil'^l'.thT*''^"' »'' THB BBmSH COLONY OF fOHBRA I^ira. oil, ground-nut., *c., .nnuiU T.lu. 8i 4So non «l' "^•^fo'ton, p.ln)- AA wf ^™ 0AMB1A4OVHB snTxaHmniB. riw. Th.oih».toVhS.rthr K,^"J^"i "r'!^.*^ "" »*• MIT LOriS. TBI CAWnAL Of ■ArmiTiim. -uar?S|5?ttrio\?/n'c:i"h^rJ.^ir^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ II '" four groupi. In 1814 thuT ».«. .--.. j . .. , ."*' *" '''»''r f "'^r » '^■- *«"«. •»«• in ihape. It. eout. .Zl , , ' " »2|«">'o "rifla, and ii prram'ldal the chlJf mounSilr "TlL" Z -i h*^'* ''JT. "" I-ot'Vwlft 2^^ from haring b.eT?h^SiLui „f .il'^i. l** •.«"*•«• '«• <="•' cel.bri^ revenue ,^.000. jSTtowS^ fttS-; r^^o""" •"'"•"'^' i. 8 milKj^iW 'uiZ^" north-WMlf Bi. H.l«,a, «,d QpyTiOM»-8S. What i. .ail^ the ohirf nmH.». T-77r-^ 1 ■> ( n. or P*i«c m»ULAi,D,oktit»amt otlA FOBTuovan isla1i]ml FCMCHAL [fcon-ihal'] i. tbe an^S: •"•'*'»•* ••« ••'•w*!. fcr inTaUdi. "' """" ' SSrti* iS'^nHSih.' ??• '^«'*»-' W- Point out oD tte SKETCH OP GENERAL OBOGRAPHY. M> aoUufiiLiU»iiaM,0 101 lOR ^migitn.l» MJWiat- aiw^VTHiai sx ■WMIIl" I I III! II II IJI I MttfrtATg sc^i^SiasssssSb 1; The Owden of Bden w«b the first portion of the Earth's surface occupied bjr man. It is supposed that this garden was in Ohaldea, somewhere between the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris in Asia, trorn this central spot (GoD having confounded the lang- uage of men when they vainly attempted to build the Tower of Babel up to Heaven) the whole Earth has been peopled. Greeks believed tlw( Muses in Oreeoe. wat . untU the time of PUto, 8B0 B. c. The fiieenibian* a c«a rh^°,53^*L«"^i*.5'5«-».w.retheZ?tnxplo» BRIEF SKETCH OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 'Sl""''?'''^^* » eonoPl' or curtain, over it The Mount Parnassus, the sMUof ApoUo and the the oentie of thejsrth. ThU beUef oontinued is °' rR.^ "• "'* Pbcmioiana, a MaAuina people Muses in Oreeoe, until the time of _ ^^ ^ k^M^^i^^J^*^* Sr- ¥«* tocommunisate their ■eo^.j.hi: SI .fc^SfS? ^ ^.J^'tf'^ This knowledM was afterwards «3> by the Ofedis and th« Bnmu.^ >» tk. nJiSS. rS^TrTST^^' •saAoing people ots the shores of '^±^:-n^j^!^^.^^js^^^ borders of China at the east, to Soaadinavia attbe north! ttd andAbrisiniaatthesouth. -"ti. ■• ■« wmo, ana 4 tht Anritt lupin began bavtag lasted tin jsi;n.*It eztandi 1 n* IKmr On^ Btaj^ of antiquity wsre as foUowi ; _^ ITTO i. 0., and endsd 63* i. e., Capital, BABTton, on the Bnphratss. ^^ K^«—cmma»f. .#&i.i — QUBSnova.— Point nnt tm th* Ki^w aft ♦■.» 4.M^ ^Aui. Puiuioui and name eaoh ooeiln, sea (f Ciinun. |)i« Min of iUm. »nd lnv to tb« •outh of HyrU and iil th'< .u.l »ii,| of tlic MMlilrmiiMiii Nm Anir il< ooiiuUMt bjr Jtmhuii. il wu, l,y ih« coniuwixl (if UoD, diviiM aniimH the twelvetrib" of Urwl Mfullow. T» iMxhrnr, /*bulun, A.h.T. Nii|iiiUll. Sd til* half-tnbii iif Duu, wm MaiiiiiiMl Ihn couiiiry pilvudiiiii from llw ouiiM wmel MiiRe, on lb« wi-«t nido of tb« Junbu, lo IMiwiiii^w and »yri» : to KpbnJn, Uonjimiu, ind (lii< baif-lnbM of Uu Mid Muiaawb, tb* f "»|i"Jfr UtoMiai turn the Jordan to tho Mount < «'i, ami t4. H4,ul»n «J«1, »nd lh« balMrilw .,t Mauuwb t»lwo,.n llic.|»rUn and tho .VinniiMi In the tiinaof " .nnia;laJudah aallorWdSMi rounin Ijrlna (Motnmonr •on), t.n of III.. Mm, rev..ll«J .iid r.,rii,,«l ll,« kinSomTi.nir thi r«>mainin|ilwolrilw.fonii«||hi.kJnKd..m.,rJiid«l. "**"""""»•' '"• CanLfl^*!,'!!.' "r'.h''^*^'"'' '""'"';"> "'«« P^ "f tha land of uanaan iymi waal of the Jonlan, wm, hi lite I in.. ..four HaTiuur .lirldad ?h. VL^ f.i. '*r*l";"" 'jy'M""'!. '" "t the «wl M», of tbe Jordan. In ibe tima of tbe Cru«il«., AtcaClue nicalTad the name of tbe Holy Und MIECELLANEOUS. A1.PIIADETICAL LIST of Tni OBOW OOMMXBOIAL PBQDUORI OT THI lABTH, AND Tlil OOVNTKtU WIIIUIN THIT AU PftODVCID. Auapicsr Jaaialoa. . Atilo»mHjtofJtLTri|ioll. Barbarr. hjOii. Portunal. Au>aa Aaaow.&Nrr-gaaiirABOTioa. faa« and Woal IndlM. loitlk.|aa ^land*. ^ " — *T-C«ilra) eoanlriaa In HuniMi and AiiKMwaw let. Mo and M° , Britiali .1 Auklialla. RauD-racir-ToiynMlarb*! and WMlIndlaa. »-Bart and Wail Indkik iCiiaarai'n-Siiatu, Italjr. l^onlna, Turkn. oa-Ovk>a,0oahtn-Chliia. CiTBoaa-MadnIra, Pot|rw«ia. Cum — "^ Buure-CnlniieoanlriM In lluniM and Aria. M« AiMrlaai Aukitalla., gaaiD^racir-pgijr^birRatl piaaAMoa-UaylMi. OooUn-CMi«. CiTBoaa-MadxIra. l>M|rw«ia. CLoVw-iio. liHm Uaoda. OoAL-Billaln. BaMuni, tJnItni Matn, Nma imtta, AuMralla. Cocoa-Nvn-Oajrlon, Maldtva lilaoda. Hlam. BraaU, BamairPobiiMU. AMoa. gorrn-AnMa. Jwa, Wait IndUa. BnuU. Waurillw. Coma-StarthAi^Jirte!^ Ooaa-rraiwa, Ipatn, l\iKunl, I ; AfMca, Trupteal Anarln, VulM gfta^'l^i^'iWta^AJabiM^ri^ India. i»o»»-Maur{|l«», Hadiwaaear, Oajloo. BnaaALoa-Pani, riolh-TurtM Orjeca, rranry, gaaln, ltal>. NuKh AMea. pLil-Ruaiia, Rtopt, Inriaod,^ NaUwrlaada, AuatraUa. Pcaa-SrttUi aiid Buaalan AmerioaTViiltM Britain, Chili, Mvadan. mbaria, l>«nia, Jaiian. i Ital/, Bariary. Corroa— Southani larta of AiU ; Matia. CoaaAaT* Ionian lahuula and Oneea. OAHBoaa-Man. Oaanbodta. OoLD-Callfornla, RritUh CbluaMa, Nora BooltiL Layw Canada. Au|«ndhslndla. Buma. AlHm, Hunaary, gaiony. Bciador. ^ Hj«^-Bnarin,7tdirHilIlpaiia laland.. BnaU. Kllaln, Biojrt. North Anmloa. Iraua Cou-SMMAiaa. laDiao-Kaat and Wwl InitSTOulnaa. IrccAcu- AaiA— loaUi At r lea. Uo>— Moal eountrlaa, partlmlarly Britain. Hwedan. BriUdiABMrifa. United Matt*. IroaT-AMoaTKaiVlndlM. oweom. LsAP-BHtaln, Unltwl State*, Britlih America, Qermanv, Spain. Laaoaa- ania, IVnte. Qreeea. Itahr, ipaln, Portiwal. Aiore*. W^t IndU. „''*c»-*>rt and Weal judlea. MABooAax-Wail Indlaa, Ci-ntrmI America. ••*i»«.o« lanua Ooaii-Aaieriea turn Canada to La PtataTSouth Burope. Cen- tral Afrioa, Aii*raltaL liArLa-SDOAB-Caiiada, United Statea. MAaaui-iihletty In Italy, araeee, Biypt, aiberia, Britain. Praeoa. Plaaderi. Canada, United Htateik MaaCDlT. oa QcicuiLTaa-apaln, Auatrto, CalUbmla, Peru. China. MiLurr— tiennany, Pohuid, India, Africa. MoLAeeia— Weat IndWe, Mauritlua, UxUatana. MoBOOCO-LaATBiB-Iievant, Barhary, Bualn. PUadan. Mi'LaauT-Taaa a«o laa aiLK-Woill— Hoik h Burope, South Aala. NOTMBoa— Molueoa i»lBndLBumatr% Panaqc, Borneo. OA T a S ai a e a* Baklst. OLiTia— Syria, Oreeoe, Africa, S^aln, Italy, Ionian ,*«d. "'"iJi^SXIiJSil'lnd^"""'^'^ jeuM-btu^tftarn AHeMTeraaiifa^ BimII, UlJHloatan. ParrsB— laaland —Southern Pranoec QuioiaiLvia— See Mitccar. BAiaiaa-Aiia Minor. Spain, Italy. Eica— IndU^ Clilna, Weat Indlea, United Btatae, Italy, AMoa. BvaiBa-Ara, South America, Siberia, Buypt. Bra— The BrMd-grain of Oermany and Butaia. BAOo-Baat Indtea. SArraiaxa-AnL Bobnaia. Sanmy, Praaee. Siivaa— Meilco, Peru, Hungary, Baiony, Aaiatlc Buuia. Bpoaoaa— Pound upon the rooka of tlie Hedllmaneau and Bad Sean. BoaAa-OABB-^Trapioal Amurtca, Beat and Weat Indie>.8lolly, Canary liUuid*. Polyneala, Africa, Braall, Loulriaiu. Bcoab laoM Baar-BOOT-Pranoo, Belgium, Oenaany. Pnuda, Riiteia. . ''lJ!'i*'!?*~S!i f"i ^"tL'^iSi luOt^ Kaypt. Cuba, BmaU. Tamooa- BouthAinerica,WeatIndleB. TaA-CUna, Japan. Aiaam. Tia-OonnralL Oavon, Oalid^ Bre-a^rae Mountalna In Saiony i Bohemia, Mahvria. Ohhia, lataud o( Banea in Baet Indiaa. ToBACCO-Troploar America, United Btatea, Tiokaar, Aala. S™?*^ S™"^ *''"'nfe. ''<»»/t«S»-?outh Amtrioa. IndiaTlDvOiberia, Meileo. TuWiVonB— NWnpore tai Petaia. -wi-^ -« Tiaa (Taal-Sottth Bufcpa, Canary Iihuida, AMca, N. America to lat. 4<°. BrailL WaiAT— Almoat eeaf nwt of the temperate tone*. Wiaaa— Harpaadb .- Prom a prortaea in Pmiu» or that naaie. Oape: South AMoa. C9taaiiMfiw: Prom a Dnnrlnea In Prauee of ttat name. CJar«« .- Bordeaui in Pranoa. MaiMra i Prom the Madeira Iiiacda. Jrataaap.' DItia Jfareala: Blclly. An-t: Prom a province V 8b! I'^ZflT'iir'lSSliriiR^ Slurry. Xema, near Oadii, In Spain. Ikmir^: YAaa— AMea,nouth America, Polyneaia, Auitralla. OBIom at THB FBTO OPAL SLAOTB. Ani— la tnm Brarpt. Barltt waa found In the Hhnaluan Mountalna. .Baoit- «aA«a( oamaoriainiaiyjnmm Siberia and 1teta«y.11ieO»iTii«lahomBumipe and Aala. (Mera orlciidBdln Germany. The caemr, Phm. OUee, and .dlaHWd ai« rtom Aaia Minor. The Chmtmmt game from Italy. CMmrt la a erlid plant in Germany. The OMfMHi la IhMB Media. Tbe Curitfader grow* aiMnear the Mediterranean. The ltr.l!*S":?"*''*T2"»./'f •■»•. tffo—iJ* *wJ«l I., ItoujKraBuSpe.'rta IheRaet. The Ooarrf I, probably an Baatem plant. «m«M« «wl 0«." SinatlMS i .-..jgr;^!y g:yn'*a^. l*. * . "*»»>? pr.idu* f»om Runpe. The PopSm il'P'P' , STr * 'S *°'' ^ "" W** ]>"** **" In SIctly and W«iilea, JUeeiaanatlnaf wa* bmudit from Bgypt. The JtwU a«d.Plax i how. lu origin by luVutme. oHiMr ncpoBn or vabioub ootmrRiBB. NORTH AMBBIOA AND WEST INDIBS. l?m'J!"^A''"?;*ii!L"/*;""'"" i«i*»i>-aoid. ntn. coal. MaViSSZsiuCr S2hiS.A^ •'**^ •^''- """'t^J^' p™"r'™'- 1»« ••"• i«««i 5;;'si;t'i?sj^ar timb.,. de-.. ,h Jtr.te '^' '-^""'- -^"-^ NiwroDlDLAaD— Oodbh. NoTA Soom-Tlirber, coal, plaatM' of Pari*, gold, flih, potalota. PaiBOa-BDWABD ULA»n-Agrioultuml product*, B.h. ■"""* UaiTBP Statu i ^ g*M^*a-Oolirqu|ck.ll»er. Kli£.f*!i*V"!!J^i^.'v'*f' ' -""' f""" Virginia and Maryland, tokano. AroHaeni fCal«— Timber, Oah, beef, pork, not and aearl a*h«* ^^ ~™«»o. Houlktm «ta/«e-Ootton. tobam, rinsMnr; w«Sr w^.f!!^;;:;:,*'^"""'' "^ ""JVeon, IndUtn com. *"C_L'"""~*"''"'Lr"''*?' ."*■• " wl a m i. cotton, pimento, aingar locwood. ma. bogany, cocoa, cochineal, dgar*. traftcaltrulta. ^^ 'ogwooo, ma- SOUTH AMBBIOA. i!rp!i;f2SSArxivriS!ii*£?^t^^ ""*• «»"• '""»?»<^ ""-• CaiLi-Gold, rilnr, copper, wheat, hemp VaauoiLA— Ooooa, coihe, Indigo, tobaoco. BUBOPB. DaaxABK-nosa, rape^enl. lUh, ftiather*. nlil^ is?' TV^- If"^ »Uk^glwre*, nerhimery, trinket*, ftincy article*. GiaaAinr-Wheat, hemp, llai, wooL hark, amber, Bhenlih wine*, bop*, toy^ OaSAT BBlTAia A>D UaLAKi>-&al, Iron, auuhlnery, *hlp*, mac^ture* lu Oaraca-BMr aUk. dried nruita. Hou.A>D AVO Baioica-Cheeeo, fin, i Mlip*. madder, hop*, lace, linen, dock*. iTAti-tow and raMulkotured elli*. fruiu, ofc»e«>»roni, NOBWAT ARD BwaDBa-Tlmber, Iron, pitch, turpentine, oak-bark, flih. rOBTDOAi.— Wine, nuit*. cork, B»AIB— Win^ fhiit*, oilve-oil, cork. wool. TcBZBT— Leather, raw allk, Ag*. ASIA. AsABlA-^JoAte, aloe*, gum*, myrrh, hankhiaenae, perftame*. drug*. A*iATio ItLAn>*--Clniiaoia«, etorea, nutmeg*, pepper, ginger, aago, oamphor. BiBMA» BBMBB-Teak-tlmber, rioe. Ii«U«mwiw Sru^ pHii-75irVaSi.«tnl*h. Chira-Tml, •Ilk, cotton-good*, poroelalnniuqttered-wan. gum*, fipit. drlgT^ HiHDoaTAa-SUk, mignr, coBbe, pepper, indigo, rioe, Uc-r RakdkiMii (MoliMtion • llm kinidom uf iinal: th* iidali that Mrt i,( tha Uiid of linm iifoiir H«»imir, iliiridad • ill th« iiiiilillr. mill JudM wit Miln, of tli« Jonlau. In B luuiic uf tha Ilol)r I«od. p». Tlw Dffi't.ir—d la paau- nnl III NouUieni ■umw. Th* riUn.Cn— la from Horiii aiiil 'Imum ami Clottn an naUfaa tlw Kaal tndln. Tb* IToala a th« raaptan Hoa. Tha ifon: •me tVoid Iho aottlh of Ruropa, M|riM an from Iha Lrrant. a iiatW* or A marlOL Uw WWo* uid Abjrialnlik. ThaJTaMarry (MlaanatlvaorHur^Bi. 0»U WPf. I^ralaiiwaaflnt known 'a of AraM*. ^ha J>m la aup- ara (torn Kuropa. Tha Poppm I naljra of Hani and MailS. <<<«* U a natin of China and mdNaplaa. JUoalaanaUTaor ftmaeh waa flrM cvlllntwl In ianwio MatlTaoTTotaviaand iiMijr aiw tha MedltarrannHi. '» cam» rrooi Kanls. ir»M( Ita ori^ii b/ lla iiama. rsoounTBata r iNDin. , Aui, ooal. maal, pmlalona, pot and pawl ran, palrolaum, wvlallle oica. 1! •h, poUloaa. in. ilnia and Maryland, tobacM. d puarl aahea. Itan com. pimento, gincar, logwood, ma>