fc*4tAA«W« 1A« A\^M. 
 
 y fc«AIA V ^JlA^f v7bC«AAVAk3 t^^ V*4V 
 
 head of Christendom on this all importJint subject of 
 the indissolubility of the marriage bonds; and we 
 may well* rejoice that it is sa. 
 
 Of /Course- there may be found clergy in the 
 Church who will perform the marriage ceremony over 
 divorced persons. Archbishop Cranmer, we know; 
 granted a divorce to Henry Vlll. and remarried him, 
 but he did it in direct violation of the Law of the 
 Church. Iti the same way a bishop of liome may 
 grant a dispensation for an unworthy cause, but the 
 blame then attaches to him, not to the Church whose 
 laws he is supposed to interpret faithfully. 
 
 * , ■ ". ' " . .■".-. ■ ■■,■.'■ 
 
 ._., :^ , .:-:.._. ^„::.|, , ^ _ ^j^jf CiViL IvAWS.:; :;—^;'^--: - v-;-_;;;v--t: 
 
 But it may be avsked, if the Law of God is so 
 plain, how com e s it" that divorc e s for a vari e ty of 
 causes are granted not only in the United States, but 
 also in Great Britain and elsewhere. ;^he answer is 
 that we are in the same condition now'a/ the Church 
 was before the time of Constantine. ' Ecclesiastical 
 Law and Civil Law are not in agreement. So long as 
 
 1 
 
 ■/s 
 
 <»*= 
 
 V. 
 
 ■' I 
 
 f'V 
 
 ^n«dton InttituM fof Historical Mkrof •production* / ImtHut canodion do microraproductlona hiatorlquaa 
 
It subject of 
 Is • and we 
 
 ;rgy in the 
 remony over 
 we know, 
 narried him, 
 Law of the 
 liottie may 
 use, but the 
 lurch whose 
 
 God is 
 vari e ty 
 
 1 
 
 so 
 
 The first decade showed a yearly average oi xmny- 
 eight divorced persons entering upon fresh iin|or^:> 
 tl^secoiid decade showed ninety-four, and the thiW 
 163 ; an increase in the last decade, compared with the. » 
 first! of 329 per celit.. V ; ' 
 
 TttE UNITED STATES, ^ 
 
 But it is to the United States of America we must 
 look- if we would realize the awful ravages made 
 upon the sanctity of the home by divorce. There 
 each State has its own divorce laws. The ,causesj)r 
 divorce with permission to contract other unions, differ 
 therefore in the various States, some legislatures being 
 much more liberal in their views than others. These 
 causes include - 4eseiltion. alleged cruelty, incompat- 
 ibility of temper/'^nd mutual dislike "; in all, this so- 
 called Christian ri atioij. which has for its motto In 
 
 1 States, but 
 e answer is 
 the Church 
 Jcclesiastical 
 So long as 
 
 <»*= 
 
 1 
 
 God we trust," allows some thirty-six causes for 
 divorce, where God ajlows not one. And as if to 
 sweep away the last restraint and openly ^strike at th^ 
 face of God, it is provided in the State of Washington 
 that a divorce *a vinculo matrimomi ' may be 
 
 O 
 
 ■m II. ■. uuMi im 
 
 izn: 
 
 l ^g^TWW » ■ »>> 
 
 qu«c 
 
 liWM <• cowlawf (t • •titrc 4«i# tf/HM ou no»9\ 
 
 □ Coktund platM and/of illmtrttiont/ 
 ^wKhMcl/oM illuttrauont wi coutour 
 
 I •♦ 
 
 □ Bound with olhcf miMrial/ 
 R«li4 avw d'auum documanta 
 
 iflht btfHMnf may < 
 a(«n« mlarior marfin/ 
 
 fhadowf or dtttortion 
 
 I !•<• 
 
 La raliura Mf r4a pant cauMf da rombra ou da la 
 g diilortion la lonf da la marfa int4r«aura 
 
 D- 
 
 n 
 
 Blank laava* a d dad duriiHl raatoration may appaar 
 widtm ttM taat. Whanavar poMibIa, thaaa hava 
 baan omittad from filmint/ 
 II ta paul qua cartatrta* pagat blanchat aioutAat 
 Ion d'una rattauration apparaitiant dant la taxta, 
 mail, loraqua cala *tait potiiMa. caf pagat n'ont 
 pal At* f tInMat. 
 
 Additional commanti:/ 
 Commantairas ii^ppMmantaira*: 
 
 This itam i«,f ilmad at tha raduction ratio chackad balow/ 
 
 Ca (locumant a«t film* au tauM da rMuction mdiqu* ci-daitowf. 
 
 . 10X ■.■ ■ ■■ -UK ' w ■ ■ ■ inn '^ 
 
 v 
 
 12X 
 
 ItX 
 
 aox 
 
 
 
 Tramparanat 
 
 Quality of print »aria«/ 
 Quafit* irt^fala da I'lmprattion 
 
 □ Continuout pagination/ 
 Paftnation continua 
 
 D 
 
 Include* indtmit)/ 
 Comprand un (da«l indfi 
 
 Titia on haadar tahan from: / 
 La titra da I'antita proviant; 
 
 r I TitIa pa^ of isiim/ 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Paga da titra da la livraiton 
 
 Caption of ntua/ 
 
 Titra da depart da la livraiton 
 
 Mattfiaad/ 
 
 Q*n*riqua (p*riodiqua*) da la livraiton 
 
 22X 
 
 2tX 
 
 DX 
 
 ^4X 
 
 <*«r 
 
 UK 
 
 3 
 
 22% 
 
-rf^ 
 
 unitea btates 157 per cent. In Rhode Island the 
 divorces average one to every twelve marriages, in 
 New IJampshire one to eleven, in Connecticut one to^ 
 eight, iand so on, while in Arapohoe Co., Colorado, 
 which contains Denver, there was in 1883, one divorce 
 to every .3.89 marriages. Think of it ! One couple 
 divorced in every four married ; and throughout' the 
 Union about 25,000 homes are brokeq yp every year 
 by divorce. ; - ->■ -^ 
 
 ' ' .CANADA.;- '■ 
 
 ■ - ' . ' ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Compare that awful record with Canada where, 
 thank God, divorce is rare, on account of the strong 
 Catholic influence which prevents legislation on the 
 subject. 
 
 In Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and the N. W. Ter- 
 ritory, divorce is only granted by special Act of Fed- 
 eral Parliament, for adultery, impotency, or if voidable 
 through nonconsummation ; divorces, beyond these 
 causes granted to Canadians in the United States, who 
 . have gone there for that purpose, are void, and if the 
 parties enter into fresh unions they can be prosecuted 
 
 .^u^ 
 
 Mapt. ptotM. charts, ate. mayba filmad at 
 diffarant raduction ratio*. Thoa'a too larga to ba 
 antiraly Includad in ona aapoaura ara filmad 
 bafllnning In tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to 
 right and top to bottom, as many framaa aa 
 raqulrad. tha following diagrams lllustrata-tha 
 mat 
 
 
 '\ 'M- 
 
 Laa cartas, planchas. tablaauM. ate, pauvant Atra 
 fllm«a A das tauH da reduction dHfAfipts. 
 Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand |k>ur Atra 
 raprodult mtx un saul cllchA. 11 ast fllmA A partir 
 da i'angia supArlaur gaucha. da gaucha A drolta. 
 at da haut %t% bas. an pranant^la nombra 
 d'Imagaa nAcaaaalra. Laa dlagramrpaa sulvanu 
 illu«|rant la mAthoda. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 t 
 
 2'^ 
 
 1. 
 
 . 3 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 2 ■ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 . ; ' * 
 
 •■■'tmf^ 
 
 
 ^—•--4 
 
 « 
 
 «dU..^r^i..i> 
 
HE SIN-OP PROTESTANTISM. 
 
 with remarriage is the flagrant sin of' 
 ! I do not say that every in<lividual 
 links lightly of divorce— far from it. 
 ank Godj many Protestants whpTiold as 
 
 disease anq. ine iikc, i 
 
 unsuccessf uh — — 
 
 In "the United Sts 
 Princetown Review sa; 
 was set wrbng in part t 
 everything like ecclesia 
 made a civil contract ( 
 forbidden or discourage 
 
 .<f. 
 
 v*'.: 
 
 /APPLIED IM^GE 
 
 Ino 
 
 l«ftj (Ml Motn SIrMi 
 
 f»oeh«t»f, N«« Yofli 14609 uSA 
 
 ('16) MH 0100 -!>»«)«• 
 
 (Me) 2M-Ma9-r«i 
 
all more or 
 7 be broken 
 or one hun- 
 itries where 
 nd adulter- 
 lakes them 
 man puts 
 nmits adul- 
 and marries 
 
 X, II, 12.) 
 
 5 in God's 
 ; law of the 
 
 1 L la \.l^\.iai \,v« 
 
 t^^J t. ft«A^V*V^-" 
 
 juHge." (Heb. xiii, 4. R.V.) . . 
 
 What could be more contrary to God's Word than 
 that a woman who had been married three times, once 
 divorced, and had two husbands living, should be the 
 heaH of a religious sect ? Yet that is the case with 
 Mrs. Eddy, the leader of the Christian Scientists, a 
 heresy, which in spite of its absurdities, of rather, I 
 suppose, in consequence of them, ,is spreading with 
 amazing rapidity in the United States. Mrs. Eddy 
 claims that Christian Science is the second coming of 
 Christ, and that she herself has been grsteiously fitted 
 by Cod for the reception of a fin a l reve l ation of the 
 
 1 \ 
 
 , a man can 
 faw cannot 
 c nuisance : 
 ?ether with 
 law cannot 
 i willing so 
 tian people 
 
 <- 
 
 absolute principle of Scientific Min<i Healing. In 
 other words, this* means that the infinitely pure and 
 holy God, Who in the fulness of time, chose a virgin 
 to be the stc^inless instrument of the Incarnation^ has 
 eighteen centuries later selected for a final revelation 
 of divine truth, a divorced woman, who by marrying 
 
 K 
 
 %« 
 
 ~. '' '. (KrviMil VcmiotM ST«M'KK AVI '. \^. 
 
 We Haw in our U^. inHtructtun that OikI hnviuK 
 created Adam, did not>forni woman aiwrl from him— • 
 an he formctl the other, crcirtureH— but that He took 
 from A<!am n jxirticm of hin very nelf, and from that 
 ixirtion built up woman an the fitting help and itutiiUT- 
 part of man. «o that Adam was able to luiy " Thi* in 
 now btme of my bonen and flenh of my flenh, nhe nhall 
 be caHe<l woman because she won taken out of man. 
 Therefore shall a man leave hln father and hi» mother, 
 and .shall cleave unto his wif«; : and they Mhall Ik; tme 
 flesh. "-^Gcn. ii, 23, 24. One they were licfore the 
 formation of Kv«— one they were afterwords ihro^igh 
 the re-union wnoughi 1)y GchI— one they were in their 
 inceptfon— one they were rcconstr^jcted by matrimony, 
 atiuone they were to reu|ui» through life for one 
 another alone. . , . 
 
 We saw that our blessed Lonl re-Htated this pri- 
 meval law, which had become ol)Scured thniugh the 
 hardness of men's hearts, saying " From the lK.'Ki"">)>K 
 of the creation Cio<lmadSllieni male and female. For 
 thi.H cause shall a man leave his father and mother and 
 
 • 
 
 ANGLICAN CHURCH OF CANADA 
 GENERfAL SYNOa ARCHIVES 
 
% 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 r 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 lll- 
 
 ' ; 
 
 ^ 
 
 tiiciL Kzaay uiyuicc Kceps^ in unecK A'^arious lurms oi un- 
 chastity is discredited by such statistics ias we have. 
 The period marked by the increase of*'i|ivprces has 
 witnessed a serious growth of many of the more 
 dangerous forms of licentiousness, '^he/'grwt decrease 
 in the birthrate of the so-called native population, the 
 prevalence of infanticide and criminap4bortion. Sta- 
 tistics for Massachusetts show a very rapid increase of 
 all crimes against chastity in fifteen years. " Such is 
 the evidence 5of a Protestant divine, who, realizing the 
 awful ravages made in the home by divorce, has done 
 his best to awaken the national conscience to a sense 
 
 . of its guilt. I need add nothing to this. . 
 
 ■■•*.'■ ■ " '■ , ' " . ' ■ .'•■.■'■ 
 
 J^. THE PROHIBITED DEGREES. ' 
 
 Further, marriages within tlie degrees of affinity 
 prohibited by God's law are countenanced and en- 
 couraged by Protestants, with the notable exception, 
 perhaps, of th6 stricter Presbyterians. ,. 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 tt»i»iiim|>ii«ni that wumiiti in man » c<|iuil. If 4hey were 
 tHIitiil ihen would Ww Church Ikj ci}Uiil to Chrint. Hut 
 lis* ihc Church in the compkmcnl of Chrim. " the ful- 
 ticimor Him that fiikth all in all,' (KnlicH. i. 3,%), an 
 St. Poul callN her ; m In the woman the complement 
 of the mau ; an the Q(XMtle nayn again, •' neither in the 
 man without the woman, neither the woman without 
 the man in the Lord, '--(I Cor. xi, a)— that in to nay, 
 they arc the counierpartn of each other— the hiiHlmnd 
 in not complete without the wiff, nor the wife without 
 the hunlMind, but jofned t(»gether in holy matrimony, 
 each nuppliiH what in lacking in the tither, and thun 
 they form a complete whole. Thin in nurelv « higher 
 and more ncriplural view ih take thun that of mere 
 
 o<|uality. 
 
 \ f ■ 
 
 HOLY SCKIinrURK. ' 
 
 We now paan on to connider the nubject of Divorce. 
 And first we .shall examine the teaching of Holy 
 Scripture concerning it ; then priK'eed to in(|uire 
 whether the teaching of our Church accords with that 
 .of the Word of (»(k1. There ore four ntatementn in 
 the New Testament which absolutely forbid divorce. 
 
 he til 
 
 ct>mii 
 
 ^ of St 
 
 here 
 
 to th 
 
 verm 
 
 hath 
 
 the 
 
 law 1 
 
 huni 
 
 hunt 
 
 Iw I 
 
 adul 
 
 that 
 
 nuin 
 
 dinM 
 
 the 
 
 man 
 
 froii 
 
 niai 
 
 let I 
 
 lO, 
 
 call 
 
 ■ / 
 
ms oi un- 
 
 we have. 
 
 prces has 
 
 the more 
 
 t decrease 
 
 atioti, the 
 
 on. Sta- 
 
 icrease of 
 
 Such is 
 
 lizing the 
 
 has done 
 
 o a sense 
 
 Table can be shown to be contained in that chai5t|r, 
 either in express words or by analogy." V 
 
 This principle has unquestionably been nianitanied 
 at all times sipce the earliest days of Christianity. It 
 was proclaimed by the Apostolic . Constitutions. It 
 was the doctrine equally ot the East and the \l est 
 and so it remains at this hour. The Greek qiinrch 
 whatever mav have been its shortcomings with regard 
 to divorce, deems such marriages as incestubus and 
 incapable of being validated at all ; and although in 
 the Roman Catholic Church dispensations are obtained, 
 they are got with difficulty ; and because of plainly 
 
 coercive exigency. If we pass fromancient times and 
 come down to the Protestant Confessions of later days, 
 we find that the unlaj|iilness of such marriages was 
 asserted equally by. flPLutherans ♦d. Calyiiiists in 
 Scotland, in Geneva an^ in France ; while m the 
 Church of England it has ever been consistently pro- 
 claimed Therefore on the is-sue of authority we have 
 
 )f affinity 
 i and en- 
 ixception , 
 
 ..; 
 
 y were 
 t. Hut 
 he fill* 
 
 lenient 
 r in the 
 k'ithmit 
 to nay, 
 iiHlKind 
 without 
 imony. 
 
 d thUM 
 
 higher 
 si mere 
 
 ivorce. 
 
 Holy 
 
 nquire 
 
 i\\ that 
 
 !llt8 ill 
 
 ivorce. 
 
 he that nwrrieth tme ih.U !»* put iiwiiy tnmi »i hiiHUuiil 
 ctHiimittelh adiiUery." (v. iH. K.V.J ^The (.»«.|ii' 
 of St Luke wan written (or the CrwU (ietitileH «iml 
 here aKfti»» »*» *xt'«ptl..ii in Rrantetl. Hi VMh writing 
 to the Romftii»*» «»> h in 7th clmpter. firM a W«.l Umiiig 
 veme* : " ICnuw ye not. !»retHren. how thnf the l«w 
 hath dominion ov ctn imm nn long iih he hvelh ? ror 
 the woniiin which mth an huHlHind m Umiid by tlic 
 IttW to her liiiKlHind m long iih he liveth ; but if the 
 huHlwm! lie tleud. nhe In UniHeil from the law of her 
 huHlKind. So then if. while her htiHlMiiul Hveth. »he 
 Ik? nmrried tc» tnuUlur man, nhe hhall Iv called lui 
 adultre»Mi : but if her litiidMind Ik.- dead, nhe i» free from 
 that law : HO that nhe Ih iui Hdultrewj. th.nigh Hhe lie 
 nuirried to nnother man." Here death in the «»iily 
 dlHHOlutlon of marriage. The Htime ai».>HtK- wnlen to 
 the Corinthiann: "And nnio the married I com- 
 mand yet not I. but tht- I,ord, let ii«>t the wife de|mrl 
 from iicr huHband ; but ami if she deimrt. let her re- 
 main unmarrieil, or l)e reconciled (o her hUHlMind : and 
 let not the luuiband put away hi»» wife."--( I U»r., vii, 
 10 II.) This iKmiits. in extreme cnneH, what ih 
 called a judicial »ei>aration, but urgen the hoi)e of 
 
 % 
 
 / 
 
iii 
 
 
 l.# 
 
 the,blessing of five hundred ministers could not make 
 It a marriage in God»s sight, if it is agaiust His Word; 
 and thirdly the law of the land declares that such a 
 , union is voidable ; that, is, as soon as the attention of 
 the proper authorities is railed no it, they deflare it 
 ^oid from the beginning: and the offspring, if any, 
 illegitimate : but if one party dies before any steps are 
 taken, the union is held to be valid. So then, if 
 either party tires of the other, he or she may dissolve 
 the union by applying to the court, and apparently, 
 any person can institute proceedings against them at 
 a ny time, and the Court can only give oue decision— 
 It must annul the union. Is it any wonder that low 
 vi^wsof marriage prevail when ministers can be found 
 who aM^ prepared to bless and sanction temporary 
 unions of |his sort ^ 
 
 SPI^ITUAI, ADULTERY. 
 
 But it may be asked how is it .that Protestants in 
 
 the 5th chapter and thr othrr from the i^ih. and art 
 a» folU»wfi : " It hnlh \Kvn mU\, WhiMiicvtrr nhall put 
 away hia wife, kt him givr her a uritinic of di%'orc«- 
 meni : but I My unto yon. that whowKver nhalt (Hit 
 away hia wife, oavinK for tite counc of fcifni(*aticm, 
 cauneth her to commit adultery : and whoMi^ver ahall 
 marry her that ia divorctti c«mimitteth adultery." 
 And the MCCfHid in ; '* 11^ naith nnto the IMuiriwei, 
 MtHen iKintUM? of (he Imrdneim of your heartn Hufrcreil 
 vou to ptir away your wivea : but frotn the liexinninx 
 it wan not no. And I my unto you, whoiioe%'er ahall 
 put away bin wife, execfrt it \m f«»r fornication, and 
 Hhnll marry another, c«miniittcth adultery : and whrMo 
 nutrricth her which in put uivay doth c<munit ndul* 
 ttfry.'* Tjjene pAMfMigeM allow of two inter|>retationa. , 
 Fimt, they permit not a difMolution of the marHagt 
 bond, but a judicial Ketmrntion, iiuch an St. Paul refem 
 to in writing to the CorinthiiiuM ; for if a diiiwolution 
 were allowc<l it would Iw in direct contradiction to all 
 : other paMMigea of Holy Scripture on the Hubject of 
 marriage, .which thing in incredible. Or oecondly, 
 they refer only to the Jewinh ChriMtiouM, for whom the 
 GoHpel according to St. Matthew wan written. ^ YOu 
 
not make 
 His Word; 
 liat such a 
 tention of 
 
 deflare it 
 g, if any, 
 ' steps are 
 ) then, if 
 y dissolve 
 jparently, 
 jt them at 
 
 lecision-^" 
 r that low 
 I be found 
 emporary 
 
 estants in 
 
 The whole of the i6th chan<!er of Ezekiel is of this 
 spiritual meaning. God> in His love and mercy, chose 
 out the Church and espoused her, but she went astray 
 after other lovers, fell away like their forefathers, 
 worshipped idols. For this she was to suffer punish- 
 ment, but upon repentance would be restored. While 
 Malachi, the latest of the prophets before Gospel times, 
 has an earnest passage on the question of marriage 
 and divorce, which is rendered in our Authorized 
 Version (Ghap, ii, i6) 'the Lord, the God of Israel 
 says He hateth putting away , ' that is, hateth divorce. ' 
 
 ^ (Divorce and Remarriage P. 15.) 
 
 ■i . When the Jewish Church was merged into the 
 Christian Church ; for remember Christ came not to 
 destroy, but to fulfil the law^not to change His Bride, 
 but to restore and beautify and perfect her — it was 
 still spoken of as the Bride of Christ. Marriage was 
 declared a great my.stery because it typified Christ and 
 His Church. 
 
 
 n Horn 
 iiul Art 
 all |nit 
 ivorcr 
 all put 
 cut km, 
 rr shall 
 Itery." 
 iriictii, 
 uffcrcfl 
 iiiiiinir 
 T Nhttii 
 >n, and 
 whoM> 
 
 adtil- 
 atiotm. 
 irriage 
 
 refcm 
 )lutioii 
 I to all 
 \vct of 
 ondly, 
 !>m the 
 V Yrtu 
 
 Ihiii mvvTv law Into cxwiilioii \Vr Imvr »n « xnmpU 
 q( thin in Hi. h^vh, who. w<? are tnUI, • Mm « !»>»» 
 man and not ^mIIihk io make •Mary* a public cm ample." 
 thai i* tt» i»ay have her alimffi, '* wan mimM !*» mit 
 her away privily. V—( Hi,- Matii i : 19) M^fk llial 
 exprewiiim •• imtJ|r' away " — Ihe i»amc that our 
 blcfMcd Um\ u*al?* Wh^Hiiever nhall nut away hin 
 wife, except it lie rt»r forninaiou/* Hueh a " |MUtiuK 
 away" waniwt a di%«m»e. Iiecauiie the marriage waa 
 Invalid ah initio ; decepllim In a p»»iut nf» euarnlial lii 
 «»riental natimia maile the union null and void frimi 
 the lieginniuK But a true wntract. where ihere \» no 
 det-eit. in. I»v the teaching of lenun CliriHt. t|uitc with, 
 out poiwibility of recall, e\en anumgM thoac Jewish 
 Chriatiana who were allowed to adhere to the Moitaic 
 
 cuatoma. . ... 
 
 Now It ia generallv anptwweil, even i>y tmnv who 
 ought t<» know iKlter. that tnir Lord iwinctionH divoree 
 for adultery, and that the ixirtien thti* neintrated, or at 
 leaat the so-called '• InnocenV parly.'* la at lllicrly to 
 re-marry. There ia not the nhghtcHt gr»>und for Huch 
 a Hup|K)Hition, and to omwrt it. In to aHMcrt that Jcmuh 
 deliberately uacd a wori( for " adultery *• which never 
 
 % %\ 
 
peiidu- 
 
 :V»rch. ^■ 
 
 ^ But it i^s -always darkest before dawn^— t 
 flum when it has swung to it« extreme limit 
 its way, and there are mail||"indications 
 godly Protestants there is a reawakening o 
 Vvhichv must soon be followed by a demand for greater 
 C"bi|fprbjity to Holy Scripture in this matter. 
 
 <^3||^tj4S pray God that He will hasten the time. 
 shall;tlie type be once more perfect, 
 pe, afiid we shall hear " as it were the 
 atersfc-and as the voice of mighty 
 ^yin^^tleluia: for the Lord God 
 omni^fentVeigneth. Let us be glad and rejoice, and 
 give honour to him : for the marriage of the Lamb is 
 come, and His wife hath made herself ready. And to 
 her .shall be granted that she shall be arrayed in fine 
 linen, clean An4 white ; for the fine linen is the right- 
 eousness of paints, " (Rev. xix, 6-8.) 
 X ,■ ■ — — . 
 
 N. B.— This sermon was ode of a course on " The Doctrines 
 
 ... 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 u a 
 
 mrl)- Clirtntintiii wrr? iilucrtt in a iiiMttioit iil iftiltiiiim 
 
 ill ihi« mmirr. niiirr llir Inw «f llii? Cliiircli c«itiAiit^t 
 
 Hilh Ihr law ttt ihv Hl»H«» In which Uirv llvr«l ; v«?l wr 
 
 dttd thai fur ihi? ftriitt.v»> yvnm the iiiimmi mridn^Mi 
 
 wmi ohMrntcl l>y llHrwr. and Ihrre In mi «vidcnct? of 
 
 any rccuKnititm whai<r%'«rr <»f ihc r« ntarritiKtr of d|. 
 
 vori*t^! )M*rM>tii*. or of iiny Mich iiitrr|»rclttlion of ihv 
 
 19th i'htiptcr of 8t. Matthew an would ciHiittrtiaiicr 
 
 niidi rviniirrinKc. lUit ^hcll In the fourth crntiiry 
 
 the Kmtirror Onmtaiititic livcanic a ChHMlan. and mt 
 
 . nmdr CfirlAtianlty faMhionalde—whrn whole trilKra re 
 
 nmiiKt'd iiloiritry niid Nought adnii>u«iim into the 
 
 Church *- when, i^ictinieii. thouMAiuh of itcrMmn were 
 
 iMiptt/ed III one day. mid tliin with little or tut iiiMtrue- 
 
 timi concerning the Faith ; we can canlly undefHtand 
 
 wlMt a difTicult thing It wan to maintain the primitive 
 
 purity and utrlctiicHH in the nutrritiKc rrlationn, aM well 
 
 an In <»thcr niutterN. The Chnrch w«i» |M>ltiited by the 
 
 great iitflux of nominal ChriHiiatiM from the |Mtgaii 
 
 world who would deiilre. If iiofwihle. an much laxity in 
 
 ei'erythln^ aa they had formerly enjoyed. So we find 
 
 that the lvni|K'r(>r ConHttitititie, in hlA endeavor to aa* 
 
 aimilate the Civil with the Chritiiafi Law. atretched 
 
* . '■ -' -. - ' 
 
 
 I- ■., 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 ,- ■ i ■■ ■■ 
 
 -^a 
 
 ■F 
 
 r 
 
 .■■■/.■. 
 
 ; vifl wv 
 
 r of di> 
 1 of iliv 
 itritancr 
 lYiitiiry 
 . mid M> 
 rilum r«f- 
 iilo filer 
 m* wfrc 
 iiiHiriie- 
 IcrMttttuI 
 riniitivc 
 , an w«tt 
 1 by the 
 pagmi 
 ixity ill 
 wc find 
 r toaii- 
 retched 
 
 tlie Mil>|fH nwy »w iiuftinu^i ii|i iiiihfw jhhiii*. !• ii^i . 
 ChriMliftti wwrrUnr ftiufiftl mid i^iiMiiiiiiuti H pin* aiwl 
 litdiiMiitiihlr. ttiid Hti hiiiiiiiii rtiilll^tit) . >%hvlher txxkm^ 
 tm%iat{or dvll. |iiiw«i»m» miv ip%cf lo dliMniUt? It of 
 diMieiiiie friHii it. HeoMid. ChnlMirtii iiiarrliiKe iiienrly 
 tam^i, Init m»t coiiimiiiiiwictl/iii diNMolttble by Uiiinn 
 nMthority. Third, N»mi Chri»iimi nwrntige iii dl». 
 w))iibte fn €«•»»•'» ill which oAr »( ihi? |iiiftle» In coil- 
 verted mid the t.ilier nUtmdk to dwell In iiiinhi with 
 the iM-rnoii thiin ctmvertitl. / AiWidliig to the rmilliie 
 prlvlleKe.— (ICor. vlh ij^5). 
 
 The Chiireh of liiigliiild ft»r iienrly ifti¥> yeiini him 
 «»>w»liilely forbidden div/rce. 'ii vineiilo,' for mi) 
 cminc, mid her cmioim /miiilre tlume who omaln « 
 ••jiMllcltil iie|«rtttioir* lo give UhkU Ihm they will 
 neither of them nmrryiii thcJIfe llnw of the otItiN'. 
 Of coume It will lie und/rHi.KKl that mimrtttloiniKninlcd 
 on amnint of l>iK«my. or ctniwingulnlty. <ir urtiniiy, 
 mid Hiich like, arc hot «i brcsikinR «»f the UiiuU of 
 nittlrimony. Hince myMich UnuU ever exUtwI. They 
 idmply dcclnre void Alml which him nlway* lHfeH.vold. 
 In our MttrrliiKc SyVvice the coiitmcting |MirtiiH take 
 each other "till dtath im do |Hirt. * The priest dc- 
 
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 courHc" there may 1r* fouiul clergy in 
 Church who will perforin the marriage ceremony over 
 divorced persons. Archbishop Cranmer, we know, 
 granted a divorce to Henry VIII. and remarried him, 
 but he did it in direct violation of the Law of the 
 Church. In the same way a bishop of Rome may 
 grant a di.spensation for an unworthy cause, but the 
 blanic then attaches to him, not to the Church whose 
 lawaf he is suppt)sed to interpret faithfully. 
 
 'I THR CIVIL LAWS. 
 
 "»^rr 
 
 But it may l)e asked, if the Law of God is so 
 plain, how- comes it that divorces for a variety of 
 causes are granted not only in the United States, but 
 also in Great Britain and elsewhere. »3?be an.swer is 
 that we are in the same condition now as the Church 
 was before the time of Constantino. ' Ecclesiastical 
 Law and Civil Law are not in agreement. So long as 
 
 ^ 
 
 1. r Ifa^ 
 
 
y in ihc 
 lony over 
 re know, 
 rit'd him, 
 N of the 
 )nie may 
 , but the 
 ch whose 
 
 an mvtvwtrv » » « ■»"-» " 
 
 first, of 329 per ccnU 
 
 THK UNITK.n STATKS. r 
 
 But it 18 to the United State.H of America wc nuist 
 look if we would realize the awful ravagen made 
 upoil the sanctity of the home by divorce. There 
 each State has its own divorce laws. The causes for 
 divorce with |Krmission to contract other unions, differ 
 therefore in the various vStates. some legislatures being 
 much more lil)eral in their views than others. These 
 causes include "desertion, alleged cruelty, incompat- 
 ibility of temper.'and mutual dislike"; in all. this so- 
 called Christian nation, which has for its motto In 
 God we tru.st." allows some thirty-six causes for 
 divorce, where God allows not one. "And as if to 
 .sweep away the last restraint and openly strike at the 
 face of God, it is provided in the State of Washington 
 that a divorce 'a vinculo matrimonii may be 
 
 o<l is so 
 ariety of 
 tates, but 
 mswer is 
 B Church 
 ie.siastical 
 to long as 
 
 yr 
 
 ,r 
 
 i^_ '.i. ,t. mMJ*^ 'i#<j. liiuv" .^.,iu*%d^*»ii,Afc'>»^>,',„i," ' 
 
i 
 
 t 
 
 iMKiu. ana m on, while in Arapohoc Co.. Colorado, 
 which contains Denver, there was in 1883, one divorce 
 , to every .3.89 marriages. Think of it t One couple 
 divorced in every four married ; and throughout the 
 Union atxnit 25,000 homes are broken up every year 
 by divorce. " *" "" 
 
 , CANADA. 
 
 Compare that awful rectird with Canada where, 
 thank God, divorce is rare, on account of the strong 
 Catholic influence which prevents legislation on the 
 subject. 
 
 In Quel)ec, Ontario, Manitoba and the N. W. Ter- 
 ritory, divorce is only granted by special Act of Fed- 
 eral Parliament, for adultery, impotency, or if voidable 
 through nonconsuniniation ; divorces, beyond these 
 causes granted to Canadians in the United States, who 
 have gone there for that purpose, are void, and if the 
 parties enter into freish unions they can >)e prosecuted 
 
 avoid 
 few c 
 court 
 
 i 
 
 of fa( 
 St) w 
 Chur 
 iin|K> 
 fact, 
 once 
 at lei 
 peop 
 need 
 holy 
 then 
 prev 
 born 
 forb< 
 let t 
 
 
]'olorado, 
 L' divorce 
 e couple 
 loiit the 
 ery year 
 
 I where, 
 e stroiij^ 
 1 on the 
 
 W. Ter- 
 t of Fed- 
 voidable 
 id these 
 tes, who 
 tid if the 
 osecuted 
 
 avoided mo Ioi»K "h .sin is it> the wbrW ; but there arc 
 fewcancH, amouK uh. h*) bad a.H to call for a divorce 
 court to «ct them free. » . 
 
 " But it is* a coinmcrcial axiom that the increaw 
 of facilities creates a larger demand", and it is eminently 
 HO with divorce. Where tl«^ Law of (^od and the 
 Church is also the law of the State, and divorce i.s 
 imbossible, or next to imiK)s.sible. men knowing that 
 fact talce greater care in contracting marriage, and 
 once married l)ehave themselves, if for nc» other reason, 
 at least for the sake of their own comfort. Married, 
 people are not saints or angels ; all have faults all 
 need discipline. If they feel themselves bound by a 
 holy law which they cannot evade, they will Kovern 
 themselves accordingly. Slight differences wil be 
 prevented from growing into great ones, trials will be 
 borne patiently, if not cheerfully, the art of mutual 
 forbearance will be learned and practiced, But once 
 let that exe<;rable notion of divorce as an easy remedy 
 
 -*- — s^ 
 
 *«^ . 
 
 '-j'^^ikblM.^^d^^^dj^akfii.fi^gi^l^ 
 
of a storm cajwhle of burying the FFoinc in ruin and 
 Jicattering its members to every quarter of the earth. " 
 Facility for divorce actually puts a preniiu?n on 
 mean, spiteful, ugly conduct. For .supiK)se that a 
 man tires of his wife and wants some one else ; what 
 more need he do than to a»)usc and ill-treat her, and 
 bring things to that imss at which a separation must 
 ensue? Only make it out that incompatability of 
 temper exists, and straightway there shall Iw freedom 
 to break up the partnership and fly to the arms of new 
 companions. v 
 
 TMR SIN OP PROTKSTANTISM. 
 
 Divorce with remarriage is the flagrant sin of 
 Protestantism ! I do not say that every individual 
 Protestant thinks lightly of divorce— far from it. 
 There are, thank God, many Protestants who hold as 
 
 and 
 
 . '••nil 
 
 criro^ 
 vaUd 
 tiH^ 
 viagc 
 conti 
 
 / KnRl 
 I trif<l 
 mit ( 
 disei 
 unst 
 
 Prin 
 was 
 ever 
 mad 
 forb 
 
 ♦-,# 
 
ruin and 
 c earth." 
 
 niiuni on 
 >c that a 
 fie ; whnt 
 her, and 
 ion must 
 bility, of 
 ; freedom 
 i» of new 
 
 t sin of 
 idividual 
 from it. 
 }liold as 
 
 ■\ 
 
 i and maliciouH dt-Hertioii : ami ^\1l!» tlic |KTi<Kl of 
 '•• Illumination" there came a ntill laxcr ccxle— not 
 ' criuK.' merely, but even misfortune wan conHidere<l a 
 valid ground for divorce. At laM the Pruiwian J^Riftla- 
 * tu^ Hanctioned it by nuituAl coufient where the nmr- 
 J riage wan chiUUeMH, thun changing it into a matter of 
 ' contract and private law. (York 33.) 
 
 No stH)ner had the Reformation taken place in 
 / Kngland than Peter Martyr and the Protestant party 
 tried their best to ameiul the Church l,aws and jK-r- 
 .mit divorce for adultery, desertion, cruelty, incurable 
 disease and. the like, but happily, their efforts were 
 unsuccessfuK ... 
 
 In the United States, the Rev. S. Dike, in the 
 Princetown Review says, "The current of divorce 
 was set wrong in part by the edrly Puritan's dread of 
 everything like ccclcsiasticism. Marriage at finst was 
 made a civil contract only, and a religious ceremony 
 forbidden or discouraged," and Kx- President Woolsey 
 
 'A 
 
sill. fM) we will allow ilivorcc for that nI?M» ; tluii UA- 
 lowH, in roursw, an ciuIIchh chain of csiuhcs all nu>rc or 
 leM plausible, for if the niurriagc Inind may Ik? broken 
 for one reason, it nmy an well lie broken for one hun- 
 dred ; and the consequence i» that the countrieH where 
 thfne lawn prevail are full of adulterern and adulter- 
 ejwes. for mark you. the Word of God niakeM them 
 Huch. JcHUM Christ Him.self «ayji '• If a man ptitn 
 away h in wife and marricH another, he commits adul- 
 tery. If a woman put« aw^y- her huHband and marriesi 
 another she commits adultery," (St. Mark x, ii. 12.) 
 and no human law can alter their status in OckI's 
 si^ht. Drunkenness is not a crime by, the law of the 
 land, neither is fornication ; that is to say. a man can 
 get drunk as often as he likes, and the !aw cannot 
 touch him unless he makes himself a public nuisance : 
 unmarried men and women may consort together with 
 the morals of the iKuiltry-yard. and the law cannot 
 tQUch them, so long as they are of age and willing so 
 to live. But we do not find good Christian people 
 
 < I C<1 
 it is 
 JU'lgc 
 
 \ 
 that : 
 divyr 
 head 
 Mrs. 
 heres 
 supix 
 ama/. 
 claim 
 Chri» 
 byO 
 alwol 
 othei 
 holy 
 to l)e 
 eight 
 of di' 
 
 
 i 
 
 ii- 
 
 '■.11 
 
 •ff 
 
 
tlUMI f<»l- 
 
 I more or 
 K' broken 
 one hufi- 
 iei where 
 adulter- 
 ceM thcni 
 
 Kill ptltH 
 
 lits iultil' 
 
 I marries 
 
 , II, 12.) 
 
 in GckI'm 
 
 iw of the 
 
 mull cat! 
 
 V cannot 
 ittisance : 
 ;her with 
 
 V cannot 
 trilling so 
 
 II people 
 
 it in tlcchircU " fornicator}* ami uauIlcrcfH GvkI svill 
 
 ju«ge.*' (H«b, xlH.4- R.V.) 
 
 Whit could be more contrary to Ood'» Word (hon 
 that a woman wht» had l>een married three timen. once 
 divyrced, and had two hunhandn livinK. nhoultl »»e tlie 
 head of a reliniouH sect ? Yet that in the caste with 
 MrH. ICtldy. the leader of the ChriHtian Sdentiiitti. a 
 herefty. which in apite of ita ahiiurditieii. or rather. 1 
 auppoiie. in c»mse<inencc of them.iii npreading with 
 ama/.iiiK rapidity in the Unltetl Statcj^^. Mrs. ICddy 
 claims that Christian Science ia the jwcond coming of 
 Chriat, and that ahe herself has been griitioualy fitte<l 
 by God for the reception of a final revelation of the 
 abaolutc principle of Scientific Mind Healing. In 
 other words, this- means that the infinitely pure and 
 holy G(kI, Who in the fulness of time, chose a virgin 
 to lie the atainlesM instrument of the Incarnation, haa 
 eighteen centuries later selected for a final revelation 
 of divine truth, a divorced woman, who by marrying 
 
 .1 
 
 
 ^BrO^M^SI^k}^^^ 
 
 ' A^aJii.'^M-i^ ^^ 
 
 ■^^ Aj<!txA3^„^ii^ ^^&^t;S^.^<A 
 
cRcctH m not Wan than tnim> twr itiiitiiitt. The oU\ ptco 
 
 that cany divorce kcv|m in check varioiin forniM of uii- 
 
 chantity i» cliiicrtr«titc(l by »uch ttatiiitiai tm wc have. 
 
 The period niftrked by the incremie oMIIvorcei hiui 
 
 witncfMcd a iicrit>iiM growth of ifiany of the more 
 
 dttngcron^ forniMof UixmK iouMnetui. ThtV'Kr«iit decreane 
 
 in the birthrate of the m) culled native noptiUtion, the 
 
 prevalence of infanticide and criniinaj/iibortioii. 8ta« 
 
 tifttioi for MaMuichtiiicttii iihow a very rapid increaie of 
 
 all crimen againut chantity 'In fifteen yeors/' Such in 
 
 the evidence of a ProtcHtant divine, who, reati/ing the 
 
 awful ravfigcH made in the home by divorce, has clone 
 
 hid best to awaken the national conNcience to a mnm: 
 
 of it» guilt. I need add nothing to thin. 
 « 
 
 TIIK PKUIIIUITKD UKUKKIOI. 
 
 Further, marriagc.H within the degrecH of affinity 
 prohibited by CicKr.H law arc countenanced and en- 
 couraged by IVotcMtantH. with the notable exception, 
 perhaps, of the .stricter PrenbyterianM. 
 
 -nrmr 
 wht»t 
 TabI 
 eithc 
 
 at al 
 
 wan 
 
 wan 
 
 and 
 
 wha< 
 
 to d 
 
 incai 
 
 the I 
 
 they 
 
 coer 
 
 com 
 
 we t 
 
 anm 
 
 Sct»i 
 
 Chii 
 
 claii 
 
 *t<iii%.>J^..iL^ 
 
 .'<9 " 
 
ic old pica 
 tllM of nil' 
 
 \ wv have* 
 orc«t Httii 
 the more 
 it cl«Trea>ie 
 iitioii, the 
 ion. Std* 
 ticrca«« of 
 Such in 
 ilixing the 
 han clone 
 o a muiiv 
 
 }( affinity 
 il nnd en* 
 exception, 
 
 whole face of manklml. liven* pr«>hib4tiiwi m .,oiir 
 Table can lie *hown to lie ctmtftiiKil ill that cha|%r. 
 eithef In exi>rt*w w«m!»i or l»y iintih»Ky.'* / 
 
 Thin principle Inn* nnqnemtioiiably l»een MUiliHttiiieil 
 at all limes nliice the eurlicHl daya of Chrl»M«»i») • J* 
 waa proclaimed by the A\^io\k Conatitulioim. U 
 waa the doctrine e€|iially ol the linnt and the >^ ent 
 and ao it renmliiH at thin hour. The Crwk Church, 
 whatever niiiy have Ikcii itn nhorlcoininKH with regard 
 to divorce, deemn Mich marrtaKcn an InceMtiioua and 
 incaiiable of being validated at all : and although In 
 the Roman Catholic Church ilinpenHatioim are obtaliietl, 
 they arc got with difficulty ; an«l UcauwoP plainly 
 coercive exigency. If we imihh from aiiciciil limeH and 
 c<miedowii to the rroteHlaiil CoiifcHsioiiH of later daya. 
 we find that the unl^dnoHH of Midi marriagea won 
 aanerted eqnally by fflPLulheranh ml CalyinmtH in 
 Scotland, in Geneva and in France ; while n the 
 Church of England il has ever Ueii con.smleiitly pro- 
 claimed. Therefore on Ihe isHuc of authority we have 
 
 
 ..n#-- 
 
 >v t-'^^i-t 
 
i»f ComHIliKtilliliV (»r afriitilv 
 
 uuir iH Ho )a«^iiii rra^iit . ,^,„_..^...,... , , 
 
 wliv ihr itmrrmKr nhntiM imi im ««>?rfniiMc,|. WtjtV, 
 Ihc l»lci«in|{ €»r five liiitiflrvtl mlnittrrii v*ntU\ not nuOit 
 II ft niiirriiigr in (..hIh night. If it itrngainut llmWonI; 
 •«d thirdly the taw of ih«r hnd dtclar^ii thikt Ntich « 
 iiniim in viiidiihli* ; thftt. in. m iocm m the atteittion of 
 Uir |»n»|M.r AutlioritUH U ^-alM 'to it. th^y de*lftr# it 
 Jmc! froMi »hc? I.ricinnjn«: and Ihr off»if»rinK. if *ny. 
 fllvKilimatcr : hut If otic iwriy dim bcffw ony ulrtM are 
 takirn, the it n ion i^ hdd to he valid. H« then, if 
 cither prty lire* of the other, be or iihe may difUMdve 
 the union hy iipplyjng to the court, and ap|Nirrntly. 
 •ny permHi can iuMtitutr procfcdingfi tigaimit lh<«m at 
 any time, and the Court ciin only give one dccinion - 
 II muNt annul the union. la it any wonder that low 
 victta^ marHage prevail when miniiiterN can he found 
 who tinkprefiared to hlei<i» and Mnction temtNirary 
 uniuna q( ihiit aort f . 
 
 ftPllllTirAi. ADUI.TKRY. 
 
 But U may he aaked how ia it that Proteatanta in 
 
 
 free ti 
 
 ckine* 
 
 The \ 
 
 itpiril 
 
 out tl 
 
 after 
 
 wtiml 
 
 metit 
 
 Malai 
 
 haa ii 
 
 and 
 
 Verai 
 
 Miyal 
 
 ( DIv. 
 
 Chriy 
 deatr 
 but I 
 mill 1 
 dccla 
 Hia( 
 
 « J-^^LmJlEt 
 
 •y. 
 
 .' ' J '.-■:.^--^^k^sP^-^i 
 
or a (flit II V 
 
 d. Neitt. 
 not fnak« 
 flmVV.irii; 
 It At Mtich « 
 teiition of 
 tlc#lAr# it 
 K. if utiy. 
 ^ iiir(M arv 
 > th^i. if 
 >' diwMilvc 
 ^INirrtitly, 
 tt thc*m at 
 Iccinidn — 
 r that low 
 I be fotiiul 
 etnp(»rary 
 
 mtants in 
 
 Tlir whole of the i6th rlmj/er of Kxekiet in of lhi» 
 ii|»iritiiiil mctitiitiR. Cnn\, in llin lm*e aimI mercy, chtim 
 out the Churi-h and rMMHittril tier, tmt nhe ^ent ttntruy 
 •fltr other lovem. fell AWAy like thtir fofefAtlier». 
 worttlii(>t)e<l idob. Ftir thl* Ahe woa to Aufftr |Hini4i- 
 ntent. but iiynm refwntnniT would lie rri»tt»re<l. While 
 MnlAchi, the latent «»f tliei>ro|»lielHlieforef »<i*jiel tinieti, 
 liAN An earnent iNiMmige «>n the (luefttion of niarriaite 
 Atid divorce, wltich iA renderetl iu our Authorised 
 Veniimi (ChAp. ii, i6) 'the I«ortl, the OkI of I»ra«l 
 MiyN He hnteth pnttinK AWay/ that la, hAteth divorce/ 
 (Divorce And ReniarriaKe P. 15.) 
 
 When the Jewiiih Church waa merKctl into the 
 ChriNtiAii Church ; for renietnlier ChrlAt came not to 
 deatroy, but to fulfil the law— not to chAuge Ilia llridt, 
 but to rcAlore and lieautify And iierfeci her— it wa» 
 Htill Mpoken of aj» the Hride of ChrUt. Marriage waa 
 declared a great myntery becauHc it typified Chrint and 
 Hia Church. 
 
 A' 
 
 * ab?a:*wcrf''*'-' 
 
 ^ >i%w.*. 
 
 Ah..u 
 
 j'**-^^ L4ji?*B<. 
 
iic1u> 
 
 tfiitirrl»ri view* nl Hiil) Mnirtiiiiiiiv mUkh t» a tvi»k 
 *jj^fw niyMloil iiititm whk'lib MwimI Ctirt»l ttml lll« 
 ufttrt'ti. 
 
 ' Hut ll Uiilway* tkrltrM Utftinr itawn-^tl 
 'Itiiii vvti«ii It tiaii nwtiiig to ItieMlffvnMf Uniit. 
 iu way, Amt tturr« arr iiMiill^iiiilkiilkmii 
 « ffwtly l*n>l«iitat|t»th«rrir in a r^wtkiritiiiK t>( 
 ^hit'H ntttiit MMMi tir fiillownt by a lUiiitiiul f<»r grratrr 
 to Hot) HcritHiirc in tlitu matter. 
 m (way Cttn\ that ll« will liantvti tli« tiiiM?. 
 ^>»ltalt .the lyiK? tie tMiitf nu>r« larrfeii. 
 (tr, (IImI wit Mlmll hear " an it Wcrr tli<r 
 
 >Ki>tii)^F^m'liiia : Utr tin* I,oril CmkI 
 citnitit^tciit' rrigiu'tli. l.rt iia im KlacI and rvji»icr, and 
 giv« liiminir to him : for the niarriiige of the Uinih in 
 ccmie. and l^lia wife hitth made hernelf ready. And to 
 her Rhatl tie granted that nhe Nhall lie arrayed in fine 
 linen, clean and white ; fur the fine linen ia the right' 
 eounneiui of nuinta." ( Rtv. xix, 6-8. ) 
 
 ^4 
 
 N. B.— -Ttiin neniHMi wan una of a cfMimt oa " Tlw iHictriiivw 
 
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