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O^^'^ OTTAWA: PRINTED BY BlloLEAN, ROGER & Co., WELLINGTON STREET 1888. ^^ ^ l^ n '••• •,» '_>■> ,)' -^ G s , • ■ > > • . • 'f^ \P ' > ■ '. • ■ . • • * • • t • «.• • • • " iio^os Ow T)CAV4 mi M In \ I? TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAOE. Freliminary Remarks >. 1 Chapter I. ConBtitution and Gtovemment 24 do II. Population and Vital Statistics 72 do III. Finance , 120 do TV. Tradi) and Commerce 167 do V. x*ost03ice and Telegraphs 244 do VI. Canals and Inland Revenue 270 do VII. Railways 289 do V^III. Arts, Agriculture and Immigration 316 do IX. Mineral Statistics 333 do X. Marine and Fisheries 353 do XI. Militia and Defence 383 do XII. Dominion Lands , 388 do XIII. Banks and Savings Banks 399 do XIV. Insurance 414 Appendix 431 Index 501 INTRODUCTION. All the leading tables have been retained in this, the third issue of the Statistical Abstract, and have been revised, in some cases enlarged, and brought down to the close of either the financial or calendar year, as the case may be, while, on some matters, information has been given up to the end of May, 1888. A number of new tables have also been added throughout the book, more particularly in the Preliminary Remarks and in Ohaps. I, II, III, IV, VII and VIII. An entirely new chapter on Mineial Statistics has been added, which will be found to contain information of much value, hitherto not available to the public. The full text of the proposed Fishery Treaty is given in Chap. IX, but owing to the returns of the Fishery Depart- ment not living been made up at date of going to press, the figures relating to the fisheries for 188t are necessarily meagre and incomplete. As it was found impossible to obtain all the Provincial Reports on Education in time for an early issue of this work, the chapter on Education has been omitted, and will be inserted again, brought down to a common date, in future issues. Some misapprehension respecting the tariff", as published in last year's issue, having been found to exist, the appendix TI INTRODUCTION. to the preseut number contains a complete tariff, revised to the Slst May, 1888, together with a list of decisions made by the Board of Gustoms down to the same date. Official publications have, in all cases, been used when avail&ble, and where information has been taken from other works, only the most trustworthy have been used, and in all cases duly acknowledged. The greatest care has been taken to have all statements and figures absolutely correct, but as liability to error always exists, it is requested, as in former years, that if any errors are detected, they may be reported to this office. Depabtment of Agriculture, Ottawa, 23rd June, 1888. ADDENDA MINISTERIAL CHANGES. Page 48. The Hon. Thomas White, Minister of the Interior and Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, died on the 21st April, 1888. The offices have not yet (28rd June, 1888) been filled. The Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Q-. C. M. G-., resigned the position of Minister of Finance, and on 28rd May, 1888 was re-appointed High Commissioner for Canada in the United Kingdom. The Hon. Gt. E. Foster, late Minister of Marine and Fish- eries, was appointed Minister of Finance on 29th May, 1888. Mr. Charles H. Tupper, M. P., was appointed Minister of Marine and Fisheries on Slst May, 1888. LATEST APPOINTMENTS. The Hon. A. W. McLelan, Postmaster General, to be Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia from 9th July, 1888. The Hon. John Christian Schultz, to be Lieutenant Gov- ernor of Manitoba from 1st July, 1888. Mr. Joseph Koyal, M.P., to be Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories from 1st July, 1888. ERRATA. Page 21^. For Sir James Laird read Sir James Oaird. Page 260, par. 860. For " directed " read " diverted." Page 8S9, par. 554. For " 6611 " light stations read "661." Veab. Population on 4tu Apuil. Persons. Males. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872., 1873. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1880.., 1887.. Females. •3,485,761 1,764,311 •4,324,810 Immi- gration. 1,721,450 2,188,778 2,136,032 50,050 39,373 27,382 25,633 27,082 29,807 40,492 38,505 47,991 112,458 133,624 103,824 79,169 69,152 84,526 Revenue. f 13,687,928 14,379,174 16,612,225 19,336,660 20,714,813 20,813,469 24,206,092 24,648,716 22, 587, 5H 7 22,059,274 22,375,011 22,517,382 23,307,400 29,636,21*7 33,383,455 36,794,649 31,801,901 32,797,001 33,177,040 36,'?54,993 Expenditure. $ 1.*? ,486,092 14,038,084 14,345,.'i09 16,623,081 17,689,408 19,174,047 2.3,310,316 2.3,713,071 24,488,372 2:{,5 19,301 23,503,158 24,456,381 24,850,034 25,502,554 27,007,103 28,730,157 31,107,700 35,037,060 39,011,612 35,057,680 Dominion Lands. Area Sold. Acres. Amount Realized. Land in Cultivation. •17,335,818 66,800 166,660 334,694 166,702 132,928 428,984 709,260 1,096,817 682,227 1,057,620 2,099,145 1,831,982 1,110,512 481,814 676,141 621,791 28,586 25,987 25,101 8,724 143,045 138,211 255,119 155,812 104 4.M 1,727,280 925,902 788,1.36 288,594 .321,279 412,318 •21,8l>ft,18l • Oensus. f eluding post cards. t Three months, to 30th June, 1H08. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE DOMINION OF CAJIAPA, FROM : Land in CultivtUiun 28,586 25,987 25,161 8,724 143,645 138,211 255,119 155,812 164 451 ,727,280 925,962 788,136 288,594 321,279 412,318 •17,335,818 No. of I'ost Offices ♦21,89f»,181 3,638 3, 756 3,820 3,943 4,135 4,518 4,706 4,892 5,015 5,101 5,378 5,606 5,773 5,935 6,171 6,395 0,837 7,084 7,295 7,534 POSTAOE. ShU'I'INO. Number of Letters. 18,100,000 21,920,000 24,500,000 127,050,000 130,600,000 t34,579,000 t39,358,50U t42,000,00() 41,800,000 41,510,000 44,000,000 43,900,000 45,800,000 48,170,000 56,200,000 62,800,000 66,100,000 68,400,000 71,000,000 74,300,000 Niiiiihcr of Inwards. Ncwsi.a,,us.' ^gg^lg^ Tons 13,860,000 18,700,000 2'0,150,000 22, '250,000 24.-lOO,tH)0 25,480,000 29,000, (JOO 31, .100, 000 3H,54;t,00o 39,000.1.00 39, 73(1,412 42,379.08(; 45,120,0(;2 48,689,0(l,s 50,845.000 .'.3, 13lV-l'|'' 55.989,53■J 58,.'>S1,7:»8 Ol,064,0(;4 04,24i;;;2t; 8,038 9,654 9,567 10,353 10,358 11,089 9,282 7,881 8,414 8,808 8,836 8,576 9,307 10,442 10,038 10,781 11,160 10,639 10,603 13,203 2,104,009 2,459,083 2,608,M9 2,521,573 2,989,793 3,032,746 3^077,987 2,521,134 2,972,459 3,295,987 3,341,465 3,049,521 3 487,735 4,032,946 3,933,152 4,004,357 4,250,665 3,800,664 4,026,415 4,236,765 Outwards. Vessels. 7,978 9,597 8,948 9,57.") 9,898 10,508 8,471 7,724 8,. 349 8,952 8,680 8,425 9,063 10,320 10,500 10,727 11,183 10,553 10,768 12,947 Tons. 2,215,312 2,537,482 2,476,354 2,594,400 2,956,911 3,052,789 2,973,374 2,808,074 2,938,305 3,348,835 3,342,919 3,039,029 3,298,979 4,071,391 4,003,410 3,968,420 4,233,630 3,843,951 4,018,156 4,125,671 Vessels Built. No. 355 335 329 389 414 410 486 489 578 508 382 :;03 297 314 311 306 358 287 208 197 Toni 87,230 96,439 93,166 106,101 114,005 140,370 174,404 188,098 165,041 127,297 106,976 103,551 68,756 79,304 68,240 73,570 70,287 57,480 37,5!>1 20,798 Vessels Registbueii. Impoiits. No. 539 520 495 540 503 506 580 0;i2 051 572 452 400 363 373 402 j 432 ; i 403 353 275 297 TOBS. 113,692 125,408 110,852 J 121,724 I 127,371 152, 22(; 163,010 204,002 144,422 126,10" 100,089 94,882 04,962 70,210 78,070 78,229 80,822 65,902 40,872 07,662 »tal Value. Viilu Entered Consuiui) $ $ 73,459,644 71,98: 70,415,165 67,40'. 74,814,339 71, '23' 96,092,971 80,94' 111,430,527 107,701 128,011,281 127,51. 128,213,582 127,40 123,070,283 119,01 93,210,340 94,73 99,327,962 90,30 93,081,787 91,19 81,96i,427 80,34 86,489,747 71,78 105,330,840 91,01 119,419,500 112,04 132,254,022 1-23, n 116,397,043 108,1^ 108,941,480 102,71 104,424,561 99.01 112,892,236 ioo.o; DOMINION OF CANADA, FROM 1st JULY, ISBY, TO 30th JUNE, 1887. ^■= Bdilt. Vessels Rbgistbrbd. Impoiits. Exports. ] Public Dbut. , ■) Govi,,t iWT EXPKNDITUIIE ON ^^H ^B" Tons. No. Toas. ' Total Value. Value Entered for Consumption. Total Value. Gross Debt. Assets. , t Net Debt. Railways. t Canals. Other Public Works. VtiluHl lutorod^B )nsuiu|)^H ^Hl ' % $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 71,9H,^H G7,40'.H -1 .^'^^^^^M 87,230 539 113,692 73,459,644 71,985,306 57,567,888 96,896,666 21,139,631 75,757,135 483,363 128,965 200,58 96,439 526 125,408 70,415,165 67,402,170 60,474,781 112,361,998 36,502,679 75,869,319 282,615 126,953 173,48 93,16G 495 110,852 74,814,339 71,237,603 73,573,490 115,993,706 37,783,964 78,209,742 1,729,381 106,588 257,78 8(.i,94'^| 107,700 106,101 540 121,724 96,092,971 86,947,482 74,173,618 115,492,682 37,786,165 77,706,517 2,946,930 133,872 659,38 114,065 563 127,371 111,430,527 107,709,116 82,639,663 122,400,179 40,213,107 82,187,072 5,620,569 290,073 1,199,52 140,370 506 152,226 128,011,281 127,514,594 89,789,922 129,743,432 29,894,970 99,848,462 5,763 268 383,916 1,253,86 rJ7,nl-^H 174,404 580 163,016 128,213,582 127,404,169 •89,351,928 141,163,551 32,838.586 108,324,965 3,925,123 1,240,628 1,665,92 ,40^H 188,098 632 204,002 123,070,283 119,618,657 77,886,979 151,663,401 35,655,023 116,008,378 5,018,427 1,715,309 1,716,00 1I9,G]'^H 165,041 651 144,422 93,210,346 94,733,218 80,966,435 161,204,687 36,653,173 124,551,514 4,497,434 2,389,544 2,003,09 94,1.1^1 127,'i97 572 126,160 99,327,962 96,300,483 75,876,393 174,675,834 41,440,525 133,236,309 3,209,602 4,131,396 1,277,00 OG,oO^H 106,976 452 100,089 93,081,787 91,199 577 79,323,667 174,957,268 34,595,199 140,362,069 2,643,741 3,843,338 882,61 91,11)^1 103,551 400 94,882 81,961,427 80,341,608 71,491,255 179,483,871 36,493,683 142,990,188 2,507,05.^ 3,064,098 752,54 80,;u^| 68,756 363 64,962 86,489,747 71,782,349 87,911,458 194,634,440 42,182,852 152,451,588 6,109,599 2,123,366 740,92 71,78H 79,364 373 70,210 105,330,840 91,611,604 98,290,823 199,861,537 44,465,757 155,395 780 5,577,236 2,100,242 1,071,33 1)1, GlH ll'i.dlH 68,240 402 78,076 119,419,500 112,648,927 102,137,203 205,365,251 51,703,601 153,661,650 5,176,832 1,670,268 1,086,28 12:?, 1 J '73,576 432 78,229 132,254,022 123,137,019 98,085,804 202,159,104 43,692,389 168,466,715 11,707,619 1,867,545 1,552,71 70,287 463 80,822 116,3i)7,043 108,180,644 91,406,496 242,482,416 60,320,565 182,161,85] 14,134,933 1,665,350 2,664,78 108, leH 57,486 353 65,962 108,941,486 102,710,019 89,238,361 264,703,607 68,295,915 196,407,692 11,241,976 1,672,918 2,239,26 102,7 H 37,531 275 40,872 104,424,561 99,602,694 85,251 314 273,164,341 50,005,234 223,159,107 4,480,833 1,333,422 569,23 '.lO.dH 26,798 297 67,662 112,892,236 105,639,428 89,515,811 273,187,626 45,872,851 227,314,775 3,270,433 1,783,698 2,556,51 105.t3:H # a JNT EXPIiiNDITCIlK ON )3 15 n j9 98 i3 27 J4 )2 41 ■id [)9 36 32 »9 33 75 33 33 Canals. Other Public Works. $ $ 128,965 200,589 126,953 173,481 105,588 257,784 133,872 659,388 290,073 1,199,521 383,910 1,253,867 1,240,628 1,665,929 1,715,309 1,716,009 2,389,544 2,003,098 4,131,396 1,277,004 3,843,338 882,616 3,004,098 762,540 2,123,366 740,923 2,100,242 1,071,337 1,070,208 1,086,283 1,857,545 1,552,710 1,065,350 2,664,786 1,572,918 2,239,262 1,333,422 569,236 1,783,698 2,555,519 Railways. Miles in Operation. 4,826^ 5,157] 5, 5 74 J 0,143} 0,484} 0,891| 7,200 7,530 8,720 9,575 10,150 10,097 11,691 Train Mileage. 17,080,108 18,103,028 19,450,813 19,069,447 20,731,089 22,427,449 27,301,300 27,840,411 30,072,910 29, 758,676 30,023,089 30,481,088 83,638,748 Earnings. 19,470,539 19,358,084 18,742,053 20,520,078 19,925,000 23,501,447 27,987,509 29,027,790 33,244,585 33,421,705 32,227,409 33,385,269 38,842,010 ChAUTRREI) BANKij. Paid up Capital. $ 30,289,048 30,981,074 32,050,597 36,415,210 45,134,709 55,102,959 60,443,445 03,307,087 07,199,051 03,923, 150 03,387,034 04,159,427 00,584,789 59,384,987 58,739,980 01,404,554 61,443,397 01,821,158 61,841,395 00,815,356 Assets. 77,872,257 83,565,027 102,147,293 121,014,395 151,772,876 168,519,746 188,417,005 184,441,108 184,421,514 174,375,603 175,473,086 170,446,074 181,741,074 198,967,278 229,271,064 220,803,491 223,855,001 217,204,055 228,422,353 229,241,404 Liabilities. $ 43,722,047 48,380,967 ^6,530,393 77,486,700 94,224,044 98,290,677 117,656,218 101,371,845 101,686,717 95,004,254 95,641,008 93,375,749 108,833,271 125,003,540 153,001,994 145,296,836 140,973,233 138,510,300 147,547,682 149,413,632 Post Okfice Savings Banks. No. Number of Depositors. tsi 2,102 213 7,212 '^20 12,178 230 17,153 235 21,059 239 23,526 206 24,968 268 24,294 279 24,415 287 24,074 295 25,535 297 27,445 297 31,365 304 39,605 308 51,403 330 61,059 343 66,682 365 73,322 392 80,870 415 90,159 Balances. 30th June. i 204,588 850,814 1,588,848 2,497,259 3,096,500 3,207,051 3,204,965 2,926,090 2,740,952 2,639,937 2,754,484 3,105,190 3,945,669 6,208,226 9,473,661 11,976,237 13,245,552 15,090,540 17,159,372 19,497,750 CANADA STATISTICAL ABSTRACT AND RECORD. FOR THE YEAR 1887. Preliminary Remarks. 1. The Dominion of Canada consists of the Provinces of The Dom- inion of Ontario and Quebec (formerly Upper and Lower Canada), Canada. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and the North-West Territories, which latter contain the vast territory formerly under the control of the Hudson's Bay Company. It therefore com- prises the whole of the northern half of North America, with the exception of the United States Territory of Alaska on the west, and Labrador, which is under the control of the Gov- ernment of Newfoundland, on the east. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Territory of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the United States, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. 2. The oriffin of the word Canada is obscure, but the origin of the name derivation now generally accepted is that from an Indian 'Canada.' word " Kannatha," meaning a village or collection of huts, and it is supposed that Jacques C artier hearing this word used by the Indians with reference to their settlements, mistook its meaning, and applied it to the whole country. • 3. Canada has an area of about 3,470,257 square miles, or Area. including its water surface, 3,610,000 square miles, and is abut 3,600 miles from east to west, and 1,400 miles from north to south. 1 ■vm M'l 2 The Great Lakes. 4^ 1 ii 1 i 'r. STATISTICAL ABS1 RACT. 4. Among its principal physical features are its inland lakes, which are remarkable for their size and number, and contain more than half the fresh water of the globe. The largest of these, generally known as the great lakes, separate Canada from the United States, and consist of Lakes Superior, Huron, St. Clair, Erie and Ontario, and the follow- ing table gives their length, breadth, area and height above the sea : — Lakks. Superior Huron — with Georgian Bay... St. Clair Erie Ontario Michigan Length. Breadth. Area. Miles. Miles. Sq. Miles. 420 160 32,000 280 190 24,000 26 26 320 240 80 10,000 180 65 7,300 320 80 26,600 Height above Sea. Feet. 630 578 670 565 232 678 Lake 5. Lake Michigan is in the United States, but is con- *'*°' nected with Lake Huron by the Strait of Mackinaw. The Great Lakes.! 6. These lakes form a complete system of navigation from the head of Lake Superior to the Atlantic Ocean, a distance of 2,384 miles. Lake Superior is connected with Lake Huron by the Ste. Marie River and the Sault Ste. Marie Canal. Lake Huron flows into Lake St. Clair by the St. Clair River, and Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie by the Detroit River. Lake Erie flows into Lake Ontario by the Niagara River, fourteen miles from the mouth of which are the renowned Niagara Falls, 160 feet in height. The two lakes are con- nected for the purposes of navigation by the Welknd Canal. The St. Lawrence River, flowing out of Lake Ontario into the Grulf of St. Lawrence, forms the outlet of this system. Lakes. 7. The other principal lakes in Ontario are the Lake of PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 8 the "Woods (1,500 square miles), Lakes Nepigon, Nipissing and Simcoe, and the Muskoka Lakes, Muskoka, Rosseau, Joseph and the Lake of Bays In Quebec are Lake Temis^ camingue, which is on the borders of Ontario and Quebec, Lake vSt. John, Grand Lake and Lake Mistassini ; and in the Territories and Manitoba are Lakes Great Bear (10,000 square miles), Great Slave (12,000 square miles), Athabasca (3,000 square miles), Winnipeg, 280 miles long, 57 miles broad, 650 feet above the sea and an area of 8,500 square miles ; Winnipegosis, 120 miles long, 17 miles broad, 700 feet above the sea, and an area of 1,936 square miles, and Mani- toba, length 120 miles, breadth 16 miles, elevation above sea 670 feet, and area 1,900 square miles. 8. The principal mountains are the Rocky Mountains in Moun- the west, which extend from the Arctic Ocean to the United States, and contain the highest points in the Dominion, among the chief being Mount Hooker, 16,760 feet, Alount Brown, 16,000 feet, and Mount Murchison, 15,700 feet, while there are several others of nearly the same height. The Canadian Pacific Railway crosses this range through the Kicking Horse Pass at an altitude of 5,300 feet above the sea. West of the Rocky Mountains, and between them and the Pacific Ocean, are the Cascade Mountains, which follow the coast from the Fraser River to Alaska, and in some places are as high as 10,000 feet. The other ranges of any size are the Wotschish and Notre Dame Mountains in Quebec, and the North and South Mountains and the Cobi'quid Moun- tains in Nova Scotia. 9. The principal rivers are, in the Territories and Mani- mvers, toba, the Mackenzie River, over 2,400 miles in length, the Copper Mine and Great Fish Rivers, which flow into the Arctic Ocean ; the Saskatchewan, Assiniboine and Red Rivers, which flow into Lake Winnipeg, and the Churchill, I ■ si i STATISTICAL ABSTR/ «Tj'. Severn and Albany Rivers, which flow into Hudson's Bay. In Ontario and Quebec the St. Lawrence, with its tributaries the Ottawa, St. Maurice, Richelieu and Saguenay. In New Brunswick the St. John, Restigouche and Miramichi Rivers ; and in British Columbia, the Fraser River, which flows into the Gulf of Georgia, the Peace River which rises in that Provim^e and flows into the Mackenzie River, and the Columbia River, over 1,2J0 miles in length, which flows through the United States into the Paciiic Ocean. Quiftand 10. The coast line of Canada is very much broken and contains several large gulfs, bays and inlets, besides innu- merable smaller ones. On the east the principal indents are the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy and Bay of Cha- leurs ; on the north, Hudson'^ Bay, which is really a large inland sea, being 1,000 miles loiig, and 600 miles wide, with ail area of 360,000 square miles, Baffin's Bay, the Gulf of Boothia, and Melville and Lancaster Sounds ; and on the west the Strait of Juan de Fui^a, the Gulf of Georgia and Queen Charlotte ?'ound. Islands. Physical featai es. 11. The largest islands on the west are Vancouver, and Queen Charlotte Islands, the former is about 300 miles in length, has an area of about 20,000 square miles and con- tains Victoria, the capital oi British Columbia, and on the east, Prince Edward Island, which forms the Province of that name, Cape Breton, which is part of the Province of Nova Scotia, being separated from the mainland by the Gut of Canso, and Anticosti, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence on which the Dominion Government have important signal and wreck- ing stations. A great network of islands the limits of which have not been well defined, extends along the entire north coast of Canada. It is known generally as the Arctic Archipelago. 12. The whole of the eastern part of Canada, from the PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 5 Atlantic to the north-west boundaries of Ontario was lor- merly one vast forest, and is still very extensively wooded, timber in various forms being one of the principal exportw of the country. In the southern part of the centre of the Dominion is a vast tract of prairie land, while the northern portion is principally forest, and is inhabited only by a few tribes of Indians, and by officers of the Hudson Bay Com- pany in their most advanced posts. The prairie land is i'overed with soil of great richness, and is adapted for the raising of cereals and roots of all kinds, while for grazing purposes it is unsurpassed, the climate being suitable for stock breeding, and the pasturage excellent, and almost "■ unlimited. "West of the Rocky Mountains is another great tract of forest land, the timber on which is invaluable, while the soil is very fertile, and the country as it becomes cleared, is found to possess great agricultural capabilities. 13. The timber in British Columbia attains in many cases Timber in . , . Uiitlsh to an enormous size, specimens oi the Dougla.s pine being Columbia, among the largest trees in the world. The following illus- trations will give some idea of their great size, square timber has been cut from the Douglas pine, measuring eight feet by one hundred and five feet in length, and from one log no less than eight pieces of timber have been cut, each piece measur- ing 12 inches by 12 inches and fifty feet in length. Cedar trees also have been found 24 feet in diameter and 300 feet high. 14. The climate is dry, healthy and invigorating, and ciimato. owing to the great area of the country extending over 20 degrees of latitude, or from the latitude of Constantinople to the North Pole, has a wide range of temperature. The extreme dryness of the atmosphere, however, makes both cold and heat less acutely felt than the readings of the thermometer would lead people to expect. In the Maritime Provinces the climate somewhat resembles that of the British ■' m ^i-m 6 STATISTICAL AHSTKACT. Isli^s; ill Oiilnrio, QuobiM' and Manitoba the Hummers ai« "Warm and th > wintciH told, but th«^ cold is plcawant and briiriny, and the snow that afcni'vally rovers the ground durini>' the winter is of th»^ greatest bi'iielit alik»5 to the larnier, th»» lumb»*rman and th(^ merchant. In the North- West Territories eatth* graze at large all through the winter months ; and on the Paeilic slope west of the Kocky Moun- tains, the climate is milder than in any other part of the Dominion. i oiimato. 15. The popular idea in other countries for a long time was, and indeed to a certain extent still is, that Canada is a country of perpetual winter, and normally covered with snow, and Canadians themselves are to a large extent to blame for the continuation of the idea, by almost invariably representing Canadian winter scenes in their pictures, by writing deseriptions of winter amusements and pastimes alone, and, if desirous of sending their portraits to friends in other countries, by being always taken in winter costume, with probably a snow covered forest or frozen lake in the back ground. The facts are, that the average winter is about four and a half months, and though the spring may begin two or three weeks later than in England, the con- ditions for rapid growth — warm sunshine and rain — are so favorable that the crops of the two countries are about equally advanced by the middle of July, and as during the last few years the country has become better known, it is beginning to be understood that though the winters are at times severe, they are healthy and enjoyable, while the summer weather is not surpassed in the most favoured parts of Europe. That thf^ climate is superior to that of England is admitted by all who have experienced both. Temperu- 1 6, The rcpoii of the meteorological service for 1884, which rainfall for some reasou was not published until late in 1887, affords i884.| ^ PRKLni INAIJ V IlKMAllKS tho latoHt available' inronnatiou in any complete Ibrin, and from it th(^ following? Numm.ny oi' obH-Tvations takon at ninoty-sevon statiouH has Ixmmi •oiii piled, and it in bolievod that a vory fair idea of the variations of temporature iu didbrent partH of tho Dominion can bo gained theivfrom. TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL IN CANADA, 1884. Stations. Ontauio Rarrie Hala Beatrice Brampton Bancroft Brantford Cornwall Dcseronto Durham Egremont Guelph Gait Goderich (Jravonhurst Granton Hamilton Kingston Lindsay London Mount Forest ... Northcote Ottawa Oshawa Owen Sound Port Arthur Parry Sound .... Pembroke Peterborough.... Point Clarli Point Pelee Port Dover Port Stanley Rockcllffe Stony Creek ^augeen Tempkratcuk. Maxi- Mini- mum. mum. { 901 — 321 95- -37' 90- —34-6 91- -^34- 90-9 —42- 98- —29- 948 —29- 87-6 —2 4' 3 92- -22- 90- —22- 93- —35- 96- 1 —29- 91-3 10-6 92- -38- 92-2 —23- 94-8 -23- ' 86-3 -19- 949 —40-9 91- —23- 92- —23- 94- — 40-5 91-7 —249 94-2 — 33- 92- -26- 86- —35- 91-2 —34-6 94-6 —34 9 92-6 —23- 83 -12- 06- — 8- 86- — 25- 87 5 -27-3 93 3 —41-4 95- -23- 89 6 — 229 Mean . Prkoipitation. 42 71 3959 3909 44-38 3921 44-35 41-85 43-78 42-78 40-63 42-23 42-94 44-62 4112 43-39 4610 43-31 41-17 44-02 40-75 39-83 43-14 41-07 40-44 3414 39 93 39 99 44 05 42-64 47-60 4508 44-56 37-53 45-27 42-08 Rain. Snow. TotaL Inches. Inches. Inrhea. 16-93 86- 4 25-57 2t-21 136-7 37-88 26-31 216-3 47-94 19-60 128-4 32-44 20-19 67-5 32-94 23-90 102-9 34-19 23-57 123-1 35-88 24-49 IPO- 42-49 24-43 76- 32-03 16-21 57-5 21 96 18-90 G4-5 25-35 22 71 60-4 28-75 23-30 118-9 35-19 25-34 85-2 32-86 21-45 93-6 30-80 24-59 121-4 3G-73 22-01 128-7 34-88 29-11 127-5 41-86 15-65 100-5 25-70 26 05 769 .33-74 22-35 99-7 32-32 23 25 167- 39-95 19 30 64-8 25-78 24 76 93-0 34 06 2101 98-4 30-85 2B'42 84-2 32-84 22-01 80-5 .30-06 21-70 46-2 26-32 22-60 114'7 34-07 20 68 70- 27-68 20-66 134-7 34-13 I r. m :!''l i '1 I : I I STATIflTUJAL AHSTUiCT. T£M1'£RATUUB AND UAINFALL IN CANADA, 1884— Cont/nufi. h i Ti Muxi- mum. 90- 88-8 !)()- 89 •« 91-9 90- 94" Oi>- 72-1 74- 79- 82-1 74-8 60- 86-8 90-7 76- 63- 92- 836 92 2 91- 91-2 90-3 94 3 CMI'KIIATUUK. I'llKCII'IIAriON. Htatio.ns. .Mini- mum. —21-8 -36-6 -22-0 —13 3 - .i;f6 —■n- ■ M* - 17- -20- —22- — 1!)- "-26- —23- —24- -32- —45- —21- —24- -31- —30 6 —M- —23-5 -28-2 -39-9 —36 6 Mian. Rain. Inches. ••1-66 I.-06 :i5-78 -^0 68 27-60 20-47 2172 2428 20-66 17-49 Snow. Inches. mo 44-7 82-1 80-1 109-1 89-0 48-3 89-6 83-3 Total. OmAHio—Concludtd. Stratford 4 ' ;M 10 STATISTICAL ABSTRACT. ofmemi'^'* ^^' According to the above figures, the extremes of mean tempera- temperature in the several I'roviuces were as follows : — Max. Min. Ontario 4781 3414 Quebec 4167 27-59 Nova Scotia 4451 39 03 New Brunpwick 42-18 37-45 Manitoba 31-96 2866 British Columbia 46-97 38*48 : Prince Edward Island 39-48 37-88 The Territories 37-77 2665 The highest mean temperature was at Windsor, Ontario, viz., 47-81, and the lowest at Fort Chipewyan, N.W.T., 26-65. ?ure?^*' 18. The following information respecting the weather of 188 Y has been taken from the Monthly Weather Review^ a useful publication issued by the Superintendent of the Meteorological Service at Toronto. The mean temperature and total precipitation at a station in Prince Edward Island, and at the capitals of the other Provinces and of the Terri- tories have been given, with remarks applicable to all parts of the Dominion. The first table gives the mean temperature at the places named in each month in 1887 : — M^AN TEMPERATURE AT THE UNDERMENTIONED PLACES IN CANADA. Placks. Il ' Kilmabumaig, P.E.I Halifax, N.S Fredericton, N.B Montreal, Que Toronto, Ont Winnipeg, Man Regina, N.W.T Victoria, BO Jan. Feb. Mar April. May. 12-88 11-72 22-35 30-52 47-45 24-43 22-21 •28-29 37-80 60-20 9-35 12 43 25-33 36-26 6359 6-78 13-97 19-55 36-46 61-06 18-08 21-74 24-76 .39-36 5851 —14 46 — 8-04 11-67 37-27 67-24 —16-26 —15-14 13-74 .^6-76 53 01 41-04 29-47 4416 46- 15 51-87 June. 67-08 66-74 62-16 66-25 63-85 64-62 59-95 55-23 I of mean ws : — in. rT)9 )03 r-45 5-66 )-48 r-88 1-65 Ontario, r., 26-65. ather of Review^ t of the Jerature . Island, e Terri- II parts lerature ANADA. ) June. 5708 66-74 62-16 66-25 63-85 64-62 59-95 55-23 PRELIMINARY REMARKS. MEAN" TEMPRaATURE AT THE UNDERMENTIONED PLACES-C n. 11 Placks. Kilmahumaig, P E.I Halifax, N.S Fredericton, N.B Montreal, Que Toronto, Ont Winnipejr, Man Regina. N.W.T Victoria, B.G July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 65-90 61-57 65-08 44-45 .^3-96 67-10 64-30 56'80 48-10 38 00 68-51 62-64 54-98 44-15 32-11 "id 48 65 94 56-38 44-30 30 00 73-14 6619 56-40 44-20 35-11 66-52 61-03 53-76 32-42 17-35 62-8 60-30 5300 32-70 23-20 57-66 5711 54-13 47-62 42-56 Dec. 2202 27-00 19-33 16-84 28-39 2-39 2-50 41-68 The average in all cases means the average obtained from thirteen years' observation, except where otherwise men- tioned. The temperature in January was below the average for the month in Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and New Bruns- wick; at Winnipeg it was as much as 8^'l below. In Nova Scotia and British Columbia, the temperature was above the average. The lowest temperature was registered at Regina, viz., 62- below zero, and the highest at Halifax, 54® "9. In February the temperature was below the average at all the stations, except a few on Lakes Erie and Ontario ; at Medicine Hat, N.W.T., it was 23'''6 below the average of three years. The lowest temperature was again registered at Regina, viz., 48 ^^ below zero, and the highest at Victoria, 59"^. In March and April the temperature was generally below the average, except in the latter month in Manitoba and the North-West. In May, June and July the temperature was very generally above the average, especially in May when it was univer- sally so, and the exceedingly hot weather during these three months will long be remembered. In Toronto the mean tem- perature in May was 6°"51 higher than the average of forty- seven years, and iii Montreal 6^"35 higher than the aA'^erage of thirty years. The highest recorded temperature in this month was 93^' 3 at Windsor, Ont. The same temperature was recorded at a number of places during the following IE 12 STATISTICAL ABSTRACT. June, while in July, the thermometer reached 9t°"2 at Toronto, and 100** at several places in Ontario. This period of excessive heat was followed by unusually cool weather in August, September and October, the temperature being generally below the average, particularly in the two latter months. The temperature in November and December was, on the whole, slightly below in the former and above the average in the latter month. Rain and 19. The uext table gives the total precipitation in inches 1867. during the year at the same places : — TOTAL PRECIPITATION IN INCHES AT THE UNDERMENTIONED PLACES IN CANADA, 1887. Placbs. Kilmahumaig, P.E.I Halifax, N S Fredericton, N.B Montreal, Qn** Toronio, Ont Winnipeg, Man Regina, N.W T Victoria Jan. 6-30 7-71 6-43 607 3-21 0-71 0-25 6-68 Feb. 3-30 6-73 4-21 4-57 4-29 1 19 6-00 Mar. April. 3-32 365 4-45 6-39 4-48 3-61 322 3-02 1-61 1-61 0-93 114 0-45 0-11 6-36 076 May. 2-46 213 1-65 1-26 0-81 301 1-38 1-32 June. 1-30 211 510 2-44 2-66 294 7-73 Places. July. Kilmahumaig, P.E.I. . ! 4-66 Halifax, N.S 205 Fredericton, N.B 291 Montreal, Que .' 266 Toronto, Ont 066 Winnipeg, Man j 1-98 Regina, N.W.T ; 006 Victoria, B.C ; 0-27 Aug. 2-76 8-35 64 72 99 49 41 01 Sept. 2-09 3-31 1-41 1-32 1-20 1-77 3-44 1-16 Oct. 4- 13 3-06 2-97 3-24 1-69 046 0-:'5 '^•75 Nov. Dec. 3 42 672 3-60 4-5t 2-80 lOl 5-67 5-92 4-12 414 508 3-4» 1-35 0-30 9-18 The weather 1887. 20. The precipitation in January and February was gener- ally above the average, particularly in Ontario and Quebec in February, when the snowfall was very heavy. In PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 18 ay. June. •46 1-30 •13 211 ■65 510 •26 2^44 81 266 01 2^94 38 7-73 32 V. Dec. 42 5-92 72 4^I2 50 414 H 508 JO 34) )1 135 5 0^30 .7 9^18 the city of Quebf o forty-eight inches fell in January, fifty- nine inches in February, and thirty-seven inches in March. In May the rainfall throughout the Dominion was very light, many districts being absolutely rainless, and the crops suffered much from drouth in consequence. In June the rainfall was generally below the average, and in July it was almost universally so throughout the Dominion, " but," Mr. Carpmael says "the mere expression of the rainfall " being below the usual quantity, conveys but a poor idea of " the effect of the drouth, in many parts of the Dominion " crops ruined, pastures burnt up, wells running dry and the " foliage of the trees resembling October instead of mid- " summer." In August and September the rainfall was again below the average, particularly in c?eptember, and in the N. and N. E. parts of Ontario, in many places the pastures were destroyed, and the farmers forced to feed hay to their cattle. In October rain was still lacking, being the eighth month during which in some parts of the Dominion, the same conditions had prevailed. In November the fall was an average one, but was generally above the average in December, especially in British Columbia. 21. A remarkable meteor was observed in the Maritime SbiT*'^''' Provinces on 15th September, of which a number ofi^ptem-"^ accounts have been furnished, the best of which is probably that of Mr. M. H. Nickerson, of Barrington, as follows :* " As *' observed in Barrington, the meteor appeared at an altitude " of say 60°, in a direction about N. by W. and at 8 34 local "time. Its course as near as could be judged was S.S.E. " Its maximum brightness was attained at the moment of its " vanishing. The point of its disappearance was about S. " 25^ E, and at an altitude of 20^^. As the meteor was in the " form of a speroid, its greater apparent diameter was nearly " twice that of the moon, and one-third longer than the less. 'Monthly Weather Ihvievj, September, p. 7. ^,f fell 14 I i storm wsrniDgs. I ( Weather predic- iions. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT. " The duratiou of its visible flight was not more than four " seconds. The noise in connection, which at first could not *' be distinguished from thunder, at a distance of twelve or " fifteen miles, began one minute and twenty seconds after " the meteor had disappeared, and lasted forty-five seconds. " Soon as the meteor vanished from sight, its track appeared " to fill with a dull reddish hue, which was slowly diffused " on both sides, and remained distinctly peri^eptible till near " midnight." 22. The number of storm warnings issued during the year by the Meteorological Service was 1,093, of which 972, or 88*9, were verified, no warnings of this nature were issued during the months of May, June and July. The following table shows the number of storm warnings issued and verified in each year since 1877 : — Year. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1886.. 1886.. 1887.. Number Number Issued. Verified. 743 510 860 673 712 691 889 736 854 727 841 658 1,085 858 798 663 830 741 906 799 1,093 972 Percentage Verified. 68-« 78-3 83« 82-8 85- 1 78-8 79- 1 83 2 89-3 88-2 88-» It will be seen, therefore, that out of a total of 9,611 storm warnings issued during the last 11 years, 7,928, or 82. 4 per cent have been verified. 23. The total number of weather predictions of all kinds was 7,603, of which 79. 6 per cent, were fully, and 90. 8 per cent, ful]^'^ and partly verified. PRELIMINARY REMARKS, 15 'ercentage Verified. 68 ■« 78-3 83« 82-8 851 78-2 79- 1 83 2 89-3 88-2 88-9 24. Minerals of almost every kind are known to exist, and Minerals, their development in the future vv^ill constitute one of the chief sources of wealth for the country. Gold has been found extensively in Nova Scotia and British Columbia. In the former Province there are fifty-eight mines in working- order, and in the latter there is scarcely a stream of any importance in which the " colour " of gold cannot be found, and paying mines exist in localities extending through ten degrees of latitude. The total value of gold exported from this Province, since its admission into Confederation, to 30th June, 1887, has reached the large sum of $15,2^4,065. Grold has also been found in Ontario and Quebec, and it is not improbable that valuable discoveries of that metal are yet to be made in these Provinces. Iron is found in considerable quantities in all the Provinces, and the supply is practically inexhaustible ; that of Nova Scotia is particu- larly fine, and brings in the market nearly double the price of English iron. More complete details respecting the mineral resources of Canada are given in a subsequent chapter. 25. What may be called the natural industries of the Dom- Naturaii inion are : — In Prince Edward Island, agriculture, fishing and shipbuilding ; in Nova Scotia, coal and gold mining, shipbuilding, agriculture, lumber and fishing, the fish- eries of this Province being the most valuable and pro- ductive in the world ; in New Brunswick, shipbuilding, lumbering, agriculture and fishing, the value of the fisheries being second only to that of Nova Scotia ; in Quebec, agri- culture, shipbuilding, lumbering, fishing and mining ; in Ontario, agriculture, lumbering and mining ; in Manitoba ^ and the Territories, agriculture and stock-raising ; coal mining is expected to become a very important industry in these regions, it being estimated that there are about 65,000 square miles of coal-bearing strata east of the Rocky Moun- m - U;! ;. It! 16 Manufac- turlnK industries. 1 Discovery ofCanada. r ! f ! STATISTICAL ABSTRACT. tains ; and in British Columbia, mining, lumbering, fishing and agriculture. 26. The leading manufacturing industries, principally in Ontario and Quebec, are works for making all kinds of agri- cultural implements in iron and wood, waggons, carriages, and railroad rolling stock (including locomotives), cotton factories, woollen factories, saw-mills, tanneries, machinery, iron and hardware works, flax works, furniture, paper, soap, woodenware, boot and shoe, cloth and linen, door, sash, stave, tobacco, meat and food preserving, and cheese factories. Sugar refining is extensively carried on m Halifax and Montreal. 21. According to what may be rather called tradition than history, the shores of North America were visted on several occasions as early as the tenth century by parties of Norse- men, some of whom settled in what is now the State of Massachusetts, but were eventually either killed or expelled by the natives. The earliest authentic record of the landing of Europeans on these shores, is that of Sebastian Cabot who reached some part of the coast of Labrador on the 21st June, 1497, and two days afterwards discovered the Island of Newfoundland. Columbus did not reach the mainlan ! until the following year, 1498, and Amerigo Vespucci, from whom the Continent took its name, until 1499, Cabot there- fore is fairly entitled to be considered as the discoverer of what is now the Dominion ofCanada. In 1517 Cabot made another voyage and succeeded in making his way into what was afterwards called Hudson's Bay, but nothing further was done towards the exploration of the mainland until the expedition of Jacques Cartier in 1534, who landed at Gaspe on the 24th July in that year, and with this date Canadian history proper may be said to begin. PBELIinNABT REMARKS. It 28. Commencing with the first voyage of Cartier, the JJJnSff following are some of the principal events of importance in htatorrr* the history of this country : — 1684. July 24. Landing of JAcques Cartier at Qaip6 The Bay of Ghaleurs was so named by him on account of the great heat of the weather. 1636. July. Second visit of Cartier. August 10. Cartier anchored in a small bay at the mouth of the St. Joha River, which, in honour of the day, he named after St. Lawrence. The name was afterwards extended to the gulf and rirer. 1640. Third visit of Cartier. 1642-43. The Sieur de Roberval and his party wintered at Cape Rouge. 1598. The Marquis de la Roche landed 40 convicts on Sable Island, where they were left for five years without relief, and only twelve were found alive • at the end of that time. 1603. First visit of Samuel de Champlain to Canada. 1006. Founding of Port Royal (Annnpolis), Acadin (derived from an Indian word " Cadie," a place of abundance), by the Baron de Poutrincourt. 1608. Second visit of Champlain. Founding of Quebec, the first permanent settle- ment of Canada. The name is said to be an Indian ono, " Kebec," a strait. 28 settlers wintered there, including Champlain. leil. Establishment of a trading post at Hochelaga. 1613. St. John's, Newfoundland, founded. ' 1016. Champlain sailed up the Ottawa River, crossed Lalce Nipissing and des- cended French River into Georgian Bay and Lalce Huron, returning bj Lake Ontario. 1020. Population of Quebec, 60 persons. 1020. July. Capture of Quebec by the English under Sir David Kiric 117 per- sons wintered there. 1032. Canada ceded to France by the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye. 1036. December 26. Death of Champlain at Quebec. 1042. May 18. Ville Marie (Montreal) founded. 1042-1007. Frequent and serious wars between the French and the Iroquois Indians. 1007. Population of New France, 3,918. 1072. Count de Frontenac appointed Governor. Population, 6,705. 1089. August. Massacre at Lachine by Indians, and capture of the Fort at Montreal, which they held till October. 1090. Capture of Port Royal by Sir Wm. Phipps, and unsuccessful attack apon Quebec. 1092. Population of New France, 12,431. 1098. Death of Frontenac. Population, 13,356. 2 i'^ I ;f i-tjj ii 18 STATISTICAL ABSTRACT. I 1701. August 4. Ratification of a treaty of peace with the Troquois at Montreal. 1713. Treaty of Utrecht br which Hudson's Bay and adjacent territory, Nora Scotia (Acadia) and Newfoundland were ceded to the English. 1730. Population of New France 24,4.34, and of 8t John Island (Prince Edward Island) about 100. 1739. Population of New France, 42,701. 1746. Louisbourg, Cape Breton, taken by the English. 1748. Restoration of Louisbourg to the French in exchange for Madras by the peace of Aix-Ia-Ghapelle. 1740. The City of Halifax founded by Lord Halifax. 2,544 B itish emigrants brought out by the Hon. Edward Gornwaliis, the first Engli.-h Governor of Nova Scotia. 1762. March 23. Issue of the Halifax Gazette, the first paper published in Canada. 1766. Expulsion of the Acadians from Nora Scotia, about 6,000. 1768. July 26. Final capture of Louisbourg by the English. 1760. '^'j]y 26. Capture of Fort Niagara by the English under Gkneral Prideaux, who was killed during the assault June 25 , Commencement of the siege of Quebec. September 12. Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and defeat of the French by General Wolfe, who was killed on the field. Loss of the English, 700, and of the French 1,500. September 13. Death of General yontcalm, commander of the French forces. Septe.^bcr 18. Capitulation of Quebec to General Townshend. Aprii. Unsnccessfal attack on Quebec by General de Livis. September 8. Capitulation of Montreal, and completion of the conquest of Canada. 'Population of New France, 70,000. Briiish population of Nova Scotia, 8,l0i. Fclfruary 10. Treaty of Paris signed, by which France ceded and guaran- iteed to His Britannic Majesty in full right "Canada with all its depen- jdencies." General Murray was the first Governor General of the Province of Quebec. Jane 21. Issue of the Quebec Gazette.* In this year Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, organized a conspiracy for a simultaneous rising among the Indian tribes, and a general massacre of the British. The plan was successfully carried out in several places, where not a soul was left alive, but finally the Indians were forced to succumb. General Carleton, afterwards Lord Dorchester, appointed Governor General. Prince Edward Island made into a separate province, with Walter P.itcrson the first Governor. The first meeting of the Housj of Assembly took place in July, 1773. 1760. 1702. 1703. 1764. 176d. 1770. / *This has generally been considered as the first paper published in Canada, but the Halifax Oazettr, though lasting barely two years, baa undoubtedly the claim to priority. PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 1^ 1774. 1775. ifadras by the 1 sh emiirrants 1 li.-h Governor ■ 1776 pnblishcd in ■ 1783 >ral PrideauXf I 1784. the French by English, 700, 1 P'rench forces. 1 i conquest of 1 and guai'ten- 1 a,U its depen- ■ e of Quebec. I ■ 1786. spiracy for a massacre of ■ 1701. veral places, H re forced to I •nor General. I ter P.iterson 1 H jcmbly took | H in Canada, | )Qbtedly the | ■ The " Quebec Ad" passed. This Act gave the French Canadians the free exercise of 'loman Catholic religion, the enjoyment of their civil rights, and the protection of their own civil laws and customs. It annexed large territories to the Province of Quebec, provid' d for the appointment by the Crown of a Legislative Council, and for the administration of the criminal law as in use in England. Outbreak of the American Revolution, and invasion of Canada by the Ameri- cans; every place of importance rapidly fell into their hands, with the exception ot Quebec, in an attacK upon which Gen. Montgomery was defeated and killed on SIst December. Reinforcements arrived from England, and tl.e Americans were finally driven out of Canada. Septembers. Signing of the Treaty of Paris, and deiiniion of the boundary line between Canada and the United Slates, viz., the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence, the 45th parallel of north latitude, the highlands dividing the waters falling into the Atlantic from those emptying themselves into the St. Lawrence and the St. Croix River. Population of Canada, 113,012. (United Empire LoyalistS'in Upper Canada not included). British population of Xova Scotia, 32,000 (about 11,000 Acadians not in- cluded). Separation from Nova Scotia, and erection into a new province of New Brunswick, population, 11,457. About this time began the migration into Canada and Nova Scotia of the United Empire Loyalists, as they were called, that is, of those settlers in the American States who had remained faithful to the British cause. This migration lasted for several years, and though it is not possible to arrive at any exact figures, it is probable that the number altogether was not less than 40,000. The Loyalists were well treated by the British Government, and large grants of lands were made to them in various parts of the country. The banks of the St. Lawrence and shores'of Lake Ontario in particular, were settled by about 10,000, on lands al'otted to them by the Government. Re-introduction of the right of habeas corpus. Division of the Province of Quebec into two Provinces, viz., Upper and Lower Canada. Each Province to have a Lieutenant Governor, and a Legislature composed of a House of Assembly and a Legislative Council. The members of the Council were to be appointed by the Lieutenant Governor for life, those of the Assembly to be elected by the people_for four years. Population of the two Provinces, 161,311. . September 17. First meeting of the Parliament of Upper Canada at New- ark (Niagara) under Lieut. Governor Simcoe. The House of Assembly consisted of sixteen members. December 17. Opening of the Legislature of Lower Canada, at Quebec, b} Gen. Clarke. The House of Assembly consisted of fifty members. : f Us* ■ ■m * ctailway. June 28. First through Strain left Montreal for Vancuavo.. m ■ 1 1 ii 34 Bseoatlve •utliurity. Parlia- ■keot CHAPTER I. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. Consuta- 29. The Constitution of the Dominion x)i Canada is similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom. 30. By the British North America Act, the Executive Got- ern ment and authority of and over Canada, as well as the command in chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces of and in Canada, were declared to be vested in the Queen. 31. The Parliament consists of the Queen, the Senate and the House of Commons. The Queen is represented by the Governor General, who is assisted by a Privy Council, to which belong all those who are or have been advisers of the Crown, the acting portion of the Council, however, consists only of the Ministry of the day. 32. The Governor General is appointed by the Queen, and holds office for five years. He takes no part in legislation, but assents in the Queen's name to all measures which have passed both the Senate and the Commons. He may, how- ever, refuse such assent, or may reserve bills for Her Ma- jesty's consideration. He may also disallow Acts of tiie Provincial Legislatures, within one year of their having been passed in the Province. 33. The Senate is composed of members appointed for life by the Crown under the Great Seal of Canada. A Senator is entitled to be styled Honourable. He must be a British subject, born or naturalized, have passed the age of thirty years, be a resident in the Province for which he is appoint- ed, and hold property to the value of $4,000 above all lia- bilities. His seat becomes vacant if he fails to attend two •not CtaBvral. Benat*. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 2i^ consecutive Bessions of Parliament, if he becomes bankrupt, or takes advantage of any insolvent law, or is attainted of treason or convicted of felony. The Speaker, who must be a Senator, is appointed by the Governor General, and fifteen members, including the Speaker, form a quorum. Each Senator receives $1,000 per annum as an indemnity. The number of Senators cannot exceed *78, until the admission of Newfoundland, when it may be increased to 82. There are at present *78 members, representing the several provinces as follows : Ontario, 24 ; Quebec, 24 ; Nova Scotia, 10 ; New Brunswick, 10 ; Manitoba, 3 ; British Columbia, 2 ; Prince Edward Island, 4, and the North-West Territories 1. Bills, of all kinds, except money bills, can be originated in the Senate, A Senator cannot be elected a member of the House of Commons. 34. The members of the House of (^oramons must also be TheHonsfr British subjects, bvt require no other qualification. They mons. are elected by the people for five years, unless the House is sooner dissolved, under a uniform franchise for the whole Dominion. The Speaker is elected by the members them- selves, twenty of whom (including the Speaker) constitute a quorum. Members are paid at the rate of $10 a day, if the session is less than thirty days, and $1,000 for the session, if over thirty days. All bills for appropriating any part of the Public revenue, or for imposing any tax or impost, must originate in the House of Commons, and must first be recom- mended by message of the Governor General. The House shall be called together from time to time by the Governor General in the name of the Queen, under the Great Seal of Canada, but there must be a session of Parliament once at least in every year, and twelve months must not intervene between the last sitting of one session and the first sitting of the next. 35. The concurrence of the Governor General, the Senate, cononr- | ' ' renoe. Ij 11 i •ill; (if m ■•■1 i..-^^:ii:. la^ti 26 CHAPTER I. and House of Commons, is necessary before any measure can become law. Every member of the Senate and the SgilMe?'" House of Commons must take the oath of allegiance before taking his seat. ofSrtVi-^ ^^- '^^® exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament ment. of Canada extends to all matters connected with the follow- ing subjects : — Adminis- tration of {rabllc •ffikin. TbeC»bi- Public Debt. Trade and Commerce. Taxation. Borrowing money on public credit. Postal Service. Census and Statistics . Militia and Defence. Military and Naval Service. Civil Service. Lighthouses, Buojs, &c. Navigation and Shipping. Quarantine and Marine Hospitals. Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries. Inter-provincial Ferries, and with Foreign Countries. Currency and Coinage. Banking. Savings Banks. Weights and Measures. Bills of Exchange. Interest. Legal Tender. Bankruptcy. Patents. Copyrights. Indians. Naturalization. Marriage and Divorce. Criminal Law. Penitentiaries. 37. The administration of public ali'airs is at present divi- ded into the following thirteen departments, viz. : — Finance, Justice, Public Works, Railways and Canals, Militia and Defence, Customs, Agriculture, Post Office, Marine and Fisheries, Inland Revenue, Interior, Indian Affairs, and Department of Secretary of State, but provision was made during the last session of Parliament for the amalgamatiom of the Departments of Customs and Inland Revenue, the new Department to be known as that of Trade and Com- merce, presided over by a Minister designated accordingly, wrhile in the place of the present Ministers of Customs and Inland Revenue, two Comptrollers will be appointed wh* shall vacate their offices on any change of government, but shall not necessarily have seats in the Cabinet. 88. Each Department is presided over by a Minister who CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 27 may be a member either of the Senate or the House of Com- mons, and these Ministers form the Cabinet for the time being. 39. The Lieutenant Governors of the several Provinces are SlJi^i^gi*- appointed by the G-overnor General. The forms of the Leg- '**"™*' islatures vary in the different Provinces. Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island each has two Chambers (a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly) and a responsible Ministry ; in Ontario, Mani- toba and British Columbia there is only one Chamber (the Legislative Assembly) and a responsible Ministry. In Prince Edward Island the members of the Council are elected ; in Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick they are appointed for life by the Lieutenant Governor. The following are the numbers of the members of the Provincial Legislatures : — LlOIBLATlTRnq. Leeislatire Cauncil. Legislative Assembly. Prince Edward Island 13 17 17 24 30 Nova Scotia 38 New Brunswick 41 Quebec 65 Ontario 90 Manitoba 35 British Columbia 25 The Territories f North-West Council) 20 I* m i'' 40. The North- West Territories are presided over by a North- Lieutenant Governor and a Council partly elected by the cjouacii. people and partly appointed by the Privy Council of the Dominion. .I\ : 41. The Provincial Legislatures have the exclusive right Authority to legislate on such matters as : the Constitution of the ofaTLegis^ Province, taxation and raising money for Provincial pur- 28 CHAPTER I. poses, managemeut and sale of Provincial lands, establish- ilient and management of prisons, hospitals, asylums, municipal institutions, licenses, local works and undertak- ings, property and civil rights in the Province, the administration of justice, education, and generally all matters of a local or private nature in the Province. ProTin- 42. The qualifications for voters at elections for the Pror- •lal quail- ' . ^**oter ^^^^^^ Assemblies are determined by the several Legislatures, and vary accordingly. irumber 43. The original number of members of the House of here of Commons was 181, but in accordance with the provisions Com- of the British North America Act described below, and aaoua. in consequence of the admission of new Provinces and the Territories this number has been increased to 215, dis- tributed as follows : Ontario, 92 ; Quebet-. 65 ; Nova Scotia, 21 ; New Brunswick, 16 ; Manitoba, 5 ; British Columbia, 6 ; Prince Edward Island, 6, and the North- West Territor- ies, 4. By section 61 of the British North America Act it was provided that the number of representatives for Quebec should always be 65, and that the other Provinces should be represented in sueh proportion to their population, as ascertained at each decennial census, as the number 65 would bear to the population of Quebec so ascertained. R«pre8en- ^4. The following table gives the proportionate represen- ** *"*■ tation of each Province according to the Re-distribution Act of 1882:— Ontario Oae member to 20,908 of the population. Quebec •' 20,901 " Nova Scotia " 20,979 " New Brunswick •' 20,077 '• Manitoba •• 13,190 '* British Columbia '• 8,243 '' Prince Edward Island... '• 18,148 •' The Territories - li,090 " Canada *..... '• 20.496 " CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. The original numbers of representatives from Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island were specially provided for in the Acts admitting these Provinces into the Confederation. Subsequent readjustment will be in accord- ance with the above mentioned section of the British North America Act. According to the census of 1880 the represen- tation in Manitoba was one member to 21,t28 of the popula- tion. the fta"»floa- tto 45. The qualifications for voters at elections for «^^ ^j^j^^ ^^ Dominion Parliament are as follow : A vote is given to DomuiTon every male subject of the full age of 21 years, being the ®'®*'"®"'- owner, tenant or occupier of real property of the actual value in cities of $300, in towns of $200, or elsewhere of #150, or of the yearly value wherever situate of not less than $2 per month, or $6 per quarter, or $12 half-yearly, or $20 per annum, or who is a resident in any electoral district with an income from earnings or investments of not less than $300 per annum, or is the son of a farmer, or any other owner of real property which is of sufficient value to qualify both father and son, or is a fisherman and owner of real property, which with boats, nets and fishing tackle amounts to $150 actual value. Voting is by ballot, except in the Territories. 46. Indians in ^lanitoba, British Columbia, the District of what la- Keewatin and the Territories are not entitled to vote, vo^.*"**'^ Indians in other parts of Canada, possessed of land on a reserve, with improvements of not less value than $160, and not otherwise qualified, shall be entitled to vote. 4t. By special provision votes are given to persons in votem ta British Columbia and Prince Edward Island, who, not y» »*wi coming within the Dominion franchise, were at the time of is'»«<*' the passing of the Act (20th July, 1885), entitled to vote according to the then existing Provincial Isiws, but only for so long as they shall foe so qualified. :h I (.' il fi'ti (I 11 it R,! f<: 89 CHAPTER I. Wbat per- sona dts- qualified. Election procedure. I m 48. The following persons, iu addition to the Indians above mentioned, are disqualified for voting at elections for the Dominion Parliament, viz., the chief justice and judges of the Supreme Court, the chief justices and judges of the Superior Courts, and the judges of all other courts in the Dominion. Revising officers, returning officers and election clerks, and all counsel, agents, attorneys and clerks of can- didates, who have been or may be paid for their services, are disqualified from voting in the district in which they have been so engaged, but not elsewhere. 49. "Writs for new elections are dated and made returnable as the Grovernor General shall determine, the date, of the nomination, which shall be named in the writ, being also fixed by him. "Within eight days from the receipt of the writ, the returning officer shall post up at each polling place in the district, a proclamation setting forth the dates for the days of nomination and polling, which latter in the case of general elections shall be everywhere on the same day (except as is specially provided fo> in British Columbia and the Territories, and in the Districts of Algoma, Chicoutimi and Saguenay and Gaspe) and of the official declaration of the return of the poll, together with a list of the several polling places, such proclamation to be posted up at least eight days before the day fixed for the nomination. The polling day is to be the seventh after the day of nomination, except as specially provided. It is proposed by a Bill now before the House to make uniform the dates for holding elections in British Columbia and the other electoral districts for which special provisions had been made in consequence of the difficulties of communication. Franehlse Act. h . K'<: 50. The last general election was held on the 22nd February, 188*7, and the preceding one on the 20th June, 18»2. In the interval, viz., on 20th July, 1885, an Electoral CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 81 Franchise Act was passed providing for a uniform franchise for the whole Dominion in elections for the House of Com- mons, the right to vote at such elections having previously been determined by the Franchise Acts in force in the several Provinces. 51. The following table gives the number of voters regis- particu- tered, the number of votes polled, and the number of ballots ponorai spoiled and rejected at the last two general elections. iw^aand 18«7. GENER.\L ELECTIONS FOR THE HOUSE OP COMMONS, 1882 AND 1887, POPULATION, VOTERS AND VOTES POLLED. EuoTORAL District. 1882. Number of Voters on List. Ontario. Addington Algoma Uothwell Brant, N.R Brant, S.R Brockville Bruce, N.R Bruce, W.R Bruce, E.R Cardwell Carleton Cornwall & Stormont Onndas ». Durham, E.R Durham, W.R Elgin, E.R Elgin, W.R Essex, S.R Essex, N.R Fr*ontenac Glibgarry Grenville, S.R GrcY, S.R. Grey, ER Total Votes Polled. 4.240 4,757 3,909 4,154 4, 27 3,497 4,577 4,176 3,498 3,649 4,4.30 4,403 4,192 3,723 6,434 6,429 3,934 4,677 • 3.616 3,117 4,740 6,402 Spoil- ed and Re- jected Bal- lots. 1887. Number of Votfers on List. 2,816 2,819 3,024 2,2^5 2,770 2,55b 2,412 2,774 3,055 2,473 2,431 3,189 3,349 2,895 2.8Tb 4,3 18 .",415 2,890 2,736 29 98 64 15 26 25 26 8 21 66 32 38 35 23 55 45 22 20 34 Total Votes Polled. 2,775 2,226 3,454 3,454 .30 24 89 24 6,2.39 6,040 6,979 3,893 4,881 4,740 4,651 4,865 5,117 3,643 4,196 6,667 4,975 4,500 4,445 7,487 6,?"! 5,566 6,529 3,00U 4,804 ?,47l 5,758 6,291 Spoil- edand Re- jiBctei Bal- lots. Popu- lation at last Census, 1881. 3,464 37 2,838 66 4,342 48 2,1.56 16 3,886 28 3,357 47 3,479 36 3,283 28 3,994 30 2,659 7 2,297 16 3,983 61 4,039 44 2,942 19 3,578 62 6,434 62 3,870 34 4.336 36 4,466 44 1,968 3,834 31 2,594 14 4,487 46 4,2iS 34 23,470 20,320 22,477 17,646 20,482; 16,107 18,64& 24,218 22,355 16,770 18,777 23,19* 20,598 18,710 17,555 25,748 23,480 21,303 25,650 14,993 22,221 13,626 26,70a 26,334 I m h I ml 'ui 111 m % as CHAPTER I. GB\ERAL ELECTIONS, 1882 AND \%%1- Continued. XlIOTORAL D18TKICT. Ontario — Con. Grey, N.R , Haldimand Halton HamiltoQ City Hastings, W U Hastings, E.R Hastings, N R , Huron, W.R , Huron, E.R Huron, S.R , Kent Kingston City. Lambton, W.R Lambton, E.R Lanark, N.R Lanark, S.R Leeds ft GrenTille,N.R Leeds, d.R Lennox Lincoln and Niagara. London City Middlesex, E.R Middlesex, N R Middlesex, W.R Middlesex, S R Monck Muskoka and Parry Sound Norfolk, S.R Norfolk, N.R Northumberland, W R Northumberland, E.R. Ontario, N.R Ontario, S.R Ontario, W.R Ottawa City Oxford, N.R Oxford, S.R Peel Perth, N.R Perth. SB Peterborough, W.R.. 1882. Number of Voters on List. 4,654 3,757 5,025 7,666 3,700 3,422 3,521 4,867 4,564 4,379 6,422 2,851 4,304 4,311 3,627 Total Votes Polled. 3,150 2,854 3,561 9,618 2,398 2,719 2,465 3,443 3,202 2,645 4,289 1,686 2,963 3,305 2,695 Spoil edand Re- jected Bal- lots. 32 37 34 91 30 2\: 3(; 3V 3* If 91 2( 40 36 38 2,563 1,810 4,806 3,709 3,859 2,894 5,282 3,657 5,064 2,723 6,535 3,403 4,979 ?,373 4,385 3,248 4,235 2,490 3,717 2,865 t 2,696 4,496 3,094 4,781 3,502 8,981 2,687 5,295 3,873 4,673 3,163 4,813 3,286 4,646 2,828 6,556 4,000 5,760 3,612 5,922 2,885 3,793 2,817 6,721 3,616 4,870 3,613 3,312 1,010 20 50 42 27 40 25 46 23 13 40 68 34 40 41 61 14 51 30 31 20 37 29 40 53 17 1887. Number of Voters on List. 5,795 4,334 f*,670 9,526 5,105 4,170 4,364 6,714 6,226 5,023 9,37;^ 4,388 6,426 6,18U 4,336 4,474 2,891 5,725 4,194 6,905 4,920 7,149 6,710 6,107 4,870 4,324 4,850 4,649 5,516 4,713 5,893 5,451 6,475 4,964 9,367 6,836 6,054 4,154 6,446 0,468 3,692 Total Votes Polled. Spoil- ed and Re- jfcted Bal- lots. 4.199 36 3,491 45 4,435 28 6,976 1(3 3,278 51 3,454 48 2,405 26 4,315 21 4.115 37 2,810 17 5,852 58 2,719 16 4,112 33 4,834 55 3, .373 2 2,612 20 2,178 25 4,496 3,247 22 4,823 3,987 52 4.489 43 3,997 32 4,116 27 3,150 22 3,534 31 3,161 31 2,633 43 4,000 34 3,259 38 4,562 60 3,942 28 4,049 38 3,201 27 6,730 85 2,930 14 3,076 11 3,379 29 4,564 ii 4,365 36 2^544 4T Popu- lation at last Oensus, 23,334 17,660 21,919 35,961 17,400 17,jl3 20,479 23,512 21,720 21,99i 29,194 14,091 20,891 21,72ft 19,855 17,946 12,423 22,206 16,314 23,300 19,746 25,107 21,968 19,491 18,888 15,940 17,636 19,619 20,933 16,984 22,991 21,281 20,244 20,189 27,412 24,390 24,778 ie,3B7 26^63* 21,«08 13^31* 36 45 28 1(3 51 48 26 21 37 17 58 16 33 55 2 20 25 "22 "52 43 32 27 22 31 31 43 34 38 50 28 38 27 85 14 11 29 27 36 Popu- lation at last Oeuus, 23,334 17,660 21,910 35,961 17,400 17,jl3 20,479 23,512 21,720 21,99i 29,194 14,091 20,891 21,72K 19,855 17,945 12,423 22,206 16,314 23,300 19,746 25,107 21,968 15,491 18,888 15,940 17,636 19,6l9 20,933 16,984 22,991 21,281 20,244 20,189 27,412 24,390 24,T78 16,3t7 26^538 2I^«08 13,31t CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. MNERAL ELECTIONS, 1882 AND IBdl— Continued. 33 Elrctoral Dibthicts. Ontario — Con. Peterborough, E.R.... Prescott Prince Edward Renfrew, N.R Renfrew, S.R Russell Simcoe, N.R 8imcoe, S.R... Simcoe, E.R Toronto, West Toronto, Centre Toronto, East Victora, S.R Victoria, N.R Waterloo, N.R„ Waterloo, S.R Welland , Wellington, N.R Wellington, Centre.. Wellington, S.R Wentworth, N R Wentwortb, S.B York, N.R York, E.R York, W.R Total Ontario , QUKMC. Argenteuil Bagot , Beauce 4,729 Beauharnois * Bellechasse 2,748 Berthier. 3,161 Bonaventure * Brome '. 3,383 Ghambly 2,221 Ghamplain 8,589 Gharleroiz 2,667 * Elected by acclamation. a 1882. Number of Voters on List. Total Votes Polled. 3,'it5 3,401 5,144 2,727 2,386 4,654 5,091 4,201 4,623 9,121 6,194 6,141 4,365 2,826 3,728 4,044 6,797 5,817 7,025 6,026 3,688 3,864 4,762 5,216 4,264 391,572 2,641 2,343 3,869 2,079 1,672 2,979 3,272 2,886 2,798 4,997 3,042 3,488 3,094 1,836 2,861 2,952 3,798 3,802 4,264 8,462 2,586 2,458 3,551 3,606 2,885 272,622 Spoil edand Re- jected Bal lots • •••••• ••• 3,042 2,230 2,222 2,639 1,105 2,387 1,666 30 lo 64 42 49 30 54 6 45 122 33 34 39 28 25 44 83 68 29 38 36 35 41 75 43 1887. Number of Voters on List. 3,427 81 44 49 42 13 67 1 4,644 4,342 5,661 3,617 8,198 5,892 6,576 4,997 7,079 13,781 6,553 9,925 6,186 3,724 1,653 6,857 6,901 6,638 6,498 6,634 4,030 4,698 6,025 6,290 6,878 495,614 3,807 • 6,830 3,481 3,161 3,790 3,004 3,691 2,743 4,662 3,710 Total Votes Povled. Spoil- eaand Re- jected Bal- lots. 3,285 2,6;i7 4,373 2,820 2,334 4,447 4,395 2,608 4,890 7,323 4,110 4,625 3,781 2,583 3,921 4,140 5,032 4,7lt 4,804 4,696 3,152 3,502 4,757 4,942 4,718 344,435 1,866 3,6f' 2,642 2,404 2,839 2,346 2,761 2,096 3,183 2,719 27 9 49 43 42 27 57 6 58 77 47 66 40 26 59 28 41 57 32 45 44 35 54 72 63 3,307 33 47 47 11 62 45 6 42 69 60 Popu- lation at last Census, 1881. 20,402 22,867 21,044 20,965 19,160 25,082 26,120 22,721 27,185 38,565 22,983 24,867 20,813 16,661 20,986 21,764 26,162 26,024 26,816 25,400 16,998 16,639 21,730 22,853 18,884 1,923,228 14,947 21,199 32,020 16,005 16,914 21,838 18,908 15,827 10,858 26,818 17,901 n^ ■I tn ; I ' V U ^ 84 I ll! CHAPTER I. GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1882 AND 1667— Continutd. Blbctorai. Dibtkict. tilTKBKO— Con. Obateaiiguay , Cbicoutimi and Sa guenay M Compton , Dorcliester , Drammondand Artha baska Oaspi HooDelaga Ilttntingdon Iberville Jacques Cartier JoHctte Kamouraska Lapraihe L'Aasomptio • Laval L^vli L'Islet Lotbini^re llaskinongd Megantic MissUquoi Montcalm llontmagny Montmorency Montreal, West Montreal, £ast» Montreal, Centre Napierville Nicolet Ottawa County Poatiac Portneiif .Qaebec East Quebec Centre .Ouebec West .Quebec Countr Richmond and Wolfe. Aichelieu ^Umouski Bouville 1882. Number of Voters on List. 3,383 4,872 3,106 * Elected by acclamition. 2,472 J,902 4,231 0,317 3,698 2,389 3,292 3,001 1,606 2,377 4,876 2,246 3,244 2,652 3,357 4,065 2,606 2,214 1,817| 8,510 • 7,317 1,903 3,498 3,776 4,458 2,550 1,934 3, 133 Total Votes Polled. Spoil- ed and Re- jected Bal. lots. 1,65!) 41 2,430 2,435 4,232 .1. 1,797 1,725 2,207 2,196 1,247 1,871 3,463 1,269 1,837 1,849 2,289 2,699 1,755 1,510 1,627 4,667, 4,02 1 1 1 .383, 2,271 2,950 3,033 1,821 1,056 2,307 J,132 j,188 2,244 40 14 103 870 30 30 23 68 68 31 -51 32 74 33 21 133 104 39 44 44 112 30 65 74 31i 66 49 18uY. Number of Voters on List 3,171 4,797 5,861 3.723 3,680 9.874 • 2,797 4,341 3,626 2,229 2,811 1,806 5,216 2,607 3,390 2,815 4,154 4,607 2,750 2,460 2,180 10.190 8,350 2,056 5,198 9,298 4,300 4,757 5,461 2jo9o 2,163 3,790 6,369 4,265 5.040 Total Votes Polled 2,020 2,921 3,490 2,754 Hpoil- edand Re- jected Bal- lots 2,364 6,979 2,126 3,064 2,779 1,811 2,213 1,388 3,946 1,726 2,419 2,000 2 «ft7 3; 285 1,788 1,949 1,877 6,366 r>,30l 1,595 2,736 4,414 2,6*7 3,623 3,359 1,957 1,586 2,643 4,673 3,178 3,888 Popu- lation at last CeuHus, 1881. 27 79 13 63 52 181 30 41 37 23 '47 2i 8< 57 26 44 26 34 22 66 34 116 159 23 3(i 155 21 38 42 32 108 69 83 50 82 14,393 32,409 19,581 18,710 37,360 26,001 40,079 15,495 14,469 12,345 21,988 22,181 11,436 15,282 9,462 27,980 14,917 20,857 17,493 19,056 17,784 12,960 16,422 12,322 48,163 67,506 25,078 10,511 26,611 49,432 19,939 25,175 31,900 17,898 12,648 20,278 26,339 20,218 33,791 18,647 poiN land Re- eled ots : Popu- lation at last CenHus, 1B8I. 27 1<,395 79 32,40I> 18 19,681 63 18,71(> 37,360 fi2 35,001 181 40,07» 1 iMas 14,4S9 30 12,345 41 21,988 37 22,181 23 11,436 '47 15,282 •2i 9,462 8.< 27,980 57 14,917 26 20,867 44 17,493 2t) 19,066 34 17,784 221 I2,9tk> 66, 16,422 34 12,322 16 48,163 67,666 69 25,078 23| 10,511 36 26,611 65 49,432 21 19,939 38 26,175 42 31,900 )2 17,898 )8 12,648 19 20,278 )3 26,339 20,218 2 33,791 18,547 CONSTITUTION AND (iOVE^lNMENT. OKNRRAL Kr.KC'TIONR, 1882 AND \961—ContiHutH. 85^ Emctoiiai, DiBTnur. Qdibvo— Con iSt. Hjaointhe Ht. John's St. Maurice ShelTord Bberbrooke Honlanges , Htaostead Temitcouata , Terrebonne Three Rivers Two Moantains...^ Vandreuil Vercbdres Yansaska Total Quebec NOTA Scotia. Annapolis Antigonish Colchester Cnmberland Cape Breton (2). (tnysboreugb. Halifax (2).... Hants Inverness King's Lunenburg .... Pictou(2) Queen's Richmond Shelburne Victoria Yamoutb. ..« 1882. Number of Voters on List. pa »••••«••• Total Nora Scotia.. 3,448 2 208 2,069 4,556 • 1,869 3,460 3,516 2,241 2,156 2,668 159,279 3,380 2,396 4,947 • 3,893 2,741 2,212 9,131 3,700 3,996 3,761 4,176 6,062 1,617 1,613 2,464 1,705 3,102 60,886 * Elected by acclamation. Total Votes Polled 1887. Spoil- ed and Number Ke- of jccted VoterB KaN 'on List. lots I* 2,6.38 1,6.39 1,288 3,027 1,436 2,321 2,429 1,440 1,743 2,027 106,138 2, 70S 1,8 S 3,339 5,605 1,994 1,446 5,606 2,728 2,974 3,064 2,201 10,107 1,252 986 1,689 MOl 2,107 91,007 60 29 1,117 68 27 32 51 35 4,094 2,725 2,333 5,124 2,724 2,121 4,595 4,682 4,180 1,658 2,806 2,r>96 2,658 3,471 4,029 234,863 21 20 47 52 7 20 102 84 61 76 47 132 24 19 34 8 17 800 4,069 3,280 6,010 6,003 6,364 3,356 2,599 10,775 4,262 4,463 4,236 5,434 7.684 1,979 2,278 2 733 1,884 8,779 70,071 Total Votes Polled. Spoil- edand Re- jected Bal- lots. 1,803 1,616 1,569 3,311 1,685 1,711 3,254 3,348 2,858 1,250 2,110 1,770 2,128 2,635 160,031 3,488 2,454 4,265 6,114 4,124 2,823 1,920 8,424 3,478 3,376 3,492 4,738 6,336 1,633 1,836 2,354 1,607 3,073 H&34 18 30 41 44 15 34 19 24 19 38 56 71 2,832 Popu« lation at last Census, 1881. 20,631 12,265 12,986 23,233 12,221 10,320 15,550 26,4M 22,969 9,296 15,80* 11,4«5 12,44t 17,091 29 9 43 152 72 21 41 127 84 35 52 86 62 36 27 38 34 992 1,359,027 20,598 18,060 26,720 27,36» 31,36» 19,881 17,80» 67,917 23,369 25,651 23,469 28,663 35,535 10,677 16,121 14,913 12,470 21,^^ 440,672 if ^1 iU m t 26,127 15,6P6 37,719 30,397 321,233 26,433 34,347 48,111 108,891 7,500 15,417 9,991 7,101 9,200 49,459 Popu- — . lAtion at Hpoil. last edand OeoBua, Re- IRRl. jected B«I. lota. 35 4n 86 54 A5 44 75 31 16 167 131 119 27 886 12,320 23,365 26,087 21,614 22,618 25,617 25,109 14,017 7,058 6,651 26,839 26,127 15,6Py 37,719 30,397 321,233 ta 26,433 IN 34,347 46 48,111 232 108,891 4 7,500 19 15,417 22 9,991 29 7,M1 9,300 76 49,469 CONSTITrTIUN AND OCVKIJNMKNP. OBNKRAL KLKOTiONS, IHH2 AND 1887— Con«/H Summary •tate- ment. CHAPTER I. 54. According to a statement published by Mr. Joseph Pope, from which the figures in the foregoing table are partly- taken, the natural increase in the number of electors between 1882 and 188*7 maybe set down approximately at 6 per cent., which would make the increase consequent on the passing of the Franchise Act of 1885, 16*40 per cent. The largest increases were naturally to be found in Manitoba and British Columbia, while the smallest was in Prince Edward Island, which was owing to the extremely liberal franchise pre- viously in force in that Province. If the Territories are in- cluded, the inhabitants ,of which were enfranchised by special Act in 1886, the total increase in the number of voters since 1882 will be found to have been 190,32t or 23-68 per cent. 55. The next table is a summary of the table on page 81 : — it Constitu- enclea re- turning two mem- liera. 1882. 188T. Pkovixces. Number of Voters on Lists.* Total Votes Polled. Spoiled and Rejected Ballots. Number of Voters on Lists. Total Votes Polled. Spoiled and Re- jected Ballots. Ontario 391,572 159 279 60,885 47,139 t20,933 2 922 120,042 272,519 106,138 51,007 . 34,798 7,233 2,821 15,199 3,427 4,029 800 1,065 156 271 264 495,514 234,863 79,077 68,244 32,871 6,128 21,462 344,435 100,031 64,534 53,089 14,990 3,480 18,760 3,307 2,832 932 886 207 76 232 Qaebeo « Nova Scotia New Brunswick. Manitoba Kritisti Columbia P. E. Island Canada 702,772 489.718 10,002 938,159 659,819 8,472 * In contested constituencies, f Partly estimated, t Approximate. 56. The constituencies of Ottawa, Hamilton, Halifax, Pictou, Victoria, B.C., Cape Breton, St. John, N.B. (City and County) and the three counties of Prince Edward Island each return two members and every elector has the privilege of two votes. In order, therefore, to avoid, as far as possible, th e / ai «8 Bd. Spoiled and Re- jected Ballots. 435 031 534 08B 990 480 760 8^07 2,832 932 886 207 76 232 }19 8,472 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. counting of the same elector twice, the highest number of votes cast for a Ministerial candidate and the highest num- ber for an Opposition candidate, in each of these places have been added together and considered as the total vote. This plan is considered a better one than that of halving the total vote as being more likely to represent the individual vote. 57. The total increase in the number of voters (exclusive of "^o'^Jj?- ^ oreaaeln the Territories) was 180,012 and the increase in the number votwSf'**' of votes polled was 169,601, being 94*21 per cent, of the total increase. Including the Territories, the increase was 1*76,821 or 92*90 per cent. 58. The following table gives the proportions of votes Jleo'"'' polled to voters on the lists, and of spoiled ballots to votes vSters^o. polled at each general election : — Phovincks. Percentage of Votes polled to total Voters. Percentage of spoiled ballots to Votes polled. 1882. 1887. 1882. 1887. Oatarto 69-59 66-6;i 83-77 73 82 84- 55 96-54 75-83 69-51 68-13 81-61 77-79 45-60 56-78 87-41 1-25 3-79 1*66 3-03 2-16 9-60 1-73 0-96 '-iuebc. 1-77 Nova Scotia 1 -44 New Brunswick 1*66 xManitoba British Columbia 1-38 2-18 Prince Edwaid Island 1-23 Canada i 69-68 70-27 2-04 1-28 It will be seen that there was an increase of nearly one per cent, in the proportion of votes polled to voters on the list, in spite of the very large falling off in the figures of British Columbia, which probably should be attributed to the season of the year, the election in 1882 having been held ill June, and in 1887 in February. There was an increase i H: i3 : ■ it, ■■,. M ■I- i i ■ ill i w\\' 40 Spoiled and re- Ieeted bal- ots. Propor- tions of Toters to lon, Ac. Propor- tion in the United Kingd om. Propor- tion of membera to popula- tion. CHAPTER I. in the proportion in Quebec, New Brunswick, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island, and a decrease in Ontario, Nova Scotia and British Columbia. In Ontario the proportions at the two elections were almost identical. 59. There was a decrease in the number of spoiled and rejected ballots of 1,530, and in proportion to the number of votes polled, the decrease was noticeable in every Province, particularly in Quebec, 2^ova Scotia and British Columbia, and for the whole Dominion it amounted to 37'20 per cent. As the increased franchise included a large number of persons who had never previously been entitled to vote, the above result may be consideredasvery satisfactory evidence of the progress of education in this country. 60. In 1882 the proportionof voters to the i)opulation of 1881 was 1 to every 6*33 persons, am . < 1887 to the esti- mated population of 1886, the proportion? vas 1 to every 482. At the time of the census of 18^1, 24 per cent, of the popu- lation were males at and over 21, and of these 7*7 per cent, were entitled to vote, and the proportion of members to males at and over 2l was 1 to every 4,914 and to the number en- titled to vote 1 to every 8,808. In 1837 the proportion of members to the number entitled to vote was 1 to every 4,576, or, including the Territories, 1 to every 4,628. 61. In 1881 the proportion of members to the population of the United Kingdom was 1 to every 54,255 persons. 62. The proportion of members per 100,000 of the popula- tion at the census of 1881 in the following countries was : United Kingdom 2-0 Canada 5-0 Victoria 100 New Soutli Wales 144 Queensland 25-8 South Australia 160 Tasmania 27*6 New Zealand 16 5 CONSTITUTION ANP GOVERNMENT. 41 les was : The figures for the Australasian Colonies are taken from the Victorian Year Book, 1885-86, p. 100. It will be seen that in proportion to population, Canada has more ihan twice as many members as the United King- dom, but is considerably behind all the Australasian Colonies Queensland and Tasmania having moro than five times as many. 63. The North-West Territories wore not represented in Election 1882 and have not therefore been included in the compara- ritori«s. iive tables, but the following are particulars of the election in 1887, being the first held in those districts : — K1.KCTORAI, DlSTllU'TS. Alberta Assiniboia Eaat Assiniboin West ISHskatchewan The Territoriea Nmnber of \' ( 3 on 1. • ToUl Votes Polled. S.772 1,885 1,708 2,055 2,746 1,149 .,270 10,315 7,220 Percentaf^a of Votes Polled to total Voters. 69 06 72-80 00 -95 74 -35 70 00 As specially provided by Statute, the voting in the Ter- opea ritories is open, consequently there could be no spoiled or ^** "*" rejected ballots. It will be seen that the proportion of votes, polled to the total number of voters on the list was very much higher than in the neighbouring Province of Manitoba, the fact of this being the first opportunity that the inhabitants had of exercising the franchise, since repres mtation was given them, may have acted as a special inducement to many to go to the polls. tj4. The franchise in the Territories is somewhat difierent Franchise to the rest of the Dominion, every bond fide male resident and ntoriel"* householder, of the age of 21 years, not an alien or an Indian ■'\,t !KI ji( ■ I; t,; . 4th... 1st. 13, 1879., 12, 1880. Dec. 9, leSO. Feb. 9, 1882. Feb. 8, 1883. Jan. 17, 1884. " 29, 1885. Feb. 25, 1886. April 13, 1887. May 22, 1868, June 22, 1869. May 12, 1870. April 14, 1871. June 14, 1872. Aug. 13, 1873. Nov. 7, 1873.. May 26,1874.. April 8,1876.. '• 12, 1876., " 28, 1877., May 10, 1878. May 15, 1879. " 7, 1880. Mar. 21, 1881. May 17, 1882. May 25, 1883. April 19, 1884, July 20, 1885. June 2, 1886. June 23, 1887. July 8, 1872 Jan. 2, 1874. Aug. 17, 1878. May 18, 1882. ■Jan. I'), 188?. * Adjournfd from 2l8t December, 1867, to 12th March, 1868, to allow the Local Legislatures to meet. f Adjourned 23rd May till 13th August. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 45 69. It will be seen that there have been five complete Par- ?°p*Vu». liaments and one Session of the sixth since Confederation. "®°*' The first Parliament was the longest one, and the second was the shortest. The average length of each Session has been 8Y days, or about 12 weeks, the longest Session was in 1885, viz., 24 weeks, 4 days, and the next longest was in 1867-68, viz., 16 weeks, 4 days. The shortest Session was in 18*73, and only lasted 2 weeks and 1 day. 70. The next table gives the names of the he :b of the cabinet difierent Cabinet ofiices since Confederation, with the dates of their respective appointments. There have only been t^-^o changes of Gc /ernment and three Ministries, and with the exception of from tth November, lb73, to 17th October, 1878, Sir John A. Macdonald has been in power during the whole period. 71. In 1879 a Bill was passed dividing the office of the Depart- Minister of Public "Works ; the new Department assuming changes exclusive control of Railways and Canals, and in the same Session the office of Receiver General was abolished. i: l.t 1 i!:!r tM CABINET MINISTERS OF CANADA SINCK 18H7. 0T\- the Local POBTFOLIO. Premiers . Ministers of Jnstice and Attorneys-Qeneral. ... Right HoQ. Sir John A. Macdonald. . Hon. Alex. Mackenzie Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald. , Date of Appointment. Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald Hon. Antoine Aimft Dorion " Tilesphore Fournier '« Edward Blake " Rodolphe Laflamme .*. " James McDonald " Sir Alesadder GampbelL " John Sparrow DaTiu Thompson Julj Nor. Oct. July Nov. July May June Oct. May Sept. 1, 1867 7, 1873 17, 1878 1, 1867 7, 1873 8, 1874 19, 1875 8, 1877 17, 1878 20, 1881 2.5, 1865 1' ■ M -•i ill \w\ CHAPTER I. CABINET MINISTERS OF CANADA SINCE imi-^ConliaiuJ. liini«tera of Militia and Defenc; Hon. Sir Qeorge K. Cartier.. MiniRten of Marine and Fisberies MiniBtera WofkB. of Public Minitters of Custonis.. Ministers of Agricul* ture MiniBtere of Finance.. Minietera of Inland Re- Tenue Hugh McDonald William Ross William B. Vail A. G. Junes L. F. R. Masson Sir Alexander Campbell. Sir J. P. R. A. Caron Hon. Peter Sfitcbell... « Albert J. Smitb., " J. C. Pope " A. W. McLelaa. " O. E. FoBter Hon. W. McDougall " Sir Hector Langevin. " Alexander Mackenzie. " Sir Obarles Tupper " Sir H. L. LangcTin Hon. Sir S. L. Tilley " Sir Charles Tupper. " Isaac Burpee '' Mackenzie Bowell. ... Hon. J. C. Gbapais. G. Dunkin. J. H Pope L. Letellier de St. Just. C. A. P. Pelletier , J. H. Pope John Caning (I Hon. Sir A. T. Gait " John Rose " Sir Francis Hincks SirS.L Tilley Sir Richard Cartwrigbt.. Sir S. L. Tilley A. W. McLelan Sir Chas. Tupper Hon. W. P. Howland. A. Morris. Sir Charles Tupper... John C Connor. T. M. Gibbs T^Iespbere Foaraier Filix G«offrion Rodolpbe LaSamme.. Dat« of Appointment. July July Nov. Sept. Jan. Oct. Jan. Not. July Nov. Oct. July Dec* July Dec. Nov. Oct. May Feb. Nov. Oct. July Nov. Oct. Nov. Jan. Oct. Sept. July Nov. Oct. Feb. Nov. Oct. Dec Jan. July Nov. July March July, Not. July Not. 1, 1867 1, 187;! 7, 1873 30, 1874 21, 1878 1», 1878 16, 1880 8, 1880 1, 1867 7, 1873 10, 1878 10, 1862 10, 1885 1, 1867 i>, 1868 7, 1873 17, 1878 20, 1879 1, 1867 22, 1873 7, 1873 19, 1878 1, 1867 16, 1809 25, 1871 7, 1873 26, 1877 17, 1878 25, 1885 1, 1867 30, 18t. 30, 1874 1. 21, 1878 t. 1», 1878 1. 16, 1880 r. 8, 1880 r h 1867 y. 7, 1873 t. 19, 1878 y 10, 1862 c, 10, 1885 ly 1, 1867 c. », 1860 V. 7, 1873 t. 17, 1878 y 20, 1879 ly 1. 1867 f. 22, 1873 y. 7,' 1873 t. 19, 1878 y 1. 1867 y. 1(J, 18G9 t. 25, 1871 y. 7,' 1873 1. 26, 1877 ;. 17, 1878 ►t. 25, 1885 y i» 1867 r. 30, 1867 9, 1869 ). 22, 1873 7, 1873 17, 1878 !. 10, 1885 . 27) 1887 y 1. 1867 r. 16, 1869 7 2, 1872 'ch 4, 1873 y 1. 1873 '• 1, 1873 y 8, 1874 9, 1876 CONSTITCTION AND GOVERNMENT. CABINKT MINISTEIIS OF CANADA SINCK ]8tM— Continue,! 4ir POBTrOLIO. Name. HiniHters of Inland Re- vende Hon. .Joseph (yauekou " Wilfrid Lauritir... " L. F. O. Baby.... " J C.Aikens '' John Coatigan ..., Miniatcrs of Interior.. Miaiaters of Railways aad Canals Hon. Sir Alexander Campbell " David Laird '• Dayid MilM Right Hon. Sir John A. Mncdonald.. Hon. Sir D. L Macphersun " Thomas White Hon Sir Charles Tapper. " John Henry Pope.... Postmasterg-Qeneral... |Hon. Sir A Campbell Presidents of Conneil. Receivers- General. John O'Connor. Donald A. Macdonald. TSlesphore Fournier . Lucius S. Huntingdon. Sir H. L Langevin Sir A. Campbell John O'Connor Sir ▲. Campbell John O'Connor John Carling Sir A Campbell ...». A. W. McLelan Hon. A. J. P Blair Joseph Howe Ed. Kenny Sir Charles Tupper John O'Connor , Hugh McDonald L. S. Huntingdon , J. E. Cauchon Edward Blake John O'Connor L. F. R. Masaon Joseph E Mousseau " A. W. McLelan Right Hon, Sir John A. Macdonald.. « (I (< i< II ii II 11 II II Hon. Ed. Kenny "JO Chapaia.. <' Theodore Robitaille.. " Thomas Coffin " Sir Alex. Campbell... Date of Appointment. June Oct. Oct. Nov. May '''Clru ft, 1877 8, 1877 26, 1878 8,jl88() 23,^1882 July Mitl 1,1187.^ Noy. > 7,^1873 Oct. 24, 1876 Oct. ; 17,»1878 Oct. I 17,^1883 Aug. L:L 5,11885 May 20, 1879 Sept. 25, 1885 July 1,«1867 July 1, 1873 Nov. 7, 1873 May 19, 1875 Oct. 9,ifl875 Oct. 19, 1878 May 20, 1879 Jan. 16, 1880 Nov. 8,'1880 May 20,' 1881 May 23,11882 Sept. 25, 1885 Jan. . 27, 1887 JuTy ''l,'1867 Jan. iS 30, 1869 Nov. ;i6, 1869 June t 21, 1870 July ■B 2, 1872 June '14, 1873 Jan. 20, 1874 Dec. •^ 7, 1875 f 8, 1977 June Oct. 17, 1878 Jan. 16, 1880 Nov. >,T. 8, 1880 May |I20, 1881 Oct. '17, 1883 July "'1, 1867 Nov. 16, 1869 Jan.; 30, 1873 Nov. » 7, 1873 II ; 8, 1878 p ; H hh ''*; «;i m 'm 48 CHAPTER I. CABINET MINISTKRS OF CANADA SINCE mn— Concluded. Portfolio. Secretariei of Htate for the Provinces •Secretaries of State for Canada Hon. A. O. Archibald. " Joseph Howe " T. M. Gibbs Hon. Sir Hector LangeTin. « J. 0. AikiQi " David Christie " R. W.Scott " J. 0. Ailcins " John O'Connor " Joseph MouBseau " J. A. Cbaplean Minieters without Office Hon. J. 0. Aikins Edward Blake R. W. Scott R. D. Wilmct SirD. L. Macpherson.. Frank Smith John J. J. G. Abbott. Date of Appointment. July Nov. June Jaljr Dec. Nov. Jan. Oct Nov. Mav July Nov. 7, 187;i 7, 187;J 8, ]87rt 11, 1880 29, 1882 13, 1887 oreSnato *^^' ^^^ following is a list of the members of the Senate Hoaseof and of the House of Commons, arranged in alphabetical <^»»°»* order:- Date of Appoiotment. ruir 1, 18G7 *0T. 16, 186!) Fuae 14, 187:J raly 1, 1867 )ec. 9, 1869 »(ov. 7, 1873 Fan. 9, 1874 )ct 19, 1878 *or. 8, 1880 lav rufy '20, 1881 29, 1883 for. 16, 186!> *i 7, 1873 n 7, 187:i << 8, 187H 'eb. 11, 1880 Fulj 29, 1882 iaj 13, 1887 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. THE SENATE OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, 1888. Spkakkk— GEoiiaB W. Allan. Clbhr— R. J. LANfiBViw. 49 '*? Senators. Designation. Tlie Honouroblo Abbott, Jno. J C... Alexaader, Goorgo.. t'O rjte W. Allan, Gf Almon. Wiiiiani J Arciiibalil, Thomas D... Amianil, .losej^h V Uaillargi'oii, Pierre Ik'Uorose. Joseph II Bolduc. .loseph liotst'ord. Amos K Boucherville, O.E.H.de Uoyd. .lohri Carvell. J. S Casgrain, diaries E... Chatters, William H.... (Jlemow, Francis Cochrane, Matthew H. DeBlois, P. A Dever, James Dickey, Robert li Ferguson, John Ferrier, James Flint, Billa Fortin. Pierre Girard, Marc A Glasicr, John Gownn. James 11 Grant, Robert P Guevromont, Jean-B... Hardisty, Rd Haythorne, Robert P... Howlan. George W Kaulbach, Henry A. X. Lacoste, Alexandre Leonard, EMjah Lewin, James D McGallum, Lachlan McClelan, AbnerR McDonald, William Ilnkorman. Woodstock. York. iJr M. Halifax. iNorth Sydney. iRcpentigny. iStiulacona. iDeLanaudiore. ILau/.on. Sackville. Montarvilie. jJr. M. St John. iCharlottt'town. (Windsor. JRougeniont. ^Jr. M. IHtawa. 1 Wellington. La Salle. |Sr. M St. John. Amherst. Bathnrst. Sliawinegan. Trent. Kennebec. St. Bonifac Snnbury. Barrie. Pictou Sorel . Edmonton. Queen's County Alberton. Lunenburg. De Lorimier. London. St John. Monck. Hopewell. Cape Breton. Senators. The Honourable .Mclnnis, Thomas R... McKay, Thoirias McKindsoy, George C McMillan, Donald .Macdunald, John Macdonald, William J Macfarlanc, Alex Maclnncs, Donald Macphersoa,Sir David Merner, Samuel Miller, William Montgomery, Donald.. Odell, William H O'Donohoe, John Ogilvie, Alexander W Poitiuet, Anselme H.... Pelletier,, 0. A. P Poirier, Pascal Power, Lawrence G... Read, Robert Recsor, David.. Robitaille, Theodore.. Ross, James G Ross, J. J Ryan, Thomas Sanford, WiHiam E... Schult/., John Scott, Richard W Designation. Smith, Frank Stevens, Gardner G... Sullivan, Michael Sutherland, John Thibaudeau, Joseph R Trudel, P. X. A Turner, James Vidal, Ale.xander Wark, David N. Westminster. Colchester. Milton. Alexandria. Midland. Victoria City. Wullace. Burlington. Saugeen. Hamburg. Richmond. Park Corner. Rockwood. Erie. Alma. La Valliire. Grandville. » Acadie. Sr. M. ' lifax (^ninte king's. Gulf Laurentides. De la Uurantaye. Victoria. Jr. M. Hamilton. Winnipeg. .Sr. M.Ottawa. Mille Isles. Toronto Bedford. Kingston. Kildonau. Rigaud. De Salaberry. Hamilton. Sarnia. Fredericton. Niagara. 't ( I J!. r. I ': I I I I 50 CHAPTBB I. THE HOUSE OF COMMONS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, 1888. Sprakkk — Hon. Johkimi Aldrio Ouimbt. Glkhk — Jons Qkoikik Boukinot. r I Constitucnciei. Addington Albert Alberta AlgomH Annapolis Antif^onish Argenteuil Assiniboia, K .., Assiniboia, W... iiagot Beauce..; Beauharnoib Bcllechasse Berthier Bonavcnture . ... Bothwell.. Brant, W. R Brant, 8. R Brockvillc Brome Bruce, E R Bruce, N R Bruce, W. R Cape Breton... | Cardwell Carleton(N.B.).. Carleton(Ont.).. Cariboo Cbambly Ghamplain. ... Charlevoix Charlotte , Cbateanguay.. Chicoutimi and gaguenay Colcnester , GomptoQ Cornwall and Stormont Cumberland.... Dtgbv. Dorcne Dorchester Drummond and Arthabaska.... Dundas Durham, E. R.... Durham, W. R... Elgin, E.R Elgin, W. R Names of Memben. Bell, John W. Wi'ldon, Richard C. Davis, Donald W. Uawson, Simon J. Mills, Jubn B. Thompson, Hon J.S.D Wilson, James C Perlcy, William D. Davin, Nicholas F. Dupont, Flavien. Gonl)out, Joseph. Heri(eron, Joseph G.H Amyot, Guillaume. Bcaiisolcil, Clcophas. Riopcl, Luuis J. .Mills, Hon. David. Somerville, James. Paterson, William. Wood, John F. Fisher, Sydney A. Cargill, Henry. McNeill, Alexander. Rowand, James. MoDougall, Hector F. McKeen, David. White, Hon. Thomas. Halcj Frederick H Dickinson, George L. Reid, James. Pr6tontainc, Raymond Montplaisir, H. Cimon, Simon X. Gillmor, Arthur H. Holton, Edward. Couture, Paul. ' McLelan, Hon. A. W. Pope, Hon. John H. Bergin, Darl)y. Tupper, Hon.SirChas, Jones, Herbert L. Chouinard, Honore J. Lavergne, Joseph. Hickey, Charles K. Ward, Henry A. Blake, Hon. Edward. Wilson, John H. Casey, George E. Constituencio!4. Essex, N. R K88ex,S. H Frontcnnc Gaspe Glengarry (tloncester Gienvillc, S. U.. Grey, E. R Grey, N. U Grey, S. U Guysborougli .... Haldimand Halifax j Halton Hamilton | Hants Hastings, E. R... Hastings, N. R... Hastings, W. R., Hochelaga ITuntnigdon Huron, E. R Huron, S. R Huron, W. 11 Iberville Inverness Jacques Cartier., Joliettc Kauiouraska Kent (N.B.) Kent (Ont ) King's (N.B.) King's (N.S.) King8(P.E.I.){ Kingston Names of Menilicrs. Lambton, E. R.. Lambton, W. R. Lanark, N. R Lanark, S R Laprairie L'Assomption.... Laval Leeds and Gren- ville, N. R Leeds, S. B Lennox Patterson. James 0. Brien, James. Kirkpatrick, Hon. G A. Joncas, li Z. P 11 reel I. Peter. Burns, Kennedy F. Shanly, Walter. Snroule, Thomas S. .Mason, James. Landeikin, George. Kirk, John A. Montague, Walter II. Jones, Hon. Alfred 0. Kenny, Thomas E. Henderson, David. Rrown, Adam. McKay. Alexander. Putnam, Alfred. Burdett, Samuel B. Bowcll, Hon.Mackenzie. Robertson, Alexander. Desjardins, Alphonse. Scriver, Juli js. iMacdonald, Peter. McMillan, Ji>hn. Porter. Robert. Bechaid, Fianvois. Cameron, Hugh. Girouard, D6sir6. Guilbault, Edouard. Dessaint, Alexis. Landry, Pierre A. Foster, Hon. (Jeorgc E. Borden, Frederick W. Mclntyrc, Peter A. Robertson, James E. Macdonald, Rt. Hou. Sir John A. Moncrieff, George. Lister, James F. Jamieson, Joseph. Haggart, John G. Doyon, Oyrille. Gauthier, Joseph. Ouimet, Hon. Joseph A. Ferguson, Charles F. Taylor, George. Wuson, fTriah. CONSTITUTION AND OOVEIlNMENT. THK HOUSE OP COMMONS— (7on«nM«i. 61 Oonstituenoies. and Names of Membera. liuvig li i n c ol n Niagara Lisgar L' Islet London Lotbini6r« Lunenburg Marquette Ma8Kinong6 Megantic . Miadlescx, E iv. Middlesex, N. R.. Middlesex, 8. K.. Middlesex, W. R. Missisquoi Moack Montcalm Montmagny Montmorency.... Montreal, Centre Montreal, East... Montreal, West. Maskoka Napierville N. Westminster.. Nicolet Norfolk, N. R Norfolk, S. R.. .. Northumberland (N.B.) Northumberland (Ont ), E. R... Northumberland (Ont.), W. R.. Ontario, N. R.... Ontario. S R.... Ontario, <<. R... Ottawa (iUy). | Ottawa( County) Oxford, N. R. Oxicrd, S. R. Peel Perth, N. R.. Perthes. R.. Peterboro',B.R. Peterboro',W.R. Pictou I Quay, Pierre M. Rykert, John (/. Ross, Arthur W. Casgrain, Philippe B Carling, Hon. Job' Rinfret, COine I. Eiaenhauer, James it. '•/atson, Robert Gonlonibe, Charles J. Turcot, Qeorge. Marshall, Joseph H. Coughlin, Timothy. .\rmfltroncr, James. Roumo, W itliamF. Meigs, r vid B. Boyle, Arthur. Th6rion, OUfis. Choquette, P. A. Langelier, Chailos. Curra- '. Victoria (0)NR. Victoria (0) S R Waterloo, N R... Waterloo. S. R^.. McDonald, John A. Barron, John A. Hudspeth, Adam. Bowman, Isaac E. Livingston, James. Ferguson, John. Semple, Andrew. McMullen, James, [nnes, James. Bain, Thomas Wentworth,S.R. W'smoreland... Winn'Oee; Carpenter, F W. Wood, Josiah. Scarth. William B. Yale.. Yamaska Mara, John A. Vanasne. Fabien. Welland Yarmouth Ijovitt. .Tohn Wellington, O.R. Wellington, N.R. Wellington, S.R. Wcntworth,N.R York (N.B. York(O) E.R... York (0) N.R... York (Oj W. R... Temple, Thomas. Mackenzie, Hon. A. Mulock, William. Wallace, N C. Provinci- *73. The following tables ffive the names of the Lieutenant- Governors Grovernors of the several Provinces, a list of the sessions of and Legis- latures., V each Legislative Assembly, with the dates of opening and closing, from the time each IVovince respectively entered Confederation, the names of the present members of each Government, and a list of the members of each Legislative Council and Assembly : — LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS OF THE PROVINCES OP CANADA SINCE ADMISSION INTO THE CONFEDERATION. Province. Ontario. Quebec. Date of Appointment. Major-General H. W. Stisted July 1, 1867 Hon. W. P Howland, P.C , C.B IJulj 14, 1868 " John W. Crawford - iNov. 5, IST.'i Maj 18, 1873 Jane 30, 1880 Feb. 8, 1887 " D. A. Macdonald, P.C... " John Beverley Robinson. " Sir Alexander Campbell. Hon. Sir N. F. Belleau, Kt. (( Sir N. P. Belleau, Kt Ren£ Edouard Caron Luc Letellier de St. Just, P.O. Theodore Robitaille, P.C L. F. R. Masson A. R. Angers July 1, 1867 Jan. 31, 1868 Feb. 11, 1873 Dec. 15, 1876 July 26, 1879 Nov. 7, 1884 Oct. 24, 1887 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS OP THE PROVINCES OP CANADA SINCE ADMISSION INTO THE CONPDE RATION— Conduied. 58 f Members. Province. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. Prince Edward Island. British Columbia. ftfanitoba . The Territories. Date of Appointment. Lieut.-General Sir W. F. Williams |July Major-General Sir C. Hastings Doyle, I K.C.M.G !Oct Lieut.-General Sir C. Hastings DovleJ K.C.M.G. SirE. Kenny. Kt. (acting) Hon. Joseph Howe ■' A. G. Archibald, C.M.G.,Q.C.,P C, (I II Jan. May May July Matthew Henry Richey July Ju'y Major-General C. H. Doyle Col. F. P. Harding Oct. Hon. L. A. Wilmot, D.C.L iJuly " S. L Tillcy.C.B JNov. " Ed. Barron Chandler, Q.C jJuly ** Robert Duncan Wilmot... 'Feb. " Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley lOct. Hon. W. C. P. Robinson " Sir Robert Hodgson, Kt .. " Thomas H. Haviland, Q.C " Andrew Archibald Macdonald, Hon. J. W. Trutch " Albort Norton Richards. " Clement F. Cornwall.... " Hugh Nelson Hon. A. G. Archibald, P.C Francis Goodschall Johnston. Alex. Morris Joseph Ed. Cauchon, P.C James C. Aikins Hon. A. G. Archibald, P.C " Francis Goodschall Johnston. " Alex. Morris «' David Laird, P.C " Edgar Dewdr Iney., 1, 18(57 18 13, 1 4, 4 1 18 14 5. It5 11 Ml Juno 10 Nov. 22 July 14 Aug. 1 Julv 5 June 27 June 21 Feb. 8 Mrtv 20 April 9 Dec. 2 Nov. 26 Sept. 22 May 20 April Dec Oct. Deo. 1807 1808 1870 1873 1873 188.'! 1807 1867 1808 1873 1878 1880 1885 1873 1873 1879 1884 1871 1876 1881 1887 1870 1872 1872 1877 1882 1870 1872 1872 1876 1881 W Mm Ml 111 if 11 54 CHAPTER I. \ I I- TROVINCE OF ONTARIO. (Entered Confederation, 1st July, 1867.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT— TORONTO. Lieutenant GovBaNOR— Hon. Sib Alexander Campbell. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. 1888. Attorney General Hon. Oliver Mowat. Commissioner of Grown Lands " T.B.Pardee. " Public Works " F. Fraser. Secretary and Registrar " A. S. Hardy. Treasurer " A. M.Ross. Minister of Education " G.W.Ross. Minister of Agriculture LEGISLATURES SINCE 1867. II i' - Ses- sions. Date of No. OP Legislati-res Opening. Prorogation. Dissolution. 1st Leflfislature 1st •2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd l8t Dec. 27, 1867. Nov. 3, 1868.. " 3, 1869.. Dec. 7, 1870.. Dec. 7, 1871.. Jan. 8, 1873.. " 8, 1874.. Nov. 12, 1874.. Nov. 25, 1875.. Jan. 3, 1877.. " 9, 1878.. " 9, 1879.. Jan. 8, 1880.. " 13, 1881.. " 12, 1882.. Dec. 13, 1882 Jan 23, 1884.. « 28, 1885 " 28, 1886.. Feb. 10, 1887.. Mar. 4, 1868 Jan. 23, 1869. Dec. 24, 1869. Feb. 15, 1871 Mar. 2, 1872. " 29, 1873. " 24, 2874. Dec. 21, 1874. Feb. 10, 1876. Mar. 2, 1877. " 7, 1878. " 11, 1879. Mar. 5, 1880. " 4, 188L " 10, 1882. Feb. 1, 1883. Mar. 25, 1884. " 30,1885. " 25, 1886. April 23, 1887. .. '2nd Legislature Feb. 25, 187L 3rd Lecrislaturs Dec. 23, 1874. 4th Legislature • April 25, 1879, 5th Leorialature Feb. 1, 1883. 6th Legislature Nov. 15, 1886. OONSTITUIION AND GOVERNMENT. 65 LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Speaker — Hon. Jacob Baxter. Clerk — Chas. T. Gillmcu. Constituencies AddiDgton.. .. Algoma East, Algoma West Brant, N.R .... Braat, S.R Brockville Bruce, N.R... . Bruce, S R Bruce, C.R... Cardwell Carleton Cornwall and Storraont .... DuflFerin ■ Dundaa Durham, B.R.... Durham, W.R... Elgin, E.R Elgin, V/.R Essex, N.R Essex, S.R Frontenac Glengarry (Irenville Grey, N.R Grcv, C.R Grey, S.R Haldimand Halton Hamilton Hastings, W.R.. HastintfS, E.R.. Hastings, N.R.. Huron, E.R. S.R. W.R. Representatives. Huron, Huron, Kent, E.R. Kent, W.R, Kingston Lambton, E.K.... Lambton, W.R.. Lanark, N.R Lanark, S.R Leeds Lennox Lincoln London Middlesex, E.R.. •John Stewart Miller. Robert Adam Lyon. James Conmee. William B. Wood. Hon. Arthur S. Hardy Hon. Chria. F. Eraser. Fohn W. S Biggar. Hamilton P. O'Connor Walter McM. Dack. William H. Hammcll. George Wm. Monk. William Mack. Falkner C. Stewart. Thomas D. Craig. James W. McLaughlin Thomas M Nairn. Andrew B. Ingram. Gaspard Pacaud. William D. Balfour. Henry Wihnot. James Ray side. Frederick J. French. David Creighton. Joseph Rorke John Blyth Hon. Jacob Baxter. William Kerns. John M. Gibson. Gilbert W. Ostram. William P Hudson. Alphens F Wood. Thomas Gibson. \rchibald Bishop. Hon. Alex. M. Ross. Robert Ferguson. James Clancey. James H. Metcalfe. Peter Graham Hon. T. B. Pardee. Daniel Hilliard. William Lees. Robert H. Preston. Walter W. Meacham. William Garson. William R. Meredith. Richard Tooley. Constituencies. Middlesex, N.R.. Middlesex, W R.. .Monck Muskoka Norfolk, S.R Norfolk, N.R Xorthumberland E.R Xorthumberland W.R Ontario, N R Ontario, S.R Ottawa Oxford, N.R Oxford. S.R Parry Sound Feel IVrth, XR Perth, S.R Peterborough, K.R Peterborough, W.R Prcscott Prince Edward... Renfrew, S.R. ... fienfrew, N. tl. ... Ru.'^sell Simcoe, E.R Simcoe, W R Simcoe, C.R Toronto Representatives. Victoria, E R... Victoria, W.R. Waterloo, N.R. Waterloo S.R. Welland WellinRton, S.R jWellington, E.R Wellington, W.R Wentworth, N.R Wentworth, S.R York, E.R.... York, W.R ... York, N.R.... John Waters. Hon. George W. Rosa. Richard Harcourt. George F. Matter. William Morgan. John B. Freeman. Corelli 0. Field. Isaac J. Gould. John Dryden. ErskineH. Bronson. Hon. Oliver Mowat. Angus McKay. Samuel A rmstrong. Kenneth Chisholm. George Hess. Thomas Ballantyne. Thomas Blezard. James R. Stratton. Alfred Evautnrel. John A. Sprague. John A. McAndrew. Thomas Mur. ay. Alex. Robillard. Charles Drur^. Thomas Wylie. Orson J. Phelps. Edward F Clarke. Henry E. Clarke. John Leys. John Fell. John S. Gruess. E. W. B. Snider. Isaac Master. James E. Morin. Donald Guthrie. Charles Clarke. Absalom S. Allan. James McMaboa. Nicholas Awrey. George B. Smith. John T. Gilmour. Joseph H. Wfddifield. ' ■ I it ■ ■■' lit* Kj, 'ii % t I f r f 66 CHAPTER I. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC (Entered Confederation, Ist July, 1887.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT— QUEBEC. LlKUTBNANT-Go\-RNOR— Hon. AuGCSTE RflAL AncRHS. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, 1888. Premier and Attorney General Hon. H. Mercier. Commissioner of Crown Lands " Pierre Garnean. Treasurer " Jos. Shehyn, Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Wc:'t8 " Jas. McShane. Provincial Secretary <' C. A. E. Gagnon. Solicitor General •' G. Duliamel. Member without oflSce " D.A.Ross. " " " A. Turcotte. LEGISLATURES SIXCF'] 1867. No. OP LKr.isL.^TunES. Ist Legislature.. 2nd Legislature 3rd Legislature. 4th Legislature. 6tb Legislature. 6th Legislature. Ses- sions- Date of Opening |2nd 3rd.. 4th.. 1st.. i2nd 3rd.. 4th.. 1st . 2nd 3rd. 1st.. 2nd 3rd.. 4th.. 1st. . 2n'l. 3rci... 4th... 5th.. Ist.. Jan 20, 1869.. Nov. 23, 1869.. •' 3, 1870.. Nov. Dec. II Nov. (I 7, 1871. 7, 1872. 4, 1873.. 3, 1874. 5, 1875.. 11, 1876.. Dec. 19, 1877.. June 5, 1878.. " 19, 1879.. May 28, 1880. April 28, 1881.. Mar. 9, 1882.. Jan. 18, 1883. Mar. 28,1884. «' 5, 1885.. Api 8, 1886.. Jan. 27, 1887. Prorogation. Feb. 24, 1868.. Apr? I 5, 1869.. Feb. 1, 1870.. Dec. 24, 1870. Dec. 23, 1871. II 24 1872. Tan. 28, 1874.. Feb. 23, 1875. Dec. 24, 1875.. (1 28, 1876. Mar. 9, 1878.. July 20, 1878. Oct. 31, 1879.. July 24, 1880.. June 30, 1881.. May 27, 1882.. Mar. 30, 1883. June 10, 1884. May 9, 1885.. June 21, 1886.. May 18, 1887.. Dissolution. May 27, 1871. ■June 7, 1875. Mar. 22, 1873. ■Nov. 7, 1881, Sept. 9, 1886. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. QUEBEC. Spkakih — Hon. P. Boucher db la BRcirs. Clerk— O. Boucher de Bouoherville. DiTisions. Name. Divisions. Name. ^Ima Rirard, S6v6re. Wood, Thomas. Garneau, Pierre. Lavallee, Vincent P. M6tliot, Francois X. 0. Laviolette, Joseph G. Starnes, Henry. Ross, David A. Dionn ;, Elisee. Bryson, George. GeriQ, Elz^ar. Larue, F. X. P. Lauzon Vacant. Bedford... JLe^^iaurentides. Mille Isle Bresse, Guillaume. De la Durantaye De Lanaudi^re... DelaValliire. ... De Lorimifir Champagne, L. C. De Bouchervillo, C. B. Archambault, Louis. Prudhomme. E. Montarville Repentigny Recraud De Salaberry Golfe Rougemont Shawinegan Sorel LaBruJre, P.B. de. Ross. John Jones. Grandville Dorion, Jos A Inkerman Stadacona Hearn, John. Ken^bec Victoria Ferrier, James. Lasalle „ Welling<;on Gilman. Francis E. f>1 f ' ■!:!' il' t 58 CHAPTER I. ^'^1 i I m\ .;!!:'*: LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. QUEBEC. Spbakbr— Hon. F. G. Marchand. ClBRK— L. DlLORMB. Constituenciiisi, ['(ipresei tativys. Owens, Wm. I'iion, Joseph. Blaucbet, Hon. Jean. Bisson, E. H. Fao cher de St. ]'raurii'. o, N.H.E. Sylvester, LouJs. Marti 1, Pr H. J. Lynch, ii';. W W. Roc.'jeleau, A. Truilol, Ferdinand. Morin, Joseph. Robidoux, J. E. St. Hilaire, EHe. Mcintosh, John, jun. Beauchamp, B. Larochelle, L. N. Girouard, Jos. E. Flynn, Hon. E. J. Villencuve, J. 0. Cameron, Dr. A. Duhamel, G. Boyer, Arthur. Basinet, Louis. Gagnon, C. A. E. Goyette Odilon. Forest, Ludger. LeBlanc, P. E. Lemieux, F. X. Dechfine, F. G. M. LalibertS, Edouard H. Caron, Edouard. Johnson, Andrew S Constituencies. Representatis. ^ .Vrgenttuil Baeot MissisQUoi Spencer, E. E. Taillon. Hon. L. 0. Montcalm I^eauce Montmagny Montmorency Montreal, East... Montreal, West.. Montreal, Centre Napierville. Nicolet Bernatchez. N. Beauharnois Bellechasse PtrthieJ' Bonaveuture Brome. Desjardins, L. G. David, L.O. Hall. John S., jun. McSnane, James. Lafontaine, E. Dorais. L. T. Chamb3v' Ottawa RochoD . Alfred. Champluin Pontiac Poupore, W. J. Tessier. Jules. Charlevoix Portneuf Chateauguay Ohicoiitimi ' and Saguenay Gompton Quebec Centre... Quebec, West ... Quebec, East .... Quebec, County. Richelieu Rinfret dit Malouin, Dr. R.F. Murphy, Owen. Shehyn, Jos. ('asgrain, T. 0. Cardin, L. P. Deux Montfignes Dorchester Drummond uad Arthabaska .... Richmond and Wolfe Picard, Jacques. Martin. E. 0. Gasp6 Rimouski Hocbelaga Rouville.. .......... Lareau, E. Huntingdon Iberville St Hyacinthe.... St. Jean Mercier, Hon. H. Marchand, Hon. P. G. Jacques C artier. Joliette St. Maurice Shefford Duplessis, L. T. N. J. Kamouraska Laprairie Sherbrooke Soulanirea Robertson, Hon. J. Q. Bourbonnais, 0. G> L'Assomption.... Laval.. L6vis Stanstead Baldwin, Ozro. Temiscouata Terrebonne Trois Rivieres.... Vaudreuil DeschSnes, 0. H. Nantel, G. A. L'lslet Turcotte. Hon. A. Lotbini^re Lapointe, Alfred. Lussier, A. E. E. Maskinonge McGrantic Verch^rea Yamaska Gladu, Victor. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. (Entered Confederation, Ist. July, 18G7.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT— HALIFAX. LiBUTKNANT GOVERNOn — HoN. MaTTHEW IIbNRY RlCHEY. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, 1888. President of the Council and Provincial Secretary Hon. W. S. Fielding. Attorney General " J. W. Longhy. Commissioner of Works and Mines " Charles E. Church. Members without Office " Thomas Johnson. " " " Angus Macgillivray. " " « Daniel McNeiL Three vacancies. LEGISLATURES vSINCE 1867. No. OP Legislatihes. 1st Legislature. 2n(l Legislature.. 3rd Legislature., Ses- sions. Date of Opening, •1st. 2nd , .3rd.. 1th.. 1st 2nd.... 3rd 4th Legislature.. 6th Legislature.. 6th Legislature. Ist 2nd... 3rd ... 4th.... 1st.... 2nd... 3rd ... 4th ... Ist. 2nd .3rd. 4th. 1st.. Jan, 30, 1868 April 29, 1869 Keb 11, 1870, " 2, 1871 Feb. 22, 1872. " 27, 1873. Mar. 12, 1874 Mar. 11, 1875 Feb. 10, 1876 '« 15, 1877 " 21, 1878. Mar 6, 1879. Febr 26, 1880. Mar. 3, 1881 Jan. 19, 1882. Feb. 8, 1883 •• 14, 1884 " 19, 1885 « 25, 1886 Mar. 10, 1887. Prorogation, Sept. 21, 1868 June 14, 1869. April 18, 1870 •' 4, 1871. April 18, 1872 " 30, 1873 May 7, 1874. May 6, 1875 April 4 1876. ^' 12, 1877. " 4, 1878. April 17, 1879 " 10, 1880. " 14, 1881. Mar. 10, 1882 April 19, 1883. •* 19. 1884. " 24, 1885. May 11, 1886. '« 3, 1887. Dissolution. April 17, 1871. Nov. 23, 1874. •Aug. 21, 1878. May 23, 1882, 1 ^May 20, 1886. May 3, 1887. 'Adjourned 25th February till 6th August, 1868. 59 \i 'l' III- 60 CHAPTER I. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. PnKsiDBNT— Hon. Robert Boak, Halifax. Clkbk— Albert Peteks. The Honourable- John McKinnon. Samuel Creelman. D. McN. Parker. E. R. Oakes. James Builer. Loran L. Baker, ('harles M. Francheville. David McCurdy. Hiram Black. The Honourable — W. H. Owen. (}eo. Whitman. Samuel Locke. M.H. Goudge. Alexander McKay. W. H. Rav. Thos. L. Dodge. Jno McNeil. PI Premier an Provincial Chief Comi Surveyor G Solicitor G Members w ., ,, • ■ 1 1 ■ LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Speaker — Hon. M. J. Power. H General Members. Constituencies. Members. Constituencies. H l3t Genera Annapolis Co.... Antigonish Cape Breton Cnlchpflter 1 Hon. J W. Longley. Frank Andrews. Hon. A. McGillivray. Colin F. Mclsaac. Colin Chisholm. Wm. McKay. Geo. Clarke. PA. Laurence. T. R. Black. R. L. Black. Henry M. Robichau. John S. McNeill. OttoS Weeks. James A. Fraser. Hon. Wm. S. Fielding. Hon. M. J. Power. Wm. Roche, jun. Allan Haley. Arch. Frame. i Inverness King's Lunenburg Co... Pictou Hon D. McNeill. John McKinnon. L. Rand. Wm. C. Bill. Hon. C. E Church Geo. A. Ross. W. Cameron. G. McColl. C. H. Munro. Jos. H. Cook. A. M. Hemeon. Jos. Matbeson. David A. Hearn. Wm.F. McCoy. Hon. Thos. Johnson. John A. Fraser. John L. Bethune. Albert Gayton William Law. H 2nd Qencra Cumberland Queen's H 3rd Genera Diflrbv Richmond Shelburne Victoria ■ ^m 4th Genera Guysborough Halifax ^1 TTantfl • ••..••••• Yarmouth ■ ^m 5th Genera V H 6th Genera CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. PROVINCE OF NEW BJIUNSWIOK. (Entered Confederation, Ist July, 1867.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT— FREDERICTON, LiKUTENANT GoVEIINOIl— HoN. SiH SaMUBL LeONAKD TiLLEY. EXECUTIVE OOtJNCIL, 11888. Premier and Attorney General Hon. A. G. Blair. ProTincial Secretary " David McLellan. Chief Commissioner of Public Works .". " P. G- Ryan. Surveyor General '• James Mitchell. Solicitor General " R. J. Ritchie. Members without Office " A. Harrison. " " " GaiusS. Turner. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES SINCE 1867. No. OF General Assemblies. 1st General Assembly., 2ad General Assembly... 3rd General Assembly. rm Ses- sions. Date of Ist. 2nd 3rd. Ist... 2nd.. 3rd .. Uh... 5th. ., 1st.. 2nd 3rd, 4th. 5th. Opening, i Prorogation. 4th General Assembly.. 5th General Assembly. 6th General Assembly., April 6, 1871. Feb. 29, 1872. " 27, 1873. " 12, 1874. Feb. 18, 1875. " 17, 1876. 8, 1877. Aug. 28, 1877. 26, 1878. Dissolution. I I Feb. 13, 1868 iMar. 23, 1868. ) Mar. 4, 1869. April 21, 1869. } June 3, 1870. Feb. 10, 1870. '^ 7, 1870. J Feb. 16, 1871. Feb. 22, 1871. 1st.... 2nd ... 3rd.. 4th. ... 1st Feb. Feb. 27,1879, Mai. 9, 1880. Feb. 8, 1881 " 16, 1882 22, 1883 May 17, 1871. \pril U, 1872. '^ 14, 1873. " 8, 1874. April 10, 1875. '^ 13, 1876. Mar. 16, 1877. Sept. 5, 1877. April 18, 1878. April 15,1879. '^ 23, 1880. Mar. 25, 1881. April 6, 1882. ISl Feb. •£'£, 18H3 2nd April 12, 1883. 3rd Feb. 28, 1884. 4th " 26,1885. 6th " 25,1886 1st. Mar. May April (( 3, 1883. 3, 1883. 1, 1884. 6, 1885. 2, 1886. Mar. 3, 1887. April 6, 1887. May 16, 1874. May 14, 1878. May 26, 1882. April 2, 1886. 61 .^ ' IM^ t ; ! I '< 6S i\ 7 \ 1 ' ■ i ^ CHAPTER I. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, 1888. PRESiniNT— Hon. Gkohob F. Hill. Glkhk or TiiK Lkcislative Council — (ieoiuik lioTSKORi). Thfi Honorable— Barberie, J. Canard Davidi^on, Allan A. Flewelling, G Hudson Hanington, Daniel Harrison, Archibald Hill, George F. (President). Hully, James Jones, Thomas Rosenele Ktlly, William M. The Honorable - Lewi-", John Hillsborough Albert. Mclnernuy, Own Kichanl, Ambruiso D. Ryan .lames I'hompson Fred. P. White, George W. Woods, Francis. Uobtrt Young. Speakeb— Tub Hon. William Puoslky, Jun. Ci.KUK — QeoROR Johnston Bliss. Members. Oonstituencies. Members. Constituencies. Alward. Silaa St. John City. Oarleton. Victoria. York. St. .lohn City. Westmoreland. York. Northumberland Charlotte. Sunbury. Westmoreland. Sunbury. Queen's. Charlotte. Westmoreland. Northumberland Oarleton. W^estmoreland. Restigouehe. Kent. Albert. MrLellan, Hon David Mitchell, Hon. James... jMoore, David R. (M.D) iMorissey, .John St. John County Charlotte. Y'ork. Atkinson,)! C.(M i).) Buird. Oeorsre T Bellamy, Richard Berryman John(MD.) Black. .Tosenh L Northumberland Murray, William Palmer Albert Restigouehe. Queen's. Kent. Blair, Hon. A. G Burchill, John P Phinney, James D Pugsley, Hon. Wm., iun. (Sneaker^ Douglas, William Glanier. Arthur King's. St. .John County do Quintou, William A.... Ritchie, Hon. R. J Russell, James Haninorton. D. L Harrison. Charles B... Charlotte. Hetherington, Thomas Hibbard. Georflre Ryan, Hon. Patrick G. Stockton, A. A Taylor, Geo. L.(M.U.) Th6riault, Levite Turner, Hon. G. S Tweedie, Lemuel J White, Alberts Gloucester. St. John County King's. Maoawaska. Albert. Northumberland King's. York. Humphrey, John A Hutcnison, Ernest Ketchum, George R.... Killam, Amasa E LaBillois. Charles H... LeBlanc. Oliver Wilson, William Lewis, Wm. J. (M.D.) Youne, John Gloucester. w. ^.stitucncies. CONSTITUTION AND OOVETINMENT. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. (Entered Oonfedoration, ISth July, 1870 ) SEAT OP GOVERNMENT— WIXNIPEO. LiRUTRNANT QoVBRNOR— HoN. JaMBS OoX A[KINS. EXBOUTIVE COUNCIL 1888. V « Premiei', Prcsidoiit of the Council and iMinister of Agriculture Hon. Tliomaa Grcenway. Attorney General " JoHeph Martin. Minister of Public Works " .Jiimos A. Smart. Proviacial .Secretary " .lamca E. P. Prendcrgast. Provincial Treasurer " Lyman M Jones. LEGISLATURES SINCE 1870. 68 \ No. OF LEO'SLATCRES. Ist Legislature 2nd Legislature 3rd Legislature.. 4th Legislature. 6th Legislature. 6th Legislature Ses- sions. Ist... 2nd., 3rd . •4th. 1st. . 2nd . 3rd . 4th . fist. Date of Opening Mar. 16, 1871. Jan. ir>, 1872. Feb Nov. 1873, 4, 1873, Prorogation. Dissolution. May. 3, 1871. Feb. 21, 1872, Mar. 8, 1873, July 22, 1874, Mar. 31, 1875. May 14, 1875. Jan. 18, 1876. Feb. 4, 1876. 30, 1877. 10, 1878 1st.. 2nd. 3rd 4th 1st. i;jnd 3rd 4th 1st. Feb. 1, 1879 Jan Dec. 22, 1880. 16, 1880 Mar. 3, 1881. April 27, 1882. May 17, 1883. .Mar. 13, 1884 " 19, 1885. ' 4, 1886 April 14, 1887. 28, 1877. 2, 1878. June 25, 1879. Feb. 14, 1880. Dec. 23, 1880, May 25, 1881, " 30, 1882 July June 7 1883 3, 1884, May 2, 1885. " 28, 1886. June 10, 1887 Dec. 16, 1874. Nov. 11, 1878. Nov. 26, 1879. Nov. 13, 1882. Nov. II, 1886. • Adjourned 8th November, 1873, till 5th February, 1874 ; adjourned from 5th February till 2nd July, 1874. t Adjourned 7th February, 1879, till 8th April, 1879 : adjourned from 8th April, 1879, till 27th May, 1879. ■ t 64 CHAPTER I. I.KGT8LATIVE ASSEMnr.V. SPBAKEn— Hon. David Ot,A88. Olkhk— 0. A. Sadliib. i I CoNHTITUBNCIES. Asiiniboia IScautiful Plains Oarillon Cartier ...•< Cyproaa Dennid East Brandon East Minnedosa PImeraon Kildonan and St. i'aul. liakeaide La Verandrye Lome Morrii Mountain Norfolk North Dufferia North V.innipeg Portage la Prairie Rockwood Russell St. Andrews St. Boniface St. Clements St. Francois Xavier Shoal Lake Souris South Dufferin South Winnipeg Springfield Turtle Mountain West Brandon Westbourne West Minnedosa Woodlands Memben. MacArthur, Duncani (y'rawford, .fohu. Marion, Roger. Gellcy, Thunias. ThompHon, R. S. McLean, Daniel. Smart, Jas. Allan. Gillies, J. D. Douglas, (!. .S. Macbeth, John. .McKenzie, K. Prendergast, J. K. I'. Macdonell, .1 A. .Martin, A. F. Grocnway, Thos. Thompson, S. J. Wilson, Hon. D. H. Drewry, E. L. .Martin, Joseph. Jackson, S J. Leacock, E. P. Norc|uay, Hon. John. LaRiviore, Hon. A. A. C. Glass, Hon. David. Francis, F. H. Hamilton, Hon. G. E. Alexander, J. P. Winram, Wm. Luxton, W. F. Smith, Thomas H. Young, F.M. Kirchboffer, J. N. Brown, Hon. C. P. Harrison, Hon. D. H. Robinson, J. M. CONSTITUTION AND OOVEENMENT. TROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. (Entered Confederation, 20th July, 1871.) SEAT OF OOVKRNMENT— VICTORIA. LiKiiTiNANT (lovKBNOH— Hon. IIuom Vklhok. PA'ECUTIVE COU.VCIL, 1888. PrrHidont of the Counoil Tlon. Robert Dunimuir. Premier and Attorney General " A. (J. B. Davie. Provincial Secretary, Minister of Mines and Glerl< of Executive Oouncil •' John Robson. Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works " Forbes George Vernon; Minister of Finance and Agi'>c»lt"r<^ " John Herbert Turner. " Theodore Davie. LEGISLATURES SINCE 1871. No. or LmiisLATURES. Ses- sions. Date of Opening. Prorogation. Dissolution. lat Leffislaturo Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Ist 3nd 3rd Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 6th Ist 2nd 3rd 4th • Ist Feb. 16, 1872. Dec 17, 1872. do 18, 1873. Mar. 1, 1875. Jan, 10, 1876. Feb. 21,1877 " 7, 1878. July 29, 1878. Jan 29, 1879. April 6, 1880. Jan. 24, 1881. Feb. 23, 1882. Jan. 25, 1883. Dec. 3, 18H3. Jan. 12, 1885. do 25, 1886. Jan. 24, 1887. April 11, 1872. Feb. 21, 1873. Mur. 2, 1874. April 23, 1976. May 19, 1876. April 18, 1877. " 10,1878. Sept. 2, 1878 April 29, 1879 May 8, 1880. Mar 25, 1881. April 21, 1882. May 12, 1883. Feb. 18, 1884. Mar. 9, 1885. April 6, 1886 April 7, 1887. Jlnd Lesrislature Aug. 30, 1875. 3rd Legislature 4th Lnrifll&turc April 12, 1878. June 13, 1882. 6th Lecrifllature June 3, 1886. u ill 'W i '■r: 66 CHAPTER I. 1 8 li ^ i Mi. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Spkakir— Hon. Gharles E. Poolet. Clerk — Thornton Fell. Name. Constituencies. Allen, Edward Lillooct. Anderson. G. W Victoria. Baker, Col. Jas Beaven, Robert Kootenay Victoria Cit^. New Westminster City. Cariboo. Bole. W. Normpn Cowan. Georore Croft, Henry Cowichan. Davie, Hon. A. E. B Lillooet. Davie. Hon. Theodore Victoria City. Duck, Simeon Dunsmuir, Hon. Robert Nanaimo. Frv. Henrv Cowichan. Grant, John Casaiar. Hicrcrins. D. W Esquimau. Oomox. Humphreys, Hon. J. B John, R. F Victoria. ■ •■ Ladner, W. H New Westminster. Martin, G. B Yale. Mason. Josenh Cariboo. McLeese, Robert u Orr, James Pooley, Hon. C, E. (Speaker) New Westminster. Esquimau. New Westminster. Robson, Hon. John Semlin, C. A Yale. Thorn Dson, Geo Nanaimo. Turner, Hon. J H Victoria. Vernon, Hon, Forbes Geo Vale. li i: .i'i&i; CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. ei PEOVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. (Entered Confederation, Ist July, 1873.) SEAT OF GOVERNMENT— CHARLOTTETOWN. Lieutenant Govkrnor — Hon. Andrew Archibald Macdonald. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, 1888. President and Attorney General Hon. W. W. Sullivan. Minister of Public Works " Geo. W. Bentley. Provincial Secretary, Treasui-er and Commissioner of Grown and Public Lands " Donald Ferguson. Member without office " Samuel Prowse. " " John Lefurgey. '« " A. J. Macdonald- « " NeilMcLeod. " '< J.O. Arsenault. " " James Nicholson. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES SINCE 1873. Number of Ses- sions. Date of General Assemblies. Opening. Prorogation. Dissolution. Ist General Assembly 2nd General Assembly ... 3rd General Assembly ... 4th General Assembly 5th General Assembly.... 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th. 1st Mar. 5, 1874. " 18, 1875. " 16, 1876. Mar. 14, 1877. " 14, 1878. Feb. 27, 1879. April 24, 1879. Mar. 4. 1880. " 1,1881. " 8, 1882. Mar. 20, 1883. 6, 1884. " 11,1885. April 8, 1886. Mar. 29, 1887. April 28, 1874. '* 27, 187.5. " 29, 1876. April 18, 1877. '^ 18, 1878. Mar. 11, 1879. Juno 7, 1879. April 26, 1880. " 5, 1881, " 8, 1882. April 27, 1883. 17, 1884. " 11, 1885. May 14, 1886. May 7, 1887. [july 1, 1876. [ Mar. 12, 1879. April 15, 1882. June 5, 1886. \^ ■S in: . > 1 ! -.1 I 6* t.1 •^ ri ' 68, CHAPTER I. .LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. President — Hon. Thomas W Dodd. Clkrk of the Council — John Ball. Hon. John Balderston. " James Clow. " Thomas W. Dodd. " J. W. Fraser. " Thomas Kickhara. " Alexander Laird " A. B. MacKenzic. Hon. Peter S. MacXutt " Alexander Martin " Joseph Murphy. " James Nicholson. " Benjamin Rogers. " John G Scrimgeour LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. Spbakbr — Hon. John A. MoDonald. CiiERK ok the Assembly — Archiuald McNeill. Constituency. Members. Kinc'a Coiintv. 1st District U t( Mflplpan. .1 Tl ** 2nd District Sullivan, W. W. H << Dnderhay, J. C. McDonald. H. L. •' 3rd Dijtrict « " Shaw. C. A. « 4th District ""rowse. S. " Maclpod. A. ♦ * Georgetown Macdonald. A. J. (( (1 Gordon. D. Oiieen'n Countv. 1st District Sinclair. Peter. (( (1 Sutherland. James If. " 2nd District Farquharson, Donald. Wise, Joseph. Kelly, L. Ferguson, Donald. Forbes, George. « M « 3rd District M << " 4th District H It " Charlottetown Blake, Patrick. rKiJN uii'AU uuuiM r«,iJ!iO, lai i». ' D com« I Owii ■ 9tli] ■ Will: I ofSp I not y CouNTnv Name. Year of Birth. Title. Year of acces- sion or assump- tion of office. Great Britain and Ireland. V^ictoria (1 1819 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. Emoreas of India 1837 1877 1880 1848 1867 1865 1831 1887 1875 1863 187J 1887 1888 1864 1849 1878 1867 1884 1860 1873 1848 1886 1861 1866 1881 1881 1868 1882 1886 1885 1872 1888 1882 1876 1886 1870 Afffrtuistan.. Abdnrialiman Kiian. Francis Josepli I U (1 "l830' Ameer of Afganistan Emperor of Austria King of Hungary and Bo- hemia. King c f the Belgians Emperor of Brazil Prince , Austro-Hungarian Empire Belgium Leopold II 1835 1825 1861 1871 1818 1853 1837 1831 Brazil om Pedro II Bulgaria Ciiina Ferdinand of Saxe Cobourg. Kuaiig Hsii Emperor of China Denmark Uiiristain IX Mohammed Tewfik Pasha. Marie F. Sadi-Car- not. Frederic III King of Denmark Khedive of Egypt President of the French Republic. German Emperor Kgypt France German Empire.... KincT of Prussia Greece George I 18 i5 1817 1844 1852 King of the Hellenes King of the Netherlands.. King of Italy H Holland William III H Italv Humbert H Jap'ai Mexico MutRubito Mikado of Jaoan H Porfirio Diaz President of theConfeder- ate Republic of Mexico- Prince of Montenegro Sultan of Morocco ^1 Montenegro Morocco Nicholas 1841 1831 1829 ■ Mulai Hassan ^m Pcsia Nasser-ed-Ueen General Caceres Shah of Persia ^B Peru President of the Republic of Peru. King of Portug.al ^1 Portugal Ronmania Dom Luis I 1838 1839 I Charles I Prince of Roumania. ...... King " Czar of Russia ^1 (( ^1 Russia Alexander III 1845 1854 1886" 1858 1829 1817 1844 1837 ^1 Servia .Milan(Obrenovitch)I " " Alfonso XIII Prince of Servia King " King of Spain ^B Spain ■ Sweden and Nor- Maria Christina Oscar II Queen Regent King of Sweden and Nor- way. President of Swiss Con- federation.* Bev of Tunis ■ way. Switzerland W. F. Hertenatein.... Sidi All Pasha I Tunis 1 Turkey Abdul Hamid 11 G'over Cleveland Sayyid Burghash bin Saeed. Sultan of Turkey ^1 United Stataa Zanzibar President of the Onited States. Sultan of Zanzibar 1 I * Elected annually. CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. 71 ie. It will be noticed that the Emperor of Brazil has PonS"'* reigned longer than any other Monarch, having succeeded aover°* to the throne in 1831, at the age of six years. Queen Victoria ®*^°^' comes next, su<5ceeding in 1837, at the age of eighteen years. Owing to the death of "William I, Emperor of Grermany, on 9th March, 1888, a few days before completing his 91st year, William III of Holland is the oldest b'overeign. The King of Spain is still the youngest Sovereign in the world, being not yet two years old. 3 ll^i f'i \ ; if ' •72 Census 1871 and 1861. 1 j { 1 i if I'l- li ifl I 1 ■ i '! CHAPTER II. POPULATION AKD VITAL STATISTICS. ' *77. The last census of the Domiiiiou of Canada was taken on the 4th April, 1881, and the following table is a comaara- tive statement of the population at that date, and on 2nd April, 18*71, the date of the preceding census : — POPULATION OF CANADA— 1871 AND 1881. im 1881. ! Males. Females Total. Males. Females Total. Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Branswick Quebec 47,121 193,792 145,888 596,041 828,590 9,837 20,905 40,900 194,008 139,706 595,475 792,261 9,158 15,342 94,021 387,800 285 ,.594 1,191,516 1,620,851 18,995 36,247 54,728 220,638 164,119 ''.78,109 976,461 37,207 29,503 28,113 54,163 220,034 157,114 690,918 946,767 28,747 19,956 28,333 108,891 440,572 321,233 '1,359,027 1,923,228 65,964 49,469 56,446 Ontario Manitoba Britieb Columbia Tb"i Territories Total 1,842,174 1,792,850 3,635,024 2,188,778 2,136,032 4,324,810 ._, " ■ - ' Inchease Provinci. Number. Percentage. Males. Females. Total. 14,870 52,772 35,639 167,511 302,377 46,959 13,212 Males. Fen-iiles. Total. Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia 7,607 26.746 18,231 82,068 147,871 27,370 8,598 7.263 26,026 17,408 85,443 164,506 19,589 4,614 16-1 13-7 12-4 13-7 17-8 278-2 411 15-4 13 4 12-4 14-3 19 5 213-9 30 15-8 13-6 New Brunswick Quebec- Ontario 12-4 14-0 18-6 Manitoba 247-2 British Columbia The Territories 36 4 Total „ 346,604 343,182 689,786 18-81 19-1 18-97 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. Y8 For full particulars of the census of 1881, see Statistical Abstracts for 1885 and 1886, Chap. II. 78. In order to ascertain what proffress had been made in census or ^ ° the Provi- the settlement of the North- West, a census of three of the ■lonaiDis- ' trlots of provisional districts of the North-West Territories was ^Ig??^'-**' taken on the 24th August, 1885, which showed that their population consisted of 48,362, of whom 20,170 were Indians, as follows : — CENSUS OF THE THREE DISTRICTS OF THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES— 1885. Population and Occupied Dweluncs. \ DisTnioT. Sub-District. Population. Occu- pied Males. Females Total. Dwell- ings. - Broadview 4,971 5,575 1,745 237 301 495 3,396 3,965 871 126 164 257 8,367 9,540 2,G16 363 465 732 3,007 2,()r>9 8.S4 Qu'Appelle and Regina Moose Jaw Assiniboia, Swift Current 12;{ 95,000 square miles. Maole Creek 141 Medicine Hat 233 Total 13,324 8,759 22,083 0.997 Carrot River 888 •2,831 1,723 K82 2 642 1,875 1,770 5.373 3,603 312 Saskatchewan, Prince Albert 1,115 114,000 square miles. Battleford 893 Total 6,447 5,299 10,746 2,320 Edmonton 2,890 3,030 2,422 2,726 2,437 2,028 5,616 5,467 4,450 1,162 Alberta, 100,000 square miles. Oalgarv and Red Deer. McLeod Total 1,4'.J2 1,139 8,342 7,191 16,533 3,723 Grand Total 2",) 13 21,249 48,362 13,040 79. No comparisons of any kind can be made between the compari- sons can- returns of the census of 1885 and 1831, as the figures in the not be earlier census v/ere largely estimated, and moreover had 11 1 1 'ilHH [■ 1 fljj ; 'i ; 1 ! i 1: ' II: ■a m {!■■ I '• i- T4 CHAPTER II. reference to the whole of the Dominion outside of the seven Provinces. places and ^^- ^^^ following is a summary of the religions and birth- fn tfi'e"' places of the people in the three provisional districts in Provl- IQCK . slonalDln- -loot) . — trlcts, 1885. CENSUS OF THRER DISTRICTS IN THE NORTH-WEST TERRI- ,, TORIES— 1885. Rkluiions and Birthpi.a('e.s of the PBOI'LE. Religions. Church of England .. Komau Catholic Pagan , Presbyterian Methodist Baptist No religion Lutheran Congregational Jews , Disciples Brethren Quakers Unitarian Protestants Universalist Adventist Other denominations Not given Total, 9,970 9,301 7,893 7,712 6,910 778 641 209 145 106 57 37 36 28 22 20 I 26 4,464 Birthplaces. The Territories Ontario England and Wales Manitoba Scotland Quebec Ireland United States Nova Scotia New Brunswiclc Prince Edward Island Germany Sweden, Norway & Denmark Other British Possessions . Russia and Poland France Italy British Columbia At Sea Spain and Portugal Other Countries Not given Total. 25,169 8,823 3,853 3,144 2,U3 1,340 1,162 1,007 604 265 126 124 111 100 97 93 31 16 2 1 105 146 Natives of the three DistrlctK. Enumei- ation of Indians. Ri 81. The natives of the Territories comprised 52 per cent, of the population, but most of them were Indians, only 14 per cent, of the whites having been born in the Territories. 82. It was not thought well to enumerate the Indians in the usual way, on account of the many difficulties in the way of doing so successfully, and their numbers were there- fore taken from the books of the G-overnment agents, who keep records in ronnection with supplies and treaty pay- ments No information, however, could be obtained regard- POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 76 ing their agos, conjugal condition, &c., and, therefore, the following table relates almost entirely to the ages of the whito population. As a general rule the largest portion of a population is found to be under the age of five years, but thl^'eopie. in the Territories it will bo seen that this only applies to females, the largest number of males being between the ages of 20 and 30, a fact easily to be explained and under- stood, when the large number of young single men who have gone iu to settle are taken into account. CKN'.SUS OF THE TIIRKE DISTRICTS, HjSS. AoEs OF THE White Populatiok. i.:i Ages. Males. Females. 2.014 1,895 1,467 1,273 1,H02 1 ,282 883 700 460 415 302 Ages. Males, 296 216 U3 53 23 10 7 5 7,562 Femtles. Tlndpr 5 vears 2,159 1,937 1,566 1.501 .3,216 •!,130 1 .942 1,396 902 624 440 5.5 to 60 veara 181 5 to 10 " 60 to 65 " 123 10 to 15 " 65 to 70 " 62 16 to 20 " 70 to 75 " 38 20 to 25 " 75 !o80 " 20 25 to 30 '• 80 to 85 " 22 30 to 35 " 85 to 90 " 2 36 to 40 " flO find over 3 40 to 45 •' Not BiTen 8,810 45 to 50 " Total 50 to 55 " 27,1U} 21,249 83. The following statements with reference to the conju- conjugal il <>rkTi/1i4-4i-vTi nf i-lna -namnXa An nrt+ rv-P rtntifaa imrtlttAn COndltlOn, gal condition Indians of the people, do not, of course, include HUSBANDS AND WIVES OF WHITES AND HALF-BREEDS IN THE THREE DISTRICTS, lf85. Districts. Assiniboia Saskatchewan Alberta Total, Husbands. Under 21 years. 28 4 9 41 Over 21 years 3,486 681 1,976 6,143 Total. 3,614 685 1,985 6,184 Wives. Under 21 years. 204 69 112 375 Over 21 years. 3,110 608 1,622 5,340 Total. _ 3,314 667 1,724 8,715 i ! I li I 'f ; : ^1 M s ■ IE 16 CKAl'TRR FI. Excess of hnabands. Propor- tions of ^ITCB to butbands. Husbands and wives under and over 21 years. 84. Husbands exceeded Aives by 469, which was a large number, considering* tue size of the popnhition. Only 66 per cent, of iKp husbands were under 21 years, but 6-56 per cent, of the wives were unde?: that ago. 85. The proportions of wives to husbands were as fol- lows : — WIVES TO EVERY 1,000 HUSBAXPS I\ THE THREE D[STRICTS-1885. Assiuiboiii y43 Sftskatclicwan 073 Alberta.. , 874 The Territoriefj f the three districts may be gained from *"•• the facts that there only 16 persons to the square mile, 01 persouo to the occupied acre, and '25 persons to the culti- POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 11 vated acre. The proportion of cultivated to occupied area was only 6" 07 per cent., but it must be remembered that by far I ho largest portion of the occupied area is used for stock raising, the number of acres held under grazing leases in Alberta and Assiniboia alone being on the 3l8t December, 1887, no less than 4,466,844. The following is a statement of the 0(;( upiers of lands occupiori aii'l lands occupied in 1885. and lands occupied. CENSUS OP THE TIIRKK lM3'l.'R;'i;-V,85. OOCriMERB OK LANDH AM) La.NDS OCCUPiKD. District. Assiniboia Saskatchewan. Alberta Total Occur IKHS OK Total acres occupied. Total occu- piers. KiO acres and unck'r. 161 acres to 320. 321 acres and over. 5,147 749 1,091 1,225 350 367 3,742 340 584 180 69 140 1,641,762 505,953 1,714,113 3,681,818 6,987 1,942 4,666 379 Total acres cul- tivated. 160,133 19,545 16,307 195,986 89. In 1881 the total number of occupiers in the whole occupiers of the North-West Territories was only 1,014, of occupied m\. ° lands only 314,107 acres, and of cultivated lands 28,833 acres, so that in four years, the number of occupiers has "xicreased over 600 per cent., and more than 3,000,000 acres have been taken up for settlement. i::,l !l.: 'I •i f: 1! I '■' I ' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I UiMM 12.5 ■so *^* ■■■ ^ 1^ 12.0 |L8 L25 i 1.4 iiyi^i 1.6 c% ^ /, Photographic Sdences CorporaBon 4^ 33 WIST MAIN STHfT WItSTIR.N.Y. 145W (71*)87a-4S03 ^ /^^ V % r •78 CHAPTER II. Oooupa- tlons of li"- 90. The following is a classified summary of the occupa- int^**** tions of the people in the three Provisional Districts in 1886 : three Dl»- triots, U8S. CENSUS OP THE THREE DISTRICTS -1885. Occupations of thk People. Occupations. Employ 6s of general Govern- ment Employes of municipal Govern- uioui •••■•■••••• •«•••••••■•••■•••••■•••• Militia officials Policemen and constaVias Clergymen and bU ministering to religion Lawyers, judges and law court officers Physicians, surgeons, kc Chemists and druggists Persons engaged m art and literary pursuits Surveyors and civil engineers... Teachers Musicians Merchants Commercial employes Banlcers Railway and telegraph em- ployes Messengers and porters Manufacturers Mechanics Persons engaged in lumbering, including mill hands... ' ' navigation and boat build- ing fishing books watch making and jewel- lery carriages and harness.... Number 109 3 09 793 1S5 52 43 15 2 32 36 2 125 153 7 316 6 4 7 43 8 5 30 16 85 Occupations. It (( (1 Persons engaged in building and building material., furniture and decorating.. food drinks and stimulants, in- cluding hotel-keepers.. dress, clothing, kc livery and stage team' Bters, kc , mining , metals other than gold and silver boots and shoes wood, including carpen- ters various other industries... various domestic occup- ations various commercial occup- ations various professional oc- cupations agricultural pursuits Contractors Dealers and traders Freighters Millers and millwrights Hunters Keepers and guards Labourers Pensioners (military) Persons of independent means.. Engaged in various occupa- tions Xumber 29 49 76 150 56 111 77 161 15 313 12 395 140 30 8,388 18 50 128 21 3,196 2 1,083 1 50 As might be expected, by far the largest proportion of the inhabitants were engaged in agricultural pursuits, while over 3,000 got their living by hunting. The North- West Mounted Police are included in the numbei of police- men and constables. POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 19 1 Xumber 29 49 76 150 56 HI 77 161 15 313 12 395 140 30 8,388 18 50 128 21 3,196 2 1,033 1 50 CENSUS OF THE THREE DISTRICTS— 1885. Imdustbial Establishmbnts. Industrial estftblish- ments. 1885. Industbies. Num- ber. Aerated water making. Bakeries Blackamitbing Boots and shoes Breweries Brick-making Carpenters' shops.. Carriage-making Cooperage Dress-making, kc Flour and grist mills.... Furniture-making Grain chopping mills ... Gunsmithing Limekilns Photographic galleries. Printing offices Saddle and harness ma- king Sasb and door factories Saw mills Tailors and clothiers... Tinsmithiug 2 10 38 8 3 2 8 2 1 1 8 3 3 1 16 1 5 8 4 13 3 10 Capital Invested. Hands Em- ploy- ed. $ 5,600 19,000 27,575 8,150 6,000 4,000 9,400 900 200 600 121,000 11,600 2,800 400 1,926 600 28,500 7,500 12,200 490,000 600 12,900 5 15 51 12 6 41 Yearly Wages. 2,450 6,720 25,895 6,650 2,950 7,250 Value of Raw Material. 2,150 19,450 18,705 5,700 15,000 120 Value of Articles pro- duced. 34 7,750 9,360 5 3,600 700 1 600 200 1 200 200 33 12,.330 239,900 9 4,600 1,800 8 850 8,2.')0 1 38 450 1,487 420 1 750 600 18 10,800 1,770 15 7,920 14,980 16 10,300 68,000 218 60,385 92,850 4 3,250 2,348 14 9,850 25,925 $ 10,100 32,660 70,685 15,550 21,000 15,250 21,010 7,000 1,000 600 365,298 17,000 15,800 1,000 6,502 3,000 21,000 32,800 86,000 227,580 6,100 52,400 91. No comparison of value can be made in detail between compari- •^ sons with the above figures and those of 1881, but the following fig- 1**^- ures will show the great progress that had been made in the intervening four years : — 1S81. x8d5. Increase. Capital invested $ 104,500 $ 771,451 $ 666,951 Hands employed 83 546 463 Yearly wages 35,425 186,917 161,492 Value of raw material 79,751 518,428 438,677 Value of articles produced... 196,938 1,029,233 833,297 These figures maybe taken as fairly representing the values they profess to, but as the enumerators have to trust almost entirely to the owner's estimates, there is naturally a tendency in some cases to over valuation. rM liiit 1 [l.P ill r.:i ■3 m id". 80 CHAPTEB II. iii 92. The next tables give the census returns of the num- ber of animals in, and the quantity of butter and cheese ▲nimals and field products In the trtots,?885. made in the three districts in 1885, also particulars con- cerning the field products in the same year, and a column has been added to this, as well as to the next table, giving the corresponding figures for the whole North-West, in 1881, in order that a general idea may be obtained of the progress made during the last four years. CENSUS OP THE THREE DISTRICTS— 1885. Animals and their Products. Animals and Products. Horses, over 8 years Oolts and fillies, under 3 years... Mules Working oxen Milch cows Other horned cattle Sheep Pigi Homemade butter, lbs do cheese " District. Total. Assiniboia Saskat- chewan. Alberta. 6.437 2,432 9,584 18,463 1,138 629 3,910 6,672 163 22 146 331 4,641 822 486 6,949 6,711 1,986 3,334 11,030 9,200 2,893 67,464 69,657 2,123 534 16,741 19,398 16,998 1,394 4,150 22,642 340,172 84,223 86,796 610,)91 5,638 3,657 1,075 10,270 Total, 1881. 9,084 1,786 "*8,"33'4 3,848 6^90 346 a,776 70,717 1,060 FiKLD Products. »•'''• ^'■"'•" f^Si, »«"«^ [iZi, Oata I ^^'^^ "*" - 1 Bushels Po*'^*^*^ {eS'sheK- Cultivated hay {f^ls Prairie hay Tons Rye Bushels Peas and beans " Turnipa " Other roots " ei.f^eo 1,061, 76« 7,367 173,23t> 28,936 844.459 2,467 297,814 94 138 74,694 196 9,433 129,780 18,057 3,368 2,831 67,256 Al,i?.0 63,926 1,147,124 1,353 2,886 11,606 20,317 63,926 257,479 1,618 4,789 36,343 24,198 177,293 1,045,960 341 868 3,676 41,896 139,993 479,702 67 277 428 83 645 766 17,809 23,263 116,666 450 646 11,776 39 2,303 10,613 31,156 171,64V 1,238 28,683 47,978 6,678 119,656 48,445 '69,952 811 89,326 240 1,291 14,893 3,091 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 81 H'l CENSUS OF THE THREE DLSTRIGTS, 1885. PUiiS AND PkLTS. PUIIS AND PkI.TS. Ueaver Bear Buffalo Fisher Pox Lynx Marten Mink Musk rat Otter Skunk Wildcat Wolf Wolverine Cariboo Deer, nntelope, &c. .. Moose Other iurs and pelts Assiniboiu. 2 13 877 97 1 ao 947 409 A93 ,722 ,0(J7 64 ,736 21 lU 2.'! 14U 2G .389 District. Uaskat- ohewan. 3,386 598 25 446 3,903 1,405 1.901 12,529 123,52 > 324 5,099 81 1,087 1.30 98 l,6(i8 (509 216 Alberta. 1,574 117 10 71 87 452 870 708 7,192 47 48 116 392 •M 27 2,732 196 314 Total. 5,837 812 36 547 4,937 2,266 3,264 15,939 143,788 425 7,883 218 1,623 189 128 4,?i46 831 919 m t i : Mi) (:' 93. The iuformation in the foregoing table was obtained Fursand principally from the traders, and not as had been the custom in piovious census, from the hunters themselves, for it was found that there was considerable liability to have the skins reported twice, once by the hunter, and again by the trader ; it was, moreover, impossible to obtain any correct information from the Indian hunters. The figures are not supposed to be absolutely correct, and it is altogether likely that some of the animals were killed out- side of the district, but they represent a very fairly correct statement of the number of skins disposed of by the traders during the census year. 94. The North-West Territories constitute not only the Fu?preH largest but almost the last remaining fur preserve in the theNoi-th- world, 6 every variety of fur being found within their West. If-.;; i J. I' ■I , ! ;! Its i;-M 82 CHAPTEH II. i'^i limits, and they yield three (juartors of all the fur» sold in the markets of Leipsic and London, which are the great fur markets of the world. Beaver, which were formerly so abundant, have become very scarce indeed, and their fur has gone up in value more rapidly than that of any other animal, but as they are easily domesticated, and, in addition to their valuable skins, make capital food, it has been suggested that preserves should be created in suitable parts of Iho Territories, to be attended to by the Indians, who would thus be furnished with sources both of profit and food. Bufmio In 95. Thirty-six buffalo were reported to have been killed America. . •' * during the year, but it is most probable that they were actually killed outside, though possibly by residents in, the three districts. The buffalo, which ten years ago could be counted by millions, is now practically extinct; as far as known there being none left in Canada except a herd of about 68, kept at Stony Mountain, Manitoba, which are semi- domesticated, and with which successful crosses with domestic cattle have been made. The total number left in the United States is variously estimated at from 600 to 1,000. Gross be- tween buf- falo and domestic catile. ) 96. In the second report of the Committee appointed by the Senate to collect information regarding the natural food products of the North- West, it is stated in regard to the re- production of the buffalo as a food supply, that in the changed condition of the country, the presence o? those animals would probably disturb the present agricultural training of the Indians, and interfere with the farming and herding efforts of the v/bite settlers, but attention was called to the evidence received with reference to successful crosses between a Buffalo bull and Durham cow, and a Durham bull and Buffalo cow, at Stony Mountain, POPULATION ANl' VITAL STATISTICS. 88 the former cross beini? the ouc proferred ; " the hybrid "animal thus produced being* said to be larj^er, hardier, " stronger, heavier and more easily wintered than the "domestic animal, with the additional advantage of " yielding a skin as heavily but more evenly furred than " the buffalo robe, and worth, it was said, as much as the " full price of a domestic animal." The Committee recom- mended that the G:overnment Experimental Farms about to be established in Manitoba and the Territories should continue these experiments, and also endeavour to obtain hybrids between the moose and musk ox and domestic stock. The practicability of a successful cross with the buffalo having been fairly established, it is likely that in the near future this may prove a very valuable source of food supply as well as of profit from the heavy skins. It was suggested be- fore the Committee that a cross between a buffalo and Galloway or Polled Angus would produce fine black robes, which would be worth from $75 to .$100 each. 97. The total quantity of fish caught in the census year, [Jje Nort'h. according to the returns was 8,713 barrels, but this amount ^*''' can only be considered as approximate, and the quantity actually taken was probably far larger. Owing to the growing scarcity of fish in consequence of the large exports to the United States, the committee above mentioned, strongly recommended the prohibition of the exports of almost all fish, and the establishment of a local hatchery for the breeding of certain varieties at some point central for distribution ; the varieties recommended being the sturgeon, whitefish, gold eye, catfish, perch, eels, pike, maskinonge and carp. 98. The total number of churches in the 3 districts was 6G PA",™**®" III the viz., 19 Church of England, 18 Presbyterian, 15 Roman SSm?' Catholic, 11 Methodist, and other Denominations 8. In 84 CHAPTER II. pioportioii therefore to the iiumbt»r of followi^rs to each roligion, there were 625 persons to each Church ol' England Church, 428 to each Presbyterian, (320 to each Roman Catholic, and il28 to each Methodist. There were also one hospital, one orphanagi?, two colleges, and live convents. Census of llanltuba 1886. Hi). A census of Manitoba was taken on the 3 1st day of July, 1886, with the following result : CKXSITS OF M.\VIT()I!A-lSSt5. PoPUIiATION ASH 0C^81, which falling oir may be expected to continue as the country becomes settled and developed The average ratio of sexes per 1,000 of population in old countries is about 495 males and 505 females (Statistical Abstract, 1886, p 90), in Mani- toba in 1886 the ratio was 540 males and 451 females. 102. There was an increase of 11,068, or 8644 per cent, in occupieu the number of occupied dwellings, but the number of iirMani*' inhabitants to each dwelling was less than in 1881, being 4*55 as compared with 5" 15. This is doubtless due to the number of single men who have immigra; ;^ and are for the present living alone on their homesteads. 103. There w^as an increase in the number of uninhabited jminhabi- houses of 1,162, being an increase of no less than 146 per S amT* cent., and as the proportion of dwellings per 100 of popu- '^' lation increased from 20 62 per cent, in 1881 to 2-V11 per cent, in 1886, it is evident that there has been an unneces- sary excess of building operations, the consequence, no doubt, of the unnatural inflation in 1882. There were only 41 uninhabited houses in Winnipeg in 1881, while there were 436 in 1886. The total number of families was 25,155, ""^ ^ J.: ■( i;. ( ■f'iW >itf r^i ' 1^ 86 Cri AFTER II. IteliglunM and btrtli being at th»' average rate of 4"81 persons to a family. This was a lower proportion than in 1881, when it was 4*65. In 1881 the number of persons to the square mile, when the area of the Province was 123,200 square miles, was '68 ; in 1886, when the area had been reduced by 62,680 square miles, the number was r79 per square mile. 104. The following table is a summary of the religions piacesjii^ and birthplaces of the people in Manitoba in 18S6 : — lanltoliA 1886. CENSUS OF MANrrOHA, 1886. UkLIOIONH A.Mt BlllTm'l,AOK« OK THK PkOPLK. Religion. Total. Religion. Presbyterian Church of England Methodist Roman Catholic .... Mennonites Baptist Lutheran Congregational Jews Protestants 28,406 23,206 18,648 14,651 9,112 3,296 3,131 997 643 428 Disciples Brethren Quaker No religion Unitarian Adventist Universalist .,., . Other denomiuations Not given Birthplaces. Manitoba , Ontario England and Wales Scotland Quebec Russia and Poland. . Ireland United States. Iceliind Nova Scotia New Brunswick Germany Total. 34,124 34,121 10,322 5,982 6,976 5,724 3,621 2 3.'2 1,998 1,317 704 528 Birthplaces. The Territories Sweden, Norway and Oen mark Other British Possessions .. Prince Edward IsHnd France Italy ... British Columbia At sea Other countries Not given Total. 199 114 66 45 31 18 9 121 5,619 Total. 620 372 200 180 110 38 26 9 238 208 Full comparisons of the above returns with those of 1881 will be found in the Statistical Abstract for 1886, chap. II. I'OPUIATION A.N1) VITAIi STATISTKns. 8T r. This as 4*65. D, when ivas '68 ; square •eligions Total. 105. The next table gives the as^es of the people in 1886. f^^j^^, The proportion of children under live years has not varied ISijfim as much as might have been expected, being only a trifle higher — viz : 16'65 per cent, of the total population in 1886, und 1488 per cent, in 1881, but there was a larger difference in the numbers between the ages of 20 and 80, the propor- tion being 20'51 per cent, as compared with 24*24 per cent, in 1881. There was an increase in the males and a decrease in the females under 20, as shown by the following hgures : — Males. Females. ' , 1881 4'2-70 per cent. ftl-60 per cent. ^ 1886 A';i1\ " 49-87 " 199 114 «6 45 31 IS 121 5,619 ToUl. 520 372 200 180 no 38 26 9 233 208 hose of or 1886, Ages. Under 5 years. 5 to 10 " . 10 to 16 " . 15 to 20 " . •JO to 25 " . 25 to 30 " . 30 to 35 " . .15 to 40 •' . 40 to 45 45 to 50 C>0 to 55 ( I CENSUS OF MANITOBA, 1886. AoRS or THi Pkoplh. Males. Females. 8,605 8,288 6,736 6,469 5,642 6,106 5,069 4,599 C,36l 4,831 ! 6,571 4,520 ' 5,0i2 3,394 1 .3,788 2,522 ! 2,707 1,698 • 2.018 1,44S j 1,603 1 1,217 Ages. 65 to 60 years... 60 to 65 " ... 65 to 70 ♦• ... 70 to 75 " ... 75 to 80 " ... 80 to 85 '< ... 85 to 90 " ... 90 and over Not given Total Males. 1,029 785 440 274 121 65 19 12 2.762 59,594 Females. 731 610 319 168 97 54 26 8 2,751 49,046 The population was slightly older in 1886, those under 21 forming 4649 per cent, of the whole number, compared with 47*38 in 1881. as >.' i 106. There was an increase in the number of females pemaiea between the ages of 15 and 45, the proportions being 4,43t * females between those ages in every 10,000 females living in 1886, and 4,326 in every 10,000 in 185l> I :i 88 CHAPTKR II. wSTwJvS ^07. The following is a romparativo statement of the toba^M^ number of husbands and wivos in Manitoba in 1881 and 18S6, distiniifuishiug botwoon those under and over 21 years : HUSBANDS AND WIVES IN MANITOBA— 1881 AND SS(J. Ykmi )IUHHAM)tll. WivKa. Under 21 years 76 .•{8 Over 21 years. Total. Under 21 years Over 21 years. Total. 1881 1886 10.872 17, .{5 1 10,!H8 17,389 680 699 9,8.'>7 •10,272 10,5i:» 16,971 DeoroiiNo in hiiK- I 108. A very large dccioiise will be seen to have taken pla<^e wIveH if"-'' ^^ *he number of husbands and wives under 21 years, more **®'^'' particularly in that of husbands, and there is no immediate w^ay of accounting for it, unless it has arisen from the fact that ill 18H1 an attempt was made to enumerate Indians the same as whites, and particulars of their conjugal con- dition were taken which could not fail to be more or less inaccurate. inorense 109. It was natural to expect an increase in the propor- of wivea. tion of wives to husbands, many husbands coming in first to find land and then sending for their families ; there were 0,759 wives to every 10,000 husbands in 1886, as compared with 9,680 wives to the same number of husbands in 1881. gj»band« HO. The following figures give the numbers of husbands io,«)o?iL ^^^ wives under and over 21 years in every 10,000 of each •ndisMj. class respectively in 1881 and 1886 : POPULATIOiN AND VITAL 8TATISTUW. 81> HUSBANDS AND WIVE8 UNDRIl AND OVER 21 YEARS IN EVERY 10,000 HIJSHANDH AND WIVES. Vkau. lIUHIIANim. WiVRS. Under 21 1 yeari*. 1)vit2I years. 1 i Under 21 yoira. Over 21 yearn. IHRI Of) 1 22 ' (;.'iO U2 M.IIfiO 1886 !),r)88 111. The single males of 20 and upwanlH, and the single JR^uf^eij females of 16 and upwards, i. e., the hai^helors and spinsters femnicH.' of the population, numbered 15,174 and 11,085 respectively. Adding to these numbers the widowers and widows at all ages, viz., 1)79 and 1,357, it is found that the total marriageable population amounted to 1»),153 males and 12,392 females, the former exceeding' the latter by 3,7C1, the marriageable males beinq* iu the proportion of 130 to every 100 females. In 18*1 the marriageable males were in the proportion of 1(»2 to every 100 marriageable females, showing that the excess of bachelors is being steadily reduced. It follows almost as a matter of course that the single males exceeded the single females, the excess amounting to 9,431. In every 10,000 single men there were 7,765 single women. In 1881 the similar pro- portion was 6,137. 112. The percentage of married to total married and J,"°i^T '-' lion oi marriageable men was about the same as in 1881, while ^"j;,™f;^" that of women to total married and marriageable women mpu)^°' was somewhat smaller, as is shown by the following figures: — PERCENTAGE OF MARRIED TO TOTAL xMAMKII-D AND MARRIAGE- ABLE MEN AND WOMEN IN MANITOBA— 1 81 AND 1886. 1881 1886 Males. Females 61-42 62-43 51-84 56-76 00 CHAPTER II. Propor- tion of married Ac., to total pop- ulatloD. 113. The following is a comparative statement of the per- centage of married, widowed, unmarried and children to the total male and female population respectively in 1881 and 18 S6 :— PERCENTAGE OF MARRfED, WIDOWED, UNMARRIED AND CHILDREN TO TOTAL MALK AND FEMALE POPULAT[OX IN MANI- TOBA— 1881 AND I8:;6. Malks. Yeah. Married. Widowers. Bachelors, 20 and over. Children under i!0. 29-4:j 29- 18 1-42 1-64 2fi36 25-46 42-79 43*72 Fkualrs. Year. Married. Widows. 1881. 1886. 36-67 34-60 3-20 2-77 Spinsters, 15 and over. 18-87 22-60 Childrrn under 15. 41-26 40-13 The changes among the males are about what might have been expected, except that there is a slight decrease in the proportion of the married, but among females it is not quite the same. The proportions of married, widows and children are smaller, and of spinsters decidedly larger. Support- 114. It may be said to be a general rule that persons dependent between the ages of fifteen and sixty-five are able to con- tribute more or less to their own maintenance, the majority as a rule being able to support themselves altogether, while those under fifteen and over sixty-five rely generally on others for support, whence it follows that the physical effectiveness of a country may be pretty accurately gauged POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. by the proportion of its inhabitants at the middlo period of life 91 116. The iollowiuff table shows the proportions in Mani- Relative toba in every 10,000 i^ersons living, and in every 10,000 °fj[}\®Pa*88i divided into the three periods at which calls would be made if necessary. Duo allowance must be made for thosb specially exempted from service and those physically incapacitated : n :i' I • ■ 92 CHAPTER n. MALES AT THE SOLDIERS' AGE IN MANrTOB.\— 1881 AND 1886.. Afitis. 1881. Number iu 10,000 Per- sons Living. 1886. Number iu 10,000 Per- sona Living. 18 to 3ft years 11,787 6.587 2,873 1,787 ! I5,nai 998 1 ll,.')07 435 4.«JR 1 ,388 30 to 45 " 1,059 4r) to 60 " 427 1<1* fli The number of persons therefore liable to be called on for active service (subject as above mentioned) in Mani- toba in 1886 was 31,233. There was a decrease as compared with 1881 in the proportions at the 1st and 3rd periods, and a small increase at the 2nd period. onnSlfs" ^^^- "^^^^^ ^^^^* iahle is a statement of the number of omipied*' occupiers of land in Mnnitoba in 1886, together with the Manfioba ^^^^\^^,j, of acros of land o.cupied : CENSUS (ir MANITOBA— IHSG. OCCUPIKKS OF L\MiS, A\l> LaND.S OCOITIMBI). DlSTIilCT. Total Occu- piers. Selkirk Marquette Provenchc! Lisgar Winnipeg city ., Manitoba 7.915 4.5«8 2,033 2,981 54 17,571 Occi'PiKna OF Total Occupied Acres. It.O Acres and under. 3,«73 ?,f)65 1,296 2,197 54 161 Acres to 320. 321 Acres and over. 3,744 2,158 624 625 498 365 113 159 2,060,337 1,249,729 366,549 493,265 1,344 9,285 7,151 1,135 4,171,224 Total Cul- tivated Acres. 416,148 218,596 71,633 45,362 632 762,671 Increase US. The total number of occupiers in 1881 was 9,077; of T»^'"" acres occupied, 2,384,837, and of acres cultivated, 250,416. area. r|^j^^ largest proportion of increase therefore has been in POPUIiA-TION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 9B acres ciV ated. The average area in cultivation was about 3J acres t^. each person in 1881, and almost *t acres in 188G. Of the land cultivated, 20 per cent, was sown with wheat ill 1881, and 48 per cent, in 1886. 1 1 9. The following table gives the urban and rural popula- urban tion of Manitoba in 188G. All towns having over 500 in- popuia- ° tlonin habitants are included : — J^!^"*''** URNS US UnBAN' OF AM) I MANITOBA.— 188G. inilAI, POI'L'I.ATION. CiTJKB ANI> Towns. Males. Females. Total. HrAndnn i 1,240 i 1 m:)9 I ;i4 ' 710 42i 10,Gti(j 1,108 9SJ» 244 .'182 739 283 9,G:52 2 US I'ortRcre lii Pmiiie •J 028 Minnedosa 549 Rraerdon 79(j St. BoDit'ace 1,449 TO,') Selkirk WinniDCff 1 20.238 and Towns. Population Total, Cities 14,73(> 13,377 28,113 Total. Rnrul 44,838 3.5,609 80 527 120. It is well-known that females are almost always more exsosm of numerous than males in cities and towns, but the Province anS'pro- of Manitoba is altogether too newly a settled country for the the Mzes. ordinary conditions yet to prevail there, and it is found from the above figures that males were in excess in every town in the Province, with the exception of St. Boniface, where there was a slight excess of females. Taking the total urban population the proportion was 90'77 females per 100 males ; in Winnipeg alone the proportion was 9081 per 100 males, and in other towns, exclusive of Winnipeg, the proportion was 906Y ; the proportion being almost the same in all three cases. In Winnipeg the proportion has increased very considerably since 1881, when it was only tl"79 per 100 males, and it is quite possible that by 1891 females will be in ■W- CHAITER II. a i'air way to attaiu their normal excess. The proportion of females in the rural population was almost the same as in 1881, being 79*51 per 100 males, as compared with Y8*01 in the fo^pier year. The proportion of urban population to the total population of the Province has increased very largely, since 1881 — viz., from 12*10 per cent, to 25*88 per cent., and is now higher than was the proportion in any other Province in 1881. (Statistical Abstract, 1885, p. 80.) occnpn- 121. The following table is a classified summary of the thepeopie occupatlous of the people in Manitoba in 188<3 : — toba°&6 CENSUSOFMANITOB A— 1 886 . OOCCPATIOXS OP THB PeOPLK. Occupations. Employes of general Govern- ment Employes of municipftl Govern- ment^ including policemen... Militia officers Clergymen and all ministering to religion Lawyers, judges, law court ofllcers, students, &c Physicians, surgeons, students, &c Chemists and druggists Persons engaged in art and literary pursuits i Architects, surveyors and civil engineers Teachers Musicians Merchants ■ Commeicial employes Auctioneers, brokers, &c Hankers and money brokers Jiailway, telegraph and express employes Messengers and porters Manufacturers Mechanics Fishermen Persons engaged in lumbering, including mill hands... " in navigation and boat building " books " eng-aving, Ac " wrtchmaking, jewellery, he Number 224 (iO 127 .•no 241 201 47 10 95 4G4 23 562 ],07J) 26 33 Gil 88 30 15 67 41 47 215 9 44 Occupations. Persons engaged in carriages and harness " building and building ma terial " furniture and decorating. " food " drinks and stimulants, in- cluding hotel-keepers. " dress, clothing, &c " livery and stage, team- sters, &c " mining " metals, other than gold and silver " boots and shoes, hides... " wood, including carpen- ters " various other industries... *' various domestic occup- ations " various commercial oc cupations , " various professional oc cupations " agricultural pursuits , Contractors Dealers and traders Millers and millwrights Hunters Keepers and guards Labourers Pensioners (military) independent means Engaged in various occup- ations Number 119 314 218 363 379 497 347 5 726 03 760 115 1,702 651 153 22,882 160 141 141 64 79 1,916 4 104 108 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 95 122. The number of persons engaged in agricultural pur- i^j^f^f"^' siiits was very large, and slis^htly in excess of the pro- °'"'^- portion similarly engaged in 1881, being 210 in every 1,000 persons as compared with 205 in the former year. 123. The large increase in the number of railway and Railway ^ •' employes. telegraph employes, viz., 490, is a proof of the large exten- sion of these facilities in the Province. There was a decrease of 1,125 in the number of hunters, but it is prob- able that a number of Indians were returned as such in 1881. 124. The following is a list of the industrial establish- ^gtJ^^^jf.* ments in Manitoba in 1886, showing the number of each MaSuJba kind, the amount of capital invested, number of hands cm- '**''• • ployed and other particulars : — CEiVSUS OF MANITOllA,— 188<;. Industrial EsTAnLiSHMENTS. INOUHTUIKS. Aerated water making .... Axle grease works Hakeries • Baking powder factory..., Barbed wire factory Biscuit factory Hla^ksmiiliing Book-binding Boots and shoes Breweries Brick-making Carpenters shops Carriage-making Carving and gilding Cheesi factories Chemical establishments. Coffee and spice mills Confectionery Creameries Num< ber. Capital In- vested. 5 I 13 1 1 1 142 3 28 7 G 8 17 3 10 3 1 n Hands Em- ploy ed. Yearly Wages. 47,000 6,000 22.900 5,601 UT.OOO 30,000 eS.RftO 64,000 25,525 l.'iS.BOO 18,800 14,805 43,100 12,000 13,600 12,80 > 13,000 3,300 e,90G 18 3 35 2 5 25 18S 41 45 4T 82 30 57 7 19 11 6 4 7 Value of Raw Material. $ 7,000 2,500 18,844 375 750 7,500 72,744 13,500 20,400 30,340 10,718 19,275 34 700 2,900 2,140 7,130 2,550 840 2,350 Value of Articles Produced. $ 21,000 10,000 39,875 1,000 1,290 18,0001 40,220 14,000 24,095 62,8H0 1,280 21,255 33,410 9,000 13,015 10,200 12,000 1,2.50 6,732 65,400 15,000 77,500 1,800 2,387 38,< 00 164,3.30 45,000 58,358 231,200 32,600 64,800 92,600 14,000 18,977 30,000 16,000 6,600 10,440 ^ 4 ■U' If MM 1- ^1 \'i i I" if- m'' he ' MilSM i* 13!. 96 CHAPTER 11. CENSUS OP M A N I T 15 A , 188 6— Concluded. fM)C»TRIES. Dress-making, kc Fish coring Fl.nir and gristmills Foundries Furniture making Furriers, hatters, &c Gas works Grain chopping mills Gunsmithing Jewellers and watchmakers. Lime kiln!> Linseed oil mill Lithographing Packing case factory Paper bag factory Photographic galleries- Planing mills Printing offices Pump factories Saddle and harness making. Sash and door factories Sawmills Soap factory Stone and marble cutting. Tailoring Tanneries Tent-making Tinsmithing Vinegar factory Woollen mill Varicus industries Num- ber. Capital In- vested. $ 12 22,875 1 3, "CO 37 860,164 4 321,400 5 7,400 2 15.01 1 33.%936 3 17,800 ] 2,500 7 20,.300 42 18,663 1 9 ),000 1 8,000 1 7,000 1 6,000 11 33,700 4 37,000 16 212,700 7 9,200 20 102,290 4 65,000 40 368,235 1 25,000 3 14,500 20 97,150 3 3>,600 2 16,000 40 123,850 1 9,000 1 10,000 7 6,750 Hands Em- ploy- IT 30 3 214 90 12 16 9 n •t 18 79 U 4 3 4 22 32 184 12 59 47 .39.) 9 33 165 9 23 120 3 20 17 Yearly Wages. $ Value of Raw Material. Value of Articles Produced. $ 7,540 27,725 1,575 1,000 123,468 1,418,982 40,415 154,100 4,900 8,500 7,300 65,000 8,791 11, 6.50 380 14,210 1,200 TOO 10,075 11,025 4,190 3,7?7 2,850 25,000 2,500 2,400 1,760 2,800 2,500 2,000 11,950 1 1,800 16,714 58,000 123,830 75,126 6,265 5,125 40,082 111,225 22,000 103,000 G9,79l 146,975 6,000 12,000 20,200 11.400 69,350 119,000 6,100 18,500 7,500 5,000 80,345 116,185 1,000 6.400 9,000 9,000 6,200 9,540 $ 44,397 4 000 2,047,653 264,600 24,400 87,000 29,865 16,700 5,000 28,900 16,509 38,000 5,000 6,000 6,000 48,700 102,500 316,700 .16,890 185,712 158,600 305,711 23,000 41,500 218,332 .36,700 18,000 383,550 10,500 30,000 29,825 H Tendency 125. The above figures are as correct as it was possible to vafuation. obtain them, but as the valuation must always be neces- sarily left to the owners themselves, a certain amount of over- valuation is certain to exist. Great care was, how- ever, taken to keep the amounts within bounds. !i ::; POPUr^TION AND VITAL STATISTIOH. »t 126. A comparative statement of the several amouuts, J^^Sttlf.* showing the increase in each, between 1881 and 1886, is ™{Jf SS*** given below : ooraparod. INDUSTRIAL RSTABLISHMENTS IN MANITOBA— 1881-1886. Number of establishments..., Oapital iuvested Number of hands employed Yearly wages paid Value of raw materials Value of articles produced 1881. 1886. 344 $1,383,331 1,921 $765,507 $1,924,821 !t3,413,026 553 $3,474,583 2,307 $'J71,537 $2,887,677 !t5,526,166 Increase. 209 $2,091,252 386 $216,030 $962,856 $2,113,140 'i.'l: The amount paid in wages in 1881 was at the average rate of $393 per annum per each hand employed, in 1886 the average had risen to $421 per hand. Perhaps the largest and most important increase was in tiour and grist mills, the increase in number being 18, in hands employed 158, in wages paid $85,048, in capital invested $701,364, in value of raw material $1,027,982, and in value of articles produced $1,538,453. 127. The next table gives the yield of field products in Fieid pro- Manitoba in 1886, according to the oensus returns, together ^aitoba with the totals of the census of 1881, as far as available. ' I'll I' 'h r B*' ■, 98 CHAPTER TI. I '5 i: CKXSUH OF MANITOBA-188(;. FlKI,D PUODI'CTH. District ok Products. Totals. Selkirk. Mhi-. quctto. Proven- clicr. LiagHr. Wheat Barley Oate Potatoes Acres Bush.. Acres , Bush.. Acres . Bush.. Acres Bush.., Acres , Tons... ..Bush, and i Hay... Uyc.. Peas beans Flax seed... " Turnips " Other roots. " Prairie hay. Tons Flax and hemp, scut- ched Lbs.. 217,549 4,047,218 22,614 635,817 72,305 2,410,613 3,093 436,320 4,274 5,203 1,488 8,290 58,416 104,615 23,397 164,014 60 101,134 1,999,505 14,034 328,811 43,478 1,517,166 2,202 369,241 2,462 2,430 1,012 1,046 305 34,0.')8 6,8'i7 108 833 2,860 .30,462 418,141 6,269 110,347 16,728 426,440 1,429 168,793 329 392 4 2,2P0 2,326 8,232 20,300 78,104 14,544 245,642 3,864 79,134 13,622 383,653 1,916 221,906 1,389 1,630 70 1 033 1,156 9,679 13,348 89 686 40 Win- nipeg. TotrtI 18S1. 45 363,7.^14 680 6,711,186 5 46,776 125 1,054,2.34 145 146,378 3,170 4,740,9-17 106 8,565 17,315 1,203,675 28 8,482 30 9,1)8.5 2,574 13,030 376 62,203 1,790 158,374 8,865 72,737 347 441,064 2,960 51,293 1,033,673 253,604 1,270,268 4,306 656,193 1,203 8,991 149,025 49,096 2,148 Cultiva- tion of hny and wheat. 128. Cultivated was not separated from prairie hay in 1881, the total crop in that year having amounted to 185,279 tons. The amount of cultivated hay is at present very small, the prairie grass yielding more to the acre, and being amply sufficient for all services. The increase in wheat is naturally the largest, upwards of 350,000 acres having being brought under the cultivation of this grain since 1881. The yield to the acre was apparently larger in 1881, the average having been 20* 1 bushels, as compared with 18-4 bushels in 1886. Animals In Mani- toba 1886. 129. The next table gives similar information respecting the number of animals and their products. The largest proportionate increase was in the number of swine, and the POPULATION AND VITAL STATIMTlOfi. smalleHt in the number of working oxen, which havo boen to a great extent superseded by horses. CENSUS OF MANITOBA-188G. Animals and Ammai. Products. 99 Animals. 1 DiaraicT ok I 1 1 Totol. Total Selkirk. Mar- quette. Pioven- cber. Lisgar. Win- nipeg. 1881. IIorseB over 3 years No. Colts and fil- lies under 3 Tears " 13,653 3,608 242 6,863 16,0J6 26,164 4,949 62,762 1,179.831 21,305 7,316 2,487 181 3,710 12,041 24,646 4,800 29,049 1,044,826 36,903 3,645 1,112 24 2,103 7,066 12,689 2,526 10,993 484,020 6,732 3,537 1,094 62 2,116 10,626 20,998 3,778 8,325 743,288 10,885 999 34 9 16 1,450 288 29,160 8,335 618 13,802 46,208 84,675 16,063 101,490 3,469,624 74,826 14,189 2,229 12,215 20,29 i 27,611 6,071 17,282 957,152 19,618 Males « Working oxen " Milch cowi «' Other horned cattle ** Sheep " Swine " Butter, home- made ...Lbs Gbeese, home- made . " 361 18,040 130. The next tables give information concerning furs pursand and pelts, and shipping, and products of the icrest in 1886. j^initoba^ The census standard for logs is 100 ft. B.M. 1886. n 'iWi 100 OHAPrEIl II. OKNSrS OF MA.VITUBA— I8rt6. FUUH AND l*KLT8. I'll rs. 13caver B. Ill- Kitther Fox I«■■ Selkirk. Mar. qnette. I'ro- vencher [iit• •••••• 1 1 7j 9 9 572 1 ,5H8 49 614 7 32 1 7 13 3 Total. 1,127 350 79 2,682 1.117 214 5,365 36,084 204 2,989 105 6ai 84 86 2.38 155 1,029 'If! '•i 'i Shipping, flsheries and pro- ducts of the forest. HlllPPlNU, F18HBKIR8 AND Fl(0Di;CT.S OV THK F0BK8T. Shippinu. steam Vessels.... J ^"JJj^g^ „ I Number ''»'"K<'8 {Tonnage FiSHKllIES. Boas Number. Men " Nets Fathoms. Whitefish Barrels. Catfish •' Other Fish " FonicsT. Fine Logs Number. Hpruce Logs. . '* Other Logs " 1 212 1 23 36 37 1,675 440 506" 4 180 7 335 328 368 42,963 3,168 92 4,693 27,100 50,064 800 7 1,295 10 1,487 ••• 4 4 100 I 2 200 1ft 9 215 22 435 16,520 ... 2 50 150 2,484 24,999 100,351 12 1,687 18 1,847 369 411 44,938 3,623 103 5,470 27,122 75,648 120,155 KV Tottil. i,r2T 350 7!) 2,682 1,117 214 5,3U5 36,0R4 201 2,989 10.1 081 84 8(> 338 lAr> 1,029 7 12 5 1^7 18 7 1,847 361) 411 44,938 3,623 103 6,470 27,122 76,648 120,155 VOI'ULATIOV AND VITAL HUTI8TI0^<. 101 181. In view of iho proposed negotiatioiiN with rol'eroin'e „Vnow*' to the entry of Newfonndland into the Confederation, the fanlil*' following information will bo of interest : — The Island of Newfoundland, -which, with Labrador, is the only part of British North America not included in the Dominion, is situated on the north-east side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is 850 miles long by about 180 wide, with an estimated area of 40,000 square miles. The coast of Labrador has an area of about 120,000 square miles, but the number of inhabitants is very limited. A census of the colony was / taken in 1884, when it was found to contain 197,885 per- sons, of whom only 4,211 were living in Labrador. 132. The sex of those living in Labrador was not given, but of the 193,124 inhabitants of Newfoundland, 90,844 were {j^PHi*- raales and 93,7«0 females, being an excess of males of o,5t)4 ; f^.uad- the proportion of females being 94*30 per 100 males. The '*"**• population of St. John, the capital of the colony, was 8S,14>, viz., 18,508 males and 19,642 females, the numerical excess of females beitig 1,139, and the proportion 106* 15 females perlOOmAles. 133. The Boman Catholic, Church of England and Wes- leyaji are the principle religious denominations, the num- Reiigioni. beWf and proportions being as follows : — Rbmsn OatfaoUc 75,254 Charcb of England U.9,000 Wesleyan 48,767 Presbyterian ),49S' OtlierdfenominationB 1,470 Not given 1,34.<» rroportiou to: Population. 38-13 34* 96 24*71 0*75 0-74 O'iift 184. The factories, mills, &c., numbered 198 and employ- industrial ed 2,459 hands ; their total value was fl ,161,852, and the ZfX\'^' vali&e of godds produced |1,891,16*7. lif- :" '1 iii 1 102 OHAPTRU II. Farm •took. FlHblnir IndiiHtry. KducA- tlon. Area of Cantda. Area of Europe. 186. Th« total area under cultivation waa 40,90tJ acres, and the numbers of farm stock were as follow : — Cows, 19,088 ; horses, 6,r)8« ; sheep, 40,82« ; swine, 21,555 ; aud goats, *7,984 186 The principal industry is fishing, principally cod and seaj, nnd 60,419 persons, being 80'6I per cent, of the population, wore engaged in it, the total number of vessels and boats employed being 25,225. In the Bank fishery for cod 60 vessels, aggregating 2,507 tons and em- ploying 1,< OS persons were engaged, and in seal fishing there were 21 steam vessels of 5,b7t tons and employing 4,778 men. The number of seals caught was 865, 9JU. 137. In 1885, there were 204 Bomau Catholit; schools, 174 Church of England, 107 Methodist aud 7 oth(^rs, making a total of 492, at which the attendance was 27,822. The Government grant amounted to $4.17 per head of attending scholars, and the proportion of denominational population attending school was : Church of England, 15'25 per cent. ; Methodist, 18*68 per ceut ; Roman Catholic, 1801 per cent. ; other denominations, 1005 per cent. 188. The area of Canada is estimated to contain 3,610,257 square miles. It is the largest of all the British possessions, embracing very nearly one-half of the whole Empire. The continent of Australia is the next largest, having an area of 2,944,623 square miies, and the area of Tasmania and New Zealand added to this, makes the total aroa of the Austral- asian Colonies 8,075,080, or 535,227 squar-^ tniles less than that of Canada. The total area of t!: ^ /' ..: i Empire is 7,999,618 square miles. The combined area, therefore, of Canada and the Australasian Colonies comprises very nearly se-« ^-^n-eighths of the whole Empire. 139. Th, area of the whole continent of Europe is I POPULATION AND VITATi STATISTICS. 108 S.tSG.OOS square milfs. It is ihoreforo only 145,745 Rqtmro miles larger than tho Dominion of Canada. 140. The area of Onmi Britain and Ir^'Iand is \'2)AU i),7*ciwril Kquare miles, so that Canada is iiparly thirty tirae^ as largo i}?ita'n a« the whole of the United Kingdom. If is «00,00( sqiuiiv \\?,i^HiSL. miles larger than the United StatoH without Alaska, and about 18,000 square miles larger than both rombinod. 141. Tne estimated area of the world is r)2,6ll,()04 square Ar^or miles, and its estimated population l,488,8^7,50(). Canada, therefore, covers rather more than one-l'ourte«'nth part of this surface, but contains only about one*two hundred and eighty-sixth part of the estimated population 142. The following are the areas of the 8« eral Provinces Area* or and Districts : ui prov InaM, Ac Snuare Miles. Ontario IS1,80() Quebec I88,68H Nora Scotia 20,907 New Brunswiclc '27,174 Manitoba (>0,520 Dritish Columbia 34i,.'<05 Prince Edward Island 2,13:{ District of Keewatin about 400,000 " Alberta " 100,000 " AsBiniboia <' 95,000 •' Athabasca " 122.000 «« Saskatchewan " 114,000 Remainder of the Territories 1,816,730 .3,470,257 Great lakes, rirers, kc, not included in above areas 140,00*) 3,610,257 ^'»1 The area of the Province of Manitoba was erroneously stated at 1 23,200 square miles in the Statistical Abstract, 1886, that portion which was added to the District of f 'M i 104 CHAPFKR II. If l|! ■I* Density of i)op':>a tion t Popula- tion and are* of British powee- bIoos. Keewatin and to Ontario not having been deducted. The areas of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec can only be considered as approximate, the northern boundaries of both Provinces not having yet been exactly defined. It will be seen that Canada has an area of inland water surface which is alone 18,885, square miles larger than the combined area of Great Britain. 143. 1 .ince Edward Island is the smallest of all the Provinces, but is more than twice as thickly populated as any other Province, the proportion being 51*0 persons to the square mile. Nova Scotia comes next in density of population, with 210 persons. The following is the order in which the Provinces stand, according to density of population : Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Manitul.a, British Columbia. 144. The following table, compiled priucii>ally from official sources, gives the population and area of the United Kingdom and its possessions, according to the latest avail- able information : — AREA AND POPULATION OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS. CoLOiNY. Kstimated Area. Europe ; United Kingdom — England and Wales Scotland Ireland {Soldiers and sailors abroad Sq. Miles. 58,764 29,820 32,531 Total, United Kingdom. (libraltar IJeligoland Malta Total, Europe 121 115 2 1 117 Population, Kstimated or Census. 2«,247,15I 3,991,499 4,852,914 216,000 37,307,564 24,139 2,001* 159,231 Persons to the Square Mile. 481 134 149 308 12,0G9 2,001 1,361 121,236 37,492,935 309 * Census. Hill POPULATION AND \ITAL STATISTICS. ilRBA AND POPULATION OP BRITISH POSSESSION3-Con<»«««rf. Colony. Asia : Aden Ceylon Cyprus Hong Kon^r India (British) Labuan North Borneo Perim Straits Settlement To till. Asia Africa : Ascension ■ .. Cape Colony. (lambia Gold Goajt ... lia|;os Mauritius Natal St. Helena .... Sierra Leone . Total, Africa America : Remiudaft Canada British Quiana Newfoundland M^Mt' Indies— Hahamas Tarks Island Jitmaica Windward Ulaad*— St. Lucia St. Vincent Uarbadoes Grenadih Tobaso Leeward Island!— Vir)|in Islands St Kitt» Nevis Antigua Montserrat Doniiaica TrinidAd Totnl, America. Estimated Area. Population, Estimated or Census. Sq. Miles. 66 2"),365 3,584 30 1,004,720 .30 ■27,500 6 1,472 1,122,772 I 205,715,315 35 219,700 69 18,784 1,069 713 18,760 47 3,000 262,167 2,62.3,694 19 3,470,257 109,000 42,000 4,466 169 4,193 338 133 166 133 114 67 6S m 32 291 1,754 3,633,307 6,436,252 • o Census. 34,711 2,8.'iO,000 186,173* 200,990 •201,755,993 6,298 175,000 150 506,000 200 1,252,347 14,150* 400,000 87,165 361,404 442,697 5,085 60,546* 16,177 4,S75,035 270,042 197,335* 45,701 4,778 680,804* 41,000 46,031 173,622* 47,364 19,640 5,287* 29,137* 11,864* 34,964* 11,360 28,211* 178,270 Persons to the Square Mile. 526 112 52 0,700 ISd 210 6 30 344 183 6 (> 205 21 81 507 23 108 20 10 799 1 2 4 10 28 138 172 338 1,045 36ft 173 93 448, 237 206 356 9T 102 1-77 105 irH ?!!^' V • ' 1 «■■ V' I ', 1 .1 I -'l CHAPTER II. AREA AND POPULATION OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS— Conciucferf. Colony. Australasia : New Zealand New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria s Western Australia Total, Australasia South Seas : Fiji Islands Falkland Islands Total, South Seas Total. British Possessions Bstiniatcd Area. Sq. Miles. 104,027 309,175 668,224 903,425 26,375 87,884 975,920 3,075,030 7,740 6,500 14,240 Population, Ksti mated or Census. 689,38« 1,001,99(5 342,614 ai2,758 137,211 1,003,043 39,584 3,426,592 126,010 1,800 144,010 8,228,751 255,838,698 Persons to the Square Mile. 3 O'.Sl 35 5 U 0*04 16 0-28 10 31 Popuia- 145. The next table ffives the area and population of tiOD and " * * fore*gi foreign countries : «onntricF. ARRA AND POPULATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. CODNTUV. ECROPK, Aaatr!a>Hungary Belgium Denmark " Colonies of. France " Colonies of German Empire Greece Italy Montenearro Netherlands Estimated Area, 240,942 11,373 14,124 86,614 204,177 1,788,268 211,149 25,014 114,410 3,650 12,648 ' Census. Population, Estimated or Year. Penona to the Square Mile. Census. 39,640,8.'?4 1886 164 5,909,075 1886 520 2,108,000 1886 149 115,988 1880 1 •38,218,903 1886 187 16,459,995 1882 9 •46,855,704 1885 221 •1,979,453 1879 79 29,943,607 1886 262 •220,000 1879 62 4,39?,857 1886 347 ,.:i POPUI^ATION AND VITAL STATiailOS. AREA AND POPULATION OP FOREIGN OOUNTRIES-Con/jHuei. lot [';:i' ! CoUNi'RY. EunoPE — Concluded. Netherlands, Colonies of Portugal " Coloniea of Roumanis Russia in Europe " in Asia Total Russian Empire Servia. Spain '• Colonics of. Sweden and Norway Switzerland Turkey in Europe " Asia " Africa " Egypt Total Turkisu Empire Total Europe.... Asia. China " Dependencies Corca Japan Persia Hiatn Total Asia Africa. Liberia Madagascar Morocco South African Republic Tunis Zanzibar Total Africa America. Arircntine Republic Koltvia Br«'/il Chili EstiniHted Area, 766.137 34,038 705 ,-258 48,307 2,093,5' 4 6,548,600 8,644,104 18,800 197,767 163,876 294,184 15,892 125,289 729,-380 398,873 11,000 1,264,542 24,773,&20 1,297,999 2,881,560 82,0 148,456 628,000 250,000 6,288,015 14,300 228,500 219,000 114,360 42,000 625 618,785 1,125,086 772,548 3,219,000 293,970 * Census. Estimated Population, or Census. 28,687,341 •4,708,178 3,338,951 5,5( 0,< 00 88,205,353 15,805,740 104,071093 •1,937 172 17,226,254 9,996,058 6,676,189 2,940,602 9,277,040 16,174,056 1,000,000 6,817,265 33,268,361 541,532,969 383,000,f/00 21,180,000 12,000,000 38,151,217 7,653,600 6,000,000 467,981,817 l,fi68,000 3,500,000 5,000,000 360,000 1,510,000 210,010 11,668,000 3,435,286 1,&52,(>79 12,922,375 •2,526,969 Year. 1886 1881 1887 1884 1884 188 1 1885 1885 Persons to the Square Mile. 1885 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1885 1885 1886 1886 1881 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1887 1886 1886 1885 37 13P 5 114 42 2 12 103 87 61 23 18.5 74 22 2 620 26 22 295 7 146 257 12 24 88 75 15 23 3 36 384 19 3 3 4 8 108 t> < CHAPTER II. AREA AND POPULATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES— fonc/wrfe.i. CoiINTHY. Amkhica -Concluded. Colombia Costa Rica .... Ecuador Gaatemala Ilayti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua , Paraguay Peru Salvador Ran Domingo., United States. Uruguay Venezuela Total America. Oceania. Hawaii. Total Estimatrd Area. 504,773 23,200 248,370 46,800 10,2)4 46,400 742,148 49,600 91,970 463,747 7,226 18,046 3,602,990 73,538 632,695 11,972,209 6,677 42,659,506 Population, Estimated Year. or Census. 3,878,600 1881 •182,078 1883 •1,004,651 1883 1,357,900 1887 572,000 1886 458,000 1884 10.447,974 1882 275,815 1883 •239,774 1887 2,699,945 1876 •651,130 1886 504,0)0 1887 60,15'i,785 1887 596.463 1886 2,121,988 1884 105,977,807 •80,578 1884 1,127,244,171 Persons to the Square Mile. ' 8 7 4 29 56 10 14 6 3 6 90 28 17 8 12 2» Poputa- tlon of the world. •Census. I 140. Accordiug to figares in the Statesman's Year Book, 1888, the estimated population of the world in 1886 was : Millions. Europe 347 Asia 789 Africa 197 Atnerica: 112 Occaoia 38 The World 1,48.^ POPULATIOxV AND VITAL STATISTIOr*. P>aT n. -VITAL STATISTICS. 109 147. Twenty-two towns made returns of mortuary statistics ^f°i',^5''''* tor the year 1886, and with the exception of certain figures statistica. collected by the Provincial G-overnment with more or less accuracy, these returns are the only means of information respecting the urban rate of mortality in Canada that are available, and they, moreover, comprise the only vital statis- tics of any nature collected by the Dominion G-overnment, except such as are obtained at the taking of each census, and except those statistics ot the French population of "^ Quebec, which, with the assistance of the Government, are taken by the Koman Catholic Church. The large extent of territory, and consequently the great outlay that would be necessary have hitherto prevented the adoption by Government of any comprehensive plan for the collec- tion of this class of statistics, but as their importance is becoming more fully recognized every day, and as the G-ov- ernment have in contemplation the establishment of a Sta- tistical Bureau in connection with the new Department of Trade and Commerce, it is possible that some endeavour will be soon made to secure correct returns of births, deaths and marriages throughout the Dominion, though it will neces- sarily be some time before they can attain any very high degree of accuracy. 148. The following table gives the. number of deaths in Deaths in twenty-two cities and towns in Canada, together with the tpwnsin ratio per 1,000 deaths at different ages. The figures are taken from the mortuary statistics, and while fairly correct must be accepted with a (pertain amount of reserve. „f (I ■ii; 110 CHAPTER II. m[> i I'-l 11 <4? 00 oc < O »-^ o H Q < in o •J < U3 td I- b, o 55 O CO H ts tn 43 Q o o (4 (14 II © • CO m ♦- a, © . 2 " ©, ro e * 2 « IS W O et 2* O© 3 . 08— 0. 2 OS t-Q- -^ 0-. *« M I- (M « -< I- OS i^^ M C-< -Hcr5»«aoo5©o^-^-©tO-H 00— '«©irtt-©«c^>rt©r-t-«Oio;c>M©©rHaor-oo CO "t © — 1 fO ?1 W © O 'I' »t r- 00 tC © C-l 1^1 CO 00 'M 'J Cl ■^ o: I- 00 ^ >;< 00 in »n •^ •;" -t e>i cc M lo •>*• •»»< rq CO © I— « — 'j^'^^aoM©©'^1c^^--•j5 0ST»'do>Hdo©lrt-^cb^- r-•-ao<^^— ©C2— »»— Mt-ooio©©-^coi-"h-cooo ©©co©M'tQC-<©i-5-i»©r-eo— lO'^'t—oi— asfoco © in o r- irt r- >— ^3 !-• CO © ^ ip I;- ■-" -H Cp t;- 1^ op O © I- ■-I ci^ © © <» >— « © © M" o © m 'M r- o (M in © 00 © m >n 00 — •^ CO >* ■^ — -Ji-tiO —''-'© t— ©© l-l-tOrrO'^C^l '* »j"©0 — e^iifti— 'aoao©in"t'!j"M'— 1>— ii— 11— ico<-ic^>— I'-'COJ'i'— ' 6 *- a c3 2 X 03^ oi S 4J a g J" o2 ■a S._ *-• 0"5t" 2 9 u S C $~i* ft o°'5 ^"^ a.>ja «x3xu «_ ©■BWOcOiJ^^oowcBHUaQaHfaa; 0) S3 W. .•a m: / ■, rOPUT.ATlON AND VITAL STATISTICS. Ill 149. The heaviest death rate in the table was that of Kcom- Sorel, viz., 44*88, as this is the first time this place has p*"*'* made complete returns, it is not possible to know whether the above figures are anywhere near the normal rate or not, but it is probably ihey are not. The town appears to have suffered from a visitation of diphtheria and throat affections, the combined deaths from these two causes having been 02 out of a total of 303, or 3036 per cent. St. Ilyacinthe, which had the second highest rate last year, viz., 48 83, is again second in the list, with a reduced rate, but still a very high one : out of a total of 264 deaths, 106, or 40*15 per cent., occurred from atrophy and debility and teething, 82 of which were of infants under two years of age. There w^ere also 39 deaths from small-pox, being an increase of 3 over the preceding year. The death rate in Montreal was lower than it had been since the returns were first made, but no particular value can be attached to any com- parison of this description, for previous to 1886 the various populations were only estimated, and in many cases con- siderably under or over the mark, now, however, that the plan of taking the population, according to the municipal returns in each year, has been adopted, comparisons of the death rate between places and years will soon become of distinct value. 160. The largest number of deaths was in every instance Deaths of of children under 6 years of age, the proportion to the total *^*' ' '^*'°* number having been 52*43 per cent. There were 5,738 deaths returned of children under I year of age, being 34*54 percent, of the total deaths, a larger proportion than in 1885 when it was 31*6 per cent. Diarrhoeal affections were, as before, most fatal to these young children, 1,428 deaths from this cause being recorded, 1,332 from atrophy and debility, 702 from diseases of the respiratory organs, and 332 from premature birth, so that 66 15 per cent, of the deaths under one year resulted from the above four causes. The ?1 Ifi ■ 5 ■is .11 ¥: ■ f 112 CHAPTER II. iHeguf-**'' *o*^^ number of deaths of illegiiimate children returned matoohii- was 1.146, but with the exception of those from Montreal Quebec and Ottawa, the figures are far too wide of the mark to be of any value. Owing to the natural desire for con- cealment on the part of the parents, the difficulty of obtain- ing accurate returns of this class of deaths is excessive. Out of the above number, no less than 1,080 or 9424 per cent, were under one year of age. The number of cases of children still-born returned was 756. The number of deaths recorded from suicide was 31, viz., 22 males and 9 females, the number returned in 1885 from 19 cities, was 21. The above number of suicides were divided among 12 out of the 21 cities, the largest number, viz., 9, being from Toronto. DeathK from suicide. i)eath8 161. The following table gives the number of deaths fatal '"*** from eight most fatal diseases in the 22 cities making returns diHonses. in 1886:— DEATHS FROM THE MOST FATAL DISEASES— 18ft6. ¥•-'. OlTIKB. Atro- phy and debility. Diarr- hoeal. Lang dis- eases. Phthi. sis. Cere- bro.- spinal affec- tions. Diph- theria. Throat affec- tions. Diseases of heart and blood vessels . Montreal Toronto 1,014 256 235 68 .39 15 40 70 19 3 42 10 29 12 37 ■M 8 11 1 4 64 3 687 177 267 79 57 65 248 45 24 19 13 4 8 5 25 28 5 12 30 11 10 13 465 351 164 98 102 51 83 79 69 16 27 19 22 17 18 23 21 22 9 18 16 21 486 236 182 96 95 30 62 107 57 341 127 244 51 47 21 30 17 58 235 184 118 76 39 23 46 59 27 14 8 200 111 129 21 66 19 28 17 14 12 22 8 t 6 13 9 2 62 15 2 II 216 127 Cuebec 7fi Hamilton Halifax Winnipeg Ottawa St. John, N.B.. London 48 47 14 27 17 34 St. Thomas Kingston (Jharlottetown 17 10 43 8 36 1'2 (1 It! ]| Guelph Belleville Three Rivera... Sherbrooke .... Chatham ,Ont. Peterborough. Sorel Frcdericton.... St. Hyacinthe. Gait 16 20 27 24 18 18 20 13 22 13 10 11 4 14 21 5 9 3 6 2 31 6 9 17 40 27 17 4 17 II 8 7 «> f) 7 8 6 Total •2,005 1,822 1,711 1,638 1,029 988 756 727 1 diseased of at heart !- and a. blood vessels . lO 216 I 127 9 7r, 11 48 »6 47 19 14 28 27 17 17 14 M 12 (I I'i l)t 8 11 4 17 5 II 6 « 13 7 9 (> 2 !) N2 7 15 8 2 }» 11 6 r56 1 727 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 113 152. The order of fatality was somewhat difForent from Suiity that of 1885, as will be seen from the followiu arrange* ^*'^'^~® meiit, the most fatal disease boin^- placed first : — 1885. Atrophy and debility. Tjun>^ diseases. Phthisis. Dianha'ul atl'cctions €erebro spinal ntrections. IMpbtheriii Diseases of heart and lilood vesFels. Throat atlectioiis. 1886. Atro])hy and debility. I)iarrhu>al affcctioas. Lung diseases. Phthisi.s. C'ercbro spinal affections. Diphtlieria. Throat affections. Diseases of heart and blood vessels. 153. The total number of deaths from atrophy and de- Deaths bility w^as 5 less than in 1MS5, but it is still the largest Itrophy number irom any one cause. Out of 2,005 deaths from this buityf' cause 1,477 were of children under 6 years of age, being 7366 per cent, of the whole number, a proportion slightly less than that of 1885, which was 74" 51 per cent. There wa an increase of 646 or no less than 42*79 per cent, in the number of deaths from diarrhoeal affections, of J,'°/J^^?o for four veins. 36 56 21-2 ► 10-99 20 68 25- 9J 22-43 157. All deaths from typhus, enteric or typhoid and Typhun simple continued fevers are included in one item, and it is i,yphoid ^ ' fevers. not, therefore, possible to separate exactly the deaths from the different diseases ; but as cases of pure typhus are extremely rare in this country, it will not be very far wrong to consider all the deaths under the above head as deaths from typhoid fever. The absolute difference between typhus and typhoid has now been so thoroughly well established that it would be well if the two fevers were treated as two separate and distinct diseases. As long- ago as 1869 they were separated in the Registrar G-eneral's returns for England and Wales, and in his presidential address to the Epidemiological Society on 9th November, 1887, Dr. Thome said that since the differentiation of these two poisons, the deaths from tpyhus had fallen from 19 to 01, and from typhoid from 39 to 1*7 per 10,000 living. He further stated that it had been now conclusively established that they were two distinct diseases, due to two separate specific contagia and developing under two altogether dif- ferent circumstances. 158. The long continued drought of the summer and Causes of autumn of 1887 has been held responsible for a very general outbreak of typhoid fever and diphtheria, and though the returns are not yet available, there is no doubt that in pro- 8* i , '(.; l!f' m 'i";; III •J if 'Si ') ill ii'^ 116 Denihs from ty- phoid. CHAFIKU II. portion to population, the deaths have been very num^rou.s. CJroat as llie udvancos arc that havo boon inadt; in sanitary conditions in this country of hitu years, it is clear that thi^ urran«»\'mi»nts aro by no moans as perfect yet as thoy ought to be. Bad drainage in one form or another is almost in- variably th«^ original cause of these diseases. In the address above alluded to Dr. Thome says that typhoid is due to speciJic infection, always operating through the agency of lilth, and which finds its nidus in conditions brought by failure to deal properly with the solid and liquid refuse of populations. Its potency of infection is such that when present in notable water in quantities infinitesimal, and altogether beyond the reach of discovery either by chemis- try or physics, it is yet able to lead to widespread disaster. Since 1861) no less than $40,000,000 have been spent in England *' on sanitary work aimed essentially at the removal of conditions favourable to this and allied diseases." 149. As no returns are made, it is, of course, not possible to ascertain the number of deaths from typhoid in the Dominion, the only figures available beiiig those in the mor- tuary statistics, and the following is a comparative state- ment of the number of deaths from typhoid fever in 19 cities in 1885 and 1886: OlTlES. Montreal Toronto Quebec Hamilton Halifax Winnipeg. Ottawa St. John KinfiCston St Thomas.... Charlottetown 1886. 1886. . 96 92 6:5 38 35 16 U 12 9 6 22 18 12 15 6 7 6 3 4 2 4 7 1 C1TIH.S. 1885. 1886. Gaelph Belleville Chatham Siierbrooke ... Peterborough. B'redericton ... St Hyatiathe Gait Total.... 5 .! 7 1 8 1 292 245 ■i m I'M POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTI08. in IGO. A( V ordiiig to the above figures, the deaths from Bf*i'*ty. typhoid and simple coutiuued fever in 19 cities with * r^nued" * population of 675,674 in 1886 was 0-86 per 1,000 living, iomjl?^. In Ijoiidon in 188 S with a population of 4,083,928, the deaths from typhoid were 016, and from simple and ill defined fever 002; in the same year in England and Wales from the same cauHes the deaihs were 0*17 and O'O^ re- spectively per 1,000 living. In Ireland in 1886, the deaths from the same causes, with a population of 5,174.886, were 014 and 0*07 reupectively per 1,000 living. While the death rate in London from both causes combined wbf; 019 per v 1,000 living, in Montreal it was 049 in Ottawa 0*45, and in Toronto 0-82. 161 . Serious as these figures are in themselves, when cause of the returns for the current year are published thev will be break of •' * • typhoid In found still more alarming, and it is plainly the duty of JJ^^jg""*" civic and municipal authorities to take vigorous and im- mediate steps towards remedying this dangerous state of affairs. The colony of Queensland in 1884 suffered from a similar visitation, and the following extract from the Register General's report for that year describes so closely the condition of affairs in Canada, that it is worth quoting : " The absence of the ordinary rain, cleansini^ the open " water-courses and drains in our large centres of population . " and also washing all impurities from the surface, rendered " the task imposed on the various Boards of Health of " cleansing our cities and towns, averydilTicult one. It is '* evident from Ihe resiilt that, unaided by nature in the " manner indicated, they have been unable to combat " successfully with the death-dealing germs engendered " during the hot and dry season in 1884. The increased *' mortality from this cause, the highest ever recorded in the " colony, must be looked upon with the utmost gravity, " and those charged with the sanitary conditions of our II ■ii ( y- Typhoid and diph- theria in Toron- to. CHAPTER II. *' townships should make strenuous efforts to fight against " this fatal disease, one which in nearly all cases attacks " the very flower of the population, those in the prime of " life and strength. The more glaring sanitary deftjvv is may " have been dealt with by them, but it is apparent that " many death-dealing nuisances are still in existence to " cause such a heavy loss of life from typhoid fever, as that " which occurred last year." 162. The report of the Toronto Local Board of Health for 1887 calls special attention to the serious increase of diphtheria and typhoid fever in that city. The cases of typhoid increased from 52 in 1886 to 193 in 1887 and of diphtheria from 214 to 625. As has been pointed out, these diseases are pre-eminently filth diseases, and as such are more or less preventable if only proper precautions are taken. It is only too apparent that " many death-dealing " nuisances are still in existence," and it is doubtful if in many places even " the more glaring sanitary defects have *' been dealt with." ^m*i^e- ^^^' The following extract from the Toronto Report is full Kronto o^ truth, and should be read by every one, the conditions ISaitii?' being possible in almost every part of the Dominion, but more particularly applicable to cities, towns and villages : " So long as privy pits continue in the built up parts of cities, storing up filth to putrify during warm weather, and give forth noxious gases, so long as wells containing foul organic matter continue to be used, so long as cisterns with putrified rain water remain in yards, often near win- dows and doors, so long as the yards continue to be be- foul'^d by kitchen slops and fluid excrement from want of house drainage, so long as stables are allowed with flooring which absorbs the liquid manure, and allows it to pass into the ground, and the manure is allowed to ac- cumulate lying upon the ground and exposed to the rain, and so long as garbage is used for filling up low ground :/ POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 119 " to decompose and ferment, perhaps to have a dwelling " erected over it, so long as these evils are allowed to existj '* there is no chance for a cessation of these frightful "diseases. On the contrary a steady increase may con- '* fidently be lookedfor." 164. Water is always a most important factor in spreading purioca- typhoid fever, and whenever the slightest suspicion of dan- water. ger exists, it should be always boiled before using. It is also said that one-half grain of alum to each gallon of water will render it comparatively pure and free from contamina- " tion. 165. There was a slight decrease in the number of deaf and dumb in Manitoba in 1886, the proportion being one in every 1,357 persons as compared with one in every 1,846 in 1881. There were 19 deaf and dumb in The Territories in 1885, being one in every 2,645 of the population. There was a decided increase in the number of those of unsound mind, the proportion being one in every 1,308, in 1881 it was one in every 1,U90. In The Territories the total number was 10, being one in every 4,862 persons. The decrease in the number of blind persons in Manitoba in 1886 was very marked, the number being only one in every 6,790 persons, against one in every 2,127 in 1881. In The Territories the proportion was very large indeed, being as high as one in every 819 persons, this high rate is presuma- bly caused by the dirt and smoke among the Indians. Deaf and dumb, ln> sane and blind, in Manitoba and the Three Dis- tricts, 18IB and iSSS. •Toronto Board of Health Report, 1887 p. 17. \:i ■J ■ I { , ; ! 4' I .4j /' I CHAPTER III. FINANCE. The fiscal year. Conver- sion of foreign currency. 166. The fiscal year of the old Province of Canada used to be identical with the calendar year, and terminate on the 31st December ; in 1864, however, a change was made, and it was decided to commence the fiscal year on the 1st July and end it on the 30th June. At Confederation the same plan was adopted for the Dominion, and has since been main- tained. As therefore, all financial and commercial returns, and as a general rule departmental reports, are made up to the 30th June in each year, the fiscal year beginning on the 1st July and ending on the 30th June, is the one spoken of and refered to throughout this work, except where spe- cially mentioned. 16t. In all cases where figures relating to foreign coun- tries have been used, their values have been first changed into pounds sterling, and then converted into currency at the rate of $4.86*66. For the sake of convenience, cents have been omitted from most of the tables, and only used with reference to amounts per head and similar calculations. 16S. The receipts from the sources of the ordinary revenue of the country are paid into what is called the Consolidated Fund, and payments thereout are made to cover the ordinary expenses. These receipts and payments therefore constitute what may bo called the regular income and expenditure of the country, and the figures relating thereto are among the principal indicators of its financial and commercial condition. f?venue?' 169. The ordinary revenue is derived from a variety of sources, which may, however, b.e dividef* into two classes viz., " Taxation " and " Other sources." The amounts raised by taxation consist solely of Customs and Excise duties, Consolida- ted Fund. ' u. \ FINANCE. , ' 121 and those raised from other sources consist of money derived from the postal service, railways, public works &c. The ordinary expenditure provides for the charges for debt and provincial subsidies, charges on revenue, and the current expenses of the country. 170. The following figures give the ordinary revenue and SJIex-® expenditure for the year ended 30th June, 1887 :— Fw.'"'"'*' Revenue $35,784,993 I Expenditure 35,657,680 ..... Revenue in excess of ezpeaditure $97,313 " '" , !|:i1 171. The revenue was $2,577,953 in excess of that of the increase preceding year, while there was a decrease in the expendi- crease.' ture amounting to $3,353,932. The increase in revenue was derived almost entirely from taxation, there being an in- crease in the receipts from Customs duties of $3,005,250 and from excise duties of $455,296, and a decrease in receipts from various sources of $882,593. The amount paid on account of the North "West Rebellion of 1885, was much less than that paid in the previous year, and was moreover charged to a different account (see par. 176) which facts to a large extent explain the reduction in expenditure. There was also a decrease in charges for debt and subsidies, and in the expenses of Legislation. 172. The following table gives the receipts and payments Thecon- on account of the Consolidated Fund, that is, the ordinary {'^''.ises- re venue and expenditure of the country for the last 20 years, and shows the surplus or deficiency in each year: 'Ml,' !■ \ i i'' .I'r M r.{% •3 It: i I pa i • 122 CHAPTER III. RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS ON ACCOUNT OP THE CONSOLIDATED FUND (ORDINARY REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE)-1868 to 1887. Yrar endkd 30 June, 1868 1869 1870 187r 1872 1873 1874 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 CONSOLIDATKD FuND. Revenue. $ 13,687,928 14,379,174 15,512,225 19,335,560 20,714,813 20,813,469 24,205,092 24,648,715 22,587,587 22,059,274 22,375,011 22,517,382 23,307,406 29,635,297 33,383,455 35,794,649 31,861,961 32,797,001 33,177,040 35,754,993 Expenditure $ 13,486,092 14,038,084 14,345,509 15,623,081 17,589,468 19,174,647 23,316 316 23,713,071 24,488,372 23,519,301 23,503,158 24,456,381 24,850,634 25,502,554 27,067.103 28,730,157 31,107,706 35,037,060 39,011,612 35,657,680 Revenue in Excess of Expendi- ture. $ 201,836 341,090 1,166,716 3,712,479 3,125,345 1,638,822 888,776 935,644 4,132,743 6,316,352 7,064,492 154,255 97,313 Expenditure in Excess of Revenue. 1,900,785 1,460,027 1,128,147 1,937,999 1,543,228 2,240,059 5,834,572 Surolus ia( nue. anddefl It ^^^' ^^ thirteen years out of the twenty that have elapsed of reve- since Confederation, there has been a surplus of revenue, and in the remaining seven an excess cf ^vpenditure. The total amount of surplus during the period has been $30,3^5,- 863, and of deficit $16,044,81 T, being a net excess of revenue over expenditure of $14,331,046. The revenue raised in 188*7 w^as, v\rith one exception, the largest ever raised (that raised in 1883 having exceeded it by $39,656.) and v^as $22,06'7,065 in excess of that of 1868, the first year after Con- feJ.jration, being an increase of 161 percent. After deduct- ing the war expenditure from the expenditure of 1886, it will be seen that there was a decrease of ordinary expendi- ture in the year under review amounting to $176,'712, with FINANCE. the exception however of 1886, the expenditure was the larg'est since Confederation, exceeding that of 1868 by increase $22,171,688, being an increase of 164 per cent. The expendi- in expen- ture has therefore increased in a somewhat larger proportion than the revenue, but when the difficulties and expenses attending the opening up of new country are considered, it will be seen to be inevitable that at the beginning the expenditure should increase in faster proportion than the revenue, and in connection .with the increase in expendi- ture the large extent of additional territory brought under control since Confederation must not be overlooked. 174. The following is a detailed comparative statement of Svenuef ' the various receipts on account of the Consolidated Fund from all sources in the years 1886 and 1887, showing the increase or decrease in each item: — HEADS OP REVENUE— CONSOLIDATED FUND, 1886 AND 1887. Heads or Revrnue. Amounts Received. Increase. Decrease. 1885-86. 1886-87. Taxation. Customs $ 19,373,551 5,852,904 22,378,801 6,308,201 $ 3,005,250 455,297 $ Excise Total 25,226,455 28,687,002 3,460,547 Land Reveni;k. Ordnance Lands 26,483 21,677 191,782 4,806 Dominion " 191,782 Total 26,483 213,459 186,976 Public Wokks. Canals 305,056 24 655 2,629,336 60 317 6,159 6,i'95 3,226 46,863 7 291,844 31,519 2,839,745 62,506 8,485 5,999 1,618 29,066 7 13,212 " on account Hydraulic Rents 6,864 210,409 2,189 2,326 Railways Slides nnd Booms Minor Public Works Hydraulic and other Rents... Earninors of Dredecs 796 1 608 Telegraphs 17,797 Harbour Imurovements Total 3,082,417 '789 8,371 m \ - ^:|: m 124 CHAPTER III. HEADS OF REVENUE— CONSOLIDATED ¥\JYiD— Concluded. Hkadh or Revsnuk. Post Ofkick, Ordinary Revenue, including Ocean Postage Money Order„ Total Other Sources. Fees, Fines and Forfeitures, including Seizures Militia Lighthouse and Coast Service Weights and Measures Premium, Discount and Ex- change Interest on Investments Fisheries Penitentiaries Casual Superannuation Insurance Supcrintondci. Dominion Steamers Marine Hospitals Canada Gazette Supreme Court Peports Mariners Fund... 1 Tonnage f Harbour Police . J Dues \ Steamboat Inspection Gas Inspection and Law Stamps Total Total Revenue on account of Consolidated Fund Amounts Kcccived. 1885-86. 1,862,155 49,535 1,901,690 129,010 24,331 4,575 .S3 ,230 70,313 2,2n m ■ ICO vt-9>-taom m 00 >-< ob I Q D Q Ed H < Q O CO o o I ua D > H M Eei O 00 Q «^ g 00 H M » s 00 CO 00 C4«iAOJ qpi I'* o nui-^^tota CO eH oo>fiioco«e!«'--iet-ceqo»'<«n M^t- in cp ^ '^ t> •-• o "OS 00 A M ^ f-< OS CO CO e F-lT»;i. I '' 00 •o 00 C4 C4 lo" © if a cS d •o bi O d « d -I i o 9J a ^ -S o9_tg ; D S o 1 rf*S W 0), = 3 CO *2 fc"* »*'-' Si»< ** Mrs S^^S S-fl i„: )Jii iB 184 CHAPTER III. :f^ 1 . 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ReyenuA •nd «x 187. The following table gives the proportion per head perheadf of estimated population, to the ordinary revenue and expenditure (Consolidated Fund) for every year since Con- federation : — PROPORTION OF ORDINARY REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE PER HEAD OP POPULATION— ie86-87. Yeab bndkd 30ih Jcne, 1868.. 1869.., 1870.., 1871.. 1872.. 1873. 1874. 1875.. 1876., 1877. , 1878.. 1879., 1880., 1881.. 1882. . 1553 . , 1884., 188S.. 1886.. 1887... Population Estimated. Revenue per Head. $ cts. 3,371,594 4 05 3,412,617 4 21 3,464,248 4 49 3,518,411 5 50 3,610,992 5 74 3,668,220 5 C7 3,825,305 6 33 3,886,534 6 34 3,949,163 5 72 4,013,271 5 60 4,078,924 5 49 i, 146, 196 5 43 4,215,389 5 53 4,345,809 6 82 4,430,396 7 54 4,517,176 7 92 4,605,654 6 92 4,695,864 6 98 4,793,403 6 92 4,875,035 7 33 Expen* diture per Head. $ cts. 00 11 16 44 4 87 5 23 6 10 6 10 6 20 6 86 76 90 90 87 11 6 36 6 75 7 46 8 13 7 31 6 5 5 5 6 Manitoba, not incladed in estimated population until 1371. British Columbia do do 1872. Prince Edward Island do do 1874. The Territories do do 1831. !S!dde^ 188. The revenue was 41 cents per head more than in SUd'**^' 1886, and with the exception of the years 1882 and 1888 was higher than in any year since Confederation, in those years however it was 21 cents and 59 cents respectively more per head than in 1887. The expenditure was 82 cents leps than in the preceding year, but with the exception also of 1885 was in advance of any other year in the table. 4 00 4 11 4 15 444 4 87 5 23 6 10 6 10 6 20 5 86 5 76 5 90 5 90 5 87 6 11 6 36 6 75 7 46 8 13 7 81 FINANCE. 18t 189. The following statement gives the revenues and ex- 2Jd*ex-** penditures in the United Kingdom and British Possessions, [^^SSJg" principally in the year 1886, with the proportion of each ^«J*^ per head of population : REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Country. Earope — United Kingdom Gibraltar Mfilta Aaia— India Ceylon Straits Settlement Labuao Hong Kong Africa — Mlauritias Natal Cape of Qood Hope. . St. Helena Lagos Gold Coast Sierra Leone Gambia America — Canada. ...^ Newfoundland Bermudas Honduras Br.fisb Guiana West In4ies— Bahamas... TjurjES Island Jamaica Windward Islands.... Leeward Islands Trinidad Aiistralasia— New South Wales... . Vicoria South Australia Western Australia.... Soeensland asmania Now Zealand South Seas- Fiji Falkland Islands Total. Year 1887 1886 1886 1386 1886 1386 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1087 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 Reybnub. Amount. $ 441,760,765 253,666 1,088,931 362,392,425 4,886,304 3,267,611 17,836 1,386,975 3,518,584 2,920,866 14,796,803 49,672 269,904 596,318 306,284 69,452 35,754,993 1,050,008 148,520 264,557 2,170,655 228,441 50,«j67 2,814,605 1,303,693 509,204 2 "08,581 36,968,927 31,640,967 9,612,975 1,891,011 13,676,049 2,768,763 17,948,340 314,260 45,236 998,830,637 Per Head. $ cte 11 84 13 80 6 83 79 66 6 46 2 5i 6 90 . 9 55 6 69 11 81 9 80 3 17 92 5 06 4 90 7 33 5 32 9 78 9 18 7 91 5 00 10 69 4 66 3 94 4 22 12 38 36 89 31 44 30 74 47 77 12 35 20 18 30 45 2 49 23 51 3 89 Expenditure. Amount. $ 437,984,192 245,226 1,320,847 376,027,491 5,013,645 3,048,002 20,221 2,251,704 4,083,168 3,491,420 18,613,491 54,650 269,530 648,697 308,946 113,651 35,657,680 1,689,809 138,369 304,434 2,321,225 236,681 40,223 2,887,383 1,341,9.30 502,104 2,158,381 4i,18^,S29 31,699,228 10,874,056 1,920,762 15,683,213 2,846,813 20,979,587 380,247 38,o90 1,029,177,306 Per Head' $ cts. 11 74 13 34 8 30 1 86 1 70 6 02 2 88 11 20 11 09 7 88 14 78 10 78 29 00 10 89 7 31 8 56 9 12 10 66 8 46 5 15 8 48 79 06 16 4 4 4 12 11 44 10 31 60 34 76 48 62 48 27 20 74 35 60 3 02 20 11 4 01 I ''if in' ■rt lit 188 CHAPTER III. Revenues In Anstra- laslan co- lonies. 190. The expenditure exceeded the revenue in 2*7 out of the 36 countries and colonies named in the list, and the total expenditure was $30,346,668 in excess of revenue. In proportion to population, both the revenues and expendi- tures of the Australasian Colonies, are very high, the chief explanation of which is that '* a considerable revenue is " deri^^e from the usufruct of the unsold lands, which " is not .jnorally the case elsewhere, the revenues also are " swelled by the large sums which are received annually " from the alienation of Crown Lands, and from the working •' of the State railways." =* " The practice of treating " money derived from the sale of Crown Lands as revenue " obtains in all the Australian Colonies, and the money so •' raised forms one of the largest items of their annual '* income.''^ Canada will undoubtedly in a few years be deriving a large revenue from the sale of Dominion Lands, provided that the practice of treating such moneys as revenue will be in force, but all the principal railways are in the hands of private companies. Both in India and Cape Colony, the railways are principally owned by the Grovern- ment, producing a corresponding difference in the amount of revenue. Revenues 191. The ordinary revenues and expenditures in some of and ex- , •' , ^nditures the principal foreign countries, as nearly as they could bo countries, ascertained, have been given in the following table : — • Victorian Year Book, 1884-5. p. 131. j: Wealth and Progress of New South Wales, p. 383. '. 11 FINANCE. REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 189 Countries Austria Hungary Belgium Denmark Egypt France •German Empire , Greece. Italy Japan Mexico Netlierlanda Norway and Sweden. Portugal Russia Spain Switzerland., ., Turkey United States , Year. 1887 1886 1887 1886 1887 1886 1886 1887 1886 1886 1887 1887 1885 1886 1886 1887 1885 1887 Amount Revenue. per Head. $ $ cts. c<36,439,883 8 49 64,079,485 10 84 16,421,150 7 32 45,016,470 6 60 755,515,300 19 77 184.360,490 3 93 16,205,000 8 22 j2 7,685, 420 10 94 76,428.360 2 00 30,025,000 2 93 48,641,140 11 08 34,.'i67,977 5 18 35,758,640 7 59 694.416,128 6 67 168,334,456 9 77 10,025,751 3 41 73,6S1,000 2 90 •'1.403.277 6 17 Expenditure. $ 341,709,456 62,830,000 16,136,420 47,613,705 755,658,6^0 156,562,940 17,060,000 332,845,730 76.286,.S00 26,390,324 49,362,820 34,289,1.36 42, '.-6,350 662,843,950 174,644,593 10,045,6.35 76,662,148 267,932,180 Amount per Head. $ cts. 8 62 10 63 7 65 6 98 19 77 3 34 8 62 11 12 2 00 2 53 11 24 5 9 6 10 3 3 4 14 01 37 14 42 01 45 \ *Not including the revenues and expenditures of tlie several States. France has both the largest revenue and the largest expenditure of any country in the world, considerably exceeding that of the United Kingdom, in 1887 it will be seen that the two amounts were almost identical, the pro- portion per head of population being the same ; the same remark applies to Japan. Expenditure was in excess of revenue in ten out of the eighteen countries about which particulars are given. 192. As stated above in paragraph 169, the sources from Jg"^,°^5' which the ordinary revenue is derived, may be divided into tio™Md*" two classes, viz., 1, taxation ; 2, other sources, following figures give the amount raised in each class in 1887:— Revenue raised by taxation $28,687,002 " " from other sources 7,067,991 And fViA oUier Total $35,754,993 ';fi .V) 1 ■■ ill 140 CHAPTER III. ReeelpU firomMx»- tlon. 193. As compared with the preceding year, there was an increase in receipts from taxation of $8,460,546, and a de- crease from other sources of $882,598, and of the total revenue 80*28 per cent, was derived from taxation as against 7608 per cent, in 1886. The receipts from taxation being derived solely from Customs and Excise duties, it follows, in the absence of any extreme increase in the tariff, that the more prosperous the country, and the larger its trade, the greater will be the amount derived from taxation, and as the largest part of the revenue is obtained in this manner, in the years of the largest revenues, the amount of taxation per head of population will also be found to be largest. It will be seen, however, that in 1882 when the amount derived from taxation was $1,137,956 less than in the year under review, the amount paid per head was 34 cents more, and it will also be noticed that the proportion of revenue raised by taxation in these days of a protective tariff, is not so large as it was in the years when a revenue tariff was in force. Amounts ^^^* '^^^ foUowiug table gives the amount raised by taxa- taiutuo? tion in each year since 1st July, 1867, also the average ww-1887. amount of such taxation paid per head of population, and the proportion of total revenue : — 9!tl taxa- rerage L, and m FINANCE. TAXATION— 1868 TO 1887. 14l YkAR RNDKI) 30TII JONB. 1868.. 1869.. 1870., 1871.. 1872. 1873., 1874., 187r)., 1876., 1877., 1878. 1879., 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Taxation. Gross Amount. $ 11,700,681 11,112573 13,087,882 16,320,368 17,715,552 17,616,554 20,129,185 20,664,878 18,614,415 17,697,924 17,841,938 18,476,613 18,479 576 2.%942,138 27,549,040 29 269,69b 25,483,199 25,.384,529 25,226,456 28,687,002 Increase. Decrease. Average per Head. $ 1,975,309 3,232,486 1,395,184 2,512,631 535,693 144,014 634 675 2,963 5,462,562 3,t;o«,908 1,720,652 3,460,546 $ 588,108 98,998 2,050,463 916,491 3,786,499 98,070 158 073 $ cts, 47 26 79 64 91 80 26 32 71 41 37 46 38 51 22 48 53 40 26 88 Per- centage Total Revenue 85-48 77-28 84-37 84-41 86-52 84-64 83-16 83-84 82-41 80-23 79-74 82-05 79-29 80-79 82-52 81-77 79-98 77-39 76-03 80-23 195. The largest amount derived from taxation in any monaM one year during the period was iu 1888, when the amount tioBu**' was $582,696 in excess of that of 1887, in which year, however, the next largest amount was raised; the smallest amount raised was in 1869, viz., $11,112,573, or $17,574,429 less than in 18:^7. Comparing the first and last years of the above period of twenty years, it will be found that while the total receipts have increased 145 per cent., the amount paid per head of population has only increased 69 per cent., while the proportion to total revenue has decreased 6' 14 per cent. 196. Several very important changes were made in the ohangM tariff in 1887, more particularly in tht iron duties. A slight tariir change was made in the export duties by cedar logs I i I w ik \ 11 .ii ,1 'I i I 142 CHAPTER III. capable of being made into shiuglo bolts being classed with shingle bolts and liable to the same duty, viz., $1.50 per cord. Amounts nilsed 197. The following table gives the amounts raisi^d from SS^^nd Customs and Excise duties during the last twenty years, together with the pr<»portion of each to population : — tooUe dO' tiM,1867- IW?. TAXATION BY CUSTOMS AND EXCISE DUTIFS, AND PROPORTION TO POPULATION— 1868-1887. Year knoing 30th Jcne, Customs. Amount per Head. Excise. Amount per Head. 1868 1869 $ 8,578,380 8,272,879 9,334,212 11,841,104 12,787,982 12,954,164 14,325,192 15,.351,011 12,823,837 12,546,987 12,782,824 12,900,659 14,071,343 18,406,092 21,581,570 23,009,582 20,023,890 18,935,428 19,373,551 22,378,801 $ cts. 2 54 2 42 2 70 3 36 3 54 3 53 3 74 3 95 3 25 3 14 3 13 3 11 3 34 4 23 4 87 5 09 4 43 4 03 4 04 4 59 $ .3,002,588 2,710.028 3,619,622 4,295,944 4,735,651 4,460,681 5,594,90,3 5,069,687 5,563,487 4,941 897 4,858,671 5,, 390, 763 4,2.32,427 5,343,022 5,884,859 i 6,260,116 1 5,459,309 i 6,449,101 5,852,904 6,308,201 i % cts. 89 79 1870 1 05 1871 1 22 1872 1 31 1873 I 22 1874 1 46 1875 1 30 1876 1 41 1877 1 23 1878 1 19 1879 1 30 1880 1 00 1881 1 23 1882 1 33 1883 1 39 1884 1885 1886 1 18 1 37 1 23 1887 1 29 Propor- tion de- SL'SSr *^e whole 198. It will be seen that considerably the largest part of amount of taxation is derived from Customs duties, the proportion in 1887 being 78 per cent., in 1886 it was 76 per cent., in 1885, 74 per cent, and in 1884, 78 per cent. This is a larger proportion than in either the United Kingdom and most of the colonies, or in many European countries and the United Stries. 202. years under and e: FINANCE. 148 ised 1.50 rom cars, ION mount per Head. cts. 89 7!) 1 O.'i 1 22 1 31 1 22 1 46 1 30 1 41 1 23 1 11» 1 30 I 00 V 23 I 33 1 39 1 18 1 37 1 23 1 29 )art of istoms L886 it |78 per Tnited ropean lft9. The expenses of collection of Customs revouuo wore collection only 300 por cent, of 'the amount realized, and with the revenue"* exception of the years 1882 and 1888 was the lowest pro- portion in any year since Confederation. The fact, how- ever, of those two years and the one under review being- the years in which the largest amounts were realized, shows that the proportion does not always increase with the amount, and that it costs as much to collect a small Customs revenue as a large one. Considering the large area of the Dominion, and the length of its frontiers, together with the large number of ports of entry it is necessary to keep up, the cost of collection must be considered as being moderate. In the United Kingdom in 188*7 it was 4*70 per cent. 200. There being no sytem of direct taxation in this indirect country, and the use of articles on which Excise duties are t»«»Mon» collected being to a very lar^e extent optional, it follows that the Customs duties alone form that part of the general taxation of which everyone must pay a share, and it will therefore, be satisfactory to notice from the foregoing table that the receipts from Customs duties have increased in far larger proportion than has the proportion of population, showing that the ability to purchase has increased in much greater ratio than the burden of taxation, the increase in the receipts from Customs being 160 per cent, since 1868, and in the amount per head only 41 per cent. 201. In the United Kingdom in 188Y the proportion per customs head was $2.62, in the United States in the same year it dutiesper was $3.53, in both cases being a smaller proportion than in somefo- this country, while in some of the Austrtilian colonies it Countries, was very much higher ; for instance, in New South Wales it was |l0.04, in New Zealand $10.86, and in Queensland i;:15.2Y per head. 202. The following is n statement for the last twenty Heads of years of the amounts received from the principal heads Isbmsot?* under which taxation has been levied by means of customs and excise duties. As the tariff has undergone many changes during the period, notably in 1879, no comparisons can be strictly made from year to year, and the figures must always be considered with reference to the tariff in force at the time : — h-- 1 f .; I '^i Iff ?. >' 144 3 ^S| m 111 " ;3 ^ e 60 O 4 a z >a a a H •a a .s CHAPTER III. 1 5 8 5 8 S o I f-l -H *•! t" 'S 'S 0> «0 •c 'S. O f » in irt M M t- 'H I _ •* tS f •* M -i o e4 ( iSSSioooSe^jj © •-^'- '•L"^®^^'" « ^ ^' » M »- "^^ o -™ w d -H -H 'i Ti ao_«_'f_«5^-^ *J.'*U^^' * "> ^' '■'5 't' f- * A 0> M >-4 A — CO « o »t- w 00 ^ «» c^i-* ioMiao5'i«OMMt- — t-ao"-30oooo*io«»5 F^i-»^oooj©Mooo©-*oo;oo-HMO>®t^iH OL-mr40^>nSao_-l0»©t-»-«O««>ft-H( 1 «> W © M t- ^ in M »-<-H^^Mncon— I ^ » I (S © >H F-l (O I M 0} 71 < f-( W J- I ■* 1^ •* CO ««■ CO CO O 05 -H » O ' — •^'tincowioaot-m'^o IA cot-xir-©©t-coai— •'t'co©^ "^ "* — ©C0«©>O71-H-HdC000© t^ 05 05 < _.._._ l-HdOOOO©CO"t7>^_ — oooicrjcoincoin — o-^oO'-«7i^cocO»co S12 • ■ OOOOQOOOQOOOQOOOXQOQOQOOOOOOOOOQOaOOOQO CO •J >j fi3 O H •J XJ >^ o < ft. o cc Q <: ea H m 02 n FINANCE. 145 al qc r r M i.'s I- p— -H M ad in jv V, 5 oc r i •*' M op 0) ._ — ?. -^ :t -f -« y "4 M T cv 25 ?>^ * c I- o M -1" «6 Ob 00 . . — MX' ri Ti Ti •» at — I » a- o ^dS, ' ffs . PI -- T<» "^ — < O o '4 in I ^4 in ^^ < a a S o o u I IT! IT ; t )-< lO ' t-^-f rf '^--f o""f «« ■* "♦ »•■<»' 00 00 « cToo Ti sT^" 1-1 i-l f! ft M S'l —1 ■-•'MM >i in >-< -< ri « r- 00 1 - lO I ?> M V I «f I- in 00 o in in w in ji — M *^ -^ ■:? M M i-t3005--«»f'JSi'-'JSMMQin^®O?5 i_iA ^^'■"^<''_* *^_'n ©_QO^'-__c^w o 'b S I- oo_ M o''^i "f ^i-"in'"— "oo i-'"r-''in"3f o'-f « '-* o> od" sis-!ij;!???.S3i";r^^5gi|«-g "*" ^ in « I- « oj o I- •- '- '- ^ M in I- f :■: M « 4, j^ ^1 — « M ^ Q M f O "t X r. •, ^ « -t r- J". 00 « — fl I— ri m A Q i,-5 ri o "i t ^ — »r I- T <«• 1- ;a X o sj,'^*''' fO_!v5 « -^'T "^ "» ■ 1^ •+ e in in o i-H -^ n ?i "t in •^ f M S in — 00 o — i- «- in > DO 2 ^^ww M-tt-t-cn — i-siO 1- o r- © C'l in m i-i -" M M — o '.0 00 M ai w <-« -t »- -t Si o ?>i -J 'o - — in as ■-"-"MMfl-'^X'—i i ^; -. -1 ^s in i © ;0 ff! I— M M *^ S'S S ?!r^''?8 ?"2 ^is'S'i 2 s 2 2",® 'is 2 F-« •—< ^H ^H iM -^ ^1 »—* P-H ^1 jr; ) S. ^ •n o SW «» g? a » SB B 10 s fo «o '^ o — '- M ■» as '— « p- r --•!.• —I © Ml- t- -N M 55 «> © — "f 1-- in as ^! X M © I- • I- 01 i-i ■* I—' as X 1- c to ■* — M © »* -< M © »* .'.'■. 1- in — — M n .— — < © ©l©'MM^inC5M© « X as I- ^J5 in M t ' i-i M © o -^ in M 3 r t e -" -* © — rt ri rt X — -. © I- t- as ri lo © < in as M "" as ? 2;^S3§g3Sg w OS t- in © M OS •* in 'f'ln'in" »n >— I in M « r- r-i as © — M n !■- as as oc 5 X — ^; r> X as t- X 00 OS c i-i M M -t in X in as a: r- un ■M M M 1 ^J 5? -5 '^i ■^1 '*'©■-' 00 I -< « 00 M in © —< r- X ;©""©" 00 ©"?-" i — in a: X M I-' M M I— 1 © r- X a: ■D « n M -t in © I ^otat— 1^1— t— t— t— I— t— i-i-xxxxxxx ^ WXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXjC' I li < u 1 i l1 ]i 146 GHAI^EB III. Duty on bill 208. The duties on bill stamps, &c., were all repealed in stamps. 1882, the amount received in that year up to the date of repeal having been |82,616, and the total amount received Receipts siuce Confederation, $2,686,850. The receipts from tobacco bacco and were higher than in any year since 1876, owing, however, duti«s. more to increased duty than to increased consumption, and the decrease in duties on cigars was owing to a larger con- sumption of domestic manufactures. The receipts from sugar duties were $863,703 more than in 1886, and were larger than in any other year in the table. The duties on tea and coffee were taken off in 188 i, causing a large reduction of revenue. consump- 204. The consumption of tea and sugar per inhabitant •nd8° gar! has been generally considered one of the best standards by which to judge the condition of the people, it having been found that the consumption of thewe two articles indicates more clearly than almost anything else their well-being, or otherwise ; and judging the condition of the inhab- itants of Canada by this test, it will be found that there has been a steady and satisfactory improvement. In 1868 the consumption of sugar was 15 lbs. pi^r head, in 1877 it was 23 lbs. per head, and in 1887 it was no less than 41 lbs., an increase of 18 lbs. per head in the last ten years, and nearly double the quantity consumed in 1877. As far as information is available it would appear that the per capita consumption of sugar in Canada is larger than that of almost any other country, with the exception of the Ignited Kingdom and the United States, a fact that speaks well for the condition of the working classes in this coun- try. In the United Kingdom the amount was 60| lbs. per head, a decrease of 4 lbs. as compared with 1885 ; in the United States it was about 44 lbs., not very much more than in this country. The consumption of tea has also very largely increased, in 1868 it was 2 lbs. per head, in 1877 u ^ FINANCE. 14t it was 3J lbs. per head, and in 188*7 about 4 lbs. per head. The consumption of tea in England in 18ti6 was about 4f lbs. per head. According to the Trade and Navigation Returns there was a large decrease in the con- sumption of tea in 1887 as compared with 1886, but this article being free of duty, it is all entered as for consump- tion, and no notice of its future course taken ; some of it may again leave the country, and some of it may be yet in warehouse, however about 4 lbs. per head is probably now the consumption iii Canada. 205. The amount of taxation in the United Kingdom, Ta™"?* ° 'In British and in such other British possessions for which the iigures J°^n^*' for any recent period were available, are given, as nearly as could be ascertained, in the following table : — TAXATION IN PRINCIPAL BRITISH POSSESSIONS COUNTUY. United Kingdom.... India Cape of Good Hope Natal Canada New South Wales . Victoria South Australia Queensland Western Australia . Tasmania New Zealand T AXATION. Year Per- Amount. Per Head. centage of Total Revenue. $ S cts. 1887 .370,426,000 9 93 83 85 1887 1.36,628 182 68 37 70 1881 8,175,074 7 79 56 00 1882 1,353,403 3 28 42 28 1887 28,687,002 5 88 80 23 1887 12,710,930 12 68 34 39 1887 13,607,983 13 56 43 14 1885 3,647,308 11 65 32 45 1887 5,872,013 17 14 42 94 1885 709,730 20 83 45 11 1886 1,842,957 13 43 66 56 1886 10,956,405 18 58 61 04 A larger percentage of revenue is raised in Canada than elsewhere, with the exception of the United Kingdom, but, India excluded, the amount raised per head by taxa- lOJ ; Mil n :<■].'■ f iv ' V; .1 ll \H n i 148 CHAPTER III. tion is, in all the countries, very much larger than in the Dominion. In New Zealand, "Western Australia and Queens- land it is nearly four times as much. rraxation 206. The following table gives the amount of taxation in countries, some of the principal foreign countries : — TAXATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. (JOUNTIIV. Year. Elhoi'k. Austria (proper) 1881 Belgium 1887 France i 1887 German Empire I 1887 Greece 1887 Italy 1887 Netherlands i 1887 Portugal 1 1887 Russia I 1887 Spain 1887 Asia. Japan. 1887 America. Mexico 1887 United States 18.7 i Taxation. Amount. Per Mead. $ 103,353,047 31.974,022 440.857,294 r2G,'780,487 10,741,828 246,209,015 39,092 ,5!t6 31,392,785 252,788,575 140,0.')4,379 04,983,402 29,000,000 330,143,175 $ cts. 08 41 11 69 2 70 5 42 8 22 9 6 2 8 04 67 43 05 1 70 2 77 5 59 Percentage of Revenue. 81-8 52-6 72-4 56-5 74-1 81 2 84-3 84 1 65 5 88 2 81 3 811 90-5 Propor- tion of taxation torevenuo In foreign ooantrle.''. 207 The actual figures for 1886, not being available, most of the above figures are taken from the estimated revenue for 1887. The United States, it will be seen, expected to raise the largest proportion from taxation, over 00 per cent, being derivable from this source, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal raising the next largest proportions. Belgium only raised half its revenue in this manner, and Russia two- thirds, all the other counties raise over 70 per cent. It will the ns- 1 iu ititagc ivenue. (1-8 )2-« 12-4 5G-5 74-1 pi 2 84-3 84 1 fj 88-2 81 A 811 90-5 , most ue for raise being Ls and only two- [i will FINANCE. be observed that of the counlries given in the two tables, the amount raised by taxation is largest in France, the United Kingdom and the United States in the order named, and that with the exception of the Australasian Colonies, the amount per head in France is larger than in any other country named. The percentage of taxation to revenue is lowest in South Australia, New South Wales and ludia. 208. The gross debt of the Dominion of Canada on the 30th June, 1887, amounted to $2*73,187,626, on the same date in 1886 it w^as $273,164,341, there was therefore during the year an increase in the gross amount of liabilities of $23,285. 209. The net public debt on the same date in 1887 was $227,314,775, and in 1886, $223,159,107, being an increase in the actual net liabilities of $4,155,668. This increase is to be accounted for as follows : — Public V.'^orks (including Railways and Canals) $3,983,629 Railway subsidies ; 1,406,533 Dominion LandF 162,391 North-West Territories Rebellion expenses 293,918 $5,846,471 Less — Amount of surplus $ 97,313 do sinking fund 1,592,953 do consolidated fund transfers 537 1,690,803 $4,155,668 149 Gross debt ot Can- ada, 1887. Net debt 1887. Particul- ars of in- crease of debt. 1:") m I ! i At ' i1 > 1 1 j ; - i. >4:» i Mi ij. Maa!'?i£'i^Tl i,V 150 CHAPTER III. cot-'t-<'P03t-©— i:ti~--!fr*'!f©~i-HQocn>OM'O00 ^ CJOOMninoio — p'5 0s©r<©osco-oeo-*-H© \ir. • ■»t_^,T)^T 1 in^co^iq_Ti^— ^t^c^rt t.'^^^®,'^ '^'^'^ s s O ooc^r© co"© -^© M coe ^ Q + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + 1 +-t + + + s== S Eh •^Mr^Tt — ^-w«^^-l-c©^oooooolO-Hloo5©^- «)•-lM^-ino■»tasoolncoo^-HOl--co^-oo?Or-l^- H^ , *A O ^ ^ 4) oot-o>©tO'~oo-*co^ioe^Oi-iiOrHco,-it-05'* «> e>^inio©©oo'i'ino5co«o«o©»o<-i Q \X^ ,^ ifT «« 11^ od" t-^ c-f oT oo" «o" ■^ C(f ^ cf M irT ?f o6" n" to" pf f- 4> S D 5^ ,-l,-l^rHi-li-lr-(^.-lrt^i-ICnin'Moo©©-*^t-inoooo , r-c.--H'M05i— l©'>!i'>-00(Mi-lCO©C0 01 0, Mco — ■M©ooco©oo»-»nooos(Mi>'i-iooio©«« C-1©/; M— i-t-^asOOTOlOOOOCOf-iiMl— O5C0 gs OS . eS 0> t; ai bi O S o o c « €» 00 o^M^ -^^ -"O^oi 00 0-. r-- 00 00 !q_oT^r-i o_^ "^.''i.*^.'-!. 4] a »— 1 »-H r^ ,— ( LITIEi ULTIPL ^ O + + + + +I+ + ++I+ + + +I++I 1 c -H m T* 1.-5 1 - o '* M ^ in Ci M — 00 iM 1— n o 00 in lO 1 5 oc « ■> n m 02 ^ , -1' lO C£ Ci — — 1 » •« © -^ 1--5 — -O :/, 1- O ^: lO C35 M 00 CO i>'©MMcoc';-taoioxcmMMirtrO'M©ioior« ^ 55 0^ «^ e-ifc©ooQO«©co>n^i--"crorM"irrco"r-7 -(""(^'c^'-^'-Jcrcrotrcrio" r-^N^5.-^C^■:■«J* I-l 00 •^ © C^ C5 ® © 1^ •■- CI © © ■«1< t- -- >-< •* O ;^co©'Mi35in — inoo'*. o©© — 't-'Oicooo «j« , :©coi--©-rc>i- c> C3 VI QQ : © lO rt ^ t-"fo © oi '-H ^ -H~-o o t- CO ©.-■■: '-^ © CO OF THE OR DE 03 OS . in © CO o © •>* c^i Oi -^ t- 00 c-i in ^ © © c^ M © M w ° o €» Jf-H rli-Ht-H rH "^C^ ^ Q :+++ 1 +++++++++++ 1 ++++ MENT 1 REASE • _COOOCO'M05'M'-l'-il~''*00<-i©t-i-l-*;01^-r-ltO ♦^ iow©©xi-fOin©oomtot--^cn>oo--©-*c-i © © Ci I- -.5 r- Tf in rf 'J OC M 00 •* m iM rt •* O CO «J XI if ATE INCl Q ©©i-HCOM©cocoroT(©i-H-^i-ieiC>jTj<»a©l-l:~«— Oi05©©'*©t— t— i-i,- < OS <1 O CO o cu §1 5 O o > aa t^ 00 05 ©" pH C-l CO «* lO CO i— 00 OS © »H M CO 't >o © t- >H <»©•rn^-t-^-t-^-^-^-^-^•t-ooooooooooooaoao oo r- 1 00 00 00 00 00 * l-l ao 00 1-H 00 l-H 00 00 oc 00 1—1 00 l-H 00 00 pH 00 00 JO l-H tioii f^k • ''I FINANCE. 151 210. The preceding table gives the total liabilities and meat of assets and the net liabilities, together with the respective fmbuiu.es increase or decrease of each, for every year since Confedera- tion. The number of years of revenue required to pay oflf a sum equivalent to the debt are also given. 211 With the exception of the years 1871 and 1882 there increase has been an increase in the amount of debt in every year since Confederation, the total increase amounting to $151,- 585,270, being an average annual increase of 17,^79,263. The assets it will be seen show a decrease in 1887 of $4,132,383. 212. In 1868 the debt was equivalent to five and one Propor- • ^w• 1T11 1 t> tion Of half year s revenue, in 872 it would only have taken four F^^^°,^^® years' revenue, and in 1887 it would have required 6 years and 4 months of revenue to pay oft' the debt. It will be seen, therefore, that the debt has increased in a somewhat greater ratio than the revenue, the proportion of increase being 200 per cent, and 161 per cent, respectively. 213. The principal objects upon which this large increase objects of of debt has been laid out have been the following, viz., the assumption by the Dominion of the debts of the various Provinces on their entering the Confederation, the construc- tion of the Intercolonial and Canadian Pacific Railways and of numerous public works, the enlargement and im- provement of canals, and the acquisition and management of the N orth-West Territories. 214. Thj combined debt of the four Provinces which was ^^"^P" assumed by the Dominion at the time of Confederation was ^la^'debtfc* $77,500,000. In 1869 a further allowance of $1,186,766 was made to Nova Scotia, and since that date additional Provin- cial debts have been assumed or allowed by the Dominion to the extent of $80,743,393, making a total assumption of ,y' i 1 ■! I ■ ■ r ctm * .•' ■:.' \i- * 1S2 Pftrticul- srs of Pro- Tins) al debts '.a- Bumed. CHAPTER III. Provincial debts of f 109,430,148, leaving therefore the sum of $117,883,763 as the actual net liability created by the Dominion Government since Confederation. For it must be remembered that the allowance of these debts to the Provinces was in accordance with arrangements made at that time, and that though the amount of tlio public di'l)t has been thereby increased, no new liabiliti< s have b.eTi. actually created, inasmuch as tliese clebtSj if not ♦akc lorei* by the Dominion, would still bo owing by the Proviii sum of $13,- 169,541 more than the total actual increase of the debt ^ince Confederation 21*7. The total expenditure on capital amount since Con- Slo*!?'' federation has been $169,624,446, made up as follows : — SlSt Debta allowed to Provinces $ 30,743,393 fldera^**"' Canadian Pacific Railway 01,760,785 "on. Miscellaneous Public Works 37,243,100 Intercolonial Railway 32,049,420 , North-West Territories 3,213,918 \ Dominion Lands 2,723,729 Eastern Extension Railway 1,28G,5P2 Prince Edward Island Railway 218,088 Short Line Railway 208,959 Cape Breton Railway 76,502 §169,524,446 Increase of Debt 151,585,270 Expenditure in excess of increase of Debt.. $17,939,176 218. Including th« expenses attendant on the acquisition uitunTon of the North-West Territories, the following amounts, in- worUs. eluding expenditure charged to revenue, have been spent on public works since Confederation : — Railways $100,326,856 Canals 31,660,498 Lighthouses and Navigation 8,284,580 Acquisition and Management of the North-West 5,356,035 Government Buildings and Miscellaneous Public Works 16,236.348 $161,864,317 Prior to Confederation there was expended on Rail- ways and Cuiiuls 52,944,175 On Public Works 10,690,917 Making a total expenditure on Public Works of.... $ 225,499,409 219. The following table shows the amounts spent by SenTex- the Government in each year since Confederation on the ra'piblfo construction of Kailways, Canals, Public Buildings and i8e7-'i887. other works : — ■■ \ 'I I ill ^1 III i I ^s t i I it il i 154 CHAPTER III. GOVERNMENT EXPKNDITURE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC WOKKS OF C.VNADA, SINCE Iht JULY, 1867. Expendi- ture for working expaflses, <%c. Cost of the Parlia- ment Buidings. Year kndbd 301 H JUXE. Railways. Canals. Public Buildings. Other Public Works. Total. 1808 $ 483,.353 282,615 1,729,381 2,94«,930 5,620,569 5,763,268 .3,925,123 5,018,427 4,497,434 3,209,502 2,643,741 2,r)(»7,fl.-)3 6,109,.599 5,577,236 5,176,8.32 11,707,619 14,134.9.33 11,241,975 4,480,833 3.270,4.33 $ 128,965 126,954 105,588 1.33,373 290,075 383,916 1,240,628 1,715,310 2,389.1)44 4,131,396 3,843,339 3,064,t98 2,123,306 2,100,243 1,670,268 1,857,546 1,665,351 1,572,918 1,333,422 1,783,698 105,960 113,453 73,514 410,101 678,936 422,030 600,962 800.812 1,075,483 736,2-10 518,908 372,059 442,394 507,949 Olc,UOd 675,260 1,291,963 1,030,988 117,346 1,029,859 94,629 60,028 184,270 249,287 620,583 831,837 1,064,967 914,197 927,615 540,804 363,708 380,481 298,529 ^■.63,388 .542,251 877,456 1,372,823 1,208,274 451,890 1,525,660 812,907 1869 583 049 1870 2,092,753 1871 1872 1873 3,740,190 7.110,163 7,401,061 1874 6,831,680 1875 8,448,745 1876 1877 8,890,076 8,617,942 1878 7,369,695 1879 6,323,691 1880 8,973,888 1881 8,748,815 1882 7,933,383 1883 15,117,880 1884 18,465,069 1885 15,054,154 1886 6,383,491 1887 7,609,650 Total 10(),:!26,856 31,660,498 11,448,249 13,072,679 156,508,272 220. In addition to the large amount shown to have been expended upon construction, there has also been spent for working expenses, staff maintenance and repairs the sum of $46,535,025, which amount has however been to a large extent provided for out of corresponding re^'enue. 221. The Parliament Buildings at Ottawa, which are acknowledged to be among the finest on the Continent of America, have been erected at a total cost up to the 30th June, 1887, of $4,270,772, and the sum of $117,346 during 1886, and of $98,058 during the past year having been spent on the new Departmental Building in Wellington Street, the total expenditure on construction of the Parliament and Departmental Buildings to 30th June, 1887, has been $4,486,176. FINANCE. 165 222. In 1868 tho assets amounted to |17,31t,410, and in i'**e*t""°' 1887 to $45,872,851, showing an increase of $28,555,441. The assets only include interest-bearing investments, loans, cash and banking accounts, no account being taking of the unsold lands belonging to the Government, or of the rail- ways, canals, public buildings and other public works, which it either owns or h;'s assisted in construction, and which are the material results of the large expenditure of public money. Tho following are details of the assets on 30th June, 1887 :— Sinking Funds $19,054,577 ^ \_ Quebec Hprbour Debentures 2,822,289 Graving Dock, Quebec 744,000 Improvement of St. Lawrence 2,530,504 Montreal Hai boar Bonds, &c 452,200 Northern Railway Bonds 316,333 St. John River and Railway Extension Company 433,900 Canadian Pacific R>»ilway Land Grant Uonda 29,000 North Shore Railway Bonds 970,000 Bank Deposits .*. IBO.Ono Sundry investments 608,0")6 Total Interest-bearing investments $28,090,859 Province accounts 7,390,540 Miscellaneous accounts 1,001.533 Banking accounts 6,002,951 Specie reserve 2,777,815 Silver coinage accounts 9,153 Total Assets $45,872,851 223. In 1868 the interest-bearing assets amounted to the Jearin? sum of $15,853,720, or over nine-tenths of the whole amount, *"***• in 1887, they were $28,090,859, or not quite two-thirds of the whole. 224. The reduction in high-interest bearing debts, and con- £***J^' sequeutly the decrease in the rate of interest now payable, gn^g^'f has been very cont-iderable, as shown by the following table, an* assets, in which the amounts given are those of the actual interest paid and received, and of the actual net interest ; and the average rate of net interest is the average rate of the interest actually paid on the gross debt, after deducting that received on assets : — .'''! li '" , V' 14 1 '*■''■ I V I 'i 166 CHAPTKR III. C to 00 t3 •-8 H 09 O a 00 H . <5 CQ Q O H &3 -S3 i;; c3 a = 0- 'a r . . . .- . T** T ? ^ 'P T** 'I' ?' "^ ? ? T* Tf ■^ ^ fs M M M M M ^? M ri M CO M M ?■! ri ?1 ."1 ♦- -HOOP'wiC'. oe>ioot a ws o o cs 00 1- «c ■ •n to CJ « £.0 1- If) •«*' •* 00 05 M — C ^- *4 t- O M l"? !0 W PO 00 — -^ d '^ I- ro ^ ■© T>i 'rt •t ^5 M ri i i li^ -^ 00^ -4 00 ><; — . >« 00 O"* CI W» O » r- t- M 05 til « ift 0> to i» O — «o le^ m -t o n Tf I- ta m rt ^ « ir, ^ o — < M i-H fo 'J — < "J" M — I rf >~i r- 't ++1++++I++++I I I++++ « C9 £ op n OP O O 'M en M '^ ri « -t to -H o Si ■>! xf 2> CJ M 00 Q '-^ 05 O Ci '— ' 00 i? 6^ "f O « I- « J5 l?> 00 ■* M -^ Iff ;r> « lO — 71 o to I- cc «r -4 •-' 35 « C-l cr> i-l !0 1^ fi"^ M I— ^1 ■'•'" »- r5 to — "^ — — -• o I- -r o M "T C'l to -- ?! M « - - X O ■* to «5 00 CO to I - •^ 00 to M^ic to to t- X' >-^r.- "*"-«J<"'l<"'f"'t~'>* lO lO lO'tO to" to to" «" to •O to I:- t- 00 I o ci lO -^ to -< •! 1ft 1ft !«• w in CI t- ff5 to CJ5 M w o> to >rt M o "T f 1 r; X ?■; — I— t— to C5 to I- 'M to 05 in -H t * O O f-H f-^ ^^ — ^ ■"* in— »r-i?i-*r» w to S3 S3 il t-i <^ u O lu ^ o CO ri "t X to _ri ri *■],'* '-^■^f^„o.-^, to'o'o'td -^ '*"o'>^'-<'^rf c>i'M"ri't-"^''©"ri on' 00l.-r-«05--M-r00'-'-<»t00t0»>-<'-©tooopo5^-«o^-< •^© C5^M o Tf 00 oo^^oi^te «^ ift •-_>«. ffi !0".-O".*5"'*"o6'td © ©"OO t-"ift>i H""—' f-lCOfOlft-tfOtOOOt-t-tOtOOOl- 05 d © 05 — © a> © 00 in 05 CO te_© trTi- 00 05 05 03 05 to © « >-< r-< CI & •.I' to Ift «- C. — ift -t >^ « CI © 05 « to 05 t- ift — -J< to rosY5«^M©©coo; oo©©05t-i-i-'^iftt-o i) -t-t't-ti'^-rif'^mco-^-t.xcofoecJOMMco OS oe a> u a« 1- O u u u a « •«!j a a © CO c ., o as < H »r> •— © to 1ft —• -t 00 lo to '-' xf •^ © CI 00 CI to o ■»t "t ift ci ci CO ift 90 CI If: ift CO CI - ift ci © ci 00 •H^©^CJ^05 ©__C1 CO 00 .■ : to OC^— t- to Cl to CO "O^© >A : irt'^o'stT-^oo in to 05' •£ ~ ic moJ to'ci --' c> •-~'^' •* -Orr-H^, Tf — toocot'r-rr-t--rt-fOp--— '>-< t>-t-»rj< _++Jf + Ijf +J + + + + 1 + I + + + J_ ooco-^-f©ioto©cir-ro-toe'^'fci©ciaooo t:^ >— lO © ?; © CO ~ © ci X' P^ So -r © ift 00 X © ci in C^ © CO CI ci ■«t '- 05 ci X 1-^ X — 00 'rt.'-^-'^o 05^ tr\ — i-'r-^irTt- «"'t ©' o~t- co"-^"«o to ^- X Cj © ^ ""1 CO '^ 10 to r- totoi— i?-r-t-t-r-t~r-i-i-XX»XXXX» XXXXXOIXXXXXXXXXXXXXX all iu pe] hiij wh assi ero( Cur iiivi slig not byt ratei Con Vba 186H. 186!» , 1870. 1871.. 1872.. 187;!.. 1874.., 187.').. 1H76.., 1877... 1878... 187!)... 1880.,,, 1881.... 1882... 1883,... 1884.... 1885.... 188C... 1887 ■NOTK FINANCE. 157 226. It will be seen that the average rate of interest actu- "''n","",',7 ally paid oil the net .^'bt has decreased from i$4 51 percent. t"t •; ill \ I J "li Hj:|; m I h 158 InoratM In propor- tion or debt and ataetti. CHAPTER III. 227. There was a decrease of 95 cents por libad in thy gross debt, and $1.02 per head in the assets, til tuero was consequently a decrease of 18 cents in the gross intorest paid per head, and of 27 cents per head in the amoimt of in- terest received on assets, but an increase in the net amount of interest per head of 15 cents, consequent on the reduction of assets previously mentioned While the amount per head of the net debt was more than double what it was at Confederation, the net intorest paid per head has only increased 38 per cent. Fixed chargcH notes. The debt created m ImproTe mentH. 228. The fixed charges, that is, the charges for debt, sinking fund and subsidies to provinces amounted in 1868 to 58 per cent, of the revenue ; in 1887 they had been re- duced to 44 per cent.; in 1886 they were 49 per cent. A large item among the liabilities that does not bear interest Dominion ii^ ^^^ amount of Dominion notes in circulation; in lfi67 they amounted only to $3,113,700; on -SOth June, 1887, to $15,059,836: and on the SlstDecember, 18HY, to$ir),702,101. 229. From the foregoing pages it will be clearly seen soTeiyfor that, Tvith the exception of the debts allowed to provinces, which allowances were rendered more or less necessary by the conditions of Confederation, and which debts, it must be remembered, were themselves originally incurred for the purpose of public improvements, the whole of the public debt has been created by the construction of public works of great utility and national importance; the principal por- tion having been spent on railways and canals, facility of transport being the essence of progress, not only in a new but in any country, and these are the reasons that place the debts of Canada and other British colonies, whose debts have been contracted for similar purposes, on so entirely a different footing 1o tho.«e of European countries and the United States, the debts of which have accumulated solely by aggressive and defensive wars. cm of eag aV min Jam prici that head the r Canac for sui J^ew South victoria Q"eenslan(| (^anada South Aust 5!«w^ Xealu ittsmania., as L'St in- let the the ible per FINANCE. 169 230. Notwithstanding the large debts that have been in- ioUIuSmI* cnrred by the Australasian Golonies and Canada, the credit of these countries is remarkable good, and their stocks are eagerly sought after in European markets, e. g*., tenders for a Victorian Government four per cent, loan of ill, 500, 000, minimum price of issue iJ104 percent., were opened on 10th January, 18S8, and amounted to i;8,4f)fi,500, at an average price ofiJ108 138. lOd., and that notwithstanding the fa(3t that the public debt of Victoria was at the time $140 por ' head of population, more than three times the amount of the net debt of Canada per head. 281. The following table gives particulars of tho latest Canadian Canadian and Australasian loans offered in London, and u-autiau will help to show the position of the credit of Canada in London.' financial circles. It must, however, be remembered that there was a period of two years between the dates of the Canadian and Australasian loans, and there is sound reason lor supposing that when this country applies for another loan the price realized will be considerably higher. The figures for the Australasian colonies are taken from " Wealth and Progress of New South Wales" by Mr. T. A. Coghlan, Government Statisti{ ian, p. 411: — PARTICULARS OP THE L \TKST OAXADIAX AND AUSTRALASIAN LOANS OFFERED I>f LONDON. Colony. Year. Amount issued. Official Minimum. Average price ol)tained. IXTBBEST. Nominal. Actual. New South Wales Vifitoria 1886 1886 188'i 1884 1886 1886 1886 £ 5, .500, 000 1,500,000 1,500,000 4,000.000 1,. 332,400 1,567,800 1,000 000 94 102 103 99 99 97 99 £ s. d. 95 8 3 106 9 105 7 9 101 1 8 99 9 6 97 99 17 11 3i 4" 4 4 \ 4 4 3-67 3-76 Queensland Canada 380 3 -95 South Australia... New Zealand Tasmania 402 4-12 4-00 I ,' I.J! i ! i y t M 160 CHAPTER III. f I I Ui' ^!a■ ~i ' i Public debt In British posses- .sions. 232. The following are the amounts of Public Debt in the United Kingdom and British Possessions, with the propor- tion to population and multiple of revenue : — PUBLIC DEBTS IN BRITiail POSSESSIONS. Country. EuiiOl'K. United Kingdom Malta , Asia. India Ceylon Straits Settlcuicat. Year, Africa. Mauritius Natal Cape of Good Hope Sierra Leone Canada Newfoundland. Bermudas British Guiana. A.MEKICA. West Indiks. Bahamas Jamaica Windward Islands Leeward do Trinidad AUSTRALA.SIA. New South Wales.., Victoria South Australia Western do ■ Queensland Tasmania New Zealand Fiji. South Sea.x. Total. 1887 1886 I8d6 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1887 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1880 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 PunLio Dehi. Amount. .•{,583,222,948 38r.,284 849,.3.")0,625 11,012.191 198,073 3,631,263 19 334,926 107,364,959 282.267 227,313,911 2,320,173 35 108 3,127,184 404,547 7,407,992 •341,824 242,827 2,783,149 199,846,060 146,555,788 89,2.55,640 6, 258, .533 101,328,137 19,596,704 182,927,177 Per Head. 1,251,196 i 9 93 $ c+s. 96 04 2 42 4 20 3 74 39 9 86 43 67 85 73 4 66 46 62 11 71 2 31 11 40 8 85 12 28 1 03 2 01 15 61 199 45 146 11 285 .38 158 11 313 85 H2 82 310 37 Multiple of Revenue. 811 .0-.35 5,r)65, 778,486 21 82 2-34 2-25 0-06 ]'03 662 7-25 0-02 6-35 2-21 0-2;! 1-44 1-77 2-63 ©•26 47 1-26 5-41 4-65 9-28 3-31 7-41 7-07 10-19 3-98 5-58 FINANCE. 161 233. The total public debts of Great Britain and her pos- sessions amount to |5,665,7'78,486, of which Great Britain owes 64 per cent., India 15 per cent., the Australasian Colo- nies 13 per cent., and Canada 4 per cent. With the exception of the Australasian Colonies, the amount per head in the United Kingdom was higher than in any of her colonies, and with the exception of New Zealand and South Austra- ' lia, the multiple of revenue was also the highest. At the time of Confederation five years and 6 months of the revenue would have been required to pay off the net debt of Canada, in 188*7 it w^ould have taken 6 years and 4 months. >^ 234. The proportions of debt to population in the Austral- Expandi. asian Colonies and also in Cape Colony are very large, but railways while, as in Canada, the whole amounts have been incurred "« and ' . ' Capa in the construction of public works, by far the largest por- colony, tion has been expended on railways, which in those colonies are almost altogether the property of the State, and there is consequently a very much larger revenue available for the payment of interest derived directly from the expendituro of loans, than there is in this country, where the money has been spent on works directly productive to the country, but only indirectly so to the State revenue. In proportion moreover to the wealth and general trade, more particularly of the Australasian Colonies, their populations are very scanty. to the Propor. tlun of 235. It is doubtful whether the calculations as amount of debt per head of population really possess as Sebte*to much value as is generally ascribed to them ; what may ^**^^^ seem an enormous amount per capita for a country to carry, may be relatively a far smaller burden than a much reduced amount in another country, and, therefore, if possible, the debt of a country should be compared with its wealth and resources, which would afford a far more accurate, in fact, 11 i \l ; ^1 I 'v. • 5 162 CHAPTER III. the most accurate idea possible, of its actual financial posi- tion, but unfortunately the wealth of a country can only be estimated approximately, and in no two cases can such an estimate be expected to agree, the absence of certainty therefore doing away with the value of such calculations. If the value of the enormous resources of the principal colo- nies could be put into figures, the present debts, large as they appear to be, would seem justified by the assets set against them, and it must be remembered that the develop- ment of natural wealth in this or any other country is ab- solutely impossible without an expenditure, more or less large, first being made, in order to provide the means of bringing that wealth within reach of its proper markets. Mr. Mulhall calculates that the debt of the United King- dom is 8 per cent., of the Australasian Colonies 20 per cent, and of Canada 6J per cent, of the national wealth of each country respectively. If these figures are at all correct, Canada's position is a very favorable one. Prices of 236. That the future prospects of England's principal Becurifiea colonies are well thought of in the financial markets of the don. * world, the following quotations of prices of Colonial Gov- ernment securities in London in March of the present year, will testify : — >ew Sonth Wales 4 per cent. 118 Canada 4 do 116 Victoria , 4 do 114 Western Australia 4 do 114 Cape Colony 4 do 110 Queensland 4 do 108^ Natal 4 do 107 South Australia l do 108 Canada 3^ do 109 New South Wales 3J do 108 New Zealand 4 do 104^ yiNANCE. lea Public 237. The public debts of some of the principal foreign debts m countries are given below : — couniriea. PUBLIC DEBTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Country. Europe. Austria-Hungary . Belgium Deumaik France German Empire... Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Roumania Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Year. Public Debt. Asia. China. Japan., Africa. Egypt. America. Argentine Republic. Hra/il Chili Mexico Peru <,.. United States Urugnay. 1887 1886 1887 1887 1886 1886 1887 1887 1886 188.5 1886 1886 1887 1887 1887 1885 1886 1886 1886 1887 1886 1887 1887 1884 1887 1887 Amount. $ 1,647,726,000 420,464,275 54,369,325 7,010,000,000 147,345,526 125,360,225 2,246,903,485 452,000,000 28,162,830 476,440,328 140,053,648 3,669,944,394 1,265,000,000 66,459,258 6,540,210 744,839,018 24,333,333 334,264,030 518,626,840 165,790,036 455,839,389 129,543,691 184,000,000 243,000,000 1,700,771,948 72,205,722 Per Head. $ cts. 41 60 71 14 25 79 183 42 3 14 63 33 75 04 103 00 14 40 101 19 25 46 41 61 73 44 14 08 2 22 33 88 OG 8 76 76 07 Multiple of Revenue 45 35 51 17 90 28 121 35 27 26 70 00 33 05 4-89 6-56 3-52 9-27 0-80 7-70 6-8& 9-30 2-37 13-32 6-48 5-28 7-40 2-90 0-65 1011 0-61 4-37 11-30 3-21 4-54 3-69 6-00 31-35 4-57 8-82 i '1 ;'- !■' Iti I Hi i'^S. The national debt of France is the largest in the f^^\l^ world, and it is possible that it even exceeds the enormous oo">»"ioi, total given above, as it is difficult to ascertain its exact Hi 111 I- I}1 Ui'^ 164 CHAPTER III. I amount. The debt of the German Empire is the Federal debt, alone, exclusive of the debts of the several States, which amount to 11,813,623,148. Though the amount per head of debt is larger in France, the Netherlands and Portugal, yet the country of Peru is actually in a worse fii^ancial position than any other on the .Ust ; it would take more than 31 years of its revenue to pay off the debt, while it owes for unpaid interest the sum of 5^87,054,155. Of Euro- pean countries the least burdened with debt is vSwitzerland, as hardly 8 months of revenue would suffice to discharge its liabilities, it moreover possesses assets amounting to 18.600,000. Persia is the only recognized country in the world which has no public debt. The debt of the United States was reduced $74,291,065 during the fiscal year 1887, and if the cash in the Treasury on 1st July, 1887, be deducted, the amount of debt is reduced to ^1,218,338,031. Debtsof 239. In 1887 the debts of the several States forming the states. United States, exclusive of the public debt, and of all county, city and municipal debts, amounted to $228,347,462, a sum larger than the whole nei debt of Canada. In 1880 the combined net state, county and municipal debt of the several States and Territories amounted to $1,056,584,146, and in addition to this, the several cities of the United States have debts amounting in the aggregate to about $550,000,000. If the national debt is added to the abore figures, a total liability is produced of $3,307,356,094, being about $55 per head of the present population, which amount however is, of course, not divided equally, but varies with the locality, some of the States having no debt at all. If the States debts alone are added to the national debt, the amount will be found to he about $32 per head. proviii- 240. The total debt of the Province of Q\?bec, including ciai debts, t^jnpoi-ary loans, on 30th June, 1886, was $19,068,023, with assets amounting to $l0,220,818,leaviug anet debt of $8,847,- ¥\ 'i FINANCE. 205; the debt of Nova Scotia, on IstJanuaiy, 188t, was #823,000, with assets $390,225 ; the debt of New Brums wick on 81st December, 1887, was |1,99 1,700, with assets 1596,449 ; and the debt of British Columbia on the 30th June, 1886, was $921,646, with assets $743,011. The total net provincial debts therefore amounted to $10,844,766. If this amount is added to the public debt, the amount per head of the total population will l>e $48.85. No figrures are at present available for determining either the county or municipal debts in Canada, or the debts of its several cities. 241 . Under the provisions of the Civil Service Superan- nuation Act, 1883, retiring allowances are granted to such members of the Civil Service coming within the scope of the Act, who have served for not less than ten years and Ldve attained the age of sixty years, or become in some manner incapacitated from properly performing their duties, or whose office may be abolished for the better promotion of efficiency or otherwise. 242. These allowances are calculated on the average yearly salary received during the then last three years, as follow : for ten years but less than eleven years service an allowance of ten-fiftieths of such average salary ; for eleven years but less than twelve years service an allowance of eleven-fiftieths, and a further allowance of one-fiftieth for each additional year of service up to 35 years, when the maximum allowance of thirty-five-fiftieths may be granted but no addition is made for any service over thirty-five years. 248. These provisions practically apply to all officers, clerks and employes of the Inside and Outside Civil b'ervice, including thosv? of the Senate, House of Commons and Library of Parliament. 244. As a ^'ovision towards makini? r. Department of Customs Inleud Revenue Marine and Fisheries... Public Works Post Office Finance Agriculture Justice Secretary of Slate. ...... Militia Railways Interior Indian Affairs Queen's Privy CouiiCi' House of Commons Senate Governor General's Secretary's Office. Library K h ■ t« h u (I Num- ber. 143 23 60 99 52 23 7 17 G 2 5 8 1 I ^ I 8 i i id 1 I 2 1 Amoint paid nuuiNO Fiscal Year. Outside Service. $ 49,542 9,0.35 14,847 17,378 23,703 4,534 524 7,518 103 2,943 2,666 135 Inside Service. 3,809 2,000 1,344 6,741 3,692 16,509 1,508 2,892 3,885 2,240 3,255 6,731 1,472 7,604 3,429 1,564 1,680 401 i;{2.930 09,355 ,809 ,000 ,344 ,741 ,«92 ,509 ,508 ,892 ,885 ,240 ,255 ,731 FINANCE. 167 248. Peusions, which are of a different nature to superan- i'«n»ion«. nuation allowances, are also granted in accordance with various Acts of Parliament to retired judges, and to a certain number of persons, or their widows and children, for mili- tary services. The total amount paid under this head in 1^87 was $102,109. being $13,790 more than in the preced- ing year. CHAPTER IV. TRADE AND COMMERCE. 249. The legal weights and measures of Canada are the JUJ|J*Jg. Imperial yard, Imperial pound avoirdupois, Imperial gallon ""■• and the Imperial bushel. 250. By Act of 42nd Vic, cap. 16, it was provided : — ^That Mfcasureg in contracts for sale and delivery of any of the undermen- detw- * tioned articles the bushel should be determined by weighing, unless a bushel by measure be specially agreed upon, the weight equivalent to a bushel being as follows : — Wheat 60 lbs Indian corn 56 Rye 56 Peaa 60 Barley 48 Malt 36 Oats 34 Beans 60 Flax seed 50 Hemp 44 Blue grass seed 14 bs (^aator hcans ...>..•• 40 Iba K Potatoes 60 " (< Turnips Garrota GO " 60 " ( 1 Parsnips Beets 60 " 60 " «( (( Onions Bituminous coal GO " 70 " l( Clover seed 60 " II II Timothy Buckwheat 48 «' 48 " 1 1 And by the same Act the British hundredweight of 112 pounds, and the ton of 2,240 pounds, were abolised, and the hundredweight was declared to be 100 pounds and the ton 2,000 pounds avoirdupois, thus assimilating the weights of Canada and the United States. — — ii J !■' ' « ,'1 'Hi la i 168 Caitoms ▼alaa- tloni. Oiawlfloa-I tlOBof lm> porta and exports. CHAPTER IV. 251. Customs valuations upou goods imported subject to ad valorem duties are made at the fair market value thereof, when sold for homo consumption in the principal markets of the country whence they were exported. The values of goods subject to export duty are to be their actual cost, or the value which they truly have at the port and time of exportation. 252. The classification of goods in the 1 allowing table is the same as that adopted in this work for the first time last year, and has in the present issue been extended to exports, and the figures have been so arranged that the relative values of imports and exports of any article during the past two years can be seen at a glance. The mode of classification is that in use in Victoria and other Australasian Colonies, the principle of which is that articles of a like nature shall be classed together. A c'opy of the tariff at present in fcrco, certified to by the Depart- ment of Customs, will be found at the end oi this book, to- , gether with an alphabetical index with reference numbers to the following table and to the tariff, so that the order in which any article is placed, and the duty (if any) payable thereon can be immediately found. CLASSIFICATION OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Order 1. Books. " 2. Musical instruments. " 3. Prints, pictures, Ac. " 4. Carving, iigares, Ac. " 5. Tackle for sports and guuics. " 6. Watches, philosophical lDct;u ments, &c. " 7. Surgical instruments. Class I.— Aut and Mechanic Pbopuctions. Orders. Arms, ammunition, &c. " 9. Machines, tools and imple- ments. " 10. Carriages, harness, kc. " 11. Ships, boats, &c. " 12. Building materials. " 13. Furniture. " 14. Chemicals. TRADE AND COMMERCE. Cl/IHH II.— TKXTII.E FAHR1C8 AND DUKSH. 169 Order 15. Wool and worsted manu- factures. '• 16. Silk, manufactures of. «' 17. Cotton and flax " Order 18. Dress. " 19. Fibroua materials, manufac- tures of. Class III.— Food, D. inks, 4o. Order 20. Animal food. Order '.K'!. Drinks and stimulants. " 21. Vegetable food. Class IV. — Animal and Veoetablk Sl'hstanobs. Order 23. Animal substances. Order 2.5. Oils. " 24. Vegetable " Class V.— Minerals and Mktalr. Order 26. Coal, stone, clay, earthenware and glass. " 27. Oold, silver and precious stones. " 28. Metals other than gold and silrer. Class VI.— Live Animals and I'lants. Order 29. Animals and birds. Order 30. Plants and treeg. ^ Clas.s VII.— Miscellaneous. Order 81. Miscellaneous. Order 33. Special exemptions. ' 32. Indefinite article?. i> 'I ! 1 '■ 1 ' m CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1886 AND 1887. C1.A8H I. — Art and Mechanic I'UODUCTIONH. Order T.— Books, 3[e. Books, printed " " *c Cards, playing Stationery. Order II. — Musical Instruments. Organs Pianofortes Others undcscribed. Order III,— Prints, Pictures, Jfc. Paintings, drawings, engraTings " in oil by Canadian artists Plates engraved Order IV, — Carvings, Fiyures, ^c. M0Ul«^tM;,'3 Pic). 1 f I,' ■A-yii. Tobacco pij'js , Order V.— Tackle for Sports and Oames. Fireworks Fishing rods Toys (magic lanterns) Order VI, — Watches, Philosophical Instruments, ^c. Chronometers and coni;.a.);"'tt3 for ships '.. Clocks Klcctric lights and butteries Optical instruments Pliilosophical instruments, &c., for schools, societies, Ac Telegraphic instruments Telepliones Watches and watch actions $ 744,056 132,026 13,968 926,397 34,163 304,340 78,094 72,119 156,471 2,348 21,232 25,490 110,789 11,256 3,441 87,527 3,940 126,871 51,382 61,098 14.868 10,748 6,366 385,045 Value of Imports. * 97,527 Free. 7,271 241,746 10,661 85,194 18,491 13,907 Free. 470 6,364 8,921 27,694 2,768 1,032 22,733 Free 43,335 12,820 16,211 Free 2,687 1,551 87,822 839,415 135,060 16,867 1,063,968 30,92£' 335,440 105,999 81,i77 140,273 2 M)l 30,617 33,017 136,261 14,585 5,842 155,918 3,150 135,906 65,189 75,275 13,093 41,401 5,590 445,942 Duty. $ 10>»,!)14 Free. 7,855 285,984 9,io:i 95,2ft0 26,491! 16,711 Fret'. 561) 9,0G1 ll,f)0:i 31,579 3,723 1,751 46,5;)0 Free. 46,814 16,30(5 19,259 Free. 10,351 1,403 99,439 ** 1 ^ •2 Do i4e 13 4 Duty. $ 10^,014 Free. 7,855 286,084 9,103 95,i!>0 26,40;» 16,711 Free. COO 9,064 ii,5o:j 31,579 3,723 1,751 46,5:10 Free. 46,814 16,30(5 19,259 Free. 10,351 1,403 99,439 TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1886 AND 1887. 1886. 1H87. • O Domestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. 86,677 $ 10,888 $ 1 ' IT f)7,.5(*'; 118,884 11,120 1.30,004 1 • ( . 146,3.53 i:i,o;(5 3,366 100 3,8.58 405 146.453 16,8!)0 3,771 1(10,548 16,571 220 100.548 i ( 4,282 225 20,853 445 3 ( 1 J 1 1 ■ - '. L. * ( C ] 3 1 ■•■■"■' rJ ;...".".".:;:.'.";!; 1 : '■ ; tM •■■t>***ia*i*a«**» lit f\ i I u ' i i .^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I bilM |25 ■tt Itt 12.2 Z U£ 12.0 u 11.25 i 1.4 1.6 ^ .^ ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WltSTIR.N.Y. MSM (7U}l72-4»03 '^% 172 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1886 AND 1881— Continued. AUTICLBS, Class I. — Continued. Order VII. — Surgical Instruments. Surgical instruments Belts and trusses Order VIII.— Arms, Ammuni- tion, t***a* •••••• ••! , 16,658 560 17,224 48,060 578 48,638 »l 10 80,455 35,627 34,2 .7 2,696 114,6(52 38,223 77,602 34,345 40,903 1,448 118,565 35,793 ■» • 22,369 4,774 3,623 1,780 26,992 6,554 18,540 6,827 4,495 474 23,035 7,301 11 266,363 266,363 143,772 143,772 '.'.'.'.'.'. '..'.'.'.. (I. %i ^ i! i:i '^1 ■'^ [;i i .iii I .!!l ;' /♦ * m CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 188G AND im— Continued. Articleh. Class I.— Concluded. Order XII. — Building Materialt. {See also Order 26.) Bricks aud tilea Brick, fire Cement Lime Slate, mantel and roofing., !|i Order XIII.— Furniture. Furniture, including hair and spring mattresses, pillows, Ac Lamps, globes, kc ' Order XIV.— Chemical: Acid, acetic <• mixed.... " oxalic " gnlphuric *' «> her Alum ' luminous cake Anilin. ^, i Baking powder , Brimstone Bornsc Chiiorideof lime Dyes Dyeing or tanning articles, crude... Bssences and essential oils Glycerine Inaigo Ink, writing and printing Logwood, extract of. Medicines, patent Paints and colours " " dry Quinine Soda Turpentine, spirits of. All other drugs and chemicals All other kinds 1886. Value of Imports. 134,650 128,413 9,347 9,610 202,229 158,692 Duty. $ 30,525 28,691 1,869 2,353 70,713 47,550 20,205 10,548 2,708 675 3,458 Free. 7,930 2,540 39,275 7,601 30,500 Free. 120,171 II 121,966 24,401 43,650 Free. 22,680 II 53,283 II 288 29 151,140 Free. 47,229 9,786 18,807 5,371 46,068 Free. 78,046 17,294 58,045 Free. 195,662 66,393 539,083 73,660 26,520 Free. 30,731 II 232,316 II 145,242 14,564 582,963 111,081 287,232 Free. 1887. Value of Imports. $ 147,077 9,133 156,166 8,524 10,834 241,690 188,142 8,149 1,860 8,469 31,382 27,299 90,201 98,374 38,760 15,905 69,283 175 144,594 60,147 19,978 62,886 71,812 67,273 219,070 666,417 17,834 28,869 266,823 173,002 718,815 288,526 Duty, $ 35,094 Free. 43,417 1,705 2,573 84,697 56,914 9,866 2,037 Free. 3,393 6,193 Free. II 20,628 Free. 11 II 17 Free. 10,726 6,066 Free. 16,909 Free. 74,640 71,420 Free. II 17,300 148,200 • Free. Duty. 35,094 Free. 43,417 1,705 2,573 84,697 55,914 9,866 2,037 Free. 3,393 6,193 Free. i( 20,628 Free. 17 Free. 10,726 6,066 Free. 15,909 Free. 74,640 71,420 Free. 17,300 148,200 ■ Free. TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1886 AND IS81— Continued. lis 1886. 1887. o Domestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. $ $ $ $ $ $ ^9, 18,638 4,552 225,023 2 18,640 4,552 230,996 41,342 1,300 243,894 41,342 1,300 254,446 10,552 13 5,973 .. \ 167,017 167,017 136,077 136 00*7 14 ..•••••. J _. . "r ' • I li'H iu: M III <^ > : 1,'f fi- 4- 1*76 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1886 AND ISSl— Continued. Articles. Class II.— Te^tilb Fabrics and Dress. Order A'V.— Wool and Wonted I Manufactures. 1886. Value of Imports. Blamkets Carpets Flannels Woollen cloths, tweeds, clothing, kc " other manufactures of. " raes Yam " spun from hair of the alpaca or angora goat Order XVI.— Silk, Manufactures <(f. Ribbons Silks and satins, dress " sewing *' other manufactures of. " partly manufactured... VelTets Order XVII.— Cotton and Flax, Manufactures qf. Cotton clothing " piece goods ■' thread. " velvets and velveteens " winceys " rags, &c., for paper manu facture " waste " all other manufactures of.. Linen clothing ~.. " piece goods " thread. " all other manu'''»ctures of.... < 53,461 949,338 226,328 4,772,413 8,192,847 69,38? 190,091 273,974 736,131 77,498 164,526 802,789 125,362 292,934 2,298,242 635,404 334,841 210,825 155,535 114,801 1,994,800 30,354 6,644 265,876 179,897 634,606 Duty. $ 29,413 241,156 68,126 1,406,459 712,648 Free. 66,112 82,214 221,205 19,376 49,354 240,740 37,636 87,789 625,934 99,111 66,966 46,150 Free. (( 445,858 Free. 1,693 59,695 35,849 133,451 1887. Value of Duty. Imports. $ $ • 72,304 38,463 1,272,238 322,681 224,193 68,187 5,82;>,867 1,729,90(J 4,37j,47o 976,360 103,781 Free. 202,402 60,324 1,815 Free. 377,770 800,898 95,329 221,642 1,005,078 163,489 317,020 2,672,523 680,226 217,020 113,864 193,025 147,547 1,405,946 32,430 6,031 280,586 163,617 797,753 113,220 238,948 23,838 66,425 299,901 48,224 95,726 741,011 110,864 44,132 26,272 Free. <( 332,451 Free. 1,509 66,121 32,680 173,047 13 15 16 17 12 TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1886 AND 1887— Con/jrttt«rf. m ■ =- 1886. 1587. Domestic. Foreiga. Total. Domestic; Foreign. Total. $ $ $ $ $ $ 12,084 , 28,283 5,947 1,247 '.4,031 397 14,231 42,314 G,344 19.060 25,093 9,346 9,692 29,785 88 28,752 54,878 9,434 20,632 7,585 28,217 10,146 8,450 18,59G \ •••• Matt* ••• «••••*•••••■ « \ ■; t i 'I u ' ■' i in I'; I; ll IJF^ .:i* 1!!i' i-!li Its I; CHAPTER lY. IMPORTS— 1880 AND 1981— Continued. Articlih. Class U.— Continued. Order A'VIII.—Drn,a. Boots and shoes Boot, shoe and stay laces Braces ani suspenders Collars, cufifs, sc Feathers, ornamental Flowers, artificial Furs, manufactures of GloTes and mitts. Hats, caps and bonnets (caplins). Lace, frinntes, braids, kc .' Millinery and embroideries Umbrellas and sunshades, silk " " cotton., Order XIX. — Manv^faeiurea 28 7,136 272,984' 722,640 15,190; 53,329! 28,887' 25,356' 24,862 1,336 94,428| 844,772 113,978 681,740 125,291 413,570 34,754i 5,6421 9,3211 2,242,348 73,351 5,616 145,637 2,229,792, 136,6851 26,1691 25 9,415 18.094' 561,513' 8,906' 300,900| 5,643, 41,376 57,790 14,815! 1887. Duty. 536 61,239 652 Free 1,391 32,541 144,677 3,057 9,990 7,038 5,234 4,960 Free 39,964 100,713 28,251 138,726 28,979 85,058 19,329 1,232 1,074 136,906 9,838 430 72,292 9,913 24,829 11,701 Free. 1,956 3,058 119,702 1,393 49,584 1,207 8,277 12,406 4,411 Value of Import !<. 2,556 238,009 4,962 33 4,202 .300,855 528,788 15,404 78,487 16,891 27,.'>66 27,.333 1,177 93,662 657,697 156,846 797,581 208,880 453,007 33,267 2,567 8,492 2,478,607 14,098 7,772 108,184 3,152,478 181,700 24,512 7,400 19,793 655,823 7,770 313,943 19,931 36,885 53,093 23,156 Dut>. 717 67,777 1,015 Free. 626 34,794 97,967 3,075 16,::75 3,875 5,254 5,467 Free. 40,599 84,883 37,606 148,005 49,654 125,426 17,983 im 967 l.")2,18« l,!»«0 572 87,5»>8 32,417 14,426 1,621 3,472 110,378 1,212 64,455 4,368 7,177 18,675 6,616 TRAPE AND COMMERCK. KXPOUTS— 1886 AND \SS'—('onlinueil. Biscuit onlj. t Bran only. 1886. 1887. i; o Domeitic. Foreign. Total. Domestic Foreign. Total. Oj 1 $ 1.090 6,722 1,744,753 $ 36 66,413 14,262 1,132 73,135 1,759,015 $ 9,750 12.4.34 1.460;025 $ $ 9,750 9,922 9,100 22, .356 1,469,125 22,146 tJ,34H 18,911 126,162 22,284 77,140 120 22,266 6,346 76,568 126,697 22,284 77,140 20,756 1,504 36,5.38 107,909 42.996 65,250 20,756 1,504 57,667 535 33,660 114,062 5,.583 77 70,108 221,971 48,579 65 ,.32 7 ♦1.5,384 15,384 13,174 13,174 1,744,969 196 499,598 131,010 9,615 502 1,875,9:9 9,811 500,100 2,322,141 10.950 871,188 14,328 14,265 26,647 2,366,472 25,215 897,835 5,724,693 156,114 313 1 ,4.')3,996 2,207,093 5,724,693 156 309 1,390,796 1.478,4.35 2,207'120 3.809 5,190 424 139,367 5,257,889 207,402 1,350 653,837 2,507,404 5,257,889 195 1,390,483 24,439 27 3,809 2,164,560 223 1,645,386 207,625 1 646,736 653,837 '14,785* 3,114 400 2,507,404 14.785 3,025,864 139,367 4,745,138 96,480 7,859,538 96,480 1 } * 222,187 309,631*' 840 20,191 164,513 222,187 43,632 320,008 2,305 21,888 64,513 146,012 146,012 43,632 11,277 1,465 1,697 24,337 24,337 189,222 733 20,298 73,788 189,222 1,455 75 2,188 20,373 73,788 1 in I-. .' ,f. .,! I !■ ■ : n 182 OHAPTER IV. IMPORTH-1886 AND \M1—ConUnut4. ▲RTIVIiCS. CriAHa ITI. — Continued. Order jrX/.— Concluded. Nuts, Alberts and walnut* *< another Potatoei Sugrfr of all kinds Tomatoes " and other vegetables In cans Vegetables, freih " preserved Order XXH. — Drinkt and Stimu- lanti. Aerated and mineral waters. Ale, beer and porter ginger. Older Coffee and chicory " green Cocoa and chocolate. Hop3 Mineral water (natural) Mustard Perfumery (not alcoholic) Pickles and sauces Spices, all kinds iSpirits, brandy " Geneva and Old Tom gin .. rum whiskey cordials and bitters in medicines, essences, &c... perfumed all other Tea « black " green and Japan .'...., Tobacco, manufactured " cigars and cigarettes •' snuff " unmanufactured Vinegar Wine, nil kinds, except sparkling... << champagne anu sparkling .... I88(i. 6t,848 67,949 •i6,l20 3,880,705 17,667 37,367 84,268 0,771 19,761 180,293 2,428 11,005 121,137 289,097 68,993 51,762 1,694 62.677 36,413 124,721 203,120 336,031 166,080 63,^83 169,V66 12,604 8,911 46,485 14,370 347,932 1,601,685 2,280,049 68,360 312,669 2,685 1,708,812 10,178 360,043 111,968 12,096 18,366 5,817 2,203,836 3,200 13,666 16,861 1,604 4,112 47,366 626 2,613 20,267 Free. 16,355 17,401 Free 16,940 10,742 31,102 29,066 418,364 679,204 178,832 272,093 8,378 3,842 19,751 26,003 34,776 Free (I 60,737 255,114 3,641 Free. 6,441 271,146 63,999 1M7. Value of Importi. 41,303 63,747 36,869 5,6.37,109 23,728 45,448 88,737 10,472 34,404 180,226 6,201 3,876 113,570 184,347 61,596 225,266 1,630 70,334 42,445 149,110 202,008 394,748 139,827 30,120 169,830 22,316 8,321 44,621 3,708 89,990 1,681,417 1,763,102 72,264 328,093 2,461 1,328,703 10,876 459,509 164,448 Dmy. 22,404 36 ,.126 6,684 3,167,620 4,378 14,410 18,437 2,200 6,337 47,774 979 850 18,686 Free. 20,334 66,770 Free. 17,046 12,364 40,690 37,002 302,121 683,065 141,320 208,476 11,248 4,020 22,983 2,363 8,804 Free. (< 69,079 233,696 2.876 Free. 6,337 261,910 72,676 TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1866 AND 18H7— Con<«nM«i. 1886. =-— - -.. . — .11 =ai 1887. 1 o Domtstic. Foreigu. Total. Domestic. Foreign. ToUl. $ $ $ $ $ 9 492,702 11,503 100 46,306 492,802 59,668 4.39,206 16,264 439 206 3,000 18,264 04,000 64.006 83,639 49 83,688 ' 2,384 3,388 5,772 961 1,200 2,161 «257 3,478 3,735 80 34,238 .34,318 80,383 3,050 83,433 112 643 655 47 11,232 3,680 13,814 3,223 11,279 3,680 13,814 13,210 14,602 1,348 8,770 2,612 14,602 1,.348 8,770 11,544 ?,-^\ 9,987 8,932 1,468 3,891 26,153 5,359 26,1.53 76 303 40,718 379 40,718 22,152 3,101 7 6,237 18 241 1,639 20,490 23,791 23,591 7 37,225 20 11,985 7,643 1,626 4 8,652 4 917 2,196 19,842 9,839 21,368 4 30,988 2 11,744 56,598 65,150 4 13,765 14,682 • Coffee! " ,, , ,,, ;«« !•: ; 1 : i ti.' I!. ^ ^ • I'- ■ I I I : i •■ lil ir. 184 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1886 AND 1881— Continued. AttTwim. Class IV.— Animal and VtKiitTABLE SCBSTANCBS. Order JCXIII. — Animal Sub- stances. Bones and bone dust. Bristles Candles Combs Fish bait Furs, wholly or partially dressed " not dressed Glue Grease " axle and other Hair " not curled or manufactured , Hides, raw Horn* and hoofs Ivory, manufactures of. " unmanufactured Leather and manufactures of " belting Musk Pelts Sausage casings Silk, raw Soap, common " fancy Sponges Tallow and stearine (paraffine).... Wax and manufactures of „ Whalebone, tortoise shell and skins of fish Wool " unmanufactured , Another Order XXIV.— Vegetable Sub stances. Ashes Barks , Bamboo, canes and rattan Broom corn , Cane or rattan $ 612 6.3,957 40,029 74,905 27,0P6 589,029 382,855 93,941 145,517 9,408 42,004 .36,674 1,735,206 7,544 2,241 2,939 1,178,117 43,221 1,804 8,696 15,086 154,585 25,059 119,004 26,892 16,512 24,672 10,458 11,022 1,785,828 78,461 .5,249 30,203 11,565 122,487 8,752 $ Free a 10,177 18,684 64 76,470 Free. 18,607 Free. 2,244 9,178 Free. Free. II 447 Free. 220,709 10,793 Free. (< 2,550 Free 6,546 40,293 5,365 3.365 4,938 Free. 731 Free. 1»87. Value of Imports. Free II i< (( 2,196 $ 964 72,731 34,292 78,126 17,433 614,444 478,149 91,112 100, .534 7,742 50,700 35,675 1,961,134 2,180 671 2,750 1,159,031 42,294 1,655 12,139 2,917 35,575 19,975 133,392 9^089 Duty. $ Free. << 9,033 19,809 91,436 Free. 19,278 Free. 2,118 13,001 Free. Free. <( 142 Free. 219,151 10,768 Froe. 15,837 .3,127 144,735 Free. 16,560 5,627 78,669 30,787 33,4.32 6,411 19,789 4,133 18,302 3,591 5,641 Free. 20,724 1,397 1,875,651 Free. 65,043 Free. II i( i< 2,272 TRADE AND CCMMEBCE. EXPORTS-1886 AXD )m~-Continued. 1886. 1887. O Domestic. Foreign . Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. $ 94,895 $ $ 94,895 $ 48,164 $ $ f 4fr,164 65 65 117 117 517 517 95 95 1,643,433 1,552 1,644,985 1,704,166 9,952 1,714,118 849 295 1,144 • 1,656 20 1,676 t 469,087 3,091 472,178 .59.3,624 3,120 596,714 23 285,282 6,741 292,023 29,288 512,972 24,0'71 • 4,220 517,192 28,901 387 24,071 ijoi 26* 8,528" 7,304 '7.3 7i377* •4,730 4,730 1,463 1,463 249,645 316,937 100 240,745 316,937 318,525 317,250 550 7,354 319,075 324,604 59,108 162,247 221,815 8,540 67,648 162,247 221,815 53,583 167,8.^0 235,787 2,762 18 56,345 167,848 235,787 ♦ • * Tallow. t Includes horns and hoofs. 135 \ I?^^ m 1 1 1 w'\ I 1; ■ 11 19€ CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1986 AND mi—Cgntinue^. Articlis. Class IV. — Continued. Order XX/F— Concluded. €ocoa beans Corks and corkwood Corkwood Cotton wool Firewood Flax Fibre, grads, 4c Flowers, leaves and roots. Gams ■ 1886. Value of Imports. Duty. 1887. Value Of Ipiports. Outta percha and India rubber goods " " unmanufactured Hay Hemp, undressed Ivory nuts Junk Jute and jute butts...... Lumber, sawn, not manufactured... AI033, seaweed, &c Oil cake, &c Paper bags, printed " hangings " printing " all other Pitch and tnr " ♦' (pine) Resin Seeds, anise, coriander, fennel and fenugreek iSeeds of all kinds Starch, corn starch, &c 2Straw, manufactures of Timber, lumber and shingles " unmanufactured Varnish 34,901; 56,405 19,6091 2,893,858! $ Free. 11,451 Free. Veneers of wood and ivory Wicker and basket ware Wooden ware Wood, manufactures of Willow for basket makers All other vegetable substances. 62,874 12,299 162,310 267,567 733,685 403,335 6,697 622,421 35,703 67,320 24,050 313,770 31,367 14,120 4,923 275,744 25,387 241,809 27,912 10,502 91,726 2,964 402.0061 38,105' 13,320 456,320 499,192 100,951 231 62,664 16,374 31,675 675,477 1,148 14,972 37,462 66,465 12,897 2,933,877 Free 63,587 202,904 Free. 1,339 Free. u (( l( 52 82,670 6,609 67,685 2,876 Free. (I 60,129 14,230 729 20,824 Free. 34,129 Free. (( 7,234 8,271 156,616 Free. TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1886 AND 1881— Continued. JW 1886. 1887. o Domestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. $ $ $ T 313.480 49;301 313,480 4!>,30l 311,931 78,422 311,931 4,325 82,747 4,206 411 4,617 2,373 2,187 4,56« 1,001,336 5.400 r2,232" 1,001, .336 17,632 743,396 743,396 •37,696 2,003 39,699 29,391 1,809 31,20» u 15,734,511 1,445,192 17,179,703 'T6,f"li',D47' 1,486,540 17,598,487 50,347 50,347 86,973 86,973 " 140,033 22,442 ••13,407 3,788,455 677,785 10,497 4,000 150,530 26,442 13,407 4,168,014 677,939 97,390 26,7.50 21,378 2,706.615 693,716 246 15,050 97,636 41,80^ 21,37(1 379,55:) 154 267,694 2,974,30!' 593,716 1 3,609 495 065 6,602 40,275 10,111 535,340 5,854 455,947 3,427 29,538 9,281 485,485 _ 376,184 8,97tt 385,162 478,463 4,784 483,241 :^l r : i ! ;i :r,;..i in i' n\ • Including oakum. •• Straw onljr € ! ■ !|. 188 \i '• CHAPTEK IV IMPORTS— 1886 AND 1887— C'o«/m«ei. ARTIOLia. Class IV. — Continued. Order JrXV.—Oilt. Oils, animal " coal, kerosene, petroleum, kc, and products of. " cocoa nut and palm , « fish (< (I " lubricating << vegetable " all other Class Y. — Minsrals and Mktals. Order XJCVL—Coal, Stone, Clay, Earthenware and Glass. (5«e also Order 12.) Bent glass Chalk Coal, anthracite. " bituminous " all other Coke aud dust Clays China and porcelain.... Earthenware Glass bottles, &c " plate " window Glassware, all other .... Crravels and rand Gypsum, crude Iron sand or globules.... Lithographic stones Marble " manufactures of.. Phosphates Plaster of Paris Salt 1886. Value of Imports. 22,253 481,142 81,814 11,205 77,691 135,356 467,766 24,290 1,574 5,872 4,096,035 2,727,468 School and writing slates Stone, building ♦ From 13th May, 1887, to 30th 81,989 35,014 139,773 456,847 366,916 124,108 404,626 86,332 24,141 3,619 90,498 23,410 6.138 40,019 255,3.59 18,242 41, 67.^ June, 1887 Duty. $ 4,333 304,299 Free 2,180 Free. 42,106 111,947 4,752 Free. 1,173 497.699 558,569 13,330 Free. 43,13r) 136,712 111,581 29,020 120,43.') 17,599 Free 717 14,018 6,953 1,456 14,402 Free 4,560 7,343 1887. Value of Imports. 13,985 532,969 66,259 21,958 63,383 156,256 441,169 27,659 2,117 5,267 3,543,078 585,675 3,267,794 124 85,654 39,68t* 180,434 549,811 473,997 143,328 375,330 98,666 27,893 476 4,852 82,701 20,000 4,415 39,146 285,455 17,022 54,368 Duty. 2,793 343,878 Free. 4,292 Free. 51,CG7 107,28i 5,410 Flee. 1,057 474,895 Free. 689,874 'iO 14,176 Free, 54,220 172,465 143,054 31,.5n3 110,846 19,812 Free. 95 970 12,446 6,069 906 12,055 Free. 4,304 9,564 Duty. 2,793 343,878 Free. 4,292 Free. 51 ,CG7 107,282 5,41t) Free. 1,057 474,895 Free. 689,874 20 14,176 Free. 54,220 172,465 143,954 31,553 110,846 5 19,812 I Free. R 95 Z 970 1 12,446 6,060 5 906 6 12,055 5 Free. 2 4,304 8 9,504 TRADE AKD COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1886 AND ISf^l— Continued. 189 1886. ■ 1887. o Domestic, Foreign. Total. Domestic. 1 Foreign. i Total. 2,664 .30,957 $ 1,353 214 4,017 31,171 1 $ 459 11,151 $ 36 311 495 11,462 25 61,083 i 61,08E •2rt.nR0 540 1 •}/7 r%'}.(\ ..,.1 1 1 .* ■ . 1 1,278 484 1,762 2,462 i 1,528 ' ,■ ■ 3,990 ■.■.■.■.■.■.:;:;v.:::::: .... ;■. ; . r tl, 416, 160 182,717 1,598,877 1,522,272 207,526 1,729,798 1 1 26- 4,050 23,196 I 114,736 1,928 5,978 23,195 114,7.36 1,326 23,207 166,514 716 2,042 23.207 1 ::;:::;:. ::::::::: 166 514 •61,950 1 17,801 i 431,951 1 19,044 61,950 i 18,459 1 431,951 19,044 65,601 16,490 396,449 16,429 1 48 1 65,649 16,490 41'^ 440 658 19,000 16 4^9 28 60<) 26,749 13,204 39,953 9,463 1 19,137 1 i 1 1 • • .•••-••• t;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 1 * Including atone t Undesciibed: ' t . !: K'i! (- ^ii *^ 190' & CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1886 AND 18S1— Continued. Akticlkh, Class V. — Continued. Order JTXVJ— Concluded. Stone, grind and flag " manufactares of. Whiting Other minerals, &c Order XXVIL—Gold, Silver and Preeioua Stones. Coin and bullion Communion plate and plated ware. Biamonds and diamond dust Electro-plated and gilt ware Gold and manufactures of. Jet, manufactures of Jewellery Uedals of gold, silver and copper.. Precious stones " " unset Silver and manufactures of. Order XXVIII.— Metalt other than Gold or Silver. Bells for churches '' of all kinds.except for churches Brass and manufactures of. Copper, manufactures of. Iron bars... " bolts and nuts " Canada plates " castings " hoops Iron, sheet ;; pig • " railway " tubing " wire « manufactures of, and all other " and steel, old scrap Lead " manufactures of Metals and manutactures of. 1886. Value of Imports. $ 22,207 39,362 25,533 49,338 3,610,557 22,543 189,483 198,448 58,170 6,664 466,354 4,126 119 1,661 2,137 31,837 7,935 338,288 109,896 722,430 58,759 184,385 271,143 102,435 363,485 572,777 57,181 299,895 440,906 989,592 158,100 140,511 23,077 314,613 Duty. $ 4,333 8,437 Free Free. 59,682 13,103 1,333 93,250 Free. 166 243 Free. 2,380 95,846 17,777 127,434 19,456 23,390 68,069 15,155 48,637 91,412 9,105 67,795 87,705 171,874 Free. 21,857 6,488 75,904 1887.- Value of Imports. $ 25,781 44,075 15,191 65,484 5.32,218 19,574 246,076 212,733 68,940 1,497 551,259 6,241 1,282 4,581 1,230 .33,303 11,962 409,251 136,299 870,444 36,849 181,477 293,854 133,613 386,001 613,946 174,761 453,338 469,101 1,508,764 220,167 215,105 25,182 348,498 Duty. $ 4,632 8,366 Free. Free. "j II 62,939 16,123 313 110,269 Free. II 458 128 Free. 3,593 114,329 19,622 159,058 14,626 22,616 74,836 21,179 50,914 101,211 29,961 110,477 103,8(0 278,998 Free. 32,957 4,973 87,305 Duty. 4,632 8,366 Free. Free. 'I ^ 62,939 16,123 313 110,259 Free. ti 458 128 8 1)5 12 ■)8 Free. 3,593 114,329 19,622 159,058 14,626 22,616 74,836 21,170 50,914 101,211 29,961 110,477 103,870 278,998 Free. 32,957 4,973 87,305 TRADE AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1886 AND 1861— Continued. i»i 1886. 1887. o Domestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. $ 21,110 2 f 21,112 $ 23,614 $ $ 23,614 ' I 312,018 5 56,531 312,023 56,531 .382,841 58,627 5,569 441,468 5,569 ■ 1,210,864 1,210,861 1,017,401 1,017,401 27 , 25,137 25,137 24,937 • 24,937 291,397 291,397 181,515 181 'iA'i 11 876 7,632 19,508 17,570 1,276 18,816 696 696 " 1 74,970 46,117 59,284 18,337 134,254 64,4'f4 101,171 63,924 28,793 11,419 129,964 75,343 28 • ■■•■•••• ••• ( !■ .i« 'i. ,■,!;■ Ih! i^'^l 192 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 1880 AND l8(il—tfon(inu«I. AiiTicna. 0la«9 V. — Concluded. t>/J<;/- Xri7//.— Coiicliidcd. Mineral earths Nails of all kinds ■ Plumbago and manufactures of Steel and manufactures uf " mils Stoves Tin and manufactures of ''' block, pigri and bars " plates Wire, brass '' copper " iron " steel Yellow metal iiinc and manufactures of " block, pigs and sheets Other metals, manufactured and otherwise Class VI.— Live Animals and PliANTS. Order XXIX. — Animals and Birdt, 4ie. Animals, homed cattle " horses " sheep ** swine " " to be slaughtered in bond for exportation. << all other " for improvement of stock.. *' for ranches " settlers' effects « Zoological Qardcns, To- ronto Bees..'. Leeches :^tJ,078 7.V21.5 ti,»30 .')9f>,ft4.'« It0.'>,l25 23,223 1.3}>,284 219,789 744,820 29,358 30,697 92.504 29,330 64,612 7, .342 85, .5991 261,714 1^0,472 121,341 63,008 121,558 396,754 1.3,225 450,684 87,704 336 460 2,331 250 7,r.93 18,325 834 92.486 Free. .'•>,749 34,773 Free i. 1,823 Free 12,202 22,669 12,328 24,312 2,650 Free. 1887. $ 36,373 97, 103 6,850 7.3.5,191 1,431.792 20;307 145,639 250, .564 767,8,36 36, .383 47,363 85,740 29,386 51,631 6,561 98,557 497,182 94,171 107,471 76,535 .36,986 473,567 11400 476,393 391,311 4,457 2,660 1,185 132 7,6.50 28,766 1,025 126,087 Free. 5,141 .36,522 Free. K (< l( (1 li <( 1,628 Frfe. 12,099 17,2ItJ 14,689 7,,397 2,280 Free. n tl u 1( Dutj. 7,650 28,7i)i) IjOi,-) 126,087 Free. 5,141 36,522 Free. « <( (( ■^'l> H I ill t^\ M m 194 m 1 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS— 188G AND ISfil— Concluded. AUTlChKS, Class Vl.— Concluded. Order A'A'.Y.-— Plants and Tre^s. Fruit trees Forest " Plants, ornamental trees and shrub:^ 1880. Value of Imports. Class VII.— Misckllaneous Mat- TBRS. Order XXXI. — Miscellaneous Matters. Articles for the use of the Governor General Articles for the use of foreign Con- Buls General Articles for the use of the Dominion Gorernment Articles f«r the use of the Army, Navy and Canadian Militia Billiard and bagatdle tables Brooms and brush ware Buttons Clothing for charitable purposes. ... Fancy goods Ice Models of invention Pencils lead, in wood or otherwise. Settle's' effects All other miscellaneous Order XXXII. — Indefinite Articles. 42,129 634 42,844 Curiosities Goods, manufactuied, undescribed. Personal effects Unenumerated articles Order XXXIII.— Special Exemp- tions. Articles for construction of C.P.R.. Articles for construction of Esqui- mau and Nanaimo Railway. Total Export duty. 5,578 1,879 404,562 147,979 4,946 94,584 305,869 13,501 311,788 996 19,392 60,179 1,3.30,717 55,311 4,866 50,312 3,034 005,987 812,729 192,699 104,424,661 1887. Duty. $ 8,731 Free 8,569 Value of Imports. Free. 1,496 23,729 76,466 Free. 80,095 Free. (( 15,040 Free. Free. 11,189 Free. 121,720 Free. it 19,427,397 20,726 $ 42,204 371 40,200 10,510 2,778 670,313 66,925 6,539 119,231 417,866 6,988 827,767 550 25,780 60,382 1,469,726 113,155 39,772 55,714 2,297 612,850 669,016 27,ti24 112,892,236 Duty. $ 10,825 Free: 8,057 Free. tt (I 2,036 29,381 104,510 Free. 242,432 Free. 16,598 Free. Free. 12,230 Free. 123,149 Free. 22 438,309 31,397 TRADB AND COMMERCE. EXPORTS— 1886 ANn 1881— Continued. 196 1880. 1887. c o Doincatic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. ' $ s $ $ $ $ 30 ' , 31 • •••••••• •• . 603,558 69,395 663,953 633,331 128,930 762,261 32 466,287 73;644 539,831 501,757 96,649 598,406 2,781,198 2,781,198 2,996,889 2,996,889 77,756,704 7,494,610 85,261,314 80,960,909 8,554,902 89,516,811 \ 13^ f\ •J 'i It I ■A ■ hi-; ; I ■ I n I!. : I i 'n III i 1^6 CHAPTER IV. ^ Hi Slex-' 268. Tho total value of imports and exports, and amount •bS'i'mS? of duty collected in 1887, as comi ..red with 1886, wa« as 5?ellSln follows:- ▼alue. Iniporti. Exporti. Dutr Collected. 1886 $l04,.i-M,r.6l f8r.,'.'.^)l,.tU $lt),448,12:» 1887 I12,892,j:i(} 80,515,811 22,469,705 Therc^ was therefore an increase in the value of im- ports of 18,467,675, and in the value of exports of iJ4,264,497, making an increase in the tota^ '■ .nle of $12,732,172, while the increase in duty collecfp.l an-'ouun d to $8,021,582. The above satisfactory showing ju.^^i Ties therefore the opinion" expressed last year i\\id the indications were that the depression of trade whii;h had been prevalent during the past 4 years was passing away. Deoreaae In values and In- crease in qu tie an ti- es. •K 254. The value of the total trade is still considerably below the returns for 1882 and 1883, but the decline in values in many of the principal articles of merchandise has been so marked, that there is good reason to suppose that at former prices, the trade of 1887 would not have fallen far short of the highest point yet reached. That the decline in ■values has exceeded the decrease in the volume of trade to a considerable extent will be apparent on examining the following comparative statement of the quantities and values of the principal articles of food exported during the years of 1882 and 188*7 respectively, from which it will be seen that with scarcely an exception the percentage of in- increaFi- .>t decoase in value was respectively considerably smaller or 'irjrer th; r. the corresponding percentage in quanta .lea. TRADE AND OOMMEROB. QUANTITIES AND VALUES OP PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OP FOOD EXPORTED FROM CANAOA, ^2 AND 1887, COMPARED. lot QrANTiriBH. Percent- VALDGa. Percent- age of age of AnTicu*8. Iticrcase or Increase or 1 ■ 1882. 18f7. Oecrease. 1882. 1887. Decrease. $ $ Wheat... Uush. fi, 433, 533 9,127,045 + 4, 9 8,L\i,fllO :,859,B3H — 36 Flour Kris. ."iOS.lJO 6:U,152 + 4- . 2,5»4l,7*<> 2,366,472 — 195 Corn Hudh 4,220,900 3,373,7(14 51-2 1,353 , ,vR 10,876 5,815 — 46-5 Sheep *' 311,669 443,«.;8 + 2-3 I 22H,967 1. .;t5,340 + 29-8 Beef. Ll>3. 1, 192,042 66H,ii'; — 31 76,009 26,004 — 65-3 Bacon.... ■' 10,?S6,190 11,589,84 + 1. 14,405 889,636 — 20 8 Pork " 2,ii.'iti,778 l,257,7:t., — i '- ',589 70,198 — 63-5 Butter .... " ia,;t.{8,488 6,716,1 21 1 — 6j ; 1^ '.no 1,011 ri22 ~ 660 Cheese... " 55,:t\i5,167 78,780,858 42 4 5,9 j.37 7,552,008 + 26'3 Eggs Dox. 10,499,082 12,955,22tJ h 23 • 709 1,827,143 + 11-2 265. The ioUowi ug tabl( es relatiu s to the trade of the Decline In value* United Kingr^lom, furnish a good ilb ration of the decline croliein in values but increase in quantitie^ >f late years. They itfrheun' were prepared by Mr. Gitfen of the li- >• lal Board of Trade Sk?n?*°*" and are taken trom the Board of Traa Journal, May, 1888. The figures they contain are very sigD licant, and demon- strate in a mark d manner the absolute mportance ol mak- ing allowance lor prices when compii ^'^ statemorts of imports and expo-ts. At the prices of 1S*1'6 the total imports would have been over 500 millions instead of 350 millions, and the exports 3o0 millions instead of 2 12 J millions. Thus it will be seen that *' the real progress has been immense," "although, on the footing of declared values only, there" -. " would seem to be no progress at all." I- i i I M i ! i y'\' lit I'l r 198 CHAPTER IV. i 3 I III EXPORTS OP ENUMERATED VRTICLBS OF BRITISH AND IRISH PRO- DUCE AT THE PRICES OP 1873, AND AT THE ACTUAL DECLARED VALUES COMPARED. Teak. 1873 1879 1883 1884 1885 1886 Declared Values. £ Millions sterling. 172 122 146 m in i8i Values computed at Prices of 1873. £ Millions sterling. 172 174 212J 208 20U 215 IMPORTS OF ENUMERATED ARTICLES AT THE PRICES OF 1873, AND AT THE ACTUAL DECLARED VALUES COMPARED. Year. Declared Values. Values computed at Prices of 1873. 1873 £ Milliuna sterling. 308 289 336 300 28U 263 £ Millions sterling. 308 1879 349 1883 403 1884 383 1885 384 382; 1886 256. The following figures, showing the course of the average prices in each year since 1880 were given by Mr. Sauerbeck in the Statist of 14th January, 1888 : — 100 1880 88 1881 85 1882 84 1883 82 1884 76 1885 72 1886 69 1887 68J m TRADE AND COMMERCE. 199 / ;iii 257. The following table gives the value of the total im- J^Pf/^*/' ports and exports, and of the aggregate trade in every year frade?*** since Confederation, the excess of imports over exports, or otherwise, is also shown, as well as the value of the aggre- gate trade per head of population in each year : — r-4 t IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, AND TOTAL TRADE OF CANADA, 18G8 TO 1887, Year BNDKl) 30TU Jdnb, Total Imports. Total Exports. Excess of Imports. Excess of Exports. Total Imports and Exports. Value of Total Trade per Head. 1868 $ 73,459,044 70,415,165 74,814,339 96,092,971 111,430,527 128,011,281 128,213,582 123,070,283 93,210,346 99,327,962 93,081,787 81,964,427 86,489,747 105,330,840 119,419,500 132,254,022 116,397,043 108,941,486 104,424,561 112,892,236 $ 57,567,888 60,474,781 73,573,490 74,173,618 82,639,663 89,789,922 89,351,928 77,886,979 80,966,435 75,875,393 79,323,667 71,491,255 87,911,458 98,290,823 102,137,203 98,085,804 91,406,496 89,238,361 85,251,314 89,515,811 15.891,756 9.940,384 1,240,849 21,919,353 28,790,864 38,221,359 38,861,654 45,183,304 12,24.3,911 23,452,569 1.3,758,120 10,473,172 *f,040,017 17,282,297 34.168,218 24,990.547 19,703,125 19,173,247 23,376,125 $ $ 131,027,532 130,889,946 148,387,829 170,266,589 194,070,190 217,801,203 217,565,510 200,957,262 174,176,781 175,203,355 172,405,4.54 153,455,682 174,401,205 203,621,663 221,556,703 230,3.39,826 207,803,539 198,179,847 189,675,875 202,408,047 $ cts. 38 86 18G9 38 35 1870 42 95 1871 48 39 1872 53 74 1873 59 37 1874 56 88 1875 51 70 1876 ^ ^ 44 10 1877 43 65 1878 42 26 1879 37 01 1880 1881 1,421,711 41 37 46 86 1882 50 00 1883 50 99 1884 45 11 1885 42 20 1886 39 57 1887 41 52 Total... 2,059,241,749 l,65i,952,289 1 405,711,171 1,421,711 3,714,194,038 •45 74 liA Ill ■ ■ '■■■■*l •Average. 258. The value of imports has been exceeded six times, Average and the value of exports five times since Confederation, and imports in SIX years during the same period the total trade was ports, also larger. The average value per head during the twenty years has been of imports $25'38, of exports l|20'36, and of the total trade |45'74, so that in 1887 imports were i|2*14, H' M ■I- 200 CHAPTER IV. exports $2, and the total trade $4' 17 below the average. The amount of the total trade per head was considerably below that of several previous years, though the total aggregate trade was $16,698,345 above the average. 259. The amount of trade done by the United States is only exceeded by three countries in the worlds and is there- fore many times larger than the trade of Canada, but in Canadian proportion to population, the trade of the Dominion is con- siderably in advance of that of the United States as is shown and Ame- rlean paredi ' by the following statement : FOREIGN TRADE OF CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES PER CAPITA, 1887. Country. Imports. Exports. Total Trade. Canada United States • $ cts. 23 16 11 54 9> cts. 18 36 11 93 $ cts. 41 52 23 47 Excess per head in favour of Canada 11 62 6 43 18 05 J; * 260. During the last twenty years, the exports have only once exceeded the imports, viz., in 1880, in every other year there having been an excess of imports The average annual Excess of excess of imports has been $20,285,658, therefore the excess ^^' ' in 1887 was $3,090,867 above the average. 261. Whether a continual excess of imports is or is not prejudicial to the interests of a country, is a complex and much debated question. The imports into the United Kingdom have for many years largely exceeded the ex- ports, yet that country is steadily auii'meiiting its wealth. India, on the other hand, has had a large excess of exports for several years, and yet is by no means in a pros- TRADE AND COMMERCE. 201 ^erage. perous financial condition. The numerous financial trans- actions between England and her colonies also tend to* increase the excess of imports, as Mr. Coghlan says='<= : " The " loans raised in England do not come as coin but as mer- " chandise, and form the greater part of the excess of im- " ports over exports which is so marked a feature of these "colonies," 262, The next table gives the value of imports, exports gj^j** and duty collected, per head of population, and the value tionVdu^ of goods entered for consumption, in each year since Con- ^^®*'*«<*» federation : — v $ cts. 41 52 23 47 18 05 VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS PER HEAD IN CANADA, AND DUTY COLLECTED ; ALSO VALUE OF GOODS ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION, 1868 TO 1887. Year ended 30th June, 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879.. 1880.. 1881.. 1882 . 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. Value of Im- ports per Head. Value of Ex- ports per Head. $ cts. 21 78 20 63 21 66 27 31 30 86 34 89 33 62 j 31 66i 23 60 ! 24 751 22 82 i 19 77 20 62 24 24 i 26 95 i 29 28 1 25 27 23 20 21 23 78 16 $Ct3 17 07 17 72 21 29 21 08 22 88 24 48 23 36 20 04 20 50 18 90 19 44 17 24 20 85 22 62 23 05 21 71 19 84 19 00 ■17 78 18 3ti Goods Entered for Consump- tion. 71,<>85,.306 67,402,170 71,237,603 86,947,482 107,709,116 127,514,594 127,404,169 119,618,657 94,733,218 96i300,483 91.199,577 80,341,608 7i; 782,349 91,611,604 112,648,927 12.3,137,019 108,180,644 102,710,019 99,602,694 105,639,428 Duties Collected on Imports. Ex- ports. $ $ 8,801,445 17,986 8,284,507 14,402. 9,425,028 37,9121 11,807,589 36,0661 1.3,020,684 24,809! 12,997,578 20,1521 14,407,317 14,565 15,354,1.39 7,243 12,828,614 4,500! 12.544,348 4,103' 12,791,532 4,161; 12,935,268 4,272! 14,129,953 8,896! 18,492,645 8,140! 21,700,027 8,810 23,162,553 9,755 20,156,447 8,5 6 19,121,254 12,305 19,427,397 20,726 22,438,308 31,397, Total. Amount per Head. 8,819,431 8,298,909 9,462,940 11,«43,656 13,045,493 13,017,730 14,421,882 15,361,382 12,833,114 12,548,451 12,795,693 12,939,540 14,138,849 18,500,785 21,708,837, 23,172,308 20,164,963! 19, 1 33, .5.59 19,448,123 22,469,705 $ 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 61 43 74 37 61 55 77 8 95 3 25 12 13 12 35 26 90 13 38 07 05 61 Articles on which export duty is collected, viz. : — Pine, oak and spruce logsi and shingle and stave bolts. •Wealth and Progress of New South Wales, p. 412. • '!■ ! I * ,i : '}^ 202 CHAPTER IV. Duty ool- leoted. Oompara- tlye value of goods entered for con- sumption. 263. "With one exception, viz., in 1883, the amount of duty was the largest ever collected, and was 155 per cent, larger than that collected in 1868, though the amount per head shows an increase only of 76 per cent. There was again a considerable increase in the duty collected on ex- ports. 264. In goods entered for consumption ther^ was an in- crease of 16,036,734 over 1886, and of $2,929,409 over 1885, which is a further confirmation of the general improvement in trade. The value per head of these imports in 1886 was $20.77, and in 1887 $21.67, an increase of 90 cents per head. The value of similar goods in the United States in 1887 was $12.10 i)er head, being $9.57 per head less than in Canada. II Summary 265. A comparative summary of the value of the princi- of imports ,^ 'ii n andf 1887 P^^ articles imported in the last three years will be found in the following table, dutiable goods being distinguished from those admitted free : — VALUE OF THE PIUXCIPAL IMPORTS INTO CANADA, DUTIABLE AND FREE, DURING THE YEARS 1885, 1886 AND 1887. Articles. Dutiable Goods. Ale, beer and porler Animal^, living, Books, {-eriodicals, &c., and otiier printed matter Brass, and manufactures of. Breadstulfd, viz. : — Arrowroot, biscuit, rice, &c Grain of all l^iuds Flour and meal of all kinds Brooms and brushes Candles Carriages Value op Imports. 1885. 1886. 1887. $ $ $ 191,779 1,101,721 180,293 866,2.' 8 180,226 800,130 1,165,414 299,623 1,159,495 338,288 i,296,9rirt 409,251 566,413 5,327,368 2,615,90J* 98,880 43,765 312,176 387,452 4,566,106 1,156,054 94,584 40,029 395,672 461,645 5,666,778 982,9'.'0 1 19,231 i 34,292 1 353, 124 y TRADE AND COMMERCE. VALUE OP THE PRINCIPAL IMPORTS, kc— Continued. AUTiCLES. Dutiable Gooua -Continued. Carpets, N.E.S Clocks Coal and coke Coffee Copper, and manufactures of Cordage Cotton, nianufncturcs of. Drujrs, dyes, chemicals and medicines. Earthenware and cliinaware Fancv goods Fish' Flax, hemp and jute, and manufactures of. Fruits and nuts, dried " green Furs, and manufactures of Glass " Gold and silver " Gunpowder and explosive substances Gutta percha and India rubber, and manu- factures of. Hats, caps and bonnets Iron, and manufactures of. and steel, and manufactures of Jewellery Lead, and manufactures of Leather " Marble " Metal, composition and other, N.E.S Musical instruments of all kinds Oils, coal and kerosene, &c., refined, and products of Oils, all other Oil cloth Packages Paints and colours Paper, and manufactures of Pickles, sauces and caper.s of all kinds Plants and trees of all kinds Provisions, viz : — Butter, clieese, lard and meats of alli kinds I Suit, coarse (not imported from Great! Britain or Brlt'ch possessions, or for sea; or gulf fisheries^, and all fine salt Seeds and roots Silk, and manufactures of Soap of all kinds Value op Imports. 43,052 126,129 7,36:i,()34 16!), 709 88,229 94,841 6,249,5;?4 i,2i:{,;t96 485,498 1,585,766 96,278 1,159,931] 908,083 093, lb9 633,921 1,009,477 238,431 177,669 761,239 1,073,449 7,641,488 482,043 152,861 1,533,632 101,181 332,778 389,699 450,357 582,301 251,977 550,429 520,339 1,019,849 160,283 75,763 2,893,073 32,538 263,590 2,305,302 119,865 59,650 125,h71 6,905,492 114.799 109,896 92,551 5,78ti,811 1, '206,454 596,620 1,403.298 510,516 1,348,192 836,431 716,494 712,862 1,140,674 258,755 130,138 723,685 1,163,326 8,039,955 466,354 175,517 1,716,311 113,908 314,613 416,047 481,785 704,344 261,373 373,708 539,083 1,073,379 124,721 84,973 2,226,726 40,019 401,211 2,353,350 144,063 1887 75,703 135,906 6,896,650 107,393 136,299 75,624 5,436,574 1,397,511 730,215 2,032,767 613,404 1,526,831 975,776 830,848 762,287 1,279,463 282,903 149,076 821,963 1,291,417 9,676,869 551,259 246,422 1,684,171 102,701 348,498 472,368 5.33,634 707,238 289,967 384,314 565,417 1,206,996 149,110 82,410 1,772,966 .39,146 422,810 2,898,117 95,229 204 :i I CHAPTER IV. VALUE OF THE PRINCIPAL IMPORTS, &o.— Continued. Articles. Dutiable Goods — Concluded. Spices Spirits and wines Starch Stone, and manufactures of. Sugar of all kinds Molasses Confectionery and sugar candy . Tea , Tobacco and cigars Turpentine, spirits of Varnish Vegetables Vinegar Watches, and parts of Wood, and manufactures of., Woollen manufactures All other dutiable articles Total, dutiable goods. Free Goods. Mine — Coal, anthracite S*lt, imported from the United Kingdom or any British possession, or for the use of the sea or gulf fisheries Other articles, the produce of the mine .. Fisheries — Fish of all kinds " oil " Value op Imports. 1885. $ 179,296 1,394,972 46,612 86,327 5,296,835 765,193 85,050 299,422 414,5.50 116, 4G8 68,542 170,628 9,625 503,565 1,071,693 9,053,167 4,298,272 79,614,108 Other articles, tlie produce of the fish- eries Forest — Logs and round unmanufactured timber. Lumber and timber, plank and board, sawn, not shaped, planed or otherwise manufactured Otlier articles, the produce of the forest Animals — Animals for the improvement of stock, for ranches, and imported as settlers effects, &c Eg<;s Fiir sk ns of all kinds, notdrtised inauy manner.., 255,719 311,721 601,631 66, 189 6,694 601.403 372,958 80,871 794,768 47,91 421,601 1886. 1887. $ 203,120 1,258,741 38,105 103,048 3,899,757 518,366 94,428 347,932 38.3, G04 145,242 100,951 172,573 10,178 385,045 1,496,258 9,324,8281 3,876,396 ■ 202,008 1,437,448 39,092 124,224 5,637,109 655,823 93,662 89,990 402,823 173,002 109,789 204,254 10,876 445,942 1,425,527 11,897,776 4,436,807 75,. 5: 16,7.58 1 85,479,400 255,359 324,863 288,443 77,691 10,953 493,236 ill, 442' 93. 799 539.1831 44,638 382,855 585,675 285,45,5 396,817 273.085 63,383 10,391 336,880 401,P:»0 89,'.t28 875,021 65,262 478,149 /^ TRADE AND COMMERCE. VALUE OF THE PRINCIPAL IMPORTS, &c.— Concluded. 205 Articles. or Fkke Goods — Concluded. Auimals — Concluded. Hides, raw. whether dry, salted ^, pickled, skins undressed, dried, salted or pickled, and tails undressed Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, not being doubled, twisted or adyanced in manufacture any way Wool, unmanufactured Other articles, the produce of animals... Agricultural products, viz. — Tobacco, unmanufactured, for excise purposes 0:ner agiicultural products Manufactured and partially manufactured articles — Cotton wool and waste Drugs, dyes, chemicals and medicines.... Metals, iron and iteel, viz. — Steel railway bars or rails Other manufactures of fron and steel... Tin in blocks, pig, bars, plates and sheets Yellow metal in bars, bolts, and for sheathing All other manufactured articles Miscellaneous articles — Articles for the use of the Dominion Government, &c Articles for the use of the Army, Navy and Militia, &c Coffee, green Tea of all kinds Coin and bullion Other miscellaneous articles Special exemptions— Fish and fish oil, &c., the produce of Newfoundland Articles for original construction of Canadian Pacific Railway Articles for original construction of Esquimau and Nanaimo Railway Total, free goods " dutiable goods. Grand total Value of Impouts. 1885. 1,7G9,31!» LSI, 00 J 1,342,405 301,754 1,456,295 740,989 2,493,288 1,250,030 975,757 291,452 902,093 97,914 2,238,335 1,170,483 187,533 284,349 .3,238,974 2,954,244 1,800,995 336,958 1,738,363 29,327,378 79,614,108 108,941,486 1880. $ 1,735,200 151,005 1.785,828 343,732 1,708,812 715,039 3,008,659 1,233,304 905,125 372,687 964,609 64,612 2,118,263 464,502 147,979 289,097 3,881,7.34 3,610,557 1,559,043 812,729 192,699 28,887,803 75,536,758 104,424,561 1887. $ 1,961,134 143,521 1,875,651 282,349 1,328,703 752,072 3,081,424 1,238,759 1,431,792 586,721 1,018,400 51,631 2,500,097 670,313 66,925 184,347 3,334,819 532,218 1,717,378 669,016 27,624 27,412,836 85 479,400 I ' f 112,892,230 206 CHAPTER IV. f:;-K i. i 1 If iSdufu® 26G. There was an increase in the value of dutiable dSeas? goods imported in 188t of i$9,942,642 as compared with Lomfs! 1886, and of $5,865,292 as compared with 1885, whil*^ ;here was a decrease in the value of free goods of i$ 1,4*74,967 as compared with the preceding year, which was due to the reduced importations of coin and bullion, thi^re having been a decrease under this head of i!^3,078,339. Principal 267. Amoiig dutiable articles the principal increases are In dull- found in imports of grain of all kinds, manufactures of able goods , copper, fancy goods, flax, hemp and jute and manufactures of the same, green and dried fruits, hats and bonnets, manu- factures of iron and steel, jewellery, manufactures of paper, manufactures of silk, spirits and wines, sugars, watches and woollen manulactures, the increase under the latter head amounting to $2,572,948. It is satisfactory to note the in- creases in fancy goods, hats and bonnets, jewellery, manu- factures of silk, spirits and wines, watches, &c., these being articles that are more luxuries than necessaries, and their increased importation indicates a greater margin out of the savings of the people for their purchase. Principmi 268. The principal decreases among dutiable articles were in imports of books, flour and meal, manufactures of cotton (these imports have steadily decreased during the last fivt; years), provisions, soap, tea and manufactures of wood. Increases 269. Among free goods the principal increases were in creasee lumber and timber, savyn, but not otherwise manufactured, free goods, auimals for improvement of stock, fur skins not dressed, raw hides (there was a decrease in imports of manufactures of leather), and steel rails ; and the principal decreases were in logs and unmanufactured timber, tobacco manufactured, coffee and tea and coin and bullion. Goods en- 270. The following table gives the value of goods entered consump- foT cousumptiou (dutiable being distinguised from free) r, manu- ,es were TRADE AND COMMERCE. 20t iu each Province in 1887, and the amount of duty collected provinces, thereon : — VALUE OF GOODS ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTIOxV BY PROVINCES, 1887. IMlOVINCES. Dutiable Goods. Ontario. (Quebec..... Nova Scotiu New Brunswick Miinitobii British Columbia Prince Edward laland The Territories $ 32.678,81.5 ;u,G47,8;u 4,647,604 3,912,604 1,678,177 3,005,791 424,2'28 65,626 Free (Joods. s 9,092,004 12,117,90() 2,200,OS;? 1,740,417 3:::4,ooo 560,348 179,990 386,795 Total. Duty Collected. 42 4.'i, ( 6 2 3 ,671,419 ,705,740 ,854,287 ,05.3,021 ,012,183 ,626,139 604,218 452,421 s 8,003,391 9,770,958 1,757,350 1,346,768 508,947 883,421 15.3,861 13,609 271. The dutiable goods entered for consumption were inoreasein $7,461,860 in excess of the preceding year, while free goods percent- similarly entered were less by |1, 425, 126. The percentage duty. of duty on goods entered for consumption was 21-24, being higher than in any year since Confederation, the next high- est having been in 1881 viz., 20*19. The percentage of duty on the total value of imports was 19*87, being also the highest during the last 20 years. 272. The figures in the preceding table must only be taken as indicative of the channels by which goods enter the Dominion, and not as by any means representing the individual consumption of each Province. Quebec, con- taining the principal ports of entry by the St. Lawrence, and Ontario the principal ports of entry for goods from the United States, it is clear that a very large portion of the duty collected is really paid by the other Provinces, and it is probable that the largest portion of the duty collected in the Province of Quebec is actually paid by the Province of Ontario. The same remarks apply more or less equally well to exports, the Province of Prince Edward Island Ml •I'l ' i i if 208 CHAPTER IV. 1^, if. k: I J I I 11 ii being now the only Province whose returns can be con- sidered as applying almost exclusively to that Province. Value of 2*73. The next table is a statement of the value of the ex- since Con- ports in every year since Confederation, distinguishing those of Canadian produce and manufacture in each class from the total foreign exports : — EXPORTS FROM CANADA, DOMESTIC A\D POREIOX, 1868-1887. Ykak. Domestic. Produce of the Mine. 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 18'C 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 $ 1,446, S.')? 2,093,502 2,487,038 3.221,461 5,326,218 6,471,162 3,977,216 .3, K 78, 050 3,731,827 3.044,040 2,816,347 3,082,900 2,877,351 2,767,829 3.013.573 2,970,886 .3,247,092 3, 6,39, .">3 7 3,951,147 3,805,959 Produce of the Fislieries. Produce of the Forest. Animiila and their Products. 3,357,510 3,242,710 3,608,549 3,994,275 4,386,214 4,779.277 5,292,368 5,38.).,W7 5,500,!?89 5,874,.360 6,85,3,975 6,928,871 6,579,656 6,867,715 7,682,079 8,809.118 8,591,6.54 7,960 001 6,843,388 6,875.810 18,262,170 19,838,963 20,940,434 22,352,286 23,899,759 28,586,816 26,817,715 24,781,780 20,128,064 23,010,249 19,511,575 13,261,4,59 16,854,507 24,960,012 23,991,055 25,370,726 2,5,811,157 20,989,708 21,031,611 20,484,746 6,89.3,167 8,7(>9,407 12,138,161 12, 608, ,506 12,706,967 14,243,017 14,679,169 12, 700, ,50 7 13,517,654 14,220,617 14,019,857 14,100,604 17,607,577 21,360,219 20,4.54,7.59 20,284,343 22,946,108 25,337.104 22,065,433 24,246,937 Agricul- tural Products. 12,871,055 12,182,702 13,676,619 9,8.53,924 13,378,891 14,995,340 19,690, 142 17, 258, .358 21,139,665 14,689,376 18,008,7.54 19,628,46-1 22,294,32« 21,268,327 31,035,712 22,818,519 12,397,843 14,518,293 17,652,779 18,826,235 ■'9 TIJ i)E AN' f^30MMlf<»E. 209 EXPORTS FROM CAXADA. IJO.M ' srrC Alt' KuUEf. s, l»fifi-1887-Con. Ykau. lH(i8 18t)l) 1870 1H71 1872 1S7:{ 1871 1875 1876 1877 1878 187!t 1880 1881 1882 188;{ 1884 188.J 188G 1887 DoMKSTIC Miiniifac- turud. l,r>72,r)4:! 2.2!t3,04n r),;i5;{,;{67 4, 105, 422 4,127,7r)5 2,700,281 3,242.617 3.075,005 3.320,598 3.503,220 3,577,535 3,181, .501 2,824.137 .3,07!t,!)72 Mi3- cellani'oua Articles. Ooin amiA '.iillioii, ind E»timute(l .Amount short I'Otiirneil at Iiiliiiid l'ort8. Foreign. Total. 1,130,872 1,4.30,559 i,0!)(;,7:i'j 940,000 848,247 1,2 48,192 1.210.475 1,198,031 400, 283 320,816 401,871 386,999 640,1.55 622, 182 535,935 528,805 560,690 5 7,374 604,011 644,. 361 7,827,890 7.295,676 10.964,676 9,1.39,018 »i. 897, 454 7.138,406 4.811,084 .'!, 2.58, 767 3,869.625 2,899,405 2,418,6.55 3,046,033 4, 5 7ft, 261 3,094,327 4,466,039 4,048,324 4,885,311 4,97.5,197 2,837,729 3,002,458 4,106,821 3,855,801 6,527,622 9,853,244 12,798,182 9.405,910 10,614,096 7,137,319 7,234,961 7,111,108 11,164,878 8,. 3.55, 644 13,240,006 13,.375,117 7,628,4.53 9,751,773 9, .389, 106 8,079,646 7.438,079 8,549.333 57,567,888 60,174,781 73,573,400 74,173,618 82,6.39,663 89,789,922 89,351,928 77,886,979 80,966,435 75,875,393 79,323,667 71,491,2.55 87,911,458 98,290,823 102,137,203 98.085,804 91,406,496 89,2.38.361 85,251.314 89,515,811 274 Without reference to the interveuinff fluctuations in Percent- , agosotin- amount, the percentages of increase in the various classes ^omesuc of domestic exports in 1887 as compared with 1868 were as exports. follows : — Produce of the mine 1(53.0 percent. ' " fusheries 104-7 '• " forest 12-2 '• Animals and their i>roduc1s 251-0 " A {,nicultural products 46-3 " iiauufdctures 95'8 " 275. The increase in the value ofdomestic exports in 1887, increase was as follows : — Produce of the fisheries, |32,422 ; animals t'^t^-.^o- portal 1S8^ • and their products, $2,181, 504; agricultural products $1,- 173,456 ; manufactures, $255,835 ; miscellaneous articles, ),350; and in foreign exports, |1, 111, 254. There was a 14 ^•i i-:\ !"r H- :! 210 CHAPTFJl IV. I ii decrease in exports of produce of the mine and ol' the forest reKpectivcly of $145,188 and ^54!>,H(]r). Canadian' 270. The value of the exportM of articles the produce or fwiTliSKr' loanufacturi! of Canada during th(? hist twenty yearn, together with their value j^er head of popuhition, and p«'r- centage of total exports, in each years, will be found iii the following table : — EXPORTS OF CANADIAN PRO DL'UIi -1808-18^7. YeAII KNDKII r.DTM Jl'NK, 1808 1^09 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 18'?9 ItSO 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Total Value. 45,543,177 4S),3J3,:504 50,081,192 65,151,047 01,000,436 73,245,006 73,926.748 67,490,893 69,861,849 65,864,880 65,740,134 60,(»89,578 70,096,191 80,921,379 90,042.711 84,285.707 77,132,079 76,183,518 74,975,500 17,964,020 Value iHT Hue nc Head. S cts. 13 .-iO 14 4rt 10 2;i 15 07 10 89 19 96 19 32 17 36 17 69 16 41 16 11 14 49 16 62 18 02 20 32 18 66 16 74 16 22 15 64 16 00 l\ic(Mitag« of Total Exports. 79' 11 81-50 70 '22 74-35 73-81 81*57 82-73 86-05 80-28 80-80 82-87 84-05 79-73 H2' 88' 33 15 85-93 84- 3 S 85-37 87-94 8710 In three years, only since Confederation has the value of exports of Canadian produce in 1887 been exceeded, viz., in 1881, 1882 and 1883, and the percentage of total imports, though a trille lower than in 1886, had only been exceeded in two years, viz., 1882 and 1886. The value per head, however, while 36 cents more than in 1886, was yet much lower than the value in many previous years. Value and 277. The following tables give the value of the imports of Imports for home consumption and of exports of home produce of ???t8of wheat, flour and other breadstuff's in each year since Con- Jtuff?'i867- federation, with the quantities of the same respectively :— 1887. * TTIADE AND COMMKIK'E. 211 le forest aduce or /• yoars, iiul p»'r- id iii the V-rcotitrtgo of till Exports. 70-U srsti 7t;"22 74-:i5 7:V8l 81-57 82 -7:1 80 '65 8G",i8 8«>-8() 82 '87 84 'Of) 79-73 82 'HS 88-15 85-93 84-3-f 85-37 87 -W 87 10 value of d, viz., ill imports, exceeded per head, ^et much e imports reduce of ince Con- tively :— VALUK OF IMI'ORTS OF WHKAT, FI.Ol'R, AND OTIIKH lUlKADHTl'FFS, FOI! irOMK OOVSUMPTIDX, AND KXI'OHTS OF TIIK SAMIv liKING TIIK IMlOOrCF OF OWAUA, liUUlNG KAUll OF TilK VFAIW 1808 TO 1HS7 in(;msivf.. IMPOIITH. VEAII KXKKI) ;tOTH Jlnk, ipr,8., iscit., IsTO.. 1871.. 1M72.. IST3., 1S74,, iH7:i . IKTU.. 1MT7,. 1H7H.. 1H7!».. 18H0. 1881., 1HH2., I88;i . 1884. 1885. 1881;. 18H7, IKCH .. IHf.K.., 1870... 1871., 1872.. 1873.. 1874.. 1875.. 187ti.. 1877.. 1878.. 187!».. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1880.. 1887., W lit' lit. Flour. OlluT BrondKtutl'j. 3,0Hi,ti24 4,0:10,122 4.45H,Ht;.3 4,l5:i,;!4l (;.!I0!I,(121 !),!»10,.551 G><;57,t!52 0,087,1)74 4,840,824 0,510,148 3,057,400 7 ,lt.'tO 54, 104 300,034 47,074 202,033 35!»,0!)8 55,804 18,313 ],0.!i;..305 2,071S315 1,H7!»,000 2,223,0till 2,157.074 1,H42,!K)!» l,7;iH,802 2,402.C 1,000, Ji, 2,073, 8f 1,H74,750 1,480.3.50 535,200 010,70'.> 041,1.57 1,3; 17. 304 2,435,440 2,105,010 788,404 039,121 1,880.811 5,438,!>34 1,227,003 1,007,111 4,044,081 5,880. 1!(5 "70,'I14 < . )4 '■ '.05 108 J... 5 1,02 1 3,051,808 1,520,042 1,802,071 2,131,03.1 2,110,172 2,122.1.55 1,700,840 1,594.175 1,724.982 E.XP0UT8. 3,048,081 3, 183, .383 3,705,173 1,981.017 3,000,582 0,023,870 8,88(i,077 4,950,730 0,740,298 2,742,.39.3 5,370,105 0,274,040 5,042,042 2,59.3,820 5,180,335 5,881,488 812,923 1,900,287 3,025,804 4,745,138 2,t;29,5tO 1,048,000 2,.%2,H9 1,000.849 2,071,014 •2,003,4.54 3,194,072 1, ,545, 242 2,178,389 1,185,4:18 2,7:<0,400 2,572,075 2,0:i0,055 2,173,108 2,748,988 2,51.5,055 1,025,995 550,530 1,744,909 2,322,144 5.020.441 0, .590, 700 7,0;iO,172 4,920,440 5,220,700 4,848,370 t),424,824 0,80.?. '120 10,907,248 7,085,931 8,400,212 8,5:54,607 10,400,00:5 12,130,80:5 10,889,703 10,229,028 8,067,2:13 9,221,040 10,092,135 9,021,577 Total. 7,109,740 7,518,249 O.'.KlO, 725 8,079,04:5 11,555,090 14,0:52,785 I5,7l!»,707 I2.tl74,724 11, 4 12,. 5:17 14,14!»,181 i:t, 7:10,. 525 9.;i89,013 2,004, 144 2,770,874 3,432,124 3,501,210 4,849,0:54 4,:il4.900 2.4:^8,44:5 2,:582,410 12,204,002 11,722,8:59 1:1,04:1,494 8,5U!.212 11,802,250 1:5,77.5,700 18.505.573 10,:i08,:i04 I9,834,9:r> 11,913,752 10, 5 15, 90:1 17,:581,982 19,342,000 10,900,731 24.819,080 18,027,071 10,506,151 11,744.403 14,802,008 10,088,859 'V'! 1 1' ' I < !i • Not separated from otbtr grain. 14J 212 CHAPTKR IV. . -t QUANTITIKS OF WHEAT. FLOUR AXD OTHKR IIRKADSTUFFS IM- PORTED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION, AND EXPORTd OF THE SAME, THE PRODUCE OF CANADA, DURING EACH OF THE YEARS 18tj8 TO 1887 INCLUSIVE. Yeaij. 18ii8. 18tj!(. 1870 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 187(>. 1877. 1818. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884., 1885. 1880., 1887. I.MPOUT.S. Wheat. I Barley. I Maize. 2,734,800:. * Bush. 4.402,773 4,201.657 4,108,170 5,821,390 8,390,443 5,105,158 5,855,050 4,589,051 5,035,411 4,210,105 10,170 70,052 345,909 44,007! 298,0001 373, 10 1 1 06,084 i 22,540: 34,090 309,801 302,147 43,233 14,009, 10,933 9,401 10.405! 28,093; 14,5731 8,2I2i 5,053' Bush. I 746,970j 2,582,.^ 14 060,327 1,319,552 7.328. 282 j 8,83H,992 5.331,307! 3, 679, 740 1 3, 035, 528 1 8,200,079 7,387,507 6,184,237 1,677,445! 2,043,309 1,812,552 1,. 595, 725 2,200,280 1,498,463 1,823,383 1 2,020,001! All other Grain. Bush. ! 1,464.392' 3, .59 1,048 701,502 1,468,853 577,5901 1,374,980, 043,982 294,6.391 681,185 1,772,882; 2,319.615 2,116i709 87,034 81,914 92,487, 243,7421 01,817, 269,910' 109,880 30.872* Flour. Brls. 145,810 .•J49,248 320,387 392,844 370,772 278,832 288,0.50 467,786 370,114 551,032 316,403 313,677 101,929 197,675 172,659 265,052 531,287 540,201 201,443 109,764 Other Bread- stuffs. Lbs. 21,166,385 21,640,388 14,217,411 16,940,925 42,743,032 60,587,350 54,720,921 41,474,601 40,146,212 71,559,140 55,978,902 54,769,245 46,778,141 52,038,693 55,157,0:t.^ 49,917,300 61,863,555 62,368,760 51,098,081 58,347,378 EX1'0UT.S. 1808. 1809., 1870. 1871., 1872. 1873,, 1874. 1875., 1876. 1877., 1878. 1879., 1880. 1881., 1882 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 2,284.702! 2,809.208i 3,557,101; 1,748,977! 2,993,120; 4,379,741! 6,581,217; 4. 383, 022 1 6,070,393 2,393,155 4,303,535 6,010,724 5,090,50^ 2,523,073 3,845,035 5,867,458 745,526 2,340,950 3,419,168 5,631,720 4,055,872 4,630,069 0,003,877 4,832.999 5,600,4.38 4,.346,923 3,748,270 ■5,419,054 tiO,108,175 6,345,097 7,267,399, 5,3,83,922' 7,329,562 8,800,579 11,588,446 8,817,210 7,780,262 9,007,395 8,554,302 9,450,964 10,057 6,093 14.644; 23,954 102,243! 706,619; 235,804 28,399 9,299! 1,512, 655; 1,820 J 1,569' 1,284 1 49! 252 1 11,924! 18,8851 404 1 2,507! .^..545,508 1,847,722 3,701,065 1,737,899 1,089,917 1 807,860 2,805,308 5,041,070 5,088,-346 4,935,294 5,252,980 5,793,790 9,584,929 8,154,228 9,233,501 4,059,580 4,,567,281 5,503,508 7,785,002 0,415,050 383,344 375,219 382,177 306,387 453,158 474,202 540,317 302,783 415,504 268,605 476,431 574,974 544,591 439,728 409,739 489,040 197,389 123,777 386,099 520,213 14,577,004 9,279,97;') 19,902,520 19,973,070 12,847,420 13,351,300 12,600,430 8,357. ir/' 14,547,000 8, 69 ,j ,000 37,901,000 25,210,300 30,100,000 20,33:),000 16,720 200 16,952,001' 19,051,700 21,357,300 28,461,000 22,375,000 • Not separated from other grain. f Rye included. TUFFS TM- rHE SAME, I'EARS 18t58 Other Bread- StUtfi. Lbs. 21,166,385 2 1,6 W, 388 14,217,411 16,946,!)i5 42,743,632 60,587,350 54,720,921 41,474,601 40,146,212 71,559,140 55,978,9t)2 54,769,245 46,778,141 52,038,693 55,157,908 49,917,300 61,863,555 62,368,760 51,098,681 58,347,378 44 19 77 87 58 02 17 83 04 05 31 74 91 28 39 46 89 77 99 13 14,577,004 9,279,075 19,992,520 19,973,070 12,847,420 13,351,300 12,606,451) 8,357,UV' 14,547,000 8,695,000 37,961,000 25,210,300 30,100,()00 20,335.000 16,720,200 16,952,000 19,051,700 21,357,300 28,461,600 22,375,000 TIIADE AND COMMERCE. 278. The very marked effect which the adoption of the National Policy, in 1879, had upon the imports of wheat and ilonr will be immediately apparent upon looking- at the above tables. It will be seen that while the average importation of wheat in each year from 1868 to 1879 was $5,480,785, in the period 1880 to 1886 it only averaged sl49,374 per annum, incivnising the home market for wheat to the extent of $5,331,361 annually. That amount of money was therefore exp^Mided in the country, whi<'hother- wis«^ would have been paid away for imported wheat, and considering tlie universal depression of the agricultural industry, this result cannot but have bt^en of benefit to the farming community. •270. The total wheat crop of 1886 was about 37,731,275 bushels, and there were imported for home consumplioii in 1887 (reckoning live bushels of wheat to the barrel of flour) 8,213,01^ bushels, making a total of 40,945,193 bushels. Of this quantity, i iiere was exported of wheat and flour, 8,232,791 bushels, and at two bushels to the acre, 4,561,540 bushels were retained for seed, leaving 28,150,862 bushels available for consumption, being at the rate of 5*77 bush- els per head of population. The consumption in the United States is said to be over six bushels per head, and e.«tiniating th(» consumption in the United Kingdom at 204,000,000 bushels, the amount per head in 1886 was 5-47 bushels. 280. " Such is the importance of the qiiestion of the " price of wheat, that it partakes of the nature of a grave "social problem, and it is therefore not surprising to find " it always before us, and always being discussed in one " form or another." So says M. Francois Bernard in an article on the world's wheat productions^, and as, owing to the extreme decline in value of late years, this question •Royal Statistical Society's Journal, December, 1887. 2ia Eirect of the Na- tional Policy on the Im- porfsof wheat. Consump- tion of wheat per head in Canada. Import, anceoflhe question of the V»rlce of wheat. : t. :ll i ■ I I i M^: i t ■ : i i i m ■1 :vf: ■f \% 't; : m I ill 214 CHAPTER IV. has assumed more than ordiiiary prominence, it may not be out of place to attempt some explanation of the causes that have led to the iall, and of the reasons why it is unlikely that former prices will obtain again. prTceo^f® 281. During the week ended 1st October, 188*7, the price London o^ wheat in London was the lowest touched for 125 years, York^iSTi- viz., 28s. 6d. per quarter, or 86 cents per bushel. And the ***'■ steady fall of late years is shown in the following table which gives the average price of wheat in London, and the average export price in New York for 15 years from 18*71 : — • ^ LoNnoN. Nkw York. Year. Price. Year. Price. Year. Price. Year. Price. 1871 $ cts. 1 73 1 73 1 78 1 70 1 37 1 40 1 73 1 41 1 33 1880 $ cts. 1 35 1 28 1 37 1 2G 1 09 99 94 99 1871 $ Ctd. 1 31 1 47 1 31 1 42 1 12 1 24 1 16 1 33 1 06 1880 $ cts. 1 24 1872 1881 1872 1881 1 11 1873 1882 1873 1882 1 Id 1874 1883 1874 1883 1884 1 12 1875 1884 1875 1876 1 OG 1876 1885 1885 86 1877 1886 1877 1878 1886 87 1878 1887 1887 89 1879 1879 Reasons 282. A Series of bad harvests in Europe, commencing iu for the T . 1 . , Bupre- 1872 and culminating in 1879, 1880 and 1881, during whioh macy of ' o » ' o Stote"hf** years particularly the failure of the crop was for duration market!** uud extent without a parallel in the last four centuries, necessitated an unusually large demand for foreign sup- plies, and a coincident series of good seasons in the United States, together with the enormous area rapidly brought under cultivation for wheat (in 1870 the area of wheat was 18,092,501 acres, and in 1880, 37,986,717 acres, or almost exactly double the quantity), and the fact that there was ly not be uses that unlikely the price .25 years, And the ing table 1, and the .1871:— r. Price. $ cts. 1 24 1 11 1 IS 1 12 I 06 86 87 89 encing m ngwhirh duration centuries, sup- tie United brought vheat was or almost there was eigii TRADE AND COMMERCE. 215 practically no competition, gave that country for a number of years the control of the European markets, and the I)rice of wheat was regulated by the American supply. Farmers, therefore, in the United States, having a ready market at a good price for all the wheat they could raise, prospered accordingly. This state of things has, hv. '^ever, during the last six years, undergone a complete change, the American supremacy in the wheat market of the world is gone and may never return. 283. This change has been brought about by two great S oeoiuae causes both being concurrent in their effect, these causes arc : 1. Increase in the sources of supply. 2. Improvement in means of transport. First with reference to the increase in the sources of supply. 284. The United States still stand first in the list of produc- wheat exporting countries, and in all probability must yet wheat in , ij ,, f ... „ „, -^j ,^ . the United hold that position for some years. The area under wheat states. cultivation has not varied very much since 1880, remain- ing always about 37,000,000 acres, but the amount of pro- duction and export show greater fluctuations, as will be seen from the following figures : — ■ ■• S\ f ■ll. m I : 1 ;' i I m ■i i ! Year. Area under Wheat Cultivation in United States. Total Production. Total Exported. 1880 Acres. 37,986,717 37,709,020 37,067,194 .';6,4.'.5,593 39,475,885 34,189,246 .36.806,184 37,641,783 Bushels. 498,549,868 383,280,090 504,185,470 421,086,160 512,763, !'00 3.V(,112,<»00 457,21 8, 1.00 456,329.000 Busliels. 144,483,007 120,451,888 110,343,185 71.013 280 1881 1882 1883 1884 81.628.478 lJ-85 53,025.938 89.201.887 1886 1887 101,971,949 I., St I -ft ,'f 111 M n 216 CHAPTER IV. wheat** °^ 2^^- ^^ ^^ almost Unnecessary to say that far the largest ted^tates portion of the above exports went to the United Kingdom, Kingdom, and the next statement gives the amount in each year : — EXPORTS OF WHEAT FROM THE UNITED STATES TO THE UNITED KINGDOM— 1880-1887. Ykar. i Anion lit lExi)ortefl to the j Unitoil Bushel 1880., 1881. 1882. 1883., 1884., 1885., 1886. 1887. G7 G7 1)5 4H 42 45 h; 48, ,r)rn;, i8t) ,;-?55,844 ,5S9,.^8f> 77;?.t;87 ,30!t,324 ,010.(384 ,800,000 Amount 286. It is estimated that of the crop of 1887, th*'. United Av&i 1 Able for export States will have 104,000,000 bushels available for export, sutes not M. Bernard predicts that in twenty years the production will Increase, reach 550,000,000 bushels, and the annual export 137,000,- 000 bushels. But taking into consideration the rapidity with which the population is increasing, the small average yield, not exceeding at its best 13 bushels to the acre, the actual average for a number of years being about 124 bushels, and the fact that the area of land available for wheat cultivation is much nearer exhaustion than is gener- ally supposed, while much of the land formerly raising good wheat, has been run down through reckless farming and will require many years of careful nursing to recover its fertility, the amount available for export is not likely to increase to any extent. Export of 287. India now stands second in importance as a wheat wheat '^ maim^' g^'owing country, and judged only by the rapid increase in 1887. y TRADE AND COMMERCE. ,, the quantity exported seems likely to bo able soon to rival the United States, to whom she has already proved herself a formidable competitor. The following table gives the total quantities of wheat exported, and the quantities ex- ported to the United Kingdom, from British India, in the years 1880 to 1887:— ' ' - EXPORTS OF WHEAT FROM LVDIA - lHS'i-18S7. 211 Ykau. < Total Exported. Exported to United Kingdom. 1890 Bushels. 1.^,896,168 37,078,571 20,402,893 ;39, 118,791 29,550,741 3;).312,nC9 41,558,250 Bushels. 6, 02 7, .'5(50 13,691,283 18yi 1882 15,793.874 ISMI) ... . 20,998,111 14,897,551 22.717.802 1884 1885 1SK6 20,578.0;i8 11,344.000 1S87 288. In 1886 the total area under wheat cultivation was Exports oz 20,658,163 acres in British India, and about 7,000,000 acres wheat^not ' ' ' likely to belonging to the Native States. The average produci;ion [^"n"^^ varies very much, ranging from 21 bushels to 6 bushels ®^*6"t' per acre, th ■ general average being about 13 bushels, the same as in the United States, the conditions of production, however, are very different, the price of labour in India being excessively cheap, the average wages of the agricul- tural labourer not being more than 6 cents per day, and the extension of the railway system and of the system of irri- gation have both progressed so rapidly of late years that the question of Indian wheat taking the place of American wheat on the European markets has often been seriously discussed. But the total population of India is about 250,- 000,000, and the amount used for borne consumption is at •1.11 .■''■( i i ''']■■[ I iii iM M i-'t m "iiil I' ■ij m I ;i'i ■' M m 218 CHAPTER lY. present very small in proportion to poiiulation, and it is not unlikely that increased production will bring about in- creased home consumption, the supply in this case creating the demand, so that the amount available for export will necessarily bo curtailed, and recent investigations have thrown so much more light on the matter, that there appears now to be no probability that the predictions will ever be realized of those who have said that the time will come when not a bushel of wheat will cross the Atlantic, and the European markets will be supplied entirely from the East. The total yield in 1878 was estimated at 280 million bushels, and in 1886 *7, at 238,685,947 bushels, an actual decrease of 42 million bushels, while the exports increased from 11,896,580 bushels to 41,558,250 bushels. Sir James Laird, one of the In- dian Famine Commissioners, said that "there had been no ma- " terial increase either in acreage or product, but the surplus " that had been pitted and preserved for famine years had " been exported, owing to increased facilities for transpor- tation." Supposing this to be really the case, and Sir James Laird's authority is of the ve^y highest, it seems that if a famine should occur in India, and famines do occur in that country periodically, there will be no reserves of wheat to fall back on as in former years, and even if the h(»me pro- duction is sufficient for the home consumption at such a time, the withdrawal of supplies from the European mar- kets must havo a disturbing effect, and a tendency to con- siderably increase prices. Under these circumstau(-'es it would appear as if the increase in the supply of Indian wheat had been largely overestimated, and the London Times, in a recent article on a report on the extent of wheat cultivation in India by Hon. J. R. Dodge, Statistician to the United States Depaitment of Agriculture, in which he shows V(.'ry conclusively, that the American farmer has no reason to be very seriously afraid of Indian competition,, said that the report entirely demonstrated " that the popu- TRADE AND COMMERCE. " lar notions regarding Indian wheat were utterly fallacious " and erroneous." 289. It was at one time thought probable thatEussia and Exports of ° ^ wheat Hungary would not only grow enrjugh wheat to supply g^^j^^ the European markets, but also the general markets of the world, but that idea is no longer entertained. The total wheat crop in Russia in 1886 was 172,000,000 bushels, and was estimated at 216,000,000 for 1887, and the following are the latest available figures of exports since 1880 : ^ EXPORT OP WHEAT FROM RUSSIA, 1880-1886. Ykau. 1880, 1881 1882 1883 1884, 1885 1886 Total Exported. Exported to UnitedKingdom. Bushels. 36,565,653 48,972,597 76,373,532 83,777,096 67,719,720 91,754 000 Bushels. 5,376,605 7,553,745 17,874,51H 24,913,956 10,084.473 22,354,535 6,945,236 290. In this country, also, with its large Rnd ever in- JJ^^^'mof creasing population, it is probable that a larger demand for Jikljy'to home consumption, which is also very small at present in ^^''^^ proportion to population, will accompany increased produc- tion, and that the surf)lus for export will not assume any very large proportions. In the report on the Foreign Com- merce of the United States, Mr. Switzler says (p. 30) : " Russia seems to be losing its nold as a source of wheat " supply to the British market, while British India is " making rapid strides, increasing its share of this very " important trade." The Statist, however (Sui)plement, 11th Feb., 1888), says: "The shipments of Russia have only .J V I i ■ \ 220 CHAPTER IV. asian ■\vbeat. " lately bucomc liberal, l)ut tht^ good yit'ld is practically '* unquestioned, and there must still remain in that vast " empire a large supply, which can t^ome ibrward it' jn-ices " in 1888 are good enough to draw it forth." ExpoHsof 291. The Australasian colonies havi' undoubtedly a very important future before them as wheat exporting countries, though owing to bad harvests the amount exported has been comparatively small, but the climate is favourable, and the area available exceedingly large. The average yield appears to be about 14 bushels per acre, varying from 7 10 bushels in South Australia to 2H-21 bushels in New Zealand=^. The export of wheat from the Australasian colonies has been as follows : — QUANTITIES OF WHEAT EXPORTED FROM AUSTRALASIAN COLONIES, 1880-1880. Ykar. 1880, 1881 1882, 1883 1884 1885 lfc86 Bushels. 1:^,999,415 9,729,596 8,.") 06,904 7,481,949 19,466,921 12,593,890 2,462,763 Exported to United Kingdom. Hushels. 7,920.569 5,541,629 4 620,237 5.345,368 9.50.'1,596 9,854,566 1,378.905 Produc- tion of wheat in Canada. The crop of 1887-88 is said to be 8,000,000 bushels in advance of that of the preceding year. Victoria, South Australia and New Zealand are at present the principal wheat exporting colonies 292. Canada has the reputation of producing, in the Pro- vince of Manitoba, the finest wheat in the world ; and there • Victorian Year Book 1885-86, p. 499. TUADE AND COMMERCE. 221 I " 1 1 I j. !■ I 1 is probably no other country whore soil and climate com- bined are more i'avourable to the growth of this cereal. The wheat exporting Provinces of the Dominion are Ontario and Manitoba and the North-West Territories. "Wheat in al) the other Provinces grows well, but the quantity raised is never likely to exceed that required for home con- sumption. Particulars of the yield i,i The Territories are not available, except for the census year 188.'>, when 6*7,256 acres were sown with wheat, and yielded 1,147,124 bushels, giving an average of 17 bushels per acre. In 1887 in Ontario the total acrea^'e was 1,382,56 ^, and the yield 20,075,728 , bushels, being an average of 14 bushels to the acre ; this however was, owing to the heat and drought, much below the average of the last six years, which was for fall wheat 20' 2 bushels and for spring wheat 155 bushels. In Mani- toba in 1887 the acreage was 432,134, the yield 12,351,724 Bushels, and the average 27 7 bushels. The average yield for the period 1883-1887 was 19-4 bushels. The total crop in Canada in 1887 was probably about 37,000,000 bushels. 293. The following are the export figures of wheat from Exports of Canada since 1880, ilour being reduced to wheat, at five wheat. ^"^ bushels to the barrel : — QUANTITIES OF WHRAT KXPOllTED FROM CANADA, 1880-1887. ^ .» ' Y';au. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Total Exported Exported. to UnitedKiagdom. Bushels. Bushels. 7,813,560 6,366,867 4,722.313 4,209,998 6,193,730 5,109,370 8,312,688 6,675,896 1,732,471 1,484,256 2,959,841 2,409,041 5,340,663 4,264,841 S,232,791 0,776,929 ! i ■' 222 CHAPTER IV. Futuro probablU- tlos for Canadian wheot. Wbeat In the ArgeD- tlne Re- public. 29 1. Almost the ontire quantity exported goes to th«! United Kingdom, which is and probably always will bo the best and nearest market. The area at present under wheat cultivation is only small, not amounting* to 2,000,000 acres, but the area available is enormous, and with increased population and extended transport facilities the future of Canada as a wheat exporting country is very promising. In the article already alluded to, M. Bm-nard appears to have entirely overlooked Canada as one of the future sources of the wheat supply, thinking, it is presumed, that the quantity available for export, would always be too small to be worth much consideration, but ii is believed that it will not be many years before the export of Canadian wheat becomes a very important item in the consideration of the world's supply. 295. The valley of the La Plata is also undoubtedly destined at some future time to produce an enormous quantity of wheat. M. Bernard predicts that in twenty years it will hold the position with reference to wheat, now occupied by the United States. Imports of 296. The following table, taken from the report of the to United Foreign Commerce of the United States, 1887, p. 33, shows Kingdom . ° ,. , . . , ..,■,. i frona prin- the share 01 the principal countries in the import oi wheat isTi-iSr ^^*o *^^ United Kingdom during the years 1871 to 1886 inclusive : — TRADE AND COMMERCE. TABLE SnOW[.V* . ! ! ' ^i ■t- I: ■ , ■ Extract from speech of Sir Lyon Playlalr. t( 224 ;^- CHAPTER IV. i'jiii lh» placed oil th»; Europi'im markots at a cost cnabliuo- tliciu .sucoL'ssfuUy to compete with tho i)'^*^^^^**'^^"'"^ o^ cvou tho iicjirost soitrccH of supply. 208. Sir Lyon riayt'air, Hpoakiiig at L^'ods in DccerabtM-, 1887, said: " II" our landlords and fariuuv.-i want to know " tho nanicH of the three i)erMons who have knocked out the bottom of our old agricultural Hystom, I can tell them. '• Their names are Wheatstono, Sir Henry Bess(»mer, and Dr. " Joule, The lirst, by telei^raphy, has changed the whole " .system by which exchanges are made ; the second, by hi , " improvements in steel, has altered profoundly the traus- *' portatiou of commodities by sea and by laud ; and the " third, by his discoveries of the mechanical equivalent of " heat, has led to great economy of coal iu compound *' engines. By these changes the United States, Canada, " India and Russia have their corn crops brought to our " doors." Decrease 299. Not many years ago the freight from New York to rate'l * Liverpool was from 12 cents to 15 cents a bushel, while now it is from 5 cents to Y cents, and owing to extreme compe- tition the inland freights have undergone cvcu greater reduction ; and similar ri'dn<^tions have taken place all over the world. '' The effect of these changes has b<->n to destroy " local markets and to consolidate all into ouo market — the " world."^ " " The actual wheat marki-l is universal, the " prices of this commodity are govt'rned by the supply, and " the international requirements, and it is to the develop- " ment of the ways of communication that this j)henomeuon " is attributable.! " It would seem therefore that it is no longer possible for any one country to control the supply, and therefore the markets, as was the case formerly, but that that country which can furnish the cheapest labour, • Sir Lyon Playfuir. f M. Francois Ueinard. TRADE AND (JOMMEIKJK. 225 tnid tht; fastest and cheapt'Kt taciliti»'H of traiiwport, will Swi'inat** obtuiu the largest share of the world's purchases ; and as {'oriTO.' '^ scientific dis(!overies are perpetually h(um»' madt) which tend to shorten tim(» and space between the producer and con- sumer, it would seem inevitable that the price of wheat must fall in harmony. If farmers would realise that wheat will never again obtain its form«'r prices («>xcepting of course any special combination of a failure of crop and a general war, or some such other untoward circumstances) and never again be the profitable crop that it was, and would turn their attention to mixed farming on sticutilic principles, they would probably not feel so keenly the present agri- ' cultural depression. 800. The following table gives the estimated wheat crop wheat ,, ^^ ^"^ - * crop of the of the world, 1887* : — worw im. Countries. Croj) Countilo3. iiiishcls. United Stfttes and Cimadti....] 4H0,ooo,0O0 : Fnince ' 3J0,()O(),o(i() j Russia j '2 It;, 000. 000 , British 1 11(1 ill, 228,000.000 Austria-Hungary 108,000,000 (iiM-nianv HH.()0O.O0(» ViuUid Kint^dom 70,000,000 Hj.ain 80,000,000 I Italy 120,000,000 ; Australasia i 32,000,000 i Turkey 44,000,000 r.-rsia and v^vria I 44,000,000 ^ Houraania ' j 32,000,000 | Chili nil 1 Argentine Republici 3t),000,00() I K((yi>t Netherlands Hel^inin Denmark (Jreece Portugal Norway and Sweden.. Switzerland , Servia , Sundries — Africa, Tunis, Asia Minor and Mexico.... Crop Total. Hiishela. 10,800,000 5,200.000 20.000,000 4,800.000 4,800.00') 8,000,000 2,400,000 2,000,000 5,000,000 48,000,000 2,081,(300,000 I I 'i: Rll • Foreiga Commerce of the United States, 1887, p. 28. 15 226 CHAPTER IV. <:t ;f i? I: t IF The world's supply of wheat 1887 and 1888. 301. The next table is an estimate of the world's supply of wheat for the seasons of 1886-87 and 188t-88, made by- Mr. Beerbohm : — ^ Country. 188G-87. Import Require- ments. Bushels. 148,000,000 56,000,000 18,000,000 12,800,000 8,000,000 United States and Canada. United Kingdon, France Belgium Germany... Holland Austria-Hungary Russia and Roumania Switzerland i 12,"00,000 Italy ! 8,000,000 Spam and Portugal ! 4,000,000 India Australia and Chili Argentine Republic West Indies and China ...... Greece Egypt and sundries 20,000,000 6,000,000 Totals 292,000,000 Export Surplus. Bushels. 100,000,080 1887-88. Probable Require- ments. Bushels. 56,000,000 44,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 136,000.000 16,000,000 16,000,000 8,' 00,000 8,000,000 12,000,000 32,000,000 12,000,000 20,000,000 6,000,000 214,000,000 266,000,000 Probable Export Surplus. Bushels. 120,000,000 20,000,000 80,000,000 32,000,000 7,200,000 4,800,000 8,000,000 272,000,000 Imports of wheat luto the United Kingdom 1887. Imports and ex- ports of Canada by countries 1887. • Supplement to the Statist, February, 1888. 302. The total imports of wheat into the United Kingdom in the calendar year 1887 were 149,272,776 bushels, the value of which was 151 J million dollars, and if paid for at the same rate as twenty years ago the value would have been 273 million dollars. 303. The next table gives the imports from and exports of Canada to the United Kingdom, other British Possessions and Foreign Countries during the year 1887, with the per- centage of the total amount in each case : — *s supply made by r-88. Probable Export Surplus. Bushels. 120,000,000 20,000,000 80,000,000 32,000,000 7,200,000 4,800,000 8,000,000 272,000,000 Kingdom lels, the aid for at »uld have d exports Dssessions the per- TRADE AND COMMERCE. LMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF CANADA BY COUNTRIES, 1887. Countries. Imports from. Value. Per- centage. United States Great Britain Germany France Uriiisb West Indies •Other " " British possessions .Tapan South America China Belgium Newfoundland and Labrador Spain Holland , Switzerland Turkey , Italy , Greece Austria Portugal Norway and Sweden Australasia Russia Denmark Other Countries Total $ 51,006,323 45,167,040 3,569,325 2,197,440 754,.S09 1,467,111 664,631 1 ,554,225 1,227,467 1,126,934 678,129 354,210 455,132 320,059 222,537 136,822 202,971 142,304 106,442 69,211 20,019 112,616 7,315 3,277 1,326,277 112,892,236 45-18 40-01 3-16 1 95 0- 1- 0-59 1-38 1-09 100 0-60 0-31 0-40 0-28 0-20 0-12 0-18 0-13 0-09 0-06 002 010 0-01 0-00 1-17 Exports to. Value. Per- centage. 37,660,199 44,571,846 437,536 .'141,531 1,182.911 890,378 275.085 29,991 1,200,581 39,205 223,729 1,718,758 72,020 14,859 125,681 90 146.528 44,847 270,056 100-00 10,480 269,5i'0 42-07 49-79 0-49 0-38 1-32 1-00 0-31 0-03 1-34 0-04 0-25 l-i)2 0-08 001 0-14 17 0-05 0-30 89,515,811 001 0-28 100-00 22t •Includes Danish, French and Spanish West Indies. 304. The imports from Great Britain exceeded the exports Jif^ unit- thereto by $595,194, and the^imports to the United States dJm and were in excess of the exports by $13,346,124. The trade ^taS with the United Kingdom shovv^ed[a marked increase as compared with that of 1886, and formed the largest pro- portion of the total trade, viz., 4433 per cent., the proportion of the United States trade being slightly less, viz., 43'80 — the two forming 88 per cent, of the whole trade, a smaller proportion than in 1886. According to Canadian figures, 15i ii:: ill liii' *1 ,i f Ii' ■i!!" ih P- I ^ ' i' : ,( i . ..1?!; i a !l i I m \ m u i| 1 TheTex- port trade. 228 CHAPTER IV. the trade with the United States formed 6'30 per ceut. of their total trade, and according to American official figures, 5"49 per cent, of their total imports were exports from British North America (including Newfoundland), and 4''76 per cent, of their exports were imports into the same. There is, however, and probably there always will be, a large discrepancy between the two sets of figures, owing to the carelessness in valuation of exports on both sides of the line. 305. Almost all the. exports went to the United Kingdom and United States, the proportion of the whole being 91*86 per cent. ; of the remainder, 4'58 per cent, went to New- foundland, South America and British West Indies. The exports to exceeded the imports from six countries only, viz., British West Indies, Newfoundland, Portugal, Norway and Sweden, Australasia and Deu- "fh. The imports from British Possessions were $47,05' ' A;, and the exports to the same $48,018,656, being an excess of exports of |966,060, and forming altogether 4697 per cent, of the total trade as compared with 4620 per cent, in 1886. 306. The next table is a comparative statement of the im- ?lp^?£i"" ports from foreign countries in 1886 and 1887 : — tries 1886 -^ = and 1887. Imports from for- TEADE AND COMMERCE. 229 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF IMPORTS INTO CANADA FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Countries. United States ...; Greftt Britain Gerniany France Japan •Other West Indies South America China Briti'^h West Indies , Belgium Other British Possessions Spain Newfoundland Holland ^.... Switzerland Italy Greece Turkey Australasia Austria , Portugal Norway and Sweden Russia Denmark Other Countries Total. Value op Imports. 188G, 50,475,418 40,589,500 2,139,426 l,8v.'6,392 1,485,932 1,511,412 1,052,496 903,439 995,422 554,774 .^83,839 I 198 3( •'71 30. 1 202, -> 103, iu5 93,925 168,933 13,795 67,577 57,059 29,513 10,921 795 445,549 1887. 104,424,561 $ 51,006,323 45,167,040 3,569,32,5 2,197,440 1,554,225 1,467,111 1,227,467 1,126,954 754,399 678,129 664,631 456,132 354,210 320,059 222,537 202,971 142,. %4 136,822 11-^,616 106,442 69,211 20,019 7,316 3,277 . 1,326,277 Increase. $ 530.905 4,577,540 1,429,809 331,048 68,293 174,971 223,515 123,355 80,792 73,934 16,948 20,138 99,406 48,379 98,821 38,865 12,152 2,482 880,728 112,892,236 8,467,675 Decrease. % 44,301 241,023 33,961 i;,lll 9,494 3.606 il! 307. There was an increase in the value of imports from increas3 every country in the list, with the exception of six, theiniss?^** * largest increase being" from the United Kingdom, viz. i|4,577,540. The imports from France have shown a steady increase for some years, and those from Germany have also very largely increased. The increase from Australasia was proportionately very large, and far exceeded the business of any previous year. The largest decrease was from the British "West Indies. "•■{' li, , ■ w iKnJ > lil 230 CHAPTER IV. r foreign^ *° 308. A similar comparative statemiiiit of exports will be imtr found below :— 1887. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF EXPORTS OF CANADA TO FOREIGN COUXTRIES, 108G AND 1887. CoUNTniES. United States Great Britain Germany France British West Indies *Other West Indies Other British Possessior.s Japan South America China , Belgium , Newfoundland and Labrador. Spain , Holland Switzerland Turkey Italy Greece Austria Portugal Norway and Sweden Australasia Russia Denmark Other Countries Value op Expouts. 1380. $ 36 .78,769 41,,^4^(^29 253,298 534,363 l,2r)6,.')49 8<;5,021 253,2J<0 1,703 1,012,806 61,415 6,565 1,752,048 53,075 7,587 913 48 108,601 Total 3,039 245,450 71,747 263,680 496 378,222 37,660,199 44,571,846 437,536 341,531 1,182,911 890,378 275,085 29,991 1,200,581 .39,205 223,729 1,718,758 72,020 14,859 Increase. 1,081,430 3,029,217 184,238 Decrease. $ 25, .35 7 21,795 28,288 187,775 193,8.32 73,638 217,164 18,945 7,272 125 681 9C 146,528 44,847 2 "0,056 10,480 259,500 85,251,314 89,515,811 17,080 22,210 '33,"290' 913 48 6,376 10,480 4,264,497 2,949 98,922 26,900 496 'iV8i722 * Includes D-anish, French and Spanish West Indies. Increases and de- 309. There was a decrease in value of exports to ten e!S)X*" countries, the largest being" to France. Ninety-six per cent, of the total increase was in exports to the United Kingdom and United States, the largest portion of the remainder being to Belgium, Grermany and South America. The total increase was 500 per cent, as compared with a decrease of 4' 46 per cent, in 1886. /• TRADE AND COMMERCE. 231 310. The followiug table gives the imports and exports J.nd'e?-' of the United Kingdom and her possessions for the year S?ufsh 1886, together with the amount per head in each case. The aioMisss. iigures have all been taken from official sources, and the calculations made in this office : — nil'OIlTS ANb EXPORTS OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 1886. Country. United Kingdom India Straits Settlement.. Ceylon Mauritius Natal Cape of Good Hope St. Helena Lagos Gold Coast Sierra Leone Gambia Canada Newfoundland Bermudas Honduras British Guiana Bahamas Turk's Island Jamaica Windward Islands.. Leeward " Trinidad New South Wales..., Victoria South Australia. . . Western " Queensland Tasmania New Zealand Fiji Falliland Islands Total Imports. 1, S 702,668,897 346,184,055 98,071,913 18,437,770 12,025,596 6 '!':8,093 19,..^4,6U 299,213 1,741,444 1,832,446 1,289,015 .336,932 104,424,561 6,103,647 1,358,724 1,148,353 6,989,983 921,796 146,803 6,429,378 5,970,412 1,834,038 12,183,768 102,071,266 90,182,132 2.S,616,717 3,688,996 29,702,371 G, .MS. 626 32,893,863 1,122,389 358,196 2,648,386,056 Value per Head. $ cts. 45 64 1 71 193 82 6 26 32 66 14 63 15 43 59 14 21 26 2 81 21 28 23 81 21 78 30 93 89 53 39 84 25 48 20 17 30 97 16 03 18 04 15 21 68 34 101 87 89 91 7s 51 93 19 92 00 62 30 55 81 8 91 186 17 10 35 Exports. 1,307,512,816 413,61.5,576 84,968,651 13,446,113 16, 132, 192 4,673,412 18,502,006 127,317 2,623,036 1,978,490 1,583,379 386,978 85,251,314 4,930,493 369,001 1,362,896 8,967,247 731,898 168,074 6,229,907 5,427,194 1,928,344 12,211,148 7.^,706,903 67,403,896 21,846,505 3,067,912 24,011,987 6,480,162 32,474,250 1,379,681 r),%,204 2,216,018,982 Value per Head. $ cts. 35 05 2 0.) 167 92 4 57 43 82 • 10 56 14 77 25 17 32 02 3 04 26 15 27 35 17 78 24 98 24 31 17 2d 82 69 16 01 33 35 10 33 16 40 16 00 68 50 75 55 57 23 69 85 77 50 74 37 47 23 55 10 10 9r, 275 57 8 66 1 II IM il ' I 4! < 'i' Hi 'it i 232 CHAPTER IV. r i I Value of diamonds exported from the Cape of Good Hope. Value of total trade of British Possea- stons. Excess of Imports and ex- ports res« peotlvely in BritiBb Posses- sions. 811. With the exception of the United Kingdom and India, the aggregate trade of Canada is larger than any other British Colony ; but in proportion to population the trade of the Australasian Colonies is far in advance of that of any other British possession. The value of diamonds exported through the post office is not included in the exports of the Cape of Good Hope, but their value is shown in the fol low- ing statement which gives the value of diamonds passed through the Kimberley Post Office since 1876, by which some idea can be obtained of the richness of the fields. The figures are official : — ISTG § 8,796,056 1877 10,280,478 1878 13,007,354 1879 13,853,604 1880 16,3'»0,432 1881 20,324,183 1882 $19,430,177 18P3 13,346,347 1884 13,662, 139 188') 12,116,340 1886 17,056,479 Total $158,264,189 312. The value of the total trade of the United Kingdom and her possessions was ^4,864,405,038, as compared witl 15,029,337,410 in 1885, being a decrease of 1164,932,372, of which amount $115,693,645 was due to the decline in the trade of the United Kingdom. The total imports exceeded the total exports by $432,367,074, the excess of imports into the United Kingdom having amounted to 1395,156,081. 313. The following is a list of British Possessions in which imports and exports were respectively in excess in 1886 : — Imports exceeded Exports in United Kingdom. .Jamaica. .Straits Settlements. Windward Islands Ceylon. New South Wales. Natal. Victoria. Cape of Good Hop te. South Australia. St. Helena. Western Australia Canada. Queensland. Newfoundland. Tasmania. Bermudas. New Zealand. Bahamas. Exports exeeeJed Imports in India. British Guiana. Mauritius. Turlc's Island. Lagos. Leeward Islands. Gold Coast. Trinidad. Sierra Leone. Fiji. (iambia. Falkland Islands. Honduras. /■ TRADE AND COMMERCE. 283 814. The total value and the value per head of the imports Jn|eS? and exports of some of the principal foreign countries in the Fo/eign^ latest available years are given in the following table. The <'0""''''«"* figures have been taken from official sources, and the calcu- lations made in this office : — IMPORTS AXO EXPORTS OF FORP^IGN COUNTRIES. Country. Europe — Russian Empire Norway Sweden Denmark German Empire Netherlands Belgium France Portugal Spain Italy Austro-Hnngarian Empire Roumania Greece Turkey Servia Switzerland Asia — China Japan Africa — Egypt America — Chili Uruguay Argentine Republic Mexico United States Brazil Peru Year. 188C) 1885 1887 1887 1886 1887 1886 18R7 1885 1885 1887 1887 1886 1886 1885 1887 1887 1884 1886 1886 1887 1886 1886 1886 1887 1885 1884 Imports. * Amount per IIea.5 Kxports. 304,496,528 37,()42,920 94,452,760 58,781,508 942,744,112 453,027,340 283,650,000 846,872,000 37,749,380 111,737,910 515,368,950 277,438,950 59,640,000 21,150,345 87,272,845 10,218,885 197,030,185 142,153,500 32,660,390 40,250,000 52,888,846 25,275,349 117,123,120 40,285,360 752,490,560 103,091,240 10,563,448 S cts. 2 92 19 21 20 02 27 88 20 12 103 31 47 99 22 15 8 01 48 17 21 6 99 10 84 10 68 3 42 5 27 67 20 37 85 5 90 20 92 42 37 34 09 3 85 12 51 8 02 3 91 394,194,110 2t;,941,364 08,403,645 40,318,504 701,029,410 301,982,615 267,841,340 600,016,000 24,026,390 120,170,140 267,680,450 332,268,845 36,948,000 23,092, 100 58,272,475 8,125,815 150,494,845 r2.'),462,940 40,729,910 51,946,750 08,061,093 25,253,600 77,418,641 51,982,290 752,180,902 115,143,260 7,458,328 * Including Merchandise, Specie and Bullion. Amount per Head". $ eta. 3 78 13 75 14 50 21 97 14 96 82 44 45 32 17 27 5 10 7 32 8 93 8 38 71 11 9S 2 28 4 19 53 21 32 1 06 7 62 26 93 42 34 22 53 4 97 12 50 8 91 2 76 ! 1 13' I, 11 V. I i l\\ 't )J I fl 4 ! I', 1 I i 234 Aggregate traue of prinolpal countries. CHAPTER IV. 315. The total trade of the United Kingdom is the largest in the world, G-ermany and France taking second and third places ; and the following is the order in which the prin- cipal countries doing the largest trade stand, with the amount of that trade in each case : — rnited Kin-,'dom !«!:^, 120,54 1,547 Germany I,(j4^,773,5a2 France 1,607,918,000 United Slates 1,504,(571, 4t)0 Netherliiuds 815,60y,95r> Italy 783,049,400 India 759,799,631 Value of 316. Ill proportion to population the largest trade among various foreign countries is done by the Netherlands, the amount countries, pgj. head being considerably larger than that of any other country, the countries next in order being Switzerland, Belgium and Uruguay ; but with the exception of the Netherlands, the per capita value of the trade in the Aus- tralasian Colonies is higher than elsewhere. Exports ex- ceeded imports in Russia, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Greece, Japan, Egypt, Chili, Mexico and Brazil. Exports of 31*7. The United Kingdom takes the largest share of the states. exports of the United States : in 1860 the proportion was 52'50 per cent , and in 1887 5165 per cent. ; in the latter year t'80 per cent, went to other British Possessions, mak- ing a total export to British Possessions of 59*45 per cent. In return for this, however, the States only imported 23*84 per cent, from the United Kingdom in 188t as compared with 39*lt per cent, in 1860, and 10*75 per cent, from other British Possessions as compared with 1084 per cent, in 1860, so that while the imports from other British Possessions are about the same in the two years, the imports from the United Kingdom show^ a decrease of 15*23 per cent, since 1860. TRADE AND COMMEllCE. 235 318. Considerable interest having been taken in the tables oreit'*' that were given last year respecting the trade between Great wuif}" r Britain and her Possessions, they have been repeated in this siouis?' issue, the figures of a later year having been substituted for those of a former one. In 1886 the exports from Great ., , * Kxports. Britain to foreign countries were $908,110,623, and to British Possessions i^3!)9,396,194, being a somewhat lower propor- tion than in preceding years, as the following figures show : — PROPORTION OF KXPORTS TO BRITISH POSSKSSIONS TO TOTAL EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED KIXUDUM. 1871 1959 per cent. 1875 27-22 " 1880 28-46 " 1884 29-83 " 1885 31-47 " 1886 .30-55 " In proportion to population the exports to British Pos- sessions are much larger than to foreign countries, having been in 1886 $1*92 and 92 cents per head respectively. 319. The following is a comparative statement of the f^P*^Jf^. imports into British Possessions during the years 1885 and JUsS^ 1886, showing in each year the amount and proportion per head that came from Great Britain and other countries res- pectively : — I ■ i i . 28C ii CHAPTEU IV. IMPORTS INTO BRITIHH POSSKSSIONH, lf85 AND 188... COLONV 188:> India StmifH Settlement. Ceylon Mauritius Natnl Cajic of Good Hope St. Helena Laffos Gold Coast Sierra Leone flambia Canada Newfoundland liermudas Honduras liritisb Guiana Bahamas , Turk's Island Jamaica Windward Islands, Leeward Islands.... Trinidad New South Wales.., Victoria South Australia Western Australia Queensland Ta&Jiania New Zealand Falkland Islands.. TotaL... hlPOllTS FUOM (In- lit Britain. $ 24.\175,921 17,408,45« 5,129,291 2,2(16,281 6,994,838 18,880,679 149,845 1,423,660 1,677,;J50 1,116,620 171,7f;4 41,511, 3::6 2,216,6111 330,r)jO 638,627 3,526,732 243,615 13,267 3,704,298 2,336,029 739,928 3,186,226 68,329,904 43,641,171 16,211,289 1,362,359 13,390,336 3,208,228 23,880,280 194,116 517,787,557 Amount per $ cts. 1 22 29 11 1 83 6 10 13 01 15 07 29 62 18 25 2 58 18 ?0 12 14 8 84 11 47 21 98 19 23 13 Od .-) 41 2 80 6 21 7 18 6 10 18 53 59 48 43 90 50 74 38 72 40 96 23 98 41 00 107 84 Other Countries. $ 9,1, BM ,593 73,2:1(1,126 16, 4(32,335 8,835,234 1,396,473 5,422,201 102,789 1,216,818 692,579 4,Tt,537 303,636 67,430,150 4,57,^,844 826,963 701,671 3,614.527 900,342 122,308 3,383,385 3,768,347 1,124,029 7,722,20(» 66,867,381 44,27;;.901 11,218,484 1,802,876 17,805,782 5,344,810 12,622,001 41,010 39 I 443,714,492 Amount lier Head. $ 122 6 24 3 4 20 15 i> 7 21 14 23 54 25 13 20 25 5 11 9 44 56 44 35 51 54 39 21 22 cts. 46 56 5i 5H 15 33 32 60 91 II ;!5 (J:» 99 06 38 01 84 67 58 27 92 97 64 11 24 65 95 50 78 2 05 /■ ' ' I '/■, Wu Amount lier H.iid. $ Ct8. 46 Yll 56 fi 5'i 24 6H 'A 15 4 33 20 32 15 60 91 7 11 21 46 14 :!5 23 6:> 54 9!) 25 06 in 38 20 01 25 84 6 67 11 58 y 27 44 92 56 97 44 64 35 11 51 24 54 65 3!> 95 21 50 22 78 2 05 TRADE AND COMMERCE. IMPORTS INTO BRITISH I'USHKSSIUXS, 1385 AND \%%%— Concluded. Colony. India Stiuits tSuttleinents. Oeylon Mauritius Natal Oape of Coed Hope St. Helena Laj^os (iotd Coaat Sierra Leone (lambia Canada Newfoundland Bermudas HomluraH ... British Ouiana Dahainaa Turk 3 Island Jamaica Windward Islands. Leewurd Islands.... Trinidad New i-^outh Wales.. Victoria South Australia Westt'rn Australia. Queensland Tasmania New Zealand Fallvlautl Islands. . Total.... 1880. ImJ'OUTS KIIO.M ( I rent Britain. 243,024,227 15,379,746 4,674,3:16 2,901,516 6,274,b97 16,761,853 140,885 1,084,697 1,274,429 908,850 147,144 40, 589, .500 1,937,542 384,646 457,608 3,830,336 1.50,550 14, ,508 3,296,077 2,374,091 805,185 3,243,628 60,837,103 43,07H,765 9,606,082 1,693,186 13,102,507 3,122,297 21,808,025 324,587 491,227,603 Amount per Head. Otlier Countries. ji CtS. 1 20 30 39 1 58 7 88 11 91 12 68 27 85 13 24 1 96 16 01 10 40 8 47 9 82 25 34 15 87 13 96 29 06 46 17 6 68 18 19 60 74 43 94 30 71 42 77 40 58 11 76 37 00 168 70 1 92 % 10.3,159,828 82,692,166 13, 7t. 3, 434 9.124,ti80 1, '.'30, .396 3,562,760 158,327 656,746 658,017 380,165 189,839 63,835,061 4,166,105 974,077 690,745 3, 1.' 659 ^. 1,245 132,295 ?, 133,301 3, .'596, 321 1,028,608 8,940,140 51,234,164 47,103,367 14,011,634 1,995,810 16.599,864 5,426,328 11,085,837 33,609 454,393,928 Amount per Head. $ CtS. 51 163 42 4 68 24 78 2 78 2 84 31 2i> 8 02 86 6 28 13 42 13 31 21 U 64 18 23 96 11 52 16 87 27 91 5 19 10 86 8 53 50 15 61 13 46 96 44 80 50 42 61 41 39 55 18 81 17 47 1 77 28t ill .3f. V, '■:k W 'lit M ■f .1 J i! s Ji 288 CHAPTER IV. fnto^ru- ^20. The total amount importod from Great Britain was RlonnTrom $2G,6r)l),954 li'ss than in 1885, and tlio proportion to the total BrTtnin imports was also 1(»sm, being 5200 per cent, as compared eip'^oun- with 5385 per cent, in th(^ preceding year. Th(i excr'ss oi' pared'""" imports from Great Britain over imports from other countries has been as follows in the years named, viz., in 1884 $72,371,510, in 1885 $74,073,065, and in 188(1, .ii!3«j,833.075, showing a very (;onsidera))le falling otl* in the last year. The imports from Great Britain t»x<'eeded those from other countries in eleven «'olonies, the largest importers being India, New South "Wales, Victoria and I'anuda in the order named. The Straits Settlements only imported $15,370,740 from Great Britain, and $82,(IH2,l(jtl from other countries SoWim- '^21. The proportion of imports from British Possessions IJftfsf °'" to the total imports into the United Kingdom has remained Bioniiinto much about the same for a number of years, as shown by Britain to the following fifTures, though the larger proportion in 1880 ports. may be an indication of a tendency to increase : — PROPORTIOX op IMPORTS FROM BRITISH POSSESSIONS TO TOTAL IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED KINfiDOM. 1871 22 03 per cent. 1875 22-57 '« 1880 22-50 " 1884 24'5t] «« 1885 • 22-75 " 1886 23-40 " But the proportion of exports to Great Britain to the total Colonial exports has steadily decreased during the same period : — similar PROPORTIOX OF EXPORTS TO THE UNITED KINGDOM TO THE flonSi' TOTAL EXPORTS FROM BRITISH PO.SSESSIOXS. exports. ^g^j g^.^jj pgp^.,,,^ 1875 49-47 " 1880 46-4G " 1884 43-:« " 1885 42-84 " 1886 41-54 «« '0 TOTAL TUADK AND COMMKRCE. 289 822. Tho total Ibn^igii trade of British roHSOHHioiis has ^^^^Y, iiurcaHcd very largvly Hiiico 1871, but, as will bo hocu from unli"^ thi' following figures, tho trade with foreign countries htiH ^'^^^' increased in a greater ratio than that with the United Kingdom : — IMIOI'OUTIOX OF THE TRADK WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM TO THE TOTAL FOREIGN TRADE OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 1871 51-41 per cent. 1«75 52-33 " 1880 4930 " 1884 4G72 " 1885 48-44 188G 45 31 (I 323, The following table, taken from Mulhall's " Fifty J^^^i'Si'tiie Yeurs of "ationrl Progress," p. 80, shows the distribution the'unued of the trade of no United Kingdom at various dates, and isio-fsMu^ shows also thii t the trade with India and the Colonies has increase 1 in a very nrach greater degree than that with foreign countries : — DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRADE OP THE UNITED KINGD(>M, 1840-1885. Thaus with Millions jE. Pkhcentaok. 1840. 1860. 1875. 1885. 1840. 1860. 1876. 1885. '. olonies llnited States..... 34 23 G 5 45 89 G3 31 34 153 IGl 95 74 6G 270 170 118 59 60 215 30 20 G 6 39 24 18 8 9 41 24 15 11 8 42 100 27 18 France 9 Gennanv • 8 Various 38 Total 113 375 G5G G42 100 100 100 324. The following table gives the value of the imports ^"I^Jf. and exporto and the amount of duty collected at each port ^ach port of entry in the Dominion during the year 188t. lu the Do- minion 1887. 1 '4 \'Ui ■ 'h ■ii.f* i" i r^ |;l| r-. 240 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT EACH PORT IN CANADA. Ports. Ontaimo. Amherstburg JJellcville JJrantford Berlia Brighton Brockville Chatham Clifton Cobourg Colborpe Collingwood Cornwall Cramahe Darlington Deseronto Dover Dundas Dunrville FortErie Gait Gananoque Goderich Guelph Hamilton Hope Kincardine Kingston Kingjville Lindsay London Morrisburg Napanee Newcastle Niagara Oakville Oshawa Ottawa Owen Sound Paris Penetanguisbene Peterboro' Picton Prescott , Port Arthur St Catharines — St. Thomas , 1887. Value. Imports. Exports. $ 95.:^71 300,972 366,859 -fZ»,(ii)3 1.3, 138 .n4t,169 180,027 1,019,312 l.-)7,830 19,768 139,759 806,477 9,631 92,931 47,083 64,495 290,451 24,88J 7 7.*), 052 320,.') 75 159,256 45,222 554,019 4,345,600 110,258 59,621 1,163,135 9,262 54,4::5 2,605,260 60,3-J9 56,546 29,043 6«.761 96,059 1,731,917 94,028 V 113,686 156,720 225,043 54,735 281,314 269,.367 834, 148 371,273 226,196 737,237 124,183 159.449 55.357 816,027 528,524 2,058,869 346,294 12,180 303, 788 47,032 109,051 222,299 358,072 185,307 33,436 76,934 2,448,422 107,695 49,740 176,435 463,073 490,940 8.35,154 622,000 61.5,113 96,830 446,660 428,250 237,359 204,173 112,654 165,628 2,759,054 56,887 65,993 185,870 392,651 478,435 305,742 86,315 2.'>4,084 198,177 Duty. 9,279 54,362 40. .528 129,563 1,457 92,179 32,653 193,773 20,323 3,331 35,997 26,296 758 .13,814 10,307 12,385 2.5,711 7,090 165,797 35,822 27,515 7,070 80, 123 761,620 2.3,428 6, 198 166,297 1,750 10,076 581,531 10,622 8,094 5,997 3,135 12,807 327,414 12,76.1 18,008 15,604 36,565 12,151 45,621 70,706 96,114 61,129 ;:i;^ )A. Duty. $ 9,279 54,362 40.528 129,563 1,457 92,179 32,653 193,773 20,323 3,331 35,997 i!6,296 758 .13,814 10,307 12,385 2.5,711 7,090 165,797 35,822 27,515 7,070 80, 123 761,620 23,428 6, 198 166,297 1,750 10,076 581,531 10,622 8,094 5,997* 3,135 12,807 327,414 12,763 18,008 15,604 36,665 12,151 45,621 70,706 96,114 61,129 TRADE AND COMMERCE. ^ IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT EACH PORT IN CA'S AD A— Continued. 241 PoitTH. O.NTAUio — 'Joncluded. Sarnia Saugeen Sault Ste. Marie Stratford Toronto Trenton Wallaceburg Whitby....; Windsor Woodstoclv Total Estimated amount short returned at inland ports Total. QirEBKC. Clarenceville Coaticook Dundee Freligh burg Gaspo Hemmingford Lacolle Magdalen Islands Montreal New Carlisle Perce Patton Quebec Rimouski Russeltown St. Armand St. Hyacinthe St. John's Slierbrooke Sorel Stanstead Sutton Tiiree Rivers Total Estimated amount short returned at inh\nd ports Total. 16 1887. Val ue. Duty. Imports. Exports. s $ $ .W7,5T2 708.936 83,565 101,996 i 22,434 451 83, 150 122,067 23,732 414.111 669,340 67,192 21,050,4.".4 3,192.157 4,257,548 45,854 478,622 10,008 l.'i.OliS 333,353 2,953 10,5.4.53 445,981 11,195 9.54,822 731,395 187,920 312,351 858,618 58,50S 43,168,293 26,246,072 2,56.5,315 8,016,822 43,168.293 28,81 1,.387 8,016,822 .3,164 23.922 663 198.290 1,670,5.56 36,924 9.373 46,623 1,543 5,787 4,926 573 19,625 240,322 2,733 16,610 73.867 2,668 66,392 73,234 1,984 131 43, 948,. 594 12 29.032.613 8,874,148 2 7, .555 301,541 5,110 16,643 102,346 2,3.50 8.614 36,895 3,684 3,668,129 5.318,533 686,393 11,421 91,350 1,.361 7,469 48,501 1,511 26,474 241,438 4,237 161,000 59.596 19,219 381,635 710,603 23, .535 945, 160 448,795 69, 169 66, .567 92,216 8,016 .52.. 587 209,466 13,928 299,097 668,881 9,320 213,356 436,922 19,356 50,153,673 39,933,146 431,574 9,788,437 50,153,673 40,364,720 9,788,437 \ I ', !;!■ , I I J- 242 CHAPTER IV. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT EACH PORT IN CANADA— Continued. 1 ; M 1 '' ? \i St r * 'i i I : A I, Ports. Nova Scotia. Amherst , Annapolis Antigonisb Arichat Baddeck Barrington Bridgetown Cornwallis Digby Giiysborough Halifax Live pool Lockcport , Londonderry Lunenburg Margaretsville North Sydney Parrsboro' Pictou Port Hawkesbury. Port Hood Port Medway Shelburne Sydney. T^ruro Weymouth Windsor Yarmouth Total. Nbw Brunswick. Bathurst Campo Bello (Welchpool) Caraquette Chatham DalhouBie Dorchester , Fredericton Grand Falls Hillsborough McAdam Junction Moncton Newcastle 1887. Value. Imports. 95,019 48,. 372 60,484 17,621 6,147 15, 6r)6 8,:«7 45,159 26,645 11,136 5,41], 986 39,930 52,737 9,494 96,287 4,243 71,707 40,646 333,107 16,593 2.55 1,.306 1.3,860 21,865 290,850 48,226 173,747 476,391 7,437,856 57,216 10,466 3,669 89,682 60,442 7,830 342,400 4,931 527,931 38,002 Exports. 4,767 207,301 186,565 91,034 52,941 65,167 61,606 2,952 172,944 94,777 65,465 ^ 792 78,174 279,765 40,296 676,694 6,799 113,870 329, 100 118,628 175,005 9, 732 47,476 21,058 157,978 4,988 126,672 153,151 459,869 8,566,959 221,1.39 56, "(52 54.918 487,32'J 279,140 32,180 76,175 131,147 178,300 418,051 Duty. 27,164 10.030 13,092 2.. 592 1^025 2,902 1,594 9,632 4,610 1,652 1,395,070 6,976 5,909 2,306 13,561 875 25,630 4,944 39,564 2,7.54 786 277 2,389 4,477 75,976 9,992 15,722 75.900 1,757,400 7,808 3,213 621 12,753 4,107 1,812 52,305 970 316,608 7,341 itinued. Duty. 27,164 10.030 13,092 2.592 i;025 2,902 1,594 9,632 4,610 1,652 1,395.070 6,976 5,909 2,306 13,561 875 25,630 4,944 39,564 2,754 786 277 2,389 4,477 75,975 9,992 15,722 75.900 1,757,400 7,808 3,213 621 12,753 4,107 1,812 52,305 970* *3ii5,608 7,341 TRADE AND COMMERCE. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT EACH PORT IN CA}JADA— Concluded. 243 ' ^. ' ■ ' ■ 1887. PORT.q. Val ue. Duty. Imports. Exports. New BnvusvficK— Concluded. Ricliihucto 8,805 19,276 $ 234,360 87,840 $ 1,880 Sackville 4,310 Shediac ShiDi)t?"an 4,311 42,965 4,817 3,604,662 599,270 86,637 22,782 92,836 33,684 3,646,«71 18.854 77,531 789 St. Andrew's i 22,980 St. Georce 642 St. John 824,572 St. Stephen 61,867 22,637 Woodstock Total 5,513,812 6,149,8*9 1,347,205 Manitoba. Winnipeg 1,929,120 75,311 816,260 58,781 497,197 11,750 Emerson Total 2,004,431 875,041 508,947 British Columbia. Victoria 3,008,677 382,518 156,657 2,094,384 232,393 1,151,493 784,790 New Westminster 66. 034 Nanaiiuo 32,597 Total 3,547,852 3,478,270 883,421 Prince Edward Island. Charlotte town 517,249 96,649 934,706 334,839 135,269 Sumiuerside 18,592 Total 613,898 1,269,545 153,861 NoRTIT-WeST TERRlTORiES. Fort McLeod 452,421 13,609 Fort Walsh Wood Mountain Total 452,421 13,609 iii. <'i.i ' ! 16i f[ i(\ 244 I § i i P' 1 ' -I i i ■■ i CHAPTEliV. ■ ' POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. Trans er of Post Office to Colonial Govern- ments. C. Post omce Act IStiS. 32o. By an Act of the Imperial Parliament, 12-13 Vi chap. 6(i, the i.ianageraent of the Postal systems in the Colonies c ' '3ritish North America was transferred to the various Provincial authorities, and up to the time of Con- federation each Province controlled its own system, under its own laws and regulations. 3:26. After Confederation, these various laws were allowed to remain in force until the 1st April, 18tJ8, when the Post Office Act, 81 Vic, chap. 10, came into effect, ostablishing uniform rates and regulations for the Dominion. 327. In 18*7o an agreement was made with the United rieniwith States, by \vhich a common rate of postage between the two United \ •' . States. countries was adopted, each country retaining all money collected, and no accounts being kept between the two post offices in regard to International correspondence. Postal agree Admis- sion of Canada JntoPnstal Union. Forma- tion of Postal Union. 62S. At the Second Congress cT the Greneral Postal Union, held at Paris in May 1878, Canada was admitted m member from the following 1st July, and letcers, newspapers and other printed matter, sample* and patterns, became subject to uniform postage rates and regulations for all places in lilurope, and for all other countries that were members ol' the Union. The existing postal arrangements with the United States were allowed to remain undisturbed, being of a more liberal and advantageous character than the ordi- nary regulations of the treaty. 329. The Universal Postal Union was formed at a meeting held at Berne in 187^ and the first treaty was signed on 9th October in that year ; the countries represented being the POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. 245 several countries of Europe, the United States and Egypt. The object of the Union was to form all the countries of the world into one single postal territory, and to establish, as far as possible, uniform reduced rates of postage, and also to further the interchange of correspondence, by arranging that every country should be bound to convey the mails of other countries by its land or sea services at the lowt st possible rates. 330. At the meeting in 18*78 the regulations were revised, Meetingg ° •= of Postal and embodied in a Cv^n^'-ention which came into force on 1st un>on- April, 18t9. The Third Congress was held at Lisbon, in February, 1885, and Canada was represented by the dele- gates of the British Post Office. No material change was made in the Convention of 1879. 331. All the States of Europe and America, some countries countries of Asia and Africa, and all the British Colonies and Posses- joined^it.^ sions, except the Australasian Colonies and South Africa, are now included in the Union. 332. A new agreement between the United States and ^sw ° I'ostal Canada was signed at "Washington on 12th January, 1888, nfJnt'with to com«' into effect on the following 1st March and to super- sed»^ the agreement of February, 1875. The principal chango in the agrc^ement was the establishment of a parcel post between the two countries, subject to certain regula- tions for the protection of Customs with respect to articles liable for duty. All the principal provisions of the agree- ment of 1875 were retained. Ihe United fcitales. The following table gives the number of post offices Number ol letters in the Dominion, and the estimated number and number ^r^^soTl' 1 H> / . per head of letters and post cards sent in each year, from 1st July, 1807, to 30th June, 18^7 :— J/; :,;.:! i ■\ # Ui M m-\ i'- .< 246 CHAPTER V. I- i ■ NUMBER OF POST OFFICES IN CANADA AND ESTIMATED NUMBER AND NUMBER PER HEAD OF LETTERS AND POST CARDS SENT. 1808 TO 1887. Yk.ui 30 TH JtJNK, .Vumbtr of Post OlHces. Estimated Numbbr Sent. Number of R(;l; rod L.'tn;,. 704,7;-0 850,000 1.00'' 000 1,100. JOO 1,280,000 1,377,000 1,562,900 1.TjO,000 1,774,000 1,842,000 1,980,000 1,940.000 2,040^000 2,253,000 2,450,000 2,650,000 3,000,000 3,060,000 3,400,000 3,560,000 Free Letters. Total Letters Posted. Post . Cards. Letters per Head. 1808 3,638 3,750 3,820 3,943 4,135 4,5J8 4. ■■•: 4;^y 5,015 5,101 5,378 5,000 5,773 5,935 0,171 0,395 0,837 7,084 7,295 7,534 733,100 874,000 1,034,000 1,218,000 1,125,000 1,091,000 1,432,200 1,290,000 1,059,292 1,090,000 1,250.000 1,384,000 1,404,000 1,838,000 2,390,000 2,000,000 2,824,000 2,900,000 3,310,000 3,100,000 18, 100.000 21,920,000 24,500,000 •27.050,000 •30,600,000 •34,579,000 •39,358,500 •42,000,000 41,800,000 41,510,000 44,000,000 43,900,000 45,b00,000- 48,170,000 50,200,000 02,800,000 00,100,000 08,400,000 71,000,000 74,300,000 5-37 isuu 6*42 1870 7-09 1871 7" 69 1872 8-47 1873 9-43 1874 10-28 187- 1876 :.. 1877 "*4,640,000* 5,450,000 6,455,000 6,940,000 7,800,000 9,640,000 11,300,000 12,940,000 13,580,000 13,800,000 15,109,000 16,356,000 10-81 1058 10-34 1878 1879 10-78 10-59 1880 10'86 1881 11-08 1882 12-68 188;! 1884 13-90 14-35 1885 1880 14-57 14-81 1887 15-24 •lucludiiig post carUs. Increase in nuinber 334. During the past year 239 new offices were opened, onetters, ^jj^ ^^le total number of post offices is now more than double the number at Confederation, there having been an increase of 3,896. The increase in the number of letters sent, as compared with 1886, was : Eegistered letters, 160,000 ; and ordinary letters, 3,290,000 ; making a total increase of letters posted of 3,300,000, being tOO,000 more than the increase of 1886 over 1885. The total number of letters sent in 1886, was 66,200,000 more than was sent in the first year of Con- federation, being over three times as many. The number of letters sent per head of estimated population was, accord- ing to the above figures, a little over 15. Post cards, which were first issued in 1871 have now reached the large total Number of Letters per Head. 5-37 6-42 709 7-69 8-47 9-43 10-28 10-81 00 10-58 00 10-34 >00 10-78 100 10-59 100 10-86 >00 11-08 )00 12-68 )00 13-90 00 14-a5 100 14-57 00 14-81 00 15-24 POST OFFICE AND TELE(mAPIIS. 24t of 16,o50,000, the iiK^rease over 1886 being 1,24*7,000 as com- pared with an increase of 1,309,000 in 1886 over 1885. There was a decrease of 150,000 in the number of free hitters sent. 335. The next table gives the number of newspapers, 5f",J^5" books, periodicals and parcels sent during the same ScP,Y^- period : — NEWSPAPERS, PERIODICALS, BOOKS, CIRCULARS, PARCELS, Ac, 1868 TO 1887. tXC.,1 188T. Vear KNDED 30th J ONE, Newspapers and Periodicals posted otherwise tlian from Office of Pub- lication. Newspapers and Periodicals posted from Office of Pub- lication. Books, Circulars, Samples and Patterns, &c. Parcels. Total. Number per Head. 1808 18,860,000 18,700,000 20,150,000 22,250,000 24,400,000 25,480,000 29,000,000 31,300,000 38,549,000 39,000,000 6,252,740 5,610,000 5,870,000 5,980,000 7,150,000 7,402,000 8,210,000 8,760,000 9,200,000 10,340,000 24,800 38,7-20 51,844 64,160 95,200 11-2,300 10-2,800 131,352 70,724 90,000 107,800 206,600 217,000 331,600 394,000 463,200 541,000 600,000 640,000 820,000 18,884,800 18,738,7-20 20,-201,844 2-2,314,160 24,495,200 25,592,300 29,102,800 31,431,352 43,169,636 43,728,000 44,934,212 47,637,686 60,561,062 55,020,568 58,425,000 62, 326, -266 66,690,532 69,681,798 76,844,064 85,066,326 5-60 1869 5-49 1870 5-85 1871 6-34 1872 6-78 1873 6-98 1874 7-61 1875 8-08 1876 4,539,912* 4,638,000 5,090,000 5,054,000 5,224,000 6,000,00(i 7,186,000 8,724,000 10,160,000 10,500,000 15,140,000 20,000,000 10 -09 1877 10-09 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 33,483,672 36,769,086 39,250,062 4-2,709,068 43,695,000 45,737,266 47,779,532 49,821,798 51,864,064 53,906,326 11-02 11-49 11-99 12-66 13-19 13-80 14-48 14-84 16-03 17-45 ! ' i ii: s ■■ 11 :'• * 1 i! -i 248 CHAPTER V. Sffs^on ^^'J- ^11 t^^^' figuros ill thv' lirst column for the ytnirs 1868 papt^rs. to 1877 inclusive, are included all newspapers and periodi- cals sent by mail, whether from the office of publication or otherwise. In 1877 a chang-e was made in the regulations, and all newspapers, periodicals, &c.. sent from the office of publication wore carried at the rate of 1 cent per lb., and the number carried has, since that date, been estimated in the above table at nine newspapers to one pound. By an Act that came into operation on the 1st June, 1882, all such newspapers were entirely exempted from postage, and have since been carried free of charge, and as no atttmpt is now made to ascertain the number so carried, the figures given for the years 1883 to 1887, inclusive, can only be considered ?.? approximate. The increase in the number of books, cir- culars, Ike, carried in 1887, as compared with the previous year, was very larg-e, amounting to no less than 4,860,000. Propor- 337. In proportion to area the post offices are distributed ^M%?!^^^ as follows : — Prince Edward Island 1 post offico to 7 sq. miles. Nova Scotia , 1 " HJ " New Hninswick 1 " 2« " Ontiiiio 1 " «]3 " Quebec 1 " 138 " Manitoba 1 " 18;? •' Hritisii Columbia 1 " 2,017 " The Temtoriea I " 6,'i9«J " Number 338. The iiumber of letters and post cards sent in the of letters, -^ Prov^nceB "^^veral Provinces during the last five years, as estimated in 1683-1887. tj^^j official reports, are given below : — es g'lveu POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. ESTLMATED NUMBER OF LETTERS AND POST GAUDS, BY PROVINCES, 1883 TO 1887. Estimated Nl'mbkr Sent. Year Nam- PnoVINCKS. ended 30th June, of Post OfiBces Regis- tered Letters. Free Letters. Totnl Letters Posted. Post Cards. No. of Let- tors per Bead. , 1883 2,617 I,(i50,000 1,890,000 34,6011,000 8,600,000 17-26 ( 1884 2,713 1,800,000 2,000,00(1 36,600.000 9,000,000 18-02 Ontario 1885 2,762 2,835 1,820,000 2,000,000 2,100.000 37,500,000 9,000,000 10,089,000 18-18 1886 ■i* f • \J \J % \7 ^9 ^J 2,400,000 39,00(1,000 18-61 \ 1887 2,891 2,100,000 2,300,000 41,000,000 11,000,000 19-25 / 1883 1,210 660,000 300,000 14,500,000 2,450,000 10-36 ( 1884 1,252 660,000 400,000 15,600,000 2,600,000 11-01 Quebec ( 1885 1,289 660,000 420,000 16,000,000 2,700,000 11-17 1886 1,320 780,000 400,000 16,700,000 2,900,000 11-52 \ 1887 1,372 810,000 360,000 17,000,000 3,100,000 11-59 / 1883 1,131 1.30,000 125,000 4,700,000 780,000 10-36 I 1884 1,203 150,000 135,000 6,100,000 860,000 11-09 Nova Scotia ... { 1885 1,255 155,000 140,000 5,300,000 850,000 11-37 1886 1,300 160,000 150,000 5,400,000 900,000 11-44 \ 1887 1,345 164,000 140,000 5,600,000 950,000 11-70 1 1883 883 100,000 90,000 4,200,000 620,000 12-7.S 1884 932 110,000 95,000 4,400,000 640,000 13-20 N. Brunswick.. 1885 997 : 16,000 100,000 4,000,000 700,000 11-8H 1886 1,019 120,000 120,000 4,000,000 700,000 11-78 \ 1887 1,048 123,000 110,000 4,160,000 740,000 12-10 ' 1883 252 30,000 25,000 760,000 90,000 6-75 1884 271 30,000 24,000 800,000 95,000 7-01 P. E. Island... 1885 280 30,000 20,000 800,000 90,000 6-92 ]88C 292 30,000 20,000 800,000 100,000 6-82 \ \ 1887 298 31,000 20,000 850,000 106,000 7-14 1 1883 66 25,000 60,000 740,000 40,000 10-90 1 1884 83 40,000 60,000 900,000 45,000 11-65 B. Columbia... < 1885 97 50,000 70,000 1,000,000 60,000 12-33 / 1886 105 60,000 80,000 1,300.000 70,000 12-60 V 1887 117 68,000 80,000 1,500,000 80,000 12 -05 Manitoba, Kee- ( watinandN.- d 1883 2;^r. 155,220 120,000 3,400,000 460,000 21-83 1884 ;;>•:; 220,000 110,000 8,600,000 350,000 20-80 1885 404 230,000 110,000 3,700,000 400,000 19-21 W. Territories ( 188G 424 250,000 140.000 3,800,000 350,000 21-42 \ 1887 4G3 264,000 150,000' 4.200,000 380,000 19-06 339. Tho number of letters per head slightly increased iu SSJ^te^ each Proviuce, with the exception of Manitoba and the and de crease. 260 fMlAPTEU V. Toiritories in whi'h th<'r«Mva8!iu apparent di'froasooimoro than two kttiMS j cr hontl, tliou<»'h the urtual numb»!r ol' letters sent was lai*i»"er. This is ovvini^' to the eonsus pojm- lation need iu the i-alcuhition in lb87 beiny- less than the estimated population used in former years. The; increases iu the other Provinces were small, in no cas(» amounting* to as much as one letter jier heiui. The lari^est number of letters both numerically and proportionately were sent in Ontario, and with the exception of Prin<'e Edward Island fewer letters were sent proportionately in Quebec than any- where else. The above figures however, are, u. will readily be seen, only estimated on averages, and can only be taken as giving a very approximate idea of the distribution of correspondence in this country. revenue ^■^^' ^^6 foUowing table gives the postal revenue and pendlture f'xpeuditure for every year, since Confederation, and the I«i7-i887. proportion each year per head of jiopulation : — POSTAL REVEXl ]■: AND KXI'KXDITUnK OF CANADA FR(»M 1808 TO 18,M7. m '■* .' Vkaii knded JCNE, 30 TH I{CV('I11K'. 18G8. 18G9. 1870. 18T1. 1872. 187.3. 1874. 1875. 1876. mi. 1878. 1870. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. § 1884. . 18h5.. 1886.. 1887.. 1,024, 978, 010, 070, 193. 406, 4; 6, 536, 484, .001, 620, 534, 648, 767, 022. 264, 330, 400, 469, 603, 710 056 767 767 062 984 207 .509 886 134 022 363 017 953 098 384 741 062 379 255 E-Kpendi- tiire. 1.053,570 1,079,828 1,155,261 1,271.006 1,369,163 1,553,604 1,69.5,480 1; 87.3, 241 1,959,758 2,075,618 2,110,:i65 2,167.266 2,286,611 2,3.33,189 2,459,356 2,(587.394 2,9,31, 387 3,097,882 3,380,429 .3,451-, 100 ExpcMilitUK- ill excess of Revt-nue. 28.859 106,772 144,493 191,238 176,100 146,619 219,272 33(J, 731 474,871 574,483 490,343 632,902 638,593 56.5,236 437,258 423,009 600,646 697,820 911,0,50 854,845 AM(MNT I'KIl JI::ai). Rtv- enuo. $ cti. :w 29 29 31 33 38 39 40 38 37 40 37 39 41 46 50 51 51 51 53 Expen- diture. $ Ct3. 31 32 33 36 38 42 44 48 50 52 52 52 54 54 56 59 64 66 70 71 POST OFFICE AND TELE(mAPHS 251 sool nioro umber ol' 8US popu- thaii the iiuroases mounting- t number ivere sent ird Island than anv- il readily bo taken bution of 'uu« and and the FROM MOINT PKIl Hkai). V- Kxpcn- ts. (iiture. $ cts. 10 31 19 ;!2 'J t) Mi 1 no ;j 38 8 41 i) 44 48 8 50 7 ryi r^i 7 52 [) 54 1 54 IJ 5(j ) 59 1 G4 I G() I 70 i 71 841. The expeiiditiire has exceeded the revenue continu- tor*e?MM ously during thi^ last 20 years, and with the exception of Situref"' 1886, the ex(;ess in 1887 was the lar^'est during the period. The revenue, however, showed a satisfactory increase of $133,876, being- double the increase of last year. When the long distances that have to bo covered in this country are considered, as well as the comparatively scanty popu- lation of many parts of it, particularly in the North- West Territories and British Columbia, it will easily be under- stood that it must be some time yet before the revenue can either balance or exceed the expenditure. The successful development of the country has required and will for some years require continual additions to and extensions of the postal system, and in order to provide postal facilities pari passu with the progress of settlement, it is from time to time necessary to establish offices, the expenditure for which must for a number of years be in excess of the revenue derived therefrom. The Postal Service, however, is managed on sound, economical principles, and the im- portance of carrying out the principle of providing every part of the country with postal communication is so well recognized, that exception is seldom or ever taken to these deficits, it being well understood that as the population inrieases and the country progresses, it cannot be very long before this service is at least self-sustaining, the revenue from the older and wealthier Provinces covering the excess of expenditure in newer districts. ?42, As confirmatory evidence of the foregoing it will be increase found that whereas the expenditure in 1887 increased 2*30 propor- lioiiately per cent., the revenue increased 5'42 per cent., or 92 per larger cent, more than the expenditure The Postmaster General dftu^Pf"*' in his report says : " From present indications it may be " reasonably estimated that this process of reduction in the " annual deficit will be maintained in the amounts of postal ! : I . ,J| i; ' ' 252 CHAPTER V. ' '( " roverjue and oxpeiiditure for th« «nTTrent year," and it is mention! d th-'t the issue of postage stamps for the first six months of iho present year exceeded the issue of the same for the corresponding- period of hist year by $102,808. oMratiouN ^48. The following comparative statement, shows not ii»ti7.i887. ^jjjy i^j^^. extended operations, but also the increased efU- ciency of the service since 1808, iuasmu(^h as a much larg«^r quantity of mail matter^is carried at same expense : — FMSTAL OI'EUATIONS IN CAXAPA COMPARED, 18G8 AND 188T. Ykau. 18U8.. 1887., Number of Offices. 3,038 7,r),'U Num- ber Miles »)f of Miles Money Post Triivellc.l. Older Route. Offices. 515 27,ti74 10,022,210 j>;ta 54,780 24,324,217 Amount paid for con- veyance of Mails. Number of Letters, Ac. .Number of News- jiaiiers, <.vc. Total (^)9t per I lead. $ 54.3,109 1,054.703 18.100,000 18,884,800 90,0.50,000 85,000,320 $ Ct.J. 31 71 Cost of 341 In 1808 the conveyance of mails over 10,022,216 8ioni867- miles cost per mile 5jV cents, and the transmission of 36,984,800 letters, newspapers, &c., cost li^r cents apiece; in 1887 the conveyance of mails over 24,324,217 miles cost OiV cents per mile, and the transmission of 175,722,320 letters, newspapers, &c., i\ of 1 cent apiece, so that there is a decrease in the cost of each article carried of | of 1 cent ; and it must not be overlooked that, if newspapers were carried now at the old rate of 1 cent per lb., between $50,000 and $00,000 would be added to the revenue each year. Revenue 345. Almost the whole of the revenue is derived from the tTom post- g^j^ ^^ pos^.^^-^ stamps, the sum of $2,577,714 having been ■tamps. POHT OFFICE AND 1 KLKCHUPHrt. 238 roiilizod from this .sour«'(» in 1887, an iiuTcaHo of $157,600 over 188 i. The tota! iiumbt?r issued to postmasters duriui»' the year was 118,.'J4l),t{«0. .{46. The increase in t^xpcndilure in eousequonre of in- incna^o creased mail service was priniipally — In oxpen- dtlure. Miiil s.'cvico !?ir)n,l'J7 Saliirifi ir.o, lo.l $;t()(),'j;m 347. The system of free delivery of letters by carriers in I'xo , . . , . - , . delivery. the principal cities was commenced in 187"), and it was estimated that the total number delivered in this manner in 1887 was: letters, 27,4s9,124, and newspapers, 9,514,164. The number of carriers employed was 269. 348. The next table ffives the postal revenue and expen- i'««tai diture in each Province, since 1883 : — no and ox- p«'nrtlture r>y I»rov- Ineea I8(i7- 1.HS7, 11: M 1 1 I 1 • tl; a A 1)4 i'-'f^iii ;. )■ 264 CHAPTER V. POSTAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF CANADA, BY PROVINCES, 1883 TO 1887. Provinces. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick. Prince Edward Island. British Columbia., Year ended .30tli June, Manitoba, Kecwatin and North-West Territories. 188.3 1884 1885 188G 1887 188:{ 1884 1885 188G 1887 188.3 1884 1885 188G 1887 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Revenue. 1,268,487 1,.300,14!> 1,345,007 1 ,3!>3,600 1,470,045 471,627 4!»2,374 512,513 534,046 555,824 171,061 178,18!) 188,751 190,383 197,450 161,212 162,170 143,837 137,260 142,343 29,278 29,154 29,648 29,000 31 ,391 . 29,020 34,569 42,248 46,174 54,545 132,795 134,132 138,055 138,913 151,658 Expendi- ture. s 1,2P6,648 1,404,949 1.483,092 1,590,453 1,632,283 629,896 676,777 698,072 750,496 753,067 268,624 277,289 292,668 306,704 306,861 2.36,078 244,877 258,814 275,384 280,110 54,061 59,809 54,926 77,537 60,682 63, ,397 75,170 85,964 108,530 148,542 148,688 192,514 224,.M3 271,321 286,555 Expendi- ture in p]xcess of Revenue. $ 18,161 100,800 138,08,^) 19iJ,8.")3 162,238 1.58,269 181,403 185,559 216,450 197,243 96,663 99,100 103,917 116,321 109,411 74,866 82,707 114,977 138,124 137,767 24,783 30,655 L5,278 48,536 19,291 34,377 40,601 43,716 62,356 93,997 15,893 58.382 86',288 1.^2,408 134,897 Amount I'Kii Head. Rev- enue. $ cts. 63 64 65 66 69 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 40 41 49 49 43 40 41 26 25 26 25 26 43 44 47 44 46 85 78 72 78 69 Ex- pendi- ture. Sets. 64 69 71 76 77 45 48 48 52 51 59 60 62 65 64 72 73 76 81 81 48 52 47 66 42 93 96 m 1 05 1 25 95 11 16 48 30 It appears that 56 per cent, of the total revenue was derived from the Province of Ontario, and 47 per cent, of the expen- m POST OFFICE AND TELEGEAPH3. 265 diture was paid out in that Province. There was a decrease in the excess of expenditure over revenue in all the Prov- inces, with the exception of British Columbia, Manitoba and the Territories, and as would naturally be expected, the expenditure in the last named places was in proportion to revenue and population much heavier than elsewhere. The revenue and expenditure in Ontario more nearly equal- ize than anywhere else, and this Province will soon make its postal service pay for itself. 349. The following are statements of the number of regis- Numberof tered letters in each year since 1868, with particulars of lexers , . -1- 1 • -.owo 1867-18S7, their disposal since 1879 : — RKOLSTKIIKD LKTrERS IN C: X.\D.\, 1863 TO 1887. Estimated XuTnl)L'r RogiriUTcd Luttcrs. Failed Sent to Dead Letter Ollice. How DISI'OSED OK. Yeau. Num- ber per Head. to reat-li Dcrfti- uatiuri Deliver- 2. The number of letters sent to i' e Dead Letter Ofiiire in the United States in 1887 w?: ; "78,9<55 353. The following statement shows the general opera- tions of the money order system, year b 'r year, fljbin 1st July, 1807, to 30th June, 1887. It will be ...en that there has l)een a steady and satisfactory increase : — OPERATIONS OF THE MONEY ORDER HVSTE.M IX- CANADA, 1868 TO 1887. Ykar kn'dri) 30th JVNK, iXiimber of I OfHces. Niuiihcr of Orders Issued. Amount of Orders Issued. I I - ,3., 1^09. 1S70, 187[., 1872. 1373.. 1874. 1876., 1870., 1877. 1878. 1879., 1880., 1881. l-'82. .>H3., 1884, 1885. 1886 lrt87. 515 550 558 571 634 644 662 087 736 754 769 772 775 786 806 826 866 885 910 933 90,163 96,627 110,021 120,521 136,422 161,096 179,851 181,091 238,668 253,962 269,417 281,725 306,088 .338,238 372,248 419,613 463,502 499,243 529,458 674,899 $ 3,352,881 3,563,645 3,910,250 4,54o,434 5,154,120 6,239,506 6,757,427 6,711,539 6,866,618 6,856,821 7, 130,895 6,788,723 7,207,337 7,725,212 8,354,153 9,490,900 10,067,834 10,384,211 10,231,189 10,328,984 Amount of Orders issued in other Countries, payable in Canada. 90,579 100,823 117,914 126,694 147,230 160,695 177,502 181,091 359,314 408,286 458,745 505,833 698,651 1,002,7.35 1,194,029 1,236,275 1,262,867 1,185,751 1,245,957 1,495,674 Losses sustained. $ 2,3.55 3,170 1,685 Xii' 2 037 118 797 4,233 6,166 657 147 286 209 110 5;) 882 4,295 25 1,179 17. ', 1 i nil 257 f|: Dead Let- ters that ' failed of delivery. , ! • l! ' 'li : ■■'■ ■' i '■' ' ^.t ■i ■ Tiiat con- tained j ' money. J '1 ! Ope ra- tions of tbe money order system ' 1867-1887. ' ' '*■■ f {-^ Id:: ■'ti i 4'^ f 258 CHAPTER V rnfo li. '1 IHt Increase in number and de- crnase in average amount. Money order offices by ProvJ nci'S. Excess of revenue. 854. There was an increase in the number of orders sent of 45,441, bein^- 15,226 more than the increase in 1886, and there was also an increase in the amount sent of $07,*705, ))ut the aA'erag'* value of each order has been still further reduced. In 18^i8 it was $87.18; in 1885, $20.79; in 1880, $19.82; and in 1887. $17 96, It may 1)6 argued from this, that as the country progresses and banking facilities in- (T«»ase for the business nnd w^ealthier classes, the money order system is used almost entirely oy the working classes, who keep no banking accounts, and the large increase in the volume of business done is a significant sign of the im- proved condition of the people. 355. The number of mor.ey order otlices in operation in- creased by 23 ; they are distributed among the Provinces in the followinLT order : — Ontario r.02 Quebec 14G Nova Scotia ]34 New Brunswick 93 British C(>lunil)iii 21 Manitoba 17 Tlu> Territories II I'lince Edward Island ;• Orders pajrablfein Canada and else- where. 856. The revenue from fees, profit on exchange, &c., amounted to $79,326, and +he expenditure for salaries, &c., in connection with the system to $76,845, being an excess of revenue of $2,481. Of the total amount of orders issued in Canada, $8,098,887 w^ere payable ia Canada, and $2,285,097 were payable in other countries, being a decrease in the first amount of $52,208, and an increase in the second amount of $150,004; and of the total transactions with other countries $2,235,097 were sent out of the country, and $1,495,673 came in. 35t. The large increase in the amount of losses sustained was erased by the absconding of a clerk in the Winnipeg money order office, the loss incurred thereby amounting to $902 ; of the remainder $239 were stolen from various post offices, and $35 were lost in transmission. I'OST OFFICE .\i\D TEIiEdUAPHS. 250 itioii in- :in<-es in MOXKV ORDRR TR.XNSACTfONS KETWKEN TlIK DOMINION AND Money order bu8l« 11688 with other countrlee 1867-1887, OTHER COUNTRIES, 1867 TO 1887. 'I'mtkii KiMiliOM. lIviTKit States. NEWKOrXIU.AND. Othku CfU NTItlES. Ykak. Anioimt of Oniei's Amouni of () liters Amount of Orders Amount of Orders Issued in Canada. Fayuble in Canada. Issued ill Canada. Payable ill Canada. Issued in Canada. Payable iu Canada. Issued in Canada. Payable in Canada. 1868 .... 389,796 .'{67,092 415,393 474,376 577,443 665,407 661,. 501 572,246 491,363 109,474 383,808 .361,940 397,589 430,686 550,150 827,200 862,822 769,679 753,743 837,146 $ 87,437 94 ,.303 110,58.i 121,644 142,301 15(;,888 171,487 174,160 194,080 188,116 189,082 176,067 181,561 175,461 170,304 196,467 267,738 299,563 :>94.484 304,115 •$ ! $ $ 3,321 3,246 5,246 4,321 3,656 4,799 5,753 7,197 5,305 5,699 6.245 5,061 3,570 4,883 4,309 5,415 5,291 6,tJ52 C,467 11,997 $ 3,142 6.514 7,328 5,049 4,928 3,807 6,014 6,930 8,499 12,280 23,076 21,609 22,452 19,901 20; 044 24,448 29,150 37,863 40,092 42,114 $ $ 1869 .... i iS70 .... 1871 .... 1872 .... 1873 .... 1874 .... 1 1875 .... 1876 .... 212,135 276,821 328,264 335,200 420,966 610,094 781,167 1.023,.548 1,190,852 1,288,245 1,2.32,000 1,262,381 156,134 207,889 216, .we .{08,256 494,637 807,372 1,003,079 1.01.5,358 ii59,691 820,046 86l,i{47 1,096, .363 1877 .... 1878 .... 1879 .... 1880 .... 1881 .... 1882 .... 1883 .... 1884 .... 1885.... 1886.... 1887 .... 36,946 6..,631 92,833 123,568 16,285- 28,368 60,034 53,051 * Including all those British Possessions and a few foreign countries between which and Canada there is not a direct money order exchange. II 'I'M From tho above table it is seen that the principal money order business Avith other countries is transacted with the United States, the United Kingdom, and ISlew- J'oundland. Since the year 1876, inclusive, the amount of money sent by this system to the United Kingdom has ex- ceeded the amount payable in Canada, by $4,448,122; during the same period, however, the amount sent to the States has only exceeded the amount received by $114,915 ; "while the amount received from Newfoundland has exceeded that sent to the Island by $231,134. ■I -i't ;.!::^! H)l if fi m 260 y'' CHAPTER V Money order busi- ness with Italy. Ocean mall Burvlce. o'>8. The .sum of $102,35o has Ixm'ii soul by this incaiis to Italy during the hist thrcM' yoars, hoiiio- considerably moro thau that sent to any other country. This is accounted ibr by the hirge number of Italian workmen that have heen employed in this country, particularly in railway construc- tion. Money orders are now issued in Canadi on almost all British possessions, and on the principal foreign roun- tries, either directly, or through London, if.ngland, 359. The sum of $126,533 was paid as a subsidy to the Montreal Oc^nm t^teamship Company (Allan Line) Ibr tiie tw^elve months iMidinj*' 31st March, 1^S87, for the conveyance of mails to and from the Ihiited Kingdom. This mail service has been performed by this company continuously since May, 1850, until the close of 1885, since which time the " Vancouver" and " (h'egon " of the Dominion Steam- ship Company have assisted in the service, about one pass- age in three being made by one of these vessels. In the iirst year of service, viz., 185(), the average passage westward was 12 days 20i hours, and eastward 11 days 2 hours. 360. As the contra<'t for the conveyance of mails with tlie Allan Lino is about to expire, the Government have been asked to consider the advisabilitv of i)i» rcasiii"- the subsidv, and providing for a line of steamers that will equal in speed, if not surpass thost* runnitig to New York. It is believed by many that if this was done, a large amount of freight and passenger trallic might be directed from New York, and, in connci^tion with the Canadian Pacific Itailway, a poj)ular line of travel established ]>etvvecn (i rent Britain, the East, and tin; Australasian colonies. Compiui- 301. Ti.i' following particulars of the passages in 1867-08 sons of ■!•<>. n«T '11 1 • .• 1- wages 1S67 and lu 18 0-87 will be lutrTesting lor comparison : — Suggested last service. wages and IS 1.SH7. POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. WINTKIl SKASON. 261 Ykar. Avora}j,e Passage to Liverpool. .Viimber of Pas- sengers. Barrel Bulk. Average Passage to Portland. N'nmber of Pas- sengers. Tons of Freiglit. ]8o7-«8 1880-87 (1. Ii. m. 10 12 44 9 1 45 1,02C 1,719 109,375 . * d. Ii. m. 12 12 To Halifax. 10 10 4,399 6,730 10,095 68,611 SUMMER SEASON. 1809., 1887. f) 20 :!4 !l 9 .'i.044 4,103 I To Qiiebpc. 241.877 I 10 l.'J 57 660,732 ' 8 20 46 28,398 57,766 • The bulk of cargo was loaded at Portland and Biiltiniore. 362. The fastest passage from Quebec to Liverpool in 1868 was made in 8 days 14 hours 15 minutes and in 188*7 in 7 days 21 hours 10 minutes. In the latter year the pas- sage from Liverpool to Quebec was made in *7 days 14 hours 45 minutes, and the average of the westward voyage was the highest during the season, but as a general rule the eastward passages are the fastest. 868. The following table gives the numbers and number per head of letters and post cards sent in the principal countries of the world. The ligures hav< been taken partly from official sources, and partly from the Statesman's Year Book, and th(i calculations have been made in this office. Attention is again called to the extraordinary quantity of mail matter sent in the Aus1;ralasian Colonies. The Austra- lasian trade is undoubtedly very large in proportion to population, and the correspondence may be expected to be accordingly large, but it does not seem likely that it should be so much larger than, and out of all proportion to that of any other civilized country, and the high figures are pro- Fa.-itest passages. Number of letters si-nt In principal countries. ; I i^ii ^ '.')'. m\. I :i ,1 m ' "! 1 >' ^1 i •' ^imj I i I m if i| 262 .- • CHAl'TKR V. bably causod by somo (lofei't in tho sy.stt'm of enuim»ration, by which duplication occurs, or it may be ]\v a mor«^ porl'ect system than in use elsewhere. The system adopted in Canada does not do justice to the correspondence of the I'ountry, as no notice whatever is taken ol'the foreign corres- pondence coming into this country, which is exceedingly large. LKTTKFIS A.VD POST UAItU6 IN VAUIOI\S COUNTUIKS. Cdl'xhiikh. New Zealand Wt'd ern Australia Gruai iiritaiu New Soutli Wales . «South Australia Victoria Switzerland Queensland Tasmania ystt»in, whirh would necoKsarily bo in rorapotition with tho linen (»pemtfy the Cana- dian Paciho Kail way Company for tht; pun-hase of tho existing Government lines alon^th»' railway route, and the followinij: lines were aecordincfly sold to the eompuny lor the sum of sr;! 5,780:— Milc.-i. Victoria (u Dungrness, including cablc.,,M 19} Victoria to CacliC Creek .'{.')•! New WeatminMer to I'oit Moody TJ <'atlie deck lo Kumloojts 48 4.11 hi 1 I! ii Iiength and situa- tion of Govern, meni lines. An arrangement, terminable at any time, was at tho same time made for the operation by the eomp.-iiy of the lines 204^ miles in len on the 1st October, 188G. 3f)8. The following table gives the length of the various lines controlled by Government on 80th June, 1887 : — various POST OFFICE AND TELEOKAPHS. LAND ASl) <".\BI,K TKIiElUJAPH LINKS IN CANADA, cv VKD, CPBRATKI) «JU SrBSIDIZKD HY (JOVEUNMKNT IN IHK SEVRUAL rUOVINUES. DiSIASiKS IN Mll.K.-. GOVKHNMK.NT TKI.E:'> Nt'W Kriinswick — liuy of Fiindy Lines Jf) ('IiHtliani to Kscuroinac 42 Quebec — Soutli Shore (sulisidi/.ed I'roin (Srand Metis to (Sa9p6 Hasin) (rieat Noilli-Western 'lelc- ffruph Compmiy'd Offices 2(i»> Miifrdalen Inlands' HisjJ Anticosti Island | 242 North Shore of St. Lawrence 356', Chicontinii 92 (Quarantine, Crosse He 4(> Ontario — I5ivtb— Aiuherat Island <,^^. V ;\ 5.^ 266 CHA1»TER V. GOVERNMENT TELEGRAPH LINES IN CANADA— EARNINGS AND WORKING EXPENSES, 1887. LlNKH. K"— I Tre"."'- Excess of Expendi- ture. Gulf of St. Lawrence and Maritime Provinces — Anticosti Island Magdalen Islands (including Meat Cove lines) Gheticamp — Mabou Cape Sable — Barrington Chuiuam — Escuminac Grosse Isle Quarantine Bay of Fundy North Shore, 3t. Lawrence Subsidies, office naaterials and contingencies- Ontario, Bath — Amherst Island North- West system British Columbia Lines, to 30th Sept., 188G,3 mos. 533 3,(i77 68 114 133 178 636 2,231 77 8,842 11,377 27,866 $ 1,680 3,639 193 292 424 519 1,115 6,800 5,019 71 ] 6,691 11,078 47,524 $ 1,147 125 178 201 341 47a 4,561) 5,019 7,852 20,001 Excess of Revenue., 323 Total excess of Expenditure ! ! 19,678 Apparent 3*70. As Compared with 1886, there was a decrease of |7,886 Kreaseul ^^ ^'^^ revenue, and of $6,826 in expenditure, but this was receipts, jjj consequence of the sale of line^', as mentioned above, in British Columbia, there having been actually an increase in receipts on almost every line. A new line from Cheticamp New linos, to Mabou was constructed during: the year, the North Shore line was extended to Birch Kiver, 45 miles below Moisie, and 45 miles of new line constructed in the North-West. Teio- 3*71. The following table gives particiilars of telegraphs in SSuSSel ^^^ *^® principal countries in the world ; NGS AND Excess of Expendi- ture. $ ) 1,147 ) J 125 2 173 I 291 > 341 J 479 () 4,509 » 6,019 I I 7,852 < 4 20,001 323 .... i 19,078 __! __ e of 17,88(3 this was above, in ucrease in heticamp orth Shore w Moisie, i-West. 3graphs in POST OFFICE AND TELEGRAPHS. TELEGRAPHS IN PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OP THE WORLD, 1886. Countries. Europe— Aiiatria-Hungarj ISelgium <... Denmark France German Empire Great Britain Greece Itttlv Netherlands Portugal Russia Roumania Servia Spain Sweden and Norway... Switzerland Turkey Asia — Cliina India Japan Persia Africa — Cape of Good Hope.... KgJ.pt America— Argentine Republic... Canada Bra7.il Chili Mexico Peru United States Uruguay^ Australasia — New South Wales A''ictoritt Queensland South Australia... Western Australia Tasmania New Zealand • ••••• •••••• Miles of Line. 35,657 3,800 2,433 60,920 53,874 29,895 4,128 19,108 3,002 3,210 82,846 3,324 1,624 11,512 10,928 4,400 14,617 3,089 27,510 6,855 3,824 4,329 3,172 1.3,645 28,498 6,440 9,000 12,700 1,382 J.77;840 1,162 6,452 4,094 8,255 5,459 2,405 1,772 4,546 Miles of Wire. 105,570 17,900 0,800 208,893 191,272 173,539 4,800 •10,577 7,4G8 200,000 6,000 28,870 23,504 10,664 26,060 5,482 81,480 16,900 6, 124 5,423 44,410 59,941 11,185 612,413 20,797 10,111 14,443 10,310 2,353 11,178 Number of Messages. 12,711,496 6,798,108 1,300,187 26,949,000 20,510,294 60,243,639 726,547 7,586,978 3,622,810 1,730,107 10,484,259 1,231,372 917,637 3,549,860 2,102,859 3,184,470 1,259,133 2,289,938 2,558,575 t83,000 770,600 658,461 ^4,052,684 367,789 533,696 745,000 110,669 60,000,000 114,095 2,661,126 1,591,296 2,079,896 214,738 1,836,266 Number of Offices. 4,697 926 341 8,089 14,418 6,621 156 2,032 017 275 3,572 274 114 952 605 1,835 464 634 219 82 215 168 651 2,367 170 180 460 34 17,000 32 425 420 282 38 144 367 Persons to each Office. 8,440 6,389 6,182 4,725 3,260 5,635 12,689 14,736 7,116 17,121 29,135 20,073 16,993 18,095 13,220 2,203 64,851 318,612 174,206 93,337 6,825 40,579 5,277 2,060 76,014 14,039 22,713 79,410 3,629 18,639 2,358 2,388 1,215 1,042 953 1,661 • State lines only. f ^'^do European Telegraph Company's lines only. t Not including shipping and weather reports. 26t 'I I I ■'I ^ ''III m ', *'' if? ill ■i I 2fiS ClIAPTEll V. gSph**'^ 8*72. According to the American Almanac, the total length the worid^ of telegraph lines in the world is 7 19,415, of which the United States owns the largest portion, or just about one-fourth, but though that country possesses 147,954 miles of line more than the United Kingdom, the difference in the num- ber of messages sent is small, and the Western Union Tele- graph Company of America, which possesses 1 56,814 miles of line and 524,641 miles of wire, sent 2,849,100 messages less than were sent in Great Britain. There are, it will be seen, only six countries that possess a greater telegraphic mileage than Canada, and with the exception of one or two of the Australasian colonies, no other coxintry possesses the same telegraphic facilities in proportion to population. Canadian 373. The telegraph business of Canada is in the hands Telegraph o i compan- of the Great North-Westeru Telegraph Company, the Cana- dian Pacific Railway Company, and, in the Maritime Prov- inces, the "Western Union Telegraph Company. The follow- ing are partittulars concerning them in 1887 : — Tele- jjihones. Company. Miles of Line. Miles of Wire. Number of Messages. Number of Offices. Great North-Western Tel. Co 17,663 5,01)0 2,924 32,710 17,000 7,320 3,101,584 500,000 391,500 1,502 Canadian Pacific Railway Co W»5Btern Union 550 176 Press messages are not included in the number sent by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, particulars not being available. 374. The telephone system of Canada is almost entirely in the hands of the Bell Telephone Company of Montreal, which has 290 offices, 15,000 sets of instruments in use, 700 miles of poles, and 7,800 miles of wire. No exact record is sr Number of »s. Offices. iA 1,502 )0 550 )0 17G P08T OFFICE AND TELEOllAPIIS. kept of the number of ineBsages or communications, but the average number is about 08,000 daily. The American Bell Telephone Company had in 188*7, 353,518 instruments in use, and 128,231 miles of wire. The laying of a telephone cable is projected between Loudon and Taris, and this mode of communication is coming more into use in almost all coun- tries every day. 269 ir: I :.'] '■■|«i "hi il r ''i'. m '■ ' Mn 2*70 1 I / li: (li Super* vision of CaoalB. Canal revenue. 8t. Law- rence system. BaultBte. Marie Caual. CHAPTER VI. CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 375. The collection of revenue derivable from the various canal systems is under the control of the Department of Inland Revenue, while their construction, repairs and maintena-^ce are attended to by the Dei)artment of Railways and Canals. 376. The total revenue from all sources from the several systems amounted, in 188t, to $353,110, as compared with $364,456 in 1886, showing a decrease of $11,846, the net revenue showing a decrease of $8,340. 37 Y. The system of inland navigation in Canada is the largest and most important in the world. The St. Lawrence system alone, in conjunction with the great lakes, extends for 2,260 miles, viz., from the Straits of Belle Isle to Port Arthur, at the head of Lake Superior ; of this distance 71 miles are artificial navigation by means of canals, and 2,189 miles open navigation ; from Port Arthur to Duluth, which is the principal port in that section of the United States for the produce of the Western States, is a further distance of 124 miles, making altogether 2,384 miles. When it is con- sidered that by this means unbroken water communication is afforded from Port Arthur and Duluth to Liverpool, a total distance of 4,618 miles, the importance of this system and the necessity for its thorough maintenance will be at once understood. 378. Lake Superior and Lake Huron are connected by the St. Marie River, which is not capable of navigation, owing to the numerous rapids. This difficulty has been overcome by the construction of a canal on the United States side of OANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 271 the river, which is rather more than one mile in leugth, and has one lonk 615 feet long and 80 feet wide, with a rise of about 18 feet. Provision was made during the Session of Parliament in 188*7, by the voting of a sum of one million dollars, for the construction of a canal on the Canadian side, smd through Canadian territory. Thti work will be pro- reeded with during the coming summer. The necessity for this work will be apparent when it is considered that this country has no means of access to tho waters of Lake Superior, except through the United States. It will be seen also from the following ta})le that the traffic through the existing canal is growing to such enormous dimensions, that one canal will soon be no longer sufficient : — )e at once COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE TRAFFIC THROUGH THE SAULT HTE. MARIE CANAL IN THE YEARS 188G AND 1887. VBSSBL8, FrBICHT, Ac. Vessels No. Lockages '* Passengers " Tonnage registered Tons " freight <' Coal..«. " Manufactured and pig iron '. " Copper " Iron ore " Silver ore " Building stone " Flour Brls. Salt " Grain Bush. Lumber Ft. B.M Unclassified freight Tons. Number and Quantit3'. 1886. 7,424 3,593 27,088 4,219,397 4,527,769 1,009,999 115,208 38,637 2,087,809 2,009 9,449 1,759,365 158,677 19,706,867 138,689,000 230,726 1887. 9,355 4,165 32,668 4,897,598 5,494,649 1,352,987 74,919 34,886 2,497,713 350 13,401 1,577,735 204,908 23,871,686 105,726,000 314,586 Total Valuation. 1886. $ 3,531,996 5,500,723 7,725,400 7,307,332 308,964 94,490 8.796,825 158,677 19,312,721 2,496,384 13,843.560 69,080,072 1887. $ 4,735,455 3,277,218 6,977,200 8,741,996 53,826 134,010 7,863,675 204,908 23,394,242 2,974,068 20,675,160 79,021,758 II i • 272 Period of iiavlga* Hon through HauUBte. Marie Canal. CHAPTKIl VI. 870. Tho canal was only opon for navigation for 224 days in 1880 and for 216 days in 1887, and daring thattimo the traffic through was relatively almost as large as that through the Suez Canal, which will accommodate the largest vessols, and is open to the commerce of the whole world. Slfough ^^*^- '^^^^' following table gives the nnmber and total SnaiT"' tonnage of the vessels passing through the Suez Canal in the years 1882 to 1886. The figures are taken from the Statesman's Year Book 1888. TIIAFFIC THROUGH THK SUEZ CA\AL-1882-1886. Vkah. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 Tonnage. .3,108 3,307 .'{,284 3,624 3,100 7,122,12r) 8, 10(5 ,« 01 8,319,967 8,985,411 8,183,313 sauitste. 381. If the Sault Ste. Marie Canal had been open for the Sue/, Can- whole year, and the traffic had maintained the same rate compared, during all that time as it did during the season of naviga- tion, the tonnage passing through in 1887 would have amounted to 8,276,033 tons, which would have been more than the total tonnage through the Suez Canal in the same year. , Canals on St Law- rence flystem. 382. In addition to this, the canals on the St. Lawrence system are the Welland, from Port Colborue on Lake Erie to Port Dalhousie on Lake Ontario, 26J miles in length by the enlarged or new line, with 2C locks, and a total rise of 326f feet ; and, along the St. Lawrence, the Galops, 7f miles in length, with three locks and a rise of 15| feet ; the llapide Plat, 4 miles in length, with 2 locks and a rise of 11 J feet ; CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 278 Fanan's Point, three-quarters of a mile long, with 1 lock and a rise of 4 feet ; the Cornwall, 11 J miles in length, with 6 locks and a rise of 48 feet ; the Beauharnois, 11 J miles in length, with 9 locks and a rise of 82J feet and the Lachine Canal, 8^ miles in length, with 5 locks and a rise of 45 feet. 383. The difference in level between Lake Superior and Height of tidewater is about 600 feet. The total number of locks on Jg*JJS5, this system is 58, and the total height directly overcome by ***• locks is 533 feet. The greatest navigable depth is 14 feet, and that at present is only to be found in the Welland Canal, the improvements in which are now completed, and the canal will be open for a 14 fset navigation during the present season. The greatest available depth in the other Depth of canals is at present 12 feet, but all improvements are now made with a view to having a uniform depth of 14 feet throughout the systems. 384. The other canal systems of the country are as fol- Ottawa lows : — The Ottawa, which connects Montreal and the city JJ^wSt of Ottawa, and the Rideau, which in conjunction with the Ottawa system, affords communication between Montreal and Kingston, a total distance of 246 miles. The lockage on this system (not including that of the Lachine Canal) is 609 feet, 345 rise and 1<>4 fall, and the number of locks is 55. The Rideau Canal was originally built by the Imperial Government for military purposes. It was begun in 1826 and finished in 1834, at a cost of $3,860,000. 385. The Richelieu and Lake Champlain system, or gJSSlJ*^^ Chambly Canal, extends from the junction of the Rivers St. Lawrence and Richelieu, 46 miles below Montreal, into Lake Champlain, a distance of 81 miles. There are 10 locks, and a rise of 79 feet. By the Lake Champlain Canal, com- munication is obtained with the Hudson River, and thence 18 0^ ii;. '■'H il i I 1 1 . I ; ;:• J i 274 CHAPTER VI. Biirllng« ton Bay Caual. St. Peter's Canal. Trent River system. Murray Canal. Expendi- ture on canals. to New York, to which placi? from tho boundary line is a distance of 830 miles. 3:6. The Burlington Bay Canal, half a mile in length, connects Burlington Bay and Lake Ontario, giving access to the port of Hamilton. There are no locks on this canal. 3*7. St. Peter's Canal, Capi^ Breton, Nova Scotia, gives access from the Atlantic to the Bras d'Or Lakes. It is 2,400 feet long, and has one tidal lock. The rise and fall of the tide is 4 feet. 888 The Trent River system is only efficient for local use. The scheme of making use of these waters to etiect a system of through water communication between Lakes Huron and Ontario has been in contemplation for many years, but up to the present time only certain sections have been made navigable, or fit for the passage of timber. The total dis- tance between the lakes is 235 miles, and about 155 miles of this are available for light draft vessels. 380. The Murray Canal has been built through the Isthmus of Murray, giving connection westward between the Bay of Quint6 and Lake Ontario. It is 4| miles in length, and has no locks. 390. The total amount spent on canals by the Imperial Government previous to Confederation was i|4, 173,921, and by the Provincial Governments, $16,028,^40. At the time of Confederation all the systems became the property of the Dominion Gover>iment, who have expended the further sura of $31,192,795, making a total amount spent for construction and enlargement alone of $51,395,550, the amount expended for repairs not being included in these figures. ff access to CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 2Y5 891. The following table gives the number, tonnage and 5f*"Ju nationality of vessels that passed through the several canals' isss-lssr. during the years 1883 to 1887, and also the tons of freight and number of passengers carried, as well as the revenue received from tolls and other sources : •• k\ ' nil .1 i:>i m 18| h,| f .1 276 CHAPTER VI. TRAFFIC THROUGH CANADIAN CAVALS, SIIOWINO TIFR NUMBKR, NUMBKR OF PAHSKNOERS, AND OkSKia. Wellariil. Year. St. Lawrence. Chambly , Ottawa. Rideau , Burlington Bay. Newcastle Dis-i ;^ trict. St. Peter's. 1H83 1H84 mm 188*3 1»87 iH8:i 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 188ti 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Numhur of Ciii- (ian. 2,331 2,130 2,20-1 2, loo 2,384 !).00!» 8,401 7,437 8,446 U,172 1,809 .'>,575 1,185 1,250 mi 3,764 3,336 2,813 3,162 3,594 2,640 '2,199 1,752 1,837 2,269 780 497 438 292 Tonnage. 36 31 35 82 132 945 1,313 1,463 1,150 1,242 471,2741 48!l,02i; 402,914' 463,286' :)21,607j 1,810,668 l,642,2;«tl 1.440,061 1 l,r>62,146| 1,631,653 197,1551 173,968 1.35,854 126,263 115,462 469,312 430,564 382,427 406,624 423, 160 167,316 138,626 110,642 114,764 135,035 282,612 165,467 131,739 75,956 3,262 2,697 1,710 4,132 4,332 55,275 101,691 130,026 61,788 68,912 999 1 ,0,'j.') It.')-' 1,045 818 1,354 1,293 1,181 1,265 1,186 1,316 1,251 1,559 1,132 1,071 683 782 579 512 649 62 105 88 183 109 6 16 12 276,922 362,3:10 347,277 3.'>8,928 316,388 llfl,487 loo,o;i2 86,109 94,890 89,267 130,643 121,738 114,016 112,222 106,366 67,342 77,293 58,251 61,707 64,603 5,614 7,602 6,846 16,679 6,625 718 3,104 2,734 Total Number of Vvaieli. 3.. 310 3,180 3,216 .3,205 3,202 10,963 8,694 8,618 9,711 10,358 3,125 2,826 2,744 2,382 2,068 4,437 4,118 3,392 3,674 4,143 2,702 2,304 1,840 2,020 2,378 780 603 454 304 36 34 35 82 132 945 1,313 1,463 1,150 1,242 Total Touiuigt' 748, II Hi 851,351 750, I'M 824,014 836,;»;>5 1,9.36,14.5 1.742,271 1,626, it;o l,657,o;i() l,720,9'J(i 327,60s 296,701 219,870 238,485 220,828 536,654 607,857 440,678 468,331 477,76.3 172,930 146,227 117,487 130,443 141,580 282,612 166,185 134,84.3 78,690 3,252 2,6lt7 1,710 4,132 4,332 65,275 101,691 130,026 61,788 68,912 R NUMUKU, OERS, AND Total Tuaniigc 748,1! Mi 851,:i5l 750, HM 824,014 83tt,!i:j5 I ,9:jg, u:> 1,742,-'71 i,ft'2(J,ii;() l,657,o:i») l,720,yi:(» 327,008 295,701 219,870 238,485 220,82H 53G,tJ54 607,857 440,t>78 458,331 477,763 172,930 146,227 117,487 130,143 141,580 780 282,612 603 166,185 454 134,843 304 78,690 36 3,252 34 2,6lt7 35 1,710 82 4,132 132 4,332 945 65,275 313 101,691 ,463 130,026 ,160 61,788 ,242 68,912 CANALS AND INIAND REVENUE. TONNAGE AND NATIONALITY OF VESSELS, TONS OF FIlKUiHT, RKVENUK, FROM 1883 TO 1887. Tons of Freight. Number of gen. 827,196 940,120 826,!»61 914,478 824,!>62 622,836 533,02 1 485, 142 548,570 584,249 247, ISh 223,723 191,685 19}>,423 187,121 767,785 752,832 639,641 731,410 747,224 102,605 86,219 7C,277 88,361 85,056 100,110 66,643 71,929 62,776 16,627 10,749 12,820 28,520 17,309 12,316 15,930 18,564 22,163 24,823 Gkobh Rkvknuk A('(!ki;ui>. Tolli. 1,719 2,007 4,720 3,851 3,565 63,6.32 .50,753 50,391 42.837 63,574 3,080 4,980 6,.53rt 3,766 4,944 20,128 17,240 15,725 14,339 14,952 4,971 2,353 1,260 2.626 3,114 4,091 4,622 353 1,778 154,077 176,166 151,690 17.3,984 157,207 81,027 69,282 63 206 60,808 59,909 23,511 21,371 18,241 18,4.54 17,323 61.9.38 60,734 51,915 65,946 67,694 5,953 4,921 3,515 5,875 6,958 2.827 1.662 1,938 677 HydraiiKc Uu ritt and other Rt'voniics from I'll bile Works. Other Ruceiptt. 2,775 6,705 7,489 4,071 3,510 14,385 15,. 582 15,862 18,512 26,593 120 HO 20 76 45 .3t 16 36 36 56 1,393 1,564 1,477 1,436 1,347 30 130 1.30 230 Total Not Revenue, less Rel^mdi. $ 986 .3,477 1,078 160 5 10,048 15,965 16,635 22,397 21,465 13 16 7 6 o 194 86 47 8 37 521 370 286 137 236 Incrcaic or Decrease. 4,377 6,863 377 329 201 220 539 360 1,229 2,193 2,786 1,457 1,426 $ 157,817 179 910 148,872 150,210 130,748, t 105, 8 73 1 100, 024 1 95, 386 1 97,004 1 107,828 2.3, 644 1 2 1,353 1 18,269 18,535 17,367 61.997 69,233 48,568 64,117 66,521 7,858 6,855 6,279 3,597 7,533 2,867 1,792 2,068 807 + + + + 329 201 59 639 360 1,229 2,193 2,786 314 1,426 $ 41,482 22,093 31,038 1,.338 19,462 7,723 6,849 4,6.38 1,618 10,824 378 2.291 3,084 266 1,168 3,666 2,764 10,666 5.649 2,404 27 1,003 1,576 1,682 3,93« — 910 — 1,0«5 + 276 — 1,261 + + + + + + 17 128 142 480 179 392 964 593 2,472 1,112 2tt i ; i i' il'« ■if \.k m\ I'i I ni I i^ti< 1 1 !1 ^1S CHAPTER VI. 392. And the next table is a summary of the preceding Sommary of traffic SSSf'* one, showing the total amounts and quantities under the '^' various heads in each year : — Various increases and de- creases. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF THE TRAFFIC THROUGH THE CANADIAN CANALS, 1883 TO 1887. Year. Number of Vessels, Canadian. Tonnage. Number of Vessels, United States. Tonnage. Total Number of Vessels. Total Tonnage. 1883 21,904 3,462,854 4,414 509,908 26,318 4,062,762 1884 19,48.5 3,144,272 4,492 669,708 2i,977 3,813,980 1885 17,387 2,736,363 4,375 615,602 21,762 3,350,91)5 1886 18,379 2,816.959 4,149 635,960 22,528 3,452,919 1887 19,790 2,890,181 3,733 571,149 23,523 3,461,330 Number of Passengers. Guoss Revenue Acchuep. Total Net Revenue, less Refunds. Tons of Freight. Tolls. Hydraulic Rents and other Revenues from Public Works. Other Receipts. Increase or Decrease. 2,696,513 2,628,236 2,317,009 2,585,691 2,470,744 101,998 81,955 83,845 69, .563 80, 149 $ 330,891 336,529 293,623 317,643 299,877 18,739 24,077 26,015 24,360 31,551 $ 12,361 19,913 18,055 22,699 21,745 $ t361,604 1371,561 §321,289 11325,123 •321,783 $ + 36,373 + 9,967 —50,272 + 3,834 — 3,340 t Less refunds, $387 ; J $8,958 ; § $15,304 ; || 39,675 ; • $31,390. 393. There was an increase of 1,411 in the total number of Canadian vessels passing through the canals, and a de- crease of 416 American vessels, making a total increase of 995 vessels, and 8,411 tons. Though there was this increase in the number of vessels, there was a decrease in the amount of freight carried of 114,947 tons. Passengers increasd 10,- CANADIAN Total Tonnage. 4,062,762 3,813,980 3,350,965 1 3,452,919 t 3,461,330 1 Increase ue, or Decrease. is. $ 04 + 36,373 61 + 9,967 89 —50,272 23 + 3,834 83 — 3,340 CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 2t9 586 in number. St. Peter's and the Ohambly Canals were the only two that returned a decrease in the number of vessels passing through, but there was a decrease in the amount of freight in the "Wellaud, ("hambly, Kideau, and Newcastle District Canals. The tolls on the Burlington Canal were abolished in 1886, and no returns were made last year of tho traffic through it. More than half the total freight carried, viz., 63 per cent., was carried on the "Welland and Ottawa Canals, the St. Lawrence Canal taking the next largest proportion, viz., 23 per cent. 394. The following table gives the amounts that have been Expendi- ° ture for spent on the different canals, during the past five years, for ?.°°^'J^ construction, repairs, and staff maintenance : — F^iis;."*' ; if M I I : 3 > , 1 ' \r. i t ■It I m i: I "? i :iU| m i I 280 CHAPTER VI. CANADIAN CANALS— AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR CONSTRUCTTl REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE, 1883 TO 1887. Canal. Year. Lachine. Beanharnoia. Cornwall Williamsburg System' Farran's Point Rapide Plat Galops St. Lawrence Welland. Burlington Bay. Ottawa System— St. Ann's 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Con- struction. 398,356 189,034 111,215 210,509 44,393 6,727 3,277 7,993 8,492 3,634 21,728 23,018 78,333 64, 782 46,966 13 2,473 103,237 149,836 115,853 44,874 89,846 113,110 116,053 74,465 655,412 432,952 469,656 216,837 1,074,903 13,280 13,131 172,959 142,006 9.3,679 129,682 51,330 Staff Repairs. and Main. tenaiice $ $ 18,199 4.5,554 19,683 48,624 20,199 49,004 19,199 50,969 22,568 53,114 15,826 18,287 16,232 19,107 14,637 18,9«0 14, .356 19,229 14,999 18,868 8,361 18,283 9,207 18,475 12,368 i:),988 11,833 15,994 12,100 17,521 7,299 7,423 7,349 7,757 8,198 7,696 7,847 7,671 7,905 7,636 72,707 109,207 135,815 122,166 91,534 112,670 69,507 111,670 77,441 109,372 98 122 100 206 100 3,448 2,569 2,725 2,775 4,042 2,618 5,803 2,611 1,500 2,537 Total. $ 462,111 257,342 180,419 280,678 120,075 40.841 38,617 41,. 597 42,077 37,501 48,374 .50,501 106,691 92,609 76,587 14,736 17,579 119,131 165,354 131,394 44,874 89,846 113,110 116,053 74,465 737,327 690,934 67^,860 398,004 1,261,716 13,379 13,3.54 206 100 178,978 147,507 100,340 138,096 55, .367 III CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 281 lUOTTO- CANADIAN CANALS— AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, REPAIRt), Ac— Continued. Of i Total. let' $ 554 324 0O4 E)6i» 114 462,111 257,342 180,419 280,678 120,075 287 in"7 40,841 41,597 42,077 37,501 48,374 50,501 10(j,(;i»l 92,609 70,587 14,736 17,579 119,131 165,354 131,394 44,874 89,846 113,110 116,053 74,465 737,327 690,934 G7C,860 398,004 1,261,716 • fl* 13,379 00 13,354 206 ... 100 69 178,978 75 147,507 18 100,340 11 138,096 37 55,367 Canal. Carillon and Grenville., Culbute Rideau. Trent. Chambly System— St. OurB Chambly. St. Peter's. 2,471 16,820 2,317i 1,838' I 84 071 1 118,187' 148,902 179,704 142,535 t Of this amount $9,303 was expended on surveys. § Of this amount $6,198 was expended on surveys. Murray. Year. 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 18^3 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1S85 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Con- struction. Repairs. $ 433,676 399,267 157,187 105,048 20,747 14,249 8,151 19,071 26,385 7,761 70 4,597 2,098 550 20,824 150,070 §126,842 121,.382 75,103 179,542 17,230 5,279 4,700 21,332 41,640 21,049 14,547 17,911 Staff and Main- tenance. 8,310 7,918 10,429 9,303 10,664 288 672 2, 396 1 967 23,524 19, 245 1 18.189 35 648 18,565 .3,047 5,264 4,653 5,918 6,009 2,188 1,494 3,652 4,143 5,865 15,182 12,003 13,046 12,000 20,071 232 367 183 298 343 $ 17,479 17,393 19,702 20,698 20,011 695 733 730 730 730 27,.322 26,938 26,971 27,046 29,440 2,235 2,208 3,303 1,639 1,938 2,361 2,315 2,271 2,312 2,176 15,904 18,448 18,378 19,501 19,054 2,089 2,601 1,929 2,360 2,777 Total. $ 459,364 424,579 387,319 134,949 61,312 16,233 8,884 20,374 29,611 9,468 50,918 50,781 47,269 63,244 68,829 56,363 134,316 129,340 82,661 187,489 21,780 9,090 10,624 6,466 8,040 52,418 72,092 52,474 46,048 67,036 2,321 5,440 18 932 4,976 4,958 84,071 118,187 148,902 179,704 142,635 ii ' i'i 282 Inland revenue. 'ii - CHAPTER VI. CANADIAN CANALS— AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, REPAIRS, ho.— Concluded. Canal. Year. Con- struction. Repairs. River Tay. Miscellaneous. Recapitulation. 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 1883 1884 1885 188G 1887 $ • 4,831 50,878 92,473 6.% 561 49,618 11,781 7,486 16,725 20,322 20,874 1,850,567 1,660,543 1,679,644 1,38.5,729 1,873,193 $ Staff and Main- tenance. 1,862 1,210 776 649 178,716 239,092 203, 125 199,128 199,537 6,978 6,443 276,393 296,089 280,226 282,324 285,172 Total. $ 4,831 50,87 a 92,473 65,561 49,618 18,759 15,792 17,936 21,100 21,523 2,305,677 2,195,726 2,062,996 1,867,181 2,357,902 It will be seen that the heaviest expenditure has been on the Welland, Carillon and Grrenville, and Lachine Canals. 395. The functions of the Department of Inland Revenue are the collection of excise duties, and of canal, slides, boom and ferry tolls, also fees for the inspection of food, gas and weights and measures, as well as administering the laws relating to the same. The total revenue that accrued to the Department during 1887 was $6,978,285, which was $581,954 more than in the preceding year, and was the largest amount that had accrued during the last five years, as it is shown by the following table, which gives the amount that accrued under each head, in each year ^ince 1883 :— /- tUCTION, F Total. ;e. $ ••• 4,831 50,873 • •• 92,473 65,561 49,618 (78 143 • •• ■ •• 18,759 15,792 17,936 21,100 >••• 21,523 J93 )89 226 )24 172 2,305,677 2,195,726 2,062,996 1,867,181 2,357,902 has been ae Canals. . Revenue des, boom , gas and the laws ,ccrued to hich was I was the ive years, gives the rear ^inco CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. HEADS OP ACCRUED INLAND REVENUE, 1883-1887. 288 Heads ok Rkvknub. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Excise $ 6,282,700 610,969 49,560 45 .34,889 $ 5,54.';,391 516,349 43,609 $ 6,4'?8,G88 409,886 28,557 % 5,883,580 440,677 30,073 $ 6,466,151 448.806 Piil)lio. Works Culling Timber Hill Stamps 19,707 Weiphtaiind Measures, (las and Law Stanius 36,401 40,504 42,001 43,621 Total 6,878,259 6,111,750 6,917,635 6, ,396, 331 6,978,285 300. There was a decrease in the amount that accrued increase from culling timber, as compared with 1886, but an increase cre«se. under all other heads. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1882. 39Y. The number of proof gallons of spirits manufactured Manufao- in 1887 was 5,110,506, as compared with 4,355,736 gallons ^,°°'*^™P" in 1886, being an increase of 763,770 gallons ; and the quan- spirits, tity taken for consumption was 2,864,905 proof gallons, being an increase of 386,807 gallons as compared with 1886. 398. The increase in the quantity of spirits manufactured increas* is attributed to the new provision of the Inland Revenue factureof Act, which came into force on Ist July, 1887, by which the sale of spirits which have not been manufactured at least twelve months is prohibited, distillers in consequence finding it necessary to increase their stock. Though there was an increase in the quantity taken for consumption, as compared with 1886, there was a decrease as compared with the average consumption for the four preceding years, which amounted to over 3,500,000 gallons. The increased duty, and the increased price consequent on the enforced warehousing for one year previous to sale, will have a ten- dency to reduce consumption, "and perhaps this may be I:*: -, I ) r >,.. \\t I I I m 284 CHAPTER VI. esteemed an advantage, especially whenjit is known to the general public, that the maturing of spirits, even for twelve months, eliminates the most deleterious ethers and noxious elements, which not only injure the stomach of the con- sumer, but create and stimulate a vitiated taste." Materials 399. In the production of the above mentioned quantity of spirits, 90,872,151 lbs. of grain and 38,750 lbs. of molasses were used, making a total quantity of raw material of 90,910,901 lbs. Manufac- 400. The quantity of malt manufactured during the year malt. ^as 54,662,804 lbs., and entered for consumption 42,680,440 lbs., being an increase, as compared with 1886, of 6,450,109 lbs. and 5,025,732 lbs respectively. Distillers used 4,730,000 lbs. of the quantity entered for consumption, and the re- mainder was employed in the production of 14,786, 2-^5 gallons of malt liquor consump- 401. There was an increase of 309,357 lbs. in the quantity tlon of ' T. J tobacco, of tobacco entered for consumption, as compared with 1886, but the amount was below the average of six years, as shown by the following figures : — TOTAL AMOUNT OP TOBACCO ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN CANADA— 1882-1887. Lbs. 1882 8,377,201 1883 8,965,416 1884 10,072,745 1885 11,061,589 1886 8,507,216 1887 8,916,573 55,800,044 Average 9,300,007 [PTIOX IN CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 285 402. The quantity of Canadian tobacco taken for use, [ioS'of"**" during the last six years, has been : Canadian tobacco. Lbs. 1882 492,402 1883 377,197 1884 .T2ti,804 138,") 495,721 1886 399,6!»1 1887 517,816 2,609,631 AvcraKe 434,939 The amount of home consumption, therefore, in 1879, was 82,b77 lbs., above the average for six years. 403. According to the report of the Minister of Inland consump- Revenue, the following has been the annual consumption M?ns' per head in the Dominion, since Confederation, of spirits, and*t<>**' wine, beer and tobacco : — bacco per head. ANNUAL CONSUMPTION PER HEAD IN CANADA OP SPIRITS, WINE, BEER AND TOBACCO, FROM 1868 TO 1887. m Ykau. Spirits. • Wine. Beer. Tobacco. 1868 Galls. 1-60 1-12 1-43 1-57 1-72 1-68 1-99 1-39 1-20 0-97 0-96 1*13 0-71 0*92 1-00 1-09 0*99 1-12 0-71 0-74 Galls. 0-17 0*11 0-)9 0-25 0-25 0-23 0-28 0-14 17 0*09 0-09 0-10 007 0-09 0*12 13 0-11 O'lO 0-11 0M)9 Galls. 2-26 2-29 2- 16 2-49 2-77 318 301 3-09 2-45 2-32 2-16 2 20 2-24 2-29 2-74 2-88 2-92 2-63 2 83 308 Lbs. 1'73 1869 1-75 1870 2*19 1871 2 '05 1872. 2-48 1873 1-99 1874 2-56 1875 1-91 1876 2-31 1877 , 2-05 1878 1-97 1879 1-95 1880 1-93 1881 203 1882 2-15 1883 2-28 1884 2-47 1886 2-62 1886 2-03 1887 2-59 Averaore 1-22 0-14 2-57 211 il I i^^ ' .1 •■ , , ^> ; i;; I' ■ I ■■* :i ^ff!' •a mm I I h 286 CHAFfER VI. Decrease In con 104. According to the above, liguros tho cousumptiou of sumption, gpii-i^g ij, decidedly less than it was 19 years ago, and. with the exception of 1880 and 1886, was less last year than in any other year in the table. The consumption of wine also has decreased, but that of beer and tobai'co has increased. and ex-*^ 405. The average annual product of tobacco in the United tobacco In States siuce 1880 has been 498,106,173 pounds, and th^ states! ' average annual export during the same period 230,011,012 ; the exports in 1886 and 1887 were, however, considerably above the average, having been 2^1,737,120 pounds and 203,666,905 pounds respectively. Almost the whole of the amount exported goes to Europe, nine-tenths of the whole going to seven countries — G-ermany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and Belgium, in the order named. The average quantities and proportions fpr a number of years are shown in the following table : — Col'NTRIKH. Germany Great Britain France Italy Netherlands.. Spain — ■ Twelve Year^ , 1870-81. Lbs. Per cent. 69,240.770 28-2 50, 105, 4.' 7 20-4 29,r)0o.2r.o 12M) 25,1531.448 10-5 19, 173. til f» 7-8 14,534,093 5 9 Five Years, 1882-80. Lbs. 49,085,100 44.918,012 32.303,593 29;2.59,714 15,, 508, 320 24,427,794 Per cent. 21 19 -5 14-0 12-7 0-8 10-0 Average 406. The average amount per head paid annually in spirits, Canada for duty on spirits since Confederation has been li66r And •/ ^ wine and |1.00 and ou tobacco 38 cents; on beer and wine it only tobacco. * • 1 mi amounted to fractions of 1 cent in each case. Ihe report of the Minister of Inland Keveuue gives the amounts per head by Provinces, but it is not possible to obtain any cor- rect ligures regarding the actual consumption in each Province, for the Province that has the greatest number of breweries and distilleries will show the largest consump- / Per cent. •2 1 ti 19 -n 14 12-7 G-8 10 -t) CANALS AND INLAND REVENUE. 287 tion, without reference to the fact that a large quiintity of that liquor, paying duty in one Province, is actually con- sumed in another. 40*7. In the United States, in 1887, the amount consumed fi°°*SpP" per hoad was, spirits 1*18, wine 055, and beer 1'19. The Sera'nd increase in the consumption of beer and the diminution in uJeunued consumption of spirits appear to be general in Europe as somelro?^ well as on this continent. eign ooun- tnea. The following table, which, with the exception of the figures for Canada, have been taken from the Victorian Year Book, 1886-87, give the annual consumption of beer and spirits per head in various countries : — ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF SPIRITS PER HEAD IN VARIOUS COUXTRIKS. CoUNTniES. 1 Gallons. 1 1 Cor.\TRiK.s. Gallons. Holland 2-08 185 l-4»j 1-39 1-34 1-27 M2 1-04 Qermany 0-95 Oueensland New Zealand 0-92 Western Australia Canada 0-86 New South Wales France 0-85 United States South Australia 0-70 Sweden \ Tasmanii). O'GO Victoria i Austria-Hungary O'tiS Switzerland United Kinerdom 0'59 ANNUAL CON.SIMPTIOX OF .MEER PER HEAD IN VARIOUS COUXTRIKS. CotNTKIES. Gallons. COCNTIUES. United Kingdom.. Germany Holland New South Wales Victoria United States Tasmania 28-74 19-38 19-05 16-70 16-41 10-74 10-00 Queensland Switzerland Aubtria-Hungary France Canada Sweden Gallons. 9-55 8-15 6-83 4-53 2-82 2-62 ■ !; 'ill « i n ^' { t> ♦J i I ::ie OHAPTBR VI. The figures for Canada are the average consumptiou for the last three years. The consumption of intoxicating liquors in HoUand is very large, and allowing for increased potency of spirits is considerably in excess of that of any other country. r « 289 CHAPTEIl VII. RAILWAYS. 408. Ill India and in all of the principal British Colonies oovern* with the exception of Canada, the railways have been prin- to mfbuo cipally, and in some cases entirely, built by the Government corapan- with i)ublit' money, and large portions of the public debts have been incurred for that purpose, but in this country the Government have only built such lines as were required by public; policy, those being the Intercolonial and Prince Edward Island Railways ; the first being built in accord- ance with the wishes of the Imperial Government, and the second to fulfil the pledges made to Prince Edward Island when that Province entered Confederation. The Govern- ment, however, has always been active in encouraging pri- vate enterprise, and in that way has expended no less a sum than $129,810,633 in the shape of bonuses at difierent times to different railways, which sum represents a considerable portion of the public debt, and which as previously mentioned, though directly productive to the c-ountry at large, brings in no immediate return to the Gov- ernment. In addition to the above the Government has at various times made loans to railways, the amount of such loans at present outstanding being $20,592,026. The Pro- * vincial Governments have also contributed aid to the extent of $21,204,793, and various municipalities to the extent of $12,812,836. 409. The first railway in Canada was opened on the 2l8t Eariyraii- July, 1836, between Laprairie and St. Johns in the Pro- Canada. vince of Quebec, its length being 16 miles, but such little progress was made in railway development, that when the first sod of the Northern Kailwny was turned by Lady 19 i!^ '■■ I 290 CHAPTER VII. Elgin in 1850, there were but 71 miles in operation. Speak- ing of that oeremony the Illustrated L' Ion News said : "The inhabitants of the frozen and hitherto imperfectly " undt»rstood rogion of Canada have not until recently *' availed themselves of iho modern advances in public im- " provements." Slow though this country undoubtedly ProgreM ^^^ ** ^^^ *^"^® ^" *^^ matter of railway constniction, it oonstruo*^ has of late years made very considerable progress. In 1807 there were 2,268 miles in operation, and on ^^0' h June, 1887, 11,691 miles, with a total of 12,382 m'ith v( m 'eted, beiug- an increase in the 20 years since (Jonl'ederation of 9,43;{ miles. In 1868 the paid-up capi^nl amounted to $160,471,- 190, and in 1887 to $688,773, Ua. tlon. t Partloa- lara of capital paid. 410. The following table gives the sources from which the various sums have been derived that make the total capital paid, the amount derived from each source, and the amount of each per mile of completed railway : — PARTICULARS OF RAILWAY CAPITAL PAID, 1887. Source of Capital. Ordinary share capital Preference do Bonded debt Aid from Dominion Government. do Ontario do do (Quebec do do New Brunswick do do Nova Scotia ^h) do Manitoba dv do MiinicipalitMa Capital from other 6 urocj. Total $ 227,335,811 96,792,927 194,801,553 129,497,666 6,947,007 7,729,988 3,979,096 1,653,903 1,895,000 12,812,837 1,327,404 683,773,191 Amount per Mile. $ 18,435 7,849 16,796 10,601 482 635 323 134 164 1,031 107 55,447 Amount per Mile. $ 11 18,43r> 27 7,849 53 15,796 36 10,801 W 482 38 635 96 323 )3 134 )0 164 J7 1,031 H 107 n 56,447 RAILWAYS. 291 T 411. The proportion that each aiuonnt bt-^irs to the total SSnor capital is as follows : — MpuLm _ . total. Per cent. Ordinary iitiaru csiiiUl •>•» 33* inded (k'bt ..^%^ 28' I'ootiuidii G()vei-iim«?nt aid , .«>»> !'>>' Preference dbai't' /«|iiL«l ■>»...,»• 14* Pruvincial OovernnK'til aid ..., 3* • Munici{>ftl aid -mmm...* 2' Other source* -.■-■ «•• .^-m. 0*2 Twenty-live per cent of the total capital lw»« thus it will be seen been contributed by state and luauicii I aid. 412. Though returns of a certain kind wo ^ auiiially made 2StS*i to the Government, th«y were, previ< usly 1^*7 -75, more i876i887. or less incomplete, and ouly since thai vcar mtve ny accu- rate statistics been c(r%'cted. The following ^ ^ives the train mileage, numb»r of passengers and t le of freight carried, and the rereiptK and expenditure of ui raihvays in the Dominion for each v'^ear since the 1st July. <74 : — >■!• Year kndbd 30th Jl'NB, 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881, 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Miles in OpiTft- llUll. Till in Milencvv I 4,826. 6,157 5,674. 6,143. 6,484i 6,89i; 7,260 7,530 8,726 9,575 10,150 10,697 11,691 17,680, lf.8 18,103,t;.8 19,460,81.3 19,669,447 20,731,68:' 22,127,44:' 27,301,30t 27,846,411 30,072,910 29,758,676 30,623,689 30,481,088 33,638,748 Number of Passea- gers. 1 OUB of Preiffht. V .-. ^ ! Workintr * Expenses. I r 6,190,416 5,544,814 6,073,233 6,443,924 6,523,816 6,462,948 6,943,671 9,352,335 9,579,948 9,982,358 9,672,699 9,861,024 10,698,638 5,670,836 6,331,767 6,859,796 7,883,472 8,348,810 9,938,858 12,065,323 13,575,787 13,266,255 13,712,269 14,659,271 15,670,460 16,356,335 $ 19,470.5: 19,368,()«. 18,742,053 20,520,078 19,925,066 23,561,447 27,987,509 29,027,790 33,244,685 33,421,705 32,227,469 33,389,382 38,842,010 $ .,775,532 i:.,802,721 16,290,091 16,100,102 16,188,102 16,840,705 20,121,418 22,390,709 24,691,667 25,596,341 24,015,351 23,177,682 27,624,683 .1 H 19i 'ill 292 CHAPTER VII. hHi*of°" 413. It will be seen that there was a very marked increase Increases, jn^jged in the business of the railways in 1887, and the totals in each column are considerably larger than they have ever been before. The earnings per mile in 1880 averaged $3,418, in 1884 $3,490, in 1885 $3,175 in 1886 $3,106, and in 1887 $3,322, being an increase of $216 per mile as compared with the year before, making a decided break in the tendency which was manifesting itself for the earnings to decrease as the mileage was extended The average amount of working expenses per mile in 1886 was $2,166, and in 1887 $2,363, showing an increase of $197 per mile, but there was an improvement in the proportion of net receipts to capital <'Ost ; in 1886 it was 1'41 per cent., and in 1887, 164 per cent. There was an increase in train mileage of 3,157,660 miles, in the number of passengers carried of 837,614, in the tons of freight carried of 685,875, and in the net receipts of $1,005,527. ' I'i'i' ?? mt :>1 BusinesH of Cana 414. The following is a comparative statement of the ways SfJ'* business done by Canadian Hallways in the years 1886 and and 1887. igjj7^ particulars of the principal lines separately: — being given /■ Lent of the rs 1886 and ing given RAITAVAYS. 298 ■ 1 '-: i 1 m O O V a « K 00 00 to tn o>t- M 00 M ^ GO O 00 o ■>*• 00 fh tfS ei O -^ od"-*" «o" Oi © OS us "* CO N tF*" 05 i-i t- lo m io Q aOO CO W 00 ^- N © I- «5 gS ^-t 1— 1 lOi-i ^H M CO ^ l-H CO to 00 00 ^ 00 ^ 00 V i-H M CD C* I^IO^OO «o CO e-1 •^ i-H •^ 05 CO 30 © •* 2 JS "T 00 05 ei| CO 0% OS CO CO e^i -- t- ^ ■^ CO «0 04 © -' ifTo^cfTor©" ■N © 00 lO © lO 1-1 CO ^ in -- SS OS r^ t- 00 0 © >!»< ©_-^ oT--"-^ CO 05 CO % 00 t- r- 00 OS ® co'c'f 05 CO Id M t-t- © OS e^ >A 00 © m OS 00 C^l OS © CO o^-^e<^(^f-^ CO 00 CO © 00 \n 1-1 r^l CO r- 00 00 «» '*' OS © © CO >0 IM © 00 OS ift © eTcTod"©" CO OS CO t- 00 •ft- OS Cff'^t-^ . CO -< CO t- »-H 1—1 OS in 00 CO 1-^ OS ■©-<*oo M'Xico© osi-i inmcooooo m w in © C-l OS in -- os-< \b ^ » : « — * : (-. d i em.. ificS Atlan South n Pac Ontar Trunl « os.2-3 •OT3T3 g-J Of « « M a a c d c od eg 03 g9 V M t )OZJ^ 3C5 on I. S s d § S fe t.22 si i».d m V o a « a «> CO '3 a a ■-: « ^1 o 9 in ^- ©■ OS 03 d eg O o i*i.| 294 CHAPTER VII. .; $i <3 Q to o I—) < Pi o PS Eh pa p; >3 5 « ft. ■£ a S O O'V •O »■• 00 >ft Ol M -H — < ?0 05 Oi 00 -H 00 00 A(0(OOt-eOW009>t-I- 05 t- (O o d a s (» iOf-iiot-05i«floao--©oo t-«n'*05t-i-iM©iO«e*i C'5e»t^05ioo>co«q_ e^t-05t-mMQ0«OOJ»OM cj ■^ e^ o >-" IM lO tOtiT (©^00^ ©"ei" eo o © 00 00 C005©C^^-|^-COO•*>-|© ift i-H lo -« ^ >* 00 C5 •-! wn t-©05lft't5-rto"-^.^o(re>ro(rc'r a to Oitn t-© t- © © ca M ii a 00 00 e»r-MiMfO-* p* Iff 9 00 00 © 00 oo •^t-oocw^ooo^ot- •-•I— ^©1— ic^ic^ii^-mi^'*' •v-«,-iirt.^cc©r»^'^co eoirtc-i©aoi«©©«n©i« CO i-i © w 05 05 riOO ©© ^ t- ^ OO © t ?^ © 00 ©" eo < P4 • S ■ V : > •^ 9 03 03 fl a Ol ? : "J "*" n " 03 aOSg 2 a S ^ t 99 0) hi 4> 3 '• ts * : ? a Jim's 93 is 93 OS a 03 O hi o a s o 'J5 5 o RAILWAYS. 296 \. 415. There was again a decrease in the proportion of Propor- working expenses to receipts, amounting altogether to 1 ^•iJi"^ per cent.; in 1884 the proportion was 76 per cent., in 1885 tofe<5«'pt«« 74 per cent., in 1886 72 per cent., and in 1887 71 per cent., the decrease being gradual but steady. The proportion, however, is still higher than in most European countries, where it ranges from 50 to 55 per cent., higher than in the Australasian Colonies, where in 1884 it was 63 per cent., and higher than in India, where it was, in 1886, under 48 per cent. The decr^^ase, it will be seen, was confined en- tirely to public lines, there having been an increase among Government lines in the excess of working expenses over receipts from 107 per cent, to 111 per cent. The Canada Southern and the Northern and North -Western were the two roads whose expenses bore the smallest proportion to receipts, and the South-Easteru system and the Central Ontario the largest. Since the commencement of the present year, the Northern and North-Western Railway has been taken over by and been made part of the Grand Trunk Railway system. , 416. The excess of expenses over receipts on Government Excess of • , expenses lines may be attributed principally to two causes, one being over^ ^^^ that both the Intercolonial and Prince Edward Island ^J^^^' Railways were built from national considerations, and for "°®*' the advancement of public convenience, the first road running through districts sparsely settled, and therefore requiring considerable time for the development of traffic* while it will probably be many years before the travel on the Prince Edward Island Railway will be sufficient to cover expenses ; and the other being that while every effort is made to secure economy and profit, the public interests are first considered, and many things are done which, while advantageous to the public, are, to say the least, un- remnnerative to the Government ; for instance, the coal 1 4 t i if 'H li 'i; i i ! i : 296 CHAPTER VIT. Source* of receipts and ex- penditure. from the Nova Scotia mines is, with a view to developing that industry, carried by the Intercolonial Railway at almost an actual loss. The difficulty also of keeping the track of the Intercolonial free from snow during the winter will always be the source of an expense, to whit^h other roads are not liable in the same degree. 417. The following table gives the x^rinoipal sources of receipts and expenditure on the most important railroads as well as the earnings and expenses per mile. Owing to the absence of details in the cases of one or two small roads, a difference will be found in the total earnings, as compared with the totals of the principal source^, of $46,216, and in a similar way in the expenditure of $10,514. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF EARNINGS ON CANADIAN RAILWAYS. 1887. Railways. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific system.. Grand Trunk Ry. system. Intercolonial.. New Brunswick system..., Northern and North-Western South-Eastern system. ... Other Lines Total. 1 E ARNINOS FItOM ! Total. 1 1 Mails, Passenger Freight Traffic. Express I Traffic. and othirr sources $ $ $ $ 96,298 2 19, .504 24,867 '340 669 1,069,643 3,113,379 146,876 4,329,898 3,367,801 6,284,852 997,601 10,650,2541 4,971,505 10,445,537 632,147 16,049,189 792,679 1,657,696 145,635 2,596,010 243,887 428,540 64,773 737,200 446,089 9.30,841 76,941 1,453,871 147,440 226,349 39,820 41.^,609 732,255 1,274,349 218,490 2,271,310 11,867,597 24,581,047 2,347,150 .38,842,010 Earn- ings per Mile. $ 2,661 11,901 2,492 6,177 2,950 1,776 2,949 1,591 995 3,322 /■ AVAYS. 1887. 1 1 Earn- Ill Jiiffs per ! Mill'. * )669 2,6G1 >,8»8 1 11,901 »,254 ! 2,492 ►,189 6,177 1,010 2,950 ,200 1,776 ,871 2,949 ,609 1,591 ,310 995 ,010 3,322 RAILWAYS. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF WOIIKIMG EXPENSES ON CANADIAN RAILWAYS, 1887. 297 Railways. Mivin- teniiiice ot Lino, Buildings. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific system Grand Trunic Ry. system Intercolonial New Brunswick system Northern and North-Western South Eastern system Other Lines Total 59,451 531 503 1,618,511 2,156,039 782,053 172,500 264,288 1.33,856 697,189 6,405,390 f Working General and Working Total. Repairs. Expenses. $ $ $ 99,40'J 62,515 221,375 945,835 9^7,913 2,475,251 3,311,011 2,369,623 7,299,045 4,863,400 4,036,840 11,056,270 1,329,977 716,086 2,828,116 232,137 127,078 531,715 284,182 344,468 882,938 149,644 112,551 395,951 661,309 565,001 1,934,013 11,876,804 9,331,975 27,624,683 Expen- ses per Mile. $ 1,729 7,111 1,708 4,256 3,214 1,281 1,790 1,523 848 2,363 418. The receipts from freight traffic formed 63'28 per propor- cent., and from passenger traffic 30'56 per cent, of the total, sources of "while of working expenses 42'99 per cent, were for work- andex- ing and repairs, 33'78 per cent, for general working expen- ses, and 23" 18 per cent, for maintenance of line, &c. Both receipts and expenses were considerably larger per mile on the Canada Southern Railway than on any other road, the traffic being very heavy in proportion to the length of the line. 419. The next table gives some particulars of the quanti- Quantities ties of the leading articles of freight carried by Canadian paFfreight railways in 188Y. The largest quantities of freight of all kinds were carried by the Grand Trunk system, and of the total freight tonnage carried by all the lines in Canada that system carried 39.48 per cent, the next largest propor- tion being carried by the Canada Southern, viz. 1577 per cent. The proportion of freight however to the length of ■ M I : i H ! "1 i -II 1 \ II h li 1 I if 1 ' 1 i i \:f .: i 1 ' IM ; ill 'II «'! ' ' h :i If™ ;': Is < i : \ 1 ; . if )#l 'i \.\ 298 CHAPTER VII. the road was very much higher on the Canada Southern ; on that road it was '7,129 tons per mile in operation, and on the Grand Trunk system it was only 2,486 tons per mile. I SUMMARY STATEMENT OF DESCRIPTION OF FREIGHT CARRIED ON CANADIAN RAILWAYS, 1887. Railways. Flour. Grain. Live Stock. Lumber of all kinds, except Firewood. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Barrels 71,630 1,385,960 997,048 6,111,270 753,480 62,600 123,236 92,160 1,696,638 Bushels. 1,914,680 15,746,741 11,646,707 40,770,000 1,016,334 564,000 4,986,127 288,840 16,041,279 Number. 4,034 365,191 262,293 1,123,000 80,782 11,200 51,924 20,400 1,193,045 Feet. 77 864,000 231,898,960 348,813,929 507,940,000 161,168,003 18,700,000 167,713,364 38,693,400 274,276,802 Canadian Pacific System Grand Trunk RailwaySyatem Intercolonial New Brunswick System Northern and North-Western Soutb-Eastern System Other Lines o Total 11,293,802 91,967,708 3,112,169 1,816,968,458 Railways. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific System.... Grand Trunk Railway System Intercolonial New Brunswick System Northern and North-Western South-Eastern system Other Lines Firewood Cords. 3,940 18,292 76,217 86,600 12,726 3,000 48,186 Total. 72,611 321,572 Manufac- tured Goods. Tons. 12,208 38,371 482,961 793,269 240,667 197,000 21,970 50,260 440,783 2,277,379 All other Articles. Tons. 63,778 l,57l,6r)7 635,005 2,883,020 564,281 29,248 124,056 57,133 1,129,109 6,937,287 Total Weight Carried. Tons. 243,216 2,580,895 2,118,319 6,468,056 1,131,334 274,198 602,139 185,649 2,762,629 16,356,335 X ! ,•;:! RAILWAYS. 299 420. The following table shows the total cost and the cost JnooTpai per mile of some of the principal railways in Canada. ^^'^ roads fn The Canada. cost of rolling stock is in most cases included : — Name ok Railway. Canada Atlantic Canada Southern Canadian Pacific system Central Ontario Eastern Extension Erie and Huron Esquimault and Nanaimo Grand Southern Grand Trunk system Hamilton and North- Western 'Intercolonial International Kingston and Pembroke Manitoba and North-Western New Brunswick system Northern Railway of Canada North-Western Coal and Navigation Co . Pontiac and Pacific Junction Prince Edward Island Quebec and Lake St. John Quebec Central Windsor and Annapolis Number Cost of Total Cost. per Mile. Miles. $ $ 128 3,318,480 25,926 362 27,387,717 75,657 4,319 206,163,183 47,734 104 1,480,780 14,238 80 1,928,040 24,100 72 8.^8,922 11,652 40 1,809,217 45,230 83 844,000 10,169 2,698 289,554,229 111,453 176 5,255,363 29,860 898 44,172,743 49,190 82 1,313,442 16,018 112 3,974,109 35,483 130 1,932,833 14,868 415 10,650,269 25,663 281 9,365,864 33,330 109 676,953 6,211 41 585,645 14,284 211 3,73.5,960 17,706 82 2,334,160 28,465 1S4 6,526,340 42,379 84 ^,902,280 46,456 ! :i * Windsor Branch included. 421. The expenditure on the construction and equipment Expendi- of the Grrand Trunk system has, it will be seen, been very Grand ^ ■' ' •' Trunkand much in excess of that on any other road, the expenditure ^'^/g't'^coai on the main line during its original construction having |atjon*^^" been exceptionally heavy. The North-Western Coal and ^'o^paoy* Navigation Company's road, which connects the coal mines on the Belly River with Medicine Hat, and which has a gauge of 3 feet only, is the road that according to the above table has been built at the least expense, which is probably explained by the fact of its running through a level prairie country, and that no outlay was required for the purchase 8«0 CHAPTER VIT. of laud. The difference in gauge also probably reduced the expenditure. Average 422. The total average cost per completed mile of all the Canada railways in Canada is $56,44*7, which it will be seen from and some •' -w j . flounfdes. *^® following table compares favorably with the figures for some principal countries : — COST OF R.\ILWAY CONSTRUCTION IN PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. CoUNTHIBa. Cost per Mile. C0UNTBIK8. Cost per Mile. United KiiiGrdoin s 206,765 177,672 1,34,826 103,349 97,333 66,951 61,2.50 62,021 A uRtrAliLflia $ 57,976 55,447 lielgium Ciinada France United Slates 64.301 Germanv pRUft {jdlonv 44,856 42,403 Russia New Zealand Victoria Tasmania 41,026 32,383 India Oueeiisland New South Wales ' South Australia 31.302 Railway 423. The following is a statement of the number of a 'ci- ftccidonts incanada. deuts in Connection with the railways in Canada, including Government railways, lor the last 12 years : — Killed. Injured. 1876 109 :^o; 1877 Ill ;iI7 1878 * 97 361 1979 107 66 1880 87 102 1881 !t9 147 1882 147 397 1883 169 550 1884 227 796 1885 157 684 1886 144 571 1887 178 633 Causes of accidents. 424. There was a very large increase in the number of persons killed in 188*7, amounting to 34, but of the total number, 128 lost their lives by carelessness, disregard of RAILWAYS. 801 reduced f all the 3eii from ?ures for NTRIES. Cost per Mile. $ 57,976 55,447 64,301 44,856 42,403 41,026 32,.383 31.302 of a ci- cludiug iber of le total srard of regulations, or some other cause preventable by their own actions, leaving as ' ^ nvimbcr killed from causes over which they had no control, 60 persons, all of whom were railroad employes. Eleven passengers were killed during the year, all of whom, with one exception, were responsible for their own deaths, 6 being killed by falling from the cars, 4 by getting off' trains in motion and 1 by walking on the track. Thirty-nine passengers were injured in various ways, being 20 lees than in 188«. No less than 69 out of the 84 persons killed, other than employes .and passengers, met their death through walking on the track. 425. In calculating the safety of railway travelling in rassec- Canada, none of the passengers killed in 1887, should per'mffi^ strictly speaking be included, since the companies were rjedin ' in no way responsible for their deaths, but even if the whole number is taken, it will be seen from the following figures, that this country stands very well as regards safe travelling : — PASSEXGERS KILLED PER MILLIO.V CARRIED— 187.'5-1887. Ykah. Passengers Killed per Million Carried. Ykah. Passengers Killed per Million Carried. 1875 211 0-90 0-82 1-40 1-38 l-.'>5 0-72 rage for the i 1882 107 1876 1883 0-52 1877 1884 4-60 1878 1885 0-82 1879 1886 0-61 1880 1887 whole period, 1*38. 103 1881 Ave These figures, however, are capable of a large amount of Improvement, the safety of travelling having been by no means yet reduced to the minumum that is both desirable ■ si- ll ' 3' I \V \v- -i 802 CHAPTER VII. and practicable, as is shown by the figures for the United Kingdom in 1887, which say that only 1 passenger in every 7,637,730 was killed during the year from any cause what- ever. i gerVand ^^^' ^^^ ^^^^^ table gives some particulars concerning the feilS^^®' passengers and freight carried relatively to population and lion"ind length of line in each year from 1876 : miles of "°**' PASSENGERS AND FREIOHT CARRIED PER HEAD OF POPULATION AND MILES OF LINE OPEN IN CANADA, 1875-1887. Year. PASSBNaBRS. 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881. 1882 1883 1884. 1885, 1886 1887, .Per Head of Population. 34 40 51 58 67 63 60 12 12 17 06 06 19 Per Mile of Line open. 1,055 1,075 1,090 1,049 1,006 93b 956 1,242 1,098 1.043 953 922 914 Freight. Tons per Tons Per Head of Mile of Population. Line open. 1-46 1,176 1-60 1,228 1-71 1,231 193 1,283 201 1,288 2-36 1,442 2 78 1,662 3-06 1,802 2 94 1,520 2 -OS 1,432 3-12 1,444 3 27 1,465 3 •36 1,401 As regards population both passenger and freight traffic have increased in a faster ratio, but in both cases it will be seen that the total mileage has increased in a faster proportion than has the traffic carried over it. Freight per head 427. The following table, the figures in which are mostly ^popuia- taken from " "Wealth and Progress of New South Wales," p. tlon In aountSes ^^^' ^^^^ ^^^^^ some idea of the tonnage moved per head of population in some of the principal countries of the world : — RAIL AYS. 808 IPULATION TONS OF FREIGHT CARRIED PER IIBAi PRINCIPAL COUNT POP. .riOX i.^ SOME COUNTRIKS. Scotland England and Wales. UnUed Stati-a Belgium Qerinany Canada New South Wales.... Australia Tons per Head. 9-6 8-4 7-6 6-5 6-3 • 3-3 3'3 3*0 i£». France Ireland British India Japan Spain ( Italy \ Russia ( 2-5 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-6 to 0-4 428. The cost of a railway, it has been said, should not be proper- more than ten times its annual trafHc, that is, that the an- traffic to nual traffic should be 10 per cent, of its capital cost.* If this standard is applied to Canadian railways, their cost will be found to very far exceed the limit, as in 1887 the gross receipts only amounted to 6t2 per cent, of the total capital expenditure. In the United Kingdom, France and Belgium, the cost of railways is above this standard, while in Germany and the United States it is slightly below it. 429. Almost all the railway companies in the Dominion Gauge of • 1 mi -1 Canadian use a gauge of 4 feet 8^ inches. The only exceptions are the Railways. Carillon and Grenville, and Cobourg, Peterboro' and Mar. mora roads, with a gauge of 5 feet 6 inches, the Prince Edward Island Railway, with a gauge of 3 feet 6 inches, and the North- Western Coal and Navigation Company, where the gauge is 3 feet. 430. The quantity and description of rolling stock in the 5°"^°!^ years 1886 and 1887 will be found in the next table. With '^8®- the exception of platform cars, there is an increase under each head : — ;l * 'Railway Problems, p. 25. >■' I I -« I 'it I 804 RolllDKl ■took hired. Canadian Paoino Hallway. Comple- tion of the Algoma Branch. CHAPTER Vri. IIOLLIXG STOCK OP RAILWAYS I^ OAXADA, 188ii AND 1M7. Ykar. Loco- motives. Sleeper and Parlour Cars. First Class Cars. Second Class and Kiui- arrant Card. 497 fiU BaggaKe. Mail and Express Cars. Cattle and Box Cars. Plat- form Cms. Coal and niniih Car*. 1886 1,871 1,633 73 74 784 762 41S 462 23,845 24,31»9 13,178 13,136 2,833 1887 3,0,') 7 Inrrcase.... 02 4 28 17 • •••••4* 47 654 524 Decrease ... "42 431. The above table represents the rolling stock in use ; to ascertain the quantity owned, the following numbers of cars hired must be deducted in each year : — Ykar. Loco- motives. Sleeper and Parlour Cars. First Class Cars. Second Class and Emi- Krant Cars. Bagffifage, Mail and Express Cars. Cattle and Box Cars. Plat- form Cars. Coal and Dump Cari. 1886 4C 46 8 8 31 35 20 16 20 23 847 376 237 345 1887 50 482. A concise description of the building of the Cana- dian Pacific Railway will be found in the " Statistical Abstract," 1886. During 188*7 the company completed the laying of the rails on the extension from Algoma to Sault Ste. Marie, known as the Algoma Branch, and the line is expected to be open for traffic in June, By this means the company have direct communication with the American railway system. As provided for by 49 Vic, c. 9, the company after having settled their indebtedness to the Grovernment, issued mortgage bonds on the above branch, which were most favourably received in London. The amount offered was jet50,000, and before 12 o'clock on the same day that thii prospectus was advertised, applications for jGS, 000,000 had been received. In order to make communication with the RAILWAYS. 805 iiit- irm Coal and Diuni) (Jar*. ,178 ,136 2,533 3, or) 7 ..„„. 524 : in use ; mbors of lat- )rm ara. Colli and Dump Can. 237 345 hi) le Cana- tatistical eted tho JaultSte. expected company railway my after it, issued :»re most jred was that th»^. ,000 had with the Aiiiericiiii railways complot**, it was iieijessary to build a bridg«' arrows the Uiv«*r Ste. Marie, which has been done. The bridge was begun in May, 1887, and completed in ovor'he January, 1888, at a cost of i|000,000. It has a total length Rufen "'*'• of 1 J miles, and is the joint property of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Duluth, South Snore and Atlantic Railway and the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railway. When this branch is in complete running order it will be the shortest route for the conveyance of the produce of the North-Western States to the seabord, and is probably des- tined to largely increase the importance of Montreal as a commercial port. 433. The company's lines now cover a total vilea^e ofToui 4,960 miles, distributed as follows :— cknalfiaa m . . . , Paolflo Tnmscontinental Line— Railway. Montreal to Vancouver , Other lines owned — Kastern Diviaion Wegtern " Pacifi'- •' 485 432 8 925 Total lines owned Lenaed lines — Ontario and Quebec Section 746 Atlantic and North-West Section 325 St. Lawrence and Ottawa " 58 Total leased lines 1,129 Total mileage 4,960 434. The following is a comparative statement of the J'**!,'*'* traffic during 1886 and 1887 calendar years : — ruomo*" Kailwaj) Itkms. Passengers No. Freight Tons. Manufactured articles " Flour Brls. Grain Bush. Live stock No. Lumber Ft. Firewood Cords. All other articles Tons. 20 188Aan 1837. 1886. 1887. 1,899,319 2,057,089 2,046,195 2,144,327 476,698 470,699 1,0'10,044 1,010,157 10,960,582 15,013,957 244,267 205,572 327,700,432 310,180,542 75,625 97,541 498,940 534,976 N \ ;!• I I H :i ;:?!:< 11 .^^ 806 '^ CHAPTER VII. aud"x.^^ 435. The earnings for 1887, calendar year, amounted to penses. $11,606,413 and the working expenses to |8, 102,295, the pro- portion of expenses to earnings being 69"81 por cent. The receipts showed an increase of $1,524,609 over those of 1886, the figures for the last 3 years having been |8,368,493, $10,081,804 and $11,606,412 respectively. SlWT ^^^' '^^^ equipment of the road on 31st December, 1887, pS?iflc*° consisted of: Railway. Locomotives .' 374 Passenger and baggage cars 330 Sleeping and dining cars 48 Parlour and oflSciai cars 23 Freight and cattle cars 9,296 Conductor's vans 185 Boarding, tool and auxiliary cars 86 Steam- 8bip ser- vice be- tween Vancou- Ter and Hong Kong. 437. The temporary steamship service between Vancou- ver and Yokohama and Hong Kong freely justified the expectations of the company as to the value and importance of the trade to be developed in that direction. The nego- tiations with the Imperial Grovernment for the establish- ment of a permanent line of first-class steamships, suitable for service as armed cruisers in case of need, resulted in an official notification that Her Majesty's Government had decided to grant a subsidy of $300,000 (.£60,000) per annum for a monthly service between Vancouver and Hong Kong *" via Yokohama. In December last the details of a formal contract were practically settled, but owing to negotiations still pending between the Imperial and Dominion Groveru- ments, with reference to an improved Atlantic service, the contract has not yet been signed.* Canadian 438. The distance between Liverpool, Yokohama and China the Shanghai is less viA Quebec, Montreal and the Canadian ♦Annual Report, C.P.R., May, 1888. t: RAILWAYS. 80t Pacific Railway than by any other route, and the winter route via Halifax is It hours shorter than the shortest winter route through the United States, and attention has already been called by the American press to the manner in which this road is cutting into the business of the transcontinental roads of the United States. 439. The company had sold, up to the 31st December, Land sales 1887, a total of 3,272,749 acres out of the 18,206,986 acres canadiaa remaining to them of the original grant of 25,000,000 acres. Runway The sales during 1887 were 59,993 acres, at an average price of |3.39| per acre, as compared with $3.28 per acre in 1886. 440. By clause 15 of the original contract between the Themono- . poly Grovernment and the company it was provided that for 20 clause. years from the date thereof (21st October, 1880) no line of railway should be authorized by the Dominion Parliament to be constructed souih of the Canadian Pacific Railway, except such lines as should run south-west or west south- west, nor to within 15 miles of latitude 49 (the international boundary.) 441. Considerable agitation having, during the last two Agree- years, arisen in the Province of Manitoba in consequence oanceiuT- of the enforcement of this clause, it was deemed best in the monopoly /•I a tic A interests both of the country and of the company that some arrangement should be made by which, in return for ade- quate compensation, the company should resign all their rights under the clause, and an agreement was accordingly made between the Government and the company to the following effect : — The company agreed that all restrictions imposed upon the Dominion Parliament by said clause 15 should cease to exist and be forever removed. ' 20J y i :N I i ^'IJ ! . . ■.y u .:Jt I' ?1 308 :^ CHAPTER VII. The Government agreed to guarantee the payment of interest for not longer than fifty years from date of issue on bonds of the company to an amount not exceeding 115,000,000, such interest to be at the rate of three and a half per cent, per annum, the bonds to be secured on the unsold lands of the company, estimated at 14,934,238 acres. The net proceeds of the sales of such lands to be from time to time paid over to the G-overnment to constitute a fund for the payment of the principal of the bonds, the interest, at the same rate of three and a half per cent., on the money so set apart to be applied towards payment of the interest on the bonds. Other provisions were made respecting the land grant bonds at present outstanding, and the company's roads between "Winnipeg and St. Boniface and the American boundary. The money to be raised by the bonds was to be ex- pended as follows : — On account of capital expenditure on main line between Quebec and Vancouver, in buildings and improvements of various kinds, $5,498,000 ; for rolling stock required, $5,250,000, and for improvements required on the main line and elsewhere, $4,252,000. Ratiflca- 442. The agreement was signed on the 18th April, 1888, «gree- and was subsequently ratified by the Dominion Parliament. Railways 443. The following table gives the railway mileage in Poases-^ British Possessions, together with the number of persons and of square miles of area to each mile : — RAILWAYS. RAILWAYS IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 1886. Countries. 309 United Kingdom.... India Gaa>tda Australasia (Total) New Soutli Wales... New Zealand Cape of Good Hope Victoria.. Queensland South Austnilia Tasmania Natal , Ceylon Western Austral. \. Jamiaca Mauritius Newfoundland Trinidad Barbadoes British Guiana Malta Miles of Railway. Number of Persons to each Mile. 19,332 1,930 13,390 15,086 12,332 395 8,891 383 1,935 518 1,809 326 1,775 705 1,753 1,556 1,382 572 208 226 303 452 220 2.012 180 154 16,349 257 93 6,488 92 4,002 84 2,349 51 3,495 23 7,686 21 13,062 8 19,904 Square Miles of Area to each M>le. 6 65 293 356 161 58 120 50 430 654 87 85 141 6,883 45 8 500 34 7 5,190 15 444. Canada, it will be seen, has nearly 4,000 miles of JSn'of" railway more than all the Australasian Colonies combined, develop- but on the assumption that a railway only opens up country Srea? *** to the extent of about 20 miles on either side, there is yet a vast amount of country waiting for development, as on that basis there are only 498,280 square miles of this country Within ordinary reach of railway facilities — only a little more than one-seventh of the total area. In the Australasian Colonies only about one-ninth of the area has been thus developed. 445. The total railway mileage of the British Empire is Total rail- 65,383, which on the estimated area of t,999,61b square miles age or the ' ' 1 British gives an average of one mile of railway to every 122 square Kmpire. miles, and on the assumption in the preceding paragraph i'-'i :«■: '1 iy i f :. s;: : ■; 810 CHAPTER VII. allows for one-third of the area of the whole Empire being within reach ot railway accommodation. Railways 446. The next table ffives particulars of the railways in In foreign o ^ j countrieH. the principal foreign countries in 1886 : — RAILWAYS LV PRINCIPAL FOREIG.V COUNTRIES, 1886. Countries. Europe — Austria-Hungary Belgium Denmark France German Empire Greece Italy Netherlands Portugal Roumania Russia Servia Spain Sweden and Norway Switzerland Turkey Asia- Japan Arrica — Egypt America — Argentine Republic. Bra?!il Chili Mexico Peru Uuited States • Uruguay Miles of Railway. Numl)er of Persoas to each Mile. 14,355 2,639 2,763 1,998 1,214 1,622 29, 189 1,309 24,197 1,936 320 5,373 7,266 3,017 1,584 2,533 1,138 3,821 1,400 3,695 16,340 6,349 339 6,503 5,654 2,942 6,003 1,332 1,925 1,478 904 10,262 400 92,530 1,115 6,104 4,216 712 4,955 2,489 1,592 1,686 3,849 2,714 1,625 1,829 148,987 403 338 1,765 Square Miles of Area to each Mile. 17 4 12 7 8 78 15 8 30 36 127 66 35 69 8 139 388 11 274 649 161 193 280 20 213 •1687. Railway 44*7. According to the American Almanac, 1888, the total toe wcrid!^ railway mileage of the world was 389,028, and of this quan- tity 148,981 mile«, or 44 per cent, of the whole length, was in the United States. Belgium, the German Empire and Switzerland possess the largest amount of railway accom- BAILWAYS. 311 re being [ways in id. Square Miles of Area to each Mile. 17 4 12 7 8 78 15 8 30 36 127 66 35 59 8 139 388 11 274 649 161 193 280 20 213 ;he total is quan- :th, was »ire and accom- modation, and Brazil the smallest. There are no railways in Persia. 448. The railways owned by the Dominion Government £°^®t''°;,i. are the Intercolonial, "Windsor Branch, Eastern Extension Ji,*T?flS? and Prince Edward Island railways, with a total mileage JSg/uon. in operation of 1,204 miles ; and the following statement shows the financial position of each road on the 30th June, 188*7:— FINANCIAL POSITION OF GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS IN CANADA, 1886-87. V Railways. Capital paid up Earnings. Expenses Profit Loss. Percent- age of Expenses to Earnings. Intercolonial 44,995,982 1,284,496 $ 2,696,010 64,107 26,327 155,303 $ 2,828,116 94,264 26,042 204,237 $ $ 232,106 30,147 715 48,934 108*9 ElaBtern Extension 147-0 Windsor Branch..,. 102*8 P. E. Island 3,741,781 131*5 Total 50,022,259 2,840,747 3,152,649 311,902 110*9 449. There was a very decided increase in excess of Reasons *' for ezoBM expenditure over earnings on Government railways during S[t"|f*^" 1887, the percentage of expenses to earnings being 1109 as compared with lOT^ in 1885, and the total excess being $311,902 as compared with $190,637. This excess was largely attributable to the severity of the snow storms, which entailed an unusually large expenditure, the amount directly spent on the Intercolonial for clearing snow being $92,000, or more than double the average cost for the last 6 years, and also to a large amount spent on improvements on the same road which would ordinarily be placed to capital account The traffic on the Eastern Extension was also seriously interfered with owing to the absence of the large ■'X, % i-l; If i 1 • .1' m M;-i ! -i- m 812 CHAPTER VII. Vi indsor Branch. fish trade from the Straits of Causo, American fishermen being debarred from landing their fish in Canada. 450. The Windsor Branch is owned and maintained by the Government, but is operated by the Windsor and Annapolis Railway, who pay one-third of the gross earnings to the Government. The Government's share is generally suffi- cient to cover the cost of maintenance, but last year a good deal of extra expense was incurred in substituting steel for iron rails and in building a new station. This road runs from Halifax to Windsor a distance of 32 miles, and owing to the heavy cost of maintenance the loss during 1887 amounted to $715. latercol- onial Railway. Traffic on the Inter- colonial Railway 1878-1887. 451. The main line of the Intercolonial Railway runs from Point Levis, Quebec, to Halifax, a distance of 688 miles, and in connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway now forms part of the through route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The extensions consist of 192 miles, making a total length of 880 miles. 452. The following are figures of the traffic during the past 10 years : — TRAFFIC ON THE INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY, 1878-1887. Year. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885., 1886., 1887., Earnings. 1,378,947 1,292,100 1,506,298 1,760,394 2,079,262 2,370,921 2,353,647 2,368,154 2,383,201 2,596,010 Freight. Tons. 522,710 510,861 561.024 72.5,577 838.956 970,961 1,001,163 970,069 1,008,545 1,131,334 Passengers. No. 618,957 640,101 .581,485 631,245 779,994 878,600 920,870 914,785 889,864 940,144 ishermen Lda. ed by the Lnnapolis js to the ally suffi- ar a good • steel for oad runs id owiug iiig 188t ray runs 188 miles, wray now mtic and , making ring the 387. 'assengers. No. 618,957 640,101 .581,48.S 631,245 779,994 878,600 920,870 914,785 889,864 940,144 RAILWAYS. . 313 It will be seen that the traffic has increased very consider- ably, the figures for 188t being in all cases the largest during the period, yet the financial results continue to be unsatisfactory, partly owing to the heavy expenses each winter necessarily incurred in keeping the line open and partly to the extremely low rate at which coal is carried from Nova iScotia into Quebec and Ontario, as well as to the number of improvements that have been charged to work- ing expenses. The quantity of coal carried has increased very rapidly from 570 tons in 1880 to 176,512 tons in 188*7, but it is carried at so low a rate as to be unremunerative to ^ the railwav- 453. The train mileas^e was 4,512,599, an increase of Expenses . ' _ ., per mile. 472,772 miles, and the expenses per mile of railway were $3,266, an increase of ii!375 per mile. 454. The Eastern Extension Railway is 80 miles in length Eastern and extends from New Glasgow to Port Mu^ grave on the ilawSy." Strait of Canso, and connects with Cape Bieton by means of a ferry. It is worked by the officers of the Intercolonial Railway. There was a decrease both in freight and passen- ger receipts, and the expenditure for renewals of bridges, &c., was very heavy. Expenditure for these purposes may be expected to be costly for the next few years. 455. The Prince Edward Island Railway runs the whole prinoe length of the island, a distance of 154| miles, and, including £1^*^** extensions, has a total length of 212 miles. There was an ^"'^^y* increase in the passenger traffic during 188 1, but an unex- pected and unexplainable falling off in the freight business. In proportion to its cost, the traffic on this road is very light, and it will probably be several years before the earnings equal the expenditure. ^m f .! 'I 1 .1 *l t i ' 1 '•'' Ml :w !ii WM 814 CHAPTER VII. Cape Bre- ton Rail- way. 456. A line of railway is now in course of construction by the Grovernment through the Island of Cape Breton, a distance of 98 miles, from Point Tuppor, at the Strait of Canso, to Sydney. This road will form part of what is known as the Short Line, in which expression is comprised a scheme for connecting Montreal with Canadian Atlantic ports by the shortest route. govern- 45t. The following table shows the amounts spent by the onron"" Government during the last five years, on the construction, S^^sS?' staff and maintenance of railways: — 188/. STATEMENT SHOWINO AMOUNT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE 0\ CONSTRUCTION. STAFF AND MAINTENANCE OP RAIL- WAYS IN CANADA, FOR THE LAST FIVC YEARS. Railways. Pacific " subsidy " advance on rails, as per contract Surveys Statistics Intercolonial Windsor Branch Prince Edward Island Eastern Extension Carleton Branch Subsidies, general Short Line Railway claims Bridge at Emerson Cape Breton , Windsor and Annapolis.. ..< Royal Commission , Albert Railway Year knded 30th Jdnk, 1883. 1834. $ 4,729,692 8,323,077 973,752 3,977,006 28,101 309,994 Total on Railways... Pacific Railway Loan Ac- Cjunt St. John Bridge and Rail- way Extension Total . 15,336,625 $ 3,963,381 7,254,208 11,313 943 3,859,558 22,141 367,092 1,294,346 208,000 50,000 1885. 3,250,921 6,362,201 60,465 125 3,636,841 18,751 289,651 80,330 403,245 1886. 1887. 818,150 2,890,427 40,763 2,985 3,035,378 19,229 221,413 94,940 85,479 2,326,349 124,678 17,030,982 10,953,462 143,600 11,097,062 15,610,530 9,701,438 135,200 471,795 460,087 17,103 1,200 3,525,418 26,042 210,037 94,254 2,300 1,406,533 24,157 76,502 125,937 13,831 11,437 9,659,791 995,800 9,836,638 995,800 6,466,633 / RAILWAYS. In addition to the above sum of $6,466,633 shown to have been expended, there was also paid to the G-rand Trunk Railway Company the sum of $85,373 on account of fuel. 816 I I p i ' 63 85 78 29 13 40 79 49 178 17,103 1,200 3,525,418 26,042 210,037 94,254 2,300 1,406,533 24,157 • •• • •• • •• 76,502 125,937 13,831 11,437 r9i 6,466,633 300 300 li '.'If ili J m 816 CHAPTER VIII. ARTS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION. The Patent Oflloe, PART I.— ARTS, 458. The business of the Patent Office continues to increase every year, the number of applications and the amount received from fees during 1887 being in excess of corres- ponding figures in any previous year, the increase in fees amounting to |2,184, which however was not so large an increase as that in 1880 over 1885 which was $4,874. Sons'o?' ^^^' "^^^ following table shows the ditferent transactions the Patent of the Patent Office in each year since 1st July, 1867 : — Office. ^ ^ ' BUSINESS OF TIIR PATENT (H'FICE OF CANADA, 1867-1887. Ykaii g.ndkd 30th Jl'.NE, 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884. ........ 1886 1886 1887 Total., Appli- Assign- cations for Patents. catCB. Totals. Caveats ments < Patents. Pateiits.l 1 570 781 546 688 546 588 ' 1 337 470 •60 626 579 752 1,124 656 509 • 671 1,016 656 509 671 1,026 132 151 184 171 431 445 327 647 10 1,376 1.218 27 1,245 200 711 1,418 1,266 57 1,323 194 791 1,548 1,337 46 1,383 186 761 1,445 1,277 75 1,352 168 841 1,42» i,l72 96 1,268 172 832 1,358 1,137 101 1,238 203 728 1,601 1,252 166 1,408 227 855 1,955 1,510 222 1,732 2iQ 907 2,266 1,846 291 2,137 198 956 2,641 2,178 291 2,469 242 1,052 2,681 2,466 167 2,623 238 1,172 2,649 2,2.33 ?14 2,447 222 1,075 2,776 2,610 2tO 2,860 197 1,322 2,874 2,596 261 2,H50 219 1,335 32,348 27,974 2,257 30,231 3,589 15,894 Fees Received, including' Designs nnd Tiado Mark.s. $ 11,0;V2 14.214 14, .140 14,097 19.578 29,830 34,301 34,555 36, 187 .35,388 33,663 33,303 42,141 52,8.'-.G 60,811 73,023 6^,530 69,075 73,949 76,1.33 828.232 There were no caveats until 1869. ARTS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION. 817 II 'I Fees cn- Received, ts iucludiuj,' iJt'signa ts. nnd Tmde Marks. $ 17 11,0'.'2 70 14.214 31 14,540 15 14,097 27 19.578 47 29,830 11 ;u,noi n 34,555 Jl 3U, 187 il .35,388 ^2 33,063 ia 33,303 i5 42,141 )7 52,8,'-)G 55 60,811 52 73,023 72 6t>,.530 T5 69,075 22 73,949 35 76,133 }4 828,232 460. The limit of duration of a patent is fifteen years K"**" which period can be reduced by the applicant to five or ten **""'• yearn, on payment of a proportionate fee. In 1882, there were 1,846 patents granted, of which 187 were for 15 years, 26 for 10 years, and the remainder, 1,633, for five years, and of this last number, 1,382 were allowed to lapse at the expira- tion of the term, showing that the large majority of Cana- dian patents are not kept in force for more than 5 years. 461. The business in the Copyrights and Trade Marks Coigir- ^^^ Branch also showed a very considerable inc^rease, the receipts J^'J^jfg, being |1,603 in exce.ss of those of 1886. The following table shows the large increase in the business of this branch since Confederation : — COPYRIGHTS, TRADK MARKS, INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND TIMBKR ' MARKS REGISTERED IN CANADA, 1868 TO 1887. Ykah KNDKD 30th June, Copy, rights Regis- tered. Trade Marks Regis- tered. Indus- trial De- signs Regis- tered. Timber Marks Regis- tered. Total Number of Registra- tions. Total Number of Certi- ticatea. Assign' ments Regis- tered. bees Received. 1868 34 62 66 115 87 122 134 131 178 133 193 184 185 225 224 253 281 555 674 554 32 60 72 106 103 95 163 149 238 227 223 154 113 156 160 160 196 209 203 245 6 12 23 22 17 30 30 31 47 50 40 41 40 38 45 66 6S 48 54 105 72 124 351 348 271 316 368 332 480 433 466 392 357 449 450 503 559 828 848 920 72 ' 124 351 348 267 232 289 251 359 332 334 277 265 318 313 2J0 407 398 375 533 $ 183 1869 418 1870 190 105 64 69 41 21 17 18 10 13 19 30 21 24 14 16 17 16 877 1871 1,092 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 11 20 19 15 33 31 14 24 28 22 64 33 49 54 68 66 927 940 1,339 1,175 1,758 1,732 1,671 2,434 3,806 4,772 4,956 6,397 6,273 6,898 6 795 8 192 ■a I- 1 ' i -11 I St ;i''.l di8 CHAPTER VIII. Liverpool •nd Ski* talre Ex- lilblUona. Decrease in impor- tation of pure bred cattle. 462. A large portion of tho collection which had been shown at the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in 1886, was ntilized for tho exhibitions at Liverpool and Saltaire in 188Y, special attention beina," devoted to illustrating the agricultnrnl resourcics of the Dominion. The general interest shown in the exhibits was V(;ry considerabl(\ and the inlect produced is stated to have been very favourable. PART II.— AORIOULTURB. 463. The decrease in the number of pure bred cattle imported from Europe during 1887 was very considerable, the total number only being 162 as compared with 601 in 1886. This falling off is attributed to the unfortunate out- break of pleuro-pneumonia in the preceding summer, and also to the want of demand and depressed state of the market for imported cattle in the Western States. There was an increase of 160 in the number of sheep, and a decrease of 4 in the number of pigs imported.' That the decrease has been steady is shown by the following comparative figures : — IMPORTATIONS OF CATTLE, Ac, FROM EUROPE, 1884 TO 1887. Year. 1884 1886 1886 1887 Cattle. 1,607 1,356 601 162 Sheep. 473 '2o5 3-28 488 Pigs. 2(; M 16 10 Son" Of' ^^*- With the exception of 147 sheep, all the animals im- ^'™r^ ported in 1887 were destined for places in Canada, and the particulars of their breeds were as follow : — CATTLE. Shorthorns 80 Polled Angus. Galloways .^8 Jersey West Highlands 11 2 1 SHEEP. Shropshire 3.50 Leicester 12 Lincoln 6 Cotswold rs Sonthdown 63 Dorset 33 PIGS. Berkshire. Yorkshire . 5 3 Suffolk, ART8, AGRICULTURE AND IMMKUIATION. 819 26 37 16 10 imals im- i, and the 465. The total importation of animals into Canada for breeding purposes in 1887 was : — Cattle S49 Shuep 6,&.iD Pigi 202 The increase in the number of sheep imported into Mani- toba and the North-West was very considerable. 466. There was a decided increase in both the numln'r and value of horses, cattle and sheep exported, as will be seen from the following table which gives particulars of the export trade since 1874 : — HORSES, CATTLE ANi) SilEKP EXPORTKD FROM CANADA, 1874 TO 1887. TotAl Im- portation ofanlmaU for breed' InK pur- powea. ITnrHei, cattle and hheop ex- ported 1874-1887. Year endkd .'{0th Junk, 1874 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1882..; , 1883 , 1«84 , 1885 1886...- 1887.... Total IIORSKS. Number. Value. 5,399 4,382 4.299 8,30tJ 14,179 10,629 21,393 21,99a 'Z0,f>20 i:!,t)i9 11,;V35 i2,:iio 10,951 19,0«1 '90,45() $ 570,644 460,672 442,338 779,222 1,273,728 1,376,794 l,SfcO,379 2,091,037 2.326,037 1,033,291 1,017,829 1,040,500 2,232,023 2,350,920 Cattlk. Shekp. Number. Value. '■ Number. Value 39,0231 38,9081 25,357! 22,666; 29,925 46,569 54,944 03,277 62,100 (;0,39(J 89,203 144,441 92,001 110,490 $ 951,209, 823,522 601,148' 716,950| 1,152,334; 2,096,696: 2,704,437 3,404,871 2,250,3;i0 .3,898,028 r>,Ort 1,082 7,.^08,043 5,910,551 6,521.320 252,081 242,438 141,187 209,899 242,989 308,093 398,74<: 364,1.')4 311,669 308,475 304,403 335,207 359,488 443,028 20,079,520 892,076 44,351,381 4,212,448 $ 702,564 037,.561 607,538 583,020 699,337 988,045 1,422,830 1,372,127 1,228,967 1,388,060 1.544,005 1,264,811 1,184,100 1,595,.350 1.5,118,307 467. Some idea canlbe formed of the extent and'importance LWecatti© fly B01*t of this trad * when it is seen that the value of the horses, cattle trade. and sheep exportediduring the last 14 years has reached the enormous sum of $80,149,214, and as the above table shows, the dimensions of the trade are continually increasing. Previous to 1872 no meat, either live or dead,Vas exported ■I ;i I ' 'I '' ' I 320 CHAPTER VTII. from this country to Great Britain, except a certain quan- tity of salted beef, and the export of live cattle may be said to have commenced in that year — the first shipment being made through the United States owing to there being no vessels trading to Canada suitable for the purpose. Since that time however vessels have been built specially fitted for the carrying of live stock ; and this circumstance, by reducing the rates of freight, has contributed largely to- wards keeping the business a fairly remunerative one in spite of the fall in prices and the reduced demand owing to a much larger home supply. (Statistical Abstract, 1886, p. 274.) Export of 468. The foUowinff table shows how very rapidly the trade live cattle . , . r . . J tr j BrSun' "^® increased since its inception : — United® EXPORT OF LIVE CATTLE TO GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED States; STATES, 1872-1887. Yeab. 1872. 1873. 1874., 1876., 1876. 1877., 1887. 1879., 1880.. 1881.. 1882. 1883. 1884., 1885., 1886.. 1887.. Cattle Expokted to Great Britain. Number. Total. 63 455 i,i;9 5,478 7,964 23,273 32,680 49,409 41,519 37,894 53,962 69,446 60,549 63,622 Value. $ 142,280 33,471 127,.5.51 446,000 749,139 1,767,801 2,292,161 3,157,009 2,706,051 3,209,176 4,631,767 5,752,248 4,998,327 5,344,375 Halted States. Number. Value. 19,4.'>4 22,391 36,671 34,651 20,809 13,851 17,6,57 21,;tl8 16,048 7,558 16,145 23,944 31,994 69,196 26,133 45,981 540,179 555,552 724,254 672,060 404,381 268,317 403,799 287,457 179,591 452,929 613,647 1,125,567 1,613,908 724,457 922,358 447,493 i 35,357,356 423,801 9,819,018 I quan- be said t being iing no Since y fitted nee, by gely to- one in [ owing it, 1886, be trade [JNITED tates. Value. 540,179 555,552 724,254 672,060 404,381 268,317 ?.30,562 403,799 287, t57 17»,591 452,929 613,647 1,125,567 1,613,908 724,457 922,. 358 9,819,018 ARTS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION. 821 The figures are taken from the Trade and Navigation returns, but there would appear to be an error in the value of the cattle sent to G-reat Britain in 1614, it not being likely that the average value of the animals exported would be as high as $2,200 a piece. The great difference in the value of the cattle going to the United Kingdom, and in that of those going to the United States, is of course explained by the fact that only first class specially fed beasts, ready for the butcher were shipped to England, while all sorts and condi- tions of animals are sent across the line, many of them doubt- less to be subsequently sent to the same market. 469. The next table gives similar particulars of the ship- uvesbe'ep' ments of sheep to the two countries : — umteu Kingdom andUnlt- EXPORTS OF LIVE SHEEP TO THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES— 1872-1887. ed States. Shekp Exported to Ye An. Great Britain. United States. Number. Value. Number. Value. 1872 . •••• 353,178 311,235 248,208 230,808 13.1,514 198,820 223,822 240,573 279,212 204,910 233,002 228,729 192,315 275,126 313,282 303,179 $ 1,016,277 943,200 IS73 1874 689,888 1875 617,632 1876 : 487.000 1877 3,170 11,985 54,721 110,143 80,222 71,. 556 72,038 105,661 51,355 36,411 68,545 21.908 08,402 .335,099 629,054 .594,596 510,152 632,386 919,495 456, 136 317,987 .568,433 530.048 1878 009,103 1879 0.^)0.174 1880 771J398 1881 751.861 1882 700,564 1883 727,878 1884 598,269 777.231 1885 1886 831.749 1887 977,655 Total 666,807 5,053,708 4,104,513 11,005,527 I 11 I I I t 21 t • 11 \l ,', I I : ; I 322 CHAPTER VIII. Import- ance ol the live meat trade with England. 470. A far larger uumber of sheep, it will be seen, are seut to the United States than to Great Britain, but for similar reasons to those given above, their value is relative- ly much smaller, the average value of each sheep exported to the United Kingdom being i§7.50, and to the United States only $2.84. It w^ill be therefore clearly seen from the two preceding tables how very much more important this trade is with Grreat Britain than with the United States, the total value of cattle shipped to the two countries since 1872 having been $45,176,374, of which no less than 78 per cent, represents the value of shipments to Kngland, while of the exports of sheep to the two countries, only 14 per cent, of the number, but 30 per cent, of the value, went to England. Shipment 471. Rapid as has been the development of this trade, of cattle lo , . ,,..,. England there IS every reason to suppose that it wa;' ' ■: assume Alberta, much larger proportions, and a very import .. event in connection with its future prospects was the successful shipment, in October, 1887, of about 700 head of cattle direct from the ranches in the District of Alberta, at th<» foot of the Kocky Mountains, to England. The experiment was carried through without any difficulties, and the ani- mals were disposed of in London at what was, considering the extremely I6w prices then ruling, the handsome average of $80 per head. The Liverpool Journal of Commerce says : " The effect of this new source of "supply upon British and " other meat producers, including the older provinces of "Canada, will be watched with much interest." Austral- ian mut- ton and Canadian beef. 472. The mutton supplied from Australia and South America appears to find more favour in the English market than that from this country, and the demand for Canadian mutton is not increasing ; but it speaks well for the quality of Canadian beef, when it is able, in the face of the keenest / ARTS, AaEICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION. 828 competition, to not only hold its own, but to find the demand for it steadily growing, and it is a trade which deserves to be encouraged in every possible manner. 4*73. The quantity of di^ad meat exported from the Austra- Export of ^ J tr ^ dead meat lasian Colonies to liinglund is increasing as is shown by }and"rom the following figures of meat delivered in London : — lan^coii**" ouies. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND KILLED FRESH MEAT DELIVERED IN' LONDON, 1881-18H6.* Cwt. 1881 11.300 1882 3-1,540 1883 93,420 1884 222.5()0 1885 230,400 13P6 294,220 The rapidity with which this trade has sprung into existtnice may be gatht^rcd from the fact thnt Australian-killed fresh meat was delivered in London to. ^he first time in 1880, and consisted of only 6'> bodies of I f and 555 carcases of sheep. 474. The Argentine Republic also, for both live and dead Export of ^ . live and meat threatens to become a vcrv formidable competitor. In ?o«^don, September, 1887. 2\i :J ,N' M Aim 'hi m I ft t III) ■ •i1: '». U5>, I I Vumber ■of horses «xported. 824 CHAPTER VIII. Though it has been bhowii that the compL^titioii is not only- very severe, but is also increasing, there seems no reason to doubt but that Canada, w^ith the limitless prairies of the North-West for a breeding ground, will continue to success- fully hold her own in this trade, and the shortness of the voyage, as compared with those from South America and Australasia, should be an important factor in assisting her to maintain a prominent position on the English market. «hipment 476. A new trade in connection with cattle has also been •of young Ab'Ve^n iiA^^gi^^'atcd in the shipment of young stock to Aberdeen, »urpose& where they are distributed among the feeding farms in the neighbourhood, and it is found that they fatten very satis- factorily. 477. The total number of horses that have been exported from this country since Confederation is 261,750, of which 252,159 havo gone to the United States, 4,943 to Grreal Britian and 4,018 to other countries. The total numbei imported during the same period, principally for improve- ment of stock, is 29,290. 478. The apparent success of the horses imported into the United Kingdom from Canada for army purposes, and the satisfaction that they gave, aroused the jealousy of English agriculturists, and the authorities were persuaded to dis- continue these purchases, and to turn their attention to en- couraging breeders at home. It is, however, extremely probable that the demand will before long be revive!, and it is to be hoped that Canadian farmers will lose no time in profiting by the advice and remarks of the officers sent out to purchase, with reference to the style of animal required, that when the time does come again, as it inevitably will, a lar larger supply will be found available, than was the case in the first instance, and even if the animals thus pro- duced are not required for army purposes, they will be found ^Export of borses to England for army purposes. ARTS, AORICDLTUUE AND IMMIGRATION. 32& greatly improved for general purposes. The market is sure to come, and there is likely to be much money made out of the trade. 479. The number of ranches in operation was 135, and 'f^^^j^gg ,^ they comprised 4,466,844 acres, and the quantity of stock wlsu**'*^"' in the districts of Alberta and Assiniboia was, as far as returns were available, 101,382 ctv^^le, 6,924 horses and 16, '-'66 sheep. The actual numbers j-a undoubtedly larger. Owing to the unprecedented severity of the winter of 1886- 8*7 cattle suffered considerably, and many very severe losses were sustained, but it is satisfactory toknow that they were trifling in comparison with the losses in Wyoming, Dakota and Montajia. Judged by the experience of that winter, there seems no doubt that unacclimatized cattle from the east suffer more from severe weather than range cattle, the losses among the former having be ^ about 25 per cent., and among the latter from 8 to 10 per cent. 4'SO. The work in connection with the establishment and Experu organizatiou of experimental farms, as provided for by Farm at legislation in 185^6 has proceeded very satisfactorily during the past year. The Central Farm at Ottawa is almost in complete working order, the buildings necessary for carrying on the work in the most approved manner are being pro- vided, and there will be every facility for making useful experiments in testing all sorts of cereals, roots and other farm products for the purpose of proving which are the most promising and profitable varieties to be grown in the different Provinces. 48 1. Sites for the experimental farms for the Maritime Pro- ^ePjJ^\" vinces, Manitoba, British Columbia and the North- West l^*/*?^!^ Territories have been determined on, one near Nappan, Nova *"*'**• Scotia, one near Brandon, Manitoba, one at Agassiz Station, '(I if't i!lr ' I , I :fl 4m > ■ 'If m '* )r m i4 -. J i i'»1 'iMi !i ff'l 826 CHAPTER VIII. British Columbia, and one near Indian Head, N.W.T. It is expected that during" the present year the organization of the entire system will be nearly completed, and the several farms provided with the necessary buildings and equipments. meutsaiia 482. A large number of samples of agricultural seeds were tesuwith j.g(jeiv«^d at the Central Farm from farmers throughout the country, sent for the purpose of having their vitality tested, the results of the tests being communicated to the senders. An early ripening hard spring wheat, 'ki'own as Ladoga wheat, was also obtained from northern Russia, and dis- tributed among the farmers generally, but more particularly in Manitoba and the North-West ; the reports concerning it have so far been very satisfactory, and a further quantity has been imported for the purpose of fully completing the experiments. PART III— IMMIGRATION. (The figures in this section relate to the calendar year.) 483. According to the returns published by the Depart- Increase ° ^ i n • gram"'' wi^^^t of Agriculture, the increase in the number of immi- arrivaiB. grants, during 1887, was very considerable, both as regarded immigrant passengers and immigrant settlers. Imml- fjrant set- lers I8i:7. 484. The total number of immigrant arrivals was 1*75,579, of whom 91,053 were passengers for the United States, while the remaining 84,626 expressed their intentions of remain- ing in Canada, this being an increase in the number of settlers, as compared with the preceding year, of 15,374. The following numbers are those of immigrant arrivals in ARTS, AGRICULTURE AND IMMKHlATIOxN. 82t each of the years named, who stated their intention of set- thng in Canada : IMMIGRANT SETTLERS IN (\\XAI)A, 1880-1887. is?o :!8,r)0r) 1881 47,991 1882 112,458 1883 133,624 1884 103,824 1885 7;»,169 1886 , 69,152 1887 84,526 185. It is stated that 27,390 persons went into K, .itoba and the North-West Territories during- th«' year, and that fhe*Nort£ 5,705 persons went out, making the net total number o^^^^*' settlers 21,685, leaving 62,841 persons as settlers in other parts of the Dominion. 486. Assisted passages were granted during the year to ag. ultural labourers and their families, and to female f|jj»«^°-Q domestir servants, but the Groveriiment have decided to pas^siages!^ changt' their policy in this respect, and no assisted passage tickets have been granted since the 27th of April in the present year, it being now their intention to encourage desirable immigration in eveiy possible way, except that of j)aying any part of the passage money, or arranging for tickets at reduced rates In a country situated geographic- ally as Can ula is, it is impossible to organize any system by which the ultimate destination of the immigrants can be guaranteed. It is hoped that the new policy will not cause any material check in the immigration of desirable classes, and it is to be remarked that the conditions are now cliiterent than those which obtained when the assisted passage policy was inaugurated. 487. Some of the Australasian colonies did offer large Assisted . passages inducements in the way of free and assisted passages, but f^^f "^^j^^ with one exception, they have at present withdrawn from colonies. 1 I :*I iu, t M i I 'I 828 CHAPTER VIII. that system. It has been used to the extent of directing a large volume of emigration towards those colonies. uSoffm- '*^^- The nationalities of the immigrants arriving at the migrants. pQ^^g ^f Quebec and Halifax were as follow : — Nationalities. English Irisn Scotch Germans Scandinavians French rnd Belgians Other countries Quebec. Halifax. 16,034 9,829 3,128 860 3,094 736 570 464 7,659 936 147 240 2,117 32,749 339 13,403 Total. 25,863 3,988 3,830 1,034 8,594 387 2,466 46,152 And the nationalities of the numbers reported in each province by the Customs officials are given below : — PliOVI.NCKS. English Irish. Scotch. Ger- man. United Status. Cana- dian 1 Others. Total. Ontario 514 6:! 133 1,374 26.5 24 170 140 \:> 467 45 11 n 104 7 62 4.34 37 24 38 8.5 'i 460 12 681 13,071 116 601 1,700 26 •',3 317 l.^8 6 20 16,295 Queiiec 834 Nova Scotia New Hriinswiclv.. ^fanitoha 71 2,122 1.50 15 196 513 4,92:) 28!) 106 172 854 10,100 936 Britisli Columbia 186 P. E. Island 10 617 2,480 697 706 574 3, .354 1 19,677 2,270 29,822 Onstoms 4g9. The arrivals with settlers' goods, as reported by the Customs officials, showed an increase of 4,545 as compared with 188 J, and the number of those, chiefly children, brought into Canada last year by charitable societies and individuals, was 2,298 being 310 more than in the previous year. The following are the number brought out in this way during the last six years : — recti ug a g at the Total. 25,803 3,988 3,830 1,034 8,594 387 2,466 4(5,152 /■ iu each lers. Total. 700 10,295 •2(> 834 •',3 854 Ml 7 10,100 188 936 180 20 617 ,270 •Jit, 822 ted by the compared children, •ieties and e previous >ut in this ARTS, AdllirUIiTURE AND IMMKiRATION. 829 Number. 1882 1,048 1883 1,218 1884 2,011 1885 1,746 1880...... .. 1,988 1887 2,298 490. All the immigrants by sea arrived in steamers, Arrivaii sailing vessels not havii^g been for some years used for this purpose. 491. The numbers of immigrants reported by the ajyents Difflouity •' ° of obtain- and by the Custom houses may be taken to be correct as far «n« correct •' ^ returDs. as they go, but there not any means of ascertaining with accuracy the arrivals and departures from and to the United States. "Where there is such a long line of open frontier, there must always be a considerable movement of population on both sides, of which it is impossible to obtain any record. The nearest possible approximation would be to obtain a record of the im and the ouh on the principal routes of travel, the diftereaces between which would be the net immigration or emigration, as the <'ase may be. 492. It is only possible to form a general idea of the {^^^^''^^ numbers that yearly settle in each Province ; the agents [™™^*" have no means at their command by which they can follow *"™** the immigrants after they once leave the agency, and the subsequent movements of many would probably consider- ably alter the figures given. The greatest care is taken by the Department and by the agents, that all the returns shall be as accurate as possible, but the only ones that can be thoroughly relied on, except the entries at Custom houses, which are a registration by names, are those of arrivals at the principal sea ports, as Quebec and Halifax, which ato also a registration by names and callings, from the ships' passenge ' lists. No distinction is made in British Columbia between passengers and immigrants, and the figures for that D 'ill II fii "if ii '.I •A w ''If \% '% ■^hil 880 CHAPTER VIII. Province can only bo arrived at by estimation. The numbers of immigrants rcportt'd by the several agents, while correct in themselves, are subject to subsequent unascertainable movements, and should, therelore, be taken as approximate. The figures from which the totals for the Dominion are made up, are those supplied by the agents at the various points of entrance, and are, therefore, of course, liable to similar alterations, foi whik^ a record is kept of all immi- grants arriving, no account is taken of those emigrating from th'^ country Moneg^^^ 493. A comparative statement of the values of money and by^fuersl 6^^^'*^ brought into Canada by immigrants during the years 1S85, 188(3, and 1887, according to the reports from the various agencies, is given below, to which is added the amount of money brought in by other arrivals reported by Custom houses : — 1885. 1886. 1887. Repoitcd nt Agencies S3,058,592 Si2,458,'J4l $2,731,005 Customs 1,085,274 997,3.35 l,148,!t03 do Total $4,143,866 $3,455,576 $3,879,908 And an examination of the following comparative ta])le will show that the value of money and effects brought in by immigrants is a very important addition every year to the wealth of the coantry : VALUE OF MOXEV AXD EFFKCT.S BROUGHT mTO CANADA BY SETTLEHS SINCE 1875 Value. 1875 11,344,673 1876. 1877.. 1873.. 1879., 1880.. 18RI.. 1882.. 1883., 1884,. 1885.. 1886. 1887.. 686,205 632,269 1,202,563 1,152,612 1,295,565 4,188,925 3,171,501 2,784,881 4,814,872 4,143,866 3,465,576 3,879,908 ART8, AGRICULTURE AND IMMIORATION. 881 It must be remembered, however, that the means of obtaining inibrmation of this kind is very defective, and there can be little doubt that the actual value is consider- ably above the amount reported. 494. The trades and occupations of the immigrants landed ano^^cu- at Quebec and Halifax were as follow : — fmmN*"**' Kranta. Quebec. Halifax. Total. Farmers 2,:{7l 1,018 .%."89 Labourers 12,406 4,834 17,240 Mechanies 98ti :?45 1,831 Clerks and T.-.'iders Ill 108 219 Female ServMiild No returns 1,212 1,212 15,h74 7,517 23,391 4!'5. Of the single adult.s that arrived at Quebec, 13,226 Demand were males and 3,7^0 females. The demand for female help, help and domestic help from all parts of the Dominion con- tinues unabated, and it must be a very long time before there is an adequate supply to meet it. 406. The total expenditure in 1887 was $313,773, and in immigra- 1886, $300,920 ; there was an increase, therefore, in the year ponditure. under consideration of 1 12,853. 497. The cost of settlers per head, not including arrivals cost of settlers reported through the Customs, was $5.74 and including per "lead. arrivals so reported, was $3.71 ; the figures for tht; preceding year, 188t», being $6.87 and $4.36 respectively. The following table shows the cost per head of settlers since 1875 : — i :^4 if \ , ^■> 882 CHAPTER VIII. Emigra- tion from United Kingdom 1837-T8S7. Yeah. 1875 lH7r, 1877 1878 1879 1^80 1881 1882 1883 1884 1883 188G 1887 Not incmihsci CCHTOMH. Settlers. in, 243 14,499 15,323 18,372 30,717 27,544 82,687 81,904 08,637 68,633 46,868 43,876 64,704 Amount. | ' i $ cts. 14 00 19 60 12 00 o:t 5 74 6 59 *i 32 4 2:^ 4 26 6 28 6 62 6 87 5 74 IXCM'IHN(* r'WH- TOMH. Settlers. Amount. 27,382 25,(5.33 27,082 20,807 40,492 ;!><,506 4!).l>9l 112,468 i:»3,(!24 103,824 79,169 60,152 84,626 $ Cts. 10 83 11 12 t! 78 •i 23 4 35 4 71 4 .'iO 08 16 16 92 36 71 And it will be seen that the avenig'o t'o.st per head is considerably less than it was some years ago. 498. According to Mr. Mulhall (Fifty years of Progress, p. 12) the number of persons who have emigrated from the United Kingdom, during the lifty years of Her Majesty's reign, has been 9,101,000, and their destinations have been as follow : — United States 5,902,000 Australia 1,484,000 Canada 1.311,000 Cape, Ac 404,000 9,101,000 By far the largest proportion, viz., G485 per cent., weut to the United States, and a slightly larger number went to Australia than came to Canada, the proportions being 16'80 per cent, and 14*40 per cent, respectively. Mr. Mulhall says that the components of the above number were : Irish 4,186,000 English 4,045.000 Scotch 870,000 9,101,000 888 H ('UH. H. Amount. * cts. 10 83 11 12 t; 7H •; 23 4 35 4 71 CHAPTER IX. MINERAL STATISTICS. 4lll>. There; is hardly a mineral of value, with the exception cuHsifled „ . , . ^ . , . list or the ot tm, that 18 not known to exist » gToater or lesser quantity 5'5?®^J|[|'^ in some part of tho Dominioii, but its mineral wealth is to all intents at pre- ent an unknown quantity ; many parts of the country where minerals are known to be, being, as yet, practically unexplored. J^'ome idea, however, of the rich and varied resourcs of t!' 5 «'oun^i*y may be gathered from the following classified list of 'he economic minerals of Canada, as arranged in the G'oiogical Museum at Ottawa, where speeimens of all ••i 'hem aree\.?ibiied : — (1.) Melah ami their Ores — Native iron, magnetic iron ore, iron sand, hematite, llmenite or titaniferous iron ore, limonite (including bog iron ore), spathic iron ore, clay iron- stone, native copper, sulphides of copper, sulphide of zinc, sulphide of lead or galena, native silver and ores of silver, gold, platinum, sulphide of antimony, oxysulphide of anti- mony, and sulphide of bismuth. (2.) Maleri' f-: used in the Production of Heat and Light. — Anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite or brown coal, Albertite, bituminous shale, petroleum, peat. (3.) Minerals applicable to certain Chemical ManufaciureSy and their Products. — Iron pyrites, sulphuric acid, &c., pyrrhotine or magnetic iron pyrites, apatite or phosphate of lirae,magnesite or carbonate of magnesia, calcite or carbonate of lime, chromic iron, oxides of manganese. ;:n «l 'M ,■-! it- Mi * 1 i j. 884 CHAPTER IX. (4.) Mineral Manures. — Gypsum, shell-marl (5.) Mineral Pigments and Detergents. — Iron ochres, &c., baiytes or heavy spar, soap clay. (6.) Salt, Brines, and Mineral Waters. — Salt and bnne, mineral waters. (7.) Minerals applicable to Common and Decorative Con- struction. — Limestones, dolomites, sandstones, granite and syenite, gneiss, Labradorite rock, marbles (limestones), ser- pentines, breccias, slates, flagstones, common lime, hydraulic lime, bricks and brick clays, drain tiles. (8.) R^fractorij Materials, Pottery Clays, and PotteriJ. — Plumbago or graphite, soapstone, potstone, mica rock, mica, asbestos, fire clays, sandstone (refractory), pottery clay, and pottery. (9.) Materials for Grinding and Polishing. — Whetstones, hone°, bath-brick, Tripoli, grindstones, millstones, (10.) Minerals appliahletotheFineArtsandtoJeioellerij. — Lithographic stone, porphyrites, Labradorite, albite, Per- thite, jasper conglomerate, amethystine quartz, agates, Canadian precious stones. (11.) Miscellaneous. — Sandstone for glass-making, mould- ing sand and clay, carbonaceous shale, artificial stone. Draw- 500. The principal drawbacks to mining development ^velo*- hit^^i*to have been want of capital, and the fact that a ment. number of the enterprises that have been started have been purely of a speculative character, which has thrown suspi- cion on genuine undertakings, and driven investors to place their funds elsewhere but as the explorations of the Gov- ernment Geological Survey are continually making better / res, &c., d bnne, 'we Con- iiito and lies), ser- ydraulic '^oUeriJ,— ck, mica, day, and letstones, ellerjj. — bite, Per- agates, 0-, monld- oiie. elopmont ct that a ave been \rn suspi- s to place the Gov- tig better MINERAL STATISTICS. 836 known the extent and locality of minerals, and the fiscal policy of the G-overnment is calculated to stimulate pro- duction, public attention is becoming more attracted to our mining resources, and it may not be long before the mining industry becomes second in importance only to that of agriculture. 601. Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Quebec, and the Distribu- north and west portions of Ontario are essentially the minerals mining Trovinces, New Brunswick not being in this respect so richly endowed, and Manitoba not being known at present to contain any metalliferous ores, though coal has been found in this Province, and in the North-West Territories the coal deposits are inexhaustible, the coal-bearing area being estimated at 63,000 square miles, and the quantity of fuel known to underlie some portions of this area at from 4,500,000 to 9,000,000 tons per square mile. This coal varies from lignite to bituminous coal, and in the Rocky Mount- ains anthracite coal has been found, beds of which are being worked neixi Banff, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, by the North-West Coal and Navigation Company, and the Cana- dian Anthracite Company All the toal supplied to the Canadian Pacific Railw^ay at Brandon and points west, is now exclusively the product of Canada, and the Canadian Anthracite Company are finding a constant demand for their coal in the San Francisco market,' and as the Banff' mines are nearer to that city than are any of the United States anthracite coal fields, it is probable they will become the principal source of supply for that class of fuel. Anthracite coal has been found cropping out in Queen Charlotte Island, B. C, but though a considerable sum has been spent in perfecting and mining, no good results have as yet been accomplished. " The discovery and successful development " of anthracite coal in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, mid- " way between the coal fields of British Columbia and those '^ m ^ ■; t; i ;-i 836 CHAPTER IX. "Works re- ferred to. Mineral produc- tion of Canadft 188S. "ot'the prairie region ou the east, situated, too, right on the " line of our great transcontinental railway, and within easy " reach of the Pacific coast, may furnish to those who are *' concerned about the possible future relations of Canada and " the British Empire, some material for reflection."* British Columbia and Nova Scotia are, however, at present the princii)al coal producing Provinces, the beds in the ISorth-West, with the exception of those above mentioned, not being worked to any extent. 502. The figures relating to Canada used in this chapter have been taken almost entirely from a statistical report on the minerals of Canada, compiled by Mr. L. Coste of the Geological Survey. The figures relating to the United States and foreign countries have been principally taken from "The Mineral Resources of the United States, 1886," by David J. Day, Chief of Division of Mining Statistics and Technology in the United States. 503. The following statement of the mineral production of Canada in 1880, the latest year for which complete returns are available, will give some idea of the present value of an industry which is still in its infancy : — • Report of Minister of Interior, 1837. iroduction ete returns alue of an MINERAL STATISTICS. MINERAL PRODUCTION OF CANADA- 1886. 33t Product. Mineral piffiuents Antimony ora Tons. Arsenic " Asbestos " Charcoal Bush. Chromic iron ore , Tons. Coal " Colte " Copper (fine, c ntained in ore) Lbs. Gold Oz. Graphite Tons. Grinds tones " Gypsum " Iron ore " Mauganese ore " Mica Lbs. Baryta Tons. Terra alba " Whiting Lbs. Ochre Tons. Molybdenum Lbs. Petroleum Brls. Phosphate Tons. Pig iron (incomplete return) " Pvritcs " Salt " Silver Soapstone Tons. Granite '* Marble and Serpentine " Slate " Flagstones Sq.ft. Buildiog .-itones C. yd. Lime Bush. Sands and gravels Tons. Bricks .. M. Tiles " Mi.-jcellaneous clay products Total Quantity. 665 120 3,458 901,500 60 2,091,976 35,396 3,505,000 76,879 500 4,020 162,000 60,708 1,789 20,361 3,864 4,000 400 350 150 486,441 -0.495 22,192 42,906 62,359 50 6,062 501 5,345 70,000 165,777 1,635,950 646,552 139,3 6 12,tl6 Value. 31,490 5,460 206,251 54,000 945 5,017,225 101,940 354,000 1,330,442 4,000 46.545 178i742 126,982 41,499 29,008 19,270 24,000 600 2,350 156 437,797 304,338 237,768 193,077 227,195 209,090 400 (3,309 9,900 64,675 7,8",> 642,501. 283,755 143,641 873,600 142,617 112,910 10,529,361 The quantity of salt produced was equivalent to 445,421 barrels of 280 lbs. m I. ■! -i. n 1 !f i •111 r * '-I m 604. The estimated value of the mineral production in Mineral 188t was $12,959,073, but this amount is subject to revision ; ?ion iSr. for details see the end of the chapter. 22 I' I 338 CHAPTER IX. Export of minerals. 505. Minerals to the value of |3,830,821 were exported in 1886, leaving a balance of $6,698,540 representing the value used in the country, and the following table shows the total value of minerals expoited by Provinces since, 1873: — Ontario $ 8,826,404 Quebi.'C 6,323,576 Xov a Scotia ,. 9,473,081 New Brunswick 1,908,G01 Manitoba 5, 153 Itritish Columbia 22,442,765 Prince Edward [slaad 5,454 Total '^•18,985,094 The largest quantities of minerals have been exported from British Columbia, NoA''a Scotia and Ontario, the first named Province having produced 45*81 per cent., the second 1934 per cent., and the third 1800 per cent, of the total amount. 506. The next statement shows the principal countries L'h minerals have been expo value of the respective exports : — Countries to whlcli minerals to which minerals have been exported since 1874, and the •were ex- ^ ported. United States ... Great Britain Newfoundland West Indies Sandwich lelanda.... Germany St. Pierre Mexico British West Indies. Other Countries $33,437,397 7,212,366 1,604,977 467, 86e 163,005 148,413 141,818 138,475 125,411 203,064 Total $43,650,692 The United States took *76-24 per cent, of the total* exports, G-reat Britain 16*44 per cent., and Newfoundland MINERAL STATISTICS. 889 ' !;l 366 per cent , leaving 3'06 per cent, to bo divided amongst other counties. 607. First in importance, as regards valne, among the gow min- minerals now being worked in Canada, is gold, the produc- tion of which is at present conlined almost entirely to British Columbia and Nova Scotia, though a small quantity is annually produced in Quebec, and gold has been obtained from some parts of Ontario. It may be that when the country north and west of Lake Superior is fully explored, valuable deposits of gold may be found, as it is known to exist in many localities, and there is at present considerable excitement at Sudbury Junction on the Canadian Pa»4fic Railway over reputed valuable discoveries of this metal, a number of claims have been taken up, and will probably be extensively worked during the present summer, A small amount of gold is also obtained each year I'rom the Saskatche- wan liiver near Edmonton. Grold was first discovered in British Columbia in 1857 in the Thompson River near Nicoamen, and in Nova Scotia in 1860 near Tangier Harbour, since which date the value of the production in the latter Province has been $8,042,104. British Columbia since 1858 has produced $50,209,517, as near as can be ascertained, but as only an estimate can be made of the quantity carried away in private hands, the actual amount is probably larger. 508. The following table gives the value of the gold pro- Gold pro- duction in the three gold producing Provinces since 18^2 : — Canada. n i i ' ii) * '--il '•'f-m :i ; il '.■: it ^t.; 'i 22J ii: ■ ■ • Il i 'in I-. .[M 340 CHAPTER IX. VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF GOLD TX BRITISH COLUMBIA, NOVA SCOTIA AND QUEBKC, I862-188G. Gold pro- duce of the world. Year. 1862 1S63 18G4 IbGJ 18(jt.: . .. 1867.... lt?t;8 18(59 1870 ]87I 181?, 187;^ 1874 l.iT.'i is;t! 1877 1878 I87;t 1880 18S1 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 Total British Columbia. Nova Scotia Quebec. 4,246,;^>i :{, 735,850 :i,491,20;; 2.».if-?,106 2,480,8tJ8 2,372,972 1,774 "78 i.;«G.!t5f; 1,709,440 l.';iO,i;72 l,,tor>,749 1,844 (.18 2,474,!.'04 i,786,«48 1,608,182 1,275,204 1,2;)0,058 1,0)3,827 l.(t4'S737 ;t')4,085 7',M,252 73(5,165 713,738 903,(;.^1 $ 43,259,431 141,871 2V2.-, W :i;t0,'.349 496,357 401,491 532,563 400.555 387,.'!?). The imports of coal into the Dominion during 1885 J™f*J^**' and 1886 were as follows : — anu isao. PnoVINCKS. 1885. 1886. Ctntaiio Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia Prince Edward Island... Total 1,933,693 Tons. Tons. 1,492,459 1,587,372 3,55, 158 343,1,50 25,516 20,046 4,5,500 43,767 12,200 3,497 870 615 1,990 1,783 2,000,230 514. Newfouiidland, the United States and the West countries Indies are the princij>al markets for Nova Scotia coal, and ooai was the United States take about 97 per cent., of the exports, «*p<»'^*«*- from British Columbia. This coal is of a very high quality, and is tousidered the best that is produced on the Pacilic Coast. ii •I j. 1^' it 4 in,' !f;| .1 844 CHAPTER IX. suiwrior- 525 ;^,. |)j^y^ bpoakiiin' of this coal, says:* "Thoooal Columbia " IVom this fiold (Naiiuiino) possesses some of the charai^tor- "istics of lif^nite. It bears transportation well, and is deliver- " ed in the market in excellent condition, especially that from " the Wellington mines, which always commands the highest " prices in San Francisco and sells very readily. It is a good •'coking coal. " The quality and condition of the Nanaimo coal gives ** it a preference in the market over the Washington "Territory coal. " Tu9 Canadian Pacific Railroad and the entire districts through whii'h it passes procure their supply of coals now principally from local interior mines which are rapidly being opened. Australia will continue to supply the eastern countries andth(^ islands of the Paciiic with all the coals they may require, and England having export freights from Chili and Peru, can send coal to these countries cheaper than they can be supplied from British Columbia, so that these (ircumstances will all combine to keep San Francisco "the principal market for British Columbia coal." Favour- ^^^ ^^^ *^^ same work, in a table giving analyses of •fysifl^of €!ighteen different qualities of coal from the mines in Columbia Washington Territory and British Columbia, the coal from ****^' Wellington mine, British Columbia, is the only one that contains no moisture, the analysis being : Fixed carbon 55-50, volatile matter 34 70, and ash 9-80=100. 517. The following table taken from the same book, shows le commercial coal produced by the the world, for the most part in 1886 : Coal pro- the^rorid. the commercial coal produced by the principal countries of Mineral Resources of ihe United States, WashiiigtoQ, 1887. MINERAL STATISTICS. COAIi PRODUCTION OF TIIR WORLD, 1880. CoirNTiiv' Great Hritain United States Oermany France Belgium Austria-Hung^ary. Ruasia Sweden Spain Italy Qimiitity. Tons. 167, .5 18, 482 112,74:5,403 78,266,288 20 044,697 17,253,144 17,191,000 4,500,000 264,000 1, 00,000 220,000 ColTNTItV. Nfw Zealand India (Bengal).... Borneo Nova Scotia British Columb'a. Japr.n Australia Other Gountrie?... Total Quantity. Tons. 611,063 1,200,957 .'i,866 1,082,924 326,636 900,000 2,878,863 10,500,000 427,007,222 845 Th(5 figures I'or Nova Scotia have biMMi altered to agree with Canadian returns. Long tons of 2,240 pounds are used with reference to Great Britain, Australia, India, New Zealand and Russia, short tons of 2,000 pounds for the United States, Nova Seotia and British Columbia, and metric tons of 2,204 pounds for continental countries. The increase in * the world's production, ex<*lusivi' of the United fi^tates, over that of 1886, was 5,275,295 tons. It is calculated that even at the present state of con- supply of sumption, there is coal enough still in England to last for England. 600 years, the Parliamentary report of 1874 estimatin amount at 90,000 million tons. the " 518. Copper constitutes one of the most important of the copper. " mineral treasures of the Dominion, and is destined to oo- "cupy a very importaaMank amongst its resources. Its " ores are distributed oy^n' vast tracts of country in Ontario, "in the Eastern Toy rbhips of Quebec, in Nova Scotia, " and British Columbia, and traces of it are met with in New • " Brunswick." There are no copper smelting works in operation in Canada, and consequently all the ores are exported for treatment abroad. It is said that smelting ; t I J ' ■1' i! !l. I 846 CTIAPTER IX. works are to bo owtabl* '« d ".^ Sudbury in Outn'-'o, in which neighbourhood, are, whi.c are perhaps the hirgest deposits of copper ore in the world. Tht'.se deposits have been only very recently discovered. Exporuof 519. During the years 1860 and 1869 iiiclusive, copper ^PP*'' Qj.g ^Q y^^, value $1,598,978 was exported from Quebec, and of $2,49^,008 from Ontario, but since that year, until 18S6, there was no export from Ontario. The total value export- ed from the two rrovinccs since 1860 has ])een $7,631,145. The ex;»orts from the oilier Provinces have been too small to be worth notice. It is said the Customs returns of quantity and value have been low, and the amount actually exported has been considerably lart^er than the above figures. The following table givi' th( exports of copper for the 10 years, 1877- 1886 :— * EXP(>RTS OF COPPER FROM CANADA, 1877 TO 1886. Iron. Ybau Quantity. Value. 1 Ykar. Quantity. Viilue. 1H77 Lbs. 1.880,090 :i55,tt)0 408,8«0 1.434,700 1.244,780 $ 245,406 36,499 47,817 192,171 125,753 1882 Lbs. 1,864,170 1,400,300 2,714,400 2,626,000 2,403,040 $ 182, S*" 2 1878 1883 148, 701t 1879 1884 273,422 262,000 1880 1885 1881 1880 249,259 In 1886, 164,040 lbs. of the value of $16,404 were exported from Ontario, with that exception, the whole quan- tity during the period went from the Prcvince of Quebec. 520. Iron is found in great abundance and variety in all the Provinces of the Dominion except Manitoba, but it has nowhere received the attention it deserves, even in Itity. Vulue. 1)3. $ 54,170 182, 5f 2 )0,300 148,:01t [4,400 27:^,422 !6,000 262,000 )3,040 249, 25» MINERAL STATISTICS. 84t Nova Scotia, wht'iv' the ore is of extreme purity, and whi<'h is the only Province in which fuel and ore occur close together, the production is limited to the Acadia mines at Ix)ndonderry. It in to be hoped that the increased duties imposed on iron and steel by the Government in 1887, will have the intended effect of promoting the active develop- ment of this industry. 521. No exact returns of the total production of iron in f^'^^f' the Dominion are at present available, but by treating the iroa?n exports from Ontario as representing the production of that issS**** Province, Mr. Co.ste put the production for 1886 at : Toiii. Xova Scotia 40.73') tJutftiio 1i;,():J2 British Colimiliiii :i,iH\ CO, 708 reproseuting a total value of $126,982, According to the reports of the Province of Nova Scotia the production of iron ore since lb76 has been 481,625 tons of 2,240 l])s. 622. The following table gives the quantity and value of ,^JP4 12,708 25.312 54,723 27,848 GO. 298 15,232 .34,927 2(i,825 58,0(>8 26,175 64,904 .5(5,447 1.30,583 37,388 86,417 ISj.'JaS 28,505 9,455 18,307 3 785 10,528 Yeah. 1878 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 Total Quantity. Tons, 4,315 9,4G7 48,682 42,227 56,648 25,.50l .52,811 15,628 19,164 520,532 Value. $ 8 846 20,974 124,180 122,622 177,689 71,279 122,108 46,307 58.410 1,312,023 1-; i I' 1 ' \i Fill;.!) 348 The world's produc- tion ol Iron and steel. Produc- tion of iron and Bteel in United Kingdom and Unit- ed States. Petro- leum. CHAPTER IX. 52^. The followiir'^: table gives the world's production of pig iron and steel, nrincipally in 1886. Tons of 2,240 pounds are used with reference to G-roiit Britian, the United States, Russia and " Other Countries," and metric tons of 2,204 pounds for continental countries : — TIIR WORLDS PRODUCTION OP IROX AND STEEL. 1880. COUNTUIES. Great Brita'n , United States , Germany and Luxemburg . France Belgium Austria Hungary , Russia Sweden Spain Italy ., Other Countries (estimated) Total Steel. Tons. 6,870,6(55 5,683,329 3,489,231 1,507,850 697,110 7-'6,835 408,400 464,737 139,920 18,405 150,000 20,246,48;] Tons. 2,364,670 2,562,502 1,360,620 466,913 139,216 256.023 225,140 80,550 15,000 3,450 .'{0,000 7,504,083 524. Great Britain and the United States combined pro- duced 62 per cent, of the total quantity of pig iron, and 64 per cent, of the total quantity of steel produced in the world, while of steel alone it will be seen that the United States is now the largest producer. The proportions respectively are: Grreat Britain, pig iron, a 3 percent.; steel, 31 per cent. The United States, per cent. pig iron, 28 per cent. ; steel, 34 525. Though petroleum has been found in Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and traces of it in the North West Territories, it is in Ontario where the most of the oil has been and is obtained. Bothwell, Enniskillen and Petrolia are the largest oil producing districts, the oil being obtained at a depth of from 400 to 500 feet. MINERAL STATISTICS. 849 Luction of of 2,240 he United ic tons of 1881} 526. The following table, according to Mr. Coste, contains produc-*" the only reliable statistics of Canadian production of oil that ®^**"' are available, and these figures do not give the total pro- duction since the quantity of crude oil used as such is not included : — PRODUCTIOX OF CANAD[AX PETROLEUM AND NAPHTHA AND COR- RESPOXDIN(} QUANTITIES OP ORUDE OIL, 1881-1886. Steel. Vkaii. R.^tinetl Oils. Tons. 2,364,670 2,562,502 1,360,620 4(;6,9i:-3 139,215 2.'J6.023 225,140 80,5.50 15,000 3,450 30,000 7,504,083 [ibined pro- on, and 64 the world, lited States espectively eel, 31 per t. ; stool, 34 leboc, Nova I the North t of the oil skillen and e oil being 1881 188J 1883 1884 1885 1886 IiQ]) ^alls. 5,380,081 5,111,893 6,204,544 6,730,06'.( 5,853,290 6,469,6(>7 Crude Eauivalent calculated. Imp. covery of Groderich where salt was originally discovered in 1865, sait. during boring operations in search of petroleum, when a bed of rock salt 30 feet thick was struck at a depth of 964 feet. " In 1876 a diamond drill was put down near " Goderich, which came upon the first salt bed at a depth Depth of "of 997 feet, and 520 feet below this the drill penetrated " six salt beds aggregating 126 feet in thickness, the thin- " est bed measuring 6 feet and the thickest 35 feet." The most recently bored well is at Wingham, wh^, s^ salt was struck at a depth of 1,090 feet. The prii; 1^'/! v. ells are those of Groderich, Seaforth, Clinton and Kinciudine. 534. " The process of manufacture consists of pumyji nr ^''ocessof * ... manufao- " the brine from the wells and evaporating by artificial heat *"''^* " in large pans made of boiler plate. From these the salt is " raked from time to time as it crystalises out from the "solution, the pans being only emptied at intervals for "cleaning." 535. The following figures are said to give the total sales of Produc- ealt in the Lake Huron district in the years named, and they incanada. practically represent the production of the Dominion, the quantity manufactured in Nova 8cotia and New Bruns- wick being exceed < ugly small : — r>ftrn'lg. Value. 1883 315,236 $250,400 1884 280,685 240,096 1885 241,300 183,888 1886 445,421 227,195 The business is not nearly so profitable as formerly, and the extreme decline in value will be at once noticed in the above figures. 11 yH ■ ffl ';i| II 1 1!! i ■■ . : 1 i'' ' ■ , i ! ■' '. i I' 1 ' '• f: 1 i: ] I I ( I ' ■ •I ill W: ' Hi ■r ' 352 CHAPTER IX. Canadian^ o36. The exports of Canadian salt since 18*75 have been •"*'*• as follow :— EXPORTS UF CANADIAN HALT, 1875-1886. Ye.vu. Ontario. Quebec. Other Proviiices. Total. Value. 1875 ]876 Bush. 1 11,669 905,522 702.494 403,798 587,805 461,661 336,608 181,007 199,733 167,029 246,584 224,595 Bush. 1 ,089 3,833 2,150 3,297 2,616 1.887 6,600 751 Ikish. 42 15u3h. 542,800 909,355 704.644 407,095 590,766 467,t;41 343,208 181,758 199,733 167,029 246, 794 224,943 $ 66,834 84,154 60,677 37,027 1877 1878 1879 1880 .3^5 1,093 49,367 46,211 1881 44,627 1882 18. .350 1883 19,492 1884 15,291 1885 210 . 18,756 16.886 1886 348 I Bait out- pat In United Stutes. Sliver It may be taken for granted that all the salt expor- ted from Quebec was manufactured in the Province of Ontario. -■*'' 537. The total output of salt in the United States in 1880 was 7,Y07,081 barrels, valued at $4,736,585. 538. Almost all the silver ore exported from Canada is obtained from the Lake Superior District. The most celebra- ted mine has been that of Silver Islet, which was a mere rock in Lake Superior about half a mile from the mainland, its greatest diameter not exceeding 75 feet, and its greatest height above the water 8 feet. This mine was discovered in 1868, and was closed in 1884, and it is estimated that 13,250,000 worth of silver was produced during that period. Several other mines are now being worked in the neigh- bourhood of Thundei' Say. Silver has been found in some of the other Provinces, but only to a very small extent. } have been Value. li. 100 !55 )44 )9r) 760 •.41 208 758 733 020 794 ,943 $ 66,834 84,154 60,677 37,027 49,367 46,211 44,627 18,350 19,492 15,291 18,756 16,886 he salt expor- p Province of States in 1880 om Canada is e most oelebra- ;h was a mere the mainland, id its greatest as discovered estimated that nnight- houaes, Aa,1868* 1887. CHAPTER X. MARnre AND PISHERIie. PART X — MABIMB. 55 1. The special object of this Departmsut is the protection of our mercantile marine, and of the shij^ping that frequent our coasts ; it is therefore, of the hiffhewt consequence that it should be made as efficient as possible, and it is gratifyini^ to know that no pains are spared in order to brinff aoout this result, and to provide security to shipping- equal to that of the most advanced of countries. 652. An examination of the following table will give some idea of the progress made sir.ce Confederation. In it are shown the number of light stations, lighthouses, fog whistles and fog horns in every year from 1868 to 1887 inclusive. The light stations in N^^wfoundland that are maintained by the Dominion are included in these figures : NUMBER OF LIGHTHOUSES, *;., IN CANADA, 1868-1887. Ykau BNr>KD 31ht Dkckmbkr. Li^ht Htutions. Lighthouses fofr Whistles Automatic Fog-Horns. 1868 198 219 240 264 280 316 342 377 107 416 427 443 452 462 470 484 507 526 534 561 227 233 278 297 314 36,^ 384 444 488 509 518 542 551 553 562 578 597 617 625 658 2 2 4 8 13 17 18 22 24 25 23 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 2S 1869 1870 .. 1871 1872 1873 1874 )fl75. I>i7'> 18'i"7 2 1878 4 1879 G 1880 7 1881 9 18P2 9 1883 1884 9 10 1885 12 1886 16 1887 24 1 1 (• MARINE AND Fl8HEUIEd. 369 553. It will be seen that there are no less than 368 light l^^i^^ stations, 4:11 lighthouses, 21 fog whistles and 22 fog horns ^^'' more than there were in 1868, without taking into account the large number of bell-buoys, ])uoys and beacons that have also been supplied since then. 554. The total number of light stations in the Dominion toui number of on Slst December, H87, was 5,611 ; of lights shown, 668 ; •^'^'^f,. WIl iSIlOflf of steam fog whistles and automatic fog horrr *'^ ; and of "*°» '^s?. lightl s, engineers of fog whistles, ass' rh?tj» ti id crews of li- '11 ; while the whole number of i isons em- l^loye e outside service was 1,460. The lights, , beaoour,, ^scc, were distributed among the several divisions as follow : — 555. The Ontario division, extending from Montreal to 2fy*{*JJJ,°, Manitoba, contained 179 lights, including two in Manitoba. There were also 246 buoys and 19 beacons. Three new lights and several buoys and beacons were added during the year. The total cost of maintenance for the year was 175,601, and of construction, $18,383. v 556. The Quebec division is a large and important one, 8l*viaton. comprising, is it does, the Richelieu River and Lake Memphremagog, the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Strait of Belle Isle, the north-west coast of Newfoundland and the Labrador coast. In this division there were 149 lights, J lightships, 3 supplied with steam fog whistles, 7 steam fog whistles, 10 fog guns, 109 buoys, 59 beacons, and 9 life-saving canoes for service in the ice. The lights were supplied by the steamers " Druid " and " Napoleon III." The expenditure for maintenance was $148,277. ^ 557. The Nova Scotia division, likewise a very important Nova c-i'3, contained 153 lighthouses, showing 163 lights, lightship, 12 steam fog alarms, 10 hand fog alarm stations, hcotia 1 Divlaion. I II I' Ml IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 ■tt Bii 12.2 2? BA ■■ :;? L& 12.0 U ii.6 J^ ^ ^ ^> > ^/^ FhotogFcqiiic Sdmces Carporation 23 MflBT MAIN STRUT WnSTiR,N.Y. I4SM (7U)t73<4»03 i\ ? A<^ K^ n^ n.'* and 1 fog whistle ; these were supplied by the steamer " Sir James Douglas." The expenditure for maintenance was $16,230, and for construction, $322. Govern- •'>^1- The Department has 7 steamers, the property of the Steamers. Government, under its control, for the purpose of supplying the different lights, laying down and taking up buoys, attending to wrecks, &c., &c., besides the steamer " Sir James Douglas," which discharges the duties of this Depart- ment on the Pacific Coast. The total cost of maintaining these vessels during 1887 was $142,936. Harbour Police. 562. A police force has been established for a number of years, at the harbours of Montreal and Quebec, for the pur- pose of keeping order and restraining crimping, to meet the expenditure for which a tax of 3 cents per ton is levied MARINE AND FISHERIES. 361 on all vessels at either port, paid once a year by vessels under 100 tons, and twice a year by vessels over that amount. The force in 1887 consisted of 75 men, 36 at Quebec and 39 at Montreal, and the total number of arrests made was 978, being 71 less than in the preceding year. There was an excess of expenditure over receipts of $17,415, and during the past 18 years the total expenditure has exceeded the total receipts by $43,973. 563. In order to provide for the treatment of sick and K.r°Jtck°°" distressed mariners, all vessels over 100 tons register are fressed" required to pay a duty of 2 cents per ton three times a year, °**''°®"* vessels under 100 tons only paying once in the same period ; fishing vessels are also now entitled to the same benefits as other vessels, provided the dues are paid before leaving on a fishing voyage. No vessel not registered in Canada and employed exclusively in fishing is subject to the pay- " ment of this duty. These provisions do not apply to Ontario, but a parliamentary grant of $500 is made to each of the Greneral Hospitals at Kingston and St. Catharines for the care of seamen. The total amount received from dues in 1887 was $42,338, being an increase of $1,487 as compared with 1886. The total expenditure was $52,262, being $9,928 in excess of receipts. A considerable number, however, of immigrants and residents are cared for at the Marine Hospital, Quebec, and if the amount expended for them be deducted, the receipts would be in excess to the extent of $4,887. The total excess of expenditure over receipts during the past nineteen years has been $12,706. 564. The total number of steamboats in the Dominion was Number 1,031, with a gross tonnage of 174,896 tons ; 81 were added sraotionof to the number during the past year, with a gross tonnage boat* of 3,426 tons, and 48 lost or put out of service. The receipts on account of the Steamboat Inspection Fund during the . si" ' ■.* it I I: ): , !llT" 862 CHAPTER X. last 18 years have exceeded the expenditure by $4,448. Daring the year, 831 certificates were granted to engineers. MMten 665. Since the 16th September, 1871, when the Act came snd mates . Son"*"*' ^^^^ operation, 1,571 candidates have passed and obtained masters' certificates, and 1,026 certificates as mates ; of certificates of service, 926 have been issued for masters and 860 for mates. The receipts from fees amounted to $1,209, and the expenditure to $4,856. Since 1871 the expenditure has exceeded the receipts by $44,806. Inland 566. Duriuff the calendar year, 10 1 candidates for inland and coast- '^ . in^oertifl- and coasting certificates passed and obtained masters' certi- ficates of service, and 84 males' certificates of service, while 66 obtained masters' and 20 obtained mates' certificates of competency. wreoks ^^*^- ^^^ ^-^^^^ number of wrecks and casualties to sea oaraaities going vessels of all nations, that occurred in Canadian waters ^^' and to Canadian sea going vessels in other waters in the year ended 81st December, 1887, as reported to the Depart- ment, was 224, the tonnage involved was 112,846, and the amount of loss, so far as ascertained, $1,102,628. The num- ber of lives lost was 25, 6 in Canadian and 19 iv her waters. The disasters to all vessels in Canadian xnd waters and to Canadian vessels on American inland waters were 89, involving 13,187 tons, and causing loss to the ex- tent of $90,915. The number of lives lost was 21. It is not possible to make any just comparison of the returns for 1887 with those of previous years, as the Department* does not receive particulars of all disasters in time to include them in its annual report, which will explain the difierence in the figures for 1886 in the following table as compared with the figures given for the same year in last year's Sta- tistical Abstract. MARINE AND FISHERIES. 368 668. The followiug is a comparative statement of loss for 5 wreoki, each year since 1870, all casualties, whether at sea or on ife;**'*" inland waters, being included in the table : ~ COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OP WRECKS AN3 CASUALTIES, 1870 TO 1887. * VlAR KNDRD 3l8T DiCBMRKR. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 187G 187«J 1878 18T9 1881 1882 1883 1884 1886 1886 1887 , Total Casual* ties. 335 274 290 3.'i0 309 246 452 468 414 538 445 440 451 366 324 316 377 263 6,722 Tonnage. Lives Lost. 210 81 "* 81,035" 99,109 237 99,623 •813 106,682 109 99 427 78 153,368 404 177,896 133 161,760 187 198,364 339 179,993 217 210,719 399 193,655 271 158,826 269 119,741 253 144,726 198 150,277 64 126,983 46 2,461,084 4,308 Damage. 901,000 2, 100,000 2,507,338 2,844,133 2,029,965 2,468,521 2,942,955 3,952,582 .3,444,875 4,119,233 3,(120,652 4,922,423 3,138,423 2,029,752 . 2,965,321 2,763,667 1,950,799 1,193,543 50,086, 182 • 545 persons were lost by the wreck of the White Star SS. "Atlantic." 669. It will be seen that the loss of life was considerably JJfi^J^r less in 1886 than in any other year in the table, and the proiMr^. amount of damage was also very much smaller than in any previous year, 1870 only excepted, and since the amount of shipping involved is continually increasing, it would ap- pear as if the improved protection by means of lights, buoys, &;c., and the greater attention now paid to the quali- fications both of masters and mates, were having beneficial effects in reducing risks both to life and property. ■il 1' il I ( I;.!' I t 5 ,1 ,4 i- r 864 CHAPTER X. ' Principal OMual- tle«1887. Meteoro- logical service. Expend!' tare 1887. SYO. The most disastrous casualties in 1887, as at present reported, were as follow : The ship " Muskoka," of St. Jphn, N. B., sailed from Java on 1st June last, and has not since been heard of ; the schooner " Dionis," of Barrington, N. S., sailed from Lunenburg on 19th August last, and has not since been heard of ; the barge " Oriental " went down otf Port Dalhousie on 26rd October last with all hands, this vessel was overladen and unseaworthy ; and the propeller " California " foundered off St. Helea's Island on -^rd October, 9 lives being lost, at an enquiry held subsequently, the cer- tificates of the master and mate were suspended until the 1st October and 1st August, 1888, respectively. 571. The proceedings of the Meteorological Service are referred to on page 14. The Superintendent, in his report, calls attention to the value of the excellent meteorological statistics collected by the Provinces of Ontario and Mani- toba, and it is very much to be hoped that the other Pro- vinces will speedily follow their good example. 672. The following is a general summary of the expen- diture of this department during the year ended 30th June^ 1887. The expenditure in 1886 amounted to $980,120, there was therefore a decrease of |43,068 : — EXPENDITURE OF DEPARTMENT OF MARINE, 1887. Oepartmental salaries Mamtenance of lights , Construction of " Dominion steamers Examination of masters and mates Hudson Bay expedition Marine hospitals Meteorological service , Signal service Rewards for saving life, purchasing lifeboats, &c Georgian Bay survey Water police , Steamboat inspection A^inter mail service, Prince Edward Island Miscellaneous $ 30,899 476,514 30,991 141,424 4,859 14,763 71,969 57,141 5,082 7,364 21,593 40,349 22,838 6,313 4,953 Total $937,052 a,t present I," of St. i has not arrington, it, and has ent down lands, this } propeller rd October, ,ly, the cer- . iintil the 3ervice are his report, teorological and Mani- other Pro- the expen- l 30th June, 80,120, there 1887. $ 30,899 476,514 30,991 141,424 4,859 14,763 71,969 57,141 5,082 7,364 21,693 40,849 22,838 6,313 4,963 ,.. $937,052 MARINE AND FI3HER'.E3. 866 573. The following table gives the number of vessels and {"egut^reS' number of tons on the registry books of the Dominion on J^^„*®i^ *" 81st December, 1887, all sailing vessels, steamers and barges 1887. are included : — NUMBER OF VESSELS, Ac, ON THE REGISTRY BOOK OF CANADA ON 31aT DECEMBER, 1887. Provinces. New Brunswick Nova Scotia Quebec Ontario Prince Edward Island British Columbia Manitoba Total Number of Gross Tonnage, Vessels Steamers. Steamers. 1,027 80 9,841 2,845 84 7,727 1,586 319 56,516 1,275 610 81,724 2-^5 14 3,114 149 90 14,421 71 43 4,846 7,178 1,240 178,189 Total Net Tonnage. 255,126 498,878 189,064 1?9,548 29,031 12.789 5,811 1,130,247 674. There was a decrease as compared with 1886 of 116 i>ecreMe. in the number of vessels, and of 87,519 tons in the total tonnage, and assuming the average valae to be $30 a ton, the i-alue of the t6tal tonnage would be $83,907,410, being a decrease in value of $2,625,670. There was an increase of 42 in the number of steamers, but a decrease of' 79,629 in steamers tonnage, this being due to the registers of some of the vessels of the Allan Line having been transferred to Glasgow. 575. The next statement shows the number of vessels and vessels of tons on the register in each year from 1873 : — ?eKi8ter ==== 1873-1887. YSAR. 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 Vessels. 6,783 6,930 6,952 7,192 7,362 7,469 7,471 7,377 Tons. 1,073,718 1,158,363 1,205,565 1,260,893 1,310,468 1,33.?,016 1,332,094 1,311,218 Year. Vessels. 1881 6,394 7,312 7,374 7,264 7,315 7,294 7,178 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Tons. 1,310,896 1,260,777 1,276,440 1,253,747 1,231,856 1,217,766 1,130,247 i !■'! j ! V;! I ii \\\ >' i 866 Mew TMWelS. |i -"^ ' CHAPTER X. 5*76. The following is a list of the new vessels built and registered in each province in 1887 : — Number. Tonnage. New Brunswick 18 2,A09 Nova Scotia 87 12,310 Quebec 28 2,888 Ontario 66 2,993 Prince Edward Island 7 60l British Columbia g 378 Manitoba 8 439 Total 223 22,516 Decrease lo demand lbrwood< en eblps. H This was a decrease of 6 in number and of 9,691 in tonnage as compared with the preceding year. Assuming the value of the new vessels to be |43 a ton, the total value would be $1,013,220. 577. Now that wood has been so completely superseded by iron and steel in the construction of ships, the demand for wooden ships is rapidly decreasing, and the decline in this industry has been very marked in consequence, and as far as can be seen, nothing can happen to revive it. It is not correct, therefore, as in some cases has been done, to attribute this decline in Canada to the policy of the Gov- ernment, for it has been brought about by causes entirely outside the control of this or any other Government, and it is equally impossible that it can be revived by any Gov- ernmental action. Such questions as these are, at the present time, in the hands of scientific men, and it may be that iron and steel will yet be equally superseded by some other material. Remarks by Mr.. Ooghlan. 578. Mr. Coghlan remarks to the same effect respecting this industry in New South Wales : " The general tendency "to supplant sailing vessels by steam, and the substitu- " tion of iron for wood for the frames and hulls of vessels, milt and nnage. i,909 2,310 2,888 2,993 601 376 439 J'2,516 9,691 in Assuming total value superseded le demand decline in lice, and as re it. It is 5n done, to f the Gov- ses entirely flent, and it r any G-ov- are, at the d it may be Led by some respecting ral tendency le substitu- of vessels, MARINE AND FISHERIES. 867 " have given a check to the vrooden ship building industry, " which at onetime promised to grow to important dimen- " sions. Every kind of timber suitable for the construction " of ships is found on the rivers of the coast districts of the " colony, but as the demand for this description of vessel " has not increased, little advantage can be taken of our re- •* sources in this respect " < . 679. The following table is a comparative statement of o^Jlanala the total shipping of Canada, inland as well as sea-going i^.*°* in the years 1886 and 1S61 : COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OP ALL VESSELS (BOTH SEA-GOINQ AND INLAND) ARRIVED AT AND DEPARTED FROM CANA- DIAN PORTS (EXCLUSIVE OP COASTING VESSELS) IN 1886 AND 1887. Nationalities. Number of Vessels. Tons Rfgister. Freight. Number of Men. Tons Weight. Tons Mea- surement. 1886. British 2.960 30,011 19,367 3,101,285 5,943,341 4,924,606 1,161,923 1,743,576 560,130 1 .fiil9..flitfi 86.182 liAnadiAn 271,278 206,783 Foreicrn 1,149,009 j 1,186,279 Total 52,328 13,969,232 4,054,507 3,289,355 564,243 1887. British 2,679 30,960 24,296 2,657.619 6,245,632 5,187,747 1,152,966 2,100.091 1,233;342 426,424 1,380,949 1,167,792 7C 109 Canadian 276, 0} Poreiffn 243 .63( Total 57,935 14,090,998 4,486,399 2,975,165 589,796 680. And the next table gives comparative particulars of JlJjf/J"* all sea-going vessels entered and cleared at Canadian Ports |nd"* in 1886 and 1887 :— cleared 1886 and 1887. 1 i • OiR 1 1 II ; ''{li i )\ 11 '! >, 'K i m ■I ■■1 ■: iff V: f;. is i 1 1 u 868 CHAPTER X. SEA-QOINO VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED AT CANADIAN PORTS, 1886 AND 1887. ii Nationautiks. Number of Vessels. Tons Register. Quantity or Frekiht. Number Tom Weight. Tons Mea- surement. Men. 1886. British 2,nG0 11,405 7,006 3,101,285 1,783,623 3,169,663 1,161,923 659,330 647,771 660,130 J>42,200 881,336 86,182 82,603 Canadian Foreign 126,617 Total 21,371 8,044,671 2,369,024 2,383,6.^ 295,402 1886. British 2,679 12,901 10,670 2,657,619 2,314,109 3,390,708 1,152,946 845,082 683,601 426,424 941,324 945,844 70, 109 104,652 148,169 Canadian ForeiflTQ Total 26,150 8,362,436 2,681,629 2,313,592 322,930 inoreMe 681. There was a very decided increase in the shipping ping. of this country during the past year, due partly to the im- provement of trade and partly to the increased bulk of mer- chandise. It has been argued that during the years our trade was decreasing, our shipping was . increasing, and therefore the shipping returns could not be correct, but it was overlooked that though through the decline in values the monetary value of our trade had decreased, yet the quantity had materially increased in bulk as pointed out in Chapter IV, p. 196. British vessels formed only 10 per cent, of the total number, but they carried 43 per cent of the total freight, 32 per cent of the remainder being carried by Canadian, and the balance by foreign vessels. 582. The following is a statement, of British and Colonial BrlUsh and col- S^-lSS'^P- shipping for 1886 ping 1886. The figures are all taken from oiBicial sources : — OANADIA^f HT. ca- nt. Number ot Men. ,130 ,200 ,336 86,182 82,603 126,617 ,616 295,402 ,424 ,324 i,844 70,109 104,652 148,169 ),69a 322,930 le shipping to the im- bulk of mer- » years our easiug, and rect, but it lie in values sed, yet the )inted out in only 10 per 3 per cent of )eing carried s. and Colonial from official MARINE AND FISHERIES. .SHIPPING IN BRITISH POSSESSIONS, 1886. 869 Colony. United Kingdom , Hong Kong Malta Oibraltar Ganada Straits Settlement .. India Now South Wales .. Ceylon Victoria Queensland Windward Islands .. South Australia Cape of Qood Hope Leeward Islands Trinidad New Zealand Jamaica Tonnage of Vessels Entered and Cleared. 62.841,077 9,080,300 8,884,0S9 8,60ft, 730 8,044,571 7,491,099 7,294,589 4,258, t>04 3,923,481 3,735,387 3,275,437 2,083,707 1,658,476 1,654,593 1,402,114 1,196,076 990,903 928,406 Colony. Tasmania Mauritius Hritish Guiana Newfoundland (iold Coast Western Australia LagcH Sierra Leone Natal Hcrmudas Honduras Turin's Island liahamas Gambia St. Helena Fiji Falkland Islands... Labuan Tonnage of Vessels Entered and Cleared. 692,429 681,865 627,846 612,714 005,067 601,019 448,392 430,070 392,834 281,528 237,247 232,415 209,996 136.296 127,559 105,369 69,762 52,278 Malta and G^ibraltar being merely ports of call, it will be seen that Hong Kong is the only British Possession outside of the United Kingdom, that has a larger shipping trade than Ganada, though the combined shipping of the Australasian Colonies considerably exceeds that of this country. 583. The following table shows the number and tonnage Register* of merchant vessels (both steam and sailing) owned by the nLeeot principal countries of the world, according to the latest * " available returns. The figures have been taken partly from officials sources and partly from the Statesman's Year Book, 1888 :— 24 t 'I iri«-v 1 mi 870 CHAPTKR X. UEUlSTEItKI) TONXAGK OF THK I'ftlXCll'Ar, ODirN'TIUI'S IN TUK WUULI). i . United States ■hipping. Yield and value of Canadian FlRheiies 1886 and IhST. Coi'NTIliGS. Unitoil Kiiiffilotii Swetloii iukI Norway. OiTtuHti Empire Caiiiidii UniU'tl Stuti'ri* Fraiicf Italy liusdia Spain AuHtralasia Netherlands Austria Denmark (ireece Portugal Belf^ium Turkey Vessels. Tonnage. 17, 11, 4, 7, 1, 15, 7, 2, 1, •1 917 t»:vi 021 178 GJl Ml 229 343 82tj 78t> 692 455 324 213 392 07 401 7,144,097 2, MO, 08 1 1,284,703 1,130,247 l,015,5li2 993,291 945,677 625,30) 508,879 301,034 286,455 261,688 272,500 261.496 104,348 86,837 72,762 Average tons to each vessel. 398 178 319 157 626 64 130 266 278 129 413 574 81 81 266 1,296 181 * Licensed and enrolled vessels not included. 584. Canada, it will be seen, stands fourth in the list, but if the licensed and enrolled vessels belonging to the United States which are employed in the river trade and home trade were included, that country would take second place, its total tonnage amounting to 4,105,844 tons. To such an extent has the American mercantile marine declined that, whereas in 1866 75"2 per cent, of the United States imports and exports were carried in American bottoms, in 1887 the proportion was only 13'80 per cent., the value carried hav- ing increased in the same period 138. per cent. PART n.— FISHBRIES. 585. Owing to the report of the Minister of Fisheries not having been yet completed, full particulars concerning the fisheries for 1887 are not available, but the following is a summary comparative statement of the yield and value of the fisheries in 1886 and 1887 :— MAUINE AND FISIIERIEH. 8tl \ IN TUB Avfiugf tOIIH to Olich COMPARATIVE STATRMEVT OP THE YIELD AND VALUE OF THE FltillEUIKa OF CANADA— 1S8U-I887. :i9« 178 319 167 Q'M U4 i:<0 266 278 129 4i:» 674 81 81 26U 1,296 181 the list, but the United > and home icond place, To such an clined that, ^tes imports in 1887 the carried hav- ^'isheries not icerning the lUowing is a and value of KiNDH OK FiSIt. Cod Cwt Hunelcsd Cod Lbs. H»'rring, piokU-d BrlsJ. '• finiokod Boxi'S " frozi'n No. " fresli Lbs. Lobsters, ^reserved, in cans " " m sludl, alive, Ac Tons. Halmon, pic-klud Brig. a n No, Lbs. fri'sli *' ill ice preserved, in cans.. M " snii)ki'd ackerel, preserved, in cnns " fresh " pickled Brls. Haddock Cwt. Hake •' Pollock " Trout Lbs. " pickled Brls. ■^hitefish, pickled " " fresh Lbs. Smelts " Sardines Hhds. Oysters Brls. Hake sounds Lbs. Cod tongues and sounds Brls. Alewives " Shad Lbs. " pickled Brls. Eels 1886. (I Lbs. it (( (I n (( Halibut " Sturgeon Maskinong6 Bass Pickerel Pike Winninish " Bar and Whitefish Doz. Tom Cod or frost-fish Lbs. Flounders " Squid..... Brls. Ool&chana, pickled " " fresh Lbs. << smoked " Clams (^iu.'ititity. Value 1,080,716 69,700 374,784 l,l2!t,305 21,02:<,300 6,767,564 16,434,421 H,662 6,511 $ 4,549,572 3,507 1,518,02 282,. 326 126,140 285,011 2,356,660 281,734 85,753 2,917,712 7,762,32! 49,048 772,592 93,.V)0 147,962 213,474 40,841 79,046 5,052,413 2,430 4,903 5,918,623 7,209,8881 73,6271 62,905 107,643 1,8.56 33,887 609,710 8,520 7,360 1,635,296 1,563,872 2,373,1. S3 857,645 867,204 2,624,785 1,438,664 64,600 7,372 1,463,875 49,920 4,951 80 44,000 1,900 i 1887. Quantity. Value. 433,553 842,876 8,675 81,910 4,895 1,479,620 747,685 138,179 276,657 .397,099 24,300 41,788 392,662 432,213 735,642 189,915 99,411 13,475 134,8.50 30,583 79,314 66,014 97,607 96,912 118.819 55,647 66,661 159,684 69,395 3,876 9,215 43,556 2,995 19,832 800 2,640 380 7,950 1,078, .355 62,500 349,909 1,680,668 21,986,700 4, 291 >, 897 12,185,687 3,660 9,04i 3,260,773 1,307,610 9,842,795 54,187 151,041 357,600 129,610 216,003 .59,533 102,902 4,520,166 3,867 6,2.33 5,800,356 6,923,418 53,334 61,360 81,163 2,489 32,747 743,612 8,166 6 147 1,601,108 1,711,619 2,014,081' 652,186 837,652 2,412,549 1,161,969 65,000 5,001 1,060,980 122,470 31,024 116 25,500 350 $ 4,31.3,420 2,160 1,574,591 395,1.39 109,933 210,883 1,462,283 371,826 126,828 426,643 261,772 1.1H2,540 9, .595 18.125 17,880 1,4.35,320 864,012 238,132 411,608 452,117 38,670 43.852 40J»,714 35,5.285 633,820 187,580 81,163 24,887 147.359 44.017 73,485 61,4^0 104,584 171,162 118,944 39,131 .50.259 149, 89^ 50,742 3,.300' 6,261 31,829 12,24T 124,096 1,380 1,530 700 3,500 24i^ ^tf 872 - CHAPTER X. , COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE YIELD AND VALUE OP THE FISHERIES OF CANADA— 1886-1887— ConcZwi^rf. >^ Kinds of Fish. Fur seal slcins No. Hair " " Sea ottor skins " Porpoise " " Fish oils Galls Cod liver oil " Coarse and mixed fish Brls. Fish used as bait " " manure " Guano Tons. Crabs and prawns, in B.O Fish, assorted, in B.G Lbs. " sold in B.C. markets " " Halifax markets " for home consumption not in- cluded in Returns Total Decrease. 1886. Quantity. Value 38,907 31,226 25 177 899.363 i;800 25,176 171,210 171,760 1,303 173,800 389,070 30,476 1,500 668 505,772 1,800 104,269 198.937 70,688 21,045 2,500 8,690 125,000 39,500 303,564 18,679,288 1887. Quantity. Value 33,800 26,299 75 656 995,509 31.828 160,480 139,157 1,305 712,000 f 236,600 25,424 4,600 2,640 405,158 158,829 229,170 70,763 34,125 4,500 42,600 42,400 229,226 18,233,373 445,915 ( • 586. There was & total decrease iu value of $445,915 as compared with 1886, the largest decrease being in canned lobsters, viz., $894,378. The decreases by Provinces were New Brunswick, $620,720 ; Prince Edward Island, $104,665 ; Manitoba and the North-West Territories, $57,896 ; Ontario, $56,879, and Nova Scotia, $35,579, while there were increases in British Columbia and Quebec of $397,539 and $32,185 respectively. 587. The following is a comparative summary of the value of the fisheries by Provinces, 1886 and 1887 : — E OF THE 1887. ty. Value. $ 800 236,600 2!t9 25,424 75 4,600 656 2,640 ,50l» 405,158 .828 ,480 >,157 ,305 2,'6o6 168,82!) 229,170 70,763 34,125 4,500 42,600 42,400 229,226 18,233,373 ■ #••*•* 445,916 $445,915 as g in canned vinces were id, $104,565 ; 96; Ontario, ere increases and $32,185 oaary of the 887:— MARINE AND FISHEBIES. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OP THE VALUE OF THE FISHERIES OF CANADA, BY PROVINCES, 1886 AND 1887. . 8tS Provinces. Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Prince Edward Island British Columbia Ontario Manitoba and North- West Territories Total Value. $ 8,415,362 4,180,227 1,741,382 1,141,991 1,577,348 1,435,998 186,980 18,679,288 $ 8,379,783 3,659,507 1,773,567 1,037.426 1,974,887 1,379,119 129,084 18,233,373 588. The history of the fishery question down to the close Fishery •' •' * negotla^ of 1886 w^as briefly stated in last year's Statistical Abstract.'*^ wons. During 188t matters remained in statu quo, though Ameri- can fishermen did not come in contact with the Canadian authorities as frequently as in the preceding year. Early in the year, however (1887), negotiations were commenced between the respective governments with reference to some settlement of the question, which resulted in the appoint- ment of a commission which met at Washington on the 1 r)th November, 1887. <;i 689. The Plenipotentiaries appointed by Her Majesty f,!|°t'°|t°' were the Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M. P. ; the Hon. Sir Si'*^^°«* Lionel Sackville Sackville "West, the British Minister at Washington and Sir Charles Tupper. And by the President of the United States : Thomas F. Bayard, U. S. Secretary of State ; William L. Putnam and James B. Angell. After considerable discussion a treaty was agreed upon and was signed at Washington on the 15th March, 1888. A modus *StatiiticAl Abstract tor 1886, p. 328, et teq. I ' i'! I ' \ I i ; ( ■ ■1 ■ I'M' I ii % 1 \^' : *l B74 CHAPTER X. I .m Vivendi pending the ratification of the treaty was also sug- gested by the British Plenipotentiaries. The treaty has been ratified by the Canadian Parliament, and now waits ratification by the Imperial Parliament, the United States Senate, and the Parliament of Newfoundland. Setreaiy ^90. The full text of the treaty and of the modus Vivendi moiuB are as follows : — Vivendi. Preamble. Whereas differences have arisen concerning the inter- pretation of Article I of the Convention of October 20, 1818 ; Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of G-reat Britain and Ireland, and the United States of America, being mutually desirous of removing all causes of misunderstand- ing in relation thereto, and of promoting friendly inter- course and good neighbourhood between the United States and the Possessions of Her Majesty in North America, have resolved to conclude a Treaty to that end, and have named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say : Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of G-reat Britain and Ireland, The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P. ; The Honourable Sir Lionel Sackville Sackville West, K.C.M.G-., Her Britannic Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of Amer- ica; and Sir Charles Tupper, G.C.M.G-.,C.B., Minister of Finance of the Dominion of Canada : And the President of the United States, Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State ; William L. Putnam, of Maine ; and James B. Angell, of Michigan ; Who, having communicated to each other in their re- spective full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles : ARTICLE 1. Article i. The High Contracting Parties agree to appoint a Mixed Commission to delimit, in the manner provided in this Treaty, the British waters, bays, creeks and harbours of the MARINE AND FISHERIES. 816 i ii coasts of Canada and c ' Newfoundland, as to which the United States, by Art:; I of the Convention of October 20, 1818, between Grc.t Britain and the United States, renounced for ever any liberty to take, dry, or cure fish. ARTICLE II. The Commission shall consist of two Commissioners to be Article u. named by Her Britannic Majesty, and of two Commissioners to be named by the President of the United States, without delay, after the exchange of ratifications of this Treaty. The Commission shall ^neet and complete the delimitation as soon as possible thereafter. In case of the death, absence or incapacity of any Com- missioner, or in the event of any Commissioner omitting or ceasing to act as such, the President of the United States or Her Britannic Majesty, respectively, shall forthwith name another person to act as Commissioner instead of the Com- missioner originally named. ARTICLE III. The delimitation referred to in Article I of this Treaty Article iiL shall be marked upon British Admiralty charts by a series of lines regularly numbered and duly described. The charts so marked shall, on the termination of the work of the Commission, be signed by the Commissioners in quadrupli- cate, three copies whereof shall be delivered to Her Majesty's Government, and one copy to the Secretary of State of the United States. The delimitation shall be made in the fol- lowing manner, and shall be accepted by both the High Contracting Parties as applicable for all purposes under Article I of the Convention of October 20, 1818, between Grreat Britain and the United J:jtates : — The three marine miles mentioned in Article I of the • Convention of October 20, 1818, shall be measured seaward from low water mark ; but at every bay, creek or harbour, not otherwise specially provided for in this Treaty, such three marine miles shall be measured seaward from a straiffht \A\ I .if '1. ''i . » ; it|f- 8!76 Artlole iv. 'n CHAPTER X. line drawn across the bay, creek, or harbour in the part nearest the entrance at the first point where the width does not exceed ten marine mil(?s. ARTICLE IV. At or near the followiiii^ bays the hmits of exclusion under Article I of the Convention of October 20, 1818, at points more than three marine miles from the low water mark, shall be established by the following' lines, namely : At the I3aie des Chaleurs the line from the Light at Birch Point on Miscou Island to Macquereau Point Light ; at the Bay of Miramichi, the line from the Light at Point Escum- inac to the Light on the Eastern Point of Tabisintac Gully ; at Egmont Bay, in Prince Edward Island, the line from the Light at Cape Egmont to the Light at West Point ; and olf St. Ann's Bay, in the Province of Nova Scotia, the line from Cape Smoke to the Light at Point Aconi. At Fortune Bay, in Newfoundland, the line from Con- naigre Head to the Light on the South-easterly end of Brunet Island, thence to Fortune Head ; at Sir Charles Hamilton Sound, the line from the South-east point of Cape Fogo to White Island, thence to North end of Peckford Island, and from the South end of Peckford Island to the East Headland of Ragged Harbour. At or near the following bays the limits of exclusion shall be three marine miles seaward from the following lines, namely : At or near Barrington Bay, in Nova Scotia, the line from the Light on Stoddard Island to the Light on the South Point of Cape Sable, thence to the Light at Baccaro Point ; at Chedabucto and St. Peter's Bays, the line from Cranberry Island Light to Grreen Island Light, thence to Point Rouge ; at Mira Bay, the line from the Light on the East Point of Scatari Island to the north-easterly Point of Cape Morien ; and at Placentia Bay in Newfoundland, the line from Latine Point, on the Eastern mainland shore, to the most Southerly Point of Red Island, thence by the most South- erly Point of Merasheen Island to the mainland. MARINE AND FISHERIES. 877 Long IsLind and Bryer Island, at St. Mary's Bay, in Nova Scotia, shall, for the purpose of delimitation, betaken as the coasts of such bay. ARTICLE V. Nothing in this Treaty shall be construed to include Article v. within the common waters any such interior portions of any bays, creeks or harbours as cannot be reached from the sea without passing within the three marine miles mentioned in Article I of the Convention of October 20, 1818. iilll ■ it.i ARTICLE VI. The Commissioners shall from time to time report to each Article vi. of the High Contracting Parties such lines as they may have agreed upon, numbered, described, and marked as herein provided, with quadruplicate charts thereof; which lines so reported shall forthwith from time to time be simultaneously proclaimed by the High Contracting Parties, and be binding after two months from such proclamation. ARTICLE VII. Any disagi'eement of the Commissioners shall forthwith Artioievii. be referred to an Umpire selected by Her Britannic Majesty's Minister at Washington and the Secretary of State of the United States ; and his decision shall be final. ARTICLE vin. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall pay its own Articievui Commissioners and officers. All other expenses jointly in- curred, in connection with the performance of the work, in- cluding compensation to the Umpire, shall be paid by the High Contracting Parties in equal moieties. ARTICLE IX. Nothing in this Treaty shall interrupt or affect the free Article ix, navigation of the Strait of Canso by fishing vessels of the United States. 3.1 «ii ^-^ SIS CHAPTER X. Article X. 11 .;■ I ARTICLE X. United States fishing vessels entering the bays or harbours referred to in Article I of this Treaty shall conform to har- bour regulations common to them and to fishing vessels of Canada or Newfoundland. They need not report, enter, or clear, when putting into such bays or harbours for shelter or repaiiing damages, nor when putting into the .same, outside the limits of established ports of entry, for the purpose of purchasing wood or of obtaining water ; except that any such vessel remaining more than twenty-four hours, exclusive of Sundays and legal holidays, within any such port, or communicating with the shore therein, may be required to report, enter, or clear ; and no vessel shall be excused hereby from giving due in- formation to boarding officers. They shall not be liable in such bays or harbours for com' pulsory pilotage ; nor, when therein for the purpose of shelter, of repairing damages, of purchasing wood, or of obtaining water, shall they be liable for harbour dues, tonnage dues, buoy dues, light dues, or other similar dues ; but this enumeration shall not permit other charges inconsistent with the enjoyment of the liberties reserved or secured by the Convention of October 20, 1818. Article xi. ' ARTICLE XI. United States fishing vessels entering the ports, bays and harbours of the Eastern and North-western coasts of Canada or of the coasts of Newfoundland under stress of weather or other casualty may unload, reload, tranship or sell, subject to Customs laws and regulations, all fish on board, when such unloading, transhipment, or sale is made necessary as inci- dental to repairs, and may replenish outfits, provisions and supplies damaged or lost by disaster ; and in case of death or sickness shall be allowed all needful facilities, including the shipping of crews. Licenses to purchase in established ports of entry of the aforesaid costs of Canada or of Newfoundland, for the home- ward voyage, such provisions and supplies as are ordinarily MARINE AND FISHERIES. sold to trading vessels, shall be granted to United States fishing vessels in such ports promptly upon application and without charge, and such vessels, having obtained licenses in the manner aforesaid, shall also be accorded upon all occasions such facilities f5r the purchase of casual or needful provisions and supplies as are ordinarily granted to trading vessels ; but such provisions or supplies shall not be obtained by barter, nor purchased for re-sale or traffic. 8t9 i' I i ARTICLE XII. ♦ Fishing vessels of Canada and Newfoundland shall have ArtioiexiL on the Atlantic coasts of the United States all the privileges reserved and secured by this Treaty to United States fishing vessels in the aforesaid waters of Canada and Newfound- land. ARTICLE XIII. The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States shall Article make regulations providing for the conspicuous exhibition by every United States fishing vessel, of its official number on each bow ; and any such vessel, required by law to have an official number, aiid failing to comply with such regu- lations, shall not be entitled to the licenses provided for in this Treaty. Such regulations shall be communicated to Her Majesty's Grovernment previously to their taking effect. ARTICLE XIV. The penalties for unlawfully fishing in the waters, bays, ^j^"®^® creeks, and harbours, referred to in Article I of this Treaty, may extend to forfeiture of the boat or vessel and appurte- nances, and also of the supplies and cargo aboard when the offence was committed ; and for preparing in such waters to unlawfully fish therein, penalties shall be fixed by the court, not to exceed those for unlawfully fishing ; and for any other violation of the laws of Great feritain, Canada, or Newfoundland relating to the right of fishery in such waters, bays, creeks or harbours, penalties shall be fixed by the court, not exceeding in all three dollars for every ton of the boat .1' if; B :l , ■ ■'ii '■ '■ Hi » '■'I'll 41 :! ill 880 ,^ CHAPTER X. or vessel concerned. The boat or vessel may be holden for such penalties and forfeitures. The proceedin)[^s shall be summary and as inexpensive as practicable. The trial (except on appeal) shall be at the place of detention, unless the judge shall, on request of the defence, order it to be held at some other place adjudged by him more convenient. Security for costs shall not be required of the defence, except when bail is offered. Reason- able bail shall be accepted. There shall be proper appeals available to the defence only ; and the evidence at the trial may be ust;d on appeal. * Judgments of forfeiture shall be reviewed by the Governor General of Canada in Council, or the Governor in Council of Newfoundland, before the same are executed. ARTICLE XV. Article XV. Whenever the United States shall remove the duty from lish-oil, whale-oil, seal-oil, and fish of all kinds (except fish preserved in oil), being the produce of fisheries carried on by the fishermen of Canada and of Newfoundland, including Labrador, as well as from the usual and necessary casks, barrels, kegs, cans, and other usual necessary coverings containing the products above mentioned, the like products, being the produce of fisheries carried on by the fishermen of the United States, as well as the usual and necessary cover- ings of the same, as above described, shall be admitted free of duty into the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. And upon such removal of duties, and while Ihe afore- said articles are allowed to be brought into the United States by British subjects, without duty being reimposed thereon, the privilege of entering the ports, bays and harbours of the aforesaid coasts of Canada and of Newfoundland shall be accorded to United States fishing vessels by annual licenses, free of charge, for the following purposes, namely : 1. The purchase of provisions, bait, ice, seines, lines and all other supplies and outfits ; MARINE AND FISHERIES. 881 holden for inexpensive ill be at the quest of the !e adjudged ihall not be ed. Reason- per appeals 3 at the trial he Governor ►r in Council 1. he duty from 8 (except fish carried on by d, including essary casks, ly coverings like products, fishermen of jessary cover- admitted free yrioundland. ile the afore- United States )Osed thereon, arbours of the land shall be nual licenses, lely : nes, lines and 2. Transhipment of catch, for transport by any means of conveyance; ' 3. Shipping of crews. Supplies shall not be obtained by barter, but bait may be so obtained The like privih^ges shall be continued or given to fishing vessels of Canada and of Newfoundland on the Atlantic coasts of the United States. ARTICJLE XVI. I'his Treaty shall be ratified by Her liritannic Majesty, Article having received the assent of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legislature of Newfoundland ; and by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate ; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington as soon as possible. In faith whereof, "We, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this Tieaty, and have hereunto affixed our seals. Done in duplicate at Washington, this fifteenth day of February, in the 37 ear of Our Lord one thousand eight hun- dred and eighty-eight. PROTOCOL. The Treaty having been signed the British Plenipotenti- ^j®'*"!, aries desire to state that they have been considering the position which will be created by the immediate commence- ment of the fishing season before the Treaty can possibly be ratified by the Senate of the United States, by the Parlia- ment of Canada, and the Legislature of Newfoundland. In the absence of such ratification the old conditions which have given rise to so much friction and irritation might be revived, and might interfere with the unprejudiced consideration of the Treatjr by the legislative bodies con- cerned. Under these circumstances, and with the further object of affording evidence of their anxious desire to promote If li: m .' \ ■ ii^A 882 CHAPTER X. good feeling and to remove all possible subjects of contro- versy, the British Plenipotentiaries are ready to make the following temporary arrangement for a period not exceed- ing two years, in order to afford a " modus Vivendi " pending the ratification of the Treaty. 1. For a period not exceeding two years from the present date, the privilege of entering the bays and harbours of the Atlantic coasts of Canada and of Newfoundland shall be granted to United States fishing vessels by annual licenses at a fee of |1.50 per ton — for the followiag purposes : The purchase of bait, ice, seines, lines, and all other sup- plies and outfits. Transhipment of catch and shipping of crews. ' 2. If during the continuance of this arrangement, the United States should remove the duties on fish, fish-oil, whale and seal oil (and their coverings, packages, &c.), the said licenses shall be issued free of charge. 3. United States fishing vessels entering the bays and harbours of the Atlantic coasts of Canada or of Newfoundland for any of the four purposes mentioned in Article I of the Convention of October 20, 1818, and not remaining therein more than twenty- four hours, shall not be required to enter or clear at the Custom house, providing that they do not communicate with the shore. 4. Forfeiture to be exacted only for the offences of fishing or preparing to fish in territorial waters. 5. This arrangement to take effect as soon as the necessary measures can be completed by the Colonial Authorities. J. Chamberlain. * L. S. Sackville "West. CharlesjTupper. Washington, 15th February, 188 •<. 8 of lontro- ,0 make the not exceed- i " pending the present )0ur8 of the id shall be ual licenses )08es : 11 other sup- icrement, the fish, fish-oil, res, &c.), the :he bays and ewfoundland Lcle I of the iniiig therein lired to enter ,t they do not •es of fishing .c the necessary ithorities. ,AIN. LLE "West. PPER. 888 CHArTER XL MILITIA AND DEFENCE. 591. Previous to the confederation of the Provinces, the Defence of defence of this country was entirely in the hands of the ^®^°f®^or. Imperial Government, who for that purpose maintained *"o°* troops in each Province, supported by various local volunteer militia corps. This volunteer militia had, when called upon, rendered most efiicient service in times of trouble, an account of which would be beyond the scope of this chapter^ being, as it is, part of the history of Canada. f;92. After Confederation the British Government gradu- wiith||^ ^^ ally withdrew all the Imperial troops from this country, {JSa?S!*^ and at present only maintain a garrison at Halifax and a naval establishment there and on the Pacific coast. Command in chief vested In the Queen. Depart* mentof MlUtla. 593. By the British North America Act the command in chief of all naval and military forces of and in Canada was vested in the Queen, and the control of the same was placed in the hands of the Dominion Parliament. A Department of Militia and Defence was at the same time established, the first Minister being Sir George E. Cartier, and the first Militia Act was passed in 1868, 31 Vic, chap. 40. This Act was subsequently amended in various ways, but is practically embodied in the present Consolidated Militia Act, 46 Vic, chap. 2, passed 25th May, 1883. By it the militia of Canada is declared to consist of all the male inhabitants of Canada of the age of 18 years or upwards and under sixty, not exempted or disqualified by law, this population being divided into four classes, as follow : — The first class comprises those aged 18 or upwards and whooon- under 30, being unmarried or widowers without children. Mmu«.*^* The( Militia Act. - i ,11 S' *»l()»"flpt".'- 884 OHAPTSR XI. '( I The 860011(1 class comprises those between the ages of 80 and 45, being unmarried or widowers without children. The third class comprises those between 18 and 45, being married or widowers with children. The fourth cIuhs comprises those between 45 and 60. Persons ^^4 The following pi^rsons are exempt from enrolment fromSor- nud lu'tual sorvicc at juiy time; Judges, clergymen and luiniMters of all religious denominations, professors in colleges and teachers in religious orders, the wardens and officials of all penitentiaries and lunatic asylums, persons physically disabled, and any person being the only son of a widow and her only support. Certain other persons are exempt from service except in case of war. Numberof 595. The number of men to be trained and drilled period of annually is limited to forty-five thousand, except as speci- ally authorized, and the period of drill is to be 16 days and not less than eight days every year. Aotlve and re- serve Militia. Period of service. Military Dlitriots. Perma- nent «orp«. 596. The militia is divided into active and reserve land and marine force. The active land and marine force is composed of men raised either by voluntary enlistment or ballot, and the reserve force consists of the whole of the men not servinpr in the active militia of the time being. 697. The period of service is three years. 698. The Dominion is divided into twelve military dis- tricts, in each of which a permanent militar- i-'Uu'' maintained, under the command of a Deputy Adjutant General. 599. The periii- i3nt corps and schools of instruction con- sist of 'A" troop or Oavahy at Quebec, "A," "B" and MILITIA AND DEFENCE. S85 ages of 80 dren. 45, being id 60. enrolment ^ymon and ji'essors in [irdeiis and ns, persons lily son ot a persons are and drilled jpt as speci- 16 days and reserve land iiie force is nlistment or e of the men ng. militiiiT dis- tar-. ^-'I'^I^ '^'"^ ity Adjutant " " Batteries, Schools of Artillei y at Kingston, Quebec and Victoria, RO. ; "A," ••B" and'C Infantry School Corps, »t Fredeiicton, N.B., St. Joliiis, i^, mid To/tHi^o, Out., and a S(^hool of Mounted Infantry at Wiuiiip^^ar A fourth In- fantry School Corps is in course nl" orjrauiiiiitioi) at London, Ont. The total strength of these permanent corps is Umited to 1,000 men. The present strength is 960 men, (xdusive of officers. 600 7 h • I'oyal Military College at Kingston, which i>> S^ff^^ umlor iKe i.o.itrol of the Militia Department, was founded lu coiiege. 1875, niid has proved a most successful institution. The piesent number of cadets is 77, which number is likely to be shortly increased to 96. The total number of cadots who have joined has been 280, of whom 116 have graduated and 69 have been gazetted to commissions in the Imperi i army. The general officer commanding the militia, in his odiqiod i report for 1837. says: "It is most satisfactory in 'General Com- 601. annual report for 1837. says: "It is most satisfactory " tracing the career, so far, of the graduates of this College, manding. *' to notice how very successful they have been in civil as well ** as in military employment." " It ought to be clearly under- " stood that the four years course at this College is calcu- " lated to fit a man for almost any appointment in this " country, whether civil or military." 602. The following is a statement of the numbers of the ^j'^^jf/^^ Active Militia, showing the strength of the different arms {^^\l^^l of the service : — ^^' :.| II truction con- t» " B " and 25 ^.w 886 Militia expendi- ture 1887. CHAPTER XI. STRENGTH OF THE ACTIVE MILITIA IN CANADA, 1887. Province, Dis- trict. Cav- alry. Field Artil- lery. Garri- son Artil- lery. En- gin- eers. In- fantry Total Dis- trict. Total Prov- ince. / 1 187 418 329 83 417 240 240 160 160 240 4,140 6,124 2,973 2,1/5 4,118 2,430 3,606 1,717 2,952 990 90 342 31,657 4,567 6,849 3,507 2,418 5.211 2,430 4,052 2,506 3,646 1,115 270 617 ' 9 67 45 Ontario I r, • 17,341 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quebec \ 347 89 • 11,693 2,506 3,646 1,115 270 617 96 324 45 45 80 160 80 80 270 260 569 New Brunswick Nova Scotia 45 Manitoba Rritish DoliimliiA. 180 230 p. E. Island 45 Total. 1,944 1,440 1,968 179 37,188 37.188 Royal Military College and Schools 4;^ 433 488 fli'l Total8,.31st Dec, 1887. 1,987 1,440 2,401 179 32,145 38,152 There was a decrease in the total number of men of 81, as compared with 1886. The number of troops, batteries tmd companies was : troops, 43 ; batteries, 62J ; and companies, | 648J ; making a total of t54. 603. The total ordinary expenditure amounted to 11,103,- 693, and the special expenditure, in consequence of the rebel- lion in 1885, to ^87,562. The following is a summary of the| expenditure by the Department of Militia in 1887 : — MILITIA EXPENDITURE, 1887. Salaries, district staff. $ 24,100 Brigade majors 10,840 Royal Military College 51,50.i Ammunition, clothing and military stores 202,19[< Public armouries 61,606 Drill pay and camp purposes 257,386 Drill mstruction 35,860 Dominion Rifle Association 10,000 Drill sheds and rifle ranges 15,306 Construction and repairs 81,834 DA, 1887. Total Total 1 Di3- Prov- ry trict. 1 lice. 4,56T 6,849 3,507 2,418 5.211 2,430 4,052 2,506 3,646 1,115 270 617 17,341 11,693 2,506 3,646 1,115 270 en 37,188 17657 )3V88_1_^'-."! MILITIA AND DEFENCE. 88t Pirracksin London 16,733 Care of military properties 13,526 Grant to Dominion Artillery Association 2,000 A, B and C Batteries 142,851 Cavalry and Infantry Schools 228,630 Contingencies 33,319 Total ordinary militia service $1,193,693 North West service (Rebellion 1885) 87,562 Total expenditure $1,281,255 604. The Militia revenue for 1887 amounted to $23,205, Miiitia made up as follows : — Ammunition, sale of. $11,866 Military stores " 3,819 Clothing " 1,853 Miscellaneoup stores, sale of... 526 Military properties, rent of .- 5,141 Total $23,205 605. The sums paid for militia pensions amounted to ^JfigY^ng, $34,100, as follow:— ^boT of men of 81 )ops, batteries and and comp-auiesJ Luntedtoi|l,l^=V [uenceol-theTekl- a summary of the in 18»7 ••— . $ 24,100 10,840 51,503 202,19'.^> 61,G06 257,386 35,860 10,000 15,306 81,834 Pensioners. Number. Amount. Pensioners. 1812-1815 20)8 26 102 $ 10.635 " Fenian raids 3,681 19,784 •' Rebellion. 1885 396 34,100 The number of pensioners of 1812-15 Is rapidly de- [creasing, being less by 115 than in 1886. 006. In addition to the gratuities reported as having been g^**"^" ?aid in 1886, an additional amount of $20,225 has been paid to 64 applicants, making a total of $64,101 paid in this i^ay to 230 persons. W II ■ij ; 1 i ;i 1 'i 1 ri' I'll' ii Hi ii- 11 ' ! f I 25| S88 Ijand taken up 1886 and 1887. CHAPTER XII DOMINION LANDS. 607. Ill the face of the large immigration into the Noitlj West Territories last year, the increase in the amount land taken up, was by no means what was expected, the! being only a small increase in the area taken up as homj steads, and a decrease under the heads both of pre-emptiof and sales. The following are the comparative figures :— | 1886. 1887. Homesteads 294,930 Acres 319,500 Acres Pre-emptions 146,480 " 87,747 " Sales 133,701 '< 113,544 " Seasons jfor the amall •quantity 608. Two reasons are, however, given in the report of Minister of the Interior for the comparatively small aj fekenup. taken up, one being that the extraordinary grain ci caused a very large demand for labour, and consequentlj much larger proportion than usual of the immigration absorbed in this way, and the other that settlers comingl to the country appeared to realize to a much greater ext than formerly, the advisability of acquiring some experiej of the modes of agriculture suitable to the country, bei taking up land. " There is much " says the report " in " soil and climate of Manitoba and the North-West that] " quires to be studied by the newly arrived agricultui " even assuming his former experience to have fitted " in every respect for the pursuit of his calling, an( " would be to his personal interest that he should acqui ^' little practical knowledge of the country and its inetl " of farming before finally taking up land on his * account." The report further says that " The opiuioi "gins to gain favour with those who have paid close aj " tion to the affairs of Manitoba and the North- West " so far as relates to the grain growing portions of I Sinci facre; ores Vt 610. id ho; ar fr< DOMINION LANDS. 389 [country at least, 160 acres is the limit of the area which 'the average farmer can profitably work." The decrease the number of pre-emptions would appear to be an indi- jation of the growth of this feeling. 009. The following table gives particulars of the trans- JJ™"",^*^ ctions in Dominion lands in each year from 1872 to 31st J^^'ds'iMa^ bctober, 1887, that being the end of the year in this De- ^^* lartment, except in financial matters : — li Area. Veak. Homesteads. Pre-emptions. Sales. Total. ion into the NoTtl| in the amount ,vas expected, the! taken up as homl )othofpre.-emptiol airative figures:-! 1887. ;res 319,500 Acres 87,747 " 1 113,544 " 1 in the report ofiMp iratively small a«J;; •■•••;;;;:;:;; ordinary grain «;;;;;;;;•;•;;;; L and consequentMi he immigration ma"..".".'.'.'.;.;;;."'.; .-. ^^^n.*" (Oct. .list) it settlers coramgKi^ « ^ much greater ext*] ;; [ring some experieK '; the country, be^e "^ rs the report " in . North-West thai irrived agricultuiB Since the beginning of 1872, therefore, the total number 3 to have fitted Macres disposed of has been 12,026,977, of which 5,807,826 his calling, an^cres were homesteads, 3,538,682 pre-emptions and 2,680,569 ,t he should acquiBes. mtry and its met' 1 J ^« Viis BwO. The next table gives the total amount of pre-emption Receipts IP land on nis *■ & t- i from feet u f " The opiiiioiB homestead fees, and proceeds of sales, received in each f^Jfi^®* have paid close afr from 1st July, 1872, to 30th June, 1887 — the North-West,' niig portions of ''f Acres. 40,000 136,640 215,520 84,480 52,960 145,280 308,640 555,296 280,640 438,707 1,181,652 970,719 533,280 249,552 294,960 .119,500 Acres. 1,600 2,400 101,461 67,314 40,406 107,715 275,240 270,178 140,790 263,047 904,211 659,120 304,060 106,213 140,480 87,747 Acres. 15,200 16,620 17,713 4,908 39,562 170,989 125,380 271,343 260,797 355,166 613,282 202,143 213,172 126.049 133,701 114,544 Acres. 50,800 155,660 334,694 156,702 1.32.928 428)984 709,260 1,096,817 682,227 1,057,520 2,699,145 1,831,982 1,110,512 481,814 575,141 521,791 j; I: 890 CHAPTER XII. PRE-EMPTION AND HOMESTEAD FEES AND PROCEEDS FROM SALES, 1873-1887. |i u Is it H Increase In 1887. Entries cancelled. Patents issued. Rocky Moun- tains Park, Banft- N.W.T. YkAR KNOEI) 30th Junk. Homestend and Pre-finiition Fees. Ordinary Sales. Sales to Coloai/.ati'n Companies. Total. Cash. Scrip. Casl.. 1873 $ 0,970 8,290 11,570 4,700 6,620 15,370 36,026 32,338 30,082 94,228 127,740 70.390 42; 745 40,481 26,502 $ 21,616 17,697 13,591 3,704 1,069 2,682 8,188 41,708 62,940 1,228,424 516,092 42.% 113 198,759 76; 140 48,176 $ $ $ 28, .586 25 987 1874 1875 25,161 8,724 143,645 138 211 1870 320 136,955 120,159 210,904 81,685 70,828 50,590 33,638 40,919 45,875 2.4,6.58 337,640 1877 1878 1879 255,119 155,812 164,451 1.727 280 .880 1881 1882 354,036 248,492 253,713 1,214 1883 925,962 788, l.^li 288,594 321,279 412,318 1881 1885 1886 1887 The receipts from 1st July, 1887, to 1st February, 1888, have amounted to 1206,744. 611. There was a total increase in 1887 of 181,038, owiug to the large redemption of scrip, but there was a decrease in fees and cash for sales, the receipts from pre-emptiops being doubtless small on account of the extension of time granted within which to make payment. 612. The number of entries cancelled has been steadily decreasing ; in 1874 62J per cent, of the homestead and 92 per cent, of the pre-emption entries were cancelled, in 1886 only 60 of the former and 60 of the latter were ancelled. The number of patents issued was 4,599 as compared with 4,570 in the preceding year, and was the largest number yet issued in any one year, the number cancelled was 26. 613. A large tract of land enclosing the hot mineral springs at Banff, N.W.T., \/as reserved and set apart for a National Park, under an Order in Council passed 25th CEEDS FROM s to izati'a •allies. Total. I3l.. $ $ 28,580 25,987 25,161 8,724 143,645 138,211 255,119 155,812 164,451 54,036 48,492 5:!, 713 1,214 1,727,280 925,962 788, WO 288,594 321,279 412,318 February, 1888, $81,038, owiug was a decrease m pre-emptiors xtensioii of time as been steadily mestead aiid 92 mcelled, in 1886 were 'ancelled. compared with largest number elled was 26. he hot mineral set apart for a cil passed 25th c DOMINION I.ANDS. 891 November. 1885. It is to ])i» known as Rocky Mountains Park. Fifteen mih>s of the external boundaries of the Park were surveyed during 18b t, and 18 miles of road opened up, a bridge was built over the Bow River, and consider- able improvements were made in the Cave and the Basin, making them safer and more convenient for bathers. Up- wards of 3,000 persons visited the Springs during the season, and there is now a permanent population of 650 persons. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company have recently completed a hotel at a cost of $150,000. 614. Four other park reservations have been made in the piJkreseis. Rocky Mountains, under an Order in Council jiassed 10th Oc- ^*"°'^"' tober, 1886. 615. The total urea set out for settlement since 18*73, is Area set ,, n out tor as tollows : — settle- ment. Aorp^ No of Farms of •*^*'™^* 160 acres ea(Mi. Previous to June, 1873 4,792.292 29,952 In 1874 4,237,864 26,487 1875 665,000 '4,156 187G 420,507 2,628 1877 231,691 1,448 1878. 300,936 1,918 1879 1,130,482 7.066 • 1880 4,472,000 27,950 1881 9,147,000 50,919 1882 9,460,000 55,125 1883 27,000,000 168,750 1864 6,400,000 40,000 1885 391,680 2,448 1886 1,379,010 8,620 1887 643,710 4,023 Total 70,678 172 431,490 At the rate of five souls to a homestead, these lands would sustain an agricultural population of 2,157,450. iilli;. u. ;il i' !] , ! I .-nr 892 CHAPTER XII. Revenue 1887. •16. The total revenue of the Department of the Interior for the year ended 31st October, 1887, was : — Gross revenue in cash $188,488 Scrip redeemed and warrants located 241.331 Total $429,810 Total in 188(i G05,87tj Decrease m 1887 "^ITO.OST Total receipts. 617. The total receipts on account of Dominion lands under the various heads to 31st October, 1887, are as follow : Homestead fees $ ."583,039 Pre-emption 185,278 Sales, cash 2,897,212 Timber, grazing and mineral 7.54,9t>2 Colonization 867,4.')6 Miscellaneous 189,617 $5,268,464 School 618. Two sections of land of 640 acres ea<'h in every Manitoba, township in Manitoba are held in trust by the Dominion Government as school lands, for the purpose of aiding and promoting education. These lands are to be disposed of as and when it may seem fit to the Grovernment, and tho pro- ceeds applied to the above purposes. Saies'of 619. A series of sales of these school lands was held in lands. January, 1888, and the following table gives the result of such sales : — SALES OP SCHOOL L.\XDS m MANITOBA, 1888. Place op Salk Manitou Winnipeg Portage la Prairie Brandon Total. Acres Sold. 7,814 2,917 6,694 2,560 Amount realized. 47,6.39 17,985 57 374 17,184 19,985 140,182 Tirst Instal- ment (paid). 9,525 3,598 14,002 3,437 30,562 Average Price per Acre. $ cts. 6 16 6 16 8 57 6 71 7 00 Maxi- mum Price per Acre. $ cts 9 00 8 00 16 10 10 00 Mini- mum Price per Acre. $ cts. 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 10 77 5 00 DOMINION LANDS. 898 he Interior 188,488 241.331 429,811' 005,870 170.057 uioii lands as follow: 383,039 185,278 ,897,212 7.54 ,9G2 857,4.56 189,617 ,268.464 h in every Dominion ' aiding and isposed of as nd tho pro- was held in he result of Maxi- Mini- mum Price mum Price per Acre. per Acre. $ cts $ cts. 9 00 8 00 IG 10 10 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 10 77 5 00 The Report of the Minister of the Interior Says : " If " the remainder of the school lands of Manitoba and the " North-West Territories could be relied upon to bring, at " the proper time, equivalent prices, the liberality of this "educational endowment would be difficult to exagr^erate." 620. Under the Dominion Lands Regulations all '*'^" Lands veyed even numbered sections, excepting 8 and 26, in uons.^*' Manitoba and the Noith-AVcst Territories, which have not been homesteaded, reserv<*d to provide wood lots for settlers or otherwise disposed of or reserved, are to be held exclu- sively for homesteads and pre-emptions, ^ t)21. Homestead entry per one quarter-section (160 acres) condi- of surveyed agricultural land, open to such entry, may be ^^^' obtained by any person who is the sole head of a family, or «"*'"y- by any male who has attained the age of 18 years, on appli- cation to the Local Agent of Dominion Lands, and on pay- ment of an office fee of $10, At the time of making entry the homesteader must declare under which of the three following provisions he elects to hold his land, and on making application for patent must prove that he has fulfilled the conditions named therein. 1. The homesteader shall begin actual residence on his homestead and cultivation of a reasonable portion thereof within six months from date of entry, unless entry shall have been made on or after the first day of September, in which case residence need not commence until the first day of June following, and continue to live upon and cul- tivate the land for at least six months out of every twelve months for three years from date of homestead entry. 2. The homesteader shall begin actual residence, as above, within a radius of two miles of his homestead and continue to IM ■I I) .-r-'' 894 / CHAPTER XII. make his home within such radius for at least six months out oL every twelve months for the three years next suc- ceeding the date of homestead entry ; and shall within the first year from date of entry break and prepare for crop ten acres of his homestead quarter section ; and shall within the second year crop the said ten i»cres, and break and pre- pare for crop fifteen acres additional — making twenty-five acres ; and within the third year after the date of his home- stead entry he shall crop the said twenty-five acres, and break and prepare for crop fifteen acres additional, so that within three years of the date of his homestead entry he shall have not less than twenty-five acres cropped ; and shall have erected on the land a habitable house in which he shall have lived during the three months next i)reced ing his application for homestead patent. 8. The homesteader shall perfect his homestead entry by commencing ti»e cultivation of the homestead within six months fter the date of entry, or if the entry was obtained on or alter the first day of September in any year, before the first day of June following, shall, within the first year after the date of his homestead entry, break and prepare for crop not less than five acres of his homestead ; shall, within the second year, crop the said five acres, and break and prepare for crop not less than ten acres in addition, making not less than fifteen acres in all ; shall erect a habitable house upon his homestead before the expiration of the second year after his homestead entry, and before the commencement of the third year, shall bond fide reside therein, and cultivate the land for three years next prior to the date of his application for his patent. In the event of a homesteader desiring to secure his patent within a shorter period than the three years provided by law, he will be permitted to purchase his homestead on DOMINION LANDS. 895 ! f furnishing proof that he has resided on the laud for at least twelve months from the date oi his perfecting his homestt entry, and that he has brought at least 30 acres thereof under cultivation. -^ Any homesteader may at the same time as he makes his homestead entry, but not at a later date, should there be available land adjoining the homestead, enter an additional quarter section of land as a pre emption on payment of an office fee of 110. 622. The pre-emption right entitles the homesteader, who Pre-emp- obtains entry for a jire-emption, to purchase the land so pre- empted on becoming entitled to his homestead patent ; but should the homesteader fail to fulfil the homestead condi- tions, or to pay for such pre-emption within six months after he becomes entitled to claim a patent for his home- stead, he forfeits all claim to his i)re-emption. 623. Every assignment or transfer of homestead or pre- ^eate J* emption right, made before the issue of the patent, is null hom©f **" and void, except in cases where any person or company is advances, desirous of assisting intending settlers, when, the sanction of the Minister to the advance having been obtained, the settler has power to create a charge upon his homestead for a sum not exceeding six hundred dollars, and interest not exceeding eight per cent, per annum, provided that particu- lars of how such an advance has been expended for his benefit, be first furnished to the settler, or if the charge be made previous to the advance, then such charge shall only operate to the extent certiiied to by the local agent as having been actually advanced to the settler. One half of the advance may be laid out in the erection of buildings on the homestead. ttj y; i 896 Price of ftre-en lODS. pre-emp< tu Pay- ments. CHAPTER XII. 624. The price of pre-emptions, not included in town site reserves, is !|2.60 an acre. Where land is north of the northerly limit of the land grant, along* the main line of the Canadian Pacific; Railway, and is not within twenty-four miles of any branch of that railway, or twelve miles of any other railway, pre-emptions may be obtained for $2 per acre. 625. Payments for land may be in cash, scrip, or police or military bounty warrants. Licenses 626. Homestead settlers, whose land is destitute of timber, to out ' doSufstic"^ may, upon payment of an office fee of 50 cents, procure from ""*• the Crown timber agent a permit to cut the following quan- tities of timber free of dues: 30 cords of dry wood, 1,800 lineal feet of building timber, 2,000 poplar fence rails and 400 roof poles. oharo a ^" cases where there is timbered land in the vicinity, woodiou available for the purpose, the homestead settler, whose land is without timber, may purchase a wood lot, not exceeding in area twenty acres, at the price of $5 per acre cash. Timber 627. Licenses to cut timber on surveyed or unsurveyed licenses. •' lands are granted after competition to the highest tenderer. The lands covered by such licenses are there))y withdrawn from homestead and pre-emption entry and from sale. Goal districts. 628. Coal districts have been set apart as follows : — 1. On the Sout-ia River, 80Uth of Moose Mountain. 2. On the South Saskatchewan River, near Medicine Hat. 3. On the North Saslvatjhewan River, near Eduiontou. 4. On the Bow River. 5. On the Belly River. 6. On the Cascade River. 7. Wood .Mountain. • rd8 " not ill- BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. 401 ■I < '■ ■■ i 636. There were forty-one incorporated banks that made ?n^^- BANK STATEMENT, 30th JUNE, 1886 AND 1887. LlAHILITlES. Capital paid up Circulation Deposits — Payable on demand Payable after notice or on a fixed day , Held as security Made by other banks Due other banks or agencies Other liabilities Total liabilities. fi Assets. 1886. 1887. 61,841,395 29,200,627 59,324,012 .52,904,811 762,940 1,404,827 3,615.231 335,232 147,547,682 Specie and Dominion notes Notes of and cheques on other banks Due from agencies and other banks Dominion debentures or stocks Other tiovernment securities Loans to Dominion and Provincial Governments.. Loans or discounts for which collateral securities are held Loans to municipal or other corporations Loans to or deposits made in other banks Discounts Debts overdue, not secured Debts overdue, secured Mortgages on real estate, and real estate held by the banks Bank premises Other assets Total assets . 18,110,224 6.736,621 19,815,650 4,733,312 3,407,407 3,039,099 12,678,919 15,503,366 757,511 131,559,202 1,431,307 1,735,492 2,148,913 3,511,964 3,253,362 $ 60,815,356 30,438,152 56,663,143 57,269,866 550,180 1,243,421 2,847,923 400,945 149,413,632 228,422,353 15,595,515 6,193,085 19,039,532 3,133,842 3,518,406 3,548,960 11,688,123 16,615,734 415,166 138,263,340 1,166,334 1,623,795 2,020,109 3,570,955 2,848,566 229,241,464 26 v'T'' 402 CHAPTER XIII. The proportion of liabilities to assets was slightly larger in 1887, being 65* 1*7 per cent, against 64*59 per cent, in 1886. The amount on deposit showed an increase of $1,700,186, discounts an increase of $6,704,138, almost iden- tical with that of 1886 over 1885 which was $6,704,976, and overdue debts a decrease of $376,670. Proper- 638. The following statement shows the proportions of Habifitlesl *^^ principal items of assets and liabilities to the total amounts in the years 1868, 1877 and 1887 : — ASSETS AND LIABILITIES— PERCENTAGE OP PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Items. 1868. 1877. 1887. Liabilities- Notes in circulation p. C. 18*99 75-03 11-40 70-26 p. c. 19-22 76-03 8-29 77-31 p. c. 20-37 Denosita 76-62 Assets— Hnpoip and Dnniinion notes .....»•• 6*80 Debts due to the banks 75-60 Rate of Interest. " Particu- lars of Banks In Canada 1868-1887. 639. The rate of interest allowed on deposit by the banks is at present in most cases 4 per cent. 640. The next table giv^s the paid up capital, assets, liabilities, and other particulars of the various banks in operation in each year since Confederation, according to the returns made to the Government, as required by the Bank Acts : — itly larger ;r cent, in ncrease of most iden- 04,976, and portions of o the total PAL ITEMS. 1887. p. c. 20-37 76-62 6-80 75-60 3y the banks ntal, assets, ►us banks in ording to the by the Bank BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. PARTICULARS OF BANKS IN CANADA, 1808-1887. 403 Ybar ENDED 30 th June, Capital Paid up. Notes in Circula- tion. Total on Deposit. Liabilities. Assets. Per- centage ot Liabili- ties to Assets. 1868 ... 1869 ... 1870 ... 1871 ... 1872 ... 1873 ... 1874 ... 1875 ... 1876 ... 1877 ... 1878 ... 1879 ... 1880 ... 1881 ... 1882 ... 1883 ... 1884 ... 1885 ... 1886 ... 1887 ... 30,289,048 30,981,074 32,050,697 36,415,210 46,134,709 55,102,M59 60,443,445 63,367,687 67,199,051 63,923,156 63,387,034 64,169,427 60,584,789 59,384,987 58,739,980 61,404,554 61,443,397 61,821,158 61,841,395 60,815,356 $ 8,307,079 8,063,198 14,167,948 18,339,893 25,040,077 29,616,046 26,583,130 20,902,991 20,288, 158 18, -265,356 19,.351,109 18,090,814 20,186,176 26,102,368 32,229,937 32,211,945 29,664,511 29,692,803 29,200,627 30,438,152 $ 32,808,103 .38,823,332 50,767,099 65,763,066 64,720,490 68,677,137 78,790,368 76,033,811 74,594,057 71,284,797 71,900,195 71,368,502 84,818,804 94,156,621 113,820,496 107,148,664 106,694,253 104,656,566 112,991,764 114,483,190 $ 43,722,647 48,380,967 66,530,393 77,486,706 94,224,644 98,296,677 117,656,218 101,371,846 101,686,717 95,004,254 95,641,008 93,375,749 108,833,271 125,063,546 153,001,994 145,296,836 140,973,233 1.38,610,300 147,547,682 149,413,632 $ 77,872,257 83,565,027 102,147,293 121,014,396 161,772,876 168,619,745 188,417,005 184,441.108 184,421,514 174,375,603 175,473,086 170,446,074 181,741,074 198,967,278 229,271,064 226,803,491 223,855,601 217,264,655 228,422,353 229,241,464 56-15 67-89 65* 13 64*03 62-08 58-33 62-44 54-96 66-13 54-48 54-50 54-78 59-88 62-85 66-73 64-06 62-97 63-75 64*59 65-18 041. The number of banks that made returns to the Gov- increase ernraent on 30th June, 1868, was 27, being 14 less than in perioS 1887, and the following are the proportions of increase under the several heads, between those years : — Increase in amount of paid up capital, 101 per cent ; in notes in circulation, 266 per cent. ; in amount on deposit, 249 per cent. ; in lia- bilities, 241 per cent. ; and in assets, 194 per cent. The proportion of liabilities to assets was higher in 1887 than in any other year, with the exception of 1882, and was lowest in 1877. 642. The total amount of reserve held by the banks on Reserve the 30th June, 1887, was $17,600,297. No returns of this *""'*' fund were made previous to 1883, when an'amendment to the Bank Act, requiring them, was passed. 26J . w ti I i I 404 CHAFFER XIII. S^nSont *J43. During the fiscal year 1886-87 the Maritime Bank suspended, and since the 30th of June, 1887, two banks, at that time making returns, have suspended, viz., the Bank of London and the Central Bank. In both cases the trouble vv^as caused by culpable mismanagement, in the first case on the part of the president, and in the second on the part of the directorate and general manager. Total 644. The total amount of money on deposit in 1886 in the amount on deposit. Chartered Banks, Post Office and Government Savings Banks, Montreal and Quebec Savings Banks, and in the * hands of Loan Companies, was $179,477,121, equal to the sum of $36*82 per head of population. Dividends 645. The following table gives the share value, paid up and prioes pafstocts capital, last six months' dividend, and highest and lowest ^' quotations at Toronto in 1887, of the principal banks and loan companies in Canada. The prices quoted are taken from the statement published by the committee of the Toronto Stock Exchange : — B4NKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. 405 Stock. Share. Banks — Montreal.... Ontario Toronto .... Merchants Commerce Imperial ... Feaeral Dominion . Standard . Hamilton .. Central British America Western Assurance Consumers' Gas Montreal Telegraph North-West Land Go C.P.R. Land Grant Bonds Canada Permanent Freehold Western Canada Union Canada Landed Credit Buildinff and Loan Association Imperial Saving and Investment Farmers' Loan and Savinics London and Canada Life and Accident National Investment Peoples' Loan Real Estate Loan and Debenture Co London and Ontario The Land Security Co Manitoba Loan Huron and Ene Dominion Saving and Loan Ontario Loan and Debenture Hamilton Provident Ontario Investment Association. British Canadian Loan and In- vestment Ontario Industrial Loan and la vestment Co $ 200 100 100 100 50 100 100 60 60 100 100 60 40 60 40 24 60 100 60 60 50 26 100 50 CO 100 50 60 100 26 100 60 60 50 100 60 100 100 Capital paid up. $ 12,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 6,799,200 6,000,000 1,500,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 600,000 600,000 200,000 1,000,000 2,0' 10,000 7,300,000 2,300,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 627,000 663,990 750,000 625,000 611,430 700,000 425,000 564,680 477,209 450,000 230,000 312,600 1,100,000 918,250 1,200 000 1,100,000 700,000 322,412 309,056 Dividend last ti months. Per cent. 5 H 4 4' 3 5 3 7 10 3 4 6 & 6 4 4 3 3| 5 3 31 3 3 3 Prices during Year. Highest. 248. 124) 21 Ir 13.^i 126 140 1094 223 13U 141} 104} 125 162 197| 1021 64| 106 213} 170 190 im 135 114 118} 123 Lowest. 204 161 185| 131 127} 104 114} 116 162 108 118 143 10.^ 110 40 117 246 116} lOli 169 115J 120 92 166 100 1231 117} 122^ 20 104 100 116 100 It u.'m V i i 403 Business failures 1887. CHAPTER XIII. 646. The following is a statement of the business failures in Canada in 1887 by Provinces : — Number. Liabilities. Ontario 693 $ 5,357,375 Quebec 390 4,085,926 Nova Scotia 120 716,860 New Brunswick 88 5,350,415 Manitoba 37 264,769 British Columbia 25 135,950 Prince Edward Island 13 162,600 Totals 1,366 $16,070,595 Business Dallures 1883-1887. 647. For the purposes of comparison the figures for the last five years are given below : — Number. Liabilities. 1883 1,384 $15,949,361 1884 1,327 19,191,306 1885 1,256 8,861,609 1886 1,252 10,386,884 1887 1,366 16,070,595 Average 1,317 $14,091,951 Increase 648. The amouut of liabilities in 1887 was above the due to ^ average for five years, and considerably above the figures of the Marl- 1886, but this increase was almost entirely due to the Bftnk. failure of the Maritime Bank in New Brunswick, and of the large lumber firms dependent on it. The average number and amount of failures in New Brunswick during the pre- vious four years was 59 and $808,57ti respectively, and if these figures are substituted in 1887, the result appears as 1,337 failures with liabilities $11,528,756, showing that but for the exceptional failure, in New Brunswick, the year was a fairly prosperous one, the amount of liabilities being below the average of five years. 649. The number of failures in the United Kingdom in Failures In United Kingdom. 1887 ^j^g 5 852^ ijgjyg. ^Yie largest number since 188d. BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. m 650. The system of Post Office Savings Bauks was first ^^vinf'''' established in the United Kingdom, and proved sb success- ?bje?t8 ** ful that it has been almost universally adopted by other aystem. nations. The principal object of the system is to encourage the habit of saving among the working classes, by provid- ing a place where they can deposit their surplus earnings at a fair rate of interest and with absolute security, no prac- tical limit being made to the smallness of the deposit. This latter provision is one of the main features of the scheme, as the ordinary banks do not value this class of business, and in many cases will not receive deposits under a sum which would compel many people to hoard their money for a length of time, before they could save enough to place it in a position of safety. 651. The Post Office Act, which provided for the estab- Provisioaa under the lishment of this system in Canada, was passed on the 20th Post office December, lb6*7, and was limited in operation as regards the Savings Banks, to the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Under 'ts provisions a deposit must not be less than $1 and must not exceed $300 in any one year, neither must the total amount on deposit exceed 1 1,000 652. Government Saving Banks, under the management ^^^^t"^*^" of the Finance Department, have been established in the ||u£*^ Maritime Provinces and in Manitoba and British Columbia, in which bauks deposits are allowed to the extent of |1,000. The number of offices under this system is 60, viz., 29 in Nova Scotia, 14 in New Brunswick, 2 in Prince Edward Island, 1 in Ontario, 1 in Manitoba, and 8 in British Columbia. Arrangements are now being made for the transt'or of the Government Savings Banks in the last mentioned Province to the Post Office Department. 653. The rate of interest paid in both classes of savings SSerest. banks is at present four per cent, but during the last session ■^li <:':■ 408 CHAPTER XIII. Progress or tlie Post Office syNtem. Distribu- tlon of offices. of Parliament, a bill was passed enabling the Grovernment to reduce this rate if it appeared that the condition of the country required it. 654. The Post Office system went into operation on the 1st April, 1868, when 81 oflices were opened; at the close of the three months ended 80th June, 1868, there was 2,102 depositors, 3,247 deposits had been made, and the amount on deposit was 1204,539. On the 30th June, 1 88*7, there were 415 offices open, 90,169 depositors, 143,076 deposits had been made during the year, and the total amount on deposit was $19,497,750. Almost the whole of this enormous increase has taken place during the last eight years, the amount on deposit on 30th June, 1879, having been only $3,105,190, the average annual increase since that date having been $2,049,070 The average amount of ea(jh deposit received has considerably decreased, having been $57.81, or $2.71 cents less than in 1886. The average amount to the credit of each account was $216.26. 655. On the 1st September, 1885, the system was extend- ed to the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the offices are distributed in the several provinces as follow : Ontario 306, Quebec 75, Nova S<'otia 2!, and New Bruns- wick 13 Depositors 656. The followi:ag table shows the number of depositors POTitsby in each province, the amount on deposit, and the proportion Provinces, ^f ^j^^^^ amount per head of population, on 30 th June, 1887 :— PnOVlNCB. Ontario Suebec ova Scotia New Brunswick Total Number of Depositor^ 75,036 13,489 882 752 90,169 Amount on Deposit. 16,686,01?. 3,532,4'>8 125,823 153,447 19,497,760 Average Amount to each Depositor. $ cts. 209 04 261 88 142 65 204 04 218 18 Average Amount per tiead or Population. $ 7 2 Cts. 37 41 26 44 i 41 BANKS AND SAVINGS BANK.;!. 409 In the United Kingdom in 1885, the amount on depouit in Post Office Savings Banks averaged $6 32 per head of population. 667. It is generally admitted that the amount on deposit aignin- in the savings banks of the country is more or less an in- jnorease dication of the saving power of the people, and the increase ^^^^fj- in these deposits in Canada of late years has been very large. Mr. Giffen in his address before the British Association in September, 188*7, the purport of which address was to show that in spite of the depression, England had made and was making material progress, said : '* Another fact is the steady '~ ^ "increase of savings banks deposits and depositors. These " deposits are not, of course, the deposits of working classes " only, so called. They include the smaller class of trades- "men, and the lower middle classes generally. But " quantum valeant, the fact as to a growth of deposits and "depositors should reflect the condition of the country "generally, in much the same w^ay as the returns of pauper- " ism." If then the figures for this country are taken, relating to post o ffice saving banks alone, it is found that between 1870 and 1877 the number of depositors increased from 12,178 to 24,074, an increase of 97 per cent., and the deposits from $1,588,848 to $2,639,937, an increase of 66 per cent. ; while between 1878 and 1887, the number of depositors increiased from 26,635 to 90,159, an increase of 253 per cent., and the deposits from $2,754,484 to $19,497,750, an increase of 607 per cent. " "Whatever special explanations there may be, " facts like these are at least not inconsistent with a fuller " employment of the population in the last ten years than " in the previous ten." 658. The balance of deposits is not now required, as for- Disposal of merly, to be invested in Canadian Grovernment securities, ^*^*°®®* but forms part of the unfunded debt of the Dominion. 410 CHAPTER XIII. ! , I 'J ■i ? uoni'ot'' 6^9- The following tables are statements of the transactions offlMand ^he years 1886 and 1887, and of the affairs of loan companies Oovera* ment Savings Banks 1886 andU87 and of loan com* mniei STATEMENT OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE POST OFFICE THE YEARS Raw a Year. Balances, 1st July. Deposits. Cash. Interest Allowed. Post OiBoe Savinflrs Banka 1886 1887 1886 1887 1886 1887 1886 1887 1886 1887 1886 1887 1886 1887 1886 1887 $ 15,090,540 17,159,372 7,589,053 8,593,121 4,821,715 5,492,348 810,055 887,662 686,927 891,742 2,223,692 2,189,127 1,757,090 1,960,438 32,979,076 37,173,813 7,645,227 8,272,041 8,109,668 2,444,940 1,518,689 1,439,672 407,681 312,578 699,668 469,530 1,179,714 844,670 697,645 623,519 15,158,295 14,406,952 $ 607,075 Government Savings Banks- Nova Scotia 1 692,404 311,464 New Brunswick 1 340,263 199,642 Toronto \ 224,433 32,619 WinnineflT 33,093 29,782 British Columbiu >... \ 36,009 83,669 Prince Edward Island ■ 82,210 71,376 Grand Total, Post Office and " Government Savings Banks ' combined 79,154 1,336,620 1,487,569 rausactions . compauies »OST orPiOB THE YEARS Deposits. Interest Allowed. $ i7 11 607,075 692,404 68 40 311,464 340,263 89 72 199,642 224,433 81 78 32,619 33,093 68 30 29,782 36,009 ri4 570 83,669 82,210 J46 U9 71,376 79,164 295 952 1,336.620 1,487,569 BANKS AND SAVINGS BANKS. of the Post ( )fRce and Government Savings Banks during and building societies in 1886 : — AND G0VJ;RNMENT SAVINOH banks in CANADA DURING 1886 AND 1887. Increase or Decrease. Rate per Cent. With- drawals. Balances, 30 tb June. Increase or Decr«aie. Rate ' Total. ►nnu ..111 Cent. 9 23,342,842 26,123,817 11,010,177 11,378,824 6,640,047 7,166,404 1,260,366 1,233,336 «-JTi. 1,316,378 1,397,281 3,487,077 3,116,009 2,526,112 2,663,112 49,472,992 63,068,336 $ + 2,459,270 + 2,780,975 + 1,196,088 + 368,147 + 713,650 + 618,407 + 51,362 — 1 ,021 + 192,596 + 80,903 — 55,138 — 371,068 + 243,421 + 137,000 + 4,801,260 + 3,595,343 11'3 11*9 12-2 3'3 12-2 9-4 4-3 1-3 17-1 6-1 1-5 11*9 10-7 5-4 10-7 7-2 6,183,470 6,626,067 2,417,050 2,313,495 1,047,698 1,017,720 362,693 358,992 424,636 408,072 1,297,949 1,003,536 565,674 608, 1Y6 12,299,178 12,236,060 17,159,372 19,497,760 8,693,121 9,064,829 6,492,348 6,138,734 887,662 874,342 891,742 989,209 2,189,127 2,112,4'i2 1,960,438 2,154,936 37,173,813 40,832,276 $ + 2,068,832 + 2,338,378 + 1,004,008 + 471,708 + 670,633 + 646,386 + 77,607 — 13,320 + 204,816 + 97,467 — .34,565 — 76,665 + 203,348 + 194,498 + 4,194,7.37 + 3,658,462 13- 1 13-6 13-2 6-4 13-9 11-8 9-6 1-5 29-8 10-9 1-5 3S 11-6 99 12-7 9-8 411 '1 I i 11 '1 t 1 1 I*"* u\ 412 CHAPTER XIII. SUMMARY STATEMEiNT OF THE AFFAIRS OF LOAN LIABILI Pkovinces. Capital authorized. Capital subscribed. Capital paid up. Reserve Fund. Other Liabilities. Ontario $ 93,643,583 3,533,600 2,000,000 $ 71,178,607 2,170,360 400,000 $ 30,175,472 1,209 ,.387 400,000 $ 7,541,995 196,032 $ 1,842,216 243,970 Quebec •.>•• Manitoba Total 99,177,183 73,748,967 31,874,859 7,738,027 2,086,186 AS Provinckb. ° Current Loans secured on Real Estate. Loans secured on Real Estate held for sale. Loans to Share- holders on their Stock. Loans otherwise secured. Total Loans. Ontario $ 80,409,076 1,389,213 800,000 $ 1,947,827 27 268 $ 863,910 141,448 $ 2,350,035 166,482 86,670,849 1,723,411 800.000 Quebec MRnitoba Total 82,598,289 1,975,096 1,005,358 2,515,517 88,094,260 MISGBL Pkovimces. Dividend declared during the year. Amount loaned during he year. Amount from Bo during t Principal. received rrowers he year. Interest. Amount received from Depositors during the year. Amount repaid to Depositors (luring the J ear. Ontario $ 3,134,085 61,427 16,000 $ 17,769,898 413,374 450,000 $ 16,463,667 614,609 $ 2,359,994 80,423 $ 21,296,934 384,276 $ 20,530,871 414,646 Oii(>hec Manitoba Total 3,211,612 18,633,270 17,068,266 2,440,417 21,681,210 20,945,517 IRS OF LOAN LIABILI Other Liiibilitiei. J95 032 $ 1,842,216 243,970 • *•• 027 2,086,180 AS B ise d. >,035 ,482 Total Loans. 5,517 $ 85,570,849 1,723,411 800,000 88,094,200 MISGBL mount Amount ;eived repaid 'rom )08itors uring J year. to Depositors during the J ear. $ ,296,934 384,276 $ 20,530,871 414,646 ,681,210 20,945,517 BANKS AND SAVINOS BANKH. COMPANIES AND BUILDING HOGIBTIES, 1880. TIES. 41S LiabilitIo!i to Shiire- liolilers. Deposits. Debentures pavnitlu in (Jiiiiiula. De))cntures payable ill I^ritaiii or elsi-wiieie. Other Liabilities. Linbilitiefl to tiie public. $ 39,559,083 1,739,389 400.000 $ 16,t)40,100 586,481 $ 0,252,9.35 291,000 $ 31,525,294 .30,013 800,000 $ 1,517,085 20,037 $ 54,9)5,414 940,732 800,000 41,099,072 10,220,581 6,544,535 32,361,307 1,543,722 56,076,146 SETS. Proi'buty Owned. Total Property owned. Office f\irni- ture and flztures. Cash on hand. Cash in Banks. Consisting of Real Estate. Otiier than the foregoing. $ 30,231 780 500 $ 89,807 7,217 2,104,906 186,976 $ 3,143,179 775,946 $ 3,133,243 79,941 400,000 9 P,501,372 1,020,860 400,500 31,511 97,024 2,261,882 3.919,126 3,618,189 9,922,732 LANEOUS. Amount borrowed for purposes Total amount of interest paid and credited during the year. Number of Deposi- tors. Value of Real Estate under Mortgage. Amount overdue and in d?4'Bult of Mortgages. Amount invested and secured by Mortgage Deeds. of invest- ment. Principal. Interest. $ 46,826,658 4,600 2,528,270 01,457 30,615 1,223 $ 174,676,062 1,949,638 2,000,000 $ 2,685,011 94,503 $ 895,1* 1 8, 2; (7 78,706,585 864,984 800,000 46,831,258 2,589,727 31,838 178,625,700 2,779,514 903,399 80,371,569 m t 414 I CHAPTER XIV. Fire In- surance compan- ies in I88C1 Premiums received and losses paid 1886. INSUBANCE. PART I.— FIRE INSURANC5B. 660. During the year 1886 the business of fire insurance in Canada was carried on by 30 active Companies ; of these 6 were Canadian, 19 British and 5 American. Inland Marine and Ocean Marine Insurance were also transacted by 5 of them (3 Canadian, 1 British and 1 American). This list of Companies differs from that of the previous year, by the addition of one American Company, viz., tile Con- necticut Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn., and since the close of 1886 two additional British Companies, the Atlas Assurance Company and the Employer's Liability Assurance Corporation (Limited), have been licensed, the latter for the transaction of fire re-assurance and the former for the transaction of fire insurance generally. 661. The cash received for premiums during the year, in Canada, amounted to $4,982,335, being greater than that received in 1885, by #79,8*75 ; and the amount paid for losses was $3,301,388, exceeding that paid in 1885, by $622,101, The ratio of losses paid to premiums received is shown in the following table : — FIRE INSURANCE IN CANADA, 1886. Companies. Paid for Losses. Received for Premiums. Percentage of Losses to Premiums. 1886. 1885. CAnAdiAn ComnfiDies $ 739,364 2,388,164 223,860 $ 1,107,710 3,429,012 395,613 66-75 68-19 56-59 53*90 British " 56-13 Atnprican " 50-77 Total 3,301,388 1,932,335 66-93 .')5-22 Premiums 662. The following table shows the amount received for a^ioflWB premiums, and paid for losses, as well as the percentage of ""*'' """^ losses to premiums, in every year from 1869 : — idl868- e insurance es ; of these xn. InlLnd transacted ican). This 3US year, by ;., the Con- Coim., and Companies, it's Liability icensed, the d the former the year, in jr than that unt paid for ill 1885, by s received is •centage of Losses to Premiums. 886. 1885. 66-75 68-19 66*59 66-93 53-90 56-13 60-77 55-22 ; received for ercentage of INSURANCE. PREMIUMS RECEIVED AND LOSSES PAID IN CANADA, 1869-1886. 415 Tear ended 31st December, 18G9... 1870... 1871 .. 1872 .. 1873... 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884... 1885. .. 1886... Premiums received. Totals. 1,785,539 1,916,779 2,321,716 2,628,710 2,968,416 3,522,303 3,594,764 3,708,006 3,764,005 3,368,430 3,227,488 3,479,577 3,827,116 4,229,706 4,624,741 4,980,128 4,862,460 4,932,. ^35 Losses paid. 63,732,2U' $ 1,027,720 1,624,837 1,549,199 1,909,975 1,682,184 1,926,159 2,563,531 2,867,295 8,490,919 1,822,674 2,145,198 1,666,578 3,169,824 2,664,986 2,920,228 3,245,323 2,679,287 3,301,388 47,257,306 Percentage of Losses to Premiums 57-56 84-77 66-73 72-66 66 67 54-68 71-31 77-33 225-58 54-11 66-47 47 90 82-83 63-01 63-14 65-16 66-22 66-93 74-15 663. The total amounts for the whole period were divided ^'ived* among the companies according to their nationalties, as g^^P£?» follows: — panies. Sol it', Companies. Premiums received. Losses paid. Percentage of Losses to Premiums. Canadian Companies $ 20,132,622 38,566,558 6,044,039 $ 14,819,255 28,902,523 3,635,527 73-61 British " = American " 74-96 70-09 Total 63,732,219 47,257,305 74-15 If the year of the fire in St John had been excluded, the average percentage of loss would have been 6464. 664. The next statement shows the business done by the f^^Sw business 1869, several companies during the year 1886 : iV!!' ''^ l-M I- 416 CHAPTER XIV. FIRE INSURANCE BUSINESS IN CANADA, IN 1886. m COMPAN'IES. Canadian Companies. British America Citizens' London Mutual Fire.. Quebec Royal Canadian Western Totals British Companiet. Caledonian City of London Commercial Union Fire Ins. Association. Glasgow and London Guardian Imperial Lancashire Liverpool it Loadon& Globe London & Lancashire London Assurance.. National of Ireland North British Northern , Norwich Union Phoenix of London.. Queen Royal , Scottish Union and National Totals American Companies. JRtna. Fire Agricultur'lof Water- town Connecticut Fire Hartford , Phenix of Brooklyn.. Totals Gross Amount of Risks taken. $ 21,7.31,357 19.671,013 15,509,136 6.775,380 17,614,888 33,242,032 114,543,806 8,696,511 13,195,252 25,199,575 13,934,165 19,439,750 17,288,026 17,415,282 18,736,143 25,292,356 10,200,528 9,486,166 7,791,762 34,866,909 13,133,329 10,036,046 19,566,599 20,664,.389 53,957,892 10,230,450 349,109,117 Premiums charged thereon. 298,205 238,709 194,431 91,463 212,774 432,895 1,468,480 102,642 195,799 347,421 168,000 268.191 174,760 196,232 232,646 245,918 112,687 77,123 86,112 376,726 161,486 106,909 228,413 2.36,065 544,087 92,661 3,941,787 10,649,525 8,619,847 2,105,000 11,527,660 9,197,962 117,597 78,123 26,922 138,331 83,929 42,099,984 443,905 Rate per cent. of Pre- miums to Risks taken. Net Cash paid for Losses. 1-37 1-21 1-25 1-35 1-21 1-30 1-28 M8 1-48 1-38 1-21 1-33 1-01 113 124 0-97 1-10 0-81 Ml 1-08 1-23 107 1 17 M4 101 0-90 113 1 10 91 123 1-20 91 105 Net Cash received for Premiums Per- cent- age of Losses paid to Pre- miums re- ceived $ 135,950 134,781 83,830 46,038 152,313 186,455 739,364 72,624 127,649 227,178 93 806 144,330 99,846 129,742 149,066 196,532 43,218 47,856 76,134 186,641 130,786 46 073 160,407 128,646 267,443 21,281 2,338,164 68,400 49,975 7,703 69,042 28,736 223,859 207,629 203,268 111,148 85,390 169,178 331,096 1,107,711 92,531 170,317 299,911 147,146 205,261 160,429 182,140 194,767 224,060 93,041 65,965 71,431 303,807 146,406 88,683 194,942 210,447 508,611 79.141 3,429,012 103,381 78,389 23,321 124,597 65,923 395,613 65-48 66 31 75-42 53-91 90'03 56-31 66-75 78-49 74-89 75'75 63-75 70-32 66-37 71-23 76 54 87-27 46-45 72-66 106-58 61-48 89-33 61-95 77-15 61-13 52-58 26-89 68-59 66-16 63-75 33-03 56-41 43 59 66-69 186. Per- cent- Net age of Gash Losses "eceived paid to tor Pre- rcmiums miums re- ceived 207,629 203,268 111,148 85,390 169,178 331,096 65-48 66 31 75-42 53-91 90-03 56-31 1,107,711 66-75 92,531 170,317 299,911 147,145 205,251 160,429 182,140 194,767 224,0S0 93,041 65,955 71,431 303,807 146,406 88,683 194,942 210,447 508,611 79.141 78-49 74-89 75-75 63-75 70-32 66-37 71-23 76 54 87-27 46-46 72-66 106-58 61-48 89-33 61-95 77-15 61 13 52-58 26-89 3,429,012 68-69 103,381 66-16 78,389 23,321 124,597 66,923 63-75 33-o;5 55-41 43 59 395,813 66-59 INSURANCE. 41t 665. The business done by the British fire companies Joneb? resulted in a balance in their favour of $2S7,216, being a SJm?^^ decrease of $437,768 as compared with 1885, as shown by ^*''**''' the following statement : — 1885. 1886. Paid for losses $1,912,873 $2,347,433 " general expenses 819,596 872,595 Total $2,73-2,469 $3,'220,028 Received for premiums :-i,40t,453 3,457,244 Balance in favour $ tiT4,984 $ 237,216 The business of the last 12 years, 1875 to 1886, has resulted in an excess of payments over receipts of |17,305, ^ ^ but this adverse balance is due to the disastrous fire at St. John, 1877, where the losses paid by the British companies amounted to four and one-half millions. It appears certain that another year will see the balance reversed. 666. Thb ^.lio vinff is a comparative statement of theByAmeri- . _ can com* business doi w L y American companies in 1886 and 1886 : — paniea. 1885. 1886. Paid for losses $209,693 $239,310 •' general expenses 86,206 97,438 Total $-295,899 $336,748 Received for premiums 396,683 427,844 Balance in favour ^''^'^1?* $ 91,09 6 . 667. A similar comparative statement of the business done By Cana- dian com> by Canadian companies is found below : — pantes. 1885. Paid for losses $1,986,257 ;eneral expenses... 917,879 ividends 99,^96 (I 1886. $2,128,943 926,299 114,809 Total $3,033,033 $3,170,051 Received for premiums 3,089,381 3,090,851 " from other sources 123,196 139,223 Total 3,212,677 3,230,074 Balance in favour .,. $209,644 $60,023 27 ■^'1 ■ ill i ! •1. i f 418 CHAPTER XIV. Proper* tion of 66^' ^^^ every $100 received for premiums, the payments fo recefpt^s by British and American companies therelbre, were as by Brlrish n n andAmer- loliow : — lean com- paules. Companies. For Losses. For Expenses. Balance for Companies. 1885. 1886. 1885. 1886. 1885. 1886. British.... $ 56- 14 52-86 $ 67-90 .55-93 24-05 21-73 3, 25-24 22-77 $ 19-81 25-41 $ 6-86 American •• 21 "SO By Cana- dian com* panlei. The business it will be seen vas not nearly so favour- able in 1886 for either class of companies, but more particularly for British ones. 669. For every $100 received for income by Canadian companies, the payments were : — Canadian Companies. For Losses. For Expense?. For Dividends. 1885. $ 61-80 64-26 1886. 1885. 1886. 1885. 1886. For every $100 of income.... " " premium.. $ 6.5-91 68-88 $ 28-57 29-97 28-68 29-97 $ 3-11 3 23 $ 3-55 3 71 Inland Their total cash income in 1885 was $8,212,5*7*7 and in 1886 $3,230,0*74, and their cash expenditure was in the same years $3,00a,033 and $3,1*70,051 respectively. 670 The inland marine insurance business did not com- Ssurance. pa^e at all favourably with that of the preceeding year, the losses incurred having been 68*54 per cent, of the premiums received, as against 5099 per cent, in 1885. ooean 6tl. The occan business was equally unfavourable, the SoKirance. proportion of losses to premiums having been 8243 and eS*87 per cent, in 1886 and 1886 respectively. payments . were as Balance for Companies. L885. $ 19-81 25 -41 1886. $ G-8t; 21-30 J SO favour- but more Canadian For Dividends. 1885. 1 188*5. $ $ 3-11 3 23 3-55 3 71 212,577 and e was in the lid not com- |ing year, the he premiums rourable, the n 82-43 and INSURANCE. 419 ..A 672. The following figures show the total business of^§ta\to«i- both inland and ocean marine insurance in 1886 : — ocean"** marine, "ivtninras received $,")4;!,70>1 Losses incurred 414,tj73 " paid $3;i8,]-2;{ " •' for previous years 2ti,600 Total losses paid dnring year 304,723 Losses outstanding 80,925 67t). The total amounts at risk against fire in each year Amount* from 1869, aro given in the next table. When it is con- i869-i887. sideied that the Tery large increase in the amount, upwards of $400,000,000, represents a proportionate increase in the value of property and in the wealth of the people, it must be admitted that the progress made during the period has been considerable : — FIRE INSURANCE IN CANADA— AMOUNTS AT RISK, 1869 TO 1887. Ykar kndbd 3Ist Decbhb£r, 1869, 1870 1871, 1872 1873, 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 Fire Insurance. 188,359,809 191,594,586 228,453,784 251,722,940 278,754,835 306,848,219 364,421,029 454,608,180 420,342,681 409,899,701 Tsar ended 31st December, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884 1885 1886 1887 Fire Insurance. $ 407,357,985 411,563.271 462,210,968 526,856,478 572,264,041 605.507,789 611,794,479 580,773,022 6.35,101,557 PART II.— LIFE INSURANCE. 674. There were 29 companies transacting a life insurance Number business in Canada in 1886, viz., 10 Canadian, 11 British surance and 8 American. One new license was issued during the panies. year, to the Temperance and General Life Assurance Com- pany of North America. 27J 1. 1 .'■ i ■ 420 CHAPTER XIV. ^1 liUe in- auranoe durlug 1886. 676. The value of the iusuraiices effected during the year was 135,171,34 , being an increase of $8,006,360. The busi- ness was divided among the several companies in 1885 and 188 »S as follows .— 1885. 1886. Caualian comi>anie3 $14,881,005 $19,269,694 Hritish '• 3,950.047 4,054,279 American " 8,332,(546 11,827,375 $27,104,988 $35,171,348 Propor- -orilon ot poriionot ^^^' The Canadian companies do a larger share of the «ompJn-° business than all the other comiianies combined, their share ie's'to" in 18 6 having been 5478 per cent., and in 1886 54'84 per total. „. cent. Life In- surance 180»-1887. 677. The following table shows the amount of life in- surances effected in eac ,i year from 1869 to 1887, inclusive : — AMOUNT OF LIFE INSURANCES EFFECTED IN CANADA IN EACH YEAR, 1869-1^87. Year knded 318t Deckmber, COMI'AXIKS. Canadian. British. American Total. 1869 ! 1,150,855 l,.'i84.456 2,623,944 5,276,859 4.608,913 5,2,59 822 5,077.601 5.465,966 5,724.648 5,508.550 6,112,700 1880 ' 7,547.876 1881 11,158,479 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1870. 1877. 1878 1879. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1*^ J. 1886. 1887., 11,855.545 11,883,317 12,926,265 14,881,695 19.289.694 23,500,849 $ 2,627,392 • 1,657,439 2,212,107 1,896,655 ' 1,704,338 2,143,080 1.689,833 1.083,357 2,142,702 2,789,V01 1,877,918 2,302,011 2,536,1.-0 2,8.33,250 3,278,008 3,167,910 3,950,647 4,054,279 3,112,100 $ 9,009,885 8,952,747 8,486,575 13,896,.587 14,740,367 11,705,319 8, .306,824 C,740,K04 5,067,317 3,871,998 3,363,600 4,057,000 3,923,412 5,423,960 6,411,635 7,323,737 8,332,646 11,827,375 11,435,721 12,854,132 12.194,606 13,32'.^,626 21,070,101 21,0.53,618 I9,I0S,221 15,074,258 l.-<,890,127 13,5.34,607 12,169,755 11.354,224 13,906,887 17,019,011 20,112,7.55 21,572,960 23,417,912 27,164,988 .35,171,348 38,108,730 Imperfect. 1 m INSURANCE 421 ig the year The busi- 11 13S5 and 1886. 19,289,694 4,054,279 11,827,375 35,171,348 hare of the , their share 86 54-84 per it of life in- inclusive : — lANADA IN Total. aa ,885 747 ,575 587 ,367 ,319 ,824 ,K04 317 ,998 ,600 ,000 ,412 ,960 ,635 ,737 ,646 ,375 1,721 $ 12,854,132 12.194,696 13,32V, 626 21,070,101 21,0.53,618 19,10S,221 15,074,258 l.<,8&0,127 » 3,534, 6t>7 12,169,755 11.354,224 13,906,887 17,619,011 20,112,755 21,572,960 23,417,912 27,164,988 35,171,348 38,108,730 678. The increase in the total amount of insurance in Juring'the force in 1886 over 1885, and in 1887 over 1886 was very yeSrS?"* large, amounting to the sums of $21,853,550 and $20,864,166, respectively, as showrn by the follow^ing figures : — LIFE INSURANCE IN FORCE IN CANADA— 188.5, 1886 AND 1887. COMPA.NIKH. Insurance in Force. 1885. 1886. 1887. Canadiuu British Americnn Total 74,591,139 25,930,272 49,440,735 88,181,859 101,772,080 27,225,607 28,173,585 55,908,230 61,7.34,187 149,962,146 i 171,315,696 191,679,852 679. The Canadian companies' share of the increase in Canadian *^ compan- 1885 over 1884 was 55-63 percent. ; of ti * in 188(3 over 1885, Jf/jJ"® 63-6* per cent.; and of that in 1? 87 over 1886, 6C-73 per «"»^«' cent. 080. The amounts at risk for both fire and life insurance in8uranc& are often used for the purpose of estimating the wealth and otoMima- progress of a nation, and the amount at risk for life insur- grpssiu ^ ° ' wealth. ance may be more x>articularly used to indicate the progress mad'^ not only in wealth, but in what may be called surplus wealth. Fire insurance is to a large extent look d upon as a business expense, which must be incurred as necessarily as rent, salaries, &c., and which is therefore paid out of the gross receipts. But with life insurance, people lar more generally insure in proportion to their ability to pay the premiums : not until after everything else is paid, and there is a surplus, is the question of life insurance consider- ed. Life insurance therefore being generally paid out of surplus earnings of the peoj^le, the following figures indi- cate the very large increase in their premium paying power >" 1 I !■■ !:1 i I ' a' ,\ I 422 CHAPTER XIV. durinig the last few years, and consequent improvement in their condition : — inoe'uf"'" ^^^^ INSURANCE IN CANADA. AMOUNT AT RISK, 1809-1887. Canada Ue9-1887. Year ended Life 3l9t December. Insurance. 1869 $35,680,082 1870 42,694,712 1871 45,825,935 1872 67,234,684 1873 77,500,896 1874 85,716,.125 1876 84,560,752 1876 84,344,916 1877 85,687,903 1878 84,751,937 1879 86,273,702 1880 90,280,293 1881 103,290,932 1882 115,042,048 1883 124,196,876 1884 135,453,726 1886 149,962,146 1886 171,315,696 1887 191,679,852 Life in.sur. 681. The following tables will enable the progress of the iMiSr^" ^^^^ business to be traced during the past thirteen years, 1887. both as regards the amounts of insurances effected from year to year and the total amounts in force : — ^1,; INSURAKCE. 428 AMOUNTS OF LIFE INSURANCES EFFECTED IN CANADA DURING THE RESPECTIVE YEARS 1876 TO 1887. Ykaiu 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1484 1885 1886 1887 Canadian Companies. 5,077,601 5,4()5,966 6,724,648 5,508,556 6,112,706 7,547,876 11,158,479 11,855,545 11,883,317 12,926,265 14,881,695 19,289,694 23,560,849 British Cumpanies. $ 1,689,833 1,683,357 2,142,702 2,789.201 1,877,918 2,302,011 2,536,120 2,833,2.')0 3,278,008 3,167,910 3,960,647 4,064,279 3,112,160 American Companies. Total. 8,306,823 6,740,804 5,667,317 .S,871,998 3.363,600 4,057,000 3,923,412 5,423,960 6,411,635 7,323,737 8, .332, 646 11,827,375 11,435,721 15,074,258 13,890,127 13,534,667 12,169,755 11,354,224 13,906,887 17,618,011 20,112,755 21,672,960 23,417,912 27,164,988 35,171,348 38,108,730 AMOUNTS OF LIFE INSURANCES IN FORCE IN CANADA, 1875 TO 1887. Year. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 Canadian Companies. $ 21,957,296 24,649,284 26,870,224 28,656,656 33,246,543 37,838,518 46,041,591 53,855,051 59,213,609 66,619,958 74,591,139 88,181,859 101,772,080 British Companies. 19,455,607 18,87.3,173 19,349,204 20,078,633 19,410,829 19,789,863 20,983,092 22,329,368 23.511,712 24;317,172 26,930,272 27,226,607 28,173,586 American Companies. 43,596,361 40,728,461 39,468,476 36,016,848 33,616,330 33,643,745 36,266,249 38,867,629 41,471,554 44,616,596 49,440,735 55,908,230 61,734,187 Total. $ 85,009,264 84,250,918 86,687,903 84,751,937 86,273,702 91,272,126 103,290,932 115,042,048 124,196,875 136,453,726 149,962,146 171,315,696 191,679,852 424 CHAPTER XIV. Average amount of „-.«-„. ^. ^82. The average amount of policies in force in 1886 was ^iSmssA" ^^''^'*1' *^'* shown by the next table, this amount was larger than in either of the two preceding years, which was 1 1,659 and $1,663, respectively : — AVERAQK AMOUNT OP I'OLICIES IN FORCE IN CANADA, 188G. Co.MPA.MES. Canadititi. British American. Totul. POLICIKH. Number. fi2,G01 13,454 .11,027 97,982 ^^™-»t. Avenge $ 88.148,577 27,226,607 55,257,463 170,631,047 1,076 2,024 1,731 1,741 Decrease In insur The average amount of the new policies was for Canadian companies, $1,807 ; for British companies, 'i^2,192, and for American, $2,167, Iho corresponding amounts for 1885 having bt'en $1,781, $2,189, and $1,955. 633. There was a decroasi^ of $92,046 in the amount of anoeter- insurance terminated naturally, i. e., by death, maturity or expiration, in 1886 us «'ompured with 1885, the amount last year having been $2,165,6']-') ; and a decrease of $253,82o in the amount terminated by s^urnnider and lapse, the total amount so terminated having been $11,042,792. Death rate 684. The death rate was very much lower than in 1885, 1880-1H86. ^^^^j^ ^^jjg |[)^^.low the average of the last seven years, as shown below : — INSrilA.VCR DKATH liATIv IN CANADA, ISflO TO 188.;. Vi;.\i! E.NUKi) ;!lsT Dkokmiier, .Vimibor of tiivcs at Riiik. Nunibor of Deaths. Df.nth Rate per 1,000. IHSO :ut,.'>57 ;;8, 115 4::. 02 2 50,031 34.443 00,120 73,240 278 301) 358 45,-) 442 B7G G08 8-284 1881 S-107 1882 8 •207 1883 1884 8-119 188.-) 9-581 1880 8 302 Total 353,128 3,026 8 -569 11 18!?6 was was larger was $1,659 \DA, IflSO. Average Amount. B77 607 463 047 1,«76 2,024 1,731 1,741 es was for mies, $2,192. amounts for e amount of maturity or amount last |253,82o in use, tho total laii in 1885, irs, »s shown ) I88i;. Di-ath Rate lie I- 1.001). 8 284 8 107 8 207 y •Oil-t- 8 •119 f) •581 8 302 8 •569 INSURANCE. 425 685. The next table j^ives the amount of income from Sromo" premiums received by all companies in each year from 1869 ^^^^^^^ to 1886, inclusive : — INCOME FROM LIFE INSURANCE PREMIUMS IN CANADA— 1869 TO 1886. t I YkaR KNOBI) 3l8T DiCt;KMIIKR, COMPANIKH. CanaJiun. Hrhish. American. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872., 1873. 1874. 1875., 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880., 1H81. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 164, 201, 417, 511, 638, 707, 7f;8, 770, 827, 919, 1,031., 1,291, •l.r)62. •1.71,'i, •1.931, •2,157. •2,451), 910 922 897 628 235 854 256 543 319 098 345 341 026 ">85 i»89 668 •148 061 total ♦18,367,605 $ 515,741 631,2.50 570,449 596,982 694, 108 629,808 623,296 597,156 5 7 7,. 364 586,044 565,875 579,729 613,595 674,. 362 707,468 744,227 803,980 827,848 11,. 339. 2 81 $ 657,708 729,176 990,628 1,2.50,912 1,4!)2,3I6 l,C)7.-i,74d 1,,5,M.835 1,437,612 1,299,724 1,I97,.535 1,121,537 1.102,0.58 1.190.068 1,308.158 1,4H,738 1,.'>18,9!)1 1.72:!. 012 1,988.t;34 2:t,4.')0.388 Total. I $ 1,238,359 1,464,.347 1,862,974 2,265,522 2,597,658 2,844,410 2,882,387 2,803,310 2,647,40 I 2,610,677 2,606,767 2,721,128 3,094,689 3,544,605 .".,837,295 4, 194^886 4,684,40!) 5, 266, .543 I '8 •\ 53,157,.3t;4 • Tliest' iiicliiiU' tilt) preiniiims ii-crivcil (or tlii'ir f'ori'iyn biisiiu!.^.-! I13' ilu' Caimda, Sun, and Dominion Safety Fiinil. 686. The total amount paid to poli<>yhold»'rs during 1885 IJ^y^,®'**" holders ; 1885 and 1885. 1880. 1880. and 1886, was : — Death claims (including boiiiis additions).. §1,707,35:: $1,744,268 Matnrcd endowmont " " ... 269,001 22.i,024 Annuitants 7,704 6,800 Paid for surrendcreil policies. 213,438 174,631 Dividends to policynoldeis .'{46,605 700,258 §2,544,101 §2,851,981 eoeived for premiums was $5,266,543, 17 iftlflfl of nrpTTihmn. ift51.15 was paid to The amount received lor premiui therefore for every |100 of premium, 'Mi ^1 426 CHAPTER XIV. policy holders, and |45.85 carried to expense, profits and reserve ; in th« preceding year the proportions were |5I.81 and $45.69, respectively. ▲YtrMo ^ 687. The average rate of premiums received for every mivtSil'^ $100 of current rink was in 1886 $3.28, and in 1880 $8.22, and of claims paid $1.87 and $1.22. SStuS of 688. The following tables give the condition of the Oana- oornpan" diau companies in 188'), showing their assets and liabilities, income and expenditure :— CANADIAN LIFE COMPANIES, 1880. ASSKTS AND LlABILlTIia. COHl'ANIBS. Assets. Liabilities including Reserve, but not Capital 8tocl<. Canada Life Citizens' (Life Depart.) Conted«ration Dominion Safety Fund.. Federal London Life North American Ontario Mutual Sun Temperance and General Totals 7,39(5,777 244,724 2,022,016 124,605 109,490 175,543 422,402 905,404 1,135,527 68,604 12,596,055 6,904,800 231,478 1,596,661 71,667 58,283 137,009 316,486 843,929 978,574 6,741 11,144,527 Surplus of Assets over Liabilities excluding Capital. $ 491,970 13,246 425,465 52,837 51,207 38,531 106,915 61,534 156,952 52,863 1,450,628 Capital Stock paid up. $ 125,000 • 80,000 37,900 79,492 33,650 60,000 None. 62,500 58,870 537,412 Surplus of Assets over Liabilities and Capital Stoclc. $ 366,970 345,465 14,937 4,884 46,915 61,634 94,452 934, K51 * The capital in this company is also liable for its other departments, so that these columns cannot be filled up. profits and were |5 4.81 ed for every 1886 $8.22, of the Cana- id liabilities, pital took d up. Surplus of Aaseta over Liabilltiea and Capital Stock. $ 25,000 • 80,000 37,900 79,492 33,650 60,000 Jone. 62,500 58,870 366,970 • 345,465 14,937 4,884 45,915 61,634 94,452 .37,412 934,11)1 partmcnts, so tliat INSURANCE. CANADIAN LIFE COMPANIES— Conctu^ifd. Imcomr. COMPANIKa. Canada Life Citizens', Life Department Confederation Dominion Safety Fund... Federal , London Life North Americiiu Ontario Mutual Sun , Temperance and General Totals Net Premiuiu Income. 1,077,175 54,834 471,127 41,035 82,763 32,508 166,161 272,308 .302,657 9,492 2,480,063 Consider- ation for Annuities. 2,050 2,060 Interest and Dividends on Stocks, $ 391,423 11,101 95,285 .3,257 :i,629 9,667 18,795 43,494 50,625 1,287 628,558 Sundry. $ 38,323 "3,433 238 Total. 1,99b 43,989 $ 1,606,922 65,936 571,895 44,292 56,628 42,166 134,956 315,802 355,1 i 10,780 3,154,660 EXPENDITUKK. OOMI'ANIHH. Canada Life Citizens', Life Dui.artuient Confederation Dominion Safety Fund Federal London Life North American Ontario Mutual Sun Temperance and General.. Totals. I'tiyinents to Policy liolders. $ 896,200 23,276 121,454 19,000 11,727 9,113 37,506 105,683 92,211 1,316,174 General Expenses. $ 222,829 23,868 110,138 12,783 29,970 14,424 57,493 68,610 105,405 14,412 659,938 Dividends to Stock- holders. 87,500 10,532 1,290 953 4, son 4,375 109,450 Total Expen- diture. $ 1,206,529 47,145 •4 i. .25 .,073 41,698 24,492 99,800 174,293 201,991 14,412 2,085,563 Surplus of Income ovor Expen- diture. $ 300,392 18,791 329,770 11,219 U,930 17,673 85,155 141,508 153,287 1,069,097 42t f- •' > 428 CHAPTER XIV. wKand' ^8^- '^^® receipts from income in 1885 and 1886 were re- ^*^ spectively made as follows : — 1886. 18S6. Premiums and annuity sales $2,157,417 $2,482,113 Interest and dividends 555,131 628,558 Sundry 29,935 43,989 Total $2,742,483 $3,154,060 Expendi- 690. And the expenditure during the same year was : — turel885 » "^ »nd 188«. 1885. 1886. Paid to policy holders and annuitants $ 034,750 $1,316,174 General expenses 627,371 059,938 Dividends to stockholders 36,769 109,450 Total $1,498,890 $,2,085,563 Propor- 691. From the above figures therelbrc it appears that out payments of evory $100 of iiicome receiv»id, the- companies ex- to income. ,1 pended : — Paid to policyliolders General expenses Dividends to sti)i.'kholder.s Reserve 188(1. S cts. 41 72 20 9J ,■!■! «9 Assess- ment com- panies. 692. Four companies did business on the assessment plan in 1886, three Canadian and one American, havin*:^ at the end of the year $21,996,359 in force. The amount of policies taken during the year was $9,784,755. The amount of insurance terminated by surrender and lapse was large, viz., $6,303,450, being $267.70 for every |1, 000 of current risk. The amount terminated by death was $1^9,349 or $5.92 for every $1,000 of risk. S86 were re- 1886. $2,482,113 628,658 43,989 $3,154,660 ar was : — 1886. $1,316,174 659,938 109,450 $,2,0j5,5G3 ears that out npauies ex- 188G. ;«; cts. 41 72 20 9.1 3 47 :!;! 89 asBcssment n, iitvviuj^ at amount of The amount sc was hirge, 00 of current 8 si^l 30,349 or INSURANCE. PART m.— ACCIDENT AND QUABANTEB3 INSURANCE. 429 693. Accident insurance business was transacted by seven Accident companies, viz., 3 Canadian, '?, British and 1 American, *"*"'"*"<'*• and guarantee business by two companies, one Canadian and one British. The business done in 1885 and 1886 was: — Accident. Premiums roci'ivpd Amount insuiTil Paid for claims OUAnANTEK. Premiums rcciivfil Amount guaranteed Paid for claims 62,718 9,971,050 17,568 1886. $ 165,384 26,443,366 80,531. 60,820 9,495,850 19.684 694. Plate glass insurance was transacted by 3 companies, Pintegiaag British, Canadian and American, respectively. Two com- panies only made returns, according to which the premiums received during the year were $15,252, the amount in force was $94,691, and the losses incurred $3,099. Two firms in Montreal transact this class of business, but work on the system of replacement, instead of paying the value of the glass broken, and their returns do not show the amount in force. 695. At the close of 1886 there were 80 companies under Numberof the supervision of the Superintendent of Insurance, the iompan^ same number as in the preceding year. They were engaged kuioi*^^ in business as follow : — Doing life insurance 41 '' " assessment plan 4 *' fire insurance 30 " inland marine insurance 6 " ocean marine " 5 " accident ' 7 " guarantee " 3 '' steam boiler " 1 " plate glass " 3 t f I ■ ? .,1 :l 430 CHAPTER XIV. SfSfSov- 696. The total amount of deposits held by the Eeceiver- emment. Qeneral, for the protection of policyholders, amounted on 8th July, 1886, to the sum of $12,007,086. Total re- 69". The total amounts received for all forms of insurance celpts of . ^„^. ,-^^^ aii^inds m 1885 and 1886 were : — 1885 and 1883. uf Year. I{i85. 1886. Companies. Canadian. 3,707,360 4,066,154 British. $ 4,253,733 4,327,836 American. $ 2, -2 10, 324 2,575,181 Total. 10.171,417 10,969,171 ftom"each ^^S* ■^'^^ these weie divided among the different classes burtness. in the following sums : — Class of Business. Fire Inland Marine Ocean Life Life (Assessment) Accident Guarantee Plate Glass Total 1885. 10,171,417 1886. $ $ 4,862,460 4,932,335 61,431 42,491 331,736 294,320 4,619,978 5,196,720 93,771 262,849 145,202 166,384 62,718 60,820 4,121 15,262 10,969,171 le Keceiver- naountod on of insurance Total. 10.171,417 10,909,171 erent classes 1886. 481 APPENDIX. CUSTOMS TARIFF, CANADA, 1888. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. — ■ 9. ■ 10. 1 11. ) 4,932,335 ■ 12. I 42,491 ■ 13. ^ 294,320 ■ } 5,195,720 ■ 14. J 262,849 ■ 2 165,384 ■ 15. ^ 60,820 ■ 1 15,252 1 16. 17 7 10,969,171 I 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. GOODS SUBJECT TO DUTIES. Acid, sulphuric jc. p. lb. Acid, acetic 25c. p. I. g. and 20 p. ct. Acid, muriatic and nitric 20 p. ct. Acid, sulphuric and nitric combined, and all mixed acids.. 25 p. ct. But carbojs and demijohns containing acids, vinegar or other liquids shall be subject to the same duty as if empty. Agates, Sapphires, Emeralds, Garnets and Opals, polished, but not set or otherwise manufactured 10 p. ct. Ale, beer and porter, when imported in bottles (six quart or twelve pint bottles to be held to contain one Imperial gallon) 18c. p. I. g. Ale, beer and porter, when imported in casks or otherwise than in bottles 10c. p. I. g. Almonds, shelled 5c. per lb. Almonds, not shelled 3c. per lb. Aniline dyes, not otherwise provided for 10 p. ct. Animals, living, of all kinds, not elsewhere specified 20 p. ct. Artificial Howers and feathers, not elsewhere specified 25 p. ct. Asbestos in any form other than crude, and all manufac- tures thereof 25 p. ct. Axle grease and similar compounds Ic. p. lb. Babbit metal 10 p. ct. Bagatelle tables or boards, with cues and balls 35 p. ct. Bags, coataining fine salt, from all countries 25 p. ct. Baking powder, — the weight of the package to be included in the weight for duty 6c. per lb. Barrels containing petroleum or its products, or any mixtures of which petroleum is a part 40c. each. Barrels containing salted meats (1887) 20c. each. Belts and trusses of all kinds 25 p. ct. Bells of any description, except for churches 30 p. ct. Billiard tables, without pockets, four feet six inches by nine feet or under $22.50 Oo those of over four feet six inches by nine feet §26 M )^\'' li :il M m 482 APPliNDIX. i\ I 2(3. Ott billiard tables with pockets, five feet six inches by eleven feet or under $35 27. And on all over five feet six Inches by eleven fe 10c. p. gross and 25 p. ct. 72. Buttons, all other, notelsnwhere specified (1887) 25 p. ct. 73. Button covei-s, crozier 10 p ct. 74. Gandles, tallow 2c. p. lb. 75. Candles, paraffine wax 5c. p. lb 76. Candles, all other, including sperm 26 p. ct. 77. Cane or rattan, split or otherwise manufactured 25 p. ct. 78. Cans or packages'made of tin or other material, containing flsh of any kind admitted free of duty under any exist- ing law or treaty, not exceeding one quart in contents one cent and a half on each can or package ; and when exceeding one quart, an additional duty of one cent and a-balf for each additional quL\rt or fractional part thereof. l}c. p. qt. 79. Canvas of hemp or flax, and sail twine, when to be used for boats' and ships' sails 6 p. ct. 28 483 i' I'M: v , r " .1 I'l'; i',1^ 434 APPENDIX. 80. Caplina, unfinished Leghorn hats 20 p. ot. 81. Carpeting, matting and mats of hemp (1887) 25 p. ct. Oarriaoks :— 82. Buggies of all kinda, farm waggons, farm, railway or freight carts, pleasure carts or gigs and similar vehicles, $10 each and costing less than Hfty dollars 20p. ct. Costing fifty dollars and less than cne hundred dollars (1887) $15 <)ach and 20 p. ct- 83. All such carriages, costiti'. one btiudred dollars each and over (1887) 35 p. ct. 84. Railway cars, sleighs, cutters, wheel-barrows ini hau 1 carta 30 p. ct. 85. Obiidren's carriages of all kinds , H^i i>. ct. 86. Ctlluloid, moulded into sizes for haudles of kui^es and forks, not bored nor otherwise manufactured ; also, moulded Celluloid balls ;nid cylinder;, coated with tin- foil or not, but not iluirbed or further manufactured (O.C. 12th .\|HiI, 1887) 10 p. ct. 87. Cement, raw, 0"^ in 8tcii8 from the quarry (S«e stone).... .. $1 p. ton. ol 13 cub. ft. 88. Cement, burnt and ur;>r'riuud 'i^a. p. 100 lbs. id- Cement, hydraulic, a: water iime, ground, including barrelft 4(c. p. brl. 90. Cement, in bulk or in bags 9<-. p. bah. 91. Cement, Portland or Roman, shall be classed with all other cement at specific rates as above provided. 92. Cheese 3c. p. lb. 93. Chicory, rau' or green 3c. p. lb. 94. Chicory, or other root or vegetable used as a substitute for coffee, kiln dried, roasted or ground 4c. p. lb. 95. China and porcelain ware 30 p ct. 96. Cider, clarified or refined lOc.p. I. g. 97. Cider not clarified or refined 5c. p. I. g. 98. Clay tobacco pipes (1887) 35 p. ct. 99. Clocks, and parts thereof, except springs 35 p. ct. 100. Clock springs ,.• ^^ P- ct> 101. Clothes wringers (1887) |1 each and 30 p. ct. 102. Clothing of any material, including horse clothing shaped, not otherwise provided for 30 p. ct. 103. Coal, bituminous 60c. p. ton. of 2,000 lbs. 104. Coal dust ....- 20 p. ct. 106. Coal tar and coal pitch 10 p. ct. 106. Cocoa matting (1887) 30'p. ct. 107. Cocoa nuts $1 p. 100. 20 p. ct. 25 p. CU , $10 each and . 20 p. ct. I $15 «Rcb and 20 p. ct- 35 p. ct.. „ 30 p. Ci. .. B5 iJ. ct. d 1, .1- id ... 10 p. ct. .. $1 p. ton. o< 13 cub. ft. ... V^c.p.lOOlbs. ... 4(0. p. bri. .... 9 '. p. bah. ler .... 3c. 1>. lb. .... 3c. p lb. ite .... 4c. p. lb. .... 30 p ct. lOc.p. I-K- .... 5c. p. I. g- .... 35 p. ct. .... 35 p. ct. .... 10 p. ct. . |1 each and 30 p. ct. ted, ... 30 p. ct. ... 60c. p. ton. of 2,000 IbB. ... 20 p. ct. .... 10 p. ct. .... 30:p. ct. .... $1 p- 100- CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 108. Oocoa nuts, when imported from !the plaott of ftrowth by Teasel direct to a Canadian port 50c. p. 100. 109. Cocoa nut, dessicated, aweetened or not .- 8c. p. lu. 110. Cocoa paste and chocolate, not sweetened 20 p. ct. 111. Cocoa paste and other preparations of cocoa containing Ic. p. lb. sugar and 25 p. ct. 112. Coffee, green, from the United States 10 p. ct. 113. Coffee, roasted or ground, from the United States 3c. p. lb. and 10 p. ct. 114. Coffee, roasted or ground, and all imitations of and substi- tutes for, not elsewhere specified 3c. p. lb. 115. Coke, per ton of 2,000 pounds 50c. per ton. 116. Collars of cotton or linen (,ioG?) 24c. p. doz. and 30 p. ct. 117. Coloured fabrics, woven or dyed or coloured cotton yarn, or part jute and part cotton yarn, or other material except silk, not elsewhere specified (1887) 25 p. ct. 118. Colours, dry, viz. : blue-black, Chinese blue, Prussian blue and raw umber. In pulp, viz. : carmine, cologne, and rose lakes, scarlet and maroon, catin and fine-washed white 20 p. ct. 119. Combs, for dress and toilet, of all kinds (1887) 30 p. ct. 120. Copper, old and scrap, in pigs, bars, rods, bolts, ingots and sheathing not planished or coated, and copper seam- less drawn tubing 10 p. ct. 121. Copper rivets and burrs, and all manufactures of copper, not elsewhere snecified 30 p. ct. 122. Cordage of all kinds l^c. p. lb. and 10 p. ct. 123. Corks, and other manufactures of cork wood or cork bark 20 p. ct. Cotton, Manupacturkb of, viz. : — 124. Bed comforters or cotton bed quilts, not including woven quilts or counterpanes (1887) 35 p. ct. 125. Grey or unbleached and bleached cotton, sheetings, drills, ducks, cotton or canton flannels, not stained, painted Ic. p. sq. yd. or printed and 15 p. ct. 126. All cotton denims, drillings, bedtickings, ginghams, plaids, cotton or canton flannels, ducks and drills, dyed or coloured, checked and striped shirtings, cottonades, Kentucky jeans, pantaloon stuffs, and goods of like 2c. p. sq. yd. description and 15'p. ct. 127. Cotton wadding,' battinfr, batts and warps, carpet warps, knitting yarn, hosiery yarn and other cotton yarns, 2c. p. lb. under number fony, not bleached, dyed or coloured.... and 15 p. ct. 128 And if bleached, dyed or coloured 3c. p. lb. and 15 p. ct. 129. Cotton warp, No. 60 and finer 15'p. ct 28} 486 f' II 'II :[l 'I I ( if ^■'^1. ' I- 1 ■ r 'i il 'I r. ! V I "M i r idlilk 1 k 486 APPENDIX. 130. Cotton warp, on beams Ic. p. yd. and 15 p. ct. 131. Cotton seamless bagd 2c. p. lb. and 15 p. ct. 132. Cotton sewing threal, on spools (1887) 25 p. ct 133. Cotton sewing thread, in hanks, black and bleached, three and six cord • 12J p. ct. 134. Clothing made of cotton or other material, not otherwise provided for, including corsets, and similar articles made up by the seamstress or tailor, also tarpaulin, plain or coated with oil, paint, tar or other composition, and cotton bags made up by the use of the needle, not otherwise provided for(1887) 35 p. ct. 135. Lampwicks 30 p. ct. 136. Jeans and coutilles, when imported by corset makers, for use in their factories (1887) 25 p. ct. 137. Printed or dyed cotton fabrics, not elsewhere spenfied (1887) 32) p. ct. 138. All manufactures of cotton not elsewhere specified 20 p. ct. 139. Crapes of all kinds 20 p. ct. 140. Cutfd of cotton or linen( 1887) .. 4o. per p-. and 30 p. ct. 141. Damask of cotton, of linen, or ofootton and linen, bleached, unbleached or coloured 25 p. ct. 142. Drnin-tiles, not glazed 20 p. ct. 143. Drain pipes and sewer pipes, glared (1887) 35 p. ct. 144. Earthenware and stoneware, viz :— demijohns or jugs, churns and crocks (1887) 3c. p. gal. 146. Earthenware and stoneware, brown or coloured, Rud Rock- ingham ware, wliite granite, or iron-stone ware, "C.C." or cream-coloured ware, decorated, printed or sponged, and all earthenware not elsewhere speci- fied (1887) 35p. ct. 146. Emery wheels 25 p. ct. 147. Essences, viz. : of apple, pear, pine-apple, raspberry, !itl.90 p. T. g. strawberry and other fruits, and vanilla and 20 p. ct. 148. Essential oils for manufacturing purposes 20 p. ct. 149. Excelsiorfor upholsterers' use 20 p. ct. 150. Extract of beef or fluid beef, not medicated 25 p. ct. 151. Feathers, ostrich and vulture, undressed 20 p. ct. Feathers, ostrich and vulture, dressed 30 p. ct. 152. Fireworks '. 25 p. ct. 163. Fishing rods 30 p. ct. 154. Fire-proof paint, dry Jc. p. lb. 155. Flax fibre, scutched Ic. p. lb. Flax hackled.... 2c. p. lb. 156. Flax, tow of, scutched or green jc. p. lb. 157. Flax seed 10c. p. bsb. 35 p. Ct. 30 p. Ct. 25 p. ct. 32) p. ct. 20 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 40. per p-. and 30 p. ct 25 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 35 p. ct. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 158. Flag stones, sawn or otherwise dressed (1887) |2.00 p. ton. Fruit (Driid), viz. :— 159. Apples 2c. p. lb. IGO. Raisins Ic. p. lb. and 10 p. ct. 161 Currants, dates, figs, prunes, and all other dried fruits not elsewhere specified Ic. p. lb. Fbuit (Green), viz. :— 162. 1 48t /' 16.3. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. Fruit, green, transferred to Free List, Tariff No. 888, from 4th April, per C. of 13th April, 1888. p. lb. p. box. 169. 170. Grapes 2c. Oranges and lemons, in boxes of capacity not exceeding two and one>half cubic feet 25c In one-half boxes, capacity not exceeding one and one* fourth cubic feet I3c. p. J box* In cases and all other packages, per cubic foot holding capacity 10c. p. c. ft. In bulk, per one thousand oranges or lemons $1.60 p. 1000. In barrels not exceeding in capacity that of the one hundred and ninety-six pounds flour barrel (1887),.. 55c. p. brl. Fruits in aii tight cans or other packages, incluling the cans or other packages, weighing not over one pound, three cents per can or package, and three cents addi- tional per can or package for each pound or fraction of a pound over one pound in weight -the rate to in- clude the duty on the cans or other packages, and the weight on which duty shall be payable to include the 3c. p. 1 lb., weight of the cans or other packages can or pkge. Fruits, preserved in brandy or other spirits $1.90 p. I. g. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. ct. ct. Pubs, viz. :— 171. Fur skins, wholly or partially dressed 15 p. Gaps, hats, muffs, tippets, capes, coats, cloaks and other manufactures of fur 25 p. Furniture of wood, iron or any other material, house, cabinet or office, finished or in parts, including hair and spring and other mattresses, bolsters and pillows, caskets and coffins of any material 35 p. ct. Bedsteads and other iron furniture 35 p. ct. Show cases $2 each and 35 p. ct. Gas, coal oil or kerosene fixtures, or parts thereof. 30 p. ct. 177. Gas meters (1887) 30 p. ct. 178. German and nickel silver, manufactures of, not plated 25 p. ct. ■i li ■'.ll. :.'•' 488 APPENDIX. OlAIS and MANCrACTDRIB or, vtx. :— 179. Flasks and phiaU of eight ounot-s capacity and ever, tele- graph and lightning rod iniulators, jara and glass balls, and cut, pressed or moulded tablewaie (1887) 180. Glass carboys and demijohns, bottles and decanters, flaska and phials of less capacity than eight ounce? (lllfB7). ... 181. Lamp and gas-light shades, lamps and lamp chimneys, side lights and head lights, globee for lanterns, lamps and gaa-lights 182. Ornamental, figured and enamelled stained glass, stained, tinted, painted and vitrified glass, and stained glass windows, figured, enamelled and obscured white glass. 183. Silvered plate 184. Common and colourless window gla<>; 185. Plate glass, not coloured, in panes u H over thirty square feet 186. Plato glass in panes over thirty and not over seventy i'qtiarc feet 187. Plate glass in panes over seventy square feet 188. Imitation porcelain shades, and coloured glass not figured, painted, enamelled or engraved 189. All other glass ami manu.'actures of glass not herein other- wise provided for 190. Gloves and mitts, of all kinds 191. Glue, sheet, broken sheet and ground (1887) 192. Gold and silver leaf (1887) . 5c. p. dozen and 30 p. ct. 3U p. ct. 30 p. ot. 30 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 6c. p. sq. ft. 8c. p. sq. ft. 9c. p. sq. ft. 20 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 30 p ct. .3c. per ib. 30 p. ct. 194. 19S. 196 GCNPOWDBB AND OTHER EXPLOSIVES, VIZ. : — 193. Gun, rifle and pistol cartridges, and cartridge ca?e8 of all kinds and materials 30 p. ct. Gun, rifle and sporting powder in kegs, half-kcgs or quarter kegs and other similar packages 5c. p. lb. Cannon and musket powder in kegs and barrels 4c. p. lb. Canister powder, in pound and half-pound tins 15c. p. lb. 197. Blasting and mining powder 3c. p. lb. 198. Giant powder, dualin, dynamite, and otiier explosives in 5c. p. lb. and which nitro-glycerine is n constituent part.... 20 p. ct. 199. Nitro-glycerine 10c. p. Ib. and 20 p. ct 200. Gutta-percha, manufactures of. 25 p. ct. 201. Hair-cloth, of all kinds ^ 30 p. ct. 202. Hair, curled 20 p. ct. 203. Handkerchief}, cotton or linen, plain or printed in the piece or otherwise 25 p. ct. 204. Harness and leather dressing (1887) 25 p. ct. 205. Harness and saddlery of every description (1887) 36 p. ct. 206. Hat.4, caps, and bonnets, not elsewhere specified 29 p. ct. 207. Honey, bees', in the comb or otherwise 3c. p. lb. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1388. 208. Hops 6c. p. lb. 209. Imitation precioui stones, not set 10 p. ct. 210. India-rubber, viz. : boots and shoes, and other manufac- tures ot, not otherwise provided tor 25 p. ct. 211. India-rubber clothing, or clothing made water-proof with India-rubber M p. ct. 212. India-rubber vnlcanized handles, for knives and forks 10 p. ct. 213. Ink for writing 25 p. ct. Iron asp Stkkl, MANUKACTunES of, vjz.: — 214. Axles nnd springs of iron or steel, parts thereof, arlc bars, axlH blanks or forging* for carriages other than rail- way and tramway vjhic!'''', without reference to the Ic. p. lb. and stage of manafactui-e (1887) 30 p. ct. 216. Bar iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats, rounds and squares, and bars and shapes of rolled iron, not elsewhere specified (1887) $13 per ton. 216. Barbed wire fencing of iron or steel IJc. p. lb. 217. Boiler or other plate iron, sheared or unsheared, skelp iron, sheared or rolled in grooves, and sheet iron, com- mon or black, not thinner than number twenty gauge, not elsewhere specified, including nail plate of iron or steel, sixteen gauge and thicker (1887) $13 per ton. 218. Buckthorn, and strip fencing of iron or steel lj|c. p. lb. 219. Cast iron forks, not handled, nor ground or otherwise further manufactured 10 p. ct. 220. Cast iron pipe of every description ,,.. $12 per ton but not less than 35p.ct. 221. Cast iron vessels, plates, stove plates and irons, sad irons, $1G per ton hatters' irons, tailors' irons and castings of iron not but not less elsewhere specified than SOp.ct. 222. Ohains (iron o. steel) over nine-sixteenths of an inch in diameter 5 p. ct. 223. Composition nails and spikes and sheathing nails 20 p. ct 224. Cut nails and spikes of iron or steel (1887) Ic. p. lb. 225. Gut tacks, brads or 'sprigs, not exceeding sixteen ounces to the thousand (1887) 2c. p. iOCO. 226. Exceeding sixteen ounces to the thousand (1887) 2c p. >b, 227. Cutlery, not otherwise provided for 25- r. >.>. 228. Ferro-manganese, ferro-silicon, spiegel, steel bloom ends, and crop ends of steel rails, for the manufacture of steel (1887) $2 per ton. 229. Fire engines (1887) 36 p. ct. 230. Forgiugs of iron and steel, or forged iron of whatever l^c. p. lb. but shape or in whatever stage of manufacture, not else- not less than where specified (1887) 35 p. ct. 489 ^1 I .1 III 'M' 440 APPENDIX. I I ( i 331. Hardware, viz. :— Builder j', cabinet makers' and carriage hardware and locks, tinsmiths' tools and harnesi makers' and saddlers' hardware, including carry combs (1887) 35 p. it. 233. House furnishing hardware, not otherwise prorided for ... 30 p. ct. 233. Hoop or band or scroll or oilier iron, eight inches or less in width, aud not thinner than number twentj gauge... $13 per ton. 234. Hoop or hand or scroll or other iron, eight inches or less in width and thinner than number twenty gauge (1^87) 12} p. ct. 239. Iron bridges and striiuturul iron work (1887) Ijc. p. lb. but not less than 35 p. ct. 236. Iron or steel oar axles, parts thereof, axle bar^ . axle blanks or torgings for axles, ana car springs of all kinds, and $30 p. ton but all other springs not elsewhere specified, without refer- not less than ence to the stage of manufacture (1887) 35 p. ct. 237. Iron or steel railway bars nnd rails for railways and tram- ways, of any form, punched or not punched, not elsewhere specified (1887) $0 p. ton. 238. Iron or steel rivets, bolts with or without threads, or nut or bolt blanks, less than three-eighths of an inch in Ijc. p. lb- diameter (1887) and 30 p. ct. 239. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge and cast scrap iron (1887) $4 per ton. 240. Iron in slabs, blooms, loops, puddled bars, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig iron, except castings (1887) $9 per ton. 341. Iron and 8tp«jl wire, galvanized or not, fifteen gauqre and coarsor, not elsewhere specified (1887) 25 p. ct. 242. Knife blades or knife blanks, in the rough, unhandled, for use by electroplatnrs 10 p. ot. 243. Locomotives and other steam engines, boilers and machinery composed wholly or in part of iron or steel, not else- where specified 30 p. ct. Provided that any locomotive which with its tender weighs thirty tons or over, shall pay a doty of not less than (1887) $2,000 each. $25 per ton. 244. Malleable iron castings, and steel castings not elsewhere but not less specified (1887) .". than 30 p. ct. 245. Muskets, rifles and other firearms, and surgical instruments (1887) 20 p. ct. 246. Nails and spikes, wrought and pressed, galvanized or not, horse shoe nails, hob nails and wire nails, and all other l^c. per lb. ; wrought iron or steel nails not elsewhere specified, and but not less horse, mule and ox shoes (1887) than 35 p. ct. 247. Plate of iron and steel combined, and steel not specially enameraied or provided for (1887^ 30 p. ct. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 248. Portable machinei, porUble steam cttKinea, thicBlioi-s ami geparatora, horse powers, portable saw mills and ■ planing mills, and parts thereof in any stage of mnau- facture (1887) 3ft p. ct. 249. Pumps, iron, pitcher-spout, cistern, well and force pumps.. 35 p. ct. 250. Railway fish plates (1887) $12 per ton. 251. Rolled iron or steel angles, cbanoelB, structural aliapcs and specit^t sections, weighing less than twenty five pounds jc a lb. and per lineal yard, not elsewhrre specified (1887) 10 p. ct. 252. Rolled iron or steel beams, girders. Joists, angles, channels, structural shapes, and special sections, weighing not less than twenty-five pounda per lineal yard (188T) 12) p. ct. 253. Rolled iron or steel beams, girders, joists, anglcH, channels, eycbar blanks made by the Kloman process, together with all other structural shapes of rolled iron or steel, including rolled iron or steel bridge plate not less than three-eighths of an inch thicl<, nor leaa than fifteen inches wide, when imported by manufacturers of bridgr 8 for use exclusively in the manufacture of iron and steel bridges (1887) 12) p. ct. 254. Safes, doors for safes and vaults, scales, bulances and weighing beams of iron or steel (1887) 35 p. ct. 256. Screws, commonly called "wood screws," two Inches or overia 'nngth (1887) 6c. p. lb. One inch and less than two inches (1887) 8c. p. lb. Less than one inch (1887) lie. p. lb. 266. Sheet iron, common or black, smoothed or polished, and coated or galvanized, thinner than No. 20 g^iuge, Canada plates, and plate of iron or steel, not less than thirty inches wide and not less than one-fourth of an inch in thickness (1887) 12) p. ct. 267. Skates (1887) 20c. p. pair, and 30 p, ct. 258. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, by whatever process made, billets and bars, bands, hoops, strips and sheets of all gauges and widths, all of above classes of steel not elsewhere provided for, valued at four cents or less per pound (1887) Except ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs upon which the specific duty shall be not less than (1887) 2{^'». When of greater value than four cents per pound (1887)«... 260. Provided that on all iron or steel bars, rods, strips, or steel sheets, of whatever shape, and on all iron or steel bars of irregular shape or section, cold rolled, cold ham- mered or polished in any way in addition to the ordinary process of hot rolling or hammering, there shall be paid (1887). 441 30 p. ct. bot not less than $12 per ton. $8 per ton. 12) p. ct. - ■;, Jc. per lb. additional. I ■III I5!li,:i:'ll!i ivi II!'; 442 APPENDIX. 261. Provided further, that all metal produced from iron or ita ores, which is cast and malleable, of whatever dcscrip* tion or form, without ragard to the percentage of carbon contained therein, whether produced by cemen- tation, or converted, cast or made from iron or its ores by the crucible, Bessemer, pneumattc,Thomas-Gilchrist- basic, Siemens-Martin or open hearth process, or by the equivalent of either, or by the combination of two or more of the processes or their equivalents, or by any ; , "' fusion or other process which produces from iron or its ' ^ ores a metal either granulous or fibrous in structure, which is cast and malleable, except what is known as malleable iron castings, shall be classed and denomin- ated as steel (1887). 262. Provided further that all articles rated as iron or manu- facture of iron, shall be chargeable wi^b the same rate of duty if made of steel, or of steel and iron combined, unless otherwise .specially provided for (1887). 263. Steel needles, viz : — Cylinder needles, hand frame needles and latch needles 30 p. ct. 264. Swedish rolled iron nail rods, under a half inch in dia- meter, for manufacture of horse shoe nails (1887) 20 p. ct, Tubing, viz. : — 265. Boiler tubes of wrought iron or steel (1887) 15 p. ct. 266. Lap-welded iron tubing, threaded and coupled or not, one and one-quarter inch in diameter and over, but not over two inches, for use exclusively in artesian wells, petro- leum pipe lines and for petroleum refineries (1887) 20 p. ct. 267. Tubes not welded, nor more than one and one-half inch in diameter, of rolled steel (1887) 15 p. ct. 268. Wrought iron tubing, threaded and coupled or not, over two inches in diameter (1887). \6 p. ct. 269. Other wrought iron tubes or pipes (1(87) i<(|C. p. lb. and 30 p. ct. 270. Wire rope of iron or steel, not otherwise provided for (1887) 25 p. ct. 271. Wire of spring steel, coppered or tinned, number nine gauge or smaller, not elsewhere specified (1887) 20 p. ct. 272. Wrought iron or steel nuts and washers, iron or steel rivets, bolts with or without threads or nuts and bolt blanks, ' and finished hinges or hinge blanks, not elsewhere Ic. p. lb. and specified (1887) 25 p. ct. 273. Wrought scrap iron and scrap steel, being waste or refuse wrought iron or steel that has been in actual use and is fit only to be re-manufactured (1687) $2 per ton. 274. Manufactures, articles or wares not specially enumerated or provided for, composed wholly or in part of iron or steel, and whether partly or wholly manufactured (1887) 30 p. ct. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 275. Iron 8«nd or globules, and dry putty for polishing granite. 20 p. ct. 276. Jellies and jams 5e. p. lb. 277. Jewellery and manufactures of gold and silver 20 p. ut. 278. Jute carpeting or matting and mats 25 p. ct. 279. Jute, manufactures of, not elsewhere specified 20 p. ct. 280. Laces, braids, fringes, embroideries, cords, tassels and bracelets ; also braids, chains or cords of hair. 30 p ct. 281. Lamp black and ivory black 10 p. ct. 282. Lard, tried or rendered 2c. p. lb. 283. Lard, untried l|c. p. lb. 284. Lead, old, scrap and pig 40c. p. 100 lbs. 285. Lead, bars, blocks and sheets 60c. p. 100 lbs. 286. Lead, nitrate and acetate of. 5 p. ct. 287. Lead pipe and lead shot l^c. p. lb. 288. Lead, and all manufactures of lead not otherwise specified. 30 p. ct. 289. Leather board 3c. p. lb. 290. Boot and shoe counters made from leather board ^c. p. pr. 291. Leather, sole, tanned, but rough or undressed 10 p. ct. 292. Morocco skins, tanned, but rough or undressed. 10 p. ct. 293. Leather, belting leather, and all upper leather, including kid, lamb, sheep and calf, tanned or dressed, but not waxed or glazed (1887) 15 p. ct. 294. Leather sole (1887) .' Jc. p lb. and 15 p. ct. 295. Glove leathers, viz : -buck, deer and antelope (also water- hog, O.C. 22nd Nov., 1887) tanned or dressed, coloured or not coloured 10 p. ct. 296. Leather as above, dressed and waxed or glazed 20 p. ct. 297. Japanned patent or enamelled leather (1887) 25 p. ct. 298. Cordova leather, tanned from horse hide, and manufactures of 25 p. ct. 299. All other leather and skins, tanned, not otherwise specified. 20 p. ct. 300. Boots and shoes and other manufactures of leather, not elsewhere specified, and leather belting 25 p. ct. 301. Liquorice root, paste extract of (1887) 2c. p. lb. 302. Stick extract or confection Ic. p. lb. and 20 p. ct. 303. Lithographic stones, not engraved 20 p. ct. 304. Malt, upon entry for warehouse, subject to excise regula- tions 15c. p bsh. 305. Malt, extract of, for medicinal purposes 25 p. ct. 306. Machine card clothing! 25 p. ct. 307. Magic lanterns and optical instruments, including micro- scopes and telescopes 25 p. ct. 308. Manilla hoods. « 20 p. ct. 309. Marble in blocks from the quarry, in the rough or sawn on two sides only, and not specially shapen, containing 15 cubic feet or over (1887) „ 10 p. ct. 448 iJi KiJ i'Ht, I' J ill ii; 'f i inr 1|- ■'!■ 'I ^ 444 APPENDIX. 310. Marble ia blocks from the quarry, in ibe rou(;h or tawn on two sides only, and not specially sbapen, containing less than iifteeu cubic feet (1887> 15 p. ct. 311. Marble slabs, sawn on not more than two sides (1887) 15 p. ct. 312. Marble blocks and slabs, sawn on more than two sides (1887) 25 p. ct. 313. Marble finished, and all manufactures of marble, not else- where specified (1887) , 35 p. ct. 314. Meats, fresh or salted, on actual weight as received in Canada, except shoulders, sides, bacon, and hams Ic. p. lb. 315. Shoulders, sides, bacon and hams, fresh, salted, dried or smoked 2c. p. lb. 316. Poultrj' and game of all kinds 20 p. ct. 317. All other dried or smoked meats, or meats preserved in any other way than salted or pickled, not otherwise specified, — (if imported in cans, the rate to include the duty on the cans, and the weight on which duty shall be payable to include the weight of cans) 2c. p. lb. 318. Milk food, manufactured by Henri N> stle. Dr. Gibaut, and others, and all similar preparations 30 p. ct 319. Mucilage (1887) iO p. ct. 320. Musical instrument; of all kinds, not otherwise provided for 25 p. ct. 321. Mustard cake 20 p ct. 322. Mustard seed, (transferred to free list, Tariff No. 890, from 4th April, per O.C. dated 13th April, 1888) 323. Mustard, ground 25 p. ct. 324. Nickel anodes 10 p. ct 325. Nuts of all kinds, not elsewhere specified 3c. p. lb. 326. Ochres, dry, ground or uuground, washed or unwashed, not calcined ». 10 p. ct. 327. Oils, coal and kerosene, distilled, purided or refined ; naphtha, benzole and petroleum ; products of petro- leum, coal, shale and lignite, not elsewhere specified... 7Jc. p. I. g. 328. Carbolic or heavy oil, for any use 10 p. ct. 329. Cod liver oil, medicated 20 p. ct. 330. Lard oil 20 p. ct. 331. Linseed or flaxseed oil, raw or ^olled (1887) .30 p ct. 332. Lubricating oils, composed wholly or in part of petroleum, and costing thirty cents per bipedal gallon or over 25 p. ct. 333. The ?ame costing less than thirty cents per Imperial gallon 7Jc. p. I. g. 1j4. All other lubricating oils 25 p. ct. 335. Neatsfootoil 20 p. ct. 336. Olive or salad oil 20 p. ct. 337. Sesame seed oil , 20 p. ct. 338. Oilcloth, floor (1887) ., 5c. per sq. yd and 20 p. ct. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 446 I an ig ... 15 p. ct. .... 15 p. ct. B7) 25 p. ct. se- .... 35 p. ct. in .... Ic. p. lb. or 2c. p. lb. 20 p. ct. lin nae the ball , 2c. p. lb. and 30 p. ct iO p. ct. ided 25 p. ct. 20 p ct. 890, , 25 p. ct. . 10 p. ct . 3c. p. lb. hcd, ,. 10 p. ct. led ; etio- ed... Uc. p. I. g. .. 10 p. ct. .. 20 p. ct. .. 20 p. ct. ... 30 p Ct. cum, 3r 25 p. ct. erinl ... Tie. p. I. g. ... 25 p. ct. ... 20 p. ct. ... 20 p. ct. .... 20 p. ct. .... 5c. per sq. yd and 20 p. ct. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 247. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353, 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 Oil cloth, in the piece, cut or shaped, oiled, enamelled, stamped, painted or printed, India rubbered, flocked or 5c. p. sq. yd coated, not otherwise proridedfor (1887) and 15 p c. Opium (drug) (.1887) $1 p. lb. Opium prepared for smoking $5 p. lb. Organs, cabinet, viz. : — on reed organs having not more than two sets of reeds $10 each. - Having over two and not over four sets of reeds fl5 " Having over four and not over six sets of reeds $20 " Having over six sets of reeds $30 '* And in addition thereto, on the fair market value thereof 15 p. ct. Organs, pipe organs, and sets or parts of set^ of reeds for cabinet organs 25 p. ct. Paintings, drawings, engravings and prints 20 p. ct. Paints and colours, ground in oil or an^y other liquid 26 p. ct. Paints and colours, not elsewhere specified 20 p. ct. White and red lead, and orange mmeral, dry, also white zinc 5 p. ct. White leal in pulp, not mixed with oil 5 p. ct. Paris green, dry 10 p. ct. Paper hangings, or wall paper, in rolls, on each roll of eight yards or under, and so in proportion for all greater lengths of the following descriptions, viz. : — Brown blanks (1887) 2c. White papers, grounded papers, and satins (1887) 3c. Single print bronzes (1887) 7c. Coloured bronzes (1887) 9c. Embossed bronzes (1887) lie. Coloured borders, narrow (l«87) 8c. Coloured borders, wide (1R87) 10c. Bronze borders, narrow (1887) 16c. Bronze borders, wide (1^87 » 18c. Embossed borders (1887) 20c. Paper of all kind« not elsewhere specified (1887) 35 p. ct. Manufactures of paper, including ruled and bordered papers, pajietries, boxed papers.envelopes and blank books (1887) 35 p. ct. Paper tarred (1887) jc. p. lb. , Union collar cloth paper, in rolls or sheets, not glossed or finished 5 p. ct. , Union collar cloth paper, glossed or finished, in rolls or sheets 20 p. ct. , Mill-board, not straw-board 10 p ct. . Paraffine wax or steariue 3c. p. lb. . Pencils, lead, in wood or otherwise 25 p. ct. , Perfumery, including toilet preparations, viz. : — hair oils, tooth and other powders and washes, pomatums, pastes and all other perfumed preparations used for the hair, mouth or skin 30 p. ct. Phosphor bronze, in blocks, bars, sheets and wire 10 p. ct. Photographic dry plates (1887) I5c. p. sq. ;,:;rt! ft. ...^ 446 APPENDIX. Wl Pianofortes, viz. :— 362. All square pianofortes, whether round-cornered or not, not over seven octav* s }25 oach All other square pianofortes $80 " Upright pianofortes ! $30 " Concert, semi-concert or parlor grand pianofortes (1887). ifSO " and 20 p. ct. 363. Parts of pianofortes 25 p. ct. 364. Pickles in bottle, a specific duty of forty cents per gallon j sixteen half-pint, eight pint, or four quart bottles to he :, held to contain a gallon: In jars, bottles, or ohcr .essels, the quantity to be ascertained and the same " rate of duty to be charged therecn, the duty to include the bottle or other package (1887) 40c. p gal, 365. Pickles in bulk, in vinegar, or vinegar and mustard (1887) 35c. p. gal. Pickles in brine (1887) 2.'jc. p. gal. 3t6. Picture frames, as furniture 35 p. ct. 367. Pins, manufactured from wire of any metal .30 p. ct. .'!68. Plants, viz.: — fruit plants, not elsewhere specified 20 p. ct. 369.\ 370,( Transferred to Free List, Tariff No. 892, from 4th April, 371.( per 0. C. dated 13th April, 1887. 372.) 373. Plaster of Paris, or gypsum, ground, not calcined 10c. p. 100 lbs. 374. Plaster of Paris, calcined cr manufactured ISc.p.lOO lbs., Per barrel of not over three hundred pouads 15c. p. brl. 375. Plated cutlery, namely, kniven plated wholly or in part, costing under three dollars and fifty conts per dozen 50c. p. doz (1887) and 20 p. ct. 376. Plated ware, all other, electro-plated or gilt, of all kinds, whether plated wholly or in part (1887) 30 p. ct. 377. Plates engraved on wood, and on steel or other metal 20 p. ct. 378. Plumbago(1887) 10 p. ct. 379. Plumbago,all manufactures of, i>ot elsewhere specified (1887) 25 p. ct. 380. Pomades, French, or flower odors preserved in fat or oil fo; the purpose of conserving tne odors of flowers which do not bear the heat of distillation, when imported in t'ns of not less than ten pounds each 15 p. ct. 381. Printing presses of all kinds, folding machines and paper cutters (1867) 10 p. ct. 382. Proprietary medicines ; to wit : — All tinctures, pills, pow- ders, troches or lozenges, syrups, cordials, bitters, ano- dynes, topics, plasters, liniments, salves, ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, oils or medicinal pre- parations or coripositions recommended to the public under any general name or title as specifics for any diseases or affections whatsoever affecting the human or animal bodies, not otherwise provided for ; all liquids. 50 p. ot. And ail others 26 p. ot CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 447 383. Pranella, and cotton and woollen netting, for boots, shoes and gloves '. 10 p. ct. 384. Putty 25 p. ct. 386. Quills 20 p. ct. 386. Red Prussiate of potash 10 p. ct. 387. Ribbons of all kinds and material 30 p. ut. 388. Rubber belting, hose, packing, mats and matting 5c. per lb. and 15 p. ct. 389. Sails fur boats and ship<«, also tontu and awnings 25 p. ct. 390. Salt, coarse (not to include salt imported from the United Kingdom or any British possession, or salt imported for the use of the sea or gulf fisheries, which shall be free of duty) (1887) lOc.p. lOOlba. 391. Salt, fine, in bulk (1887) 10c. p. 100 lbs. 392. Salt in bags, barrels or other packages (the bags, barrels or other packages to bear the same duty as if it^norted empty (1887) 15c. p. 100 lbs. 393. Saltpetre 20p.*ct. 394. Sand-paper, glat , fiint and emery-paper (1887)» 30 p. ct. 396. Sauces and catsups, in bottle (sixteen half-pint, eight pint, or four quart bottles to be held to contain a gallon) 40c. per gal i (1887) and 20 p. ct. 396. Screws of iron, steel, brMS or other metal, not otherwise provided for (1887) 35 p. ct. 397. Seeds, viz. :— Garden, field and other seeds, for agricultural purposes, when in bulk or in large parcels 16 p. ct. When put up in small papers or parcels 25 p. ct. 398. Sewing machines whole, or heads or parts of he.ids of $3 each sewing machines (1887) and 20 p. ct. 399. Shawls of all kinds aad materials, except silk 25 p. ct. 400. Shingles 20 p. ct. 401. Ships and other vessels built in any foreign country, whe- ther steam or sailing vessels, on application for Cana- dian register, on the fair market value of the hull, rigging, machinery, and all appurtenances, — on the hull, rigging and all appurtenances, except machinery. 10 p. ct. On boilers, steam engines and other machinery 26 p. ct. 402. Shirts of cotton or linen (1887) $1 p. doz. and 30 p. ct. 403. Silk in the gum, or spun, not more advanced than singles, tram and thrown, organ/.ine, not coloured 15 p. ct. 404. Sewing silk and silk twist ; 25 p. ct. 405. Silk velvets and all manufactures of siik, or of which silk is the component part of chief value, not elsewhere specified, except church vestments 30 p. ct. 406. Silk plush netting used for the manufacture of gloves IE p. ct. 407. Silver, rolled, and (German and nickel silver in sheets 10 p. ct. i iililii ^» i 448 APPENDIX. 408. Slates, school and writing slates Ic. each and 20 p. ct. 409. Slates, roofing slate, black or blue (18-)7) 80c. p. sq. Red, green and other colours $1 p. sq. In each case when split or dressed only. 410. Slates of all kinds, and manufactures of, not elsewhere Ic. per sq. ft. specified (1887) and 25 p. ct. 411. Slate mantels 30 p. ct. 412. Soap, common brown and yellow, not perfumed l^c. p. lb. 413. Soap, castile and white 2c. p. lb. 414. Soap, perfumed or toilet (the weight of the inside packages 10c. p. lb. and and wrappers to be included in the weight for duty).... 10 p. ct. 415. Soap powders 3c. p. lb. 416. Sockg and stockings of cotton, wool, worsted, the hair of !0c. p.lb.and the alpaca goat or other like animal (1887) 30 p. ct. 417. Spectacles and eye glasses (1887) 30 p. ct. 4!^. Spcctacl'-s and eye glasses, parts of, unfinished (1887) ...... 25 p. ct. 4'f» Spices, viz. :— Ginger and spices of all kinds (except nut- megs and mitce). unground 10 p. ct. Qround 26 p. ct. 420. Nutmegs ami mace 25 p. ct. 42 'pirits and strong waters not Imping been sweetened or mixed wiih any article so that the degree of strength '•' thereof cannot be asccrtaine'' by Sikes' hydrometer, for every Imperial gallon of the strength of proof by v such hydrometer, and so in proportion for any greater or less strength than the strength of proof, and for every greater or less quantity than a gallon, viz. : — Geneva gin, rum, whiskey, alcohol or spirits of wine, and unuiiiimerated unmixed and not sweetened spirits by whatever name called 91.75 p. I. g. 422. Brandy $2.00 p. I. g, 423. Absinthe $2 00 p. I. g. 424. "Old Tom" gin $1.76 p. I. g. 425. Spirits, sweetened or mixed, so that the degree of strength cannot he ascertained as aforesaid, viz. : rhum-shrub, cordials, scliiedam schnapps, tafia, bitters, and unenu- merated articles of like kind $1.90 p. I. g. 426. Spirits and strong waterS; not elsewhere specified $1.90 p. I. g. 427. Spirits and strong waters, mixed with any ingredient, or ingrediints, and although thereby comir ,• under the denomination of proprietary medicines, tinctures, essen- ces, extracts, or any other denomination, including me- dicinal elixirs and fluid extract?, whether in bulk or bottle, not elsewliere specified, shall be, nevertheless, deemed spirits or strong waters, and subject to duty as $2.00 p. I. g. such and 30 p. ct. ,1 , „ Ic. each and 20 p. ct. ,. 80c. p. sq. ,. $1 P- sq. re Ic. per sq. ft. .. and 25 p. ct. .. 30 p. ct. .. lie. p. lb. .. 2c. p. lb. es 10c. p. lb. and ... 10 p. ct. ... 3c. p. lb. of 10c. p. lb. and ... 30 p. ct. .... 30 p. ct. ... 25 p. ct. al- io p. ct. 26 p. ct- 25 p. ct. [or l?tb /'-'" ter, by ^*' iter for ine, rits .... «l.75p.I. g. , $2.00 p. I. g. . $2 00 p. 1. g- . $1.75 p. I. g- gth 'ub, mu- .... 11.90 p. I. g. .... $1.90 p. I- g- or the sen- me- or Less, y as $2.00 p. I. g- ... and 30 p. ct. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 428. Cologne water and perfumed spirita in bottles or flasks not weighing more than four ounces each 50 p. ct. 429. Cologne water and perfumed spirits in bottles, flasks and $2.00 p. t. g. other packages weighing more than four ounces each... and 40 p. ct. 430. Wines of all kinds, except sparkling wines, including ginger, orange, lemon, strawberry, raspberry, elder and currant wines, containing twAnty-gix per cent, or less of spirits of the strength of proof by Sikes' hydro- meter, imported in wood or in bottles (six quart or twelve pint bottle^j to be held to contain an Imperial gallon •-. 25c. p. I. g. And for each degree of strength \n excess of twenty-six per And 3c. p. I. cent, of spirits as aforesaid, until the strength reaches g. for each forty per cent, of proof siiirit degree from 26 up to 40. And in addition tliereto 30 p. ct. 431. Champagne and all other sparkling wines in bottles con- taining each not more than a quart and more than one pint $3 p. doz. Containing not more than a pint each, and more than one- half pint $1.50 p. do/:. Containing one-half pint each or less 75c. p. dor.. Bottles containing more than one quart each, shall pay in $1.50 p. I. g. addition to three dollars per dozen bottles for all over 1 qt. p. bot. The quarts and piuts in each case being old wine measure ; in addition to the above specific duty there shall be an ai valorem duty of 30 p. ct. 432. But any liquors imported under the name of wine, and containing more than 40 per cent, of spirits of the strength of proof by Sikes's hydrometer, shall be rated for duty as unenumerated spirits. 433. Starch, including farina, corn starch, or Hour, and all preparations having the qualities of starch 2c. per lb. 434. Stereotypes and electrotypes of standard books 10 p. ct. 435. Stereotypes and elecrotypes for commercial blanks and advertisements 20 p. ct. 436. ^Stereotypes and electrotypes and bases for same made wholly or in part o.' type metal, not elsewhere specified. 5c. p. lb. Stonb, viz :— 437. Rough freestone, s>indstone and all other building stone, except marble from the quarry, not hammered or $1 p. ton of 13 chiselled cubic ft. 438. Water liiuestone or cement stone (See cement) $1 p. ton. 439. Grindstones $2 p. ton. 440. Dressed freestone, and all other building stone except marble and all manufactures of stone, or granite 20 p. ot 29 449 :,1 ' (.'lip 450 APPENDIX. i';;; 441. Straw boards, in sheets or rolls, plain or tarred 40e. p. 100 lbs. SuoARR, Syrdps and Molasseh : — 442. Sugar, melado, concentrated melado, concentrated cane- juice, concentrated molasses, concentrated beet root juice and concrete, when imported direct from the Ic. p. lb. TO country of growth and production, for refining pur- deg. test /i poses only, not over number fourteen Dutch standard 3Jc. p. 100 in colour, and not testing over seventy degrees by the lbs. for each polariscopLc test, and for every additional degree, deg. above shown by polariacopic test 70. 443. Sugar not for refining purposes, not over number fourteen Dutch Standard in colour, when imported direct from the country of growth and production free on board at the Ic. p. lb. and last port of shipment 30 p. ct. 444. All sugars above number fourteen Dutch Standard in color and refined sugar of all kinds, grades pr standards, free 1 jc. p. lb. and on board at the last port of shipment 35 p. ct. 445. On all sugars not imported direct without tmnshipment 7}p. ct. oftbe from the country of growth and productJou, there shall duty payable, be levied and collected additional. 44G. Provided that when any cargo of sugar imported for re- fining purposes is found to grade, in part, above number fourteer Dutch Standard in colour, such part to the ex- tent of not exceeding fifteen per cent, of the whole of the cargo may be admitted to enter by polariscopic test. 44V. Syrups, cane juice, refined syrup, sugar house syrup or sugar house molasses, syrup of sugar, syrup of molasses Ic. p. lb. and or sorghum, whether imported direct or nut 30 p. ct. 448. Molasses, other, when imported direct without transhipment and from the country of growth and production 15 p. ct. 449. Molasses, when not so imported 20 p. ct. 450. The value upon which the ad valorem duty shall be levied nnd collected upon all the above-named syrups and molasses shall be the value thereof free on board at the last port of shipment. 4.')1. Provided that molasses, when imported for or received into any refinery or sugar factory, or to be used for any other purpose than actual consumption, shall be subject to, and there shall be levied and collected thereon, an additional duty of 5c. p. I.g. 152. Provided that the foregoing rates of duty on sugars, syrups aiid molasses shall apply only to importations arriviii^ in Canada on and after the thirty-first day of March, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, and that, as to such articles warehoused prior to that date, the rates of duty in force immediately previous thereto shall apply. .. 40c. p.lOOlbs. B- }t le Ic. p. lb. 70 r- deg. teat k rd 3jc. p. 100 he lbs. for each je, deg. above ... 70. en he Lhe Ic. p. lb. and .... 30 p. ct. lor ree l^cp. Ib.aml .... 35 p. ct. ent 7 J p. ct. ofthe lall duty payable, additional. re- iber ex- c of ;cst. p or laes Ic. p. lb. and .. 30 p. ct. aent ,. 15 p. ct. .. 20 p. ct. vied and t the ived any bject a, an 5c. p. I.g- iTups iviii^ arch, that. |e, the ereto and 35 p. Ct. 2c. p. lb. Ic. p. h>. 10 p. ct. 25 p. ct. 20 p. ct. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888, 453. Sugar candy, brown or white, and confectionery Ijo. p. lb. 454. Qlucose or grape sugar, to be classed and rated for duty as sugar according to grade by Dutch standard in colour. 455. Glucose syrup, a specific duty of 456. Tallow 157. Tea from the United States 458. Telephones, telegraph instruments, electric and galvanic batteries, and apparatus for electric lights 459. Tin crystals 460. Tinware, stamped and japanned ware, and ail manufac- tures of tin not elsewhere specified..,,. Tobacco :— 461. Manufactured tobacco and snuff , 462. Cigars and cigarettes, the weight of cigarettes to roclude the weight ofthe paper covering (1887) TOOLR AND Ihplgmbnts : — 463. Axes of all kinds, adzes, hatchets and hammers, not else- where specified (1887) 464. Chopping axes (1887) , 465. Files and rasps 466. Garden rakes, two and three-proneed forks of all kinds, and hoes (1887) 467. Hay knives, and four, five and six pronged forks of all kinds (1887) 468. Mowing machines, self-binding harvesters, harvesters with- out binders, binding attachments, reapers, sulky and walking ploughs, and all other agricultural machines and implements, not otherwise provided for (1887) 469. Picks, mattocks, blacksmiths' hammers, sledges, track tools, wedges and crowbars of iron or steel (1887) 470. Shovels and spades, and shovel and spade blanks (1887)... 451 25 p. ct. 30c. p. lb. and I2J p. ct. $2 per lb. and 26 p. ct. 35 p. ct. $2 p. doz. and 10 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 5c, each and 25 p. ct. $2 p.doz. and 20 p. ct. and 471. Scythes 472. Towels of every description 473. 474. 475, 476. 477. 478, 479. 480, Turpentine, spirits of 481. Trunks, of all kinds, pocket-books and purses (1887) 48?. Twine, of all kinds, not otherwise specified 2^ 35 p. ct, Ic, p, lb. 26 p. ct. $1 p. doz. and 25 p ct. $2.40 p, doz. 25 p, ct. Trees, fruit trees, transferred to free list. Tariff No. 892, from 4th April, per 0, C. dated 13th April, 1888. 10 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 25 p. ct. '■i ■'ll t' 462 APPENDIX. iii 483. Type for printing 20 p. ct. 484. Type metal ■ 10 p. ct. 485. Umbrellas, p.^rasols and Bun^lmdea of all kinda and materials 30 p. ot. 486. Umbrellas and parasols, ntuel, iron or brass ribs, runners, rings, caps, notches, tin ctvp!< and ferules, whem im- ported by and for the use of manufacturi;rs of umbrellas 20 p. ct. 487. Valises, satchels, carpetbags, cases for jewels and watches, 10c. each and aad other like articles, of auy material (1887) 30 p. ct. 488. Varnishes, lacquers, japan, japan driers, liquid driers, col* 20c. p. gal. lodion and oil finish, not elsewhere specified (1887) and 25 p. ct. 489. Vasseline, and all similar preparations uf petroleum for toilet, medicinal or other purposes, in bulk 4c. p. lb. And in bottles or other packages, not over one pound in weight in each Oc. p. lb, TiaifiTABLES, VIZ. :— 490. Potatoes (1887) 15c. p. bush 491. Tomatoes, fresh (1887) 30c. " and 10 p. ct. 492. Tomatoes and other vegetables, iuciuding corn, in cans or other packages, weighing not over one pound each 2c. p.l lb. caa And for each pound, or fraction of a pound over one pound in weight — the rate to include the duty on the cans, or 2c. p. each otlier packages, and the weight on which duty shall be additional lb. payable to include the weight o''the cans or packages, or fraction. 493. Vegetables, not el '. '^. ];ere specified, including sweet pota- toes (1887) 25 p. ct. 494. Velveteens and "oMcii .elvets , 20 p. ct. 495. Veneer? of V'x^.j, 3iiWT only (1887) 10 p. ct. 496. Vinegar ISc. p. [. g. 497. Watches and watch- oases 25 p. ct 498. Watch actions or movements (1887) 10 p. ct. 499. Whips, of all kinds 30 p. ct. 600. Winceys, checked, striped or fancy cotton over twenty- 2c p. sq. yd. five inches wide and 15 p. ct. 501. Winceys of all kinds, not otherwise provided for 22j p. ct. 502. Wire-cloth, of brass and copper 20 p. ct. 503. Wire covered with cotton, linen, 8il> or other material 25 p. ct. 604. Wood and manufactures of, and woo< -uware, viz. :— pails, tubs, churns, brooms, brushes, and other manufactures of wood not elsewhere specified 25 p. ct.. 505. Hubs, spokes, felloes, and parts of wheels, rough hewn or sawn only 15 p. ct. 506. Lumber and timber, Qot elsewhere specifiec' 20 p. ct. 607. Mouldings of wood, plain 25 p. ct. 508. Mouldings of wood, gilded or otherwise further manufac- tured than plain 30 p. ct. ,v; CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1S83. Wools and Wooli-kns, viz.: — 609. Mnnufiictures coropused wholly or in part of wool, woritod, tlie luiir of the alpaca, goat or oth'-r like aiiininU, viz. : — blankets and flannels of every doacrlption ; cloths, (loeakins, casyimeres, tweeds, coating.s, overcoatiags, felt cloth of every description, not elsewhere specified ; liorso-collar cloth ; yarn, knitting yarn, fingering yarn, w .trsted yarn, knitted goods, viz. : — shirts and drawers, 7}c. p. lb. and hosiery, not elsewhere specified and 20 p. ct 510. Ml fabrics composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, tiic hair of the alpaca, goat, ov other like nial, not otherwise provided for, on all such •/■• 'nj? ten cents per yard and under (1887) .. 22} p. ct. 611. Costing over ten and under fourteen cent* ... 25 p. ct. 612. Costiig fourteen cents .wid over (1887) 27} p. ct. 613. At) regards items 510, r>ll, 612, the half-pt iiiiy sterling shall be computed as the equivalent of a cent, ami larger sums in sterling money shall be computed at the BHnie ratio. 614. Clothing, ready-made, and Wi-aring apparel, of every description, including cloth caps and horse clothing, shaped, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other like animal, made up by the tailor, seamstress or manufacturer, n(»t other- 10c. p. lb. and wise provided for (1887) 2.') p. ct. {^L^ Carpets, viz. ; — Brussels, tapestry, Dutch, Venetian and damask, carpet mats and rugs of all kinds, and printed fe'its and druggets and all other carpets and squares, not otherwise provided for 26 p. ct. 516. Treble ingrain, three-ply and two-ply carpets, comi>'>sed lOc.p.sq. yd. wholly of wool and 20p. ct. 617. Two-ply and three-ply ingrain carpets, of which the warp i.s composed wholly of cotton, or other material \haix wool, worsted, the hair of the alpiK a, goat, or other 5c. p. sq. yd. like animals and 20 p. ct. 618. Felt, pressed, of all kinds, n^t filled or cover-.^d by or with any woven fabric 17} p. ct. 619. Wool, class one, viz. : — Leicester, Ciitswold, Lincolnshire, South Down combing wools, or wools known as lu>ttre wools, and other like combing wools, such as are grown in Canada 3c. p. lb. 620. Yeast cakes and compressed yeast in packages of one pound and over, or in bulk 6c. p. lb. 521. Yeast cakes in packages of less than one pound 8c. p. lb. 522. Zinc, chloride, salts and sulphate of 5 p. ct. 523. Zinc, seamless drawn tubing 10 p. ct. 524. Zinc, manufactures of, not elsewhere specified 25 p. ct. 458 m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I L£ 12.0 ut 11.25 Hiotographic Sciences CorpQration 13 WIST MAM STiMT WIUTI«,N.V. I4SN (71«)t7a-4S03 ^^^ c\ \ 464 APPENDIX. 525. All goods not enumerated as charged with any duty of cus- toms, and not declared free of duty, shall be charged with a duty of twenty per cent, fd valorem, when im- ported into Canada, or taken out of warehouse for con- sumption therein. 42 V., c. 16, Schedule A ;— 43 V. c. 18, s. 1 ; 44 v., c. 10 s. 2 ;— 46 V., c. 6, ss. 1, 2, 3 and A; 46 v., c. 13, ss. 2, 8, 6 and 6 ;— 47 V., c. 30, s. 2 ;— 48-49 V.,c.61,S3.2,3,5,6, 7, 8ani9;— 49 v., c. 37, ss. land'i. DcTiBS ON Fish and Pkooucts op thk Fisheries: — 626. Mackerel Ic- p. lb. 627. Herrings, pickled or salted jc. p, lb. 628. Salmon, pickled Ic. p. lb. 629. All other fish, pickled, in barrels Ic. p. lb. 530. Foreign caught fish, imported otherwise than in barrels or half-barrels, whether frebU, dried, salted or pickled, not specially enumerated or provided tor 50c. p. 100 Iba. , 531. Fish, smoked, and boneless fish Ic. p. lb. 532. Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin boxes measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide and three and a-balf inches deep 6c. p. box. In half boxes, measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide and one and five- eighths deep 2jc. p. } box. And in quarter boxes, measuring not more than four inches and three-quarters long, three and a-half inches wide and one and a-quarter deep 2c. p. { box. 533. When imported in any other form 30 p. ct. 634. Fish, preserved in oil, except anchovies and sardines 30 p. ct. 635. Sf Jmon and all other fish prepared or preserved, including oysters, not specially enumerated or provided for 25 p. ct. 636. Oysters, shelled, in bulk 10c. p. gal. 637. Oysters, canned, in cans not over one pint, including the can 3c. p. can. 638. Oysters in cans over one pint and not over one quart, in- cluding the can 5c. p. can. 539. Oysters in cans exceeding one quart in capacity, an addi« tional duty for each quart or fraction of a quart of capacity over a quart, including the cans 5c. p. qt. 540. Oystecs in the shell 25 p. ct. 541. Packages containing oysters or other fish, not otherwise provided for 25 p. ct. 542. Oil, spermaceti, whale and other fish oils, and all other articles the produce of the fisheries, not specially pro- vided for. 48-49 V., c. 61, e. 4, part 20 p. ct. CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. FREE GOODS. 543. Agaric; 544. Agates, amethysts, aquamariaes, blood stones, carbuncles, cat's eyes, cameos, corals, corneliaas, crystal, crysolite, crosordolite, emeralds, garnets, intaglios, inlaid or incrusted stones, onyx, opals, pearls, rubies, sardonyx, sapphires, topaz, and turquoises not polished nor otherwise manufactured ; 545. Alkanet root ; 646. Aloes; 647. Aluminum ; 648. Alum ; 649. Ambergris; 550. Ammonia, sulphate of ; 551. Anatomical preparations ; 552. Aniline dyes, in bulk or packages of not less than one pound weight ; 553. Aniline oil, crude ; 654. Aniline salts ; 555. Animals brought into Canada temporarily, and for a period not exceed* ing three months, for the purpose of exhibition or competition for prizes offered by any agricultural or other association ; (But a bond shall be first given in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Minister of Customs, with the condition that the full duty to which such animals would otherwise be liable shall be paid in case of their sale in Canada, or if not re-exported within the time specified in such bond ) 656 Animals for the improvement of stock, viz. : — Horses, cattle, sheep and swine, under regulations made by the Treasury Board and approved by the Governor in Council ; 557. Animals of all kinds, when the natural product of the colony of New- foundland ; 558. Annate, liquid or solid ; 559. Annato seed ; 660. Anchors ; 561. Antimony ; 562. Ashes, pot, pearl and soda ; 563. Asphaltum ; 564. Apparel, wearing and other personal and household effects, not merchan* dise, of British subjects dying abroad, but domiciled in Canada ; 565. Argol dust ; * 566. Argols, crude ; 567. Arsenic ; 568. Arseniate of aniline ; 669. Articles for the use of the Governor General ; 570. Aiticles for the pergonal use of Consuls General who are natives or citizens of the country they represent, and who are not engaged la any other business or profession ; 465 r ^i: )i i ;. I , ,,j :; 1 456 APPENDIX. 571. Artiules imported by and for the use of the Dominion Qorernment or any of the departments thereof, or by and for the Senate or House of Oom< mons, including the following articles ^hen imported by the said Uorernment or through any of the Departments thereof for the use of the Canadian Militia : — Arns, military clothing, musical instruments for bands, military stores and munitions of war (1887) ; 672. The following articles when imported by and for the use of the Army and Navy : — Arms, military or naval clothing, musical instruments for bands, military stores and munitions of war (1887) ; 573. Bamboo reeds, not further manufactured than cut into suitable lengths for walking sticks or canes, or for sticks for umbrellas, parasols or sunshades ; 574. Bamboos, unmanufactured ; 575. Barrels of Canadian manufacture exported, filled with domestic petro- leum and returned empty, under such regulations as the Minister of Customs prescribes ; 57G. Barilla; 577. Barytcs, unmanufactured ; 578. Beans, vanilla, and nux vomica ; 579. Bees; 580. Belladonna leaves ; 581. Bells for churches ; 582. Berries for dyeing or used for composing dyes ; 583. Bichromate of soda ; 584. Bismuth, metallic; 585. Bolting cloths, not made up ; 586. Bones, crude, not manufactured, burned, calcined, ground or steamed ; 587. Bone-dust and bone-ash for manufacture of phosphates and fertilisers ; 588. Books printed by any government, or by any scientific association or other society now existing, for the promotion of learning and letters, and issued in the course of their proceedings, and out for the purpose of sale or trade ; 589. Books, educational, imported exclusively by and for thr jf schools for the deaf and dumb and blind (1887) ; 590. Boracic acid ; 591. Borax; 692. Botany, specimens of; 593. Brass, old scrap and in sheets ; 594. Brick, fire, for use exclusively in processes of manufactures (1887) ; 595. Bristles; 596. Britannia metal in pigs and bars ; 597. Brimstone, crude, or in roll or flour ; 598. Brim moulds for gold beaters ; 599. Bromine ; 600. Broom corn ; 601. Buchu leaves; 602. Buckram for the manufacture of hat and bonnet shapes ; II. jrernment or an j or House of Oom" >rted by the said reof for the use of isical instrumeats 17); e of the Army and 1 instruments for ,0 suitable lengths )rella3, parasols or th domestic petro- 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611. as the Minister of 612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 618. 619. 620. 621. 622. 623. ound or steamed ; 624. s and fertilizers ; 625. itific association or 626. earning and letters, 627. not for the purpose 628. 629. hf if schools for 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. stures (1887) ; (536. 637. 638. €39. 640. 641. .AS • 642. les: CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. Bullion, gold and silver ; Burgundy pitch ; Burr stones, in block, ro.igh or unmanufactured, and not bound op into mill stones ; Carriages of travellers and carriages laden with merchandise, and not to include circus troops nor hawkers, under regulations prescribed by the Minister of Customs ; Cabinets of coins, medals and other collections of antiquities ] Casts, as models, for the use of schools of design ; Cornelian, unmanufactured ; Canvas for manufacture of floor oil cloth, not less than forty-five inches wide, and not pressed or calendered ; Canvas, jute canvas, not less than fifty-eight inches wide, when imported by manufacturers of floor oil cloth for use in their facto'-ies ; Caoutchouc, unmanufactured ; Cat-gut strings or gut cord for musical instruments ; Cat-gut or whip-gut, unmanufactured ; Celluloid or zyol.ite, in sheets, lumps or blocks ; Chalk and cliff stone, unmanufactured ; Chamomile flowers ; Cherry heat welding compound ; China clay, natural or ground ; Chloralum or chloride of aluminium ; Chloride of lime; Chronometers, and compasses for ships ; Cinchona bark ; Cinnabar; Citrons, and rinds of, in brine, for candying ; Clays ; Clothing, donations of, for charitable purposes ; Coal, anthracite (1887) ; Cobalt, ore of ; Cochineal ; Cocoa, bean, shell and nibs ; Coffee, green, except as hereinbefore provided ; Coins, gold and silver, except United States silver coin ; Communion plate, and plated ware for use in churches ; Coir and coir yarn ; Conium cicuta, or hemlock seed and leaf; Copper in sheets ; Cotton waste and cotton wool ; Cotton yarns, finer than No. 40, unbleached, bleached or dyed, for use in the manufacture of Italian cloths, cotton, worsted or silk fabrici (1887) ; Cork wood, or cork bark, unmanufactured ; Colors, metallic, viz. :— Cobalt, zinc and tin ; Cream of tartar, in crystals ; 45t 11^ ;( "• 'l^' :l A . 'I Iililiii!iit4l: 458 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. 649. 650. 661. 652. <353. 654. 655. 656. 657. 658. 659. 660. «61. 662. €63. 664. «65. me. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. 675. 676. 677. €78. 679. 680. APPENDIX. Diamond drills, for prospecting for minerala ; Diamonds, unset, including black diamonds for borers ; Diamond dust or bort ; Dragon's blood ; Duclc for belting and liose wlien imported by manufacturers of rubber goods for use in their factories ; Dye, jet black ; Dyeing or tanning articles, in a crude state, used in dyeing or tanning, not elsewhere specified ; Embossed books for the blind ; Emery ; Entomology, specimens of*, Ergot ; Esparto, or Spauish grass, and other grasses, and pulp of, for the rnana* facture of paper ; Extract of logwood ; Fancy grasses dried but not coloured or otherwise manufactured ; Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels ; Fire clay ; Fibre, Mexican ; Fibre, vegetable, for manufacturing purposes ; Fibriila ; Fillets of cotton and rubber, not exceeding seveu inches wide, when imported by, and for the use of, manufactui'ers of card clothing ; Fish hooks, nets and seines, and lines and twinef, for the use of fisheries, but not to include sporting fishing-tackle or hooks with flies or trawl- ing spoons ; Fur skins of all kinds not dressed in any manner ; Flint, flints and ground flint stones ; Foliffi digitalis ; Foot grease, the refuse of >he cotton seed after the oil is pressed out ; Fossils ; Fowls, pure bred, including pheasants and quails, for improvement of stock ; Fuller's earth ; Ganniater (1887) ; Gas coke, when used in Canadian manufactures only ; Gentian root , Ginseng root ; Gold-beaters' moulds and gold-beaters' skins ; Gravels ; Grease, the refuse of animal fat, for the use of soap stock, not otherwise provided for ; Guano and other animal and vegetable manures ; Gums, amber, Arabic, Australian, copal, daniar, mastic, sandarac, shellao and tragacanth (1887) ; CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1838. 469 ■'■M 681. 682. 683. rers of rubber 684. 685. ig or taaniag, 686. 687. 688. 689. 690. 691. , for the maaa- 69i. ctured ; 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. 698. es wido, when 699. clothing ; 700. 1130 of fisheries, 701. 1 flies or trawl- 702. 703. 704. ressed out ; 705. 706. nprovement of 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713. not otherwise 714. 715. ndarac, shellao 716. 717. Out, and worm gut, manufactured or unraauufactuied, for whip and other cord ; Qutta percha, crude ; Qypsum, crude (sulphate of lime) ; Hair, angola, buffalo and bison, camel, goat, hog, horse and human, cleaned oruncleaned, but not curled or otherwise manufactured ; Hatters' furs, not on the skin ; Hatters' plush of silk or cotton ; Hemlock bark ; Hemp, undressed ; Hides, raw, whether dry, suited or pickled ; Hoop iron, not exceeding three-eighths of au inch in width, and being No. 25 gauge or thinner, used for the manufacture of tubular rivets ; Horn strips, when to be used in making corsets ; Horses, cattle, sheep and swiue, for the improvement of stock, under regulations made by the Treasury Board and approved by the Gov- ernor in Council ; Hoofs, horns and horu tips ; Hyoscyamus, or henbane leaf; Ice; India rubber, unmanufactured; India hemp (crude drug) ; Indigo ; Indigo auxiliary ; Indigo, paste and extract of; Iodine, crude ; Iris, orris root ; Iron or steel rolled round wire rods under half au inch in diameter, when imported by wire manufacturers for use in their factories (1887) ; Iron or steel beams, sheets, plates, angles and knees for iron or composite ships or vessels ; Iron liquor, solution of acetate of iron for dyeing and calico printing ; Istle or tampico fibre ; Ivory and ivory nuts, unmanufactured ; Iron masts for ships, or parts of ; Jalap, root ; Junk, old ; Jute, butts; Jute ; Jute cloth, as taken from the loom, neither pressed, mangled, calendered, nor in any way finished, and not less than forty inches wide, when imported by manufacturers of jute bags for use in their own factories ; Jute yarn, plain, dyed or coloured, when imported by manufacturers of carpets, rugs and mats, for use in tbeir own factories ; Kainite, or German potash salts for fertili^.ers ; Kelp; Kryolite ; i:^' 1 '■" tS 460 APPENDIX. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 723. 724. 726. 726. 727. 728. 729. 7.30. 731. 132. 733. 734. 736. 736. 737. 738. 739. 740. 741. 742. 743. 744. 745. 746. 747. 748. l^ac— dye, crude, seed, button, stick and shell ; Lava, unmanufactured ; Leeches ; Liquorice root ; Litharge ; Litmus and all lichens, prepared and not prepared ; Lemons, and rinds of, in brine for candying ; Logs, and round unmanufactured timber, not elsewhere provided for; Lumber and timber, plank and boards, sawn, of boxwood, cherry, wal- nut, chesnut, gumwood, mahogany, pitch pine, rosewood, sandalwood, .Spanish cedar, oak, hickory and wliitewood, not shaped, planad, or otherwise manufactured, and sawdust of the same, and hickorv lumber, sawn to shape for spokes of wheels but not further manu- factured; Locomotives and railway passenger, baggage and freight cars, being the property of railway companies in the United States, running upon any line of road crossing the frontier, so long as Canadian locomoti''e8 and cars are admitted free under similar circumstances in the United States, under regulations prescribed by the Minister of Customs ; Locomotive tires of steel in the rough (1887) ; Locust beans, tor the manufacture of horse and cattle food ; Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all ex- tracts of ; Manganese, oxide uf ; Manilla grass ; Manuscripts ; Meerschaum, crude or raw ; Mineral waters, natural, not in bottle— under regulations made by the Minister of Customs ; Mineralogy, specimens of; Models of inventions and other improvements in the arts ; but no article . or articles ihall be deemed a model of improvement which can be fitted for use ; Moss, Iceland, and otlier mosses, crude ; Moss, seaweed, and uU other vegetable substances used for beds and mattresses, in their natural state, or only cleaned ; Menageries — horses, cattle, carriages, and harness of, under regulations prescribed by the Minister of Customs ; Musk, in pods or in grains ; Nitrate of soda, or cubic nitre ; Nut galls ; Newspapers, and quarterly, monthly and semi-monthly magazines, and weekly literary papers, unbound ; Nickel ; Oak bark ; Oakum ; Oil cake, cotton seed cake and meal, palm nut cake and meal ; ame, and hickorv lot further manu- ;ion9 made by the ily magazineB, and CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 749. Oil cake meal ; 750. Oils, cocoanut aad palm, in their natural state ; 751. Oranges and rinds of, in brine, for candying ; 752. Ores of metals of all kinds ; 753t Ottar of roses ; 754. Osiers ; 756. Oxalic acid ; 756. Paintings, in oil or water colours, by artiats of well-known merit, or copies of the old masters by such artists ; 757. Paintings in oil or water colours, the production of Canadian artists, under regulations to be made by the Minister of Customs ; 758. Palm leaf, unmanufactured ; 759. Pearl, mother of, not manufactured ; 760. Penis, or extract of archill and cudbear ; 761. Philosophical instruments and apparatus, — that is to say, such as are not manufactured in the Dominion, when imported by and for use in uni- versities, colleges, schools and scientific societies ; 762. Pictorial illustrations of insccta, kc-i when imported by and for the nso of colleges and schools, scientific and literary societies ; 763. Phosphorus ; 764. Pelts ; 765. Pipe clay ; 766. Pitch (pine), in packages of not less than fifteen gallons each ; 767. Platinum wire ; 768. Plaits, straw, Tuscan and graas ; 769. Potash, German mineral ; 770. Potash, muriate and bichromate of, crude ; 771. Precipitate of copper, crude ; 772. Pumice and pumice stone, ground or nnground ; 773. Quercitron, or extract of oak bark, for tanning ; 774. Quicksilver ; 775. Quills in their natural state or unplumed (1887) ; 776. Quinine, sulphate of, in powder ; 7T7. Rags, of cotton, linen, jute and hemp, paper waste or clippings and waste of any kind, fit only for manufacture of paper ; 778. Rattans and reeds, unmanufactured ; 779. Recovered rubber and rubber substitute ; 780. Red liquor, a crude acetate of aluminium prepared from pyroligneous acid, for dyeing and calico printing ; 781. Redwood planks and boards, sawn, but not further manufactured (1887) ; 782. Rennet, raw or prepared ; 783. Resin, in packages of not less than fifteen gallons each ; 784. Rhubarb root ; 785. Rolled rods of steel under half an inch in diameter or under half an inch square, when imported by knob or lock manufacturers or cutlers for use exclusively in such manufactures in their own factories (1887) ; 786. Roots, medicinal, viz. : — aconite, calumba, ipecacuanha, sarsaparillar squills, taraxacum, valerian ; 461 :i'i!!|:!;H! ttf i'' 1 '. mJ? 1 i 1 : 1 IRI '11' 111 1 I A' !• r !■ i '5 1 m ^ 462 APPENDIX. 787. Rubber, hard, crude, in ahects, plain or moulded ; 788. Salt cake, being a sulphate of soda, when imported bjr manufacturers of glass and soap for their own use in their works ; 780. Salt, imported from the United Kingdom or any British possession or imported for the use of the sea or gulf fisheries, not otherwise pro- vided for ; 790. Saffron and snfflower, and extract of; 791. Safn-on cake; 792. Sal ammoniac : 793. Sal soda; 794. Sand ; 795. Sausage skins or casings, not cleaned ; 79C. Scrap iron and scrap steel, old and fit only to be re-manufactured, being part of or recovered from any vessel wrecked in waters subject to the jurisdiction of Canada (1887) ; 797. Sea-weed, not elsewhere specified ; 798. Sea-grass ; 799. Seeds, anise, coriander, cardamon, fennel and fenugreek ; 800. Senna, in leaves ; 801. Silex, or crystalized quartz ; 802. Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, not being doubled, twisted or advanced in manufacture in any way, silk cocoons and silk waste ; 803. Silver and German silver, in sheets, for manufacturing purposes ; 804. Skins, undressed, dried, salted or pickled ; SO.*). Soda ash ; 806. Soda caustic ; 807. Soda, silicate of; 808. Sodium, sulphide of ; 809. Settlers' effects, viz. :— Wearing apparel, household furniture, professionnl books, implements and tools of trade, occupation or employment, which the settler has had in actual use for at least six months before removal to Canada, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts and other vehicles and agricultural implements ia use by the settler for at least one year before bis removal to Canada, not to include machinery, or articles imported for use in any manu- facturing establishment, or for sale ; provided that any dutiable articles entered as settler's effects may not be so entered unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and shall not be sold or otherwise dis- posed of without payment of duty, until after two years' actual use in Canada; provided also, that under regulations made by the Minister of Customs, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the Nortb- Wcst Territories by intendiuf settlers, shall be free, until otherwise ordered by the Governor in Council ; 810. Steel, in sheets of not less than eleven nor over eighteen wire gauge, and costing not less than seventy-five dollars per ton of twc thousand two hundred and forty pounds, when imported by manufacturers of shovels and spades for use exclusively in such manufacture in their own factories; CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. 468 manufacturera ot 811. Steel of number twenty gauge and thinner, but not thinner than number thirty gauge, to bo uied in the manufacture of corset steeli, cloclc springs and shoe shanks, when imported by the manufacturers of such articles for use in their factories : 812. Steel rails, weighing not less than twenty-fltre pounds per lineal yard, for use in railway tracks (1887) ; 813. Steel valued at two and one-half cents per pound and upwards for use in the manufacture of skates (1887) ; 814. Steel bowls for cream separators (1887) ; 815. Steel for the manufacture of files, when imported by flic manufacturers for use in their factories (1887) ; 816. Steel for saws and straw cutters, cut to shape, but not further manufac- tured ; 817. Spelter, in blocks and pigs ; 818. Spurs and stilts, used in the manufacture of earthenware ; 819. Sulphate of iron (copperas) ; 820. Sulphur, in roll or flour ; 821. Tails, undressed; 822 Tagging metal, plain, japanned or coated, in coils not over one and a-half inches in width, when imported by manufacturers of shoe and corset laces for use in their factories ; 823. Tampico, white and black ; 824. Tanners' bark ; 825. Tar (pine), in packages of not less than fifteen gallons each; 826. Tea, except as hereinbefore provided ; 827. Terra Japonica ; 828. Teasels ; 829. Tin, in blocks, pigs, bars and sheets, and plates and tin foil ; 830 Tobacco, unmanufactured, for excise purposes, under conditions of '* The Act retpecting the Inland Revenue ; " 831. Tortoise and other shells, unmanufactured; 832. Travellers' baggage, under regulations prescribed by the Minister of Customs ; 833. Trees, forest, when imported into the Province uf Manitoba or the North- west Territories for planting : 834. Tree-nails ; 835. Turmeric ; 836. Turpentine, raw or crude ; 837. Turtles; 838. Ultra marine blue, in pulp ; 839. Vaccine and ivory vaccine points ; 840. Varnish, black and bright, for ships use ; 841. Vitriol, bine ; 842. Veneers of ivory, sawn only (1887) ; 843. Verdigris, or sub-acetate of copper, dry ; 8i4. Vegetable fibres, natural, not produced by any mechanical process; 845. White shellac, for manufacturing purposes ; 4H APPENDIX. 846. Whiting or whitaoing; 847. Whalebone, unmanufactured ; 648. Willow for basket makers ; 840. Wire of brass or copper, round or Hat ; 850. Wire of iron or steel, gnlvanized or tinned, number sixteen gauge or nmnller (1887) ; 861. Wire rigging fur ships and vessels ; 8ft2. Wood for fuel, when imported into Miinitoba and the North- West Torrl< torics ; 863. Woods, not further manufactured than sawn or «pUt, viz. :— African teak, black heart ebony, lignum vitte, red cedar and satin wood 854. Wool, unmanufactured, hair of the alpaca, goat and other like aniii t not elsewhere specitied ; 8j5. Yellow metal, in bolts, bars, and for sheathing ; 860. Zinc, in blocks, pigs and sheets. 42 V., c. 15, Schedules B and ;— 43 v., c. 18, s. 3;— 44 V., c. 10, s. 3;— 45 V., c. 6, s. 6 ;— 46 V., c. 13, s. 1 ;_^7 v., c. 30, 8. 1 ;— 48^9 V., c. 61, s. I ; 49 V., o. 37, s. 2 The following articles are prohibited to be imported under a penalty of two hundred dollars, together with the forfeiture of the parcel or package of goods |i which the same are found, vis. :— 857. Books, printed paper, drawings, paintings, prints, photographs or re* presentations of any kind of a treasonable or seditious, or of an ira* moral or indecent character ; 858. Reprints of Canadian copyright works, and reprints of British copyright works which hare been also copyrighted in Canada ; 859. Coin, base or counterfeit. 42 V., c. 15, Schedule D ;— 44 V., c. 10, s. 4; — 19 V , 0. 37, 8. 5, part. Export Dutiks: — 860. Shingle bolts of pine or cedar, and cedar logs capable of $1.50 per 123 being made into shingle bolts (1887) m cubic feet. 861. Spruce logs |1 p. M.,B.M. 862. Pino logs $2 p. M ,B.M. 863. Provided that the powers vested in the Governor in Coun- cil by section nine of 49 Vic, cap. 33, shall extend and apply ia all respects to the above-named articles, and that the Governor in Council may increase the export duty on pine logs to $3 p. M.,B.M. 49 7., c. 37, 3. 4. leen gauge or th-W«it Tcrrl- Irltish copyright of $1.60 por 1.53 ... cubic foet. ... |l p. ... $2 p. M.,B.M. If ,B.M. u- id id >rt ... $3 p. M.,B.M CUSTOMS TARIFF, 1888. ARTICLES ADDED TO THE FREE LIHT UNDER AUTHORITY OF ORDERS IN COUNCIL. 864. Woollen ragi; 865. QlaiB, bent, for manufacture of hUow caaes, provided it li not made in Canada ; 866. Anj goods or packftKci being the growth, produce or manufacture of Cnnadu, and having been exported therefrom and intended to be re- turned, may be admitted free of duty on being rc-imported to Canadni provided 8uch goods or paclloughs k clothing School satchels of jute, manilla, hemp, &c Scythe handles or snaiths Stuffed South Seu seal Steam pumps as machinery Trace chains, as harness Tannin preserver Transfer pictures Table covers, woollen, to be rated according to value under items Nos. 510, 511 and 512 Taper holders, for Chriatmas trees as toys Veneers of wood cut or shaved with knife Varnish makers' black Wire, manufacture of Window curtain poles, as furniture 525 525 280 493 352 4«8 44 525 243 41 274 352 352 419 101ft210 84 274 274 241 468 274 245 468 405 487 468 171 243 205 625 352 44 504 625 274 173 7jc. lb. and 20 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 35 p. ct 15 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 20 p. 20 p. 30 p. 25 p. 35 p. Ct. ct. ct. ct. ct. 35 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 20 p- ct. 30 p. ct. 15c. lb. and 26 p. 30 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 25 p. ct. Ct. 30 p. et. 30 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 25 p. ct. 35 p. ct. ' 30 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 10c. each and 30 p . ct. .15 p. ct. 15 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 20 p ct. 35 p. ct. 30 p. 25 p. 20 p. 30 p. 36 p. ct. ct. ct. ct. ct, CUSTOMS DECISIONS. DECISIONS Y BOARD OF CUSTOMS Continued. 46» AUTICLHS Zinc (lust . Baked beans, in cans not over I lb. weight Black book muslin, as dyed cotton fabric Copper baths, manufactures of copper Droj) black, ground in Japan— as varnish Earthenware tiles Gold leaf, imitation (under Section 14, Customs Act) Glacier window decorations Gongs for doors -as bells Iron or steel, hot rolled, double or treble reeled. (The second or third reeling has been found to be a polishing process,, and such iron or steel should be charged Jc. p. lb., in addition to other duty) Kites, paper — as toys Oreide — a yellow inetal in thin sheets, copper being one ingredient Pails manufactured in the United States in which oysters are imported are liable to duty each time they are brought to Canada, but if they are wholly manufactured in Canada, and are properly branded by the Customs, they may be sent to the United States, and on re- turn entered free, on identification. (See regu lations, 21st June, 1884.) Slate pencils Slate nagging for walks Store pipes and elbows Sail palms— as manufactures of leather Tins and glass jars containing desiccated cocoa-nut are dutiable Wool waste Taritt" item under which classed. Automatic locomotive bell ringers Artificial alizarine, a composition Belt dressing, prepared grease Banknotes, unsigned Boot and shoe dressing, as blacking Balsam twigs or leaves, in natural state Bay rum, to be rated under items No. 428 and 429 Cotton and jute tapestry Cashmere dolmans do jackets do mufflers, hemmed do do not hemmed Embossed paper, extra heavy, for cracked and damaged walls Enamelled iron hollow ware 525 492 137 123 488 145 192 33 23 260 44 121 Rate of duty Payable. 410 158 274 300 525 274 525 204 33 30 526 117 614 514 514 509 362 232 & 274 20 p. ct. 2c. per 1 lb. can. 32i p. ct. .30 p. ct. 20c. per gall. & 25 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 6 cts per lb, 30 p. ct. 30 p ct. 30 p. ct. 20 p. ct. Ic. sq- ft. and 25 p. ct. T 2. 00 per ton. 30 p. ct. 25 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 25 p. ct. 6c. lb. & 20 p.ct. 30 p. ct. 20 p. ct. Mil 25 p. ct. 10c. lb. & 25 p. 10c. lb. & 25 p. 10c. lb. & 25 p. 7^c. lb. & 20 p. ct. ct. ct. ct. 35 p. 30 p ct. ct. 'I. !' !i r M ;; II H 1 I no APPENDIX. DECISIOXS BY BOARD OF CVSTOUS-Continued. Articles. Felt boots, wholly of felt, as clothing Fly paper Finger bars and reaper and mower bars, being angle iron or steel cut to exact length, rolled, sheared oif and straightened with a slot cut out of the side of each bar ; as parts of reapers and mowers Fire clay gas retorts German spirits of nitrous ether (street nitre).... Galvanized sheet iron. No. 20 gauge Hickory spokes, rough turned, not tenanted, mitred, throated, faced, sized, cut to length, round tenanted or polished ''^ Linen coats Muffs and satchels combined, with clasps Moquette, according to value, under items Nos. 511, 512 and 513 j Photographs, mounted or not Paper seed bags, illustrated Putty, palette, ghizier's hacking knives, and table and butdicr's steels Picture nails Slate pencils Surcingles of cotton or hemp Stove polish, not to include stove varnish Tin tags for ping tobacco Tinned iron spoons Tracing cloth Tin tobacco boxes Vegetable fibre, twisted for convenience in tran- sportation Wool Italian skirts Wood naphtha (wood alcohol) Worsted picture and window blind cord Waxed or oiled paper Almond paste, as confectionery Bird skins, for taxidermic purposes Borax, ground " Catholic Home Almanac," periodical Composition fuel, in blocks Cotton covered flat-steel, cut to lenghts, with brass on ends and eyleted, asparts of clothing. Canvas, painted ana stretched on frame, for artists' use Constitutional bitters, to be rated under items No. 382 or 427. Dutch or schlag metal leaf (under sec. 14 C. A.) Duck, printed and dyed, as printed cot'on Egg yolk, in bulk, preserved with salt but not otherwise mixed Tariff item under which classed. Rate of Duty Payable. 192 137 525 10c lb. & 25 p. ct. 35 i>. ct. 35 p. ct. 20 p. ct. $2 p. I. g. 30 p. ct. & 30 p. ct. Free. 35 p. ct. 10c. each & 30 p. ct. & 15 p. et. 6c. lb. & 20 p. ct. 6c. lb. & 20 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 25 p. ct. 25 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 5c. sq. y. 25 p. ct. Free. 10c. lb. & 25 p. ct. 11.90 per I. g. 30 p. ct. 36 p. ct. lie lb. & 35 p. ct. 20 p ct. Free. 16 p. ct. 20 p. ct. 35 p. ct. 25 p. ct. 30 p. ct. 32J p. ct. 20 p. ct. CUSTOMS DECISIONS. DECISIONS BY BOARD OF CUSTOMS— Co« !!) :> 33 I ilii :!":>' .'1 i 1;: I 474 APPENDIX. DECISIONS BY BOARD OF CVSTOiilS— Concluded. Articles. Oyster knives Parchment paper Porous and hollow earthenwares for fire proof- ing purposes, known as terra cotta lumber, bnckwood, cellular pottery and holdstein or woodstone, intended for making buildings fire proof Rubber hat covers Sweetened biscuits of all kinds Tallow stearine Valentine's Meat Juice, as extract of beef Wax flowers The following Sunday school periodicals pub- lished bv American Baptist Publication So- ciety of Philadelphia, Pa., are free of duty :— "Young People,'* "Our Little Ones," " Young Reaper/' "Sunlight,'' "Monthly Lesson Leaves," "Baptist Teacher,"" Advanced Quarterly," "Intermediate Quarterly," "Se- nior Quarterly," " Primary Quarterly." Tariff item under Rate of Duty which Payable. classed. 232 30 p ct. 352 35 p. ct. ■ 146 36 p. ct. 211 35 p. ct. 453 Uc. lb. and 35 p. ct. 456 Ic.lb. 160 25 p. ct. 625 20 p. ct. INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, AND TO TABLE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS ON P. P. 170 TO 196 INCLUSIVE. Articles. Absinthe Acid, acetic boracic mixed muriatic and nitric oxalic sulphuric sulphuric and nitric. Aconite Adhesive felt Avertising billB pamphlets pictures Adzes African teak Agates, polished uot polished Agaric Agricultural purposes, seeds for... settlers Alabaster, ornaments of... Alcohol Ale, in bottles caesks Alkanet root Almanacs, advertising Almonds, shelled not shelled Aloes Alpaca, hair of. manufactures of... Alum Aluminum.. acetate of chloride of. Amber, ^um Ambergris Amethyst, not polished . Ammonia, sulphate of.... Anatomical preparations Anchors Anchovies, in oil other Angle iron Angles for ships Angola hair Aniline, arseniate of., dyes •T3 22 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24 19 1 1 1 9 24 27 27 26 Tariff No 423 2 990 4 3 765 1 4 786 658 41 S2 33 463 853 6 644 643 24 397 24 809 31 44 22 421 22 7 22 8 24 646 1 33 21 9 21 10 14 546 23 854 23 509 14 548 26 547 14 780 14 620 24 680 23 649 27 544 14 550 14 661 11 560 20 632 20 533 28 251, 252, 263, 28 704 23 684 11 568 14 11 Articles. V •a O Aniline dyes in bulk 14 oil, crude 14 salts 14 Animals, imported tempo- rarily 99 improvement of stock 29 living, N.B.S 29 of settlers, live BlOCKi«a ■■••■••■••• 4»%f product of New- foundland '29 Animal manures 23 Aniseed 24 Annate 14 seed 24 Anodes, nickel 28 Anodynes 14 Antelope skins, tanned,ftc. 23 Antimony 14 Antiquities, collections of. 32 Apparatus for schools, col- leges, kc , 6 Apparel, wearing 16 of settlers 31 of subjects dying abroad 32 Apple trees 30 Apples, dried 21 green 21 essence of. 14 Apricots, green 21 Aqua marine, stones 27 Arabic, gum 24 Archill, extract of. 14 Argol, dust 14 crude 14 Articles not enumerated... 31 Arms, fire 8 Army, articles for 31 Arsenic 14 Arseniate of aniline 14 Artificial flowers and feath- ers 18 Asbestos, and manufac- tures of 28 Ashes 24 Asphaltum 31 Attachments, binding 9 Australian gum I 24 Tariff No. 552 553 554 655 556 12 809 557 679 799 558 659 324 382 295 661 607 761 614 809 564 888 159 884 147 884 544- 680 760 565 566 525 245 672 567 568 13 14 662 563 468 680 475 i l§ii if! I 1 i \ 1 'i |m 1 1 " i |l:!i 'I 476 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, Ac-Continued. AUTICI-ES. Awnings Axes Axle grease. Axles B Babbit metal Bacon Bags containing salt cotton, N.E.S cotton, seamless Bagatelle tables Baggage, travellers" Baking powder Balances Balls, bagatelle glass Bamboo reeds unmanufactured. iUnanas, green Band iron Barrels, petroleum. ... exported, &c. salted meats.. Barilla Bark, cinchona cork hemlock tanners' Barle,y Bars, iron railway Barytes Batteries, electric, &c.... Batting, cotton, uncolorcd colored... Batta, cotton, not colored, colored., Beads and bead ornaments. Beams, rolled for ships weighing Beans locust nux vomica vanilla Bed cdmforters quilt.a V o 19 9 2:^ 10 28 20 32 17 17 31 31 14 9 31 26 24 24 21 28 24 24 24 14 24 24 24 24 21 28 28 26 6 17 17 17 17 31 28 28 28 21 21 24 24 17 17 Tariff No. 389 463, 404 214, 236 16 315 1« 134 131 17 832 IJ) 254 17 179 573 674 884 233, 234, 258 20 575 21 576 623 640 687 824 50 216, 258, 260 237 577 458 127 128 127 128 44 262, 253 704 254 59 729 678 578 124 124 Articles. B Bed tickings, cotton Bedsteads, iron furniture Beef fluid, extract ot Beer, in bottles casks Bees Beet root juice , Belladonna leaves Bells for churches Belts Belting, rubber leather Benzole Berries for dyeing Bibles Bichromate of potash soda Billets iron Billiard tables Binders' cloth Bird cages , Bismuth Bison hair. Bitters, medicinal other , Blackberries black diamonds Blacking Blankets Blank books Bloodstones Blooms, iron Blue black.. Chinese Prussian Blueing, laundry Board, leather Boards, sawn, not shaped.. Boilers Boiler plate Boilers, ships' Bolts, shingle iron Bolsters Bolting cloths Bones, crude Bone-ash Bone-dust Bone, manufactures of, fancy o 17 28 20 '22 22 29 21 24 28 28 7 24 23 25 24 1 14 14 28 31 19 32 28 23 14 22 21 27 10 16 1 27 28 14 14 14 14 24 24 9 28 9 24 28 13 31 23 23 23 31 Tariff No. 126 174 150 7 8 579 442 580 2;i 681 22 388 293 327 582 36 770 583 258 24 42 29 584 684 382 425 885 644 30 509 352 644 240,258 118 118 118 31 289 726 243 217 401 860 238, 272 173 585 586 687 687 44 .• &> Tariff 'Z No. o .... 17 126 e... 28 174 .... 20 150 .... a2 7 .... 22 8 .... 29 679 .... 21 442 .... 24 680 .... 28 23 .... 28 681 .... 7 22 .... 24 388 .... 23 293 .... 25 327 .... 24 582 .... 1 36 14 770 14 683 28 258 31 24 19 42 32 29 28 084 23 684 14 382 22 1 425 21 885 27 644 10 30 15 509 1 352 27 644 28 240,258 14 118 14 118 14 118 14 31 24 289 cd.. 24 726 9 243 28 217 9 401 24 860 28 1238,272 13 173 31 585 23 586 23 687 23 687 of, 31 44 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc. -Continued. Articles. o Bonnets 18 Books, bliink 1 emhoascd 1 printed, NE.S 1 protessional, set- tlers 1 Indian dialects 1 for promotion uf learning 1 for deaf and dumb 1 importation prohi- bited 1 Bookbinders' tools, Ac 9 Boots, India rubber 24 leather 18 Boot and shoe counters 24 Boot, shoe and stay laces. 18 Boracic acid 14 Borax 14 Bert 27 Botany, specimens of. 32 Bottles, glass 26 Boxes, fancy 31 Boxwood 24 Brads 28 Braces » 18 Bracelets 18 Braid, yarn 16 Braids 18 Brandy 22 Brass, old scrap, &c 28 Brass, bars, bolts and tub- ing 28 caps 28 mannfacturc3,N.E.S 28 screws 28 strips 28 wire 28 wire cloth 28 Breadstuffs, damaged 21 Brick, for building 12 fire 12 Bridges, iron 28 Brim moulds 31 Brimstone 14 Bristles 23 Britannia metal, pigs and bars 28 Britannia metal, manufac- tures of. 28 British copyright works.... 1 Tariff No. Articles. B 206 352 651 34 809 871 588 689 857 42 210 300 290 43 590 591 645 592 180 44 726 225 48 280 879 280 422 593 45 878 47 396 46 84, 876 502 49 67 594 235 698 697 595 596 68 35 o British gum Bromine Hron/e, phos])hor Brooms Broom corn Brussi'ld carpet Hrudhcs Buchu leaves Bucknim Buckskin.'*, tanned Buckthorn fencing Buckwheat flour or meal.. Buffalo hair B'l^gies. BuildiuK stone Builder? hardware Bullion Burgundy pitch Burr stones Burrs, copper Bushes, blackberry gooseberry , raspberry , rose .' Butter Buttons, vegetable ivory, &c all other Button covers Cabinet furniture , Cabinets of antiquities..., coins mefials Cabinetmakers' hardware.. Cages, bird Calendars, advertising Calfskins Calumba Camel hair Cameos Canada plates Canary seed Candles, tallow wax other Candy, sugar 24 14 28 31 24 15 31 24 19 23 28 21 21 23 10 26 9 27 24 26 28 30 30 30 30 20 31 31 31 13 32 32 32 9 32 1 23 24 23 27 28 24 23 23 23 21 Tariff No. 69 599 360 6U4 600 615 504 601 602 295 218 61 60 684 82 437 231 603 604 605 121 888 888 888 888 70 71 72 73 173 607 607 607 231 29 33 293 786 684 644 256 886 74 75 76 453 ill \ ! 1' i 1 ^:'lf: 1 % i h 1 :, i lli; li-i 4T8 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TAR[FF, IMPORTS, kc— Continued. AnXICLEB. Oane juice, concentrated. . uthi-r Oane, split Canned meats Cans, tin Canvas fur ships' sails fur floor oilcloth... jute, for do Caoutchouc Capes, fur Caplins Caps, cloth not elsewhere spcci* ncu !••••• •••••• ••••■••■• fur for umbrellas Cnrnway seed Carbolic oil Carboys containing liquids Carbuncles Cardboard, printed or stamped Curds pictorial show playing Card — clothing, machine.. Cardamon seed Carmine Carpets, N.E.S Carpet bags Carpets, Brussels, &c treble ingrain two-ply and three- piy Carpel oaats warps, colored warps, not colored Carpeting, hemp jute Carpets, wool, treble in- Carria res grain warp of cotton. Gars, baggag chkMren's costing tlOO or ovar tra'^el^rVj &c,.. ,iiiiv;. rregu- ons....-- . •- o 21 21 24 20 28 19 19 19 24 18 18 18 18 18 28 24 25 26 20 27 1 1 1 1 32 24 14 15 23 15 16 15 15 17 17 19 19 15 17 10 10 10 It' 10 Tariff No. 442 447 77 817 78 79 610 611 612 172 80 614 206 172 486 H87 328 180 5 644 33 33 38 40 306 liO 118 515 487 615 516 517 615 128 127 81 278 616 517 82 85 83 606 727 AllTICLES. Oars, freight, under rcgu- uilions railway, under regu* lations railway Carts, hand farm, railway or freight pleasure . Cases, fancy show Gaskets Cats eyes Cattle for improvement of stock Cartridges — gun, rifle and pistol, &c Cases, jewel, &c Cast iron pipes Casts as model:) Castings, other malleable iron... Cassimeres Cat-!^ut strings O.itsups Cream colored Avare Cedar, red Spanish Celluloid in sheets, lumps or blocks Cement, burnt hydraulic bulk Portland and Ro- man raw or in stone... Chains, iron or steel of hair Cuiilk stone Chamomile flowers ... Champagne Channels, iron Charts Cheese Cherries Oherry, lumber, trees 32 12 12 12 12 12 2P 23 ''•» ■J.2 28 1 20 21 24 30 Tariff No. 10 10 10 10 10 10 31 24 24 27 29 727 72 84 84 82 82 44 175 173, 541 692 8 li):i 31 487 28 220 31 608 28 221, 244 28 244 15 609 23 614 23 013 22 395 26 145 24 853 24 726 32 86 615 88 89 90 91 87 222 280 616 617 431 261, 252, 253 37 92 884 726 888 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, lAfPoRTS, Ito.— Continued. 479 I _ Tariff No. 10 10 10 10 10 10 31 24 24 27 29 8 31 28 31 28 28 15 23 23 22 26 24 24 32 32 12 12 12 12 12 2P 727 72 84 84 82 82 44 175 173, 641 692 19:j 487 220 6U8 221, 244 244 509 GU G13 895 145 853 726 86 615 88 89 90 •>»; ' '>s \ .2 ... 28 !••• 1 • ••• 20 • ••• 21 • ••• 24 • ••• 30 - 91 87 222 280 616 617 431 261, 252, 263 37 92 884 726 888 ARTICLKa. Cherry heat welding com- pound hestnut, lumber Ghia seed Chicory, nuv ||ll^tell or ground, ,'.'•..,. C'llran^>^<, gluiM lamp Ciiina I'lay ire Chinese blue Chloraluni Chloride of lime zinc Chocoltito Chromos Chromotypes Chronometers Church vestments Churches, articles for Churns, wood eartiien ware Cider, not clarified clarified or refined. . Cigars Cigarettes Cinchona bark Cinnibar Cistern pumps Citrons Clay, china pipe : tobacco pipes Clays Cliff stone Clippings and waste Cloaks, fur Clocks springs Olotb cups horse collar Cloths, N.E.S Clothes-wringers Clothing, cotton N.K.S.... woollen donations of. Clothing, for Army and Navy, kc any material, N. E.S O 14 24 24 22 22 13 26 26 14 14 14 14 22 1 1 6 31 27 24 26 22 22 22 22 24 21 28 21 26 26 26 26 26 31 18 6 6 18 15 16 31 17 15 15 31 31 15 Tantf No. 618 726 886 93 94 181 619 95 118 620 621 522 110 33 33 622 405 6.34 504 144 97 96 462 462 623 624 249 626, 890 C19 76& 98 626 616 777 173 99 100 614 509 509 101 134 514 102 627 671, 572 102 AHIIfJLKs. Glover seed Goal, anthracite bituminous dust Goal tar and pitch oil fixtures products of. Goats, fur Coatings Gobalt, ore of metallic colors Cochineal Oocoa nuts direct import- ation desiccated paste, notswi'etened cont a i n i n g sugar other prepar ations bean, shells and nibs .' matting God liver oil Coffee, greeu, from United States N.E.S roasted. United States other Coffins Coins, gold and sliver cabinets of base, prohibited Coir yarn Goke gas, for manufactures Collars, linen or cotton.... Collar cloth. Union, not glossed.. Union, glossed Collection of anti(||uities Colleges, articles tor , Collodion Colored fabrics Colors, N.E.S ground in oil dry Q U 26 26 26 24 26 28 26 18 15 26 14 14 21 21 22 22 22 22 24 19 25 22 22 Tariff No. H8«i 628 lo.n 1^4 05 327 176 327 ir: 509 029 «i41 ti30 107 108 109 110 Ml 111 631 10t> 329 112 114 22 113 22 632 24 173 27 633 32 607 27 857 19 635 19 635 26 115 26 673 18 116 24 364 24 355 32 607 6 761 14 488 17 117 14 346 14 346 14 118 480 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, Ac— Continued. Articlgs. Colors, in pulj) metallic Cologne lakes Cologne water, in 4-ounce bottles •v o Cologne water, .(Ver 4-| ounce bottles i Combs Commons, House ot, arti | cles for Communion plate Compasses Compositions, medicinal... ornaments.. Concrete, sutrar Confection of liquorice Confectionery labels for Conium cicuta Consuls-General, articles for Copal gum Copper manufactures of.... wire wire cloth precipitate of sheets sub-acetate of. Copperas Copyright works Copyright works, import- ation prohibited Corals Cords Cordage Cordials medicinal Cordova leather Coriander seed Corks Cork bark wood Corn, Indian meal starch in cans Cornelian, unmanufac- tured Corsets 14 14 14 22 22 23 31 27 6 14 31 21 14 21 1 14 31 21 28 28 28 28 14 28 14 14 1 27 18 19 22 14 23 24 24 24 24 21 21 24 21 27 17 Tariff No. 118 641 118 428 429 119 571 634 622 382 44 442 302 453 41 636 570 680 120 121 849, 875 502 771 637 843 819 35 857 644 280 122 425 382 298 799 123 640 640 52 61 433 492 544, 009 134 Articles. C Cotton, bleached, printed . bed-quilts.... bags Cotion, clothing fabrics not of, g'-ey unbleached ... manufactures N.E.S yarn for manufac tures waste winceys, fancy.... wool ■ fillets for card clothing rags Cotton seed Cotton-seed cake meal Cottonades Counters, boot and shoe Coutilles, for corset makers Cranberries Crapes C. 0. or cream colored I ware Cream of tartar Crocks, earthenware... Croaordolite Crowbars Crucible sheet steel Crystal Crysolite Cubic nitre Cudbear, extract of .... Cues, bagatelle CuflFs, linen, or cotton. Cummin seed Currants, dried green bushes Currant wine Cutlery, plated N.E.S Cutters paper Cylinder needles. o 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 24 17 17 24 24 24 17 24 17 21 18 26 14 26 27 9 28 27 27 14 14 31 18 24 21 21 30 22 9 9 10 9 9 Tariff No. 125 124 134 134 137 125 125 138 639 638 500 638 663 777 886 748 748 126 290 136 885 139 145 642 144 544 469 868 544 544 742 760 17 140 887 161 884 88H 430 375 227 84 381 263 o not card Tariff No. 17 125 17 124 17 134 17 134 17 137 17 125 17 125 17 138 17 639 17 638 17 500 24 638 17 663 17 777 24 886 24 748 24 748 17 126 24 290 17 136 21 885 18 139 26 145 14 642 2(> 144 27 544 9 46;t 28 868 27 544 27 544 14 742 14 760 31 17 18 140 24 887 21 161 21 884 30 88H 22 430 9 375 9 227 10 84 9 381 9 26:i INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc.—Contim»d. Articlbs. Daniar, gum Damask carpets Dates Decanters Deer skins, tanned > Demijohns coutaininf; liquids earthenware Denims, cotton Depratrnonts, articles for. Deaks, writinf; Diamonds, black Diamond drills dust unset Doeskins, N.ES Dolls Dominion Government, ar- ticle3 tor Doors for safes and vaults Dragon's blood Drain pipes tiles Drawers, woollen Drawings importation pro- hibited Dressine Dressing, harness Dried fruit, \.K S Driers. Japan and liquid... Drillings, cotton Drills, cotton, not printed. dyed Drops, medicinal Druggets Dry putty Daalin Duck, for belting and hose Ducks, cotton, not printed, &c dyed or colored Dutch carpets Dyes, aniline Dyeing articles, N.E.S .. Dye, jet black Dynamite 24 17 15 21 26 23 26 26 26 17 31 31 27 9 27 27 15 31 Tariff No. 680 141 515 161 180 295 180 5 144 126 571 44 644 643 645 644 509 44 31 .571 28 254 14 646 12 143 12 142 15 509 3 344 ^, 857 10 69 10 204 21 161 24 488 17 126 17 125 17 126 14 382 15 515 26 275 8 198 17 647 17 125 17 126 15 615 14 11,552 14 649 14 618 8 198 Articles. B Earthenware do white granite, decorated, &c. Ebony Effects of subjects dying abroad Eggs Elder wine Electric batteries lights, apparatus for Electro-plated ware Electrotypes of books ...... of commercial blanks N.ES Eli.xirs, medicinal Embossed books Embroideries Emeralds, polished not polished Emery paper wheels Enamelled leather Ends, steel Engravings Engines, fire locomotive steam, for ships... other portable steam.... Entomo'agy, specimens of. Envc'jpes Ergot Esparto Essences of apple, pear, &c. medicinal faiit containing spirits Essential oils for manufac- turing purposes Excelsior Explosives (see gunpow- der)s Extracts containing spirits of archill beef 26 26 26 26 24 32 20 22 6 6 27 28 28 28 22 1 18 27 27 26 26 32 23 28 3 9 9 9 9 9 32 1 24 24 14 14 14 22 14 32 8 22 14 22 Tariff No. 144 145 145 145 853 564 650 430 458 458 376 434 435 436 427 651 280 6 644 652 394 146 297 228 344 229 243 401 243 248 653 352 654 655 147 382 147 427 148 149 198 427 760 150 481 <9 I'' I : &;!S 81 482 APPENDIX. IXDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORT««, &c .—Continued. Articles. E Extracts of cudbear fluid of logwood of madder of malt of oak bark of saffron of safflower Eye glasses parts of. P Fabrics, colored cotton woollen Fancy grasses Farina Fashion plates Feathers, artificial, N.E.S. ostrich and vul- ture, undressed ostrich and vul- tur€, dressed... Felloes Felt, adhesive cloth, N.E.S pressed printed Fencing wire, barbed.... .. buckt horn aud strip. Fennel seed Fenugreek seed Ferro-manganese silicon Ferules for umbrellas Fibre, Mexican tampico vegetable Fibre Fibrilla Field seeds Figs Files Fillets, cotton, for card clothing rubber do do. Fine washed, white Firearms u hi O 14 22 14 14 14 14 14 14 6 6 17 17 15 24 24 1 18 18 Tariff No. 760 427 656 730 305 773 790 790 417 418 117 137 510, 511, 512 657 433 :53 13 151 18 151 10 505 19 658 16 509 15 518 15 515 28 216 28 218 24 799 24 799 28 228 28 228 28 486 24 660 24 706 24 661 24 844 24 662 24 397 21 161 9 465 17 663 24 663 14 118 8 245 Articles. F Fire brick clay Fireproof paint Fireworks Fish, boneless foreign caught, N.E.S labels for Fisb, all other, in barrels.. offal and skins oil oil, cod liver ^ in oil oth )r, preserved or prepared packages smoked hooks Fisheries, produce of, N.E.S Fishing rods Fish plates, railway Fixtures, gas, coal oil, &c. Flag stones, &c not Flannels, Canton, printed Canton, dyed, Ac. cotton, not printed dyed, &c N.E.S.... Flasks Flats, iron Flax, canvas fibre hackled seed , tow of seed oil Flints stones, ground paper Flower odors^ preserved. Flowers, artificial Flower seeds Flour, damaged Flour of buckwheat. , rice , rye sago starch , wheat Fluid extracts Folders 9i '12 26 14 5 20 20 1 20 23 25 25 20 20 20 20 9 20 5 28 28 26 Tariff No. 594 659 154 152 531 530 41 529 870 542 329 534 535 541 531 664 54li 153 250 176 158 17 125 17 126 17 125 17 126 15 509 26 179, 180 28 215 19 79 19 155 19 155 24 157 19 156 25 331 26 666 26 666 9 394 31 380 18 13 24 397, 886 21 49 21 60 21 66 21 64 21 66 21 433 21 ,65 22 427 1 41 Tariff ■y No. o • • ••• '12 594 26 659 14 154 6 152 20 531 E.S 20 530 1 41 sis.. 20 529 23 870 25 542 25 329 20 534 or 20 535 20 541 20 531 9 664 .E.8 20 542 5 153 28 250 &c. 28 176 26 158 not 17 125 ic. 17 126 ated 17 125 17 126 15 509 26 179, 180 28 215 19 79 19 155 19 155 24 157 19 156 25 331 26 666 26 666 9 394 d.... 31 380 18 13 24 397, 886 21 49 21 60 21 66 21 64 ■ ••••• 21 66 21 433 21 ,65 »•• ••• 22 427 1 41 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc— Continued, Articles. P Foliae digital's.... Foot grease Force pumps Forgings, N.E.S. Forks, cast iron, not han'd 2 and 3 pronged. ... 4, 5 and 6 pronged Fossils Fowls, pure bred Frames, picture o Freestone French odorS; preserved Fringes Fruit, dried, other green j in cans 1 labels tor preserved in brandy. essence of. !.. trees Fuel, wood for, Manitoba andN.W.T Fullers" earth Furniture, wood or other.. iron settlers' Furs dressed... hatters' manufactures of. Fur skins, undressed 24 24 28 28 28 9 9 26 29 4 26 31 18 21 21 21 L 21. 14 30 24 26 13 13 13 23 23 18 23 O Galvanic batteries Game Gannister Garden seeds Garnets, polished not polishei. Gas coke fixtures meters riipes, cast iron ight shades Gentian root German mineral potash salts silver, not plated., in sheets ... Tariff No. Articles. u o 667 668 249 214, 230 236 219 466 467 669 670 366 437 380 280 161 162 169 41 170 147 888 852 671 173 174 809 171 685 172 665 6 20 26 24 27 27 26 28 9 28 13 24 14 14 28 28 31| 458 316 672 886,397 6 544 673 176 177 220 181 674 769 715 178 407 German silver for manu- facturing. Giant powder.. Gigs Gill ware Ginger wine Ginghams Gin, Geneva "Old Tom' Ginseng root Girders Glass balls bent colored, not figured, etc figured, stained, etc. obscured white plate, not over 30 sq. ft plate, over 30, not over 70 sq. ft plate, over 70 sq. ft silvere i plate windows, stained.... window, common, etc other, and manufac- tures of Glass paper Globes, glass, for lanterns, •fee Globules, or iron sand Glove leathers Gloves Glue Glucose syrup Goat hair manufactures of.. Gold leaf coins manufactures of beaters' moulds skins Gooseberries Gooseberry bushes Government, books prin ted by any 28 8 10 27 22 22 17 22 22 24 28 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 9 13 26 23 18 23 21 21 23 15 27 27 27 31 31 21 30 Tariff No. 803 198 82 376 419 430 126 421 424 675 252,253 179 179 865 188 182 182 185 186 187 183 182 184 189 394 181 275 295 190 191 454 455 684 510 192 633 277 676 676 885 888 588 488 ' r , \ J i \ 1 ■.' l; r 1 1 iiii 'M: 484 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc— Continued. Articlks. O Governor General, articles for Grain, damaged Granite ware Grapes Grape sugar Grapevines Grass, Spanish manilla plAlbS ■••••••«•••••■•••• pulp of other seed Grasses, fancy Gravels Grease, soap stock axle Grindstones Guano .•.. Gums Gumwood Gunpowder, blasting and mining cannon and musket canister giant r i fl e and sportinsr.... Gut ...... Gutta percha, manufac- tures of crude Gypsum, crude ground H Hair, braids, chains or cords of not curled cloth curled mattresses Hair oils Hammers > blacksmiths' Hams Hand carts Hand frame needles Hangings, paper u "3 o 24 24 26 26 23 23 23 23 23 22 9 9 20 10 9 24 Tariff No. 31 569 21 49 26 145 21 167 21 454 30 888 24 655 24 732 24 768 24 655 24 655 24 886 24 657 26 677 23 678 23 15 26 439 23 679 24 680 24 726 197 195 196 198 194 681 200 68 < 683 3(3 280 684 201 202 173 359 463 469 315 84 263 350 Articles. Handkerchiefs Hardware, carriage bouse furnishing Harness and parts of. dressing Harvesters Hats, fur Hats, Leghorn, unfinished N.E.S Hatters, bands, bindings... linings sides, tips... furs plush Hayforks Head lights Hemlock bark leaf seed Hemp, canvas India undressed carpeting, matting and mats for rags Henbane leaf. Herrings Hickory billets lumber, sawn spokes Hides, raw Hinges Hoes Hog hair Honey Hoop iron Hoop iron for manufacture of rivets.. Hops Hoofs Horns strips manufactures, fancy tips Hosiery, cotton woollen Horses, improvement of stock Horse clothing, shaped, N.E.S. •9 ■ •«•• • ••••••• ■•••■«••• 17 9 9 10 10 9 18 18 18 31 31 31 23 31 9 13 24 24 24 19 14 24- 19 17 24 20 24 24 24 23 28 9 2S 20 28 28 22 23 23 23 31 23 17 15 29 16 Tariti No. 203 231 232 205 204 468 172 80 20(5 872 872 872 685 680 467 181 687 636 636 79 697 688 81 777 694 527 726 873 726 689 272 466 684 207 233, 234, 258 690 208 693 693 691 44 693 416 509 692 614 INDEX. 485 i II -S ^ Taritt No. o 17 203 9 231 hing 9 232 10 205 10 204 9 468 18 172 shed 18 80 18 20(5 igs... 31 872 31 872 31 872 23 685 31 686 9 467 ■ ••••■• 13 181 24 687 24 636 • •••••• 24 636 19 79 14 697 b •■•••• 24. 638 ttiag 19 81 17 777 24 694 20 527 ••••••• 24 726 • <•••• 24 873 24 726 • •••••• 23 689 28 272 9 466 28 684 20 207 28 233, 234, cture 258 28 690 22 208 23 693 23 693 23 691 anc^ r 31 44 >••••# 23 693 17 416 15 509 F . 29 692 1 >••••• , 15 614 INDEX TO TARIFF, C'PORTS, be— Continued. AnricLES. Horse collar cloth hair {luwcrs shoes , nails Hose, rubber House of Commons, arti- cles for House furniture Household furniture of settlers flubs Human hair Hymn books Hyoscyanius 1. Ice Iceland moss Illustrations, pictorial, for schools Imitation precious stones... Implements, agricultural.. Incrusted stones Indigo auxiliary extracts paste Indian hemp madder corn India rubber manufactures belting, hose, &c. clothing unmanufactured., vulcanized hand- les Ingots, steel Ink, writing shoemakers' Inlaid stones, not polished Iodine, crude Insulators, lightning rod telegraph Intaglios Ipecacuanha Iris Iron and steel ; — Adzes Anchors Tariff No. o 15 509. 23 684 9 248 28 246 28 246 24 388 31 571 13 173 13 809 10 505 23 684 1 36 14 694 31 695 24 738 1 762 31 209 9 468 27 544 14 698 14 699 14 700 14 700 14 697 14 730 21 52 24 210 24 388 24 211 24 696 24 212 28 258 14 213 10 30 27 544 14 701 26 179 26 179 27 544 24 786 24 702 9 463 28 560 Articles. la lion and steel — Cont'd. Angles for ships Arms, fire Axes chopping Axles parts of. Axle bars blanks Attachments, binding, Balances Bands Bar. Bars, railway. Beams for ships Bedsteads .- Billets Binding attachments. Blanks Blooms Boiler plate tubes Boilers ships Bolt blanks Bolts Bowls, steel Brads, cut Bridge plate Bridges Canada plates Caps for umbrellas.... Car springs Cast iron scrap Castings Chains Channels 28 28 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 9 9 28 28 28 28 13 28 9 28 28 28 28 9 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Clock springs Combs, curry Crowbars Cutlery Engines, fire locomotive. 2fi 28 6 9 9 9 9 9 Tariff No. 251,262, 253 704 245 463 464 214, 236 236 214, 236 214,236 468 254 233, 234, 258 215, 258, 260 237 252, 263, 254 704 174 258 468 238,253 240, 268 217 265 243 401 238, 272 238,272 814 225 253 235 256 486 236 220, 221 239 28 221,244 222 251,252. 253 100 231 469 227 229 243 I'i'p M IPl! i^; ■ffiii I I M -i 486 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, ko.— Continued Articles. Iron and steel — ConVd. Engines, portable ships steam, other Ends Fencing, barbed wire., buckthorn.. Fencing, strip Ferro-manganese silicon Ferrules , Files steel for Firearms Fish hooks plates Flats Forgings Forks, cast iron 2 and 3 pronged 4, 5 & 6 pronged Furniture Girders Hammers blacksmiths Hardware Harvesters Hatchets Hay knives Hinges Hinge blanks Hoes Horse powers shoes Hoop Implements, agricul tural Ingots, steel Instruments, surgical Irons, cast hatters and tailors Iron otber 9 9 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 8 9 28 28 28 28 9 9 13 28 9 9 9 9 9 9 28 28 9 9 28 28 9 28 T 28 28 28 sand scroll liquor masts sulphate of.. rolled 28 Tariff No. 28 14 II 14 248 401 243 228 216 218 218 228 228 486 465 815 245 664 250 215 214, 230, 236 219 4G6 467 174 252, 253 463 469 231,232 468 463 467 272 272 466 248 246 233, 234, 258, 690 468 258 245 221 221 233, 234 251,252, 263 275 233, 234 705 708 819 Articles. Iron and steel — Ccnt'd Iron, same duty as steel Joists Kentledge Knife blades blanks Knives, hay Knees, ships Locks Locomotive tires Loops Macninery, N.E.S ships Machines, agricultural folding mowing portable sewing settlers. Manufactures, not enu- merated >... Masts, ships Mattocks Metal from iron Mills, saw and planing Muskets Nail plate rod Nails, composition cut hob horse shoe sheathing wire wrought Needles, steel Notches, umbrella Nut blanks Nuts, wrought Paper cutters Picks Pig Pipe, cast iron Plate Plates engraved Ploughs Presses, printing. Pumps Tariff No. 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 9 9 28 28 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 28 11 9 28 9 8 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 28 28 9 9 28 28 28 3 28 9 9 28 262 262, 253 239 242 242 467 704 231 243 728 240 243 401 468 381 468 248 398 800 274 ■m 469 261 248 245 217 264 223 224 246 246 223 246 246 263 486 238 272 381 469 239 220 217, 221, 247, 256 377 704 468 381 249 a> o 28 28 28 28 28 9 28 9 9 28 28 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 TariflF No. 262 252, 253 239 242 242 467 704 231 243 728 240 S!43 401 468 381 468 248 398 800 28 274 11 7u8 9 469 28 261 9 248 8 245 28 217 28 264 28 223 28 224 28 246 28 246 28 223 28 246 28 246 9 263 28 486 28 238 28 272 9 381 9 469 28 239 28 220 28 217, 221, 247, 256 3 377 28 704 9 468 9 381 28 249 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc—fonUnuei. 487 '< II Articles. Iron and sief-.l—Cont' d. Rails Rasps Reapers Ribs, umbrella Rifles Rings, umbrella Rivets '. Rods rolled vi'ne Rope, wire Runners, umbrella Safes Saws, steel for Scales Scrap, from vessels wrecked ScreAvs Scroll Scythes Sections, special Separators Shapes, structural Sheets for ships shovels, Ac . skates Shoes, horse mule ox Shovels blanks Skates Skelp Slabs Sledges Spades blanks Spiegel Spikes Sprigs Springs clock steel for.. Squares Steel bowls for files i Tariff •^3 No. o 28 237, 812 9 465 9 468 28 486 8 245 28 486 28 238, 272 28 260, 264 28 785 28 703 28 270 28 486 28 254 28 M6 9 254 28 239, 273 28 796 28 255,396 28 233, 234 9 471 28 251, 252 9 248 28 251, 252, 253 28 217, 256, 258, 260 28 701 28 810 28 813 28 246 28 . S 28 246 9 470 28 470 9 257 28 217 28 240, 258 9 469 9 470 28 470 28 228 28 223, 224, 246 28 225 28 214,236 6 100 28 811 28 215 28 814 28 815 Articles. Iron and steel — C- nt'd. Steel ingots, Ac needles parasol rails Steel for saws ships shovels and spades skates not enumerated.. No. 20 gauge..., what shall be classed as wire 15 gauge. ... 16 do , ... spring Stove plates Strips Structural work Surgical instruments. Swedish nail rods Tack, cut. Threshers Tools and implements. tinsmiths Track tools Tires, locomotive Tubing, boiler lapwelded not welded.... wroughtiron.. other Vessels, cast Washers Wedges Wire, covered 15 gauge 16 do rigging rods, under ^ inch rope , spring steel..., Istlc , Ivory, unmanufactured . black manufactures, fancy nuts, unmanufac'red vaccine points veneers "3 28 9 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Tariflf No. 258 263 486 237, 812 816 704 810 813 247 811 28 261 28 241 28 850 28 271 28 221 28 258,260 28 235 7 245 28 264 28 225 9 248 9 463to471 9 231 9 469 28 728 28 265 28 266 28 267 28 268 28 269 28 221 28 272 9 469 9 503 9 241 9 850 11 851 28 703 28 270 28 271 24 706 23 707 14 281 31 44 24 707 31 839 23 842 f If it K ill B il :! II i 'iU! 'I 'I 488 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, Ac- Continued. Articles. Jalap root Jams Japans Japanned leather ware Jars, glass Jeans, cotton, for corset makers Jeans, Kentucky Jellies Jet black, dye Jewellery Jewel cases Joists Jugs, earthenware Junk, old Jute butts carpeting cloth, for bags only... cloth, unfinished matting manufactures, N.E.S. rags yarn, plain seed K Kainite Kelp Kentledge Kentucky jeans Kerosene oil fixtures Kid, leather Kloman process, iron made by Knees for ships Knife blades, rough blanks Knitted goods, woollen. ... Knitting yarn Knives, plated nay Kryolite L Labels Lac, dye V o Tarift No. 24 709 21 276 24 488 23 297 28 460 26 179 17 136 17 126 21 276 14 648 27 277 31 487 28 252, 253 26 144 24 710 2i 712 24 711 19 278 19 713 19 713 19 278 19 279 19 777 19 714 24 886 14 715 24 716 28 239 17 126 25 327 28 176 23 293 28 253 28 704 28 242 28 242 15 509 15 509 9 375 9 467 26 717 1 41 14 718 Articles. Laces boot, shoe and stay. Lacquers Lakes, in pulp Lampblack Lamps, glass Lamp-wicks Lanterns, magic Lard oil tried untried Lastiiigs Latch needles Lawn trees Lava Lead, acetate of. nitrate of bars, blocks and sheets old, scrap and pig... pencils pipe manutactuies, N.E.S shot red and white white in pulp Leaf, gold and silver Leather belting belting, dressed... board Cordova dressed and waxed glove japanned, patent, &c lamb skins sole sweat upper manufactures N.E.S all other, N.E.S.. Leghorn hats, unfinished . Leeches Lemons for candying Lemon wine Lichens Lightning rod insulators.. Lignite, products of Ligum vitae of, Tarift- No. 18 IH 24 14 14 13 17 5 25 '20 20 31 9 30 26 14 14 28 28 31 28 28 8 14 14 27 23 23 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 280 43 488 118 281 181 135 307 330 282 283 867 263 368 719 286 286 285 284 358 287 288 287 347 348 192 300 293 289 298 296 295 297 293 291-294 880 293 23 300 23 299 18 80 29 720 21 168 21 724 22 430 24 723 26 179 25 327 24 853 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc— Continued. 489 >' I 0; Tariff t No. .. IH 280 . IH 43 .. 24 488 .. 14 118 .. 14 281 .. 13 181 .. 17 135 .. 5 307 .. 25 330 .. 20 282 .. 20 283 .. 31 867 .. 9 263 .. 30 368 .. 26 719 .. 14 286 .. 14 286 d .. 28 285 .. 28 284 .. 31 358 .. 28 287 S 28 288 .. 8 287 .. 14 347 .. 14 348 J 27 192 .; 23 300 ,. 23 293 . 24 289 . 23 298 \ 23 296 . 23 295 . 23 297 . 23 293 . 23 291-294 . 23 880 . 23 293 , 23 300 . 23 299 . 18 80 29 720 21 168 21 724 22 430 24 723 26 179 25 327 24 853 Artiolbs. L .lime, chloride of sulphate of Linen rags Lines for fishing Liniments Linseed oil Liquor, iron red Liquorice root paste, extract of stick extract Literary societies, articles for Litharge Lithographic stones Literary papers Locks Litmus Locomotive engines of railway Cos in U.S nrcS*««*»t ••••••* Locust beans Logs cedar, export duty.... pine do spruce do Logwood, extract Loops, iron Lozenges, medicinal Lubricating oil Lumber, N.B.S sawn, not shaped M Macaroni Mace Machine card clothing..., Machines, folding mowing portable sewing settler's Machinerj', other ships Mackerel Madder Magazines Magic lanterns Mahogany . 4) Tariff 'H No. o 14 621 14 683 17 777 9 664 14 382 26 331 14 705 14 780 24 721 14 301 14 302 31 762 26 722 26 303 1 744 9 231 24 723 9 243 9 727 28 728 21 729 24 726 24 860 24 862 24 861 14 656 28 240 14 382 25 332, 333, 334 24 506 24 726 21 62 22 420 32 306 9 381 9 468 9 248 9 398 9 809 9 243 9 401 20 526 24 730 1 744 6 307 24 726 AUTICLES. M Malleable iron castings Malt extract Manganese, oxide of Mangoes, green Manilla, grass hoods Manures, animal Manure, vegetable Manuscripts Maps Marble, blocks, less than 15 cub. ft.... over 15 cub. ft rough sawn slabs manufactures, N.E. S Maroon, in pulp Masts, iron Mastic, gum Mats, hemp jute India rubber Matting, hemp jute India rubber Mattocks Mattresses, hair and spring homo spring steel for , Meal, buckwheat corn cat oil cake, cotton seed cake and palm nut cake damaged Meats, dried, smoked or preserved fresh or salted labels for Medicines, proprietary Mediciiial preparations Meerschaum Melado, imported direct.... not direct Melons O 28 21 14 14 21 24 18 23 24 1 1 26 26 26 26 26 26 14 11 24 19 19 24 19 19 24 9 13 28 21 21 21 Tariff No. 244 304 306 731 884 732 308 679 679 733 37 310 309 310 311 312 313 118 708 6S0 81 278 388 81 278 388 469 173 883 60 61 63 24 748 21 49 20 315 20 314 1 41 20 317 14 382, 427 14 382 26 734 21 442 21 445 21 890 tit 490 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, Ac-Continued. AnTIOIiBB. M Menageries Metal, babbit britannia pigs and bars pins plates, engraved.... type . laggings yellow Meters, gas , Microscopes Mill board Mills, planing saw Milk food Militia, Canadian, articles for Mineral waters Mineralogy, specimens of. Mitts, all fcinds Models Mohair cloth Molasses, concentrated other, imported direct not direct for refining sugar-house Morocco skins, tanned Moss, crude for beds and mat- tresses Moulds lor gold-beaters. .., Mouldings, gi'ded, &c wood, plain... Mowing machines Mucilage Muffs, fur O 29 28 28 28 28 3 28 28 28 9 6 24 9 9 14 31 22 26 18 31 31 21 21 21 21 21 23 24 24 31 4 4 9 14 18 Munjeet 24 Muriate of potash 14 Music, printed 1 Musical instruments, N.E. S Musical instruments, for bands, &c Musical instruments, for settlers Musk Muskets Mustard cake ground seed Tariff No. 740 16 68 696 367 377 484 822 8S6 177 307 3fi6 248 248 318 572 735 736 190 737 867 442 448 449 451 447 291 738 739 676 608 507 468 319 172 730 770 39 320 571,572 2 809 24 741 8 246 22 321 22 323 24 886 Articles. O Nail plate, iron or steel.... rods Nails, composition cut..' horseshoe hob iron wire sheathing wrought or pressed. Naphtha Navy, articles for Neatsfoot oil Needles, steel Netting, cotton silk plush woollen Nets for fisheries Newfoundland, animals from Newspapers partly printed. Nickel '.. anodes ■ silver, not pl^^icd... in sheets Nitrate of soda Nitro-glycerine Noils Non-enumerated articles... Notches for umbrellas Nutgalls Nutmegs Nuts, dried fruit.... Iron or steel. Nux vomica beans. O Oak bark extract of Oakum Oats Oatmeal Ochres Odors, preserved Office furniture Oils, benzole carbolic or heavy.. coal coal, products of.. Tariff No. 28 217 28 264 28 223 23 224 28 246 28 246 28 246 28 223 28 246 25 327 31 372 26 J35 9 233 17 383 16 406 15 S83 9 664 29 657 1 744 1 38 26 745 28 324 28 178 28 407 14 742 8 199 23 882 32 525 28 486 14 743 22 420 21 325 28 272 24 578 24 726 24 746 14 773 24 747 21 53 21 63 14 326 31 380 13 173 25 327 25 328 25 327 25 327 <1> Tariff No. o • •• 28 217 • ••• 28 264 • ••fl 28 223 .#•• 23 224 • ••• 28 246 ■ ••• 28 246 • ••• 28 246 •••• 28 223 ed. 28 246 «••• 25 327 • ••• 31 572 • ••• 26 J35 • ••• 9 263 #••• 17 383 • ••• 16 406 • ••• 16 S83 • ••• 9 664 al8 #••• 29 857 • ••• 1 744 ed. 1 38 26 745 28 324 i... 28 178 >•<•# 28 407 ■ ■••• 14 742 • ••• 8 199 !§••• 23 S8-i B... 32 625 !•••• 28 486 • •••• 14 743 ■ ••• 22 420 21 325 • ••• 28 272 24 578 #••• 24 726 • ••• 24 746 14 773 24 747 • ••• 21 53 • ••• 21 63 »•••• 14 326 31 380 • •••• 13 173 26 327 2S 328 ■ ••• 2S 327 25 327 IXDEX. INDEX TO TAR[FF, IMPORTS, &c.—Continuert. 4BI AltTIOLKS. Oils, cocoanut cod liver essential, for manu- facturing fish finish flaxseed hair kerosene lard lignite, products of... liuseed lubricatinfiT do ^ nicdicinnl naphtha ncatsfoot olive palm petroleum products of salad sci^ame seed shale products sperm \vhnle Oil-cake meal Oil-cloth, in the i)iece, &c. floor Ointments Oleographs Olives Onyx Opals, polished not polished Opium, drug for smoking Optical instruments Oranges for candying i Orange, mineral wine Organs, cabinet . pipe Organzme Ores Ornaments, alabaster, &c.. Orris root Osiers Ostrich feathers 25 25 25 24 24 19 19 14 1 21 27 27 27 14 14 6 21 21 14 22 2 2 16 26 31 24 24 18 1 Tariff No. 26 750 25 329 14 148 25 642 25 488 26 331 22 359 25 327 25 330 25 327 25 331 26 332 26 14 333,334 382 25 327 25 335 25 336 25 750 25 327 25 327 25 336 25 337 AltTIULKH. 327 542 542 748 749 339 338 38 i 33 884 644 6 544 .340 341 307 168 751 347 430 342 343 403 762 44 702 754 151 Ottar of roses.... Overcoatings Oysters, canned. I ••••••••• in the shell sec I and breeding shelled in bulk Oxalic acid Packages, fish produce of Canada, exported and returned Packing, rubber , Paddy, rice Pails Paintings of Canadian ar tists what shall ) e prohibited... by artists of merit Paint, fire-proof Paints, ground N.E.S Palm leaf. Palm nut cake meal Pamphlets, advertising. N.E.S Pantaloon stuffs, cotton Paper cutters N.E.S hangings in rolls of 8 yds., &c. ruled sand, glass, &c manufactures, N.E.S tarred union collar cloth, glossed union collar cloth, not glossed waste Papetries Paraffine wax Parasols materials for O 14 15 20 20 20 20 14 28 31 24 21 24 3 3 14 14 14 24 24 24 1 1 17 9 24 24 24 1 9 1 24 24 24 24 1 23 18 28 Tariff No. 7.'>3 509 637, 538, 639 540 869 636 755 78, 541 866 388 55 504 344 757 857 756 154 345 346 758 748 748 32 34 126 881 351 350 350 352 394 352 353 355 354 777 352 357 486 486 «! li f 492 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, &c.-Cot,linue8 Peaclies Pear, essence of. trees Pearl, iitth.... mother of not polished Pef se Pelts Pencils, lead Perfumed preparations.. spirits I Perfumery | Periodicals, illustrated ad-, vertising N.E.S Persis Petroleum preparations of. Pheasants Phials, glass Philosophical instruments. Phosphorus Phosphor bronze Photographs, what shall be prohibited Pianofortes parts of Picks Pickles Pictorial illustrations for schools Pictures Picture frames Pig iron Pills Pillows Pine-apple, essence of. Pine-apples, green Pine logs, export duty duty may oe in- creased Pins Pipe clay Pipes, cast iron drain and sewer Tariff No. li 349 14 .382 22 .360 23 297 14 382 •M HHH 21 HH4 14 147 30 HhH 24 8G2 27 759 27 644 21 .^8 23 704 31 358 22 359 22 428,429 22 359 1 33 1 34 14 760 25 327 14 489 29 670 26 180,179 6 761 14 763 28 360 »• 857 2 362 2 363 9 469 22 365, 364 3 762 3 33 4 366 28 239 14 382 13 173 14 147 21 884 24 862 ., 863 28 367 26 765 28 220 12 143 Ahtici-ks. Pitch pine, sawn, not sliapea Pitch, Burgundy coal. pine Pitcher spout, pumps Plaids, cotton Plaits, straw, grass and Tuscan Planks, sawn, not shaped. Plantains, green Plants Plaster of Paris, calcined, not calcined Plasters, medicinal Plated ware for churches. . Plates, boiler and Canada. engraved for ships photographic, dry. Platinum wire Playing cards Ploughs Plumbago manufactures of Plums Plum trees Plush, h.itters' Pocket books Pomades Pomatums Pomegranates, green Porcelain ware shades, imitation Porier, in bottles in casks Portland cement Posters Pot-ashes Potash, crude bichromace of. German mineral... salts muriate of. red prussiatc of.... Potatoes sweet Powder, gun, ritle and sporting Tariff No. 24 24 2i 24 28 17 24 24 21 30 2G 26 14 27 27 28 3 28 26 28 1 9 28 28 21 30 31 23 31 22 21 26 20 22 22 12 1 24 14 14 14 14 14 14 21 21 726 604 105 766 249 120 768 726 884 308 374 373 .382 370 634 217, 221, 247, 266 377 704 301 767 40 468 378 379 884 888 080 480 380 369 884 96 188 7 8 91 41 562 770 770 769 715 770 386 490 493 194 INDEX. (JfDK,\ TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, ka.— Continued. 403 Articles. r Powder, cnnnoii h luurikot cAiinister hlnstiiigtindmiM'g giant tooth and other. medicinal aoap baking Poultry Prayer books Precious stones .Li'.. imitation of. not polished Precipitate of eopper Presses, printing Price lists Printed paper, what shall he prohibited Prints what shall be prohi- bited Prohibited, articles Proprietary medicines Proprietary medicines con- taining spirits Prunella Prussian blue Prunes, dried Psalm books Pulp of grasses Pumice stone Pumps, iron Purses Putty dry, for polishing Q Quails Quartz, erystalized Quercitron Quicksilver Quills unplumed Quilts, cotton Quinces Quince trees Quinine Tariff 'a No. o R 195 i 8 H>0 H 197 8 198 22 .S59 14 382 23 415 14 1!) 20 310 1 3ti 27 U 31 209 27 544 14 771 9 381 I 33 ,„, 867 3 344 , 1 857 .— 857to859 14 382 22 427 17 383 14 118 21 161 1 36 24 655 26 772 1 26 772 1 28 249 i 23 480 ! 14 384 1 26 275 j 29 1 670 26 801 14 773 14 774 32 385 32 775 17 ^ 124 21 884 30 888 14 770 Articlkb. Rags woollen Uakes Rails, iron steel Riiilwiiy bars), iron stei-l cart Raisins Rasps Uaspbi'rries essence of.... wine of bnshtis Rattan, split unmanutactureil' Reapers , Red cedar lead liquor prnssiate of potash.... Reeds, for whips wood unmanufactured.... for organs Rennet Resin Rhubarb root Ribbons, all kinds Ribs, brass or iron, for umbrellas Rice flour unclcaned i Rifles Rings for umbrellas Rivets, iron or steel copper Rockingham ware Rods, iron or steel rolled round wire.... steel ... Roman cement Rose lakes wood Roots, medicinal Rounds, iron Rubber belting. Sec fillets hard, crude ~ ki o 31 IS 9 28 28 28 28 10 21 9 21 14 22 :to 24 24 9 24 14 14 14 31 24 24 2 23 24 24 18 28 21 21 21 8 28 28 28 26 28 28 28 12 14 24 24 28 24 17 24 Tariir No. 777 8*i4 4)S6 237 237, 812 237 237, 812 84 I'iU 465 88:) 147 430 888 77 778 468 853 347 780 38t{ H81 781 778 34;i 782 783 784 .^87 486 64 66 r,5 215 486 238, 272 121 145 260, 264 703 785 91 118 726 786 215 588 663 787 i 494 APPENDIX I\DEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc.-Continued. Articles. R Rubber, recovered substitute Rubies, not polished Ru^s, all kinds Ruling machines Rum shrub Runners for umbrellas Rye flour 8 Saddlery and parts of Safflower extract of. Saffron extract of cake Safes, iron doors for Sago flour Sails Sail twine Salad oil Sal ammoniac soda Salmon, pickled Salt cake from U. K., or for flsheries flne N.E.S.,inbulk in bags, barrels, &c.. Salts, German potash Saltpetre Salves, medicinal ._.. Sand Sandal-wood Sandaric Sandpaper Sandstone Sapphires, polished not polished... Sardines, in oil other Sardonyx Sarsaparilla Satchels Satin white, colors wood u 0) 24 24 27 15 9 22 22 28 21 21 Tariff. No. 779 779 544 515 42 421 425 486 56 64 19 day 1 79 1 25 336 ! 14 792 ! 14 793 20 528 14 788 22 789 22 391 22 390 22 392 14 715 14 393 14 382 26 794 24 726 24 680 9 394 26 437 27 6 27 644 20 532 20 533 27 544 24 786 23 487 14 118 24 853 Articles. S Sauces Sausage casings skins Sawdust Saw mills, portable Scales Scarlet colors Scientific societies, articles for books printed by. Schiedam schnapps Schools, articles for Scrap, iron from vessels wrecked Screws, N.E.S " wood screws "... Scroll, iron Scythes Sea grass weed Sections, special Seeds for agricultural pur- poses medicinal Seines for fisheries Senate, articles for.. Senna , Separators Sesame seed oil Settlers' eff'tcts Sewer pipes Sewing machines settlers... Shaddocks, green Shades, gas Tights imitation porcelain lamp Shade trees Shale, products of. Shapes, structural IV of Shawls Sheep, improvement stock skins, tanned Sheetings, cotton Sheets,ironorsteelforsbipa do Tariflf No. 22 23 23 24 9 9 14 31 1 22 31 28 28 28 28 28 9 24 24 28 24 24 9 31 24 9 24 25 31 12 9 9 21 13 26 13 30 25 28 18 29 23 17 28 28 395 795 795 726 248 254 118 761 588 425 761 239,273 796 396 255 233, 234 471 798 797 251; 252 397, 886 799 664 571 800 248 886 337 809 143 398 809 884 181 188 181 889 327 251, 252, 253 399 692 293 125 704 217, 256 268, 260 810, 813 S Tariff "H No. o 22 395 23 795 23 795 24 726 9 248 9 254 14 118 31 761 1 588 22 425 31 761 28 239,273 28 796 28 396 28 255 23 233,234 9 471 24 1 798 ! 24 797 1 28 251.252 1 24 397,886 24 799 9 064 31 571 •J4 800 9 248 24 886 25 337 31 809 12 143 9 398 9 809 . 21 884 . 13 181 1 26 188 . 13 181 . 30 889 . 25 327 . 28 251, 252, 253 . 18 399 f 29 692 . 23 293 . 17 125 a 28 704 .. 28 217, 256 268, 260 810, 813 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kc— Continued. 495 Articlbs. 8 Shellac white Shells,manufactured,faacy unmanufactured Shingle bolta, export duty. Shingles Ships .... beams, sheets, plates, &c., for Shirtings, cotton Shirts, cotton or linen woollen Shoe, blacking Shoes, India rubber leather horse, mule and ox Show cases cards, pictorial Shoulders, meat Shovels Shrubs Side lights Sides, meat Silex Silk cocoons in the gum manufactures, N.E.S. plush netting raw sewing twist velvets waste Silver coin for manufacturing., German, manutac- tures of leaf manufactures nickel rolled Sizing cream enamel Skates Skelp iron Skins, dried pickled salted tanned, N.E.S. ... undressed Slabs, iron or steel 24 24 31 23 24 24 11 28 17 17 15 10 24 18 28 24 1 20 9 30 13 20 26 23 16 16 16 23 16 16 16 23 27 28 28 27 27 28 28 14 14 9 28 23 2H 23 23 23 28 Tariff No. 680 845 44 831 860 400 401 704 126 402 509 30 210 300 246 175 33 315 470 368 181 315 801 802 403 405 406 802 404 404 405 802 633 803 178 192 277 178 407 69 69 257 217 804 804 804 299 804 240, 258 Articles. u t3 S Slate, mantels other manufactures.. roofing school and writing.. Sledgea Sleighs Snuff Soap, brown and yellow, common Castile and white.... perfumed powders Socks and stockings Soda ash ashes bichromate of. caustic nitrate of sal silicate of. Sodium, sulphide of Spades Spanish cedar grass..-. Spar, ornaments of Sparkling wines • Specifics for any disease.. Spectacles. , parts of Spelter Sperm candles oil Spiegel Spices Spikes, composition cut wrought and pres'd Spirits, not sweetened.. perfumed, 4 oz. bott over4oz.bott sweetened N.E.S unenumerated, &c of wine Spokes Spools, cotton Sprigs Spring mattresses Springs Springs, clock Spruce logs, export duty. 12 12 12 26 9 10 22 23 23 23 23 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 9 24 24 31 22 14 6 6 28 23 25 28 22 28 28 28 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 10 17 28 13 28 6 24 Tariff No. 411 410 409 408 469 84 461 412 413 414 415 416 805 562 583 806 742- 793 807 P08 4.'0 726 655 44 431 b82 417 418 817 76 542 228 419 223 224 246 421 428 429 425 426 421, 132 421 605 132 225 173 214, 236 100 861 m ■i\'' an I rw J! 496 APPENDIX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, kv.-Continued. Articles. S Spurs for earthenware, Squares, iron Squills Starch Statuettes Staam engines, fire Steam engines, locomotive portable ... ships' other Stearine Steel bars railway for fencing saws skates ships umbrellas, &c.... manufactures shovels & spades ingots manufactures, N.E.S. needles rails railway bars scrap sheets crucible for straw cutters, wire, 15 gauge.... wire spring steel, homo... wire rods, rolled round Stereotypes of books NE.S for blanks Stick extract of liquorice. Stilts for earthenware Stockings Stones, burr cement diamond drc.osed flagstones grindstones lithographic precious, polished not polished . Tariff No. o 26 818 28 215 24 V86 24 433 31 44 9 229 9 243 9 248 9 401 9 243 23 28 357 258, 260 28 28 237 874 28 816 28 813 28 704 28 486 28 262 28 810 28 258 28 274 9 263 28 812 28 237 28 239, 273 28 217. 256 258, 260 28 868 28 816 28 241 28 271, 503 850, 811 28 883 28 703, 785 28 434 28 436 28 435 14 302 26 818 15 416 26 605 26 438 27 644 26 440 26 158 26 439 26 303 27 6 27 544 Articles. S Stones, rough ware inlaid or incrusted Stove plates Strawberries essence of. Strawberries wine of vines Straw board plaits Strip fencing Strips for fencing Structural shapes work Sugar, candy imported direct for refining , not direct above No. 14 not above No. 14. syrups beet seed cane " , Sulphate of ammonia iron lime quinine soda zinc Sulphide of sodium Sulphur Sunshades Surgical instruments , Suspenders Swedish nail rods Swine, improvement of stock Syrups, medicinal sugar T Table ware, glass Tables, bagatelle billiard Tacks Tafia Tagging metal Tails, undressed 26 26 27 28 21 14 22 30 24 24 28 28 28 28 28 21 21 21 21 21 21 24 24 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 18 7 18 28 29 14 21 26 31 31 28 22 28 23 Tariff No. 437 145 544 221 885 147 430 888 441 768 218 258, 260 874 251, 252 253 235 453 442 445 444 443 447 886 886 550 819 683 776 788 522 m 820 485 245 48 Q64 692 382 447 179 17 24 225 425 822 821 Tariff 'a No. o .... 26 43T ... 26 145 td 27 544 ... 28 221 .... 21 885 .... 14 147 .... 22 430 .... 30 888 .... 24 441 ... 24 768 ... 28 218 .... 28 258, 260 .... 28 874 .... 28 251, 252 253 .... 28 235 453 for .... 21 442 .... 21 445 .... 21 444 4... 21 443 21 447 24 886 .... 24 886 .... 14 550 14 819 14 683 14 776 .... 14 788 .... 14 522 14 808 .... 14 820 .... 18 485 .... 1 245 .... 18 48 .... 28 12154 of .... 29 692 .... 14 382 .... 21 447 .... 26 179 .... 31 17 .... 31 24 28 225 .... 22 425 .... 28 822 23 821 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, &c.-Continued. 497 Articles. Tallow Tampico fibre white and black. Tanners' bark Tanning articles Tapestry carpets Tar, coal pine Tarpaulin Tassels Tea, from U.S all other Taraxacum Tartar, cream of. Teasels Teak, African Telegraph instruments insulators Telephones Telescopes Tents Terra cotta, ornaments of Terra Japonica Thread, cotton, sewing, in hanks... on spools.. Threshers Tickets Tiles, drain Timber, round, unmanu- factured sawn, not shaped NE.S Tin, manufactures, N.E.S. blocks, pigs, bars, &c. ' cans caps for umbrellas.... colors crystals foil packages ware Tinctures containing spirits. Tippets, fur Tires, locomotiTe Tobacco pipes, clay Tobacco, unmanufactured Toilet preparations Tomatoes, fresh 82 V 23 24 24 24 14 15 24 24 17 31 22 22 24 14 31 24 6 26 6 6 19 31 14 17 17 9 1 12 24 24 24 28 28 28 28 14 28 28 28 28 14 22 18 28 22 26 22 22 21 Tariff No. 456 706 823 824 649 615 105 825 134 280 457 826 786 642 828 853 458 179 458 307 389 44 827 133 132 248 41 142 725 726 50e 460 829 78 486 641 469 829 78 460 382 427 172 728 461 98 830 359 491 Articles. (4 O Tomatoes, in cans Tonics Tonquin beans Tools and implements settlers tinsmiths' track Tooth powders Topaz Tortoise shell Tow of flax Towels Toys, all kinds Tragacanth ... Traveller's baggage Tree-nails Trees, forest fruit, shade, lawn,&c Troches Trunks Trusses Tubing, brass copper... iron, boiler lapwelded.... not welded... wrought iron other. .. zinc Tubs , Turmeric , Turpentine, raw spirits of. Turtles , Turquoises Tuscan p'^its ■••■••«« . Tweeds. Twine for fisheries. Twine, sail.. Twist, silk. Type metfil.. N.E.S. Ultramarine blue do Umber, raw Umbrellas materials for. 21 14 24 9 9 9 9 22 27 23 19 17 5 24 31 31 30 30 14 23 7 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 24 24 24 14 20 27 24 16 9 19 19 16 28 28 14 14 14 18 28 Tariff No. 492 382 887 463to471 809 231 469 359 544 831 156 472 44 680 882 834 833 888, 889 382 481 22 45 120 265 266 267 268 269 523 504 835 836 480 837 644 768 509 664 482 79 404 483 484 838 877 118 485 486 1*^ 1 i iW' m ^ ■■■„i •i 1 ^i\ !• 1 ' 498 INDEX. 'INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, &c.- Continued. Abticles. Vaccine Yaleriaa Valises Value of sugars, what shall be......... V^anilla, essence of beans Varnish for ships' use Vasseline Vegetables, in cans fibre natural, for beds, &c. labelf, for manures othe; , N.E S. substances for Vegetable beds Vehicles , settlers' effects Velveteens Velvets, cotton , silk , Veneers, wood ivory Venetian carpets Verdi^ria , Vermicelli Vessels, cast iron and ships. Vestments, churoh Vines, grape Vine^r Vitriol, blue Vulture featu'^rs Wadding, colored, &c. not colored, ttc. Waegoni, farm Wall paper o Unenumerat 3d articles 32 Union collar cloth paper, glossed, &c 24 Union collar cloth paper, not glossed 24 31 24 23 14 24 24 24 14 21 24 24 1 24 21 24 10 10 17 17 16 24 23 16 14 21 28 11 31 30 22 14 18 17 17 10 24 Tariff; No. 525 355 354 839 7f6 487 450 147 578 488 840 489 492 844 739 41 679 493 739 82 809 494 494 405 496 842 615 843 62 221 401 406 370 496 841 151 128 127 82 350 Articlks. W Walnut Ware, china and porcelain earthen, stone, &c. plated table, glass Waters, meaicinal Warps, colored cotton, on beams... cotton, No. 60 not colored..... Washers, iron Washes, toilet , Waste, for paper Watch actions casei do Watch movements Watches Water colors, by Canadian artists other lime Wax, paraffine candles Wedges Weighing beams Welding compound, cherry heat Well pumps Whalebone Whale oil , Wheat dour Wheelbarrows Wheels, parts of. Whips articles for manu facture of. , Whip gut White, fine washed White glass, enamelled. ... obscured Whisky White lead, dry in pulp zinc Whiting White shellac wood Willow Wincevs, N.E.S .. ..... ......... hi O 24 26 26 27 26 14 17 17 17 17 28 22 31 6 6 31 6 6 3 3 12 23 23 9 9 14 28 23 25 21 21 10 10 10 31 23 14 26 26 22 14 14 14 26 24 24 24 16 Tariff No. 726 95 145 376 179 382 128 130 129 127 272 359 777 498 497 487 498 497 757 756 89 357 75 4G9 254 618 249 847 542 57 65 84 605 499 881 614 118 182 182 421 347 348 847 846 846 726 848 601 Tariflf -z No. O — — in lan :ry 24 26 26 27 26 14 17 17 17 17 28 22 31 6 6 31 6 6 3 3 12 23 23 9 9 14 28 23 25 21 21 10 10 10 lU- 726 95 145 376 179 382 128 130 129 127 272 359 777 498 497 487 31 23 14 26 26 22 14 14 14 26 24 24 24 15 1 497 757 756 89 357 75 4G9 254 618 249 847 542 57 65 84 505 499 881 614 118 182 182 421 347 348 347 846 845 726 848 601 INDEX. INDEX TO TARIFF, IMPORTS, Ac. —Concluded. Articles. e u O w Winceys, cotton Window glaos, common.... Windovs, stained glass.... Wines, except sparkling... Wine, spirits of Wines, sparkling Wire, brass for boots and shoes. buckthorn and strip. cloth Wire, copper covered fencing, barbed 16 gauge or smaller. iron or steel, 15 gauge and coarser platinum I'igging rods fur wire manu- facture rods, steel '. spring steel, 9 gauge Wooden ware Wood for fuel manufactures mouldings, gilded... plain red sawn or split dogwood persimmon veneers Wool, class one other, N.E.S carpets ••••••••a Woollen clothing, fabrics ... let V • ••••••••• •••••••< manufactures... fabrics, N.E.S... Worm gut 17 26 26 22 22 22 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 11 28 28 28 24 24 24 4 4 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 15 15 15 15 15 15 23 Tariff No. 500 184 182 430 421 431 849 875 218 502 849 503 216 850 241 767 851 703 785 271 504 852 504 508 507 781 853 876 876 495 519 854 515. 516, 517 514 510, 511. 512 518 609 610 681 Abtioles. w Worsted, manufactures of, N.E.S. Wringers, clothes Writing slates Xyolite , Yams Yarn, braid cotton, not colored, &c cotton, colored, ftc. A for manufaC' turea hosiery, not colored colored.., knitting, not colored colored.... woollen, fingering &c knitting.. worsted... Yeast cakes, 1 lb. or over. compressed. less than 1 lb. Yellow metal o Zinc, blocks chloride of. colors manufactares,N.E.S pigs •" salts of , sheets sulphate of. , tubmg white 15 15 31 26 14 21 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 14 14 14 28 28 11 14 28 28 14 28 14 28 14 Tariff No. 609 510 101 408 615 890 879 127 128 639 127 128 127 128 609 509 509 520 520 621 865 856 522 641 524 856 522 856 522 523 347 499 I. : h • 1 1^ ii>i i.1' ji !f|M ij ■l-M 1 1 INDEX. ' PaBA GRAPHS. (All numbers inclusire.) ABERDEEN, Shipment of Stock to 476 Accident Insurance 693 Accidents on Railways in Oanada 423, 424, 426 Administration of Public Affairs 37 Ages of People in Manitoba (1886) 105 Alberta, Shipment of Cattle from 471 Allegiance, Oath of. 35 Animal Products in The Three Districts (1885) , 92, 93 Area of Oanada 3, 138, 140, 142 do Europe 139 do the World 141 Argentine Republic, Exports of Meat from 474 Asbestos, Shipments of , 548 Assets, Details of. 222, 223 do per Head 226 do Rate of Interest 224,225 Assisted Passages , 486, 487 Atruphy and Debility, Deaths from 153 Australasian Oolonies, Wheat in 291 do Meat, Exports of. 472,473 Authority of Parliament 36 BALLOTS Spoiled and Rejected 59 Bank Acts and Principal Provisions of. 635 Banks, Assets of, 1886-1887 637 do Deposits in 637 do do Total in 644 do Dividends 645 do Interest, Rate of. 639 do Liabilities of 637 do Number of 636 do Particulas of, 1886-1887 ~ 640, 641 do Proportion of Assets and Liabilities 638 do Reserre Fund 642 do Savings. (See Savings Banks.) do Stocks, Prices of. 646 do Suspensions of. 643 Beer, Consumption of. 403, 404 do do in Foreign Countries 407 do Duty on , 406 I'.ii iil :!| 602 INDEX. Birthplaces in Manitoba (1886) Blindness in Manitoba and The Tliree Districts Boundaries of Oanada Breadstuffa, Imports and Exports of 1867-1887 Britisli*Oolambia*CoaI do Marine Division do Timber in British'Possessions, Excess of Imports and Exports in. do Imports and Exports of do Population in do Public Debt in do Revenue and Expenditure in. do Shipping in do Taxation in do Total Trade of Business Failures, 1887. Burlington Bay Canal .. Bo£falo in Canada Pabaobaphs. 104 16S 1 277 51S, 616 660 13 313 310 144 232 to 236 189, 190 682 206 312 646 to 649 386 95,96 Cabinet, The 38 do Ministers : 70, 71 Canada, Area of. 3, 138, 140, 142 do BoundBries of 1 Climate of. 14 to 21 Constitution of. 29 Discovery of 27 Distribution of Minerals in 499 and 501 Events in History of 28 Executive Authority in 30 Governors General of. 67 Gulfs and Bays of. 10 Islands of 11 Lakes of. 4,5, 6, 7 Mountains of. 8 Manufacturing Industries of. 26 Minerals of. 24 and 499 Natural Industries of. 26 Origin of Name of. 2 Parliament of. 32 Physical Features of. U Rivers of 9 The Great Lakes of. ^6,6 Canadian Pacific Railway, Algoma Branch 432 do do Earnings and Expenses 435 do do Equipment 436 do do Land Bales 439 do do Pacific Steamship Service 437,438 do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do INDEX. 508 Pabaobaphb. 104 165 1 2T7 til5, 616 fi60 13 313 310 144 232 to 236 189, 190 682 205 312 646 to 649 386 95, 96 38 70, 71 ..3, 138, 140, 142 1 14 to 21 29 27 499 and 501 28 80 67 10 11 4, 6, 6, 7 8 26 24 and 499 25 2 32 11 9 4,6,6 432 435 436 439 437, 438 Pabaoraphs. Canadian Pacific Railway, The Monopoly Clause 440, 441, 442 do do TralBc in 1886-1887 434 do do Total Mil je 488 Canals, Burlington Bay 386 do Chnmbly 88S do Depth of. 883 do Expenditure oo 890 do do 1883-1887 394 do Murray 889 do Ottawa and Rideau 384 do Revenue from 376, 391, 392,393 do St. Lawrence System 377 to 383 do St. Peters 387 do Sault Stc. Marie 378,379,380 do Supervision of. , 375 do Suez, TraflSc through 380 do Traffic through, 1883-1887 391,392,393 do Trent River System 388 Capital Account 181 do Ezpenditnre on, 1867-1887 217 Gape Breton Railway. {See Railways.) Cape Colony, Export of Diamonds from 811 Cattle, Exports of, 1874-1887 466, 467 do do Live 467,468 do Importations of '. 463,464,465 do Shipments of, from Alberta 471 Census, 1871 and 1881 77 do North-West, 1885. (See The Three Districts.) do of Manitoba, 1886. (500 Manitoba Census.) Certificates, Inland and Coasting... 666 Chambly Canal 885 Children, Deaths of. ISO Climate of Canada 14 to 21 Coal 611 to 517 do Districts, North-West Territories.. 6^8 do Exports of. 612 and 514 do Imports of. 513 do of British Columbia 616, 516 do Production of, in Canada 671 do do the World 617 do Supply of, in England , 617 Colonial Credit .*. 230, 231 do Securities in London 236 Coins in Circulation in Canada 632, 633 Commons, House of. ^ 34 do do Names of Members of 72 604 INDEX. PAnAORAPHS. Commons, Number of Members of House of. 43 CooBtitution of Canada 29 Constituencies returning two Members 66 Consolidated Fund 168 Copper 518, &19 do Coin, Imports of 185 do Exports of. 819 Copyrights 461 Currency, Canadian , 631 do Paper. 634 Customs arrivals of Immigrants 489 do Duties per Head in Foreign Countries 201 do Revenue, Oollection of. 199 do Valuations 251 Customs and Excise, Receipts from, 1868-1887 197, 198 do do per Head, 1HC8-1887 197, 198 DEAF-MUTEISM in Manitoba and The Three Districts 165 Deaths from Atrophy and Debility 153 do Cerebro-spinal Affections 155 do Dii htherla 154 do Diarrhoea 153 do Most Fatal Diseases 1^1 do Phthisis and Lung Diseases 154 do Suicide 180 do Typhoid Fever 159, 160 Deaths of Children 160 do Illegitimate Children 150 Death Rate in Canadian Cities 148, 149, 180 do Principal Cities 166 Debt. {See Public Debt.) Dependent Ages, Persons at, in Manitoba 114, 118 Departments, The Several 37 Deposit, Total Amount on, in Banks 6^ Diamonds, Export of, from Cape Colony 311 Diarrhoea, Deaths from 163 Diphtheria, Deaths from 184 Diseases, Order of Fatal 182 Dominion Lands, Area set out for Settlement 618 do do taken up, 1886-1887 607,608 do do do 1873-1887 609 do Entr'es Cancelled 612 do Total Receipts 617 do Receipts from Fees, etc 610, 611 do Regulations 620 to 630 do Revenue .«. 616 do Rocky Mountains Park •<•• 613, 614 INDEX. 605 'araoraphs. 43 29 S6 16B 518, fil9 18S 619 461 G31 634 489 201 199 281 197, 198 197, 198 165 153 155 164 163 151 154 160 159, 160 160 150 148, 149, 160 156 114, 115 37 644 311 153 164 162 615 . 607, 608 609 612 617 610, 611 620 to 630 616 613, 614 Paraqraphs. Dominion Landf School Lands in Manitoba.. 618, 619 Dominion Government 68 do Notes 228 Duty Collected on Imports 262, 263 EASTERN Extension Railway. {See Railways.) Elections by Acclamation 62 do General, 1882-1887 50 to 65 do Procedure 49 Emigration from United Kingdom 498 Experimental Farms 480, 481,482 Europe, Area of 139 Excess of Exports in British Possessions 313 do Imports do 813 Executive Authority in Canada 30 Exhibitions at Liverpool and Saltaire 462 Expenditure, Militia 603 Exports. (See also Imports and Exports.) Exports, 1868-1887 273, 274 do 1887, increase in 275 do by Countries, 1886-1887 308,309 do to British Possessions from United Kingdom 318 do to United Kingdom from British Possessions 321 do of Australian Wheat 291 do of Canadian Produce, 1868-1887 276 do do Wheat 293 do of Goal 512 and 514 do of Copper , 519 do of Hor?e3 477, 478 do of Iron ore 522 do of Meat from Argentine Republic 474 do of Minerals 606,606 do of Petroleum 627 do of Phosphates 646 do of Salt 636 do of Sheep 469,470 do of Silver ore 639 Expenditure, 1886-1887, Heads of 176, 177 do on Ganals 390 do do 1883-1887 394 do on Capital Account, 1867-1887 217 do on Immigration 496 do Marine 672 do on Public Works 218 to 221 do on Railways by Qovemment from 1883 467 do 1887, on Subsidiei acd Capital Accoont 183 do {See also Revenue and Expenditure.) 506 INDEX. Paraoraphs. FAILURES, Buiineas, 1887 646 to 649 Farms, Experimental 480, 481, 482 Females at reproductive ages in Manitoba, 1886 106 Fertilizer! B41 to 545 Field Products in The Three Districts, 1886 02, 93 Fiscal Year, The 166 Pish, North-West Territories 07 Fishery Industry in Newfoundland 136 Fisheries in Manitoba, 1886 130 Fishery Treaty , 588,689,590 Fiiheriei, Value of, 1886 nrid 1887 686, 586 do do by Pi ovinces, 1886-1887 687 Fixed Charges „ 228 Foreign Oountrles, Customs Duties per head in 201 do Imports and Exports of. 314,316,316 do Public Debt in 237, 238 do Revenue and Expenditure in 191 do Taxation in 206, 207 Foreign Currency, Conversion of. 167 Forest Products in Manitoba, 1886 130 Franchise Act BO Freight, Reduction of, from New York 299 Furs in Manitoba, 1886 130 Fur Preserves, North-West Territories 94 GRATUITIES, Militia «,. 606 Grazing Lands, North-West Territories, Leases of. 629 Gold 607 to 610 do Coins in Canada 632 do Production in Canada 608 do do the World 609,610 Government Lines of Railway. {See Elailways.) do Savings Banks. (See Savings Baaks.) do The Dominion 68 Governor General, The 32 Governors General of Canada ^ 07 Guarantee Insurance 698 HARBOUR Police 862 Height of Lake Superior above ttM Sea 883 High Commissioner 74 Homestead Entry conditions 621 Horses, Exports of. - 466, 467, 477, 478 Hospitals, Marine 663 House of Commons, Members of 34, 43 and 72 Husbands and Wives in Manitoba, 1886 107 to 110 do do The Three Districts, 1885 84,85,86 • INDEX. 60Y Pabaoraphs. ILLEGITIMATE Children, Dcathi of ISO Immigmnti, Money and etTccta of 493 do NatioDalUios of. 488 do Tradoaof 494 Immigration, 1887 483, 484, 483 do AssiBted Paasagei 486,487 do Ouitoms Arrivala 489 do Goat of Settleri per head • 49T do Expenditure 406 do Female help, demand for 495 do Returna, Uncertainty of. 491,492 Importa, 1885, 1886, 1887, Summary of. 265 do by Countriea, 1886-1887 306,307 du Deoreaaea la , 266, 268 do Duty collected on 262, 263 do Entered fur Gonaumption, 1868-1887 262,264 do do do by ProTincea 270,271,272 do Ezceaaof 260,261 do Increaaeatn 266, 267,269 Importa into British Poaseaaions, 1885 and 1887 319, 820, 321 do of coal 513 do of meat into United Kingdom 4T5 do of wheat do 1887 802 do do under National Policy 278 do and exports, 1868-1887 .' 257,268 do do 1886 and 1887, Table of. 252,253 do do of each Port, 1887 324 do do by coiiDliies, 1887 303,304,305 do do Glas^ification ot 252 do do [iv; head, 1868-1887 263 do do of Br tiah Posseaaiona 310 do do of Foreign Oountriea 314,315,316 do do of wheat and other breadatuifB, 1867-1887 277 India, Wheat in -. 287,288 Industrial Establishments in Manitoba, 1886 124, 125, 126 Industriea, Manufacturing, of Oanada 26 do Natural of Canada 25 Inland Marine Insurance... 670,672 Inland Revenue Department 395 Inaanity in Manitoba and the Three Districts 166 Insurance, Accident 698 do Depoaits with government 696 do Ouarantee 688 do Fire, American Oompaniea, buaineas done by 666 do do Amounta at riak, 1869-1887 6t8 do do Britiah Companies, busineaa done by 66S 608 INDEX. Paragraphs. Insurance, Life, Business done, 1886 664 do do Canadian Companies, business done by 667 do do Losses paid, 1886 661 do do do 1869-1881 662,663 do do Number of Companies 660 do do Premiums received, 1886 661 do do do 1869-1886 662,663 do do Proportion of Payments to receipts by British and American Companies 668 do do Proportion of payments to receipts by Canadian Companies 669 do Inland Marine 670, 6t2 do Life, amount of risk, 1869-1887 680 do do do effected, 1875-1887 ., 681 do do do do 1869-1887 677 do do Assessment Companies 672 do do Average amount of Policy, 1886 682 do do do rate of Premium 687 do do Business done, 1886 675 do do do of Canadian Companies 676 do do Death rate 684 do do Decrease in insurance terminated 683 do do Expenditure, 1885-1886 690,691 do do Financial position of. Companies 688 do do Increase in business 678,679 do do Number of Companies 674 do do Payments to Policy holders 686 do do Premium Income 685 do do Receipts, 1885-1886 689 do Number of Companies of all kinds 695 do Ocean Marine 671,672 do Plato Glass 694 do Total Receipts 697,698 Interest on Public Debt per head 226, 227 Intercolonial Railway {See Railways). Investments 182 Iron 520 to 524 do Production of in Canada 521 do Ore, Export of. 522 do World's Production of. 523,524 Islands of Canada 11 Lakes of Canada 4,5,6, 7 do The Great 4, S, 6 Lands Occupied in Manitoba, 1886 117, 118 do The Three Districts, 1885 87,88,89 Leases of Grazing Lands, North- West Territory 629 INDEX. 509 ABAGBAPHS. 664 667 661 662, 663 661 662, 663 668 669 670, 672 680 681 677 672 682 687 675 676 684 683 690, 691 688 678, 679 674 686 685 689 695 671, 672 694 697, 698 226, 227 182 520 to 524 621 622 523, 624 11 4, 5, 6, 7 4,6,6 117, 118 87, 88, 89 629 P ABAGBAPHS. Legislatures, Provincial 89 to 42 Letters, Dead, Number of. 361, 352 do Free delireiy of 347 do in Principal Countries 863 do Number of 833,334 do do by Provinces 338,839 do Registered, Number of. 849,350 Lieutenant Governors, Names of. 73 Lighthouses, ftc, Number of. 662, 668, 664 Loan Oompanies, Dividends and Prices of Stock 615 do Statement of 1886 659 Lung Diseases, Deaths from 154 MANITOBA, Blindness in 166 do Deaf-muteism in 165 do Insanity in * 166 do School Hands 618, 619 do Census, 1886 99, 100 do do Ages of the People 106 do do Animals 129 do do Families 103 do do Females at Reproductive Ages 106 do do Field Products 127,128 do do Fisheries 130 do do Forest Products 180 do do Furs and Pelts 180 do do Husbands and Wives 107 to 110 do do Industrial Establishments 124, 125, 126 do do Males at Soldiers' Age 116 do do Marriageable Males aud Females Ill do do Occupied Dwellings in 102 do do Occupiers of Lands 117,118 do do Occupations of the People 121,122,123 do do Persons at Suppcrting and Dependent Ages 114, 115 do do Proportion of Males and Females in....... 101 do do Proportion of Married, &c., to Total Population 113 do do Proportion of Married, ftc, to Married and Marriageable 112 do do Religions and Birthplaces 104 do do Shipping 180 do do Uninhabited Houses 103 do do Urban and Rural Population 119, 120 Malt, Manufacture of ; 400 Marine Expenditure 572 do Hospitals B68 510 INDEX. Pahaobaphb. Haaters and Mates, Examination of. fi6S Members, Proportion of to Population 62 Meteor, 1887 21 Meteorological Information 14 to 23 Military College 600, 601 Militia Act 693 do Active and Reserve 596 do Gommand-in-Obief of. 593 do Early History 591,592 dc Expenditure 603 do Gratuities 606 do Military Districts 598 do Number of Men 695 do Period of Drill 595 do do Service : 597 do Permanent Corps 599 do Pensions 605 do Persons Comprising the 593 do do Exempt 594 do Revenue 604 do Strength of. 602 Minerals of Canada 24 and 499 do Distribution of, in Canada 501 do Exports of. 505, 506 do List of Canadian 499 do Production of, in Canada 603 do do 1887 504 and 550 Mining Locations, North-West Territory 630 Ministers, Cabinet 70, 71 Money Order (P.O.) System and Transactions 353 to 358 Mountains of Canada 8 Murray Canal 389 NATIONALITIES of Immigrants 488 Naturalization 66 New Brunswick, Marine Division ». 558 Newfoundland, Area of. ..» 131 do Farm Stock 135 do Fishing Industry in 136 do Education in 137 do Industrial Establishments in 134 do Population of. 132 do Religions in 133 Newspapers, &c., Number of. 336, 336 Nova Scotia, Marine Division 557 Oath of Allegiance 35 Ocean Mail Service 359 to 362 INDEX. 511 Pabaobaphs. 665 62 21 14 to 23 600, 601 593 596 593 591, 592 603 606 598 595 595 597 699 605 593 594 604 602 24 aad 499 501 505, 506 499 603 504 and 550 630 70,71 353 to 358 8 389 488 66 558 131 135 186 187 184 182 133 335, 336 557 35 359 to 362 Pabaobaphs. Occapations of Immigrants 491 Occupations of the People, Manitoba, 1886 121, 122, 123 Occupiers of Land in Manitoba, 1886 117, IIJ Occupations in The Three Districts, 1885 90 Occupiers of Land in The Three Districts, 1885 87, 88, 89 Ontario, Marine Division 555 Ottawa Canal System 384 PAPER Currency 634 Parliament, Authority of. 86 do Buildings, Cost of. 221 do Duration of. 68,69 do of Canada 31 Patents, Duration of. 460 Patent Office, Business of. 458, 459 Pensions, Militia 606 Petroleum 525 to 531 do Consumption of 628 do Exports of. 627 do in Egypt and Burmah 581 do in Russia 580 do ''ni led States 529 do reduction of Canadian 526 Phosphate 541 to 547 do Exports of 546 do Production of, in United States '. 547 Phthisis, Deaths from 154 Physical Features of Canada 12 Pigs, Importation of 463, 464, 465 Plate Glass Insurance 694 Police, Harbour 562 Population, Density of. 148 do in British Possessions 144 do in Foreign Countries 145 do of the World 141, 146 Post Office Act, 1868 326 do Agreements with United States 327 and 332 do Causes of Increase in Expenditure 346 do Cost of Transmission of Mails, 1867-1887 844 do Dead Letters, Number of. 351,352 do Excess of Expenditure 341 do Free Delivery of Letters 847 do Increase of Revenue 842 do Letters in Principal Countries 363 do Money Order System and Transactions 353 to 358 do Number of Letters 333, 334 do do do by Provinces 338,339 612 INDEX. Pabaoraphs. Post OfSce, Number of Newapat^ers, Booka, ftc 335, 336 do Ocean Mail Service 359 to 362 do Operations, 1867-1887 343 do Post Offices to Population 364 do Postage Stamps, Rerenue from 345 do Proportion of Offices to Area 337 do Register ' Letters, Number of 349,350 do Rerenu.; and Expenditure, 1868-1887 340 do do do bj Provinces 348 do Savings Banks. (See Saving Banks.) do Transfer to Colonial Authorities 325 Postal Union, Admissioa of Canada to srs do The 329,330, 331 Pre-emptions 692 and 624 Prices, Average since 1880 256 Prince Edward Island, Marine Civision 559 do Railway. (See Railways.) Provincial Debts. Assumption of, by Dominion 214, 2?5 do Legislatures 39 to 42 do do Names of Members of. 73 do do Particulars of. 73 do Public Debts 240 Public Debt, 1867-1887 210 do Aasets per head 226 do Assumption of Provincial Debts , 214, 215 do Colonial Credit 230, 231 do Dominion Notes 228 do Gross 298 do in British Possessions 232 to 236 do ' Increase in, 1887 209 do do 1867-1887 211 and 216 do Interest per head 226, 227 do Net 209 do Obje'«ts of. 213 do of Foreign Countries 287, 238 do Pec Head 226 do Proportion to Revenue > 212 do Provincial 240 do Rate of Interest 224,225 Public Works, Expenditure on , 218 to 221 QUEBEC, Marine Division 65C RAILWAYS, Accidents on 423, 424, 425 do Business of Canadian 414, 415 do Canadian Pacific Railway. (See Canadian Pacific Ry.) do Capital, Particulars of. 410,411 335, no. 336 359 to 362 343 364 345 337 349, 350 340 348 325 S?S 329, 330, 331 622 and 624 256 559 214, 2J5 39 to 42 73 73 240 210 226 214, 215 230, 231 228 208 232 to 236 209 211 and 216 226, 227 209 213 287, 238 226 212 240 224, 225 218 to 221 65G 423, 424, 425 414, 415 y.) 410,411 INDEX. Railways, Cost of, in Canada do do in Principal Countries do Earnings 1887 do Expenses 1887 ^ do Freight Carried in Principal Countries do Freight, Particulars of. do Gauge of Canadian do Gove'-ument Aid to do in Canada, The First do Mileage in British Possessions do do Foreign Countries , do Passengers and Freight per head of Population., do do do per mile of line open do Proportion of Expenses to Receipts do do Traffic to Cost do Rolling Stock , , do Statistics do Subsidies to ^ Railways, Government do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Rainfall, 1887 do 1884 Ranches, Number of. Registered tonnage of the world Regulations, Dominion Lands.... Religions in Manitoba, 1886 Representation Revenue and Expenditure, 1887., Cape Breton Line Eastern Extension Excess of Expenditure Expenditure on, from 1883 Intercolonial Prince Edward Island Railway. Windsor Branch do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do 1868-1887 , 1887, Estimated , 1868-ie87. Heads of in British Possessions 1887, Increase and Decrease.. in Foreign Countries per head, 1868-1887 Postal do by Provinces Canals Charges on Collection of Customs. Paragraphs. 420, 421 422 417, 418 417, 418 427 419 429 408, 410 490 443, 444, 445 446,447 426 426 416 • 428 430, 431 412, 413 179, 180 448 to 457 456 454 416, 448, 449 457 451, 452, 453 455 450 19, 20 16 479 583, 684 620 to 630 104 44 170 172 IPi 186 189, 190 171 191 187, 188 340 348 391, 392, 393 178 199 33 5ia $u INDSX. Revenue, Dominion Lands do from Postage Stamps do Heads of, 1886-1887 do Inland Revenue do Militia do Proportion of, to Public Debt. do Sources of. do Surplus a^d ficit of. Rideau Canal Rivers of Ganada Roclcy Mountains Park , Russia, Petroleum in do Wheatin do do do do SALT do Depth of Wells Exports of. Process of Manufac*nre Production of, in Ganada do in United States SaultSte. Marie Canal, Traffic through Savings Banks, Government and Post Office, Disposal of deposits. do do do do do do do do do do do do particulars of, 1886-1887. Government do Interest rat« of. do Number of. Post Office, Deposits in do do do do do Depositors in Establishment of.. Interest, Rate of... Progress of. Provisions of Significance of Deposits in.. Schools Lands, Manitoba Senate, The do Names of Members of.... Settlers, Cost of, per head do Effects, Value of , Sheep, Exports of. do do 1874-1887 do Importation of. Shipping in British Possessions, do Canada, 1886-1887 . do Manitoba, 1886 Silver do Coin, Imports of Paragraphh. 616 349 174, 175 395, 396 604 212 169 173 384 9 613, 614 630 289, 290 532 to 537 533 536 534 635 537 378, 379, 381 658 659 652 653 652 656 65R 650, 651 653 654,655 651 657 618, 619 83 72 497 493 469, 470 466, 467 463 to 465 582 579 tc '^81 130 538 186 INDEX. 51ft Paraoraphs. 632 639 540 116 75 76 403,404 , 407 406 do Manufatiture of. 397,398,399 Silver Coin in Canada do Ore, Exports of. do Production of, in Unitrd States Soldier's Age, Males at, in Manitoba, 188ti Sovereigns and Ralers in Principal Conntries. do Oldest and longest reigning Spirits, Consumption of. do do in Foreign Conntries .. do Duty on St. Peter's Canal Steel, World's production of Steamboats, Number of Steamers, Government Stocks, Principal, dividends and prices of. , Storm Warnings Subsidies to Railways Suez Canal, Traffic through Sugar, Consumption of Suicide, Deaths from Superannuation Supporting Ages, Persons at, in Manitoba, 18U6. TARIFF, Changes in Taxation, Amount derived from, 1887 do Heads of, 1867-1887 do in British Possessions do in Foreign Countries do Indirect do Receipts from, per head, 1867-1887 Tea, Consumption of Telegraphs in Canada X do in Principal Countries do Lines, Government do of the World Telephones in Canada Temperature, 1887 do 1884 Territories, The, Elections in do . Fish in do Franchise in Three Districts, Census of the, 1885, Ages do do Animal and Field Products . do do Birthplaces do do Blindness du do Churches do do Conjugal Condition 387 523, 524 564 561 645 22,23 179, 180 380 204 160 241 to 248 114, 115 196 192, 193 202, 203 206 206, 207 200 194, 195 204 373 371 365 to 370 372 374 18 16 63,64 97 64 82 92, 93 80,81 165 98 83 516 INDEX. Parauraphs. do do Deafmuteistn 165 do do Husbands and Wives 84,85,86 do do Industrial Establishments 91 do do Insanity 166 do do Lands occupied 87,88,89 do do Occupations of the people 90 do do Occupiers of land 87,88,89 do do Religions 80,81 Timber, Licenses to cut or purchase, North-West Territories 626, 627 Tobacco, Consumption of 401,403, 404 do do Canadian 402 do Duty on 406 do Product and Export of, ia United States 405 Tonnage, Registered, of the world 683,684 Trade, Canadian and United States, compared 269 do Distribution of, of United Kingdom, 1840-1885 323 do Marks 461 do of British Possessions with United Kingdom 322 do of United Kingdom with her Possessions 318 to 323 do do Increase in Volume of 265 do Total, of British Possessions 812 do Volume of. Increase in 254 Treaty, The Fishery 588, 589, 590 Trent River Canals 388 Typhoid Fever 157 Typhus Fever 167 Typhoid Fever, Causes of 158, 161, 163 do Deaths from 159, 160 do ia Toronto 162 do Purification of Water 164 United Kingdom, Business Failures in 649 do Customs duties per head in 201 do Deposits in Savings Banks in 656 do Distribution of Trade of, 1840-1885 323 do Emigration from 498 do Imports of Meat into 475 do do Wheat into 296 and 302 do Trade of, with her Possessions 318 to 323 United States, Consumption of Spirits, &c., in 407 do Debts' of 239 do Exports of ^ 317 do Petroleum in 629 do Post Office Agreements with 327 and 332 do Production of Phosphate in 647 >io do ofSaltin 637 do do of Silver in 540 INDEX. 611 Pabaobaphs. United States, Production and Export ofWheat in 284, 285, 286 VALUES, Decrease in 254 do do in United Kingdom 255 Yessels, New, 1887 676 do Registeredin Canada 678to67S do Wooden, Decrease iu demand for 677,678 Vital Statistics 147 to 165 Voters, Disqualified 48 do Number of, 1882 and 1887 68 to 67 do Percentage of, to votes 58 do Proportion ot, to population o 60,61 do Qualification 46 to 47 WEIGHTS and measures 249, 250 Welland Canal .' 382,383 Wheat, Average price of. 281 do consumption per Iiead, in Canada 279 do C rops of the World, 1887 300 do Exports of Canadian 293 do Imports and Exports of, 1867-1887 277 do do of, into United Kingdom 296 and 308 do in Argentine Republic 295 do in Australasian Colonies 291 do in India 287,288 do in Russia : 289, 290 do Production and Export of, in United States ... 284 to 286 do do of, in Canada 292 to 294 do Question of the price of. 280 to 299 do Reduction of Freight of, from New Yorlc 299 do Supply of the World, 1886 and 1887 301 Wine, Consumption of 403,404 do Duty on , 406 Windsor Branch Railway. {See Railways). Wives and Husbands in Manitoba, 1886.. 107 to 110 do do in the Three Districts, 1885 84,85,86 Wrecks, Number of. 667 to 669 do Principal, 1887 570 34